title: Paul Whiteman

text: On August 18, 1931, Whiteman married for the fourth and final time to actress Margaret Livingston in a ceremony in Denver, Colorado. Livingston was unable to have children, and the couple adopted four.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Whiteman lived at Walking Horse Farm near the village of Rosemont in Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey from 1938 to 1959. After selling the farm to agriculturalist Lloyd Wescott, Whiteman moved to New Hope, Pennsylvania, for his remaining years.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: The Paul Whiteman Orchestra introduced many jazz standards in the 1920s, including "Hot Lips", which was in the Steven Spielberg movie "The Color Purple" (1985), "Mississippi Mud", "From Monday On", written by Harry Barris and sung by the Rhythm Boys featuring Bing Crosby and Irene Taylor with Bix Beiderbecke on cornet, "Nuthin' But", "Grand Canyon Suite" and "Mississippi Suite" composed by Ferde Grofé, "Rhapsody in Blue", composed by George Gershwin who played piano on the Paul Whiteman recording in 1924, "Wonderful One" (1923), and "Wang Wang Blues" (1920), covered by Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Joe "King" Oliver's Dixie Syncopators in 1926 and many of the Big Bands. "Hot Lips" was recorded by Ted Lewis and His Jazz Band, Horace Heidt and His Brigadiers Orchestra (1937), Specht's Jazz Outfit, the Cotton Pickers (1922), and Django Reinhardt Et Le Quintette Du Hot Club De France.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Herb Alpert and Al Hirt were influenced by the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, particularly the solo work of trumpeter Henry Busse, especially his solo on "Rhapsody in Blue".


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Whiteman composed the standard "Wonderful One" in 1922 with Ferde Grofé and Dorothy Terris (also known as Theodora Morse), based on a theme by film director Marshall Neilan. The songwriting credit is assigned as music composed by Paul Whiteman, Ferde Grofé, and Marshall Neilan, with lyrics by Dorothy Terriss. The single reached No. 3 on Billboard in May 1923, staying on the charts for 5 weeks. "(My) Wonderful One" was recorded by Gertrude Moody, Edward Miller, Martha Pryor, Mel Torme, Doris Day, Woody Herman, Helen Moretti, John McCormack; it was released as Victor 961. Jan Garber and His Orchestra, and Ira Sullivan with Tony Castellano also recorded the song. Henry Burr recorded it in 1924 and Glenn Miller and his Orchestra in 1940. On the sheet music published in 1922 by Leo Feist it is described as a "Waltz Song" and "Paul Whiteman's Sensational Waltz Hit" and is dedicated "To Julie". "Wonderful One" appeared in the following movies: "The Chump Champ" (1950), "Little 'Tinker" (1948), "Red Hot Riding Hood" (1943), "Sufferin' Cats" (1943), "Design for Scandal" (1941), "Strike Up the Band" (1940), and "Westward Passage" (1932).


title: Paul Whiteman

text: "I've Waited So Long" was composed with Irving Bibo and Howard Johnson and copyrighted in 1920. Whiteman also arranged the song. "How I Miss You Mammy, No One Knows" was composed with Billy Munro and Marcel Klauber in 1920 and arranged by Marcel Klauber.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: The 1924 song "You're the One" was composed by Paul Whiteman, Ferde Grofé, and Ben Russell in 1924 and copyrighted on February 1, 1924.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: He co-wrote the music for the song "Madeline, Be Mine" in 1924 with Abel Baer with lyrics by Cliff Friend.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Whiteman composed the piano work "Dreaming The Waltz Away" with Fred Rose in 1926. Organist Jesse Crawford recorded the song on October 4–5, 1926, in Chicago, Illinois and released it as a 78 on Victor Records, 20363. Crawford played the instrumental on a Wurlitzer organ. The recording was also released in the UK on His Master's Voice (HMV) as B2430.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: In "Louis Armstrong & Paul Whiteman: Two Kings of Jazz" (2004), Joshua Berrett wrote that "Whiteman Stomp" was credited to Fats Waller, Alphonso Trent, and Paul Whiteman. Lyricist Jo Trent is the co-author. The Fletcher Henderson Orchestra first recorded "Whiteman Stomp" on May 11, 1927, and released it as Columbia 1059-D. The Fletcher Henderson recording lists the songwriters as "Fats Waller/Jo Trent/Paul Whiteman". Whiteman recorded the song on August 11, 1927, and released it as Victor 21119.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: On May 31, 1924, the song "String Beans" was copyrighted, with words and music by Vincent Rose, Harry Owens, and Paul Whiteman.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: In 1927, Paul Whiteman co-wrote the song "Wide Open Spaces" with Byron Gay and Richard A. Whiting. The Colonial Club Orchestra released a recording of the song on Brunswick Records in 1927 as 3549-A with Irving Kaufman on vocals.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: In 1920, he co-wrote the music to the song "Bonnie Lassie" with Joseph H. Santly with lyrics by John W. Bratton. The song was recorded by Charles Hart who released it as an Okeh 78 single, 4244.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Whiteman also co-wrote the popular song "My Fantasy" with Leo Edwards and Jack Meskill, which is a musical adaptation of the Polovtsian Dances theme from the opera "Prince Igor" by Alexander Borodin. The Paul Whiteman Orchestra recorded "My Fantasy" with Joan Edwards on vocals in 1939 and released it as a 78 single on Decca Records. Artie Shaw also recorded the song and released it as a single on Victor Records in March 1940 with Pauline Byrns on vocals.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: In 2006 the Paul Whiteman Orchestra's 1928 recording of "Ol' Man River" with Paul Robeson on vocals was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song was recorded on March 1, 1928, in New York and released as Victor 35912-A.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Paul Whiteman's 1927 recording of "Rhapsody in Blue", of which was an electrically recorded version, was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1974.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: He was awarded two Stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6157 Hollywood Boulevard and for Radio at 1601 Vine Street in Hollywood.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: He had two songs listed in the National Recording Registry, the first was the June 1924 performance of Rhapsody In Blue, with George Gershwin on piano, which was listed in 2003. The second one was the song "Whispering", which was listed in 2020.


title: Paul Whiteman

text: Paul Whiteman was posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Braunschweiger Turn- und Sportverein Eintracht von 1895 e.V., commonly known as Eintracht Braunschweig () or BTSV (), is a German football and sports club based in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony. The club was one of the founding members of the Bundesliga in 1963 and won the national title in 1967. The club plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of the German football league system.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Since 1923, Eintracht Braunschweig has played at the Eintracht-Stadion. The club shares a rivalry with fellow Lower Saxon side Hannover 96.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: In addition to the football division, Eintracht has departments for several other sports, of which historically the field hockey department has been the most successful.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig was founded as the football and cricket club FuCC Eintracht 1895 in 1895, became FC Eintracht von 1895 in 1906, then SV Eintracht in 1920.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The team has a colorful history and it quickly became one of northern Germany's favorite sides. In 1900, Eintracht Braunschweig was among the founding members of the German Football Association (DFB). It enjoyed success early on, playing in the upper tier league, winning the Northern German championship in 1908 and 1913, and placing three players on the Germany national team by 1914. Under the Third Reich, the team played in the Gauliga Niedersachsen and managed two appearances in the national final rounds. In 1942–43, Eintracht Braunschweig went into the national championship play-offs as one of the main favourites. The team under manager Georg "Schorsch" Knöpfle had just won the newly formed Gauliga Südhannover-Braunschweig with a record of 17 wins and 1 draw in 18 games, scoring 146 goals in the process. After a convincing 5–1 win over Victoria Hamburg in the first round, the draw saw the club paired with the other big favorites for the title, Helmut Schön's Dresdner SC. Dresden won the game held in Dresden with 4–0 and subsequently went on to win the German championship with an undefeated season.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: As part of the denazification of Germany after World War II, the British authorities dissolved all previously existing sports clubs in Braunschweig and demanded the creation of a single, united sports club for the city. As such, Eintracht Braunschweig was merged into the new club TSV Braunschweig on 2 November 1945. TSV Braunschweig finally took on the club's current name, Braunschweiger TSV Eintracht von 1895, on 1 April 1949.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The club continued to play in the top division – now the Oberliga Nord – after the war, with the exception of a single season (1952–53) spent in tier II. The side was touched by tragedy in 1949 when goalkeeper Gustav Fähland died of internal bleeding a few days after being injured during a game in a collision with a Werder Bremen striker. Another appearance in the final round of the national championship came in 1958.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig's consistently high standard of play and financial stability helped it to become one of the 16 teams selected out of a group of 46 applicants for play in the Bundesliga, the new federal professional league formed in 1963. Once again the side enjoyed early success, capturing the national title in the 1966–67 season under manager Helmuth Johannsen with solid defensive play. That championship team gave up only 27 goals against, which stood as a Bundesliga record until bettered by Werder Bremen in 1988. Another ten players joined the national side from the team, mostly through the 1960s and '70s.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The club was hit by tragedy again during the winter break of the 1968–69 season when forward Jürgen Moll, aged 29 at the time, and his wife died in a car accident. Two charity matches were played for the benefit of the Molls' children, the first featured West Germany's 1954 FIFA World Cup-winning squad in the line-up of the tournament's final, and the second saw a combined squad of Eintracht Braunschweig and rivals Hannover 96 take on a Bundesliga all-star team.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The club found itself embroiled in the Bundesliga scandal of 1971, but with a somewhat unusual twist. A number of players accepted payments totaling 40,000 DM – not to underperform and so lose or tie a game, but rather to put out an extra effort to win. Ultimately, two players were suspended and another ten were fined.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: In 1973, in the face of some opposition from the league, Braunschweig became the first Bundesliga side to sport a sponsor logo on its jerseys – that of Wolfenbüttel-based liquor producer Jägermeister. The move paid the team 100,000 DM and introduced a new way of doing business to football that is worth millions today. Other clubs quickly followed suit. Braunschweig's game against Schalke 04 on 24 March 1973 became the first-ever Bundesliga match to feature a club having sponsorship on its jersey. Jägermeister continued to sponsor the club until 1987, although a later attempt to rename the team "Jägermeister Braunschweig" was finally refused by the DFB in 1983.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig just missed a second title in 1977 when it finished third, one point back of champion Borussia Mönchengladbach and just behind second-place finisher Schalke 04 on goal difference. The club made news after the season by signing 1974 World Cup winner Paul Breitner from Real Madrid for a transfer fee of 1.6 million DM. Breitner, however, did not fit into the team at all and was sold to Bayern Munich after just one season.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The side counted a casualty in the Cold War in the death of Lutz Eigendorf, who fled East Germany in 1979, where he played for Dynamo Berlin, to come to the west to play for 1. FC Kaiserslautern. Shortly after his transfer to Braunschweig in 1983, he died in a motor vehicle accident which was revealed in 2000 as the assassination of a "traitor" arranged by the Stasi, East Germany's secret police.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The club played in the Bundesliga through to the mid-1980s having been relegated just twice, playing in the second division in 1973–74 and again in 1980–81. During the club's run of 322 games in the Bundesliga from 1963 to 1973, it set a record that still stands by not seeing a single player red-carded. In 1984–85, Eintracht Braunschweig was relegated from the Bundesliga for the third time.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Since the 1985–86 season, the side has played at the tier II and III levels, with the exception of the 2013–14 season. In 1987, Braunschweig managed to set a mark even as they were demoted; it became the only team ever to have been relegated with a positive goal differential, with 52 goals for and 47 against. After having been stuck in the Regionalliga for most of the 1990s, Eintracht Braunschweig moved constantly between the 2. Bundesliga and the Regionalliga during the 2000s. At the end of the 2007–08 Regionalliga season, the club was facing a severe crisis, both financially and on the field: Eintracht was in serious danger of missing out on qualification for Germany's new nationwide third-tier league 3. Liga, which would have meant Braunschweig's first ever relegation to the fourth level of the German football league system.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: With new manager Torsten Lieberknecht, however, who had only taken over the job a few weeks before, Eintracht Braunschweig managed to qualify for the 3. Liga on the last matchday of the season. Moreover, under Lieberknecht and also newly appointed director of football Marc Arnold, the club continued to steadily improve throughout the next few seasons; a resurgence on and off the field that was widely recognized by the German media. In 2010–11, the team won promotion back into the 2. Bundesliga as champions of the 3. Liga. There, Eintracht Braunschweig re-established itself quickly, finishing the 2011–12 season comfortably mid-table. The 2012–13 season should prove even more successful: on the second matchday, Braunschweig took over a direct promotion spot and kept it for the rest of the season. On the 31st matchday, the club secured its return to the Bundesliga after 28 years in the second and third divisions with a 1–0 away win over FC Ingolstadt 04.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The team finished the 2013–14 Bundesliga season in 18th place and was therefore relegated again after one season in the top-flight. Eintracht Braunschweig had spent most of the season on a relegation spot, but had a chance to stay in the league until the last matchday. However, the club was officially relegated on 10 May 2014 after a 3–1 loss at 1899 Hoffenheim. Eintracht came close to a return to the Bundesliga in 2016–17: the club finished third in the 2. Bundesliga and qualified for the promotion play-off to the Bundesliga, but lost 2–0 on aggregate to VfL Wolfsburg to remain in the 2. Bundesliga.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: On 13 May 2018, Eintracht Braunschweig were relegated to the 3. Liga after a 6–2 loss to Holstein Kiel.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Traditionally, Eintracht Braunschweig plays its home games in the colours blue and yellow. Those colours are derived from the flag of the Duchy of Brunswick.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The club's crest contains a red lion on white ground. This symbol is derived from the coat of arms of the city of Braunschweig, which in turn is based on the insignia of Henry the Lion. The club badge went through various different versions during its history, most of the time however it consisted of a circular badge in blue and yellow, with a red lion on a white shield in the center of the circle.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: In 1972–73, Eintracht Braunschweig scrapped the original crest and replaced it with a new design based on the logo of its sponsor, Jägermeister. This was initially done to circumvent the DFB's ban on shirt sponsors – a loophole in those rules allowed to club to put a very close looking symbol on their shirt as long as it was the club's official crest. In 1986, after Jägermeister stopped the sponsorship of the club, Eintracht Braunschweig adopted a new, diamond shaped logo containing the traditional red lion as well as the club's colours blue and yellow.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: In 2011, the club members voted to return to the club's more traditional round crest. In March 2012, the club then presented the new version of the crest, which was adopted as the official logo at the start of the 2012–13 season. For the 2016–17 season, the club wore a special anniversary crest to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the club's 1966–67 Bundesliga title.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig plays at the Eintracht-Stadion in Braunschweig, built in 1923. Currently the stadium has a capacity of ca. 25,000, during the 1960s it held up to 38,000 people. Before the construction of the Eintracht-Stadion, the club played its home games at "Sportplatz an der Helmstedter Straße", which held 3,000 people.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Despite spending recent years in the lower divisions, the club's fan support has remained strong: with 21,396 per game, Eintracht Braunschweig had the 24th-highest average attendance of any sports team in Germany during the 2011–12 season.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: While friendly fan relations exist with 1. FC Magdeburg, Waldhof Mannheim, and Swiss club Basel, Eintracht Braunschweig has a strong rivalry with Hannover 96.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Because of Wolfsburg's immediate proximity to Braunschweig, journalists often report a rivalry with VfL Wolfsburg. Also matches between the two are often referred to as a derby. This is denied by the fans of Eintracht Braunschweig as well as the Fans of Hannover 96, who only consider their matches against each other as the only true Lower Saxony derby.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Between 1904 and 1985, Eintracht Braunschweig spent all but three seasons in Germany's top division. Between 1985 and 2013, the club then alternated between the second and third level of the German league pyramid, before returning to the top flight for the first time in 28 years at the end of the 2012–13 season.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The list includes players with at least 250 games or 50 goals for Eintracht Braunschweig's first team, as well as players with at least one cap for their country's national or Olympic football team. However, players who did not receive any of their caps while playing for Eintracht Braunschweig are only included if they made at least ten appearances for the club.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The list includes former presidents and chairmen of Eintracht Braunschweig who have their own Wikipedia article.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: "Eintracht Braunschweig II", historically also referred to as "Eintracht Braunschweig Amateure", currently plays in the tier six Landesliga Braunschweig. The team's current manager is Arndt Kutschke, the coach is Marcus Danner.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The club's Under-19 and Under-17 teams play in the Under 19 Bundesliga and the Under 17 Bundesliga, respectively in the 2014–15 season. The club's youth academy is located at the "Sportpark Kennel" near Schloss Richmond.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: As a multi-sports club, Eintracht Braunschweig also has departments for athletics, basketball, chess, darts, field hockey, gymnastics, team handball, swimming and water polo, tennis and winter sports. The club was especially successful in athletics and swimming from the 1940s until the 1960s, with the club's athletes, among them the then-current 800 metres world record holder Rudolf Harbig, winning over 40 national championships during that period.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The field hockey department historically has been one of Eintracht Braunschweig's most successful sections. Eintracht's women's field hockey team has won numerous titles, mostly during the 1970s.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The list includes current or former players of Eintracht Braunschweig who have won medals at major international tournaments, e.g. the Women's Hockey World Cup or the Summer Olympics.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig's ice hockey department was founded in 1981. After years in the lower divisions, the team played its first and only season in Germany's second division, then named "1. Liga", in 1997–1998. In 2000 the ice hockey section became independent as "Eintracht Braunschweig Eissport e.V.", and eventually dissolved in 2003.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig's basketball department was founded in 1956. The club's women's team currently plays in the , the second tier of women's basketball in Germany.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: The German 2009 drama film "" () tells the story of a group of Eintracht Braunschweig hooligans. The title is a reference to Eintracht's championship winning season 1966–67, as well as the name of the fictional supporters club the characters in the film belong to.


title: Eintracht Braunschweig

text: In 2008 the German jazz funk/hip hop band Jazzkantine produced a musical about Eintracht Braunschweig, titled "Unser Eintracht", in cooperation with the Staatstheater Braunschweig.


title: Thomas Gage

text: General Thomas Gage (10 March 1718/192 April 1787) was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Being born to an aristocratic family in England, he entered military service, seeing action in the French and Indian War, where he served alongside his future opponent George Washington in the 1755 Battle of the Monongahela. After the fall of Montreal in 1760, he was named its military governor. During this time he did not distinguish himself militarily, but proved himself to be a competent administrator.


title: Thomas Gage

text: From 1763 to 1775 he served as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, overseeing the British response to the 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion. In 1774 he was also appointed the military governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, with instructions to implement the Intolerable Acts, punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. His attempts to seize military stores of Patriot militias in April 1775 sparked the Battles of Lexington and Concord, beginning the American Revolutionary War. After the Pyrrhic victory in the June Battle of Bunker Hill, he was replaced by General William Howe in October 1775, and returned to Great Britain.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Thomas Gage was born on 10 March 1718/19 at Firle and christened 31 March 1719 at Westminster St James, Middlesex, England, son of Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage, and Benedicta Maria Teresa Hall. Firle Place, Firle, Sussex, is where the Gage family had been seated since the 15th century. His father, Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage, was a noted nobleman given titles in Ireland. Thomas Gage (the elder) had three children, of whom Thomas was the second. The first son, William Hall Gage, 2nd Viscount Gage, was born 6 January 1717/18 and christened 29 January 1717/18, also at Westminster St James. In 1728 Gage began attending the prestigious Westminster School where he met such figures as John Burgoyne, Richard Howe, Francis Bernard, and George Germain. Despite the family's long history of Catholicism, Viscount Gage had adopted the Anglican Church in 1715. During his school years Thomas the younger became firmly attached to the latter church; he eventually developed a dislike for the Roman Catholic Church that became evident in later years.


title: Thomas Gage

text: After he left Westminster School in 1736, there are no records of Gage's activities until he joined the British Army, eventually receiving a commission as ensign. His early duties consisted of recruiting in Yorkshire. In January 1741 he purchased a lieutenant's commission in the 1st Northampton Regiment, where he stayed until May 1742, when he transferred to Battereau's Regiment with the rank of captain-lieutenant. Gage received promotion to captain in 1743, and saw action in the War of the Austrian Succession with British forces in Flanders, where he served as aide-de-camp to the Earl of Albemarle in the Battle of Fontenoy. He saw further service in the Second Jacobite Uprising, which culminated in the 1746 Battle of Culloden. From 1747 to 1748, Gage saw action under Albemarle in the Low Countries. In 1748 he purchased a major's commission and transferred to the 55th Foot Regiment (which was later renumbered to the 44th). The regiment was stationed in Ireland from 1748 to 1755; Gage was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1751.


title: Thomas Gage

text: During his early service years, he spent leisure time at White's Club, where he was a member, and occasionally travelled, going at least as far as Paris. He was a popular figure in the army and at the club, even though he neither liked alcohol nor gambled very much. His friendships spanned class and ability. Charles Lee once wrote to Gage, "I respected your understanding, lik'd your manners and perfectly ador'd the qualities of your heart." Gage also made some important political connections, forming relationships with important figures like Lord Barrington, the future Secretary at War, and Jeffery Amherst, a man roughly his age who rose to great heights in the French and Indian War.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In 1750, Gage became engaged to a "lady of rank and fortune, whom he persuaded to yield her hand in an honourable way". The engagement was eventually broken, leaving Gage broken-hearted. In 1753, both Gage and his father stood for seats in Parliament. Both lost in the April 1754 election, even though his father had been a Member of Parliament for some years prior. They both contested the results, but his father died soon after, and Gage withdrew his protest in early 1755, as his regiment was being sent to America following the outbreak of the French and Indian War.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In 1755 Gage's regiment was sent to North America as part of General Edward Braddock's expeditionary force, whose objective was the expulsion of French forces from the Ohio Country, territory disputed between French and British colonies where there had been military clashes in 1754. On this expedition Gage's regiment was in the vanguard of the troops when they came upon a company of French and First Nations people who were trying to set up an ambush. This skirmish began the Battle of the Monongahela, in which Braddock was mortally wounded, and George Washington distinguished himself for his courage under fire and his leadership in organising the retreat. The commander of the 44th, Colonel Sir Peter Halkett, was one of many officers killed in the battle and Gage, who temporarily took command of the regiment, was slightly wounded. The regiment was decimated, and Captain Robert Orme (General Braddock's aide-de-camp) levelled charges that poor field tactics on the part of Gage had led to the defeat; as a result of his accusations Gage was denied permanent command of the 44th Regiment. Gage and Washington maintained a somewhat friendly relationship for several years after the expedition, but distance and lack of frequent contact likely cooled the relationship. By 1770, Washington was publicly condemning Gage's actions in asserting British authority in Massachusetts.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In the summer of 1756 Gage served as second-in-command of a failed expedition to resupply Fort Oswego, which fell to the French while the expedition was en route. The following year, he was assigned to Captain-General John Campbell Loudoun in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where a planned expedition against Louisbourg turned back when confronted by a larger French fleet.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In December 1757, Gage proposed to Loudoun the creation of a regiment of light infantry that would be better suited to woodland warfare. Loudoun approved the plan before he was recalled that month, also recommending Gage to the king for promotion to full colonel. Gage spent the winter in New Jersey, recruiting for the newly raised 80th Regiment of Light-Armed Foot, the "first definitely light-armed regiment in the British army." While it is uncertain exactly when he met the Kembles, his choice of the Brunswick area may well have been motivated by his interest in Margaret Kemble, a well-known beauty of the area, a descendant of the Schuyler family, and the granddaughter of New York Mayor Stephanus Van Cortlandt. Recruiting and courtship were both successful. By February 1758 Gage was in Albany, preparing for that year's campaign, and he and Margaret were married on 8 December of that year.


title: Thomas Gage

text: The campaign for which Gage went to Albany culminated in the disastrous Battle of Carillon, in which 16,000 British forces were defeated by barely 4,000 French forces. Gage, whose regiment was in the British vanguard, was again wounded in that battle, in which the British suffered more than 2,000 casualties. Gage, who had been brevetted a brigadier general for the 1758 campaign, received in 1759 a full promotion to the position, largely through the political manoeuvring of his brother, Lord Gage.


title: Thomas Gage

text: The new brigadier general was placed in command of the Albany post, serving under Major General Jeffery Amherst. In 1759, shortly after capturing Ticonderoga without a fight, General Amherst learned of the death of General John Prideaux whose expedition had captured Fort Niagara. Amherst then ordered Gage to take Prideaux's place, and to take Fort de La Présentation (also known as Fort La Galette) at the mouth of the Oswegatchie River on Lake Ontario. When Amherst learned that the French had also abandoned Fort St. Frédéric, he sent a messenger after Gage with more explicit instructions to capture La Galette and then, if at all possible, to advance on Montreal.


title: Thomas Gage

text: When Gage arrived at Oswego, which had been captured in July by troops under Frederick Haldimand's command, he surveyed the situation, and decided that it was not prudent to move against La Galette. Expected reinforcements from Fort Duquesne had not arrived, the French military strength at La Galette was unknown, and its strength near Montreal was believed to be relatively high. Gage, believing an attack on La Galette would not gain any significant advantage, decided against action, and sent Amherst a message outlining his reasons. Although there was no immediate censure from either Amherst or the government, Amherst was incensed at the failure, and Gage's troops were in the rear of Amherst's army in the 1760 expedition that resulted in Montreal's surrender.


title: Thomas Gage

text: After the French surrender, Amherst named Gage the military Governor of Montreal, a task Gage found somewhat thankless, because it involved the minute details of municipal governance along with the administration of the military occupation. He was also forced to deal with civil litigation, and manage trade with the First Nations in the Great Lakes region, where traders disputed territorial claims, and quarrelled with the First Nations. Margaret came to stay with him in Montreal and that is where his first two children, Harry, the future 3rd Viscount Gage, and Maria Theresa, were born. In 1761, he was promoted to major general, and in 1762, again with the assistance of his brother, was placed in command of the 22nd Regiment, which assured a command even in peacetime.


title: Thomas Gage

text: By all accounts, Gage appeared to be a fair administrator, respecting people's lives and property, although he had a healthy distrust of the landowning seigneurs and of the Roman Catholic clergy, who he viewed as intriguers for the French. When peace was announced following the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Gage began lobbying for another posting, as he was "very much [tired] of this cursed Climate, and I must be bribed very high to stay here any longer". In October 1763 the good news arrived that he would act as commander-in-chief of North America while Amherst was on leave in Britain. He immediately left Montreal, and took over Amherst's command in New York on 17 November 1763. When he did so, he inherited the job of dealing with the Indian uprising known as Pontiac's Rebellion.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Following the conquest of New France, Amherst, who had little respect for people of the First Nations, instituted policies that severely hampered British-Indian relations, principally forbidding the sale of ammunition to them. Combined with widespread concern about British expansion into their territories, this prompted the tribes of the Ohio Country and the formerly French "Pays d'en Haut" to rise against the British. In May 1763, under the leadership of the Ottawa leader Pontiac, they launched a series of attacks on lightly garrisoned British frontier forts, successfully driving the British from some, threatening others, and also terrorising the settlers in those areas.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Hoping to end the conflict diplomatically, Gage ordered Colonel John Bradstreet and Colonel Henry Bouquet out on military expeditions and also ordered Sir William Johnson to engage in peace negotiations. Johnson negotiated the Treaty of Fort Niagara in the summer of 1764 with some of the disaffected tribes, and Colonel Bouquet negotiated a cease-fire of sorts in October 1764, which resulted in another peace treaty finalised by Johnson in 1765. In 1765, the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment finally got through to Fort Cavendish, the last fort still in French hands. The conflict was not fully resolved until Pontiac himself travelled to Fort Ontario and signed a formal treaty with Johnson in July 1766.


title: Thomas Gage

text: When General Amherst left North America in 1763, it was on a leave of absence from his position as commander-in-chief. In 1764, Amherst announced that he had no intention of returning to North America, at which point Gage's appointment to that post was made permanent. (Amherst retained posts as governor of Virginia and colonel of the 60th Foot, positions he only gave up in 1768 when he was required to actually go to Virginia or give up the post.) Intrigues of other high-ranking officers, especially Robert Monckton and his supporters, for his offices, continued throughout his tenure as commander-in-chief. Gage was promoted to lieutenant general in 1771. In 1767 Gage ordered the arrest of Major Robert Rogers, the former leader of Rogers' Rangers who Gage had come to dislike and distrust during the war. The arrest was based on flimsy evidence that Rogers might have been engaging in a treasonous relationship with the French; he was acquitted in a 1768 court martial.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage spent most of his time as commander-in-chief, the most powerful office in British America, in and around New York City. Although Gage was burdened by the administrative demands of managing a territory that spanned the entirety of North America east of the Mississippi River, the Gages clearly relished life in New York, actively participating in the social scene. One way he did this was by joining the American Philosophical Society in 1768 through his election. Although his position gave him the opportunity to make financial arrangements that might have lined the pockets of high-ranking officers at the expense of the military purse, there is little evidence that he engaged in any significant improper transactions. In addition to the handsome sum of £10 per day as commander-in-chief, he received a variety of other stipends, including his colonel's salary, given for leading his regiment. These funds made it possible to send all of the Gage children (at least six of whom survived to adulthood) to school in England.


title: Thomas Gage

text: If Gage did not dip his hand unnecessarily in the public till, he did engage in the relatively common practices of nepotism and political favouritism. In addition to securing advantageous positions for several people named Gage or Kemble, he also apparently assisted in the placement of some of his friends and political supporters, or their children.


title: Thomas Gage

text: During Gage's administration, political tensions rose throughout the American colonies. As a result, Gage began withdrawing troops from the frontier to fortify urban centres like New York City and Boston. As the number of soldiers stationed in cities grew, the need to provide adequate food and housing for these troops became urgent. Parliament passed the Quartering Act of 1765, permitting British troops to be quartered in vacant houses, barns, and outbuildings, but not private residences.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage's thoughts on the reasons for colonial unrest played an important role in furthering the unrest. He at first believed that the popular unrest after the 1765 Stamp Act was primarily due to a small number of colonial elites, led by those in Boston. In 1768 he recommended the deployment of two regiments to occupy Boston, a move that further inflamed the city. Among the troops quartered in the city was the 29th Regiment of Foot, which had previously clashed with colonists in Quebec and New York, and had a reputation for poor discipline. This occupation eventually led to the Boston Massacre in 1770. Later that year he wrote that "America is a mere bully, from one end to the other, and the Bostonians by far the greatest bullies."


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage later came to change his opinion about the source of the unrest, believing that democracy was a significant threat. He saw the movement of colonists into the interior, beyond effective Crown control, and the development of the town meeting as a means of local governance as major elements of the threat, and wrote in 1772 that "democracy is too prevalent in America". He believed that town meetings should be abolished and recommended that colonisation should be limited to the coastal areas where British rule could be enforced.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage returned to Britain in June 1773 with his family and thus missed the Boston Tea Party in December of that year. The British Parliament reacted to the Tea Party with a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts. Some of the terms of those acts, for example the option to remove political trials to England, originated with Gage, and measures such as curbing the activities of town meetings and withholding representative government from the Ohio Country also show his influence. With his military experience and relative youth (Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson was then 62 years old and unpopular, and the equally unpopular lieutenant governor Andrew Oliver was 67 in 1773 and died in March 1774), Gage, a popular figure on both sides of the Atlantic, was deemed the best man to handle the brewing crisis and enforce the Parliamentary acts.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In early 1774, he was appointed military governor of Massachusetts, replacing Hutchinson. He arrived from Britain in early May, first stopping at Castle William on Castle Island in Boston Harbour. He then arrived in Boston on 13 May 1774, having been carried there by . His arrival was met with little pomp and circumstance, but was generally well received at first as Bostonians were happy to see Hutchinson go. Local attitudes toward him rapidly deteriorated as he began implementing the various acts, including the Boston Port Act, which put many people out of work, and the Massachusetts Government Act, which formally rescinded the provincial assembly's right to nominate members of the Governor's Council, though it retained the elected General Court. Gage dissolved the assembly in June 1774 after he discovered the Massachusetts representatives were sending delegates to the extralegal Continental Congress. He called for new elections to be held as per the Massachusetts Government Act, but his authority was undermined by the representatives who refused to meet with the new, appointed Governor's Council. He attempted to buy off political leaders in Massachusetts, notably Benjamin Church and Samuel Adams. With the former he was successful—Church secretly supplied him with intelligence on the activities of rebel leaders—but Adams and other rebel leaders were not moved.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In September 1774 Gage withdrew his garrisons from New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, Halifax and Newfoundland and brought all under his wing in Boston together with a large British naval presence under the control of Admiral Samuel Graves. He also sought to strictly enforce army directives calling for the confiscation of war-making materials. In September 1774, he ordered a mission to remove provincial gunpowder from a magazine in what is now Somerville, Massachusetts. This action, although successful, caused a huge popular reaction known as the Powder Alarm, resulting in the mobilization of thousands of provincial militiamen who marched towards Cambridge, Massachusetts. Although the militia soon dispersed, the show of force on the part of the provincials had a lasting effect on Gage, and he subsequently grew more cautious in his actions. The rapid response of the provincials was in large part due to Paul Revere and the Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty kept careful watch over Gage's activities and successfully warned others of future actions before Gage could mobilise his British regulars to execute them. A Committee of Safety was also tasked with sounding the alarm for local militias if Gage were spotted sending significant numbers of British troops outside of Boston.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage was criticised for allowing groups like the Sons of Liberty to exist. One of his officers, Lord Percy, remarked, "The general's great lenity and moderation serve only to make them [the colonists] more daring and insolent." Gage himself wrote after the Powder Alarm, "If force is to be used at length, it must be a considerable one, and foreign troops must be hired, for to begin with small numbers will encourage resistance, and not terrify; and will in the end cost more blood and treasure." Edmund Burke described Gage's conflicted relationship by saying in Parliament, "An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery."


title: Thomas Gage

text: On 14 April 1775 Gage received orders from London to take decisive action against the Patriots. Given intelligence that the militia had been stockpiling weapons at Concord, Massachusetts, he ordered detachments of regulars from the Boston garrison to march there on the night of 18 April to confiscate them. A brief skirmish in Lexington scattered colonial militia forces gathered there, but in a later standoff in Concord, a portion of the British force was routed by a stronger colonial militia contingent. When the British left Concord following their search (which was largely unsuccessful, as the colonists, with advance warning of the action, had removed most of the supplies), arriving colonial militia engaged the British column in a running battle all the way back to Charlestown. The Battles of Lexington and Concord resulted in 273 total casualties for the British and 93 for the American rebels.


title: Thomas Gage

text: The British expedition to Lexington and Concord was supposed to have been a "profound secret," but nevertheless Sons of Liberty leader Joseph Warren found out about it. He then dispatched Paul Revere and William Dawes to warn the colonists, which resulted in the Battle of Lexington and Concord, and starting the American Revolutionary War. Gage had told his plans to only his second-in-command and "one other person." There is evidence to suggest that the other person was his wife, Margaret Kemble Gage, who was an American, and that she may have passed on this information to Warren.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Following Lexington and Concord, thousands of colonial militia surrounded the city, beginning the Siege of Boston. At first, the rebels (led mainly by Massachusetts General Artemas Ward) faced some 4,000 British regulars, who were bottled up in the city. British Admiral Samuel Graves commanded the fleet that continued to control the harbour. On 25 May, 4,500 reinforcements arrived in the city, along with three more generals: Major General William Howe and Brigadiers John Burgoyne and Henry Clinton.


title: Thomas Gage

text: On 14 June, Gage issued a proclamation, believed to have been written by Burgoyne but distributed in Gage's name, granting a general pardon to all who would demonstrate loyalty to the crown—with the notable exceptions of John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Gage also worked with the newly arrived generals on a plan to break the grip of the besieging forces. They would use an amphibious assault to take control of the unoccupied Dorchester Heights, which would be followed up by an attack on the rebel camp at Roxbury. They would then seize the heights on the Charlestown peninsula, including Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. This would allow the British to eventually take the colonial headquarters at Cambridge. The colonists were warned of these plans, and seized the initiative. On the night of 16–17 June, they fortified Breed's Hill, threatening the British position in Boston. On 17 June 1775, British forces under General Howe seized the Charlestown Peninsula at the Battle of Bunker Hill. It was a Pyrrhic victory; Britain won but suffered more than 1,000 casualties without significantly altering the state of the siege. Henry Clinton called it "[a] dear bought victory, another such would have ruined us", while other officers noted that nothing had been gained in the victory. Gage himself wrote the Secretary at War:


title: Thomas Gage

text: These people show a spirit and conduct against us they never showed against the French... They are now spirited up by a rage and enthusiasm as great as ever people were possessed of and you must proceed in earnest or give the business up. A small body acting in one spot will not avail, you must have large armies making diversions on different sides, to divide their force. The loss we have sustained is greater than we can bear. Small armies cannot afford such losses, especially when the advantage gained tends to do little more than the gaining of a post.


title: Thomas Gage

text: On 25 June 1775, Gage wrote a dispatch to Great Britain, notifying Lord Dartmouth of the results of the battle on 17 June. Three days after his report arrived in England, Dartmouth issued the order recalling Gage and replacing him with William Howe. The rapidity of this action is likely attributable to the fact that people within the government were already arguing for Gage's removal, and the battle was just the final straw. Gage received the order in Boston on 26 September, and set sail for England on 11 October.


title: Thomas Gage

text: The nature of Dartmouth's recall order did not actually strip Gage of his offices immediately. William Howe temporarily replaced him as commander of the forces in Boston, while General Guy Carleton was given command of the forces in Quebec. Although King George wanted to reward his "mild general" for his service, Gage's sole reward after Lord George Germain (who succeeded Dartmouth as the Secretary of State for North America) formally gave his command to Howe in April 1776 was that he retained the governorship of Massachusetts.


title: Thomas Gage

text: On the Gages' return to England, the family eventually settled into a house on Portland Place in London. Although he was presumably given a friendly reception in his interview with a sympathetic King George, the public and private writings about him and his fall from power were at times vicious. One correspondent wrote that Gage had "run his race of glory ... let him alone to the hell of his own conscience and the infamy which must inevitably attend him!" Others were kinder; New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth characterised him as "a good and wise man ... surrounded by difficulties."


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage was briefly reactivated to duty in April 1781, when Amherst appointed him to mobilise troops for a possible French invasion. The next year, Gage assumed command of the 17th Light Dragoons. He was promoted to full general on 20 November 1782, and later transferred to command the 11th Dragoons.


title: Thomas Gage

text: As the war machinery was reduced in the mid-1780s, Gage's military activities declined. He supported the efforts of Loyalists to recover losses incurred when they were forced to leave the colonies, notably confirming the activities of Benjamin Church to further his widow's claims for compensation. He received visitors at Portland Place and at Firle, including Frederick Haldimand and Thomas Hutchinson. His health began to decline early in the 1780s.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gage died at Portland Place on 2 April 1787, and was buried in the family plot at Firle. His wife survived him by almost 37 years. His son Henry inherited the family title upon the death of Gage's brother William, and became one of the wealthiest men in England. His youngest son, William Hall Gage, became an admiral in the Royal Navy, and all three daughters married into well-known families.


title: Thomas Gage

text: Gagetown, New Brunswick was named in his honour; the Canadian Forces base CFB Gagetown consequently reflects his name.


title: Thomas Gage

text: In 1792, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, renamed the archipelago of islands in the mouth of the St. Lawrence River for the victorious generals of the Conquest of Canada: Wolfe Island, Amherst Island, Howe Island, Carleton Island, and Gage Island. The last is now known as Simcoe Island.


title: Steven Cree

text: Steven Cree (born 29 February 1980) is a Scottish film, television and theatre actor. He is best known for his role as Ian Murray in the Starz television series "Outlander". His other work includes the films "Brave" (2012), "" (2014), "Maleficent" (2014), "51 Degrees North" (2014), "Churchill" (2017), and the television series "Lip Service".


title: Steven Cree

text: Cree was born on 29 February 1980 in Kilmarnock, East Ayrshire, Scotland, the son of a local kitchen and bathroom fitter. Upon completion of Secondary School, he attended Langside College in Glasgow for a year before applying, and being accepted to, the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (now known as the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland). at RSAMD, he was signed by a London Talent agent and moved to the city after completing school.


title: Steven Cree

text: Cree began his professional career in 2001 with the guest starring role of Gerry in an episode of CBBC's weekly comedy series "G-Force". He went on to guest star in an episode of BBC's medical drama "Doctors" in 2002, and ITV's prison drama "Bad Girls" in 2003. 2006 saw Cree guest star in BBC's medical drama "Holby City" and Sky 1's football drama "Dream Team." Cree returned to BBC's "Doctors" in 2007 with a second guest role in series nine, and he had a guest role in series eleven of the popular crime drama "Silent Witness".


title: Steven Cree

text: In 2009, Cree made the transition from television to feature films by starring as Antonio Vivaldi in Condor Pictures' "Vivaldi, the Red Priest" and director Craig Lyn's short film "Closing Doors". He was then cast in episode five of ITV's six part mini-series "Identity", a crime drama following a newly formed police unit investigating identity left cases. Cree worked with actor/director Noel Clarke twice in 2010 as he was featured in the thriller "4.3.2.1.", which followed four friends targeted by a smuggling ring, and the comedy "Huge", which focused on a would-be stand-up comedy duo. E4's teenage science-fiction drama "Misfits" saw Cree return to episodic television with a season two guest spot that same year. He was then featured in award-winning Kurdish director Chiman Rahimi's sort film "Rojin." 2011 saw Cree feature in the supernatural thriller film "The Awakening" and in director Tom Harper's short film "The Swarm".


title: Steven Cree

text: 2012 brought Cree a recurring role on BBC Three's groundbreaking drama "Lip Service." He portrayed Ryder, Sam Murray's police partner, opposite Heather Peace. His next performance was as featured guest star Corporal Vince Grafton in a series two episode of ITV's murder mystery series "Vera". Throughout 2012, Cree had minor roles in major motion pictures such as Disney's "John Carter" and "Brave" (animated; voice work), British thriller "Tower Block", and the Noel Clarke comedy "The Knot".


title: Steven Cree

text: Actor turned director Sam Hoare's 2013 debut film, "Having You", featured Cree in the role of Paul. That same year, he portrayed Lennox in Kenneth Branagh's stage production of "Macbeth" at the Manchester International Festival. The production sold out, but was broadcast live to audiences in Manchester, England and around the globe on 20 July 2013 as part of the National Theatre's NT Live broadcasts. That same year, director Ruth Sewell cast Cree in the lead role of Matt in her short film "Fish Love", which was featured at the London Short Film Festival.


title: Steven Cree

text: 2014 saw Cree return to television in series two of the BBC's crime drama "Shetland", based on the best-selling book series by Ann Cleeves. He next tackled minor roles in Disney's live action film "Maleficent", which focuses on the villain of their 1959 classic "Sleeping Beauty", and the made-for-television film "Marvellous". He returned to television to guest star as Miras in the two-part Series Two premier of BBC's family drama "Atlantis," which only ran for two seasons before being cancelled"." It was announced in 2014 that Cree has been cast in the role of Ian Murray in Starz time travel drama "Outlander", based upon the best-selling book series from author Diana Gabaldon. The role is recurring and will continue throughout the series.


title: Steven Cree

text: Cree was cast in the guest role of Levesque in BBC's popular drama "The Musketeers" in 2015, portraying Porthos' brother-in-law in the series two episode. That same year, he guest starred in the "mockumentary" "Hoff the Record" alongside actor David Hasselhoff. He went on to roles in several feature films such as Colin Kennedy's "Swung, Legacy", "51 Degrees North," and short film "The Rat King," which was nominated for Best Short at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.


title: Steven Cree

text: In 2016, Cree returned to crime drama "Silent Witness" in the two-part season nineteen episode "Flight", which focused on the murder of a critic of Muslim fundamentalism. Once again reuniting with director Noel Clarke, Cree was featured as Brick in the feature length crime drama "Brotherhood". He then portrayed Scottish war hero and Navy meteorologist Captain James Stagg in 2017's D-Day film "Churchill," which shed light on the little known fact that the invasion date had been moved due to weather.


title: Steven Cree

text: Science fiction/fantasy film "The Titan" (2018), starring Sam Worthington and Tom Wilkinson, has Cree portraying Major Tom Pike in Earth's dystopian future. In 2018, in his second turn in a science-fiction film, Cree voiced the character ATRi in Hasraf Dulull's "2036 Origins Unknown," which explored the origins of an unknown object on the surface of Mars. That same year, the Netflix drama "Outlaw King", starring Chris Pine as Robert the Bruce, featured Cree as Bruce's brother-in-law Sir Christopher Seaton. In addition to his roles in films and television, Cree wrote and starred in a short film entitled "The Little Princess" (2018), which was co-awarded Best Short Narrative film at the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival. He and director Jason Maza raised funds for the film on Kickstarter, a popular crowdfunding platform.


title: Steven Cree

text: Cree would go on, the next year, to portray Andrew Bentham in BBC Two's political drama "MotherFatherSon", opposite Richard Gere (in his first major television role). He would then join the cast of ITV's female centric drama "Deep Water" as series regular character Joe Kallisto. Late fall 2019 saw Cree feature in the latest feature film installment of the "Terminator" franchise, "", opposite Linda Hamilton and Arnold Schwarzenegger.


title: Steven Cree

text: Early 2020 saw him star as Chief Constable Stuart Collier, opposite Robert Carlyle, in Sky One's political thriller "Cobra". He also completed filming on Ruth Platt's ghost story "Martyrs Lane", which is scheduled to premiere at Fantasia Film Festival's 25th anniversary edition the next year. In 2021 Cree debuted as popular Scottish character Gallowglass in the second season of Sky One's television drama "A Discovery of Witches", which is based upon Deborah Harkness' book series of the same name. He will reprise the role in season three of the series. Cree completed filming on horror feature "The Twin", alongside fellow "A Discovery of Witches" cast member Teresa Palmer, in June 2021.


title: Karenna Gore

text: Karenna Aitcheson Gore (born August 6, 1973) is an American author, lawyer, and climate activist. She is the eldest daughter of former U.S. vice president Al Gore and Tipper Gore and the sister of Kristin Gore, Sarah Gore Maiani, and Albert Gore III. Gore is the founder and executive director of the Center for Earth Ethics at Union Theological Seminary.


title: Karenna Gore

text: After listening with Tipper Gore to Prince's album "Purple Rain," which contained explicit lyrics, her mother helped launch the Parents Music Resource Center, which sought to have "parental warning labels affixed to record albums that contained sexually explicit lyrics, portrayed excessive violence, or glorified drugs."


title: Karenna Gore

text: Gore earned her B.A. (magna cum laude) in history and literature in 1995 from Harvard University, a J.D. from Columbia Law School in 2000, and an M.A. in social ethics from Union Theological Seminary in 2013. During college, she interned as a journalist for WREG-TV and "The Times-Picayune". She later wrote for "El Pais" in Spain and "Slate" in Seattle.


title: Karenna Gore

text: Gore was the Youth Outreach Chair on her father's 2000 presidential campaign. Together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones, she officially nominated her father as the presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic Convention in Los Angeles. She also introduced her father during the launching of his campaign.


title: Karenna Gore

text: In 2006, she published "Lighting the Way: Nine Women Who Shaped Modern America", a profile of nine modern and historical American women. Stating that the book was written in reaction to the results of the 2000 campaign, Gore said, "I wanted to turn all that frustration and sadness into something positive."


title: Karenna Gore

text: After law school, Gore worked briefly as an associate with the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in New York City. She left that job to work in the non-profit sector as director of community affairs for the Association to Benefit Children (ABC), and as a volunteer in the legal center of Sanctuary for Families.


title: Karenna Gore

text: After graduating from Union Theological Seminary in 2013, Gore was asked to lead the Union Forum, a platform for theological scholarship to engage with civic discourse and social change. In 2014, she organized "Religions for the Earth," a conference held in conjunction with the 2014 United Nations Climate Summit. Religions for the Earth brought together more than 200 religious and spiritual leaders to redefine the climate crisis "as an urgent moral imperative."


title: Karenna Gore

text: Based on the success of this conference, Gore founded the Center for Earth Ethics (CEE) at Union Theological Seminary the following year. CEE "bridges the worlds of religion, academia, politics, and culture to discern and pursue the necessary changes to stop ecological destruction and create a society that values life." She is CEE's executive director and is an ex officio faculty member of The Earth Institute at Columbia University.


title: Karenna Gore

text: She serves on the boards of the Association to Benefit Children, Pando Populus, the Sweetwater Cultural Center, and Riverkeeper. She is also an expert in the United Nations’ Harmony with Nature Knowledge Network.


title: Karenna Gore

text: Gore has been heavily involved in climate activism, both in writing and direct action, including opposition to the construction of new pipelines and other infrastructure to support the fossil fuel industry.


title: Karenna Gore

text: In 2016, Gore was part of the successful campaign against a fracked gas pipeline (the Constitution pipeline) through New York state, publishing an op-ed in the New York Times on the issue.


title: Karenna Gore

text: In June 2016, Gore was among 23 protesters who were arrested for demonstrating at the site of construction of a pipeline in Boston that would carry fracked gas for the Houston-based Spectra company. She subsequently published an opinion piece, "Why I was arrested in West Roxbury," in The Boston Globe.


title: Karenna Gore

text: In 2021, on the 49th anniversary of the Clean Water Act, she published a guest essay in the Virginia Mercury in opposition to the Mountain Valley Pipeline.


title: Karenna Gore

text: On July 12, 1997, she married Andrew Newman Schiff, a primary care physician in Washington, D.C., and great-great grandson of Jacob Schiff, at the Washington National Cathedral. Andrew Schiff now works as a biotechnology fund manager. They have three children together: Wyatt Gore Schiff (born July 4, 1999, in New York City), Anna Hunger Schiff (born August 23, 2001, in New York City), and Oscar Aitcheson Schiff (born in 2006). She and husband Andrew separated in 2010 and later divorced.


title: Finnic peoples

text: The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic (now commonly "Finno-Permic") language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River. The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (or more precisely the Suomi, 6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sami (100,000).


title: Finnic peoples

text: The scope of the name "Finn" and "Finnic" varies by country. Today, Finnish and Estonian scholars restrict the term "Finnic" to the Baltic Finns, who include the Western Finns of Finland and their closest relatives but not the Sami. In Russia, however, where the Eastern Finns live, the word continues to be used in the broad sense, and sometimes implies the Volga Finns who have their own national republics.


title: Finnic peoples

text: In the 19th century, the Ugrians were considered an additional branch of the Finns (as "Ugrian Finns"), but due to the theory that the Hungarian language is most closely related to the Ugrian languages and because the Hungarians are not ethnically Finns, the Ugrians are now generally excluded.


title: Finnic peoples

text: Linguistically, the situation is more complex: in particular, the unity of the Volga Finnic languages is disputed, and because of this the Permians are sometimes counted as Volga Finns and sometimes not. The distinction is a linguistic one, however, and varies between linguistic reconstructions. Linguistically also, the Finnic peoples are sometimes called "Finno-Ugric", uniting them with the Hungarians, or "Uralic", uniting them also with the Samoyeds, but these linguistic connections were not discovered until the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, and do not underlie traditional ethnic identity.


title: Finnic peoples

text: Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.


title: Finnic peoples

text: The name "Finn(ic)" is an ancient exonym with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology. Its probable cognates, like "Fenni", "Phinnoi", "Finnum", and "Skrithfinni" / "Scridefinnum" appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe. The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th-century Old English poem . Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the "land of Finns" are also two rune stones in Sweden: one in Norrtälje Municipality, with the inscription (U 582), and the other in Gotland, with the inscription (G 319 M), dating from the 11th century.


title: Finnic peoples

text: It has been suggested that the non-Uralic ethnonym "Finn" is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as (Old High German) 'find', 'notice'; (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and (Old High German) and (Middle High German) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'. It may thus have originated from an Old Norse word for hunter-gatherer, (plural ), which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the (pre–reindeer herding) Sami, and perhaps to other hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia. It was reportedly still used with this meaning in Norway in the 20th century. Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym "Finns" with "fen" in a more toponymical approach. Thus there is Finnmark in Norway, which can be understood as "Sami country", but also Finnveden in Sweden, in an area that is not known to have been Finnic-speaking. The name was also applied to what is now Finland, which at the time was inhabited by "Sami" hunter-gatherers. Yet another theory postulates that the words "finn" and "kven" are cognates.


title: Finnic peoples

text: The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like and inconsistently. However, most of the time they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style. An etymological link between the Sami and the Finland Finns (Saami and Suomi) exists in modern Uralic languages as well.


title: SSX

text: SSX is a series of snowboarding and skiing video games published by EA Sports. It is an arcade-style racing game with larger-than-life courses, characters, and tricks. While the general focus of the series is racing and performing tricks on snowboards, the underlying gameplay of each edition alters slightly; for example, while the original "SSX" relies on a working knowledge of speed and trick boosts, "SSX On Tour" requires players to complete different phat combos and monster tricks. "SSX" is intended to be short for Snowboard Supercross, but the complete title has almost never been referred to in any way in the marketing or promotion of the games or within the games themselves. According to 2012's "SSX", the acronym in Team SSX means Snowboarding, Surfing, and Motocross.


title: SSX

text: The franchise has been critically acclaimed, with the first three installments receiving over 90.00% on GameRankings. Initial sales for the game have been kept a secret by publisher Electronic Arts. Most of the games have been released only on Sony and Nintendo consoles, with the first game being released on the PlayStation 2 and the fifth installment on the Wii. In 1999, EA revealed the series was being developed with the Sega Dreamcast in mind, but once they made the decision not to support the console, it was moved over to the PlayStation 2. The original "SSX" sold close to three million units in its lifetime, spurring sequel titles "SSX Tricky" and "SSX 3".


title: SSX

text: Starting with the original "SSX", players may choose any one of a number of snowboarders, each with their own statistics and boarding style. A course is selected and the player is given the option of racing down the course or participating in a competition to do tricks. Each course is filled with ramps, rails, and other assorted objects. Performing tricks fills up the player's boost meter, which can then be used for additional acceleration, making tricks important even in a race. Players also have the option of practicing or exploring courses in freeride mode.


title: SSX

text: "SSX Tricky" introduced Uber Tricks, absurdly unrealistic and exaggerated tricks, often involving detaching the board from the snowboarder's feet. The player can gain access to Uber Tricks during play after filling the adrenaline bar; performing six Uber Tricks earns the player unlimited boost for the rest of the race.


title: SSX

text: "SSX 3" introduced a second, intermediate set of Uber Tricks. Each character has an associated Uber Trick. The unlimited boost system was tweaked to where the player simply had to complete nine Uber Tricks to get the boost bonus but has a time limit, and after that expires, the second tier must be completed again to regain unlimited boost. Certain combinations of spins, flips, and Uber Tricks resulted in Monster Tricks, worth even more points than uber tricks; the catch was that the combination had to be memorized, such as the Triple Backflip Superman, and the combination had to be unlocked through certain goals in the game, such as staying on a rail for .


title: SSX

text: In "SSX on Tour", Uber Tricks are presented as Monster Tricks, though most of them resemble the more advanced Uber Tricks and are much easier to perform than the Monster Tricks of "SSX 3". Where previous "SSX" titles used the main trick buttons and the tweak button for later titles to perform Uber Tricks, the Monster Tricks are performed by combinations of directions entered on the right analog stick.


title: SSX

text: In the 2012 "SSX" reboot, its Uber Tricks can be tweaked by doing certain things like holding RT and performing the trick and it gets more points. Also as an alternative to getting unlimited boost after completing six Uber Tricks, Super Uber Tricks are allowed to be performed, as opposed to Monster Tricks. Super Uber Tricks are even more intense than regular Uber Tricks; if both trigger buttons are held while performing an Uber Trick, a trick unique to the player's character is performed, which is worth even more points than anything else.


title: SSX

text: "SSX" was released for the PlayStation 2 for its launch in October 2000. "SSX" was developed by EA Canada, while "SSX Tricky" was developed by EA Sports. The game was critically acclaimed. "SSX Tricky" was released November 5, 2001, for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, and Xbox. "SSX Tricky" was so similar to the original that many considered it an update rather than a sequel.


title: SSX

text: In "SSX" and "SSX Tricky", winning medals in a variety of events unlocks new courses, characters, and boards, as well as improved the boarder's abilities. New outfits may be earned by completing a character's trick book, by doing a number of specific tricks during play. Three kinds of boards are available to players: trick-oriented Freestyle boards, all-around BX boards, and racing-oriented Alpine boards, which are not meant to be ridden backwards. The courses in both games are located around the world. Tokyo Megaplex is a course resembling a giant pinball machine, and Merqury City takes place in the downtown area of a city. The snowboarders also come from around the world, and speak in their primary languages.


title: SSX

text: "SSX 3" was released in October 2003. It was released on all the same platforms that "SSX Tricky" was released on, as well as the Gizmondo, and was developed by EA Canada. The most obvious changes to the series are the locations, and the graphics. In earlier games, individual tracks were located around the world. In "SSX 3", the entire game takes place on one mountain, with three peaks and several individual runs. Runs are designated as race, slopestyle, super pipe, big air, or back country tracks, and are designed accordingly. Tracks are connected; it is possible to board down the entire mountain without stopping. The game also uses a new graphics engine, as the one used in "SSX" and "SSX Tricky" had become outdated and was considered 1990s. The reward system is also revamped. Although some rewards are still tied to what medals the player gets, most rewards are bought using money earned in competition or when finding hidden snowflakes. Outfits, statistic improvements, hidden characters (character models), and game art are all available.


title: SSX

text: Other changes include the introduction of a second level of Uber tricks, the elimination of Freestyle/BX/Alpine boards in favor of a single board type, and the elimination of statistical differences between characters. In general, the game emphasizes customization much more than in previous games; for example, different boards no longer have different effects on how your board handles, allowing the player to choose whatever board they like the most, instead of the best board statistically. "SSX 3" also offered online play; once in a lobby, a player could initiate a two-player versus match: slopestyle, halfpipe, or race event; however, Electronic Arts (EA) closed this option in early 2006 by terminating all servers designated to EA games released during and prior to 2005.


title: SSX

text: "SSX on Tour" is the fourth title in the "SSX" series of video games for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, PSP, and Xbox. It was released on October 13, 2005, in North America. Unlike its predecessor, "SSX on Tour" has no online play as the main focus was improving the gameplay and maps. There are many new characters, new maps, new tricks and skiers. One main variation from other consoles is the GameCube version since it has Nintendo characters and a special track.


title: SSX

text: "SSX on Tour"'s main gameplay mode The Tour allows the player to create a character and select one of a number of challenges available at any one point in time. Progressing through challenges, including medal events, earns the player both cash and hype; earning hype advances the player from amateur to pro level and unlocks harder challenges. "SSX on Tour" is a departure from the previous incarnations of the series in several ways. Courses are no longer closed; the player will frequently encounter other skiers and snowboarders when freeriding or doing minor challenges. Additionally, statistics are no longer tied to the character, and the character's board or skis are the sole determining factor in the character's abilities. For the GameCube version, Mario, Luigi, and Peach from Nintendo are included.


title: SSX

text: "SSX Blur" launched February 27, 2007, on the Wii. It makes full use of the motion controls for turning and tricks. Uber tricks are performed by drawing shapes on the screen, while flips/spins are performed by simply flicking the Wii remote in certain directions.


title: SSX

text: Twelve playable characters are in the game (Mac, Elise, Kaori, Zoe, Moby, Psymon, Allegra, Griff, JP, Skye, and newcomers Felix and Maya), all of which can use either skis or snowboard. Only four characters are available at the start of the game (Mac, Elise, Kaori, and Moby), and players unlock additional characters through completing tasks. In common with "SSX 3", the game takes place on one mountain with three peaks, and it is possible to travel non-stop from the top of the highest peak to the bottom of the lowest. All the race tracks are taken from previous games ("SSX 3" and "SSX on Tour"), put together onto a new mountain. "SSX Blur" offers fewer customization options for the characters than previous SSX games, and characters do not talk in the game.


title: SSX

text: "SSX" features real world environments mapped by NASA satellites. The game's slogan was "Defy Reality. Own the Planet". It was released on February 28, 2012. Unlike previous titles, it did not include local multiplayer.


title: SSX

text: Players have the ability to upload their own music to SSX to create custom playlists for menu and in-game music. "SSX" also features a dynamic music remix tool that will automatically remix licensed tracks and custom music based on the player's actions and performance in-game. The objective of the game is to beat Griff, team SSX's rival, and conquer all nine deadly descents. The story takes the player across the world with nine different characters, one for each descent, and it also features two special add-on characters.


title: SSX

text: "SSX: Out of Bounds" was released on the N-Gage on January 24, 2005. It is a port of the console installment "SSX 3" but downsized for the handheld. The game features multiplayer capability over Bluetooth.


title: SSX

text: "SSX by EA Sports" was released on the LG SmartWorld app storefront for the LG G2 on December 21, 2013. The game was also released in the Xperia Lounge store for the Sony Xperia Z1 and Z Ultra few days later. As with the 2012 console installment, the objective of the game is to beat the antagonist Griff by conquering four deadly descents: the Rockies, Siberia, the Alps, and the Himalayas. "SSX by EA Sports" uses four descents and four characters, and the game supports the PlayStation's DualShock 3 controller.


title: SSX

text: "SSX Snowboarder" was a plug 'n' play game made by RADICA with EA Sports and Play TV which was a full game and controller in one. With AV cables plugged into the TV or VCR unit and 4xAA batteries in the base unit the players were able to play with the snowboard controller to make it like they were actually snowboarding. It included four different game modes: Show off, Time Challenge, Pipedream, and Tokyo Megaplex. The device was made for ages 8 and up with a maximum weight limit of 91 kg/200 lbs/14.5stone on the snowboard controller.


title: SSX

text: "SSX iPhone" was originally given a 2009 release date by EA Mobile, later delayed to 2010, but the game was never released.


title: SSX

text: Steven Rechtschaffner, the producer of "SSX Tricky", expressed his interest and the possibility of a revival of the "SSX" series with a remake of "Tricky". He said that overall it is not his decision but of the developers and EA, who own the IP.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The Colt Paterson revolver was the first commercial repeating firearm employing a revolving cylinder with multiple chambers aligned with a single, stationary barrel. Its design was patented by Samuel Colt on February 25, 1836, in the United States, England and France, and it derived its name from being produced in Paterson, New Jersey. Initially this 5 shot revolver was produced in .28 caliber, with a .36 caliber model following a year later. As originally designed and produced, no loading lever was included with the revolver; a user had to partially disassemble the revolver to re-load it. Starting in 1839, however, a reloading lever and a capping window were incorporated into the design, allowing reloading without disassembly. This loading lever and capping window design change was also incorporated after the fact into most Colt Paterson revolvers that had been produced from 1836 until 1839. Unlike later revolvers, a folding trigger was incorporated into the Colt Paterson. The trigger became visible only upon cocking the hammer.


title: Colt Paterson

text: A subsequent patent renewal in 1849, and aggressive litigation against infringements, gave Colt a domestic monopoly on revolver development until the middle 1850s.


title: Colt Paterson

text: Early Colt literature and later publications insist that Colt was inspired to design the revolver in 1830 by viewing the windlass mechanisms aboard the brig "Corvo" while bound from Boston to Calcutta. However, some believe he saw examples of the Collier Flintlock Revolver while touring the Tower after the "Corvo" docked on the River Thames. In any event, sometime while aboard the "Corvo" he produced a wooden model (the model is exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut) and further developed the concept during the early 1830s.


title: Colt Paterson

text: Samuel Colt's first factory, the Patent Arms Company (Plant ruins site at: 40° 55' 01.04" N, 74° 10' 44.48" W) of Paterson, New Jersey, manufactured 1,450 revolving rifles and carbines, 462 revolving shotguns and 2,350 revolving pistols between 1836 and 1842, when the business failed. A creditor and business associate, John Ehlers, continued manufacture and sale of (approximately 500 of the total 2,850) pistols through 1847. Revolving pistols held five shots and varied from "pocket" to "belt" and "holster" designations based upon size and intended mode of carry. Calibers ranged from .28 through .36 inches. The model most identified with the "Paterson Colt" designation is the Number 5 Holster or Texas Paterson (1,000 units), which was manufactured in .36 caliber.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The early Colt revolvers were of "single-action" design, meaning that the trigger functioned when hammer was cocked back. It was necessary to manually cock the hammer prior to firing. The close clearances, folding trigger and multiplicity of small parts and springs seemed more appropriate to a fine timepiece than a tool destined for field service and fouling from black powder residue.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The first Paterson Models (1836–1838) required partial disassembly for loading and had no definitive provision for safely carrying the revolver with all chambers loaded.


title: Colt Paterson

text: Routine carry modes included leaving the hammer in the half-cock position, lowering the hammer to rest on a capped chamber, downloading by one cylinder, or lowering the hammer between the chambers of the cylinder. The first two options were (and are) extremely dangerous. Later Colt revolvers had a notched hammer that would fit over an intermediate safety pin located between chambers of the cylinder on the back of the chamber when all cylinders were loaded, thereby obviating contact of the hammer with the percussion caps until the single-action hammer was intentionally cocked.


title: Colt Paterson

text: In 1839, a hinged loading lever and capping window became standard for new revolvers and was retrofitted to the older designs. So modified, the revolvers could be loaded without disassembly. When the Paterson revolvers with loading levers finally reached Texas in 1842, Texas Ranger Captain John Coffee Hays was very pleased that his ranging companies could now reload from horseback.


title: Colt Paterson

text: To fire the Paterson, the shooter thumbed the hammer back and the action rotated a chamber in line with the barrel and locked the cylinder in place. This also caused the folding trigger to drop down from the frame into firing position. The sight picture consists of a front blade and a notch in the tip of the hammer. This sequence is repeated for each of the five shots in the cylinder (although the safety-conscious shooter will load only four, leaving the hammer down on an empty chamber for routine handling and carry.)


title: Colt Paterson

text: Compared to the later Colt Percussion Revolver designs, the Paterson is ergonomically flawed, but, even with the odd bell-shaped grip and jutting trigger, the revolver points reasonably well and delivers useful accuracy. That Samuel Colt intended the revolver to be accurate is evident because of the rifled barrel and the extra long accessory barrels present in some cased sets. Using modern-day Uberti replicas, the usual expectation is that careful, one-handed shooting will produce groups of at .


title: Colt Paterson

text: The Number 5 Belt Revolver would be an effective weapon to with ideal shooting conditions; however, from a moving horse, the useful range would be measured in feet.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The available power is comparable to a modern .380 pistol cartridge. The .375–.380-inch round ball weighs a near-identical and the velocity is also essentially the same.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The cylinder is somewhat shorter than that found on the later Colt Navy .36 revolvers but will hold of FFFg black powder while allowing full seating of the ball.


title: Colt Paterson

text: Colt sold the Paterson revolver and carbine to the United States Army and they saw limited use in the Second Seminole War in Florida. The firepower advantage that they offered was initially praised by the troops, but the United States government considered the arms to be excessively fragile and prone to malfunction.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The Republic of Texas purchased 180 of the revolving shotguns and rifles and a like number of handguns for the Texas Navy in 1839.


title: Colt Paterson

text: When Samuel Houston disbanded the Texas Navy in 1843, Captain Jack Hays armed his company of Texas Rangers with surplus stocks of the pistols. The repeating handguns became very popular with the Rangers, providing them with sustained firepower against their Comanche adversaries.


title: Colt Paterson

text: The Paterson revolver was especially decisive in the Battle of Bandera Pass, where each Ranger had 10 shots at his disposal when armed with two pistols as opposed to one. Captains Jack Hays and Samuel Walker of the Texas Rangers became major proponents of the Colt revolvers and were successful in advocating military contracts for later models such as the Walker Colt.


title: Colt Paterson

text: Zachary Taylor, as a general in command of the border with Mexico, sent Captain Walker to New York in 1846 to meet with Colt and discuss improvements to the Paterson to make it more appropriate for use in battle. Walker at the time was serving in the U.S. Mounted Rifles and not the Rangers.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Reality is the 24th studio album by English musician David Bowie, originally released in Europe on 15September 2003, and the following day in America. It was the artist's second release through his ISO Records label, in conjunction with Columbia Records. Co-produced by Bowie and longtime collaborator Tony Visconti, it was recorded between January and May 2003 at Looking Glass Studios in New York City. Having become re-energised to tour again following the Heathen Tour, Bowie envisioned "Reality" as a set of songs that could be played live. As such, most of the musicians consisted of Bowie's then-touring band.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: A mostly straightforward rock album with a more direct sound compared to its predecessor "Heathen" (2002), "Reality" contains covers of the Modern Lovers' "Pablo Picasso" and George Harrison's "Try Some, Buy Some". One of the tracks, "Bring Me the Disco King", was originally written in 1992 and attempted for two other albums before finally appearing on "Reality". One of the album's primary themes concerns reflections on the ageing process, while other songs focus on despaired and diminished characters. The cover artwork depicts Bowie as an anime-style character that reflected the idea that reality had become an abstract concept.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Released under a variety of CD formats, "Reality" charted in numerous countries, peaking at number three in the United Kingdom. It failed to outperform "Heathen" in the United States, but nevertheless peaked at number 29. The album was not supported through conventional single releases, although "New Killer Star" and "Never Get Old" appeared in some countries. "Reality" received largely positive reviews from music critics on release, with many highlighting the music, lyrics, vocal performances and the growing maturity in Bowie's songwriting.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Bowie supported the album on the worldwide A Reality Tour throughout 2003 and 2004, his biggest tour up to that point and his final concert tour. It ended prematurely in June 2004 after Bowie was hospitalised for a blocked artery. Afterwards, Bowie largely retreated from public life and did not release another studio album until "The Next Day" in 2013, making "Reality" his last album of original material for ten years. His biographers have given "Reality" mixed to positive assessments.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: David Bowie began writing songs immediately after the Heathen Tour ended in October 2002. His new distribution deal with Columbia Records gave him the freedom to record as quickly or as slowly as possible, so he was eager to return to the studio quickly. Bowie elected to bring back Tony Visconti to co-produce the new album after the pair's successful renewed partnership with "Heathen" (2002). Bowie knew he wanted the producer back for a follow-up:


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Bowie and Visconti began initial ideas for the new album in November 2002. The success of the Heathen Tour rejuvenated Bowie's desire to play live, so the two fashioned the new album with the goal for the songs to be played live. The songwriting process itself was varied. Some tracks, such as "She'll Drive the Big Car", were written more conventionally while others, such as "Looking for Water", were fashioned using a series of loops over a melody. The length of time to write the songs also varied. "Fall Dog Bombs the Moon" was written in only 30 minutes, while "Bring Me the Disco King" was written in 1992 and originally intended to appear on "Black Tie White Noise" (1993). It was re-recorded for potential release on "Earthling" and finally completed for "Reality". One of the first songs tracked was "Reality", which would become the title of the new album.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Recording for "Reality" took place at Looking Glass Studios in New York City, where "Earthling" (1997) and "Hours" (1999) were recorded. Whereas the mountainous Allaire Studios influenced the recording for "Heathen", the urban New York City served as an influence on the new material. The sessions commenced in early January 2003. Bowie opted to use Looking Glass's smaller Studio B, which Visconti was renting out on a semi-permanent basis, rather than the more spacious Studio A in order to have, in Visconti's words, a "real tight New York sound". The studio was within close distance to Bowie's New York apartment, and his familiarity with the studio corresponded to relatively easy-going eight-hour working days, which ran five days a week.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: The personnel for the record mostly consisted of Bowie's then-touring band: Earl Slick and Gerry Leonard on guitar, Mark Plati on guitar and bass, Mike Garson on piano, and Sterling Campbell on drums; live bassist Gail Ann Dorsey and multi-instrumentalist Catherine Russell only contributed backing vocals. overdubs were provided by "Heathen" guitarist David Torn, who mainly provided "atmospheres", as well as lead on "New Killer Star"; drummer Matt Chamberlain, who played on "Bring Me the Disco King" and "Fly"; and longtime Bowie guitarist Carlos Alomar, who played on "Fly".


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Bowie arrived with four to five home demos he had prepared, although these were basic; he told "Sound on Sound": "I don't want my home to be taken over by the recording process. I'm very wary of that. I really saved everything for working over at Looking Glass." Bowie, Visconti and assistant engineer Mario J. McNulty initially worked on demos before the entire band arrived. Visconti stated that many of these demo parts ended up in the final mixes: "I always record things carefully in the first place, because I know we're not going to redo them, and so a lot of the demo parts ended up on the final version." As a result, Visconti's bass playing appeared in the final mixes of tracks such as "New Killer Star", "The Loneliest Guy", "Days" and "Fall Dog Bombs the Moon". McNulty's percussion on "Fall Dog Bombs the Moon" was also retained for the final mix.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Similar to "Heathen", Bowie played many instruments himself, including guitar, saxophone, Stylophone and keyboards, although Garson played prominently on "The Loneliest Guy" and "Bring Me the Disco King". One of Bowie's synthesisers was a Korg Trinity, while one of his guitars was a recently-purchased and restored white 1956 Supro Dual Tone. Visconti described the ending result as a guitar that "was never meant to sound so good". Like previous releases, bass, percussion and rhythm guitar parts were recorded live first, followed by vocals and overdubs; Bowie, Plati and Campbell primarily played to click tracks from the demos. According to biographer Chris O'Leary, the backing tracks were recorded from January and February, with overdubs tracked from March to May. Visconti also brought back an old-fashioned 16-track analogue method of recording previously used on "Heathen". Eight tracks were yielded after the initial eight-day session. Bowie revealed on his website in April that he had written 16 tracks, eight of which he was "mad for".


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: After guitar overdubs were completed, Bowie and Visconti realised the drum tracks lacked the ambience and impact of "Heathen"s, which they attributed to the studio. As such, the two travelled to Allaire and played the tracks back through the speakers, thereby capturing the ambience found on "Heathen". As a result, the drum ambience is found sporadically throughout "Reality", particularly on the cover of the Modern Lovers' "Pablo Picasso" and "Looking for Water". Bowie recorded three separate vocal tracks for each track – one after the rhythm tracks were completed, another midway through the sessions, and the final during mixing. Although most tracks featured a single vocal take, some were stitched together from different ones. Bowie's vocals had also improved greatly having recently quit smoking; as such, his voice regained, according to Visconti, "at least five semitones". The sessions concluded in late May 2003.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Mixing for "Reality" also took place at Looking Glass. Bowie mostly entrusted Visconti to the mixing as he longer found a desire to contribute. Although he intended to use Studio A, Visconti instead used Studio B as both he and Bowie were satisfied with the latter's mixing boards. Similar to "Heathen", Visconti created both a standard stereo and 5.1 mix for release on SACD formats, which was made at Studio A. Of the 5.1 mix, Visconti said:


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: Compared to its predecessor "Heathen", the music on "Reality" is mostly straightforward rock and pop rock, which was the result of Bowie's desire to create a set of songs that could be played live. Jeff Giles of "Ultimate Classic Rock" acknowledged it as containing a "more direct, aggressive sound" compared to "Heathen". Consisting of mostly original compositions, the album includes two cover songs: the Modern Lovers' "Pablo Picasso" and George Harrison's "Try Some, Buy Some". Both were originally slated for Bowie's never-recorded "Pin Ups 2" album, a planned follow-up to his 1973 collection of cover versions "Pin Ups". Regarding the two tracks' placement on "Reality", author James E. Perone writes that they match the album's autobiographical tones compared to other covers Bowie made throughout his career, which were more often chosen for similar musical styles. Other covers recorded during the sessions included the Kinks' "Waterloo Sunset" and Sigue Sigue Sputnik's "Love Missile F1-11". Biographer Nicholas Pegg calls Bowie's rendition of "Waterloo Sunset" "a faithful, affectionate cover of an eternally wonderful song". On the lyrics, Perone states that the album's principle sub-theme is that of "how one grapples with the aging process". O'Leary draws comparisons to "The Man Who Sold the World" (1970), in that its subjects are "extreme", from a "gluttonous rock star vampire" to various diminished figures.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: As the opening track, "New Killer Star" recalls the "gentle beginnings" of "Heathen" before erupting into a groove. Pegg compares its guitar style to Bowie's own "Diamond Dogs" (1974) and "Never Let Me Down" (1987), as well as Blur's "Think Tank" (2003). Lyrically, the song depicts the emotional and physical scarring of New York City following the September 11 attacks, with lines such as "See the great white scar over Battery Park" acknowledging the 9/11 tragedy. Bowie stated that the lyrics reflected New York at that moment in time rather than a specific reaction to the attacks. O'Leary compares its disconnected details to that of the "shell-shocked narrator" in "Time Will Crawl" (1987). Meanwhile, Pegg states that the second verse's juxtaposition of the real versus the fake establishes a common theme throughout the entire album.


title: Reality (David Bowie album)

text: "Pablo Picasso" was written by Jonathan Richman and originally recorded by the Modern Lovers in 1972 and released on their eponymous studio album in 1976. On covering it, Bowie explained: "I just salvaged this one from the past because I always thought it was a fantastically funny lyric". Wanting to put a contemporary spin on it, Bowie changed the lyrics and used new chords. As such, his version is a more upbeat, rockier version compared to the minimalist original, but nevertheless remains tongue-in-cheek. Visconti's production utilises a wall of synthesisers against bursts of guitar and energetic percussion.