title: Anal canal

text: The anal canal is the part that connects the rectum to the anus, located below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It is located within the anal triangle of the perineum, between the right and left ischioanal fossa. As the final functional segment of the bowel, it functions to regulate release of excrement by two muscular sphincter complexes. The anus is the aperture at the terminal portion of the anal canal.


title: Anal canal

text: In humans, the anal canal is approximately long, from the anorectal junction to the anus. It is directed downwards and backwards. It is surrounded by inner involuntary and outer voluntary sphincters which keep the lumen closed in the form of an anteroposterior slit.


title: Anal canal

text: The canal is differentiated from the rectum by a transition along the internal surface from endodermal to skin-like ectodermal tissue.


title: Anal canal

text: The anal canal is traditionally divided into two segments, upper and lower, separated by the pectinate line (also known as the dentate line):


title: Anal canal

text: The anal verge refers to the distal end of the anal canal, a transitional zone between the epithelium of the anal canal and the perianal skin. It should not be confused with the pectinate line between the upper and lower zones within the anal canal.


title: Anal canal

text: The Anal gland secretes lymphal discharge and built-up fecal matter from the colon lining. In some animals this gland expungement can be done routinely every 24–36 months to prevent infection and fistula formation.


title: Anal canal

text: The external anal sphincter muscle is the voluntary muscle that surrounds and adheres to the anus at the lower margin of the anal canal. This muscle is in a state of tonic contraction, but during defecation, it relaxes to allow the release of feces.


title: Anal canal

text: Movement of the feces is also controlled by the involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter, which is an extension of the circular muscle surrounding the anal canal. It relaxes to expel feces from the rectum and anal canal.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Migs Mayfeld, or simply Mayfeld, is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise who appears in the Disney+ television series "The Mandalorian". He is a former Imperial sharpshooter turned mercenary who leads a crew in an attempt to rescue a prisoner from a New Republic prison transport ship. His team includes the show's protagonist, "The Mandalorian", with whom he repeatedly clashes and ultimately betrays. The Mandalorian outsmarts him, resulting in Mayfeld's arrest and imprisonment, though he is later released so that he can aid the Mandalorian's efforts to rescue Grogu. As a result, the character evolves from a minor antagonist to an ally of the Mandalorian, with whom he eventually makes amends during their mission.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Mayfeld is portrayed by actor and comedian Bill Burr, who was not a fan of "Star Wars" and repeatedly publicly mocked the franchise and its fans before he accepted the role. "The Mandalorian" creator Jon Favreau offered the part to Burr, believing his past criticism of the franchise would make his casting that much more amusing. Several reviewers have noted that Mayfeld's sardonic personality and hard-edged sense of humor is similar to Burr's real-life comedic style. Burr was extremely impressed with the filming of "The Mandalorian", complimenting the technical aspects of filming as well as the writing style of the series.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: The character of Mayfeld received a generally positive response from reviewers, with many complimenting Burr's performance and the humor the character brought to the series. Reviewers critical of Mayfeld felt the character was flat, underdeveloped, or too incompetent as a mercenary. Mayfeld received a more positive response for his appearance in second season episode "", which explored his character in more depth. Burr received a significant amount of mock outrage from fans for a scene in "", in which he dropped Grogu, the show's hugely popular breakout character.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Migs Mayfeld is a former sharpshooter from the Galactic Empire, which has fallen out of power by the time that "The Mandalorian" is set. He uses two blaster pistols, as well as a third blaster controlled by a droid arm attached to his backpack, which he can extract and retract as necessary for additional firepower. The character's first name was not revealed until second season of "The Mandalorian".


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Mayfeld appears in the episode "", in which he leads a crew of mercenaries in an attempt to rescue a prisoner from a New Republic prison transport ship. He is appointed by Ranzar "Ran" Malk, the leader of the mercenaries, as the point man for the mission, Ran asserts that Mayfeld has the same level of authority on the mission as Ran himself would. with a crew that includes the show's protagonist, a bounty hunter known as "The Mandalorian", as well as fellow mercenaries Burg, Q9-0, and Xi'an. Unbeknownst to the Mandalorian, however, the rescue target is a Twi'lek alien named Qin, with whom the Mandalorian previously had a falling out, and the mercenaries intend to betray the Mandalorian once Qin is rescued.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: When the Mandalorian mockingly questions Mayfeld's abilities, alluding to the fact that former Imperial stormtroopers were notoriously bad shots, Mayfeld defensively responds, "I wasn't a stormtrooper, wiseass." During the trip to the prison transport, Mayfeld repeatedly mocks the Mandalorian as well, urging him to remove his helmet, and suggesting he may be hiding his face because he is secretly a Gungan. At one point, the mercenary crew discovered Grogu, a young alien also known as "The Child", whom the Mandalorian was hiding within his ship, the "Razor Crest". Mayfeld questions whether Grogu is a pet, and further mocks the Mandalorian by pretending he is going to drop Grogu. When Q9-0 suddenly takes the ship out of hyperspace without warning the crew, Mayfeld falls and does drop Grogu, but he is unharmed. Upon arrival at the prison transport, Mayfeld, Xi'an, Burg, and the Mandalorian enter the ship while Q9-0 disables onboard surveillance and transmits directions to them from the "Razor Crest" cockpit.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: After gunfights with several security droids, Mayfeld's party reached the transport's control room where they encounter a New Republican guard named Davan. Mayfeld wants to kill Davan, but the Mandalorian disagrees, and the two draw guns on each other as a result, leading to Xi'an killing Davan with a knife. The mercenaries reach a prison cell and releases Qin, after which Mayfeld and the others trap the Mandalorian in the cell and try to abandon him there. After the Mandalorian escapes, he jams communication between Mayfeld's crew and Q9-0. Mayfeld and Qin become separated from Xi'an and Burg. While the latter duo attempt to find and kill the Mandalorian, Mayfeld and Qin decide to try to escape on their own; Qin promises he will triple Mayfeld's compensation if he gets Qin off the ship. After Mayfeld and Qin split up, the Mandalorian stalks Mayfeld, sneaking up on him in a hallway as the lights flicker on and off, and Mayfeld screams as the Mandalorian comes upon him. The Mandalorian did not kill Mayfeld, but instead locked him in a cell in the prison transport with Xi'an and Burg.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Mayfeld is mentioned and pictured at the end of the episode "". After Grogu's capture by Moff Gideon's Imperial remnant, the Mandalorian decides to break out Mayfeld, who was arrested by the New Republic and sentenced to 50 years of service at the Karthon Chop Fields. To learn where he is being held, the Mandalorian visits his ally Cara Dune, who has become a marshal for the New Republic and has access to files on Mayfeld.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: In "", Mayfeld (also called inmate 34667) is temporarily released from prison by Cara to assist the Mandalorian and his group by accessing the Empire's network in Morak, a secret Imperial mining hub, to learn the location of Gideon's ship. After successfully infiltrating the hub with the Mandalorian, Mayfeld suffers a panic attack when seeing his old commander Valin Hess, forcing the Mandalorian to retrieve the data by removing his helmet. However, when Hess questions him, Mayfeld intercedes, and when they reminiscence about their participation in Operation Cinder in which thousands were killed, Mayfeld shoots Hess, initiating a violent escape during which the entire facility is destroyed. For his help in obtaining the data, Mayfeld is allowed to leave by Cara, who assures that he will be declared dead.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: As a former Imperial sharpshooter, Mayfeld is good in a fight and is an excellent marksman; the character Ran Malk refers to him "one of the best triggermen I've ever seen". He has a hard-edged sense of humor, which several reviewers compared to the real-life comedic style of Bill Burr, the actor and comedian who portrays the character. Mayfeld enjoys mocking others, and has a bullying personality; a "Polygon" article by Charlie Hill described him as "the epitome of a schoolyard bully but with a murderous streak". He also speaks with Burr's same real-life Boston accent. Mayfeld is arrogant, hot-headed, ruthless, unpredictable, and has a sardonic attitude. "Space.com" writer Scott Snowden described him as a cowboy-like character. Mayfeld is also duplicitous and untrustworthy, as he shows by his willingness to betray the Mandalorian at the conclusion of their mission together. "Comic Book Resources" writer Sam Stone theorized that Mayfeld's cynicism and mean-spirited personality may be rooted in bitterness toward the Galactic Empire having lost its war with the Rebel Alliance, thus reducing Mayfeld's role to that of an outlaw. Stone wrote that Mayfeld appears "visibly frustrated by his time fighting for the losing side of the Galactic Civil War before taking his talents to less-than-legal clients".


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Mayfeld is portrayed by actor and comedian Bill Burr. Burr was not a fan of the "Star Wars" franchise, which he had repeatedly and publicly mocked in the past, as well as "Game of Thrones" and several other popular science fiction and fantasy franchises. In a 2015 interview with Conan O'Brien, Burr described the original "Star Wars" film as a "cheesy self-help book put in outer space with, like, Muppets". Burr also regularly mocked "Star Wars" fans, particularly during the release of new films, saying things like: "How old are you? Why are you still dressing like Boba Fett?"


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Burr met Jon Favreau, the creator and showrunner of "The Mandalorian", through their mutual friend Mike Binder, who had directed Burr's stand-up comedy film "Paper Tiger" (2019). Burr was also acquainted with Favreau through actor Vince Vaughn, who starred along with Favreau in the film "Swingers" (1996) and was an executive producer of Burr's animated sitcom "F Is for Family". Additionally, Favreau was a listener of Burr's comedy podcast, "Monday Morning Podcast", and Burr appeared on "The Chef Show", a cooking show Favreau created. Favreau approached Burr at a birthday party to discuss a role on "The Mandalorian" he felt would be a good fit for Burr. Burr pointed out his previous mockery of "Star Wars" and suggested he give the role to someone more appropriate, but Favreau felt it would be funny if Burr played the role given his lack of enthusiasm for the franchise, and he believed Burr's fans would find it amusing. Burr's wife, Nia Hill, urged him to accept the part, which he ultimately did, although Burr said he would have accepted any offer by Favreau based on his respect for the director.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Burr's casting on "The Mandalorian" was first revealed at the "Star Wars" Celebration fan convention in Chicago on April 14, 2019, when he was briefly seen in a teaser trailer during a panel discussion about the series. The footage was only intended to be viewed by Celebration attendants, but photos and videos of Burr's footage taken by fans later leaked to the Internet. Jake Kleinman of "Inverse" wrote: "Early footage from "The Mandalorian" didn't reveal much except that he sounds like a total badass." Burr himself first confirmed his appearance on the series via the social media network Twitter on August 24, 2019. According to "Metro Boston" writer Matt Juul, "fans of the franchise were both excited and a bit skeptical" when the casting was announced, due to Burr's past criticism of the "Star Wars" franchise. Mayfeld was featured briefly on the first official trailer for "The Mandalorian", released on August 23, 2019; Burr said "you see the back of my bald head for half a second". Mayfeld's face became visible in his brief appearance in the second "Mandalorian" trailer, released on October 28, 2019, with the character firing his weapons at an off-screen enemy. Several fans expressed excitement about Burr's character on social media after the trailer's release, with some saying he was the primary reason they would be watching the show.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Burr is one of two stars of the television series "Breaking Bad" to have appeared in "The Mandalorian", along with Giancarlo Esposito. Burr portrayed henchman Patrick Kuby on "Breaking Bad", while Giancarlo Esposito played antagonist Gus Fring on that series, and antagonist Moff Gideon on "The Mandalorian". Burr is also one of several comedians with brief acting roles in the first season of "The Mandalorian", including Brian Posehn, Horatio Sanz, Amy Sedaris, Richard Ayoade, Adam Pally, and Jason Sudeikis. Nick Mangione of "Geek.com" jokingly wrote: "Is this series just an excuse for Jon Favreau to get all his favorite comedians into the "Star Wars" universe?"


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Several of Burr's scenes for "The Mandalorian" were filmed on a sound stage in Southern California on a "Volume", a large warehouse-like motion-capture stage with LED video screens and tracking cameras spread throughout the space. Using a combination of physical set pieces and images projected onto the screens, the Volume allows the actors to be filmed and placed into a digital environment. Burr's scenes on Ran Malk's space station were among the scenes filmed on the Volume. Burr described the filming technology as "next-level", and said the moving background imagery occasionally made him feel dizzy, or as if he was experiencing vertigo.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: During filming, Burr was only provided the scripts for the portions of the episode in which he was specifically featured. Burr called filming "The Mandalorian" an "amazing experience" and said the way it was shot was "really, really fun". He was also particularly impressed by the director of the episode, Rick Famuyiwa, who he said "crushed it". Burr believed "The Mandalorian" more closely resembled a Spaghetti Western than a traditional work of science fiction, saying: "This isn't your dad's "Star Wars"". On Burr's last filming day, Jon Favreau invited him to see the newly-complete trailer for "The Mandalorian", which very much impressed Burr.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Immediately after "Chapter 6: The Prisoner" was made available on Disney+, multiple fans were discussing and praising Mayfeld and Burr's performance on social media outlets, particularly on Twitter. Armaan Babu of "MEA WorldWide" wrote: "Twitter was all abuzz with Bill Burr's performance as the fast-talking mercenary". The character of Mayfeld received a generally positive response from reviewers, with many complimenting Burr's performance. Sam Stone of "Comic Book Resources" called Mayfeld a "fan-favorite" and a "memorable character", praising Burr's "irascible performance". "Screen Rant" writer Kevin Pantoja called Mayfeld "arguably the highlight" of his episode, a fun character who infused some comedy into the series. He also praised the performance of Burr, who he described as "always entertaining", and said he would like to see more of Mayfeld on "The Mandalorian" in the future. Dan Brooks, a writer with "The Mandalorian" production company Lucasfilm, felt Burr delivered a "great performance" as Mayfeld, saying he infused the character with a "unpredictable schoolyard-bully air". "Screen Rant" writer Ben Sherlock called Mayfeld an interesting antihero and a "character to remember", saying he was portrayed "brilliantly" by Burr. "Looper" writer Brian Boone said Burr and his "acerbic, motor-mouthed stand-up" was a perfect fit for Mayfeld.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: "Variety" writer Will Thorne wrote that Burr "brought a much-needed injection of spunk and peril to the series". Armaan Babu said Mayfeld maintained Burr's comedic stylings, and wrote: "However brief, Bill Burr's appearance left everyone smiling." Sarah Moran of "Screen Rant" said the fact that Burr is not a "Star Wars" fan in real-life "only makes his role on "The Mandalorian" all the funnier". "Fatherly" writer Ryan Britt said Mayfeld had the best jokes of the episode, made all the more amusing because, as a non-"Star Wars" fan, Britt said that Burr probably did not even understand the jokes himself. "Entertainment Weekly" writer Anthony Breznican, referring to Burr's roots in the Boston area, said the actor brought "not just the distinctive voice of his hometown to the screen, but also the general Masshole attitude" to the part of Mayfeld. "Comicbook.com" writer Charlie Ridgely said Mayfeld had several great jokes throughout his episode. "Forbes" writer Dani Di Placido described Mayfeld as Burr essentially "playing a "Star Wars" version of himself".


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Not all reviews were positive. "IGN" writer Joe Skrebels called Mayfeld a "pretty flat villainous leader". Tom Foster of "TV Overmind" called Burr a "skilled actor", but felt Mayfeld was an underdeveloped character and that the dialogue in the screenplay was too quick and vague. "IndieWire" writer Tyler Hersko said Burr is funny and talented, but that "the episode’s writing unfortunately gives him little to work with, and that Mayfeld does little more than insult the Mandalorian for his entire running time. Megan Crouse "Den of Geek" wrote that Mayfeld and the other characters in his crew "didn't work for me because I didn't believe in them as mercenaries. They're so hapless." Several reviewers wrote that the entire mercenary crew, including Mayfeld, was generally incompetent and unintelligent throughout the episode. "Comic Book Resources" writer Renaldo Matadeen called them the "dumbest" criminals in the "Star Wars" universe, with "a low IQ and no sense of tactics or strategy, leaving us wondering how they got this far in the first place". Nick Mangione of "Geek.com" wrote "The first hint that this won’t be just a standard heist storyline is that all these people suck. They are all the worst. As soon as the crew is introduced you never want to see any of them again."


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Mayfeld was ranked eighth on a "Screen Rant" list of the 10 most interesting characters from the first season of "The Mandalorian". He also ranked ninth on a separate "Screen Rant" list of the 10 best characters introduced on the show, and fourth on a list of "10 Characters We Hope To See Return In Season 2". Additionally, his costume and backpack with the retractable blaster arm ranked ninth on "Screen Rant"s list of the ten best costumes in the show's first season. Mayfeld was also included on a list by "Vulture" of the 15 best cameo appearances on "The Mandalorian", and ranked tenth on a list by the "Los Angeles Times" of the best "scene partners" for the Child.


title: Migs Mayfeld

text: Burr said he got a "great response" from his fans in response to his portrayal of Mayfeld. Despite his past mockery of "Star Wars", Burr said he is a fan of "The Mandalorian" and has watched the episodes even without his character featured, saying: "The way they’re doing this one, it's awesome". Burr received a significant amount of mock outrage from fans of "The Mandalorian" for a scene in which Mayfeld dropped the Child, the show's hugely popular breakout character colloquially known as "Baby Yoda". Jackson McHenry of "Vulture" wrote: "My man dropped Baby Yoda, and we cannot stand for that." Burr said fans were "breaking my balls" about the scene on Twitter, and he jokingly responded to the issue on his podcast, "Monday Morning Podcast":


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Historically Inuit cuisine, which is taken here to include Greenlandic cuisine, Yup'ik cuisine and Aleut cuisine, consisted of a diet of animal source foods that were fished, hunted, and gathered locally. In the 20th century the Inuit diet began to change and by the 21st century the diet was closer to a Western diet. After hunting, they often honour the animals' spirit by singing songs and performing rituals. Although traditional or country foods still play an important role in the identity of Inuit, much food is purchased from the store, which has led to health problems and food insecurity.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: According to Edmund Searles in his article "Food and the Making of Modern Inuit Identities", they consume this type of diet because a mostly meat diet is "effective in keeping the body warm, making the body strong, keeping the body fit, and even making that body healthy".


title: Inuit cuisine

text: There has been a decline of hunting partially due to the fact that most young people lack the skills to survive off the land. They are no longer skilled in hunting like their ancestors and are growing more accustomed to the ("white people") food that they receive from the south. The high costs of hunting equipment—snowmobiles, rifles, sleds, camping gear, gasoline, and oil—is also causing a decline in families who hunt for their meals.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Because the climate of the Arctic is ill-suited for agriculture and lacks forageable plant matter for much of the year, the traditional Inuit diet is lower in carbohydrates and higher in fat and animal protein compared to the global average. When carbohydrate intake is inadequate for total energy requirements, protein is broken down in the liver through gluconeogenesis and utilized as an energy source. Inuit studied in the 1970s were found to have abnormally large livers, presumably to assist in this process. Their urine volumes were also high, a result of additional urea which the body uses to purge waste products from gluconeogenesis. However, in multiple studies the traditional Inuit diet has not been shown to be a ketogenic diet. Not only have multiple researchers been unable to detect any evidence of ketosis resulting from the traditional Inuit diet, but the ratios of fatty-acid to glucose were observed to be well below the generally accepted level of ketogenesis.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit might consume more carbohydrates than most nutritionists have assumed. Because some of the meat the Inuit eat is raw and fresh, or freshly frozen, they can obtain more carbohydrates from their meat, as dietary glycogen, than Westerners can. The Inuit practice of preserving a whole seal or bird carcass under an intact whole skin with a thick layer of blubber also permits some proteins to ferment into carbohydrates. Furthermore, the blubber, organs, muscle and skin of the marine mammals that Inuit eat have significant glycogen stores, which assist those animals when oxygen is depleted on prolonged dives. For instance, when blubber is analyzed by direct carbohydrate measurements, it has been shown to contain as much as 8—30% carbohydrates. While postmortem glycogen levels are often depleted through the onset of rigor mortis, marine mammals have a much delayed onset of rigor mortis, even in warm conditions, presumably due to the high content of oxymyoglobin in the muscle that may permit aerobic metabolism to continue slowly for some time after the death of the animal. Additionally, in cold conditions, glycogen's depletion is halted at -18 °C (-0.4 °F) and lower temperatures in comminuted meat.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Traditional Inuit diets derive approximately 50% of their calories from fat, 30–35% from protein and 15–20% of their calories from carbohydrates, largely in the form of glycogen from the raw meat they consumed. This high fat content provides valuable energy and prevents protein poisoning, which historically was sometimes a problem in late winter when game animals grew lean through winter starvation. It has been suggested that because the fats of the Inuit's wild-caught game are largely monounsaturated and rich in omega-3 fatty acids, the diet does not pose the same health risks as a typical Western high-fat diet. However, actual evidence has shown that Inuit have a similar prevalence of coronary artery disease as non-Inuit populations and they have excessive mortality due to cerebrovascular strokes, with twice the risk to that of the North American population. Indeed, the cardiovascular risk of this diet is so severe that the addition of a more standard American diet has reduced the incidence of mortality in the Inuit population. Furthermore, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Vitamins and minerals which are typically derived from plant sources are nonetheless present in most Inuit diets. Vitamins A and D are present in the oils and livers of cold-water fishes and mammals. Vitamin C is obtained through sources such as caribou liver, kelp, muktuk, and seal brain; because these foods are typically eaten raw or frozen, the vitamin C they contain, which would be destroyed by cooking, is instead preserved.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Searles defines Inuit food as mostly "eaten frozen, raw, or boiled, with very little mixture of ingredients and with very few spices added". Some preparations include:


title: Inuit cuisine

text: One common way to eat the meat hunted is frozen. Many hunters will eat the food that they hunt on location where they found it. This keeps their blood flowing and their bodies warm. One custom of eating meat at the hunting site pertains to fish. In "Overland to Starvation Cove: A History", Heinrich Klutschak explains the custom: "...no fish could be eaten in a cooked state on the spot where caught but could only be enjoyed raw; only when one is a day's march away from the fishing site is it permitted to cook the fish over the flame of a blubber lamp."


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit eat only two main meals a day, but it is common to eat many snacks every hour. Customs among Inuit when eating and preparing food are very strict and may seem odd for people of different cultures.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: When eating a meal, Inuit place large slabs of meat, blubber, and other parts of the animal on a piece of metal, plastic, or cardboard on the floor. From here, anyone in the house is able to cut off a piece of meat. At these meals, no one is obliged to join in the meal; Inuit eat only when hungry. Sometimes, though, meals are announced to the whole camp. A woman does this by the shout of "Ujuk!" which means "cooked meat".


title: Inuit cuisine

text: After a hunt, the eating habits differ from normal meals. When a seal is brought home, the hunters quickly gather around it to receive their pieces of meat first. This happens because the hunters are the coldest and hungriest among the camp and need the warm seal blood and meat to warm them. The seal is cut in a specific way directly after a hunt. Borré explains the cutting of the seal in this way: "one of the hunters slits the abdomen laterally, exposing the internal organs. Hunters first eat pieces of liver or they use a tea cup to gather some blood to drink." At this time, hunters may also chop up pieces of fat and the brain to mix together and eat with meat.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Women and children are accustomed to eating different parts of the seal because they wait until the hunters are done eating. Intestines are the first thing to be chosen and then any leftover pieces of the liver are consumed. Finally, ribs and the backbone are eaten and any remaining meat is distributed among the camp.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit are known for their practice of food sharing, a form of food distribution where one person catches the food and shares with the entire community. Food sharing was first documented among the Inuit in 1910 when a little girl decided to take a platter around to four neighboring families who had no food of their own.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: According to "Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut", "food sharing was necessary for the physical and social welfare of the entire group." Younger couples would give food from their hunt to the elders, most often their parents, as a sign of respect. Food sharing was not only a tradition, but also a way for families to make bonds with one another. Once you shared food with someone, you were in a "lifelong partnership" with them.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit often are relentless in making known that they are not like in the sense that they do not eat the same food and they are communal with their food. believe that the person who purchases the food is the owner of the food and is free to decide what happens to the food. Searles describes the Inuit perspective on food by saying that "in the Inuit world of goods, foods as well as other objects associated with hunting, fishing, and gathering are more or less communal property, belonging not to individuals but to a larger group, which can include multiple households." Food in an Inuit household is not meant to be saved for the family who has hunted, fished, gathered, or purchased it, but instead for anyone who is in need of it. Searles and his wife were visiting a family in Iqaluit and he asked for permission to have a cup of orange juice. This small gesture of asking was taken as offensive because Inuit do not consider food belonging to one person.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: The Inuit believe that their diet has many benefits over the western food. They are adamant about proving that their diet will make one stronger, warmer, and full of energy.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: One example is the drinking of seal blood. When interviewing an Inuit elder, Searles was told that "Inuit food generates a strong flow of blood, a condition considered to be healthy and indicative of a strong body." After the consumption of seal blood and meat, one could look at their veins in the wrist for proof of the strength that Inuit food provides. Borré states that "seal blood is seen as fortifying human blood by replacing depleted nutrients and rejuvenating the blood supply, it is considered a necessary part of the Inuit diet."


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit also believe that eating raw meat keeps them warmer and stronger. They say that raw meat takes effect on one's body when eaten consistently. One Inuk, Oleetoa, who ate a combination of and Inuit food, told of a story of his cousin Joanasee who ate a diet consisting of mostly raw Inuit food. The two compared their strengths, warmth, and energy and found that Joanasee benefited most based on his diet.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit choose their diet based on four concepts, according to Borré: "the relationship between animals and humans, the relationship between the body and soul and life and health, the relationship between seal blood and Inuit blood, and diet choice." Inuit are especially spiritual when it comes to the customs of hunting, cooking, and eating. The Inuit belief is that the combination of animal and human blood in one's bloodstream creates a healthy human body and soul.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: A particularly strong belief held by the Inuit is about the relationship between seal and Inuit. According to Inuit hunters and elders, hunters and seals have an agreement that allows the hunter to capture and feed from the seal if only for the hunger of the hunter's family. Borré explains that through this alliance "both hunter and seal are believed to benefit: the hunter is able to sustain the life of his people by having a reliable source of food, and the seal, through its sacrifice, agrees to become part of the body of the Inuit."


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Inuit are under the belief that if they do not follow the alliances that their ancestors have laid out, the animals will disappear because they have been offended and will cease to reproduce.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: All saltwater animals, including seals, are considered to be always thirsty and are therefore offered a drink of fresh water as they die. This is shown as a sign of respect and gratitude toward the seal and its sacrifice. This offering is also done to please the spirit Sedna to ensure food supply.


title: Inuit cuisine

text: Borré tells of a time when she saw an Inuit woman fall ill who blamed her sickness on the lack of seal in her diet. Once receiving seal meat, the woman felt better within hours and said that her quick recovery was due to the consumption of seal meat and blood. Borré experienced this many times among many different members of the group and they all attributed their sickness to the lack of Inuit food.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: Part 2 of the series, named "Legend 2: Racer", was released on May 23, 2015 and part 3 of the series, named "Legend 3: Dream", was released on February 6, 2016.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: Sentai Filmworks has licensed the film trilogy for release in North America, while MVM Films will release the trilogy in the UK.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The movie opens with Koichiro Iketani driving home on Mount Akina, where he witnesses an impromptu battle between Keisuke Takahashi of the Akagi RedSuns and a mysterious Toyota Sprinter Trueno AE86 (known simply as the "Eight-Six"), which outmaneuvers and defeats Keisuke.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next morning, at a gas station, Iketani invites his co-workers Takumi Fujiwara and Itsuki Takeuchi to a meet with his street racing team, the Akina Speedstars, on Akina. Later that night, they find that the Akagi RedSuns and the Akina Speedstars were already there. Keisuke constantly wanted to hunt down and challenge the "monstrous" Eight-Six whereas Ryosuke, Keisuke's brother and leader of the RedSuns, uses the meet to initiate his plans to dominate the Kanto region. During their practice, the inept Speedstars are outmaneuvered by the RedSuns' advanced driving techniques; however, this does not stop Iketani from attempting to keep up. While doing so, he strikes a sharp bump on the road, making him lose control and crash.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next day, Iketani's boss, Yuichi Tachibana, reveals that the Eight-Six is a tofu delivery vehicle owned by Bunta Fujiwara, Takumi's father. Iketani's desperately asks Bunta to be his replacement, though Bunta declines, claiming that he is too old to be Iketani's replacement. A few days later, Takumi asks Bunta to borrow the Eight-Six so that he can go on a date with his girlfriend, Natsuki. Bunta eventually accepts, but under the condition that Takumi must go to Akina on Saturday night and defeat Keisuke in a downhill race. Unbeknownst to everyone else, it was Takumi who defeated Keisuke at that first encounter as he was returning home from the morning delivery run.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: Takumi later arrives at the race much to the bewilderment of the Speedstars. After Takumi explains his reason to Iketani, he agrees to let Takumi race. At the race starts, Keisuke takes the lead, but Takumi's experienced driving skills allow him to catch up as the race goes on. Eventually, Takumi overtakes and defeats Keisuke by hooking his tires in the inside gutter at the five consecutive hairpins. After the battle, Keisuke tells Takumi to not lose any race until their rematch. Despite Takumi's claim that he is not a racer, Keisuke claims that Takumi's racing skills are part of Takumi's own pride before eventually departing.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next morning, Takumi and Natsuki play around at a beach during their date, where Takumi realizes his experience regarding the previous night's race. As Takumi embarks on his next morning delivery, he prepares himself for the next battles to come.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: In a post-credit scene, a black Nissan Skyline GT-R R32, driven by the Myogi NightKids' Takeshi Nakazato, storms up Akina looking for Takumi's Eight-Six.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The film opens with Takeshi Nakazato, the Myogi NightKids' leader, challenging Ryosuke Takahashi, the Redsun's leader on a downhill battle one night. Afterwards, Nakazato tells Ryosuke that he witnessed Takumi Fujiwara's gutter technique he used to defeat Keisuke Takahashi, and believes that he battling Takumi will make things interesting. However, Ryosuke believes that Nakazato's car is incapable of defeating Takumi's Eight-Six, much to Nakazato's humiliation.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next day, Nakazato arrives at a gas station where he encounters Itsuki Takeuchi, who 'accidentally' accepts Nakazato's challenge as he drives off. However, Takumi later refuses to accept because he is not a racer despite being persuaded by Itsuki. Meanwhile, Yuichi Tachibana overhears the situation and tells the Akina SpeedStars why Takumi refuses to race. He referenced to Takumi how good Nakazato is and that no one would think he's a coward if he refuses. Later, Takumi changes his mind, but when he arrives home, he is shocked to discover that his father, Bunta, had already taken the Eight-Six with him. Takumi waits desperately, and realizes how much of a racer he already is.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: Meanwhile, in Akina, the Akina SpeedStars attempt to apologize to the NightKids for their mistake. Just as they did so, Takumi arrives in the Eight-Six, much to their relief. As the race starts, Nakazato takes the lead, whilst Ryosuke and Keisuke follow as spectators. During the race, Nakazato's AWD driving skills keep Takumi at bay. Unbeknownst to Takumi, Bunta tuned the Eight-Six's suspension, allowing Takumi to stay on Nakazato's tail. As they approach the five consecutive hairpins, Nakazato blocks the inside, prompting Takumi to try and overtake Nakazato from the outside. Eventually, Nakazato drives into the outside, causing Takumi to drive into the inside, overtaking Nakazato. Nakazato attempts to block Takumi again, but his car spins out, and hits the guardrail, making him lose.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The following day, Iketani's Nissan Silvia S13 has been fully repaired, and Iketani and Itsuki take it to Akina to test drive it. They were then ambushed by a posse of NightKids led by Nakazato's teammate, Shingo Shoji, and his red Honda Civic SiR II EG6. Shingo then bumps Iketani's car, making him spin out. Takumi arrives and witnesses the situation as the NightKids drove off. Back at Akina's peak, Iketani demands Shingo's apology, which Shingo agrees if he loses his "Gum Tape Deathmatch" challenge against Takumi, during which the driver's right hand is taped to the steering wheel. Shingo then admits that if Takumi loses, Shingo will overthrow Nakazato as the new leader of the NightKids.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: As their race starts, Takumi's tape nearly causes him to crash. He then learns that steering less will let him clear corners faster. Shingo gets impatient with Takumi's inability to crash. So, he bumps Takumi's Eight-Six, making him spin out. However, Takumi manages to avoid crashing and regains control. Enraged, Takumi drives recklessly, even going as far as cutting corners and bumping guardrails. Takumi eventually overtakes Shingo by using his gutter technique. Shingo, refusing to lose, decides to end the race in a double crash, but Takumi countersteers in time and moves out of Shingo's way, causing Shingo to crash, and lose the race.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next day, the film ends with Takumi receiving a bouquet of flowers at work, along with a card addressed to "Panda Trueno", which then happens to be a formal challenge issued from Ryosuke Takahashi.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The film starts with Takumi Fujiwara chasing down the NightKids street racers for making fun of Itsuki Takeuchi's new Toyota Corolla Levin SR AE85, which Itsuki believes is an Eight-Six, and outmaneuvers them. Afterwards, Itsuki tells Takumi that he is amazed when he discovers his newfound appreciation for the car.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next day, Takumi's upcoming battle against Ryosuke Takahashi is fast-approaching. As Takumi and his girlfriend, Natsuki Mogi, go out on a date, Takumi reflects on how far he had been racing over the summer, and becomes curious about the outcome of Takumi's upcoming battle. That night, Takumi was seen driving Koichiro Iketani's Nissan Silvia S13. That same night, his father, Bunta Fujiwara, drives the Eight-Six with Yuichi Tachibana to test his newly tuned suspension in preparation for the battle.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next night, Ryosuke Takahashi downgrades his white Mazda RX-7 FC3S to 260 hp, which Ryosuke believes would give him the advantage and power he needs to defeat Takumi. Ryosuke then comments that this approach to the race makes him think back to his earlier days of racing, as the "Akagi's White Comet".


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The next day, Natsuki becomes suspicious of Takumi's lack of interest in her. She later confesses to Takumi about a flashback when Takumi punched her ex-boyfriend two years ago for sexually exploiting her. She even apologizes to Takumi for not explaining it to him earlier, which Takumi accepts. Takumi and Natsuki then kiss. Later on, the Akina SpeedStars suspect that Takumi's interest in Natsuki causes him to zone out, so Itsuki drives Takumi to Akina later that night to help the latter regain focus on racing. While there, they witness an impromptu battle between Takumi's previous rivals, Keisuke Takahashi and Takeshi Nakazato.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: On the night before the race, Ryosuke tells Keisuke that he will retire from street racing if he loses to Takumi, but will reaffirm his plans of dominating the Kanto region. Takumi arrives, and the race begins. Takumi starts in front, but is pressured by Ryosuke's driving skills being equally matched to Takumi's, especially at his gutter run. Eventually, at the Five Consecutive Hairpins, Takumi becomes overpressured, and enters the corner too fast, making him lose control, and allowing Ryosuke take the lead.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: Eventually, Ryosuke's tires wear out, and Takumi manages to come level with Ryosuke. As they approach the final corner, Takumi tries to overtake on the outside. Ryosuke's tires cause him to slide outwards, allowing Takumi to take the inside and win the race.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: After the battle, Takumi asks Ryosuke why he slowed down during the last section of the race, to which Ryosuke responds by telling Takumi the truth and accepts the defeat. He then tells Takumi not to be content with a small stage like Akina, and that there is a much bigger world out there.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: A few nights later, Takumi is seen racing against an orange Toyota GT86 as he races up the mountain on his morning delivery.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: In a post-credits scene, Ryosuke is seen inviting Takumi to a battle as invitation to join Ryosuke's new team, Project D.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: A recap of the movie trilogy with additional scenes of the characters test driving their cars, focusing only on the races much like the original Battle Stages.


title: New Initial D the Movie

text: The film series uses a J-rock soundtrack that plays during race sequences, instead of the Eurobeat that was featured in the original anime. However, Eurobeat does return in the Battle Digest compilation film.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) (; ) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1500 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its capital during the reign of Ubaydallah Khan. The khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Abu'l-Khayrid ruler, the scholarly Abdullah Khan II (r. 1557–1598).


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by the Janid Dynasty (Astrakhanids or Toqay Timurids). They were the last Genghisid descendants to rule Bukhara. In 1740, it was conquered by Nader Shah, the Shah of Iran. After his death in 1747, the khanate was controlled by the non-Genghisid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of "ataliq". In 1785, his descendant, Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara. The Manghits were non-Genghisid and took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan since their legitimacy was not based on descent from Genghis Khan.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: The first dynasty to rule the khanate was the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, which reigned from 1500 until 1598. They were a branch of the Shibanids and claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi. The ancestor of the ruling Abu'l-Khayrids, Abu'l Khayr Khan, established an empire that by the time of his death in 1469 stretched from Siberia to the Syr Darya river. He controlled the cities of Sighnaq, Suzaq, Arquq, Uzgend, and Yassi along the Syr Darya. However, the Uzbek tribes remained nomadic, living a life on the steppe, and Abu'l Khayr Khan had no interest in conquering the lands of Transoxiana or Khorasan. Following his death, his empire broke up into smaller pieces led by sultans and tribal chieftains. One of these units was led by Muhammad Shibani, Abu'l Khayr's grandson. He was well-educated, had great military intellect, and desired to conquered the sedentary lands of Mawarannahr for himself.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: In the 1490s Muhammad Shibani swept through Central Asia and conquered Samarqand, Bukhara, Tashkent, and Andijan from 1500 to 1503. One of his most ferocious enemies was Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur, the Timurid prince of Ferghana. He managed to briefly occupy Samarqand from Muhammad Shibani, and attempted on two other occasions to take it. A turning point in the conflict between the two was the Battle of Sar-i Pul in the spring of 1501, which resulted in Babur's defeat.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: In 1505 Muhammad Shibani took Urgench after a 10-month siege, resulting in the annexation of Khwarazm. The ruler of Herat, Sultan Husayn Bayqara, attempted to launch a campaign to Transoxiana but it proved to be abortive. When he decided to take the field, he was no longer capable of leading the army. In 1506 he died, being succeeded by his two sons (Badi' al-Zaman Mirza and Muzaffar Husayn Mirza). Despite their differences, they agreed to jointly field an army against the Uzbeks. They assembled their forces along the Murghab River, allying with Babur to crush Muhammad Shibani. In 1506 Shibani captured Balkh, and the allied Timurid force disintegrated on its own. Finally in 1507 he was able to take Herat and the rest of the Timurid lands. By this time he ousted the Timurids from Qunduz, Balkh, Khorasan, Khwarazm, and other regions and incorporated them into his empire.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: However Shah Isma'il I of the newly founded Safavid Empire, wishing to conquer the Timurid lands for himself and enraged by Shibani's staunch Sunnism, invaded Khorasan and killed Mohammad Shibani outside the city of Merv in 1510. Khorasan and Khwarazm were conquered by Iran and Samarqand was briefly lost to Babur in 1512. However, he was unable to establish his presence there for long and soon the Uzbeks were able to reclaim their lost territory. However, Khwarazm permanently became independent, becoming the Khanate of Khiva. It was ruled by the Arabshahids, another branch of the Shibanids. Khwarazm was briefly conquered by Ubaydullah Khan (1533-1539) but shortly after it became independent once again.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: The Janid Dynasty (descendants of Astrakhanids) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after Astrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad and Vali Muhammad Khan from his wife, who was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: The son of Din Muhammad Sultan - Baqi Muhammad Khan in 1599 defeated Pir Muhammad Khan II, who had lost his authority. He became the real founder of a new dynasty of Janids or Ashtarkhanids in the Bukhara Khanate (1599-1756). Boqi Muhammad Khan, despite his short reign, carried out administrative, tax and military reforms in the country, which contributed to its further development. He issued coins with the inscription Baqi Muhammad Bahadurkhan and the names of the first four caliphs.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: During this period, the Uzbek poet Turdy wrote critical poems and called for the unity of 92 tribal Uzbek people. The most famous Uzbek poet is Mashrab, who composed a number of poems that are still popular today. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, historical works were written in Persian. Among the famous historians, Abdurahman Tole, Muhammad Amin Bukhari, Mutribi should be noted.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: In the sources of the second half of the 17th century, the expression “92 Uzbek tribes” is used in relation to the part of the population of the Bukhara Khanate.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: After the assassination of Ubaydullah Khan on March 18, 1711, the Bukharan state disintegrated into multiple different principalities. According to Chekhovich, only the districts of Qarakul, Wardanzi, Wabkent, and Ghijduwan were under the new Bukharan khan, Abu'l-Fayz. Other sources report that his authority didn't stretch beyond the Bukharan citadel.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: The Ashtarkhanids were replaced by the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, whose members ruled Bukhara until 1920.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: The beginning of the strengthening of the political influence of representatives of the Uzbek Manghit aristocracy in the Bukhara Khanate dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. But the real growth of their power occurred after the appointment in 1712 of Khudayar-biy Manghit to the post of ataliq. His son Muhammad Hakim-biy took the post of divanbegi at the court of Abulfeyz-khan. In 1715–1716, Khudayar-biy was removed from his post at the initiative of Ibrahim-parvanachi from the Uzbek family of keneges. In 1719–1720, after the flight of Ibrahim-bey from Bukhara, Khudayar-bey, who was in Balkh, was allowed to return to power, giving him the inheritance of Karshi, which was the result of the policy of his son Muhammad Hakim-bey. In 1721, Muhammad Hakim-biy was appointed ataliq.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: During the campaign of the Afsharid ruler of Persia Nadir Shah to Maverannahr in 1740, Muhammad Hakim-biy went to peace negotiations with him, thus saving the country from war and strengthening his power. He had five sons: Muhammad Badal-biy, Kurban-mirahur (died in 1733), Muhammad Rahim, Yav Kashti-biy, Barat-sultan. His third son, Muhammad Rahim, joined Nadir Shah and participated in his further campaigns.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: Since 1740, the actual power in the Bukhara Khanate was in the hands of the last ataliqs from the Uzbek clan Manghit, Muhammad Hakim-biy (1740-1743), Muhammad Rakhim (1745-1753) and Daniyal-biy (1758-1785). The Bukhara khans turned out to be completely dependent on them.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: In 1747, after the assassination of Abulfayz Khan, the actual power was completely in the hands of Muhammad Rahim. Until 1756, the nominal rulers were the Ashtarkhanid babies Abdulmumin Khan (1747-1751), Ubaydallah Khan III (1751-1754) and Abulgazi Khan (1754-1756). Muhammad Rahim himself married the daughter of Abulfayz Khan. Under Mohammad Rahim Bi, the Bukhara Khanate was able to expand to the regions of Hissar, Samarqand, Urgut, the Zarafshan Valley, Kulab, Jizzakh, and Ura Tepe. Within three years he was also able to subdue Zamin, Panjkent, and Falgar. Although Muhammad Rakhim Khan was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, through tough politics and good organization, he was able to achieve recognition of his power, ascend the throne and even take the title of Khan.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: Rahim Bi had to suppress the power of the local chieftains. He attacked Turghai Murad Burqut, ruler of Nurota and the Miyankal province between Samarqand and Bukhara. The latter was forced to accept Bukharan sovereignty. In 1753 Rahim Bi attacked Urgut and subjugated Shahr-i Sabz, Hissar, and Kulab. In 1754 he successfully incorporated Khujand, Tashkent, and Turkestan into the khanate. In November 1762, Bukharan armies conquered the town of Charjuy and subdued the Turkmen.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: Muhammad Shibani was fond of poetry, and Turkic language collections of his poetry are extant today. There are sources that Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry in both Turkic and Persian. The "Divan" of Muhammad Shibani's poems, written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". He wrote a prose work called Risale-yi maarif-i Shibani. It was written in the Turkic-Chagatai language in 1507 shortly after his capture of Khorasan and is dedicated to his son, Muhammad Timur-Sultan (the manuscript is kept in Istanbul). Ubaydullah Khan was a very educated person, he skillfully recited the Koran and provided it with comments in the Turkic language, was a gifted singer and musician. The formation of the most significant court literary circle in Maverannahr in the first half of the 16th century is associated with the name of Ubaydullah Khan. Ubaydullah Khan himself wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has survived to this day.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: Turkish historiography increased in the early 16th century, though their production were relatively few. Muhammad Shibani Khan's reign influenced one Chagatai's Turkish historical work, the Shibani-nama, while the, "Tawarikh-i Guzida-yi Nusrat-nama", was sponsored by the Khan himself. The Khan also inspired two Persian histories by Bina'i and Shadi, while patronizing the translations of six works from Persian into Chaghatai.


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: In the Abu'l-Khayrid era in the Bukhara Khanate, Agha-i Buzurg or "Great Lady" was a famous scholarly woman-Sufi (she died in 1522–23), she was also called "Mastura Khatun".


title: Khanate of Bukhara

text: Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established a library "having no equal" the world over. The prominent scholar Sultan Mirak Munshi worked there from 1540. The gifted calligrapher Mir Abid Khusaini produced masterpieces of Nastaliq and Rayhani script. He was a brilliant miniature-painter, master of encrustation, and was the librarian ("kitabdar") of Bukhara's library.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: An anime television series adaptation by GoHands aired in Japan between July and September 2010. A second anime season aired between January and March 2014. An anime film premiered in July 2017, and a second anime film was set to premiere in July 2020, but had been delayed to January 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In North America, the anime series has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks, and in the UK it has been licensed by MVM Entertainment.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: Takatoshi Tsuda attends Ōsai Academy, a high school that, due to declining birth rates, is converted from an all-girl school to a co-ed school (with a male-to-female ratio of 28:524). On his first day, he is forcibly recruited into the student council as the vice-president and sole male representative. The story follows Tsuda and the student council as they interact with each other and their schoolmates.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: Characters from Ujiie's previous works have made appearances in "Seitokai". Misaki Amano from is Shino's ex-vice president in elementary school. Being in the same class as Shino in elementary school they both are of the same age with Amano now also being a high school student, although both of them went to different high schools. Like Takatoshi, she acts as a "tsukkomi" for Shino's various jokes. The idol unit Triple Booking from Ujiie's work also make appearances.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: "Seitokai Yakuindomo" is written and illustrated by Tozen Ujiie. The manga was first serialized in Kodansha's "Magazine Special" from May 19, 2007, to June 20, 2008. The series was then transferred to Kodansha's "Weekly Shōnen Magazine", where it ran from July 23, 2008, to November 17, 2021. The first "tankōbon" volume was released on August 12, 2008, under Kodansha's Shōnen Magazine KC imprint. Its twenty-second and final volume was released on January 17, 2022.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: A 13-episode anime television series produced by GoHands and directed by Hiromitsu Kanazawa aired in Japan from July 4 to September 26, 2010 on TV Kanagawa. The anime began airing at later dates on Chiba TV, TV Saitama, Sun TV, KBS, Tokyo MX, TV Aichi, and AT-X. Two pieces of theme music are used for the anime: one opening theme and one ending theme. The opening theme is by Triple Booking, which is a group of characters from the author's previous work "Idol no Akahon"; the voices are Yōko Hikasa, Satomi Satō and Sayuri Yahagi—the voices of Shino, Aria and Suzu. The ending theme is by Angela. Six Blu-ray/DVD volumes were released between August 4 and October 27, 2010.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: A 13-episode second season titled aired from January 4 to March 29, 2014. It was simulcast with English subtitles by Crunchyroll. An anime film was released on July 21, 2017. Both seasons and the film have been licensed in the US by Sentai Filmworks and in the UK by MVM Entertainment, and released on Blu-ray on December 10, 2019, and October 18, 2021, respectively. A second anime film was set to be released on July 10, 2020, but was delayed to January 1, 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The staff and cast returned to reprise their roles in both films. The second movie was released on Blu-ray by Sentai Filmworks on September 20, 2022.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: Original video animation (OVA) episodes of the anime have been shipping with the limited editions of the manga volumes, beginning with the fifth volume released on April 15, 2011, and excluding the sixteenth, twenty-first and twenty-second volumes. The OVAs were released with limited edition bundles of the manga and also as standalone videos. They were also produced by GoHands and their episodes are numbered as if they continued the TV series. The sixteenth volume instead bundled the first movie. The twenty-first volume bundled the second movie.


title: Seitokai Yakuindomo

text: An Internet radio show titled produced by Animate TV began streaming online on July 14, 2010 to support the TV series. The show does not have any fixed hosts, but members of the voice cast take turns hosting the show every week.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation. It outputs a bit opposite of the bit that is put into it. The bits are typically implemented as two differing voltage levels.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The NOT gate outputs a zero when given a one, and a one when given a zero. Hence, it inverts its inputs. Colloquially, this inversion of bits is called "flipping" bits. As with all binary logic gates, other pairs of symbols such as true and false, or high and low may be used in lieu of one and zero.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: It is equivalent to the logical negation operator (¬) in mathematical logic. Because it has only one input, it is a unary operation and has the simplest type of truth table. It is also called the complement gate because it produces the ones' complement of a binary number, swapping 0s and 1s.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The NOT gate is one of three basic logic gates from which any Boolean circuit may be built up. Together with the AND gate and the OR gate, any function in binary mathematics may be implemented. All other logic gates may be made from these three.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The terms "programmable inverter" or "controlled inverter" do not refer to this gate; instead, these terms refer to the XOR gate because it can conditionally function like a NOT gate.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The traditional symbol for an inverter circuit is a triangle touching a small circle or "bubble." Input and output lines are attached to the symbol; the bubble is typically attached to the output line. To symbolize active-low input, sometimes the bubble is instead placed on the input line. Sometimes only the circle portion of the symbol is used, and it is attached to the input or output of another gate; the symbols for NAND and NOR are formed in this way.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: A bar or overline ( ‾ ) above a variable can denote negation (or inversion or complement) performed by a NOT gate. A slash (/) before the variable is also used.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: An inverter circuit outputs a voltage representing the opposite logic-level to its input. Its main function is to invert the input signal applied. If the applied input is low then the output becomes high and vice versa. Inverters can be constructed using a single NMOS transistor or a single PMOS transistor coupled with a resistor. Since this 'resistive-drain' approach uses only a single type of transistor, it can be fabricated at a low cost. However, because current flows through the resistor in one of the two states, the resistive-drain configuration is disadvantaged for power consumption and processing speed. Alternatively, inverters can be constructed using two complementary transistors in a CMOS configuration. This configuration greatly reduces power consumption since one of the transistors is always off in both logic states. Processing speed can also be improved due to the relatively low resistance compared to the NMOS-only or PMOS-only type devices. Inverters can also be constructed with bipolar junction transistors (BJT) in either a resistor–transistor logic (RTL) or a transistor–transistor logic (TTL) configuration.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: Digital electronics circuits operate at fixed voltage levels corresponding to a logical 0 or 1 (see binary). An inverter circuit serves as the basic logic gate to swap between those two voltage levels. Implementation determines the actual voltage, but common levels include (0, +5V) for TTL circuits.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The inverter is a basic building block in digital electronics. Multiplexers, decoders, state machines, and other sophisticated digital devices may use inverters.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The "hex inverter" is an integrated circuit that contains six ("hexa-") inverters. For example, the 7404 TTL chip which has 14 pins and the 4049 CMOS chip which has 16 pins, 2 of which are used for power/referencing, and 12 of which are used by the inputs and outputs of the six inverters (the 4049 has 2 pins with no connection).


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: If no specific NOT gates are available, one can be made from the universal NAND or NOR gates, or an XOR gate by setting one input to high.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: Digital inverter quality is often measured using the voltage transfer curve (VTC), which is a plot of output vs. input voltage. From such a graph, device parameters including noise tolerance, gain, and operating logic levels can be obtained.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: Ideally, the VTC appears as an inverted step function – this would indicate precise switching between "on" and "off" – but in real devices, a gradual transition region exists. The VTC indicates that for low input voltage, the circuit outputs high voltage; for high input, the output tapers off towards the low level. The slope of this transition region is a measure of quality – steep (close to infinity) slopes yield precise switching.


title: Inverter (logic gate)

text: The tolerance to noise can be measured by comparing the minimum input to the maximum output for each region of operation (on / off).


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) is a Naga nationalist separatist group operating mainly in Northeast India, with minor activities in northwest Myanmar (Burma). The main aim of the organisation is to establish a sovereign Naga state, "Nagalim", which would consist of all the areas belonging to the Naga people in Northeast India and northwest Myanmar. The NSCN's slogan is "Nagaland for Christ".


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: There were once two major factions of the NSCN which include the former NSCN (K), which was led by S. S. Khaplang; and the still active NSCN (I-M), led by now by Isak Chishi Swu and formerly by Thuingaleng Muivah. In 2015 in response to an attack on an army convoy in Manipur, India designated the NSCN (K) as a terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. India's Ministry of Home Affairs labels NSCN a major insurgent group.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: The word "Naga" denotes several ethnic tribes living on the Himalayan Range in Northeast India, which were brought under the control of British India during the 19th century. After India's independence, Naga leaders tried to assert independence. In 1975, the separatist Naga National Council (NNC) gave up violence and signed the Shillong Accord with the Government of India. Some of the NNC leaders disapproved of this peace treaty: these leaders included Isak Chishi Swu of Sumi (Sema) tribe, Thuingaleng Muivah of Tangkhul tribe and self leader S. S. Khaplang. These leaders formed the NSCN as a new separatist organization, which has been described as a breakaway group of the Naga National Council. NSCN started an underground Naga Federal government having both civil and military wings. Later, a disagreement surfaced within the outfit leaders over the issue of commencing dialogue with the Indian Government. On 30 April 1988, the NSCN split into two factions; the NSCN-K led by Khaplang, and the NSCN-IM, led by Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah. The split was accompanied by a spate of violence and clashes between the factions. In 1997 ceasefire agreement were made between NSCN and government of India. Later NSCN(K) abrogated the ceasefire agreement.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: On 6 April 2015 a new faction NSCN (Reformation) was formed. Y. Wangtin Konyak and P. Tikhak officially announced the formation of a new Naga political group going by the name 'National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Reformation)' or NSCN (R). The decision came after Wangtin Konyak, a senior minister (Kilonser) and personal secretary to Khaplang and Tikhak, the spokesperson of the outfit were expelled by Khaplang after misunderstanding arose over the recent abrogation of ceasefire with the Government of India.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: The duo, wanted to continue with the ceasefire maintaining that "violence has never served a good purpose and the Naga political problem can only be resolved through peace and negotiation" while Khaplang had it abrogated because the "14 years of ceasefire between NSCN (K) and India has become a mockery and futile exercise." The primary agenda of the new NSCN-R would be to "develop a sense of brotherhood among the Naga family and to rebuild the trust and faith among the Naga society."


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: On 3 August 2015 NSCN(IM) leader Isak Swu and T Muivah signed a framework agreement with the Government of India in presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and NSA Ajit Doval. NSCN(K) also joined with a militia organization named the United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia, along with other Northeast Indian militant groups, and shortly after broke off peace talks with the Indian government. It also was responsible for the 2015 Manipur ambush, in which 18 soldiers of the Indian army were killed and 15 were wounded.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: The objective of the NSCN was to establish a sovereign Naga State by unifying all the Naga-inhabited areas in the North East of India and Northern Burma which the organisation and the people of the area proposed as Nagalim. Unification of all Naga tribes under one administration and 'liberating' Nagalim from India is listed as one of the main objectives of the organisation. Its manifesto is based on the principle of socialism for economic development.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: According to the NSCN manifesto, their slogan is "Nagaland for Christ". Journalist Bertil Lintner has described NSCN's ideology as "a mixture of evangelical Christianity and revolutionary socialism". However, In an interview to BBC in 2005, when asked about the slogan "Nagaland for Christ" and if the Naga State will be a theocratic state, Thuingaleng Muviah said that have been misunderstood, the slogan is not a law, it is an aspiration of the Naga people, being more than 95% Christians. "Naga State has to be secular, if it is not secular then we would be betraying ourselves."


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: NSCN-IM continued with the objectives of the NSCM, making Integration of all the contiguous Naga areas a prime objective.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: NSCN is active in North East India. The state of Nagaland and the hill districts in Manipur inhabited by the Nagas are the main areas where strong influence and presence of the organisation is felt. Its presence in neighbouring states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are also widely acknowledged. On the international level, the presence and influence of the NSCN in the Northern part of Myanmar that are inhabited by the Naga tribes dates back to the time when the Nagas started their freedom struggle.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: Late Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah, the founding fathers of NSCN-IM, was Chairman and General Secretary of NSCN-IM respectively and S. S. Khaplang was the Chairman of the NSCN-K.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: On the political front, the NSCN-IM has divided its area of influence into 11 regions based on sub-tribe considerations and administrative convenience. In many areas, it runs a parallel government. There are four major ‘Ministries’ – Defence, Home, Finance and Foreign Affairs. Moreover, there are five other Ministries including Education, Information and Publicity, Forests and Minerals, Law and Justice and Religious Affairs. The most prominent among the Ministries is the ‘Home ministry’, which is considered as a replacement of the Indian State government machinery. The heads of 11 administrative regions report to the ‘Home Minister’ (Kilo Kilonser). The devolution of administrative arms of the organisation goes down to the town and village levels in the NSCN-IM's areas of influence.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: The outfit has also established a government-in-exile called the Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland/Nagalim (GPRN) which, interacts with formal and non-formal world bodies and media. The GPRN sends emissaries abroad to garner support and raise funds for the Naga cause.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: In February 2019, Qhehezu Tuccu was unanimously elected as the Chairperson of the NSCN-IM. The post had been vacant since the death of Isak Chishi Swu. At the same meeting, Tongmeth Wangnao was elected as the vice-chairperson of the NSCN-IM.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: Over the years, the NSCN-IM has tried to develop extensive linkages both within and outside India. It is alleged that China is providing finance as well as arms and ammunition to NSCN in their fight for independence against the Indian Government. The group was previously backed by India's intelligence agencies to weaken the main Naga insurgency.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: It is believed that NSCN patronised smaller extremists outfits in the North East of India by giving warfare and intelligence trainings and providing logistics for waging war against India.NSCN had also extreme links with its extremist partner ZRF and ZRO.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: The outfit has also opened up contacts with international organizations like the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) at the Hague and the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations (UNWGIP).


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: China is also instrumental in providing training and arms, which was established after the arrest of the top NSCN IM leader Anthony Shimray. After his arrest by the Indian intelligence agencies he also revealed that he was tasked by Chinese intelligence agencies to collect and gather intelligence on Indian troop deployments in north eastern states of India. Further it is also alleged that NSCN is the major faction that helps many other minor militant outfits in north east and is widely accepted as the main reason of continued insurgency in north eastern states of Indian republic. On July 7 the Indian Army busted an NSCN camp in Manipur at Kekru Naga village, a stronghold of the group in the zone. In the last couple of months, at least four camps of the group were targeted by the security forces.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: Drug trafficking is a major source of income for the NSCN (IM). Apart from that, it indulges in extortion, and other pursuits to obtain finances. The smaller ethnic insurgent groups floated by NSCN (IM) carry out their operations in coordination with the parent organisation. Seventy percent of the total income goes to the NSCN (IM) and the remaining thirty percent is left with the local groups. The rebel group also takes a 12% tax from the government employees and a fixed house tax. For shops and commercial establishments the tax starts from a minimum of 5%.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: On 4 June 2015, NSCN-K and KYKL ambushed an Indian Army convoy of 6 Dogra Regiment in Chandel district of Manipur and killed 18 Army jawans. On 10 June 2015, India claimed that it had conducted strikes against NSCN-K camps inside Myanmar, and inflicted significant casualties. Indian media reported that around 38 fighters belonging to NSCN-K were killed in the attack. Myanmar government, however, rejected Indian government claims. According to Myanmar government officials, the operation against NSCN-K insurgents took place entirely on Indian side of the border and Indian troops did not cross Myanmar's border. NSCN-K also rejected India's claims. According to NSCN-K, Indian troops did not attack any camp belonging to NSCN-K and the group did not suffer any loss. NSCN-K also challenged Indian Army to display the dead bodies of those killed during the operation.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: In February and June 2019, Indian army and the Burmese Tatmadaw carried out joint operations "Sunrise" and "Sunrise II", targeting in co-ordination several militant groups along the Indo-Burma border including the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO), the NSCN-K, the United Liberation Front of Assam (I) and the National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB). In February, Burmese troops stormed the NSCN-K headquarters at Taga. The Indian army reciprocated by starting a major operation against the Arakan Army in south Mizoram.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: On 21 May 2019, 11 people including the National People's Party (NPP) Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA), Tirong Aboh and his son were killed in an ambush at 12th mile in Khonsa-Deomali road in Tirap District in Arunachal Pradesh. In response the Indian Army launched various operations which allowed the confiscation of weapons and the detention of five suspects in mid-July NSCN-IM militants opposed to the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN), the group has alleged the state's move to implement RIIN is "contradictory" to the inherent rights of the Nagas.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

text: NSCN IM have been accused of killing innocent people who spoke against their agenda or ideology. Athuan Abonmai who is a Naga was killed by suspected NSCN IM cadres after kidnapping him on 22 September 2021.


title: Layla Alizada

text: Layla Alizada (; born August 10, 1977) is a Canadian actress, who is best known for appearing in guest roles in some well-known American television shows, including "The Muppets" and "Jane the Virgin," as well as recurring roles in "Days of Our Lives" and "Shut Eye". She is married to Noel Fisher since 2017.


title: Layla Alizada

text: Alizada began acting in 1995, at the age of 18, appearing in an episode of "Strange Luck" ("Hat Trick").


title: Layla Alizada

text: Since her debut, she has been offered many guest star roles in a number of American television series, such as "Days of Our Lives", where she portrayed Kelly, and "Jane the Virgin", portraying Regina.


title: Layla Alizada

text: She has taken part in several noticeable TV shows, including "The Muppets" and Jane the Virgin. Alizada played Meena, a refugee from Afghanistan in the television movie, "Chasing Freedom" (2004). In "Chasing Freedom," Alizada's character, who has destroyed her identification to escape the Taliban, is unable to prove she should be granted political asylum. From 2016 to 2017, she had a recurring role as Simza on "Shut Eye".


title: Layla Alizada

text: Alizada was born in Kabul, Afghanistan; her family relocated to Montreal, Quebec, during her childhood.


title: Layla Alizada

text: Since November 2005, Alizada has been in a relationship with actor Noel Fisher. The couple got engaged in 2014, and married in 2017.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: Helen Pitts Douglass (1838–1903) was an American suffragist, known for being the second wife of Frederick Douglass. She also created the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association, which became the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: She was born in Honeoye, New York, in 1838. Her parents were activists in the abolitionist and suffragist movements. She was also a descendant of John Alden and Priscilla Alden, who sailed to America on the "Mayflower", and a cousin of John and John Quincy Adams. Pitts graduated from Mount Holyoke College (then called the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary) in 1859. After her graduation, she returned to her parents' home in Honeoye.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: After the U.S. Civil War, she taught at the Hampton Institute, a school that educated black men and women. While teaching at the institution, she caused local controversy by accusing several local residents of directing insults and abuse towards her students, resulting in their arrest. In 1882, Helen moved to Uniontown in Washington, D.C. to live with her uncle, where she lived next door to Frederick Douglass's home, Cedar Hill.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: She was active in the women's rights movement and co-edited "The Alpha", with Caroline Winslow, in Washington. In 1882, Douglass hired Helen as a clerk in the office of the Recorder of Deeds in Washington, to which he had just been assigned. Because he was writing his autobiography, "Life and Times of Frederick Douglass" and was often lecturing, Helen aided him frequently in his work.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: Douglass's first wife, Anna Murray Douglass, died on August 4, 1882. After almost a year and a half of depression, Douglass married Helen on January 24, 1884. They were married by the Rev. Francis J. Grimké, a prominent African American preacher. Despite the fact that Helen's parents, Gideon and Jane Pitts, were abolitionists, they were against the marriage because Douglass was the son of a white father and a black mother.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: The marriage was generally the subject of scorn by both white and black residents in the town, though the Douglasses were firm in their convictions. "Love came to me, and I was not afraid to marry the man I loved because of his color," she said. Douglass laughingly commented, "This proves I am impartial. My first wife was the color of my mother and the second, the color of my father."


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: A main source of support was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who said: "In defense of the right to ... marry whom we please – we might quote some of the basic principles of our government [and] suggest that in some things individual rights to tastes should control.". Helen and Frederick were married for eleven years, until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1895. They did not have any children together. Frederick had five children with his first wife Anna: Lewis, Frederick Jr., Charles, Rosetta, and Annie.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: Douglass's will left Cedar Hill to Helen, but it lacked the number of witnesses needed in bequests of real estate and was ruled invalid. Helen suggested to his children and their spouses that they agree to set Cedar Hill apart as a memorial to their father and deed it to a board of trustees. The children declined, insisting that the estate be sold and the money divided among all the heirs.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: With borrowed money, Helen bought the property, and then devoted the rest of her life to planning and establishing the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association. Besides effecting passage of the law incorporating the association, she worked to raise funds to maintain the estate. For eight years, she lectured throughout the northeast.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: During the last year of her life, Helen was ill and unable to lecture, as well as discouraged by the falling off of contributions for her cause. She begged the Rev. Francis Grimke not to let her work fall by the wayside in her absence. He suggested that if the mortgage on Cedar Hill should not be paid off in her lifetime, money from the sale of the property should go to two college scholarships in her and Frederick's names. She agreed, on the condition that the scholarships be in Douglass's name only.


title: Helen Pitts Douglass

text: Helen Pitts Douglass died in 1903, aged 65 years old. She wished to be buried on the site of Cedar Hill but laws at this time prevented it. She had no funeral or memorial service and was quietly buried next to Frederick Douglass in Rochester. After her death, the $5,500 mortgage was reduced to $4,000, and the National Association of Colored Women, led by Mary B. Talbert of Buffalo, New York, raised funds to buy Cedar Hill. Now administered by the National Park Service, the home is open for tours to inform visitors of Douglass's contributions to freedom.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: General elections were held in Thailand on 24 March 2019. They were the first elections since the 2014 Thai coup d'état that installed coup leader General Prayut Chan-o-cha as prime minister, and the first held in accordance with the 2017 constitution, which was drafted under the ruling military junta. The elections selected the five hundred members of the new House of Representatives, the previous House having been dissolved by the coup.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Seventy-seven parties contested the elections, including the two major parties, Pheu Thai (which supported former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and held a majority of seats prior to the coup) and the Democrat Party (the main opposition party prior to the coup). They were joined by several new parties, which mostly campaigned on a pro- or anti-junta stance. The former included the Prayut-aligned Palang Pracharath Party, while the latter included the Future Forward Party, which catered to young voters, as well as several Pheu Thai–aligned parties.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: The elections were held using a new mixed-member apportionment system, in which voters cast a single vote for both a constituency candidate and a nationwide party list, with the nationwide list used as leveling seats to achieve proportional representation. Under the new constitution, the prime minister did not need to be an elected member of the House, and would be chosen by the full Parliament, including the 250 members of the Senate, rather than only members of the House as previously.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: The elections were widely seen as a skewed race in which Prayut had an unfair advantage, as the 250 sitting members of the appointed Senate were to be selected by the junta. The Royal Family was involved to an unusual degree; the Pheu Thai–aligned Thai Raksa Chart Party named Princess Ubol Ratana, the elder sister of King Vajiralongkorn, as its candidate for prime minister, leading to condemnation by the King and the party's dissolution by the Constitutional Court. In a move criticised on social media and interpreted as a political intervention, Vajiralongkorn issued a statement on the night prior to the election urging the public to support "good people" to prevent "chaos", quoting remarks by his father, the late king.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Overseas voting took place from 28 January to 19 February, and advanced voting took place throughout the country on 17 March. The main election took place from 08:00 to 17:00 on 24 March. Rights groups and election monitors criticized the election for its biased environment, and the Election Commission for many errors and irregularities. The announcement of the results was repeatedly delayed; unofficial results were announced on 28 March, four days after the election. Official results were announced on 8 May.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Although Palang Pracharath received the most votes and won 116 seats, Pheu Thai emerged as the largest party with 136 seats. Most of the remaining seats were won by the Future Forward, Democrat and Bhumjaithai parties. Pheu Thai and Future Forward announced a seven-party alliance soon after the election, but were unable to form a government. Parliament convened on 24 May and on 5 June voted to make Prayut prime minister.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Early general elections had been held on 2 February 2014 after Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra asked King Bhumibol Adulyadej to dissolve parliament more than a year early due to a political crisis. The leaders of the anti-government protests objected to the polls, instead demanding that there be "reform before elections" and the Yingluck government be replaced with a royally-appointed "reform council". The elections were thus boycotted by the main opposition party, the Democrat Party, and disruption by protesters meant that voting in some constituencies had to be delayed until a later date, while absentee voters in urban areas were unable to vote.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: In April 2014 the Constitutional Court ruled that the election was unconstitutional because the vote had not taken place on the same day nationwide. Following an agreement between the Election Commission and Yingluck's government, the fresh elections were set for 20 July. However, the elections were cancelled after a coup d'état in May deposed the elected government and installed a military government known as the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, then-Commander in Chief of the Royal Thai Army. The NCPO, on taking power, declared its intention to hold general elections after carrying out reforms and promulgating a new constitution.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: The date of the 2019 Thai general election had been subject to much speculation, given the uncertainty of Prayut and the junta since taking power in the May 2014 coup.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Shortly after the 2014 coup, Prayut said that elections would likely be held "by the end of 2015". By late 2014, however, several government officials had said publicly that elections would not be held until 2016, around mid-year.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: In May 2015, Deputy Prime Minister Wissanu Krea-ngam said that elections would now be held "around August or in September" 2016, after the government announced its intention to hold a referendum on its draft constitution, which would likely be held sometime in early 2016.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: In June 2015, Prayut said that he was willing to stay in office for another two years if people "wanted him to", following a push by the National Reform Council (NRC), a government body established by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), to hold a vote on whether or not the government's reforms should be completed before elections were held. This would mean general elections might potentially not be held until early 2018, but a few days later distanced himself from the NRC's initiative after facing backlash for his remarks, saying "I'm not interested. It's all about the roadmap. Stop asking me [about the matter]."


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: In October 2017, Prime Minister Prayut pledged that a general election would be held sometime in November 2018. However, the selection of an election date gave way to rumours that Prime Minister Prayut would attempt to stay in power after the next election through a military-backed political party. While this was the case, in January 2018 Thailand's parliamentary body voted to postpone enforcement of a new election law by 90 days, further dragging out the timing of an election. At the time, the deputy prime minister said the parliament's decision could delay the election until February–March 2019.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: On 3 January 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Wissanu Krea-ngam told that the election will be delayed citing the royal coronation ceremony as the cause of the delay. In response, former EC commissioner Somchai Srisutthiyakorn said the coronation doesn't affect the election and the previously promised 24 February date is still possible.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Although the election date has to be set by the Election Commission, they cannot do so until the government issues a royal decree formally announcing the election. The government did not issue a royal decree on 3 January as previously planned and has declined to say when they will do so.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: On 10 January, the "Bangkok Post" reported that 24 February date for the election is no longer possible because the government has not published a royal decree and the EC would need at least 45 days to prepare the election. The following day, Wissanu Krea-ngam announced that the royal decree will be released sometime in January, paving way for an election "no later than March."


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Changes to the voting system, introduced by the 2017 constitution, were first implemented in this election. Whereas previous general elections in Thailand since 2001 used a parallel voting system, with voters marking two ballots, one for their constituency and one for a nationwide party list, the new system, referred to as "mixed-member apportionment", uses a mixed single vote for both the constituency and the party list (which makes it a variant of the mixed-member proportional system). The 350 constituency seats are won by first-past-the-post voting as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats serve a compensatory function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up).


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Other changes introduced by the new constitution are the removal of the requirement that the prime minister be selected from among the elected members of the House of Representatives. Instead, each party may name, in advance, up to three candidates to nominate as prime minister if they achieve a majority. Also, the prime minister will be voted on by the combined National Assembly, which also includes the 250 members of the Senate, Thailand's upper house, rather than only by the House of Representatives, as was previously done.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: As the entire sitting Senate will be appointed by the NCPO, commentators say that the change opens up the strong possibility that Prayut will become Thailand's next prime minister despite pro-Prayut parties being predicted to win fewer seats in the House of Representatives. With the assumption that all 250 senators will support Prayut, pro-Prayut parties would only need to win 126 seats for him to be selected as prime minister.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Under the new constitution, the number of constituencies was reduced from 400 to 350. In 2018, the Election Commission (ECT) was tasked with drawing up new district boundaries. However, shortly before the ECT were about to announce the new boundaries, Prime Minister Prayut invoked Section 44 of the constitution to issue an order pushing back the deadline and delaying the announcement. The order also exempted the ECT from complying with existing districting laws and allowing them to draw constituency boundaries in any manner they wished.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: The move sparked outrage from the Pheu Thai and Democrat parties and the watchdog organisation Open Forum for Democracy Foundation. They argued the purpose of the delay was to enable the ECT to draw constituency boundaries that favoured Prayut's Palang Pracharath Party. Some journalists and commentators compared this to gerrymandering, while others opined that the changes meant that the elections were a foregone conclusion.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Election Commission chairman Ittiporn Boonpracong denied the allegations, citing his eye surgery as the cause of the delay. The EC completed and released the new district constituencies on 29 November. Following the release, political parties and watchdog organisations stated that they had found several instances of gerrymandering that would benefit the Palang Pracharat Party.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: In total, seventy-seven parties contested the elections. Among them are the two major parties of the previous elected house, Pheu Thai (the majority) and the Democrat Party (the opposition), as well as the smaller long-standing players Bhumjaithai, Chartthaipattana and Chart Pattana.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Several new parties also ran for the first time. The Palang Pracharath Party directly supported Prayut, and included several of his cabinet members. Other smaller pro-Prayut parties include the Action Coalition for Thailand, led by 2013–2014 protest leader Suthep Thaugsuban, and the People Reform Party, headed by Paiboon Nititawan.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: On the opposing end, many parties took an anti-junta stance. These include several Pheu Thai–aligned parties, as well as other groups. As the election laws and regulatory bodies were seen as stacked and biased against their favour, Pheu Thai split off into a network of several smaller affiliated parties in order to distribute their risk from legal intervention. These parties were Thai Raksa Chart, Puea Chat (consisting of several United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship leaders), and Prachachart.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: The other anti-military parties include the Future Forward Party, which is led by multimillionaire businessman Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit and campaigned on a strong liberal stance catering to young voters, and the Thai Liberal Party, led by former police commissioner Seripisut Temiyavet.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: On the night of 8 February, the day Princess Ubolratana was nominated as prime minister candidate by Thai Raksa Chart Party, her younger brother King Maha Vajiralongkorn made a televised announcement condemning her bid as "defy[ing] the nation's culture". The party was later dissolved by the Constitutional Court. The move was a huge blow to anti-Prayut camp, as Thaksin made a tactical decision to field two parties to win as many seats as possible.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: On the night of 23 March, just hours before the polls opened, King Maha Vajiralongkorn again made a televised announcement that he would like to warn people by citing a speech given by his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej, 30 years ago, saying good people should be supported to govern so they can prevent bad people from creating trouble. This made the hashtag "#โตแล้วเลือกเองได้" ("We are grown up, we can choose by ourselves") trending at number 1 on Twitter soon afterwards. During the election hours, the royal announcement was repeatedly re-broadcast on television and the Election Commission president stated to the press urging the Thais to make their choices by "taking the royal announcement into account".


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Prior to the 2017 Thai Constitution, any elected House of Representative member could be voted upon and selected as prime minister.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: Under the new constitution, political parties can name up to three candidates for prime minister prior to the election. These candidates do not have to be members of the House of Representatives or even members of a political party as long as they meet the legal qualifications.


title: 2019 Thai general election

text: The candidates for the main contending parties are Sudarat Keyuraphan, Chadchart Sittipunt and Chaikasem Nitisiri for Pheu Thai, Abhisit Vejjajiva for the Democrats, Prayut Chan-o-cha for Palang Pracharat, and Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit for Future Forward.