title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: He began writing for Marvel Comics, he explained, when "Marvel hired an editor to find new writers, and they hired her from a theatrical agency. So she started calling theaters and asking if they knew any playwrights who might be good for comic books. A couple of different theaters said she should look at me. So she called me, I sent her a couple of my plays and she said 'Great, would you like to pitch on a couple of comic books in the works?'"


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: His first submissions were "not what [they were] interested in for the character[s]" but eventually he was assigned an 11-page Fantastic Four story, "The True Meaning of...," for the "Marvel Holiday Special 2004". He went on to write Fantastic Four stories in "Marvel Knights 4", a spinoff of that superhero team's long-running title; and stories for "Nightcrawler" vol. 3; "The Sensational Spider-Man" vol. 2; and "Dead of Night featuring Man-Thing".


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: In May 2008 Aguirre-Sacasa returned to the Fantastic Four with a miniseries tie-in to the company-wide "Secret Invasion" storyline concerning a years-long infiltration of Earth by the shape-shifting alien race, the Skrulls, and an "Angel Revelations" miniseries with artists Barry Kitson and Adam Polina, respectively. He adapted for comics the Stephen King novel "The Stand".


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: In 2013, he created "Afterlife with Archie", depicting Archie Andrews in the midst of a zombie apocalypse; the book's success led to Aguirre-Sacasa being named Archie Comics' chief creative officer.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Aguirre-Sacasa wrote the screen adaptation of the remake of Stephen King's "Carrie", released in October 2013. In June 2013 was scheduled to write Warner Bros.' planned live-action Archie movie. He also wrote "The Town That Dreaded Sundown", a metasequel to the cult-classic horror film of the same name.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Aguirre-Sacasa wrote for television episodes of "Glee", "Big Love" and "Looking". In addition, he is the series developer of "Riverdale", "Katy Keene", "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" and "".


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: He received GLAAD Media Award nominations for "Golden Age" and for "Say You Love Satan", with the latter also winning a New York International Fringe Festival Excellence in Playwriting Award. He tied for a Harvey Award for Best New Talent for his work on "Marvel Knights Four".


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: In 2020, Aguirre-Sacasa was awarded an Impact Award by the National Hispanic Media Coalition for his work as an "Outstanding Executive Producer".


title: Corbel

text: In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the structure. A piece of timber projecting in the same way was called a "tassel" or a "bragger" in England.


title: Corbel

text: The technique of corbelling, where rows of corbels deeply keyed inside a wall support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic (New Stone Age) times. It is common in medieval architecture and in the Scottish baronial style as well as in the vocabulary of classical architecture, such as the modillions of a Corinthian cornice. The corbel arch and corbel vault use the technique systematically to make openings in walls and to form ceilings. These are found in the early architecture of most cultures, from Eurasia to Pre-Columbian architecture.


title: Corbel

text: A console is more specifically an "S"-shaped scroll bracket in the classical tradition, with the upper or inner part larger than the lower (as in the first illustration) or outer. Keystones are also often in the form of consoles. Whereas "corbel" is rarely used outside architecture, "console" is widely used for furniture, as in console table, and other decorative arts where the motif appears.


title: Corbel

text: The word "corbel" comes from Old French and derives from the Latin ', a diminutive of ' ("raven"), which refers to the beak-like appearance. Similarly, the French refer to a bracket-corbel, usually a load-bearing internal feature, as a "" ("crow").


title: Corbel

text: Norman (Romanesque) corbels often have a plain appearance, although they may be elaborately carved with stylised heads of humans, animals or imaginary "beasts", and sometimes with other motifs (Kilpeck church in Herefordshire is a notable example, with 85 of its original 91 richly carved corbels still surviving).


title: Corbel

text: Similarly, in the Early English period corbels were sometimes elaborately carved, as at Lincoln Cathedral, and sometimes more simply so.


title: Corbel

text: Corbels sometimes end with a point apparently growing into the wall, or forming a knot, and often are supported by angels and other figures. In the later periods the carved foliage and other ornaments used on corbels resemble those used in the capitals of columns.


title: Corbel

text: Throughout England, in half-timber work, wooden corbels ("tassels" or "braggers") abound, carrying window-sills or oriel windows in wood, which also are often carved.


title: Corbel

text: The corbels carrying balconies in Italy and France were sometimes of great size and richly carved, and some of the finest examples of the Italian Cinquecento (16th century) style are found in them. Taking a cue from 16th-century practice, the Paris-trained designers of 19th-century Beaux-Arts architecture were encouraged to show imagination in varying corbels.


title: Corbel

text: A corbel table is a projecting moulded string course supported by a range of corbels. Sometimes these corbels carry a small arcade under the string course, the arches of which are pointed and trefoiled. As a rule, the corbel table carries the gutter, but in Lombard work the arcaded corbel table was used as a decoration to subdivide the storeys and break up the wall surface. In Italy sometimes over the corbels will form a moulding, and above a plain piece of projecting wall forming a parapet.


title: Corbel

text: The corbels carrying the arches of the corbel tables in Italy and France were often elaborately moulded, sometimes in two or three courses projecting over one another; those carrying the machicolations of English and French castles had four courses.


title: Corbel

text: In modern chimney construction, a corbel table is constructed on the inside of a flue in the form of a concrete ring beam supported by a range of corbels. The corbels can be either in-situ or pre-cast concrete. The corbel tables described here are built at approximately ten-metre intervals to ensure stability of the barrel of refractory bricks constructed thereon.


title: Corbel

text: Corbelling, where rows of corbels gradually build a wall out from the vertical, has long been used as a simple kind of vaulting, for example in many Neolithic chambered cairns, where walls are gradually corbelled in until the opening can be spanned by a slab.


title: Corbel

text: Corbelled vaults are very common in early architecture around the world. Different types may be called the beehive house (ancient Britain and elsewhere), the Irish clochán, the pre-Roman nuraghe of Sardinia, and the tholos tombs (or "beehive tombs") of Late Bronze Age Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean.


title: Corbel

text: In medieval architecture the technique was used to support upper storeys or a parapet projecting forward from the wall plane, often to form machicolation (openings between corbels could be used to drop things onto attackers). This later became a decorative feature, without the openings. Corbelling supporting upper stories and particularly supporting projecting corner turrets subsequently became a characteristic of the Scottish baronial style.


title: Corbel

text: Medieval timber-framed buildings often employ jettying, where upper stories are cantilevered out on projecting wooden beams in a similar manner to corbelling.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits all use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster bombs, a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions ("bomblets") over an area. Additionally, the convention establishes a framework to support victim assistance, clearance of contaminated sites, risk reduction education, and stockpile destruction. The convention was adopted on 2008 in Dublin, and was opened for signature on 2008 in Oslo. It entered into force on 2010, six months after it was ratified by 30 states. As of February 2022, a total of 123 states are committed to the goal of the convention, with 110 states that have ratified it, and 13 states that have signed the convention but not yet ratified it.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The treaty allows certain types of weapons with submunitions that do not have the indiscriminate area effects or pose the same unexploded ordnance risks as cluster munitions. Permitted weapons must contain fewer than ten submunitions, and each must weigh more than , and each submunition must have the capability to detect and engage a single target object and contain electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation mechanisms. Weapons containing submunitions which all individually weigh at least are also excluded. A limited number of prohibited weapons and submunitions can be acquired and kept for training in, and development of, detection, clearance and destruction techniques and counter-measures.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The impetus for the treaty, like that of the 1997 Ottawa Treaty to limit landmines, has been concern over the severe damage and risks to civilians from explosive weapons during and long after attacks. A varying proportion of submunitions dispersed by cluster bombs fail to explode on impact and can lie unexploded for years until disturbed. The sometimes brightly-colored munitions are not camouflaged, but have been compared to toys or Easter eggs, attracting children at play. Human rights activists claim that one in four casualties resulting from submunitions that fail to explode on impact are children, who often pick up and play with the explosive canisters well after the conflict has ended. The 2006 Lebanon War provided momentum for the campaign to ban cluster bombs. The United Nations estimated that up to 40% of Israeli cluster bomblets failed to explode on impact. Norway organized the independent Oslo Process after discussions at the traditional disarmament forum in Geneva fell through in November 2006.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The cluster munitions ban process, also known as the Oslo Process, began in February 2007 in Oslo. At this time, 46 nations issued the "Oslo Declaration", committing themselves to:


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: Conclude by 2008 a legally binding international instrument that prohibits the use and stockpiling of cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians and secure adequate provision of care and rehabilitation to survivors and clearance of contaminated areas.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The Oslo Process held meetings in Lima in May 2007 and Vienna in December 2007. In February 2008, 79 countries adopted the "Wellington Declaration", setting forth the principles to be included in the convention.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: Delegates from 107 nations agreed to the final draft of the treaty at the end of a ten-day meeting held in May 2008 in Dublin, Ireland. Its text was formally adopted on 2008 by 107 nations, including 7 of the 14 countries that have used cluster bombs and 17 of the 34 countries that have produced them.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The treaty was opposed by a number of countries that produce or stockpile significant quantities of cluster munitions, including China, Russia, the United States, India, Israel, Pakistan and Brazil. The U.S. has acknowledged humanitarian concerns about the use of cluster munitions, but insisted that the proper venue for a discussion of cluster munitions was the forum attached to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, which includes all major military powers. The U.S. has further stated that the development and introduction of "smart" cluster munitions, where each submunition contains its own targeting and guidance system as well as an auto-self-destruct mechanism, means that the problematic munitions are being moved away from, in any case. In 2006, Barack Obama voted to support a legislative measure to limit use of the bombs, while his general election opponent John McCain and his primary opponent Hillary Clinton both voted against it. According to the Pentagon's 2008 policy, cluster munitions are actually humane weapons. "Because future adversaries will likely use civilian shields for military targets – for example by locating a military target on the roof of an occupied building – use of unitary weapons could result in more civilian casualties and damage than cluster munitions," the policy claims. "Blanket elimination of cluster munitions is therefore unacceptable due not only to negative military consequences but also due to potential negative consequences for civilians."


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The treaty allows certain types of weapons with submunitions that do not have the indiscriminate area effects or pose the same unexploded ordnance risks as the prohibited weapons. These must contain no more than nine submunitions, and no submunition may weigh less than . Each submunition must have the capability to detect and engage a single target object and contain electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation devices. Weapons containing submunitions which each weigh at least are also excluded. Australia, which supports the treaty, stated that the convention does not prohibit the SMArt 155 artillery shell that it has bought, which releases two self-guided self-destructing submunitions.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: In response to U.S. lobbying, and also concerns raised by diplomats from Australia, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom and others, the treaty includes a provision allowing signatory nations to cooperate militarily with non-signatory nations. This provision is designed to provide legal protections to the military personnel of signatory nations engaged in military operations with the U.S. or other non-signatory nations that might use cluster munitions. David Miliband, who was Britain's foreign secretary under Labour, approved the use of a loophole to manoeuvre around the ban which allows the US to keep the munitions on British territory.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: Prior to the Dublin meeting, the United Kingdom was thought to be one of a group of nations in a pivotal role, whereby their cooperation could make or break the treaty. In an unexpected turn of events shortly before the end of the conference, Prime Minister Gordon Brown declared that the United Kingdom would withdraw all of its cluster bombs from service. This was done despite intense behind-the-scenes lobbying by the U.S. and objections by British government personnel who saw utility in the weapons.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: The CCM was opened for signature at a ceremony at Oslo City Hall on 3– 2008. By the end of the ceremony, 94 states had signed the treaty, including four (Ireland, the Holy See, Sierra Leone and Norway) which had also submitted their instruments of ratification. Signatories included 21 of the 27 member-states of the European Union and 18 of the 26 countries in NATO. Among the signatories were several states affected by cluster munitions, including Laos and Lebanon.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: In November 2008, ahead of the signing conference in Oslo, the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on all European Union governments to sign and ratify the convention, as several EU countries had not yet declared their intention to do so. Finland had declared it would not sign, having just signed the Ottawa Treaty and replaced its mine arsenal largely with cluster munitions.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: According to article 17 of the treaty, the convention entered into force "on the first day of the sixth month after the month in which the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited". Since the thirtieth ratification was deposited during February 2010, the convention entered into force on 2010; by that point, 38 nations had ratified the treaty.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: As the convention entered into force, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon spoke of "not only the world's collective revulsion at these abhorrent weapons, but also the power of collaboration among governments, civil society and the United Nations to change attitudes and policies on a threat faced by all humankind". A spokesman for the International Committee of the Red Cross said "These weapons are a relic of the Cold War. They are a legacy that has to be eliminated because they increasingly won't work." Nobel peace prize winner Jody Williams called the convention "the most important disarmament and humanitarian convention in over a decade".


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: Anti-cluster munitions campaigners praised the rapid progress made in the adoption of the convention, and expressed hope that even non-signatories – such as China, North Korea, Russia, and the US – would be discouraged from using the weapons by the entry into force of the convention. As one of the countries that did not ratify the treaty, the United States said that cluster bombs are a legal form of weapon, and that they had a "clear military utility in combat." It also said that compared to other types of weapons, cluster bombs are less harmful to civilians.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: Article 11 required the first meeting of states parties to be held within 12 months of the entry into force. The first such meeting was held in Laos in November 2010. There is a president, currently Swiss ambassador Félix Baumann.


title: Convention on Cluster Munitions

text: According to Cluster Munition Monitor 2022, the list of 16 countries that refuse to sign the Convention and produce cluster munitions included Brazil, China, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Israel, India, North Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, the United States and Turkey.


title: Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland

text: Telephone numbers in Ireland are part of an open numbering plan that allows variations in number length. The Irish format is similar to systems used in many parts of Europe, notably the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Belgium and France, where geographical numbers are organised using a logic of large regional prefixes, which are then further subdivided into smaller regions. It differs from UK numbering, which originated as alphanumeric codes based on town names.


text: The trunk prefix codice_1 is used to access numbers outside the local area and for all mobile calls. This is followed by an area code, referred to as a National Dialling Code (NDC), the first digit of which indicates the geographical area or type of service (e.g. mobile).


text: Calls made from mobile phones and some VoIP systems always require the full area code and phone number.


text: In common with most European countries, the trunk prefix codice_1 must be omitted when calling Irish numbers from abroad.


text: Irish area codes vary in length, between one and three digits (excluding the leading 0), and subscribers' numbers are between five and seven digits.


text: As optional local dialling is facilitated, Irish geographic numbers cannot begin with 0 (trunk prefix), 1 (special number prefix) or 999 (emergency services). However, mobile numbers use the full range of digits, as local dialling is not supported on mobile networks, and the area code must always be dialled.


text: A migration to a standard format, codice_3, is in progress; however, to avoid disruption, this process is only being carried out as needed, where existing area codes and local numbering systems have reached full capacity. There is currently no plan to move to a closed numbering system.


text: Irish geographic numbers vary in length from area to area, but follow standard formats within each area code.


text: The area code, or prefix, is normally separated by a space, or less commonly, may be displayed in parentheses (brackets). Numbers are usually grouped into easy to read clusters, separated by spaces or hyphens for ease of use.


text: The use of spaces is recommended by ComReg for ease of compatibility with online services, such as linking to a phone number in a mobile browser, copying and pasting into mobile diallers etc


text: Area codes / prefixes are always separated from the subscriber number. Merging or reformatting these tends to cause confusion or make numbers look unfamiliar.


text: Alphanumeric dialling, using letters as mnemonics for advertising etc is supported, but is rarely used.


text: Except for the codice_15 area, each area is further subdivided into smaller areas (NDCs). Usually, the main city or town in the area is codice_23 e.g. codice_24 (Cork), codice_25 (Limerick), codice_26 (Galway).


text: Mobile phone numbers start with the prefix codice_27 and are part of a closed numbering plan, which means that a mobile phone number must have 10 digits. Calls to landlines and other mobiles require the area code on a mobile phone.


text: New numbers are assigned on prefixes and ranges managed by a specific operator. However, as full mobile number portability has been in operation since 2003, it is no longer possible to reliably identify which network a particular number is on. For example, a newly assigned Three number would begin with codice_28, but may have been ported to another operator in the meantime.


text: Mobile phone numbers also have their own voicemail number. To access this, the number codice_29 should be put after the prefix. For example, the mobile number codice_30 has the voicemail number codice_31.


text: On some networks, when the direct to voicemail number is called, the voicemail greeting for that network is played (e.g. Vodafone, eir Mobile), while others request a phone number followed by the voicemail greeting for that number (e.g. Three). Users can press the hash key (codice_32) to gain access to the voicemail box.


text: Although Northern Ireland is part of the UK numbering plan, a special arrangement exists for calling Northern Irish landlines from the Republic of Ireland.


text: Calls to Northern Ireland can be dialled using the codice_33 prefix or by dialling the number in the full international format. Most Irish operators treat calls to Northern Ireland at national or even local rates. Similar charging arrangements apply when calling the Republic of Ireland from Northern Ireland.


text: For example, to reach Belfast landline codice_34, subscribers can dial either codice_35 or codice_36.


text: Northern Ireland mobile phones use the same mobile numbering and networks as other parts of the UK – calls must be dialled using the codice_37 format.


text: All mobile phones and some VoIP services also support the international E.164 number format, so a codice_40 may be optionally used instead of codice_38.


text: To avoid confusion, the long–established codice_70 continues to be advertised alongside codice_69. Either number can be dialed.


text: codice_69 can also be contacted by SMS. While the service is open to all users, it is primarily aimed at the deaf community.


text: Irish premium rate telephone numbers start with codice_73 and are read in two-digit blocks e.g. codice_74 is "fifteen fifty".


text: The rates given below are from ComReg and are indicative only. One must check with their specific telephone service provider for exact rates.


text: Irish non-geographic numbers consist of two national prefixes and the international freephone service.


text: Where high volume 'bursty traffic' is anticipated, such as on-air radio competition lines, the first two digits of the phone number are always codice_79. For example:


text: codice_80 or codice_81. This allows the telephone network to manage traffic during number analysis, even before the call is routed.


text: Ireland's non-geographic numbers and pricing structures were simplified and old shared-cost prefixes were withdrawn on 1 January 2022.


text: These changes mean that calls to non-geographic numbers are either freephone, or always included in call bundles, ensuring consumers are not confused by out of bundle, or other unusual charges.


text: Due to the COVID-19 crisis, several numbers in the codice_82 and codice_83 ranges will remain in service until 2023. This is to avoid disruption to essential health services during a time of high volumes of calls. These will remain in service until 30 November 2023, alongside new numbers that have replaced them. Advertising of these numbers will cease. Calls to these numbers will be charged on the same basis as calls to landlines or codice_76 and included in call bundles.


text: Freephone numbers are free to call from mobile handsets; however, the recipient can elect to refuse mobile–originated calls or choose to accept calls only from predefined geographical region(s).


text: NB: codice_77 can only be dialled from within Ireland. Numbers should never be printed or presented in the international format codice_86 as these clash with working Dublin landline numbers in the codice_15 area codice_88. Alternative geographic numbers, or an codice_76 number should be used instead, if international access is required.


text: Following a 2019 review of non–geographic numbers Comreg decided to withdraw and close the codice_82, codice_83 and codice_48 number ranges by 1 January 2022. During the transition period, these ranges were geo–rated (charged as if they are geographical numbers).


text: From August 2019, various telecoms providers announced price changes which took effect on, or just before, 1 December 2019, including Virgin Media Business, in2tel, Virgin Media, eir, Tesco Mobile, Three, Digiweb, Pure Telecom, 48 months and Sky.


text: Carrier preselect is normally used where the exchange automatically uses the customer's preferred provider(s).


text: These services give the user more information about their phone line (applicable only to lines provided using the OpenEir access network.)


text: Special short codes are used to control various supplementary services offered by digital local exchanges. These services were first introduced as PhonePlus in 1981, on the first generation of Alcatel E10 and Ericsson AXE digital exchanges used in Ireland, and were rolled out nationally throughout the 1980s.


text: These services are available on all Irish PSTN lines, regardless of operator. There is a more expansive range of services available, but these are the most commonly used. Different codes apply on cable telephony lines, such as those provided by Virgin Media Ireland and on VoIP providers.


text: Most exchanges confirm setup with a verbal announcement; however, some exchanges may use a ringing tone to indicate successful service setup and a busy tone to indicate an error/invalid code.


text: The subscriber will either hear a tone or a voice message to confirm services have been set up or deactivated.


text: Several major number changes have occurred since 1990. The telephone number changes in Dublin and Cork took several years to complete, as they were busier area codes with few available lead digits.


text: To minimise disruption simultaneous working was enabled, allowing old numbers to remain mapped and active for a run-in period of one year. Caller ID only displayed the new numbers. This was followed by recorded announcements which remained active for at least a year, advising callers of the number change. Eventually this would be replaced by a dialling error message.


text: All local numbers with the area code codice_15 are currently 7–digits, but may change to 8–digits in the future, although breaking the city into separate area codes would match the rest of the national system.


text: A range of numbers from codice_305, codice_306 and codice_307 were once used for various Telecom Éireann customer service and account service lines.


text: Until the early 1990s, the codice_42 numbering range was originally used for calls to Great Britain, including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, with the Irish prefix codice_315 replacing the UK trunk code codice_1.


text: codice_317 was replaced with codice_330 and codice_331 when codice_15 was split into the area codes codice_46 and codice_334 in 1990.


text: Use of codice_42 for this purpose was discontinued in 1993, when the international access code changed from codice_286 to codice_38, with calls to Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland) requiring the country code codice_338 and the area code in full.


title: Pat Buck

text: Patrick Buckridge (born December 24, 1984), better known by the ring name Pat Buck, is an American professional wrestler and promoter, currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as the Vice President of Talent Development and as a coach. He was previously signed to WWE, where he worked as a producer and on-screen official. He competes for several promotions on the independent circuit, including Derby City Wrestling (DCW), New England Championship Wrestling (NECW), New York Wrestling Connection (NYWC), Limitless, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) and Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). Buckridge was a co-owner of the Pro Wrestling Syndicate (PWS) promotion. Buck is the owner and operator of WrestlePro Federation. In 2014, Buck and Curt Hawkins opened the Create A Pro Wrestling Academy.


title: Pat Buck

text: Buckridge's early career from 2001 to 2005 was under the ring name "Ru Starr" and spent in firstly New York Wrestling Connection and then simultaneously in New England Championship Wrestling (NECW).


title: Pat Buck

text: Entering Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in November 2005 and adopting the new ring name of "Pat Buck", he faced Mark Henry in his first OVW appearance and lost to him in less than a minute. Early the next year, Buck lost matches to Elijah Burke, Ryan Reeves and Mikey Batts. On March 11, he also lost to Jack Bull in a six-way match involving Discord, Charles Evans, Luis Almodovar and Mikey Batts. That same month, Buck began wrestling as The Erotic Erraticator whose ring style and in-ring persona was modeled after Adrian Adonis.


title: Pat Buck

text: Teaming with Robbie Dawber and Jack Bull, Buck faced teams including The Highlanders, The Riggs Brothers and Cody Runnels and Elijah Burke in dark matches on OVW television. On June 5, he and Shawn Spears unsuccessfully took on Roadkill and Chet the Jet. Two weeks later at a June 16 "Six Flags Show", he teamed with Jack Bull, Rahim, and Deuce 'n Domino in a 10-man tag team match against Cody Runnels, Kasey James, Roadkill, Mo, and Chet the Jet. Buck's team lost when he was pinned by Roadkill.


title: Pat Buck

text: During the next two months, he teamed with Jack Bull and Shad Gaspard and also lost to Chet the Jet, Mike Mizanin and Chuck Evans in single matches. On July 12, he and Shawn Spears lost to The Untouchables and to Charles Evans a week later at separate OVW television tapings. On August 5, he defeated Scott Cardinal and, at a "Six Flags Show" several days later, he participated in an 18-man battle royal including Bull, Gaspard, Burke, Lennox Lightfoot, Ranger Milton, Rod Steele, Eddie Craven III, Mike Kruel, Shawn Osborne, Jon Bolen, Neighborhoodie, Seth Skyfire, Johnny Punch, Los Locos and The Untouchables.


title: Pat Buck

text: During the summer of 2006, Buck formed Gothic Mayhem with Johnny Punch. Much like Stevie Richards' parody of KISS in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) during the mid-1990s, the team was styled after "Twisted Sister". Both sporting mohawks and carrying electric guitars to the ring, they were followed by valets Melody and Roni Jonah as part of their entourage. Buck donned himself the "Platinum Frontman", and developed a persona mimicking Axl Rose. The two made their debut defeating Los Locos at the Davis Arena on August 16. They lost, however, to Bad Company (Eddie Craven and Mike Kruel), High Dosage (Ryan Reeves and Jon Bolen) and OVW Southern Tag Team Champions Cody Runnels and Shawn Spears. Buck also lost to Devin Driscoll, Steve Lewington, Paul Birchill, Christopher Rombola and Boris Alexiev in single matches.


title: Pat Buck

text: On January 10, 2007, he and Johnny Punch lost to Terminal Velocity (Chett the Jet and Lewington) in a four-way match including Los Locos and The Untouchables at an OVW television taping. Feuding with Rombola later that month, they defeated Rombola and his partner Jake Hager on January 27. Weeks later at a February 14 OVW television taping, they met Rombola in a "Battle of the Bands" which ended when Pat Buck smashed a guitar over Rombola's head. The team continued fight in matches against Kofi Nahaje Kingston and Harry Smith and Terminal Velocity. In a match to decide the number one contender to the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship, they lost to Charles "The Hammer" Evans and Justin "The Ox" LaRoche in a four-way match with Terminal Velocityn and Belgian Brawler and Nicholas Sinn on March 7. Although losing matches to Terminal Velocity over the next few weeks, he and Johnny Punch teamed with Tony Braddock to beat TJ Dalton, Jamin Olivencia and Mike Hutter in a six-man tag team match. They also feuded with The Major Brothers during most of May and early June.


title: Pat Buck

text: On July 4, Buck was scheduled to face Cody Runnels but the match was canceled when Runnels was attacked backstage by Shawn Spears earlier during the show. Buck also lost to Atlas DaBone, Jay Bradley and Vladimir Kozlov during the year as well as making a brief appearance in Derby City Wrestling. On October 10, Gothic Mayhem lost to Los Locos in a qualifying match to enter a championship tournament for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship. The two wrestled their last match together against The Major Brothers on November 7. Buck teamed with Ryan Reeves in a match against OVW Southern Tag Team Champions Colt Cabana and Shawn Spears the following week.


title: Pat Buck

text: In early 2008, Buck worked single matches with Charles Evans, Drew McIntyre, Kevin Thorn and Rob Conway. After his recent loss to Conway, his opponent suggested he toughen himself up by becoming a "man of iron" like himself. Buck took his advice literally making his debut as "The Man of Iron", Conway's own name, and defeated Lennox Lightfoot ending his four-month losing streak. Forming The Men of Iron with Conway during the summer, they captured the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship from 'The Insurgency (Ali and Omar Akbar) in Louisville on May 27. Successfully defending the titles against The Insurgency during a series of matches held at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom, they held the championship for two months before losing to Darriel Kelly and Josh Lowry in a four corners match with The Insurgency and Dirty Money on August 6.


title: Pat Buck

text: In early 2009, Buck formed a team known as Top Shelf Talent with J.D. Maverick. In their first match as a team, they defeated Tony Mann and Hog Wild. They continued to wrestle teams including Knuckles and Knives (Johnny Punch and Rudy Switchblade) and Tilo and Shiloh for the next few months. On April 22, Top Shelf Talent defeated Fang and Igotta Brewski and Totally Awesome (Sucio and Kamikaze Kid) in a three-way match to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship. The pair held the championship for 49 days, before losing it to Totally Awesome on June 10.


title: Pat Buck

text: On the December 25, 2009, episode of "WWE SmackDown", Buck was featured in a jobber tag team along with Bryce Andrews, losing to Cryme Tyme.


title: Pat Buck

text: Patrick relocated to Tampa, Florida to work with FCW upon news that WWE was ending their partnership with OVW in 2009. Upon arrival, Patrick became a referee for the promotion working all live events and television, until he left in 2010.


title: Pat Buck

text: Patrick was part of the crowd funded WRP project by Jeff Katz in 2011 playing the character of “Liberal Redneck” Muncie McGee. The project featured a steady cast of talent, but the project never saw the light of day.


title: Pat Buck

text: Buck became the head trainer at the New York Wrestling Connection school in 2010, but left in early 2011 after a dispute with management. He then debuted for Pro Wrestling Syndicate (PWS). Teaming with John Silver as "The Lone Rangers" and being managed by Opie and Anthony's Sam Roberts, the duo defeated The Urban Legends for the tag team championship on August 20, 2011 in Ronkonkoma, New York. In 2012, Buck became the co-owner of PWS, alongside Eric Tapout.


title: Pat Buck

text: In 2012, Patrick opened a wrestling school called Create A Pro. He is the sole owner of the Create A Pro NJ school, and full partner of Curt Hawkins for the Create A Pro NY school (opened 2014). Notable students include MJF and Kris Stadtlander. Create A Pro Students are regularly used for WWE, NXT, and Impact.


title: Pat Buck

text: Buck became a producer and show timer for Impact Wrestling in 2018. He produced and competed in Impact’s Ultimate X Match for the “United We Stand” event in New Jersey during Wrestlemania 35 weekend.


title: Pat Buck

text: In 2016 Buck Became the sole owner of WrestlePro. Patrick successfully brought WrestlePro to Anchorage, Alaska in 2019 at the Sullivan Arena. The main event featured MJF vs Joey Janela vs Pat Buck. Mick Foley was special enforcer.


title: Pat Buck

text: On August 7, 2019, Buck announced that he had signed with WWE as a backstage producer. He was furloughed on April 15, 2020 due to COVID-19 cutbacks with an expected furlough end date of July 1, 2020. A few months later, he was rehired. On the July 27 episode of Raw, Buck was involved in a brawl between Shayna Baszler and Nia Jax where he tried to separate the two but was attacked by Jax. The following week on Raw, Buck announced that Jax was indefinitely suspended for assaulting him before being once again attacked by Jax.


title: Pat Buck

text: On April 14, 2022, only ten days after his WWE resignation, it was reported Pat Buck had signed with All Elite Wrestling as a coach. On August 3, 2022, Buck was named the Vice President of Talent Development. Buck was reportedly suspended after being involved in a fight between CM Punk, Ace Steel, Kenny Omega and The Young Bucks during the All Out (2022) media scrum, but that suspension was lifted after an investigation found that he was attempting to break up the fight.


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers beginning in the 1940s and extending into the 1980s. Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's self-actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment", via acceptance ("unconditional positive regard"), therapist "congruence" (genuineness), and empathic understanding.


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Person-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s, and was brought to public awareness largely through his highly influential book "Client-centered Therapy", published in 1951. It has been recognized as one of the major types of psychotherapy (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others. Its underlying theory arose from the results of empirical research; it was the first theory of therapy to be driven by empirical research, with Rogers at pains to reassure other theorists that "the facts are always friendly". Originally called non-directive therapy, it "offered a viable, coherent alternative to Freudian psychotherapy. ... [Rogers] redefined the therapeutic relationship to be different from the Freudian authoritarian pairing."


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Person-centered therapy is often described as a humanistic therapy, but its main principles appear to have been established before those of humanistic psychology. Some have argued that "it does not in fact have much in common with the other established humanistic therapies", but by the mid-1960s Rogers accepted being categorized with other humanistic (or phenomenological-existential) psychologists in contrast to behavioral and psychoanalytic psychologists. Despite the importance of the self to person-centered theory, the theory is fundamentally organismic and holistic in nature, with the individual's unique self-concept at the center of the unique "sum total of the biochemical, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal behavioural subsystems constituting the person".


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Rogers coined the term "counselling" in the 1940s because at that time psychologists were not legally permitted to provide psychotherapy in the US. Only medical practitioners were allowed to use the term "psychotherapy" to describe their work.


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Rogers affirmed individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect. This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the behavioral therapies. Hallmarks of Rogers's person-centered therapy include: living in the present rather than the past or future; organismic trust; naturalistic faith in one's own thoughts and the accuracy in one's feelings; a responsible acknowledgment of one's freedom; and a view toward participating fully in our world and contributing to other peoples' lives. Rogers also claimed that the therapeutic process is, in essence, composed of the accomplishments made by the client. The client, having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment.


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship, it has been shown to be an effective treatment.


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:


title: Person-centered therapy

text: It is believed that the most important factor in successful person-centered therapy is the relational climate created by the therapist's attitude to their client. The therapist's attitude is defined by the three conditions focused on the therapist, which are often called the core conditions (3,4, and 5 of the six conditions):


title: Person-centered therapy

text: Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three core conditions) will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing. Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the clients' questions were within the client and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapist's role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the client could discover the answers for themselves.


title: Splint (medicine)

text: A splint is defined as "a rigid or flexible device that maintains in position a displaced or movable part; also used to keep in place and protect an injured part" or as "a rigid or flexible material used to protect, immobilize, or restrict motion in a part". Splints can be used for injuries that are not severe enough to immobilize the entire injured structure of the body. For instance, a splint can be used for certain fractures, soft tissue sprains, tendon injuries, or injuries awaiting orthopedic treatment. A splint may be static, not allowing motion, or dynamic, allowing controlled motion. Splints can also be used to relieve pain in damaged joints. Splints are quick and easy to apply and do not require a plastering technique. Splints are often made out of some kind of flexible material and a firm pole-like structure for stability. They often buckle or Velcro together.


title: Splint (medicine)

text: Splinting has been used since ancient times. Evidence suggests that splint usage dates back to 1500 B.C. that could treat not only fractures but burns as well. These splints were made from materials like, "leaves, reeds, bamboo, and bark padded with linen … [and] copper." Mummies from Egypt have been uncovered wearing splints from previous injuries that were obtained in their lifetime. Hippocrates, alive from 460 to 377 B.C., was very well known for his discoveries and techniques for splinting. He created a "distraction splint" that was advanced for his time. The splint, made up of leather cuffs that were separated by slim wooden slats, worked to repair the fracture and realign the bones. Around 1000 A.D. the use of Hippocrates' splinting technique using plants, like palm branches and cane halves, continued to be practiced. Flour dust, egg whites, and vegetable mixtures were created to form plaster for creating splints. Most splints in ancient times were cast-like and made to immobilize an area of the body. This is illustrated by the Aztecs around 1400 A.D. They made splints with leaves, leather, and paste.


title: Splint (medicine)

text: In the early 1500s gunpowder was introduced to Europe which caused a serious decline in the market of armor making. Armor makers had to figure out how to make a living with the skills they had already acquired. This led to the creation of braces due to the common use of metal in braces. Armor makers were knowledgeable in areas of the exterior anatomy and joint alignment, making braces the obvious replacement for their armor making. In 1517, after the evolution of the armor trade, injuries were being treated by metal braces secured by screws. Jumping to 1592, the first written piece on splints by surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius, shows various drawings of armor-like splints for the entire body.


title: Splint (medicine)

text: In the mid-1700s, doctors and mechanics worked with each other to create splints for certain injuries. Surgeons need these mechanics to design and build the splints for them. Most splints were made of metal. Plaster of Paris, a white powdery substance used mostly for casts and molds in the form of a quick-setting paste with water, began to be used for immobilizing splints. This method was not a popular way of splinting as it took too long to dry and suitable fabric was sparse.


title: Splint (medicine)

text: In the 1800s it was beginning to be recognized that rehabilitation after an injury was important. Orthopedics began to become a separate field from general surgery. A famous British Surgeon, Hugh Owen Thomas, created specialty splints that were cheap and best for injuries that were being rehabilitated. By 1883, mechanics and surgeons separated due to class issues. This created two different areas that shaped the way braces were being created and distributed. Around 1888, F. Gustav Ernst, a dedicated mechanic, released a book illustrating upper body splints. In 1899, orthopedic surgeon Alessandro Codivilla followed suit and published a book explaining the importance of using surgical procedures to set up better results using splints.


title: Jiya Shankar

text: Shankar made her acting debut in 2013, in Telugu film named "Entha Andanga Unnave" starring alongside Ajay Manthena. Later in 2017, she appeared in a Tamil film named "Kanavu Variyam" opposite Arun Chidambaram. Shankar made her television debut, in 2015, as Alisha Rai with Bindass's "Love by Chance" opposite Karan Singhmar. Shankar made her first television outbreak, in 2016, by playing one of the leads Shreya Dixit Rathore in & TV's "Queens Hain Hum".


title: Jiya Shankar

text: Shankar was last seen as Susheela Ruhail Solanki opposite Paras Arora in Sab TV's "Kaatelal & Sons"..Since August 2022, she is playing the role of Pavitra opposite Harsh Rajput in Colors TV show Pishachini


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: Kevin Anderson (born January 13, 1960) is an American stage and film actor. He is also a singer and drummer.


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson was born on January 13, 1960, in Gurnee, Illinois, the son of Joseph Anderson. He is one of five children. He studied acting in the Goodman School of Drama at DePaul University in Chicago, for three years.


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson is perhaps most known for his role as a priest on the television series "Nothing Sacred" (1997), about a priest with self-doubts. He was nominated for a Golden Globe for this role.


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: One of his first major film roles was as the brother of Richard Gere's character in the 1988 film "Miles from Home". He also starred in the 1991 film "Sleeping with the Enemy" with Julia Roberts. He appeared in the movie "Charlotte's Web" as Mr. Arable. This was the second time he worked with Julia Roberts, who voiced the role of Charlotte.


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: He is a member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company, which has also featured John Malkovich, Gary Sinise, and Laurie Metcalf. He has won a Theatre World Award and Joseph Jefferson Award for his performance in Lyle Kessler's play "Orphans".


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: In 1993, Anderson created the role of Joe Gillis in the original London production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Sunset Boulevard" opposite Patti LuPone who originated the role of Norma Desmond. LuPone was not given the role in the musical in New York, and the situation became a "very nasty, public affair. 'I was caught in the middle of all that,' Anderson said. LuPone went public with her rage; her co-star quietly took himself out of the loop... 'I fired everybody and jumped on my motorcycle.' "


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson won the 1999 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play and was nominated for a Tony Award for his role in the revival of "Death of a Salesman".


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: He appeared on Broadway in the Manhattan Theatre Club production of "Come Back, Little Sheba" as Doc from January 24, 2008, to March 16, 2008. Anderson starred as Andy Dufresne in the stage version of the film "The Shawshank Redemption" which premiered at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin in May 2009. The play transferred to the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in London, from September 4, 2009, to November 29, 2009.


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: He appeared in "A Guide for the Perplexed" at the Victory Gardens Theater, Chicago in July–August 2010.


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson embarked on a cross-country motorcycle trip and was struck by a car in 1994; which put him out of work for a year. In the accident he suffered a broken leg and broken arm and other health complications (including an embolism).


title: Kevin Anderson (actor)

text: It took him a couple of years to rehabilitate, but he describes the years as one of the best times in his life because it forced him to look at his motives and his life.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham is a market town on the upper reaches of the River Arun on the fringe of the Weald in West Sussex, England. The town is south south-west of London, north-west of Brighton and north-east of the county town of Chichester. Nearby towns include Crawley to the north-east and Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill to the south-east. It is the administrative centre of the Horsham district.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham is the largest town in the Horsham District Council area. The second, higher, tier of local government is West Sussex County Council, based in Chichester. It lies within the ancient Norman administrative division of the Rape of Bramber and the Hundred of Singlecross in Sussex.


title: Horsham

text: The town is the centre of the parliamentary constituency of Horsham, recreated in 1983. Jeremy Quin has served as Conservative Member of Parliament for Horsham since 2015, succeeding Francis Maude, who held the seat from 1997 but retired at the 2015 general election.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham holds the UK record for the heaviest hailstone ever to fall. On 5 September 1958, a hailstone weighing 140g (4.9 oz) landed in the town. It was similar in size to a tennis ball and impact speeds have been calculated to be 100 m/s (224 mph).


title: Horsham

text: Horsham is above sea level. It is in the centre of the Weald in the Low Weald, at the western edge of the High Weald, with the Surrey Hills of the North Downs to the north and the Sussex Downs of the South Downs National Park to the south. The River Arun rising from ghylls in the St Leonard's Forest area, to the east of Horsham, cuts through the south of the town then makes its way through Broadbridge Heath. The Arun is joined by a number of streams flowing down from the north, which rises around Rusper.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham has grown up around the Carfax (an open pedestrianised square). To the south of the Carfax is the Causeway. This street consists of houses erected in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th century and is lined with ancient London Plane trees. The Horsham Museum is at the north end opposite to the recently developed former headquarters of the R.S.P.C.A. At the south end of the Causeway is the Church of England parish church of St. Mary: Norman in origin, rebuilt in the 13th century and restored in 1864–65 by the Gothic revival architect S.S. Teulon. The area immediately to the south of the parish church is known as Normandy. It was formerly an area of artisans cottages and an ancient well. Fifty metres south is the River Arun. On the northern bank is Prewett's Mill, and on the south side is the town's cricket field. A short walk along the banks of the Arun in a south-easterly direction is Chesworth Farm, an area of open public access.


title: Horsham

text: To the north of the Carfax is a park, Horsham Park, the remnant of what was formerly the Hurst Park Estate. The park has football pitches, a wildlife pond and tennis courts. Leisure facilities, including a swimming complex and a gymnastic centre, have been built on land around the park.


title: Horsham

text: To the east along Brighton Road is Iron Bridge named after the railway bridge that carries the railway from to . The area consists of mainly Victorian and Edwardian houses to the north of Brighton Road, whilst to the south, there are areas of inter- and post-war housing. This area is known as the East Side.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham has developed beyond the original boundaries to incorporate some of the smaller hamlets which now form part of the outer districts.


title: Horsham

text: An area of Horsham named after a feeder stream of the River Arun. It consists of residential housing, the majority of which is of late 20th-century origin. The suburb is substantial enough for two council wards. The hamlet around Old Holbrook House is immediately to the north of the A264, which abuts Holbrook. Holbrook House was previously the home of Sir William Vesey-Fitzgerald, Governor of Bombay and M.P. for Horsham (1852–1875). The Tithe Barn at Fivens Green is the most notable building in the district.


title: Horsham

text: This hamlet dates back to the late 18th century, when a small number of houses were in existence, with an inn opening in the early part of the 19th century. A station opened in the area in 1907, originally called Rusper Road Crossing halt, but later renamed .


title: Horsham

text: South-west of the town, the Needles estate was laid out from c. 1955, with a mixture of privately owned and council-built houses and bungalows. The land around Hills Farm nearby was sold for development in 1972 and further development took place in the 1980s. The Needles are named after a local farmhouse, called so as it was built using timbers from ships wrecked on the Needles formation.


title: Horsham

text: In keeping with many other towns, new developments to the east of the town centre were rapid in the early Victorian era, and that area of the town became known, as it is today, as New Town. The area contains the Iron Bridge, a steel structure that carries the railway to the south of Horsham.


title: Horsham

text: Originally used as a label to describe the northern part of the parish of Horsham (compared to Southwater to describe that part south of the River Arun), this area was developed as a district in the latter part of the 20th century.


title: Horsham

text: This area was originally known as Grub Street, and developed south of Depot Road in the 19th century.


title: Horsham

text: Roffey is north east of the centre of Horsham and as a hamlet dates back to at least the 13th century, with taxation records of 1296 showing 18 liable people in the area. Kelley's Post Office Directory for 1867 describes 'Roughey' as consisting 'of a few farmhouses and cottages. Here is an iron church, capable of accommodating 80 persons'. Maps of the 1880s show Roffey Corner (still spelt Roughey), but appear to label the hamlet as Star Row, with Roffey in use again by the start of the 20th century. A railway station opened as Roffey Road Halt in 1907, closing in 1937. The station is shown in the location now known as Wimland Road. Roffey is a separate ecclesiastical parish with its own parish church—All Saints' Church on Crawley Road, designed in 1878 by Arthur Blomfield. It replaced a temporary building which was licensed for worship in 1856. Roffey Park Institute is based just outside of Horsham, near Colgate.


title: Horsham

text: Tower Hill is a hamlet that lies one mile south from Horsham on a ridge of land containing a sandstone known as Horsham Stone rising above the town. A quarry existed here from 1830 to 1876. Tower Hill consists of housing dating from medieval to late 20th century. It has a public house called the Boar's Head, formerly the Fox and Hounds. The economic importance of quarrying Horsham Stone to Horsham in the 19th century has left a legacy of toponyms including Stone Pit Field, Stone Barn, Stonyhurst and Stone Pit Wood.


title: Horsham

text: An area of late 19th and early 20th centuries development on land west of the London Road at North Parade. It consists chiefly of semi-detached houses with corner shops, most of which have closed. Until the mid-20th century, it was known as "The Common," after a piece of common land that survived enclosure in Trafalgar Road for many years. Trafalgar forms one of the wards of Horsham Hurst (electoral division) of the Horsham District Council.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham is a market town formerly trading in cattle, sheep, and corn. Its prosperity was built on industries that included brewing, brickmaking, iron-smelting, and printing. Although some of these survive, with the exception of iron smelting, they are on a small scale and no longer employ large numbers of workers. In 2014 the important industries were financial services, pharmaceuticals, and technology. Horsham is a commuter town serving London, Gatwick Airport and the South East Coast.


title: Horsham

text: RSA Insurance Group, an insurance company, has its registered office in Horsham. Sun Alliance merged with Royal Insurance in 1996 to form Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Group, then renamed RSA Insurance Group in 2008. The company first came to the town in 1965 as Sun Alliance, becoming the town's biggest employer, at its peak, it employed 2,500 people, plus the specialised computer centre called Lennox Wood, sited in Southwater country park to which many of the original Horsham computer department staff were relocated. At its peak, the company occupied several smaller premises on the Carfax, Springfield House near St John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church, the building that is now a study centre in Hurst Road, Parkside and the whole of the St Mark's complex, and print and security centres in industrial estates sprinkled around Horsham, plus Tricourt House closer to the Carfax and now occupied by a housing association. West Sussex County Council has partially occupied parkside after Royal Sun Alliance vacated the building.


title: Horsham

text: Until 2015 the Swiss-based multinational pharmaceutical company Novartis, formerly Ciba-Geigy before a 1996 merger, was a major employer in the town, but the plant is now closed and the site scheduled for redevelopment.


title: Horsham

text: The RSPCA, an animal welfare charity, has a £16 million headquarters at Southwater near Horsham, built to replace its former headquarters in the centre of the town.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham's town centre has many national chain stores, and although it has suffered the loss of some small and independent retailers, the town retains its reputation for individuality and attracts shoppers from a wide area.


title: Horsham

text: In 1992 the town centre was redesigned to reduce significantly the flow of traffic through the town's main shopping streets, and West Street was pedestrianised by 1977. Much of the Carfax, which once consisted of two concentric rings of roads, was pedestrianised to create a new town square. The underground toilets that once served the Carfax are now underneath the war memorial. The bandstand was moved to its present site from the south corner of the Carfax. The Victorian drinking fountain now at the southern end of North Street originally stood on the Carfax.


title: Horsham

text: On the northwest side of the Carfax is Swan Walk, a shopping centre which opened in 1976 and was enclosed with a glass roof in 1989 with the addition of Springfield Court. Swan Walk takes its name from the "Swan Inn" that once stood where the pedestrian area now enters West Street, the old name being honoured by the bronze swan statues to the back of the mall and a mosaic in the centre. The shopping centre once enclosed the Capital Theatre which was built in the 1930s and was sandwiched between shops and a multi-storey car park from 1976 until its demolition in early 1983 when Marks & Spencer bought the site to build their store that opened in 1984. A further shopping area and public square, the Forum, opened in 2003 to the south of West Street. There is a newly refurbished and partially rebuilt shopping and leisure area known as Piries Place to the South East of the Carfax and North of East Street. It features the town's second Premier Inn, an Everyman Cinema, bars and restaurants, plus independent shops. East Street, formerly part of the main throughway through the town, was pedestrianised in 2009.


title: Horsham

text: Supermarkets serving the town include branches of Tesco, Sainsbury's, Marks & Spencer, Lidl and Waitrose. In 2015, a new £8 million "Waitrose" and "John Lewis at Home" joint facility was opened after the closure of the smaller Waitrose that was formerly located in Piries Place.


title: Horsham

text: In the commercial centre of Horsham is an open pedestrianised square known as the Carfax. This area contains the Town's Memorial to the dead of the two world wars, a substantial, well-used bandstand and is the venue for Saturday and Thursday markets. The name Carfax is likely of Norman origin – a corruption of 'Quatre Voies' (four ways) or 'Carrefour', a place where four roads meet. The Carfax was formerly known as "Scarfoulkes", the derivation of which is uncertain. Two other places in England share the name: the Carfax in Oxford and the Carfax in Winchester.


title: Horsham

text: At the west end of the town centre formerly stood a kinetic water sculpture called the 'Rising Universe', colloquially known as 'The Shelley Fountain'. It was designed by Angela Conner, and erected to commemorate the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley who was born at Field Place in Broadbridge Heath, near Warnham, two miles west from Horsham centre. The fountain was designed to release a torrent of six and a half tons of water periodically; it was 45 ft across at its base, standing 28 ft high. It carried a plaque bearing one of his poems 'Mont Blanc'.


title: Horsham

text: The fountain was turned off in the spring of 2006 to save water. Despite recycling it used 180 gallons a day to cover evaporation and filtration losses. However, the council has made water saving efficiencies elsewhere and the fountain was turned on again on 13 November 2006, its tenth birthday but was turned off again after that Christmas. In May 2008 the fountain was turned off again due to the failure of its main hydraulic cylinder. On 19 January 2009 the fountain was fenced off for repairs. It was reopened without the fountain functioning. The fountain was again repaired at the start of March 2011 at a cost of more than £30,000 and was removed altogether in June 2016 with cost of upkeep being cited as the main reason.


title: Horsham

text: The Parish Church of St. Mary the Virgin is the oldest building in Horsham, having been in continuous use for nearly eight centuries. It is located at the end of the Causeway in Normandy, the oldest existing part of Horsham. It has a ring of ten bells.


title: Horsham

text: The earthworks of the eleventh century Horsham or Chennelsbrook Castle can be found near Chennells Brook.


title: Horsham

text: The Town Hall in the Market Square is a much-adapted building originally dating from circa 1648 when it was referred to as a 'Market House'. In 1721 a new construction of Portland Stone was built containing a poultry and butter market. The building fell into disrepair and was substantially rebuilt around 1812. In 1888 it became the property of Horsham Urban District Council and was again largely rebuilt. The present building is essential of late-Victorian construction, though preserving some aspects of the earlier buildings. It has been used as council offices and as a magistrates court and more recently housed the Horsham Registry Office on the upper floor. The ground floor was still used as an occasional market place until the Town Hall was closed to be let as a restaurant.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham lies at the junction of three main routes with the dual carriageway A24 running north to south route from London and Dorking to Worthing. The A264 links Horsham to Crawley and the M23 to the east by a modern dual carriageway and to the A29 to the west. The A281 runs between Guildford and Brighton.


title: Horsham

text: Bus services are provided by Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Arriva Southern Counties and Compass Travel.


title: Horsham

text: The railway station is on the Arun Valley Line from Chichester to Crawley, Gatwick and London Victoria. Trains on this line start from Bognor Regis or Portsmouth and Southampton Central, and are coupled at Horsham. Southbound trains divide here. Other services (stopping during the off-peak period) leave Horsham for London Bridge. Sutton & Mole Valley line services go north to Dorking, Epsom, Sutton and London Victoria. In 2012, work finished expanding and modernising the station. Littlehaven station (previously named Littlehaven Halt), in the northeast of the town on the Arun Valley Line , and Christ's Hospital station serving the west of Horsham.


title: Horsham

text: Cyclists, pedestrians, and horseriders can reach Guildford and Shoreham via the Downs Link, a long-distance bridleway and cycle route which follows the now disused Horsham-Guildford, and Horsham-Shoreham railway lines and passes through Southwater, just to the south of Horsham.


title: Horsham

text: The College of Richard Collyer is the sixth form college serving Horsham. Founded in 1532, it is known more commonly as "Collyer's", and is situated on Hurst Road.


title: Horsham

text: As of July 2020, West Sussex County Council announced proposals to alter The Forest School from a single sex boys’ school to a co-educational school from September 2021 entry.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham Cricket Club play their home matches at Cricketfield Road, which used to be used twice a season by Sussex County Cricket Club for matches. Although cricket was played in Horsham before 1768, the first recorded game of a town side was on 8 August 1771, which is when Horsham Cricket Club was created. The Club has played various locations over the years, before settling at the present ground in 1851. Horsham Cricket Club were national champions in 2005. Current England international Jofra Archer is a notable recent alumnus. Founded in 1921, Horsham Trinity Cricket Club play at the Victory Road recreation ground (Trafalgar), with the 1st XI playing in Division 4 West of the Central Sussex Cricket League as of the 2022 season.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham F.C. is the town's senior football club and currently (2022-23) play in the Isthmian League Premier Division. They have had sporadic success through their history, reaching the final of the Sussex Senior Cup in 2007, winning the Isthmian League Cup in 2022 and the first round proper of the FA Cup on four occasions. They reached the 2nd round in 2007-08, losing in a replay to Swansea City and the first round in 2021, losing away at Carlisle United. The team currently play at the Hop Oast Stadium (known for sponsorship purposes as the Camping World Community Stadium), after it was opened in June 2019. This followed a period of homelessness after their Queen Street stadium was demolished in 2008.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham YMCA F.C., founded in 1898, currently play in the Premier Division of the Southern Combination Football League in 2022/23. They are nicknamed 'The YMs', and play their home games at Gorings Mead in the Iron Bridge part of Horsham.


title: Horsham

text: Roffey F.C. were promoted to the Southern Combination Football League Premier Division for the first time ever in 2021/22. They play at Bartholomew Way in Roffey in the north of Horsham.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham RUFC who play at the Coolhurst Ground, are the town's premier Rugby Union team. They were founded in 1928 with their first headquarters at the Station Hotel opposite Horsham Station. Initially, the team played on farmland adjacent to the Warnham Park Estate, but from 1930 until 1968, they were settled at Horsham Cricket Club. The club grew considerably after the war with further pitches rented in Horsham Park. In 1972 they moved to their present home. At the end of the 2018-19 season, Horsham 1st XV was promoted to London 1 South, the highest level the club has ever achieved. Following the restructure of the leagues Horsham will play in Regional 2 South East in the 2022/23 season. Horsham RUFC runs teams at every level starting with u7s Horsham Rugby Club


title: Horsham

text: Holbrook RUFC is a smaller rugby club, based at The Holbrook Club in north Horsham. It was formed in 1971 as Sunallon RFC, which was the name of the Sun Alliance Sports & Social Club. This developed into Sun Alliance RFC and following a merger with the Liverpool-based Royal Insurance in 1996, into Royal & Sun Alliance RFC (RSA). Holbrook RFC now have two teams as of the 2014 season, with the 1sts in Sussex League 1, and 2nds in Sussex League 3.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham Gymnastic Club have produced top female gymnasts a number of whom have progressed to the England and Great Britain national squads.


title: Horsham

text: In the weeks preceding the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Grenadian Olympic Team trained at Broadbridge Heath Leisure Centre, which is on the outskirts of the town.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham Hospital, is open weekdays, and is located on Hurst Road. The town has its own law courts, ambulance station, fire station, and police station, also located on Hurst Road. The Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service. The territorial police force for Horsham and surrounding areas is Sussex Police.


title: Horsham

text: The Registry of births, deaths, and marriages is located in Park House, North Street in central Horsham.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham Park immediately to the north of central Horsham is 24 hectares of open space for the use of the people of Horsham. It contains an 18th-century country house used in part by the Horsham District Council, formal gardens, and a maze. At the eastern side is The Pavilions in the Park leisure centre with a gym and a 25m swimming pool run by a private company for Horsham District Council. A BMX and Skate park is located on the Hurst Road side of Horsham Park. The remaining space is used extensively for leisure pursuits such as tennis, football and rugby.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham Museum is located on the Causeway in a half-timbered medieval house. It has local history objects displayed in twenty-six galleries. Situated on North Street is The Capitol Theatre, Horsham, the venue (formerly Horsham Arts Centre) features a theatre, 2 cinema screens, a studio and gallery. On Lower Tanbridge Way is a two storey modernised library run by West Sussex County Council.


title: Horsham

text: The first illustrated history of Horsham was written in 1836 by Howard Dudley at the age of 16. It includes descriptions of St Mary's Church and other buildings along with lithographs and wood-cut images of the town. The book entitled "The History and Antiquities of Horsham" has been reproduced in full to enable research online.


title: Horsham

text: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had the fictitious Openshaw family, in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Five Orange Pips", residing in the town.


title: Horsham

text: In October 2006, Horsham was pronounced the second best place to live in the UK, only beaten by Winchester. This was claimed by a Channel 4 show, "The 10 best and worst places to live in the UK".


title: Horsham

text: In 2007, a Reader's Digest poll put Horsham as the 25th best place in mainland Britain to bring up a family.


title: Horsham

text: On 27 September 2007, Horsham was awarded as the overall winner of Britain in Bloom in the large town / small city category a Gold Award. It also has the honour of being presented with the Royal Horticultural Society's 'Bloomin' Wild' award, which reflected the theme for year's national judging.


title: Horsham

text: Horsham is placed number 27 in the book "Crap Towns: The 50 Worst Places To Live In The UK". The satirical book describes Horsham as "a No Fun Zone run by new conservatives for old conservatives."


title: Heated tobacco product

text: A heated tobacco product (HTP) is a tobacco product that heats the tobacco at a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes. These products contain nicotine, which is a highly addictive chemical. The heat generates an aerosol or smoke to be inhaled from the tobacco, which contains nicotine and other chemicals. HTPs may also contain additives not found in tobacco, including flavoring chemicals. HTPs generally heat tobacco to temperatures under 600 °C (1100 °F), a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes. HTPs use embedded or external heat sources, heated sealed chambers, or product-specific customized cigarettes. Whereas e-cigarettes are electronic devices that vaporize a liquid containing nicotine, HTPs usually use tobacco in leaf or some other solid form, although there are some hybrid products that can use both solid tobacco and e-liquids. There are various types of HTPs. The two most common designs are those that use an electric battery to heat tobacco leaf (e.g., IQOS, glo, Pax) and those that use a carbon ember that is lit and then heats the tobacco (e.g., Eclipse, REVO, TEEPS). There are similar devices that heat cannabis instead of tobacco.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: A 2016 World Health Organization report did not find any evidence to support claims of lowered risk or health benefits compared to conventional cigarettes. A 2018 Public Health England report includes evidence that indicates HTPs may be safer than traditional cigarettes, but less safe than e-cigarettes. Some HTP aerosols studied were found to contain levels of nicotine and carcinogens comparable to conventional cigarettes. Although heated tobacco products may be less dangerous than cigarette smoking, the UK Committee on Toxicity suggests that it would be better for smokers to completely stop. There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of HTPs on quitting smoking, or possible effects of second-hand exposure. The limited evidence on air emissions from the use of HTPs indicates that toxic exposure from these products is greater than that of e-cigarettes. Smokers have reported HTP use to be less satisfying than smoking a cigarette.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: As early as the 1960s, tobacco companies developed alternative tobacco products. HTPs were introduced into the market in 1988, though they were not a commercial success. The global decline in tobacco consumption may be one reason the industry has invented and marketed new products such as HTPs. The latest generation of heated tobacco products may be an industry attempt to appeal with governments and health advocates by presenting a potential (but unproven) "harm reduction" product. Current smoking bans may or may not apply to heated tobacco products.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: A 2016 Cochrane review found it unclear if the use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) would "substantially alter the risk of harm" over traditional cigarettes. , it is impossible to quantify the health risk from using these products, as there is very limited information available on health effects. It is unclear as to what the short- and long-term adverse effects are. , a limited number of independent studies have been conducted on HTPs, and further research will likely increase understanding of health effects.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: The different types of available HTPs vary in effect, creating a challenge for researchers. It is unknown how users evaluate product safety—one study found that about half of people believed they are safer than traditional cigarettes.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: A 2016 World Health Organization report stated that claims of lowered risk or health benefits for HTPs compared with traditional cigarettes were based on industry-funded research, and compelling independent research was unavailable to support these claims. It also noted evidence that HTPs may be as dangerous as traditional cigarettes. Action on Smoking and Health in the UK stated in 2016 that due to "the tobacco industry's long record of deceit" regarding the health risks involving smoking, it is important to conduct independent studies into the health effects of tobacco products.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: With an assorted range of electronic cigarettes devices available in the UK, it is unclear if HTPs offer any favorable benefit as a plausible harm reduction product. A 2018 Public Health England report states that HTPs may be much safer than traditional cigarettes but less safe than e-cigarettes. In a 2017 non-technical summary written by the Committee on Toxicity, it recommends that smokers completely stop, even though it found HTPs to be less harmful than smoking.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Heated tobacco products expose the user and bystanders to an aerosol. The aerosol contains levels of nicotine, volatile organic compounds, and carcinogens comparable to regular cigarettes; they have also been found to contain more acenaphthene than regular cigarettes. Other traditional cigarette emission substances such as tar, nicotine, carbonyl compounds (including acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde), and nitrosamines are also found in HTPs. A 2017 study found a 10% rise in carbon monoxide and formaldehyde air levels when HTPs were used indoors. Another 2017 study discovered HTPs generated emissions of metal particulates, organic compounds, and aldehydes, and suggests that HTPs generate less concentrations of airborne contaminants in indoor places in comparison to a traditional cigarette, though their use still reduces indoor air quality.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: A 2018 Public Health England report found that "[c]ompared with cigarettes, heated tobacco products are likely to expose users and bystanders to lower levels of particulate matter and harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHC). The extent of the reduction found varies between studies." It also noted that the evidence indicates that less nicotine was inhaled from HTPs than cigarette smoke, and exposure to mutagenic and other harmful substances is lower than with traditional cigarettes, though reduced exposure to harmful substances does not correlate with health risk severity. Even low exposure can increase the risks for cancers, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases compared to non-smokers. Lower levels of harmful emissions have been shown, but lowering the risk to the smoker who transitions to using them has not been shown, as of 2018. In 2017, the Committee on Toxicity found that HTPs do not reduce exposure or potential addiction to nicotine; some of the substances inhaled from using these products are carcinogens.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Physiological changes in response to heated tobacco emissions, such as multiple organ system inflammation, energy metabolism, and carcinogenesis, have not been well characterised due to limited research in this area, especially in animal models. A 2018 "in vitro" study suggested a less harmful pathophysiological response in human organotypic oral epithelial cultures when exposed to such emissions. A 2016 animal study showed that heated tobacco emissions did not increase surfactant lipids and proteins, inflammatory eicosanoids and their metabolic enzymes, and several ceramide classes in HTP-exposed mice when compared with their counterparts that were exposed to cigarette smoke. It also discovered that even with reduced toxicants in HTP emissions, overuse (40 tobacco sticks per day) can still lead to eosinophilic pneumonia in humans.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: The impact on the overall population is unclear. Studies on second-hand HTP emissions as of 2018 were diverse and largely affiliated with manufacturers. There is disagreement over the extent to which HTPs generate air emissions, and the emissions' composition. There is anticipated to be a reduced risk to bystanders where smokers were using heated tobacco products instead of smoking. Limited evidence on air emissions suggests that toxic exposure from HTPs is greater than from e-cigarettes. There is no safe level of exposure to harm carcinogens, making it difficult to assess how much HTPs reduce health risks.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: HTPs contain the highly addictive chemical nicotine. The nicotine content between HTP and traditional cigarette emissions are in similar ranges, which suggests a similar addictiveness and dependence potential. There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy of heated tobacco products on quitting smoking.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: A 2018 World Health Organization report states that "[c]onclusions cannot yet be drawn about their ability to assist with quitting smoking (cessation), their potential to attract new youth tobacco users (gateway effect), or the interaction in dual use with other conventional tobacco products and e-cigarettes." In 2017, the Ministry of Health in New Zealand stated that "[t]here is limited information on product use, including whether smokers are likely to switch completely from tobacco smoking or use both types of product, as well as initiation by non-smokers (including young people)." In 2017, the Committee on Toxicity stated "[t]he Committees were concerned over the potential for non-smokers including children and young people, who would not otherwise start to smoke cigarettes, to take up using these products as they are not without risk." The availability of flavours in HTP products may appeal to non-smokers, and evidence suggests that individuals who have never used tobacco products, especially children and adolescents, could be susceptible to new products that could lead to the use of traditional cigarettes. In 2017, the Committee on Toxicity noted that "[c]ommittees were particularly concerned for young people, who do not smoke, starting to use these products, due to the potential for longer exposure over the remainder of their lives compared to adults and to possible differences in sensitivity."


title: Heated tobacco product

text: The dual use of HTPs and combustible products is common. Trying an HTP was more frequent among adults below the age of 30 and regular traditional cigarette users. A 2015 online survey found that 6.6% of 8240 respondents had tried an HTP at least once. Research demonstrated that there is a high overlap between HTP users and female smokers. According to four epidemiological papers, 10–45 per cent of non-smokers use these products, and show the effectiveness of the marketing of the tobacco industry; for example, the HTP known as IQOS acts more as a gateway to traditional cigarette use (20% of users) than as a means of quitting (11% of users), and is not anticipated to have a lowered risk among dual users who make up the remaining 69%. In 2016 Philip Morris International (PMI) acknowledged that IQOS is probably as addictive as tobacco smoking. IQOS is sold with a warning that states the best option is to avoid tobacco use altogether.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: IQOS can record the user's smoking habits. While Philip Morris International stated it only retrieves the data when the product is not working properly, Gregory Connolly, a professor at Northeastern University who has studied IQOS, said that tobacco companies like PMI would have a "mega database" of Americans' smoking habits, and possibly "reprogram the current puffing delivery pattern of the IQOS to one that may be more reinforcing and with a higher addiction potential".


title: Heated tobacco product

text: As of July 2017, not many US adults had tried using an HTP; approximately one in twenty US adults (including one in ten traditional cigarette users) have heard of HTPs. In Italy, HTP use was 1.4% among the people and 3.1% among regular tobacco users. A 2018 survey in Italy found that 45 per cent of people who experimented with the IQOS and 51 per cent who were interested in the product had never smoked before. Therefore, such a product may represent, at least in Italy, a gateway for nicotine addiction among never-smokers rather than a harm reduction substitution for current smokers. In Germany, HTP use is not common and is generally more frequent among richer and educated smokers. Since its sale in Japan in 2014, HTP use has been high; A 2017 survey in Japan found that of those who used the IQOS within the last month, 20 per cent had never smoked before. The products did not satisfy 86 per cent of users, and they did not quit using traditional cigarettes; they used both. HTP use among youth is unknown, but monitoring is underway .


title: Heated tobacco product

text: The limited data on HTP users show that they take short puffs and that the time between puffs is very short. Experimental tests show a higher volume of puffs at shorter intervals than with traditional cigarettes. A 2018 clinical trial found that tests of smokers switching to IQOS showed a tendency to take more puffs at shorter intervals.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Users experience blood nicotine levels that peak after six to seven minutes for both HTPs and traditional cigarettes. The IQOS produces slightly less blood nicotine overall than a traditional cigarette, but more than nicotine gum. A 2016 study found that smokers were less satisfied and had a lower reduction in cravings with using an IQOS than with traditional cigarettes. In the study, smoking trial volunteers switching to an HTP, after an initial adjustment period, usually smoked more traditional cigarettes than those not switching, while reporting that they were less satisfying and rewarding than with regular cigarettes.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Sharper peaks in blood nicotine levels from inhalation cause greater nicotine dependence than oral consumption. Nicotine replacement products, for instance, deliver nicotine in a slow, stable manner, which is less addictive. Inhaled nicotine enters the blood quicker than oral consumption, and blood nicotine levels halve every one to two hours. Nicotine withdrawal causes deteriorating mood and creates a craving for nicotine consumption.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Pregnant women who wish to quit smoking but are unable to are left with few options. As nicotine replacement products are often ineffective for quitting smoking, pregnant women turn to alternatives such as HTPs. There is no information available on the potential impact of HTP emissions from mother to fetus . The risk to the fetus from HTPs during pregnancy is hard to quantify ; although the risk to the fetus is probably less than traditional smoking during pregnancy, the Committee on Toxicity recommends that expectant mothers completely stop smoking. Nicotine is harmful to the infant and the growing adolescent brain, is metabolised much faster while a woman is pregnant, easily passes through the placental barrier, and collects in breast milk. There is also growing evidence that nicotine exposure during pregnancy is linked to early birth, stillbirth, and abnormal brain growth. Nicotine may result in adverse effects to the neurological growth of the fetus.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Nicotine can lead to vasoconstriction of uteroplacental vessels, which reduces the delivery of both nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. As a result, nutrition is re-distributed to prioritize vital organs, such as the heart and the brain, at the cost of less vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas, which can lead to underdevelopment and functional disorders later in life. Animal research in regards to maternal nicotine exposure on rats showed a direct adverse impact on pancreas development by reducing endocrine pancreatic islet size and number, which was accompanied by a decrease in gene expression of specific transcription factors and blood glucose regulating hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Affected rats exhibited significant pancreatic dysfunction and glucose intolerance. Other animal studies have reported insulin resistance in adult offspring due to maternal nicotine exposure; in animal models, nicotine has also been shown to activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain, which regulate brain development. Nicotine exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy (2 mg/kg/d) leads to structural changes in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex in rats.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Nicotine is released from tobacco heated above 150 °C. The burning process, substances emitted and their levels vary at different temperatures: distillation—the process during which nicotine and aromas are transferred from tobacco to smoke—occurs below 300 °C; pyrolysis occurs around 300 °C–700 °C and involves the decomposition of biopolymers, proteins, and other organic materials and generates the majority of substances emitted in smoke; and combustion occurs above 750 °C and results in the generation of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water. The temperature the tobacco reaches greatly varies among HTPs; it depends on the process used to heat the tobacco. For example, HeatSticks are heated to a maximum of 350 °C, a temperature sufficient to enable pyrolytic decomposition of some organic materials, while the glo iFuse heats tobacco to around 35 °C. The formation of toxic volatile organic compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, have been reported in e-cigarette aerosols at similar temperatures as the IQOS; flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes have been discovered to undergo thermal degradation and contribute significantly to levels of toxic aldehydes emitted in e-cigarette aerosols, as demonstrated by the presence of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, soot or tars, and aldehydes in emissions. Gases, liquid, and solid particles are also found in the emissions; the solids in the emissions have been called nicotine-free dry particulate matter rather than tar in papers written by people connected to the tobacco industry.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: Since the constituents of HeatSticks may differ from combustible cigarettes, including flavourants and additives, it is plausible that the IQOS aerosol may contain substances not found in tobacco smoke. The emissions of the IQOS HeatSticks and the IQOS menthol mini-cigarettes contain about three times the amount of water and about half the amount of tar found in traditional cigarette emissions. The IQOS HeatSticks do not generate a flame, but are charred after use. Until 2016, Phillip Morris International researchers stated their IQOS product produces smoke.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: The HTP consists of three components with different functions: the processed tobacco stick; a pen-like heater (holder) that the tobacco stick is inserted, which is then heated by an electrically controlled heating element; and a charger that recharges the heater after use. The heated tobacco products automatically stops the heating process after six minutes or 14 moves so that pyrolytic products and pollutant release are limited in time as well as by a maximum number of puffs per stick. HTPs may not generate side-stream smoke because they do not fully combust, but the temperatures reached are sufficient for pyrolysis to happen. There are devices that use a reaction that resembles pyrolysis or combustion, but research has not determined which of the two it is. The tobacco stick contains a compressed tobacco film made of a dried tobacco suspension that has been rolled up into a paper-thin brown tobacco foil and several filter elements. This film consists of about 70% tobacco, as well as humectants (such as water and glycerin, to prevent the tobacco from drying out and promote aerosol formation), binders, and flavorings. The filter elements consist of two independent systems: a polymer film filter that cools the aerosol, and a soft cellulose acetate mouthpiece filter that mimics the sensory aspects of a traditional cigarette.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: HTPs are battery-powered systems that produce nicotine-containing emissions by heating tobacco. For this purpose, tobacco sticks are placed in a corresponding heater and heated to about 250–350 °C (around 500 °F), which result in nicotine-containing emissions that are inhaled via a mouthpiece with a filter segment. HTPs are hybrids between electronic and conventional cigarettes: they are equipped with a device that heats the product without reaching combustion to generate aerosol, while using "real" tobacco instead of nicotine-containing liquids. There are products that have a time limit so that the user is forced to inhale the nicotine within 3.5–10 minutes prior to the device turning off. This function helps support blood nicotine peaks that result in an increased nicotine dependence.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: There are three general types of heated tobacco products. One that immediately heats processed tobacco to generate aerosol, another that uses processed tobacco that is heated in (but not generate) an aerosol, and one where the processed tobacco gives flavour to the aerosol as the latter moves over the former. HTPs heat tobacco leaves at a lower temperature than traditional cigarettes. Another type of HTP is the loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer that involves putting loose-leaf tobacco into a chamber that is electrically heated with an element.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: As early as the 1960s, the tobacco companies developed alternative tobacco products to supplement the cigarette market. The first commercial HTP was the Premier by R. J. Reynolds, a smokeless cigarette launched in 1988 and described as difficult to use. Many smokers disliked the taste, and it was not popular with users when it was test-marketed in Arizona and Missouri. It was shaped like a traditional cigarette, and required combustion to move the smoldered charcoal past processed tobacco containing more than 50 percent glycerin to create an aerosol. In 1989, after spending $325 million, R. J. Reynolds pulled the Premier from the market after the American Medical Association and other organizations recommended that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restrict it or classify it as a drug.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: The Premier product concept was developed further and re-launched as the Eclipse in the mid-1990s, which was available in limited distribution , and promoted via viral marketing. Reynolds American also introduced a brand called Revo and stated that it was a "repositioning" of the Eclipse. The Revo was withdrawn in 2015.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: In October 1998, Philip Morris launched the Accord in the US. It was a specialised cigarette was designed to be used with the electric heating system. Advertisements stating reduced risk were drafted for the Accord in the US, but were never released. In 1998, the company launched the Accord in Osaka, Japan, and renamed it Oasis. The battery-powered, pager-size product was marketed as "low-smoke". An attempt was made in 2007 by Kenneth Podraza, the Vice President of Research and Development at Philip Morris in the US at the time, to get the Surgeon General of the United States to endorse it. The Surgeon General did not reply to Podraza's letter. Few people used the Accord, and most of them also continued to use traditional cigarettes. The Accord ceased production in 2006.


title: Heated tobacco product

text: In 2007 Philip Morris International launched the Heatbar, which was very similar to the Accord. It was around the size of a mobile phone and was said to heat specially-designed cigarettes rather than burning them. The Heatbar did not obtain any significant user reception, and was discontinued after the only benefit found was to lower second-hand smoke. The Accord and Heatbar are predecessors of Philip Morris International's current HTPs. HTPs were not a commercial success, and most of them were quickly taken off the market following their debut.