title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Institutions such as Bank of America,Standard Chartered Bank, Hongkong & Shanghai Bank Corporation Ltd, Citibank NA, Barclays Bank, Deutsche Bank, and JPMorgan Chase Bank National Association have set up IFSC Banking Units (IBUs) in GIFT city,Gujarat.By January 2021, the total banking transactions already reached $51 billion at GIFT IFSC. With GIFT City offering opportunities to foreign banks to book India-linked offshore businesses, more players are setting foot in Gujarat.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: In fiscal year 2021-22, Gujarat's merchandise exports hit a record level of over 12,700 Crore INR (nearly $127 Billion) a highest in the country.The major merchandise exports from Gujarat during the year 2021 were:


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Regular compilation of district-wise export data has been started from April 2021. India’s top 30 districts of exports along with top 5 exported commodities during the period April-September 2021-22 and the products/services identified with export potential are given below:


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: This information was given by the Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Smt. Anupriya Patel, in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Article 246 of the Indian Constitution, distributes legislative powers including taxation, between the Parliament of India and the State Legislature.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: The constitution does not have provision for the central government and the States to have concurrent power of taxation. The tables below lists the thirteen taxes to be levied by the Central government and nineteen taxes by States including Gujarat.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: The tax came into effect from 1 July 2017 through the implementation of the One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Indian government. The GST replaced existing multiple taxes levied by the central and state governments.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: It an indirect tax (or consumption tax) used on the supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax: comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes. Multi-staged as it is, the GST is imposed at every step in the production process, but is meant to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer and as a destination-based tax, it is collected from point of consumption and not point of origin like previous taxes.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Energy is an essential building block in the economic development of Gujarat . In an effort to meet the demands of rapid industrialization, the energy sector of Gujarat has undergone significant growth in past few years. Areas like resource exploration, capacity additions and sectoral reforms have been revolutionized. The energy sector can be categorized primarily in to Power, Oil & Gas respectively. The power sector includes generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The power sector has grown considerably over the years and is able to support infrastructure development in the state. As far as oil & gas sector is concerned, the state has major contribution in areas of exploration & production, LNG terminal infrastructure, pipeline networks, refining, petro marketing and city gas distribution.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Electricity generation for the state of Gujarat is handled by the Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited. The major distributors of electricity in Gujarat are Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Ltd., Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Ltd., Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. and Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Ltd.. These institutions are subsidiaries of Guvnl with the transmission of electricity of handled by Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: The total installed capacity of Gujarat is 42208 MegaWatt (MW). Most of the electricity in Gujarat is generated through coal. Hydropower is the second largest means of producing electricity in the state. Gujarat also has significant installed capacities of Natural Gas, Renewables and Nuclear power plants. As of 2021-22, the share of electricity generated through coal stands at 16302 MW with a percentage share of 40 percent. The share of Hydropower is at 41 percentage with a capacity of 16588 MW. The contribution of Natural gas stands at 16 percent with a capacity of 6587 MW. The installed capacity of Renewable energy is 2 percent with a capacity of 772 MW. Finally, 559 MW is capacitated by Nuclear Power having a share of 1 percentage.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: As of March 31, 2022 the installed capacity of Renewable Energy sources of Gujarat is 13578 MW. The installed capacity of Wind energy stands at 6662 MW, Solar energy has an installed capacity of 6717 MW and other Renewable sources stand at 199 MW.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Currently, the state of Gujarat has an installed Nuclear Power capacity of 559 MW. The only Nuclear power plant in Gujarat is the Kakrapar Atomic Power Station.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: The two existing units at the Kakrapar atomic power station feature pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR) of 220MW capacity each. As of May 2020, unit one of the Kakrapar atomic power station generated 30,683 million units of electricity while unit two produced 32,442 million units


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: India's first world heritage city, Ahemdabad, is in Gujarat. Gujarat is the sixth largest state in India, located in the western part of India, with a coastline of (the longest in India). It is one of the most popular states in the country, with an annual footfall of 19.81 million tourists in 2010–11. Gujarat offers scenic beauty from Great Rann of Kutch to the hills of Saputara. It is the world's sole home of pure Asiatic lions.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: During the Sultanate reign, Hindu craftsmanship mixed with Islamic architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: It is also the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the great iconic figures of India's Independence movement.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: Amitabh Bachchan is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism. The ‘Khushboo Gujarat Ki' campaign by Amitabh Bachchan has grown tourism in Gujarat by 14 per cent, twice the national growth rate.


title: Economy of Gujarat

text: The "Statue of Unity" has emerged as a major tourist destination in Gujarat. It attracted average 15,036 visitors in the month of November, 2019.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: John Anthony Silver (born June 4, 1991) is an American professional wrestler, currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a member of The Dark Order. He is the current BTE Champion in his second reign. He is also known for his work with Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), where he was a one-time CZW World Heavyweight Champion, and for his tag team with Alex Reynolds – known as The Beaver Boys, the duo were one-time CZW World Tag Team Champions and one-time PWG World Tag Team Champions.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver was trained by Mikey Whipwreck and made his debut in 2007, primarily appearing for the New York Wrestling Connection (NYWC).


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On May 1, 2011, at a CZW Wired television taping, Silver made his debut for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), in a defeat to Dalton Castle. He did not appear for the promotion again until two years later.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On May 11, 2013, at Proving Grounds, Silver returned to CZW, alongside his tag team partner in New York Wrestling Connection, Alex Reynolds. The two men, known as the Beaver Boys, faced CZW World Tag Team Champions BLK-OUT (BLK Jeez and Ruckus) in a losing effort. On July 13, at New Heights, the Beaver Boys got their first win in CZW by defeating 4Loco (Azrieal and Bandido Jr.). However, 4Loco got their win back a month later, at Tangled Web. On December 14, at Cage of Death XV, the Beaver Boys defeated The Colony (Fire Ant and Green Ant) in a #1 contendership match for the World Tag Team Championship.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On January 11, 2014, at Answering the Challenge, the Beaver Boys won the World Tag Team Championship, defeating BLK-OUT. Their first title defence was against Murderer's Row (formerly 4Loco; Azrieal and Bandido Jr.) on February 8, at CZW's 15th Anniversary Show. Their second title defence was against The Front (Jaka and Sozio) on March 3, at High Stakes. On April 27, at CZW to Infinity, the Beaver Boys were defeated by Juicy Product (J. T. Dunn and David Starr), ending their reign at 106 days. Following this, the Beaver Boys began feuding with Juicy Product, and lost their rematch to them a month later, at Proving Grounds. They had two other chances to regain the titles in four-way and three-way matches involving OI4K (Dave Crist and Jake Crist) and Team Tremendous (Bill Carr and Dan Barry), but were unsuccessful. It was not until Cage of Death XVI that they won a tag team match, when they defeated Team Tremendous.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On January 11, 2014, at To Live Is To Die, Team Tremendous defeated the Beaver Boys, by disqualification. The next month, at CZW Sixteen: An Ultraviolent Anniversary, Silver teamed with Rex Lawless-Silver and Chuck Taylor-Silver, defeating Team Tremendous and Dick Justice in a six-man tag team tables elimination match. On March 14, at Deja Vu, Silver unsuccessfully challenged Joe Gacy in a singles match for his Wired Championship. On May 9, at Proving Grounds, The Beaver Boys returned in a successful effort over Bill Carr and his new tag team partner, Buxx Belmar. On July 11, at New Heights, the Beaver Boys were involved in a four-way matches with champions OI4K, the Young Bucks and a reunited Team Tremendous, with the latter winning the match. On October 10, at Tangled Web, the feud was ended in a rematch for the titles, in which the Beaver Boys lost.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: In 2016, Silver began a singles career, but only featured for the promotion twice, firstly, in a defeat to Tim Donst at Prelude to Violence, and secondly, in a defeat to Lio Rush, in a Wired Championship title match at The Boss is Back. He returned to the promotion almost a year later, on August 5, 2017, at Once in a Lifetime, in a defeat to Maxwell Jacob Friedman, once again for the Wired Championship. On September 9, at Down With The Sickness, Silver won his first singles match in three years, defeating David Starr. On October 14, at The Wolf of Wrestling, Silver was involved in a four-way match, with Space Monkey, Trey Miguel and eventual winner J. T. Dunn.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On November 11, 2017, at Night of Infamy, the Beaver Boys faced The REP (Dave McCall and Nate Carter) in a tag team match, and their first since December 2015. Silver appeared in the next match involving CZW World Heavyweight Champion Shane Strickland and his challenger Joe Gacy, making the save on Strickland while dealing with Gacy's henchmen. He unmasked one of them, which happened to be Reynolds, effectively breaking up the Beaver Boys. On December 9, at Cage of Death 19, Silver attacked Reynolds and Dan Barry (the other wrestler who was unmasked at Night of Infamy), during their four-way tag team match for the CZW World Tag Team Championship distracting Barry for The REP to win the match.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver began 2018 by continuing his feud with Reynolds. On February 23, at Greetings from Asbury Park, Silver lost to Reynolds in a singles match. On July 28, at New Heights, Silver was about to face a mystery opponent, when Reynolds came to the ring and announced that Matt Riddle was the one to take on Silver. After Silver pinned Riddle to win the match, the two men shook hands, until Reynolds ambushed Silver, before he was quickly laid out by Riddle. On August 11, at Business as Usual, Reynolds chose Myron Reed as Silver's opponent in the Pick Your Poison match; Silver defeated Reed at the event. Later, Silver used the same stipulation on Reynolds and chose Trent Barreta as his opponent, which Reynolds ended up winning. The feud culminated on September 8, at Down with the Sickness, where Silver defeated Reynolds in a ladder match.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On April 13, 2019 at Best of the Best 18, Silver defeated Fred Yehi, Gary Jay, and Kris Statlander in a four-way quarter-final match, by forcing Jay to tap out. In the semi-final, he faced Jordan Oliver (although Oliver's Wired Championship was not on the line), defeating him with an inverted backbreaker. In the final, Silver faced the previous year's winner, David Starr. He won the tournament as well as the CZW World Heavyweight Championship. Following the match, Silver and owner D. J. Hyde were laid out, and the Best of the Best trophy was destroyed by Anthony Gangone and other wrestlers from House of Glory. His first defense of the title came on May 11 at Tangled Web 10, against former champion Matt Tremont. On September 13, at Down with the Sickness, Silver was defeated by Gacy, in a three-way match also involving Claxton, which ended his reign at 153 days. From October to December, he was involved in a series of matches with Claxton. The two men traded wins over each other at To Hell and Back and Cage of Death XXI.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver has worked as enhancement talent for WWE on three occasions. On June 17, 2012, at No Way Out, Silver, under the ring name Rob Grymes, and alongside Dan Delaney (Danilo Anfibio, now a WWE referee), wrestled in a two-on-one handicap match with Ryback. On the March 28, 2018 episode of "NXT" (taped March 7), Silver was defeated by Lars Sullivan. On the September 10, 2019 episode of "SmackDown", Silver, under the modified ring name Johnny Silver, teamed with Alex Reynolds (as Alex Keaton), in a match at Madison Square Garden with Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker), where he took the pin.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: In early 2012, Silver debuted, under a mask, as a member of "Gekido", a violent outsider stable, led by the villainous 13, who were coming to Chikara to challenge Mike Quackenbush and other top babyfaces. In storyline, three of the members, alternately known as "The Swarm", were evil ants, mocking the popular trio of ant heroes known as "The Colony". These three were said to be failed students of Chikara's Wrestle Factory school, who had instead turned to the mysterious 13, who taught decidedly less honorable and scrupulous techniques, to finish their training. Silver's character, "The Shard", was another student of 13, who was also meant to be an evil, mocking doppelganger of Chikara's popular Jigsaw, just as 13 himself was an evil, mocking doppelganger of Quackenbush.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: After feuding with Chikara's top heroes for months, the war eventually got out of hand, as Quackenbush started injuring the Gekido members, trying to exact revenge for them injuring wrestlers to begin with. This didn't sit well with Jigsaw, and he ultimately turned on Quackenbush, instead teaming with his own doppelganger Shard. Their team would eventually be dubbed "The Pieces of Hate", and they would have much success. This success culminated in winning the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas tag team championships, at the June 2013 event . They would go on to retain the titles for over a year, throughout the entirety of an elaborate storyline that saw the company "close down" and splinter off into various satellite promotions. They eventually lost the belts to the popular team of The Throwbacks in July 2014.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: They continued to team together afterwards, both part of a much larger Mega-Faction known as "The Flood", a stable made up of various heel stables from Chikara's history (as well as new members). They represented "The Flood" at Chikara's signature King of Trios event in September 2014, teaming with Gekido leader 13. During their first round match against the colorful "Knight Eye for the Pirate Guy" tandem, however, after being confronted by his real-life brother Jolly Roger for his recently evil ways, Jigsaw ultimately walked out on his Gekido partners, contributing to them losing in the second round. The Shard continued to operate as a member of "The Flood" until November 2014, when, as the result of a loss, he was "killed" by the monstrous Flood leader Deucalion.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver would appear one final time for Chikara, years later in late 2018, unmasked and under his regular name, as a member of "Team Beyond", representing the promotion Beyond Wrestling, on the winning side of a 7-on-7 Cibernetico elimination match.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On February 27, 2015 at From Out Of Nowhere, the Beaver Boys made their debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), as heels, in a defeat to Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent?). On April 3, at Don't Sweat The Technique, they were defeated by then-PWG World Tag Team Champions, World's Cutest Tag Team (Candice LeRae and Joey Ryan) in a non-title match. On May 22, they took part in PWG's ninth, and final, edition of the Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. In the first round, they defeated Team Tremendous (Bill Carr and Dan Barry), and in the semi-final, they won the World Tag Team Championship by defeating Monster Mafia (Ethan Page and Josh Alexander), who had beaten World's Cutest Tag Team earlier that night. Their first and only defence of the title was in the final, where they were defeated by Andrew Everett and Trevor Lee. On June 26 at Mystery Vortex III: Rock And Shock The Nation, Silver's only singles match for the company came in a defeat to Brian Cage.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver and Alex Reynolds made their debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), on the October 16, 2019 episode of "AEW Dynamite", losing to Santana and Ortiz. On the October 30 episode of "Dynamite", they and Q. T. Marshall were defeated by Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent?) and Orange Cassidy. On the December 10 episode of "Dark", Silver and Reynolds were defeated by the Jurassic Express (Luchasaurus and Marko Stunt). The following night on "Dynamite", after Reynolds lost to Jon Moxley, later in the episode, they were shown in a vignette with The Dark Order spokesman communicating to Reynolds through the hotel television. Silver entered the room and asked Reynolds who he was talking to, but he could not say. On the December 18 episode of "Dynamite", Silver and Reynolds aligned themselves with The Dark Order.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On the February 19 edition of AEW Dynamite Silver and Reynolds were entered into a 20 man Tag Team Battle Royal however both members suffered quick elimination from the match by a double clothesline from Frankie Kazarian. Silver and Reynolds stayed at ringside using a distraction from the Dark Order ringside spokesman to eliminate SoCalUncensored from the match continuing the build to towards the Exalted One Brodie Lee's arrival. On the March 4 episode of Dynamite, Silver suffered another loss while teaming with fellow Dark Order members Reynolds, Stu Greyson and Evil Uno against SCU and future Dark Order supporter Colt Cabana. Silver and Reynolds primarily appeared on AEW Dark following their 8 man tag team loss being defeated on both May 20 & Jun 11 to The Nightmare Family's Dustin Rhodes & Q. T. Marshall and the newly formed team of Joey Janela & Sonny Kiss.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On the July 2 installment of AEW Dark Silver and Reynolds alongside #5 Alan Angels defeated Joe Alonzo, Shawn Dean & Will Hobbs in a 6 man tag team match marking their first win as members of The Dark Order. Silver and Reynolds suffered another loss on July 16 against "Best Friends" on AEW Dark. On August 5 Silver and Reynolds faced Cody Rhodes and Matt Cardona in a tag team match on AEW Dynamite. Although controlling a majority of the match, Silver was knocked to the floor by Rhodes allowing Cardona to pick up the victory by pinning Reynolds.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On August 12 Silver scored his second win as a member of The Dark Order this time teaming with Reynolds and Colt Cabana on AEW Dark against  D3, Faboo Andre & Ryzin. The following night on AEW Dynamite, Silver and Reynolds suffered yet another loss this time teaming with #5 Alan Angels in a losing effort to The Elite The Young Bucks & Kenny Omega.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: The team's third win came on the September 2nd episode of dark after defeating Brandon Bullock & Shawn Dean in tag team competition.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On September 5, 2020 Silver apace with Reynolds made their Pay Per View debut's at AEW All Out in Jacksonville, Florida. Accompanied to the Ring by #5 & #10, Silver and Reynolds fell short to Private Party Marq Quen & Isiah Kassidy to open the show. Silver again gained victory staging with Reynolds, Evil Uno and Stu Grayson to defeat Gunn Club and Private Party. On the September 24th edition of AEW Dark, Silver made his singles debut defeating Q. T. Marshall.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On October 7 and 14 Silver and Reynolds teamed with #10 and gain two decisive victories for The Dark Order.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Alongside Reynolds, Silver suffered defeat in a four way tag team match on AEW Dynamite on October 21 to The Young Bucks. The following week on Dark, Silver joined #10 Preston Vance and Colt Cabana to defeat Cezar Bononi, Fuego Del Sol & Shawn Dean in a six man tag team match. The trio looked to replicate the win on the November 4 AEW Dynamite but came short losing to Cody Rhodes & Gunn Club.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: At AEW Full Gear 2020, John Silver made his singles debut on pay per view losing to Orange Cassidy in just under 10 minutes.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver rejoined Reynolds on the November 18 edition of AEW Dark to gain another victory this time over Aaron Solow & Lee Johnson. On November 25 Silver lost a singles match to "Hangman" Adam Page, following his defeat The Dark Order extended a formal invitation towards Page to join the dark order. On December 2 episode of AEW Dynamite Silver and Reynolds both participated in the Dynamite Diamond Battle Royal which was won by Maxwell Jacob Friedman. On the December 16 edition of AEW Dynamite Reynolds and Silver teamed with "Hangman" Adam Page in a losing effort to face Isiah Kassidy, Marq Quen & Matt Hardy.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On December 23 Silver and Reynolds scored another victory over Shawn Dean and Tyson Maddux in tag team competition.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: On December 30 AEW held Brodie Lee's Celebration Of Life on AEW Dynamite. Silver accompanied each The Dark Order member to the ring prior to their match as well as gain a tribute victory to Mr Brodie Lee while teaming with Reynolds and "Hangman" Adam Page against Inner Circle members Proud and Powerful (Santana & Ortiz) and Maxwell Jacob Friedman. Silver finished the match pinning Ortiz after a discus lariat in homage to Brodie Lee. Following the match Erick Redbeard joined the trio in celebration of their late friend's passing. Silver finished 2020 with an overall record of nine wins and thirteen losses under The Dark Order Banner placing him 51st out of 2020's active AEW Roster.


title: John Silver (wrestler)

text: Silver was suspected to have suffered a dislocated shoulder in a main event title match against AEW TNT Champion Darby Allin on the March 25th episode of AEW Dynamite; It was confirmed the next day by Silver on his twitter account. His timetable for return was listed at 4-6 weeks.


title: Amarula

text: Amarula is a cream liqueur from South Africa. It is made with sugar, cream and the fruit of the African marula tree ("Sclerocarya birrea") which is also locally called the elephant tree or the marriage tree. It has an alcohol content of 17% by volume (34 proof). It has had some success at international spirit ratings competitions, winning a gold medal at the 2009 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. It has the taste of slightly fruity caramel.


title: Amarula

text: Amarula was first marketed by Southern Liqueur Company of South Africa (the current trademark owners and wholly owned subsidiary of Distell Group Limited) as a liqueur in September 1989, the Amarula spirit having been launched in 1983.


title: Amarula

text: African bush elephants enjoy eating the fruit of the marula tree. Because of the marula tree's association with elephants, the distiller has made them its symbol and supports elephant conservation efforts, co-funding the Amarula Elephant Research Programme at the University of Natal, Durban. For marketing efforts, it produces elephant-themed collectible items.


title: Amarula

text: The brand supports elephant research to protect elephants and conserve the population. In 2002, the Amarula Elephant Research Program (AERP) was launched under the direction of Rob Slotow, a professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa. This primarily researches the way of life, the range of movement and the behavior of the African elephant with the aim of protecting the habitat of the elephants and securing their future in the wild.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The Sino-British Joint Declaration is a treaty between the governments of the United Kingdom and China signed in 1984 setting the conditions in which Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese control and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Hong Kong had been a colony of the British Empire since 1842 after the First Opium War and its territory was expanded on two occasions; first in 1860 with the addition of Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island, and again in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease for the New Territories. The date of the handover in 1997 marked the end of this lease.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The Chinese government declared in the treaty its basic policies for governing Hong Kong after the transfer. A special administrative region would be established in the territory that would be self-governing with a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign affairs and defence. Hong Kong would maintain its existing governing and economic systems separate from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems". This blueprint would be elaborated on in the Hong Kong Basic Law (the post-handover regional constitution) and the central government's policies for the territory were to remain unchanged for a period of 50 years after 1997.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: China has stated since 2014 that it considers the treaty to be spent with no further legal effect, while the United Kingdom maintains that the document remains binding in operation. Following China's 2020 imposition of national security legislation on Hong Kong and a 2021 National People's Congress decision to approve a rework of local election laws that reduces the number of regional legislature seats elected by the public, the UK has declared China as being in a "state of ongoing non-compliance" with the Joint Declaration.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Hong Kong became a British colony in 1842 after the Qing dynasty's defeat in the First Opium War. The territory initially consisted only of Hong Kong Island and was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in 1860 after another Qing loss in the Second Opium War.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: After this addition, the British government resisted calls by colonial officials and merchants for further expansion into China, deciding to cease territorial acquisitions in the area. However, as Germany, Japan, and Russia coerced China into granting concessions in the late 1890s, Britain considered another expansion of Hong Kong to bolster the colony's defence against attack from these other great powers. When France obtained a lease for Guangzhouwan, only 210 miles away from Hong Kong, Britain entered into negotiations with the Qing to acquire the New Territories as a compensatory concession. The British negotiator considered the 99-year lease term to be sufficiently suggestive that the ceded area would be a permanent cession, which was granted rent-free.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Hong Kong Governor Frederick Lugard first proposed renegotiating the lease as a formal cession in 1909 in return for restoring Weihaiwei to China. Although the Colonial and Foreign Offices considered this, the plan was never brought to the Chinese government before Weihaiwei was transferred to the Republic of China in 1930. Alternate plans that involved offering China a substantial loan and settling land disputes on the Burmese border were suggested, but these ideas similarly did not progress past discussion. The start of the Second World War and ensuing Japanese occupation of Hong Kong stifled further debate on obtaining a cession. The British government initially prepared for the possibility of having to relinquish Hong Kong after the war, but moved towards retaining the colony over the course of the conflict. Hong Kong returned to British control in 1945.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: In the immediate post-war period, the Nationalist government continued this dialogue with the British about the future of Hong Kong, which included discussions of a full retrocession and proposals of turning the colony into an international city. However, communist victory in the Chinese Civil War made a transfer of Hong Kong to the Nationalists an increasingly unlikely scenario, and the status quo was maintained.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Although communist troops marched up to the border with Hong Kong, they did not try to forcefully take the colony. Initial engagement between the colonial and new Chinese authorities were largely friendly and cooperative. While it was clear that the long-term goal of the communists was to absorb the territory, they chose to take no action on the issue in the near-term. The Chinese were content with the political status of the colony for the time being so long as no efforts were made to introduce democratic development in the territory; they were simply hostile to the idea of a potentially independent Hong Kong. In 1972, China successfully petitioned the United Nations to remove Hong Kong from its list of non-self-governing territories, and declared that the colony was a "Chinese territory under British administration". The United Kingdom did not raise any objections to this and the local population did not think the move was significant, but the implication of this change was that Communist China alone would determine the territory's future, excluding the people of Hong Kong.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Post-war Hong Kong experienced rapid economic growth through the 1950s as it industrialised into a manufacturing-based export economy. This development continued through the following decades bolstered by a strong trading network, robust banking and financial systems, and an educated and growing workforce supplemented by continuing immigration from mainland China. As the Cultural Revolution embroiled mainland China beginning in 1966, local communists in Hong Kong started a series of demonstrations against colonial rule that escalated into the 1967 Hong Kong riots. However, the disturbances never gained local support and the subsequent restoration of public order conversely resulted in the colonial government achieving increased popularity among the territory's residents. By the late 1970s, Hong Kong had become one of the largest trading ports and financial centers in the world.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Local investors began expressing their concern in the mid-1970s over the long-term viability of continued real estate investment. The colonial government could not legally grant new land leases in the New Territories past 1997 and needed to resolve the uncertainty with the Chinese government. During an official visit to Beijing in March 1979, Governor Murray MacLehose raised the issue with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping. MacLehose suggested setting aside the 1997 date for land leases and replacing those contracts with ones that were valid for as long as British administration continued in the colony. Deng rejected this suggestion, but he informed the governor that while sovereignty over Hong Kong belonged to China, the territory held a special status that would continue to be respected. MacLehose informed the public that further investment would be safe. Market reaction was optimistic; stock valuations rose and further investment in real estate boosted the value of Hong Kong's land to the highest in the world.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Just before the start of formal negotiations with China over Hong Kong, Parliament enacted a major reform of British nationality law – the British Nationality Act 1981. Prior to the passage of this Act, all citizens of the British Empire (including Hongkongers) held a common nationality. Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) previously had the unrestricted right to enter and live in the UK until 1962, although non-white immigration was systemically discouraged. Immigration from the colonies and other Commonwealth countries was gradually restricted by Parliament from 1962 to 1971 amid decolonisation, when British subjects originating from outside of the British Islands first had immigration controls imposed on them when entering the UK. The 1981 Act reclassified CUKCs into different nationality groups based on their ancestry and birthplace, and the vast majority of British subjects in Hong Kong became British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs) with right of abode only in Hong Kong. Only those reclassified as British citizens held an automatic right to live in the United Kingdom.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Formal negotiations began in September 1982 with the arrival of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Hong Kong Governor Edward Youde in Beijing to meet with Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang and paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. In the initial phase of negotiations from October 1982 to June 1983, the main point of contention was the issue of sovereignty.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The goals of the Chinese government were made clear from the beginning of the process. China would resume both sovereignty and administration over Hong Kong in 1997. It would do this by force if necessary, but preferred to keep the territory's socioeconomic climate stable to maximize the economic benefits it could reap from the transfer. Its proposed plan was to establish a special administrative region in the territory that would be governed by local residents and to maintain the existing structures of government and economy in place for as long as 50 years. Constitutional arrangements had already been made to implement this plan and the Chinese would not accept anything less than a full reversion of Hong Kong.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: During her first visit to Beijing, Thatcher asserted the continuing validity of British treaty rights for the sovereignty of Hong Kong. The British began negotiations believing that they could secure an extension of the New Territories lease while retaining sovereignty of the ceded areas. Although the UK had just successfully defended its hold on the Falkland Islands in a war against Argentina, Hong Kong's proximity to mainland China made a military defence of the territory impossible. Thatcher later recounted that Deng had told her directly "I could walk in and take the whole lot this afternoon," to which she replied, "There is nothing I could do to stop you, but the eyes of the world would now know what China is like."


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The Chinese pushed back against the assertion of sovereignty rights and insisted that it was not bound by the 19th-century unequal treaties that ceded Hong Kong to the UK. Even if the two sides had agreed on the binding nature of the Treaty of Nanking and Convention of Peking, the vast majority of the colony's land still would have reverted to China at the conclusion of the New Territories lease. Because most of the territory's industry was developed there, separating the leased area and returning only that part of the colony to China was economically and logistically infeasible. Negotiations were stalled until Britain conceded that it would relinquish sovereignty over the entire territory.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: In the second phase of negotiations, the British attempted to negotiate an extension of their administration in Hong Kong past 1997 in exchange for their acknowledgement of Chinese sovereignty. This was again soundly rejected by the Chinese as unacceptable. The continued stalled state of negotiations precipitated a drop in investor confidence, causing a sharp decline in local property values that culminated with the crash of the Hong Kong dollar's value on Black Saturday in September 1983.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The talks were entirely conducted without meaningful input from the people of Hong Kong. Early in the process, British officials had used the analogy of a "three-legged stool" to describe a scenario where Hong Kong was party to the negotiations with Britain and China. The Chinese government dismissed this idea, claiming that it already represented the interests of the people of Hong Kong. Local residents were apprehensive about the prospect of being handed over to Chinese rule and overwhelmingly preferred that Hong Kong remain a British territory; contemporary opinion polls show that 85 per cent of residents favoured this option. The Foreign Office rejected holding a general referendum on the future of the colony due to vehement opposition from the Chinese and because it assumed that educating the public on the complexity of the issue would be too difficult. Although the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils had repeatedly petitioned the British negotiators to insist on continued administration for as long as possible, they were ultimately unsuccessful. By November 1983, the British accepted that they would have no further authority over Hong Kong after 1997.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Negotiations in 1984 centred on nationality and the role of the Joint Liaison Group. British negotiators and Hong Kong Executive Council members wanted to ensure the continued status of Hongkongers as British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs) after the transfer of sovereignty, but the Chinese would not allow this and even demanded that further granting of BDTC status be halted immediately. Although there were debates in the British Parliament on granting all residents British Overseas citizenship that could be transferred to children for up to two generations after 1997, this was not implemented and the Joint Declaration instead provided for a new status to be created. The Chinese initially wanted the Joint Liaison Group to act as an oversight committee during the transition period of administering Hong Kong up to the handover date. At the insistence of Governor Youde and Executive Council members, the group was limited in its scope to be strictly advisory.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: A bilateral working group was created in June 1984 to draft the text of the treaty and its annexes. This was completed in three months, and on 26 September 1984, a draft copy of the Joint Declaration was initialed by British Ambassador to China Richard Evans and Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhou Nan. The final version was signed on 19 December 1984 by Prime Minister Thatcher and Premier Zhao in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing; the treaty came into force when instruments of ratification were exchanged on 27 May 1985 and was registered at the United Nations by both governments on 12 June 1985.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The Joint Declaration consists of its main text, Annex I elaborating the Chinese government's basic policies for Hong Kong, Annex II concerning plans for the Sino–British Joint Liaison Group, Annex III explaining protections for land leases granted by the colonial government, and two memoranda from each party describing transitional nationality arrangements for local residents.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: In the main text of the treaty, the Chinese government declared its intention to resume the exercise of its sovereignty over the entire area of Hong Kong (including the ceded areas of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula, as well as the leased New Territories) on 1 July 1997 and the British government agreed to transfer control of the territory on that date. China stated its basic policies for administering the returned area; it would establish a special administrative region that would be autonomous in governing local affairs. The economic, social, governing, and legal systems would remain basically unchanged from as they existed under colonial administration. Hong Kong would remain a separate customs territory with free flow of capital. Civil and property rights would remain protected after the transfer of sovereignty. During the transition period from the date the treaty came into force until 30 June 1997, the United Kingdom would continue to be responsible for administering Hong Kong with the objective of maintaining its economic prosperity and social stability.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The first annex of the treaty elaborates on the Chinese government's basic policies for Hong Kong. There are 14 policies listed in Annex I, providing a framework under which the post-handover government would be established. This part of the Joint Declaration provides for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty. Executive, legislative, and judicial powers would be devolved by the central government to the special administrative region, which is given a "high degree of autonomy" in exercising those powers in all areas except for defence and diplomatic affairs. The region retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. Socialism as practised in mainland China would not be extended to Hong Kong and the territory's capitalist economy and the civil liberties of its residents (such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion) would be protected and remain unchanged for 50 years.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The territory would be allowed to maintain its separate financial markets; the Hong Kong dollar remains the regional currency. In the areas of civil aviation and maritime shipping, Hong Kong would continue as a separate entity from the mainland. Education and the maintenance of public order would be the regional government's responsibility. Right of abode in Hong Kong and immigration matters remain separate from mainland China, and the region could issue its own passports. All of these policies would be further detailed in the Hong Kong Basic Law, which would stipulate the framework in which the new special administrative region would function.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The second annex of the treaty provided for the establishment of the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group, consisting of diplomats from both governments, to facilitate ongoing dialogue for the implementation of the Joint Declaration and a smooth transfer of government. This group was strictly intended to be a channel of close communication for both parties and did not have authority to supervise or participate in the administration of the territory. The Joint Liaison Group was given two specific objectives during the period between its establishment and the transfer of sovereignty. In the first half of this period, it would consider actions necessary to maintain Hong Kong's status as a separate customs territory and ensure continuity of its international rights and obligations. During the second half leading up to the handover, the Liaison Group would consider actions needed to ensure a successful transition in 1997 and assist the incoming regional government in developing relations and agreements with other countries and international organisations for economic and cultural purposes. The mandate for this group ended on 1 January 2000.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The third annex of the treaty dealt with the validity of land leases granted by the colonial Hong Kong government. All existing land lease contracts continue to be recognised by the post-handover SAR government. All leases without options of renewal that expired before 30 June 1997 could be extended for periods lasting no later than 30 June 2047. New leases granted by the colonial government after the treaty came into force could last no longer than the 2047 date and were subject to a 50-hectare annual aggregate limit on the total amount of land the government could contract out for purposes other than for housing. A Land Commission consisting of an equal number of representatives from the British and Chinese governments was established to oversee the implementation of this annex until the transfer of sovereignty in 1997.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The memoranda attached to the end of the treaty contains transitional nationality arrangements for local residents, which included a stipulation that a new nationality would be created for Hongkongers that did not confer right of abode in the United Kingdom. The Hong Kong Act 1985 created the British National (Overseas) status to fulfil this requirement. All British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs) connected with Hong Kong who did not have a connection with a remaining British Dependent Territory would lose that status on the day of the transfer in 1997. Ethnic Chinese Hongkongers became Chinese nationals and could only retain British nationality if they had registered as BN(O)s before the handover. Although they were permitted to use British passports for international travel after the transfer, ethnic Chinese BN(O)s were explicitly restricted from accessing British consular protection within the Hong Kong SAR or any other part of Chinese territory. Residents who were not ethnically Chinese, had not registered as BN(O)s, and would have been stateless on that date automatically became British Overseas citizens.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The signing of the Joint Declaration caused some controversy in Britain because UK's Conservative Party Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was agreeing with the China's Communist government represented by Deng Xiaoping. In the White Paper that contained the Joint Declaration, it was declared by Her Majesty's Government that "the alternative to acceptance of the present agreement is to have no agreement", a statement meant as a rebuttal to criticisms that the declaration had made too many concessions to China, and hinting at China's significant leverage during the negotiations.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Some political analysts thought that there was an urgency to make an agreement because there were fears that without a treaty the economy in Hong Kong would collapse in the 1980s. Concerns about land ownership in the leased New Territories also added to the problem. Although discussions on the future of Hong Kong had started in the late 1970s, the final timing of the Joint Declaration was more affected by property and economic factors rather than geopolitical necessities.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: In the immediate years following the transfer of sovereignty, Chinese oversight of Hong Kong was considered relatively benign and hands-off. Although the Chinese had reversed the last British democratic reforms for Legislative Council elections, general governance of the region was otherwise virtually unchanged. While most organisations with royal patronage dropped this association prior to the handover, there was no strict requirement for renaming; the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club and Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch maintain the "Royal" prefix in their names. Colonial-era street names and postbox royal cyphers are not actively removed by the government and remain unchanged.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: After the Asian financial crisis in 1997 the Hong Kong measures were taken with the full co-operation of the Central Chinese government. This did not mean that the Chinese government dictated what to do and therefore still followed the points of the declaration.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Despite this autonomy, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region sometimes sought interference from the Central Chinese government. For example, in 1999 the government of the HKSAR asked China's State Council to seek an interpretation by the National People's Congress Standing Committee on a provision in the Basic Law. The original decision reached by the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal was seen as problematic by the HKSAR government as it would have allowed up to 1.6 million mainland immigrants to enter Hong Kong. The Chinese authorities obliged and the Hong Kong court's judgment was overturned, stopping the potential immigration.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Pressures from the mainland government were also apparent, for example in 2000, after the election of pro-independence candidate Chen Shui-bian as Taiwan's president, a senior mainland official in Hong Kong warned journalists not to report the news. Another senior official advised businessmen not to do business with pro-independence Taiwanese.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: With this and other changes, ten years after the return, in 2007, "The Guardian" wrote that on the one hand, "nothing has changed since the handover to China 10 years ago", but this was in comparison to the situation before the last governor Chris Patten had introduced democratic reforms three years before the handover. A chance for democracy had been lost as Hong Kong had just begun to develop three vital elements for a western-style democracy (the rule of law, official accountability and a political class outside the one-party system) but the Sino–British deal had prevented any of these changes to continue according to Jonathan Fenby of "The Guardian".


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Wu Bangguo, the chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee stated in a conference in Beijing 2007, that "Hong Kong had considerable autonomy only because the central government had chosen to authorize that autonomy".


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The Chinese and Hong Kong governments have stated since 2014 that they consider the Joint Declaration to have ceased any legal effect after the transfer of sovereignty, and that the central government's basic policies as elaborated in the document were a unilateral statement not actually binding. These statements are directly contradicted by the 50-year period of unchanged policies in Hong Kong that the central government committed to as part of the Joint Declaration. Former LegCo president and Standing Committee member Rita Fan has asserted that Britain's supervisory responsibility over the Joint Declaration's implementation lapsed when the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group disbanded in 2000.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: The United Kingdom, United States, and G7 maintain that the Joint Declaration remains valid and in force. The Foreign Office has labelled the Causeway Bay Books disappearances in 2015, enactment of the Hong Kong national security law in 2020, disqualification of opposition Legislative Council candidates in 2020, and electoral reform in 2021 as serious breaches of the treaty. Since 2021, the UK has considered China to be in a "state of ongoing non-compliance" with the Joint Declaration.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: China disregards accusations of Joint Declaration breaches as foreign interference and neocolonist tampering, and considers Hong Kong matters to be part of its internal affairs. Chinese foreign ministry spokespersons have repeatedly stated that the United Kingdom lacks supervisory authority over Hong Kong following the handover in 1997 and that the treaty is a historical document with no extant binding authority. The central government's primary regional agency, the Hong Kong Liaison Office, declared in April 2020 that it was exempt from Basic Law restrictions on mainland government interference in local affairs.


title: Sino-British Joint Declaration

text: Following China's imposition of national security legislation on Hong Kong in 2020, the UK extended residence rights and created a new path to citizenship for Hong Kong residents with British National (Overseas) status. The Chinese government derided this change as "gross interference" and subsequently withdrew recognition of BN(O) passports as valid travel documents in 2021. The United States enacted the Hong Kong Autonomy Act in response to the national security law, and imposed economic sanctions on 34 individuals that the US State and Treasury Departments determined to have materially contributed to Joint Declaration breaches. The list of sanctioned persons includes Chief Executive Carrie Lam, principal officials of the Hong Kong government, and members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.


title: William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire

text: William George Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, (21 May 1790 – 18 January 1858), styled Marquess of Hartington until 1811, was a British peer, courtier, nobleman, and Whig politician. Known as the "Bachelor Duke", he was Lord Chamberlain of the Household between 1827 and 1828 and again between 1830 and 1834. The Cavendish banana is named after him.


text: Born in Paris, France, Devonshire was the son of William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, and Lady Georgiana, daughter of John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He lost both his parents while still in his youth; his mother died in 1806 and his father in 1811 when, aged 21, he succeeded to the dukedom. Along with the title, he inherited eight stately homes and some 200,000 acres (809 km² or 80,900 ha) of land.


text: Politically Devonshire followed in the Whig family tradition. He supported Catholic emancipation, the abolition of slavery and reduced factory working hours. He held office as Lord Chamberlain of the Household under George Canning and Lord Goderich between 1827 and 1828 and under Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne between 1830 and 1834. In 1827 he was sworn of the Privy Council and made a Knight of the Garter. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary to the Russian Empire on the coronation of Tsar Nicholas I in 1826.


text: Devonshire was also Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire between 1811 and 1858 and carried the Orb at the coronation of George IV in 1821. However, increasing deafness from an early age prevented him from taking an even greater part in public life.


text: Devonshire had a major interest in gardening and horticulture, and devoted himself sedulously to the care and nurture of his vast estates. His major projects including the wholesale rebuilding of the village of Edensor, and significant improvement to his several stately houses and their gardens. He befriended Sir Joseph Paxton, then employed at the Royal Horticultural Society's Chiswick Gardens, located close to Devonshire's London estate Chiswick House, and appointed him his head gardener at Chatsworth House in 1826, despite Paxton being only in his early twenties at the time. Paxton greatly expanded the gardens at Chatsworth, including the construction of a 277 foot long conservatory, which served as a model for The Crystal Palace constructed in London's Hyde Park.


text: Devonshire, himself a keen horticulturalist, was elected President of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1838, a position in which he served for twenty years until his death. It was this interest which led him to establish the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew as a national botanic garden. The world's most commercially exploited banana, the Cavendish, was named in his honour. He had acquired an early specimen, which he raised in his glasshouse, and this plant is the progenitor of almost all the worldwide varieties of Cavendish banana.


text: Devonshire was also patron of The Derby Town and County Museum and Natural History Society. In that position, he was instrumental in the creation of the Derby Museum and Art Gallery in 1836.


text: In 1845, Cavendish published a book called "Handbook to Chatsworth and Hardwick". It was privately printed and provided a history of the Cavendish family's two primary estates: Chatsworth House and Hardwick Hall; the handbook was praised by author Charles Dickens.


text: Devonshire was a close friend of the Prince Regent. Other friends included Antonio Canova and Charles Dickens.


text: Much of Devonshire's private correspondence, including letters to his mistresses (one of whom he installed nearby), was destroyed by his Victorian relatives. He intended to marry Lady Caroline Ponsonby, his cousin, but she married William Lamb, which he found devastating.


text: Devonshire died at Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, in January 1858, aged 67, and left an estate valued at £500,000 in his will. As he was unmarried the dukedom passed to his cousin William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington. His junior title of Baron Clifford fell into abeyance between his sisters, Georgiana, Countess of Carlisle, and Harriet, Countess Granville.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: Chloë and the Next 20th Century is the fifth studio album by American musician Josh Tillman under the stage name Father John Misty, released through Sub Pop and Bella Union on April 8, 2022.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: "Chloë and the Next 20th Century" is Father John Misty's fifth studio album and his first full-length project since the release of "God's Favorite Customer" in 2018. He began writing the album in spring 2020. It was recorded between August and December 2020. He entered the studio in August having written "Kiss Me (I Loved You)", "We Could Be Strangers", "Buddy's Rendezvous" and "The Next 20th Century". Following that session, Tillman mostly conceived what the album would be and wrote the rest of the songs before recording resumed in October 2020.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: It was co-produced by Tillman and longtime collaborator Jonathan Wilson. This was the first record Tillman had recorded at Wilson's new Fivestar Studios located in the hills of Topanga, California above LA. The two first recorded "basic tracks" at Fivestar Studios, whereas strings, brass, and woodwinds were recorded in a session at United Recordings which featured numerous musicians, including trumpeter Wayne Bergeron and saxophonist Dan Higgins. The album was engineered and mixed by Dave Cerminara and features arrangements by Drew Erickson.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: "Chloë and the Next 20th Century" draws sonic inspiration from big band, jazz standards, and traditional pop. It has been compared to Randy Newman's "Sail Away" (1972) and Harry Nilsson's "A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night" (1973). The album is distinguished by its cinematic quality, with "Mojo" calling it as a "Hollywood album moving from the '30s through to the '60s and melding those influences to create an imagined version of the past." This Old Hollywood influence is evident in the brass arrangements and string sections on tracks such as "Funny Girl", the "booming" instrumentation of "Q4" which has been compared to the film music of composer John Barry, and "Goodbye Mr. Blue", which has been called an homage to Nilsson's song "Everybody's Talkin'" which served as the theme to the 1969 film "Midnight Cowboy".


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: Critics have commented on the album's more "hopeful" tone compared to previous outings, with Tillman indulging in a nostalgia for an earlier F. Scott Fitzgerald era heavily steeped in excess and wealth, instead of the mortality of "God's Favorite Customer" or societal annihilation of "Pure Comedy". A nod to the style of earlier albums comes through on the album's last (and longest) track, "The Next 20th Century", an anachronistic modern prog tune which meanders over a low-key bossa nova beat and has been described as "seven minutes of phantasmagorical imagery" and a "moody, hallucinatory dirge". The song references dark corners of human history, Nazis, Jesus Christ and the faded celebrity of Batman-era Val Kilmer amongst other things. In the song, the glitzy showbiz and glamorous 20s Hollywood façade fades away as Tillman muses over apocalyptic concerns and the fear that we may be living through an extension of the last hundred years instead of a new century. The song ends with Tillman admitting he would prefer to keep the love songs if he can give the future in exchange. The brooding closing track, with its squalls of electric guitar, has been observed as the most traditional Father John Misty track on the album.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: In December 2021, a spoken-word vinyl was mailed to fans by Bella Union. It announced Father John Misty's fifth studio album, "Chloë and the Next 20th Century", scheduled for release on April 8, 2022, by Sub Pop and Bella Union. It would feature eleven new tracks produced by Tillman and Jonathan Wilson. The album and its track listing were officially revealed on January 5, 2022. The album's lead single "Funny Girl" was released the same day, accompanied by a music video by Nicholas Ashe Bateman. Three additional singles – "Q4", "Goodbye Mr. Blue", and "The Next 20th Century" – were released on February 9, March 9, and April 4 of that same year respectively. On April 8, 2022, the album was released worldwide through Sub Pop and in Europe through Bella Union on vinyl, CD, cassette, and streaming. A limited deluxe edition box set of the album was released in the form of a hardcover book, which features both clear red LPs, a poster, and two bonus 7" singles: a cover by Lana Del Rey of the album track "Buddy's Rendezvous" and a cover by Jack Cruz of "Kiss Me (I Loved You)".


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: Father John Misty promoted the album with two symphony concerts, one at Los Angeles' Walt Disney Concert Hall on February 25, 2022, with the Los Angeles Philharmonic; and the other at London's Barbican Centre on April 7, 2022, with Britten Sinfonia conducted by Jules Buckley.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: "Chloë and the Next 20th Century" was met with critical acclaim upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 82, based on 25 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.7 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" wrote, "Tillman's songwriting is portable, capable of transcending its era ... Its tracks are more than knowing facsimiles of vintage styles because they're uniformly melodically stunning – listen to the chorus of "We Could Be Strangers", or the close-miked sigh of "Kiss Me (I Loved You)". Tillman's voice sounds fantastic throughout: restrained and bruised." Peter Watts of "Uncut" gave the album an 8 out of 10, writing, ""The Next 20th Century" contains a bunch of songs – "Goodbye Mr Blue", "We Could Be Strangers", "Buddy's Rendezvous" – that go right to the gut with their instant melodic charm, and a bunch more – "Kiss Me (I Loved You)", "Q4", "Only A Fool", "The Next 20th Century" – that are deeply striking a few listens later thanks to their sumptuous arrangements, exceptional playing and emotional pull." Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the album's lyrics as "pure picaresque, so full of eccentric characters and casual Hollywood lore they feel less like songs than Paul Thomas Anderson movies compressed to six minutes or less."


title: Chloë and the Next 20th Century

text: In a less favorable review, Charles Lyons-Burt of "Slant Magazine" found the album's "midcentury Broadway" instrumentation to be "sluggish and overly swooning" and wrote that it "doesn't possess the observational heft of 2017's "Pure Comedy", a post-apocalyptic survey of America's anxieties and lamentable cultural habits. Rather, the narratives and wordplay found on "Chloë and the Next 20th Century", while at times evocative given Tillman's way with language, are comparatively toothless and too clever by half."


title: U.S. Route 40

text: U.S. Route 40 or U.S. Highway 40 (US 40), also known as the Main Street of America, is a major east–west United States Highway traveling across the United States from the Mountain States to the Mid-Atlantic States. As with most routes whose numbers end in a zero, US 40 once traversed the entire United States. It is one of the first U.S. Highways created in 1926 and its original termini were in San Francisco, California, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. US 40 currently ends at a junction with I-80 in Silver Summit, Utah, just outside Salt Lake City. West of this point US 40 was functionally replaced with I-80, and as these segments of I-80 were constructed the western portion of US 40 was truncated several times.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Starting at its western terminus in Utah, US 40 crosses a total of 12 states, including Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. US 40 passes through or by major cities including Denver, Kansas City, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Columbus, Baltimore, and Wilmington. Three former and four current state capitals lie along the route. For much of its route, US 40 runs parallel to or concurrently with several major Interstate Highways: I-70 from Denver, Colorado, to Washington, Pennsylvania; and again from Hancock, Maryland to Baltimore; I-64 in parts of Missouri and Illinois; I-68 along the Maryland Panhandle; and I-95 from Baltimore to New Castle, Delaware.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The route was built on top of several older highways, most notably the National Road and the Victory Highway. The National Road was created in 1806 by an act of Congress to serve as the first federally funded highway construction project. When completed it connected Cumberland, Maryland, with Vandalia, Illinois. The Victory Highway was designated as a memorial to World War I veterans and ran from Kansas City, Missouri to San Francisco. Other important roads that have become part of US 40 include Zane's Trace in Ohio, Braddock Road in Maryland and Pennsylvania, the Black Horse Pike in New Jersey, part of the Oregon Trail in Kansas, and the Lincoln Highway throughout most of California.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The western terminus of US 40 is in Silver Summit, Utah at an interchange with Interstate 80, several miles north of Park City, at Silver Creek Junction. The road is concurrent with US 189 until it has reached Heber City. US 40 is a limited access highway from the I-80 junction to its intersection with Utah State Route 32 (SR-32), approximately south of Park City. From there, the road takes a generally southerly course to Heber City. In Heber City, there is an intersection with SR-113. One mile later, US 189 splits off. There are no more major intersections until US 40 has reached Fruitland, as it meets SR-208. About 18 miles later, the road enters Duchesne. In Duchesne, it meets US 191 and SR-87. US 40 passes Duchesne and starts a concurrency. The concurrency continues into Roosevelt, Fort Duchesne and Vernal. In Roosevelt, it meets SR-87 again in a five-point intersection. There are two intersections with SR-121, in Roosevelt and Vernal. In Fort Duchesne, there is an intersection with SR-88. After US 40 passes Vernal, US 191 splits off and the concurrency ends. After that, there are no more major intersections until US 40 reaches Naples, as it meets SR-45. About later, US 40 enters Jensen. In Jensen, there is an intersection with SR-149. About later, the road enters Colorado.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Colorado, west of Dinosaur. In Dinosaur, there is an intersection with Colorado State Highway 64. After passing Dinosaur, there are no more major intersections until US 40 reaches Maybell, as it meets with Colorado State Highway 318. 30 miles later, the road enters Craig. In Craig, US 40 starts a very short concurrency with State Highway 13 (SR 13). After Craig, SH 13 splits off. The road then passes through Hayden without major intersections. Then it exits Hayden and enters Steamboat Springs. There is an intersection with SH 131 and SH 14. US 40 then continues southeast into Kremmling. In Kremmling, there is an intersection with SH 134 and SH 9. It then exits Kremmling and enters Granby. There is an intersection with US 34. The road then passes Fraser and Winter Park without major intersections. About later, US 40 starts a concurrency with I-70. About later, I-70 splits off. s later, it is concurrent again. later, I-70 splits off again. After the second concurrency with I-70, US 40 enters Denver.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The road passes through downtown Denver on Colfax Avenue, and has intersections with SH 391, SH 121, SH 95, and SH 2 and an interchange with US 287. The route through Denver also serves as the business loop for I-70. East of Denver, US 40 passes through Aurora and becomes concurrent with I-70 once again. later, it enters Limon. In Limon, I-70 splits off, however the road is still concurrent with US 287. There is an intersection with SH 71. US 40 then passes Hugo without major intersections. In Wild Horse, it meets SH 94. About later, the road enters Kit Carson. There is an intersection with SH 59. After Kit Carson, US 287 splits off and the concurrency ends. After that, there are no more major intersections until US 40 reaches Cheyenne Wells, as it meets US 385 in an interchange. The road then passes Arapahoe without major intersections. later, US 40 enters Kansas.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Kansas near the unincorporated community of Weskan. The first sizable town it enters is Sharon Springs, where it intersects K-27. From there it goes northeast to Oakley and follows Eagle Eye Road before merging with I-70 east of town. The two routes remain merged until Topeka, although the prior alignment of US 40, named Old Highway 40, parallels I-70 for most of the way. From Ellsworth to Salina, the old alignment of US 40 is signed as K-140.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In Topeka, US 40 leaves I-70 at exit 366, follows the Oakland Expressway concurrent with K-4 north to 6th Avenue, then heads east along 6th Avenue out of town. Through Topeka, US 40 closely follows the route of the Oregon Trail. At the Shawnee-Douglas county line near Big Springs, US 40 crosses to the south of I-70 and enters Lawrence from the west along West 6th Street. At the west side of Lawrence, the route is joined by K-10 and travels south and east to the junction with US 59 and then runs north with US 59 to cross the Kansas River. It follows North 2nd and North 3rd Streets, crosses back under I-70, leaves US 59, and merges with US 24 before leaving town.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 remains merged with US 24 as the two routes travel northeast to the town of Tonganoxie. From there, the merged routes turn due east toward Kansas City, Kansas. In Kansas City, US 40 and US 24 intersect US 73 and K-7, and turning south toward Interstate 70. US 40, along with US 24, then merge onto I-70 and recross the Kansas River over the Lewis and Clark Viaduct just before entering Kansas City, Missouri.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: On December 1, 2008, US 40, along with US 24 and US 73, was rerouted south along K-7 west of Kansas City to the intersection with I-70. Before this date, US 40 and US 24 continued along State Avenue to College Parkway before turning right to follow Turner Diagonal for where US 40 joined Interstate 70 for the duration of its journey eastward toward Missouri.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In 1951, the State of Kansas designated U.S. Route 40 as a Blue Star Memorial Highway from border to border.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Missouri in Kansas City along a concurrency with I-70. It leaves I-70 at exit 7A. US 40 parallels I-70 to the north through Kansas City until exit 11, where it crosses and parallels it to the south through the suburbs of Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, and Grain Valley before it rejoins I-70 at exit 24. An older alignment carries the designation "Old US 40".


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 stays with I-70 until it reaches Boonville, where it leaves at exit 101, along with Business Loop 70. Both designations follow Ashley Road, before US 40 leaves and heads north along Main Street. After crossing the Missouri River in Boonville, US 40 turns east before rejoining I-70 again at exit 121 on the outskirts of Columbia. The two routes remain concurrent until exit 210A in Wentzville.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: From Wentzville, US 40 now joins a concurrency with I-64 and US 61 and heads southeast, crossing the Missouri River again over the Daniel Boone Bridge in St. Charles. US 40 stays joined with I-64 and leaves the state in St. Louis on the Poplar Street Bridge across the Mississippi River, along with I-64 and I-55.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: On January 2, 2008, five miles (8 km) of the route in St. Louis was closed both eastbound and westbound from I-170 to I-270. It re-opened December 15, 2008 two weeks ahead of the originally scheduled date of December 31, 2008. On December 13, 2008, another five-mile (8 km) section of the freeway closed both ways from I-170 to the Kingshighway exit in the city. It was re-opened on December 7, 2009. The entire freeway is now open for travel, with the speed limit raised to 60 mph on most of the stretch. It is also now a full freeway all the way from Downtown St. Louis to Wentzville. When complete, the entire new freeway was signed as Interstate 64.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The next of US 40 lie within the state of Illinois. Except where the route has been re-aligned with Interstate 70, it is an entirely undivided surface route. Formerly a major highway, it has lost most of its non-local traffic to Interstate 70. Some early bypasses of towns were built with the apparent intention of twinning them as a divided highway with access limited to intersections. I-70 uses none of those old bypasses that remain as sections of US 40. The westernmost portion of the historic National Road lies on most of the US 40 alignment in Illinois.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 crosses into Illinois at East St. Louis on the Poplar Street Bridge concurrent with I-55/I-64. The route has a close relationship with I-70 for the remainder of the time it spends in the state, being directly concurrent with or paralleling it throughout Illinois.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Between Pocahontas and Mulberry Grove, US 40 passes through several small towns. In Vandalia, Illinois, the former state capitol, it follows Veterans Avenue and Kennedy Boulevard (with US 51) through town. The Old State House in Vandalia marks the western terminus of the National Road, one of the earliest roads upon which US 40 was designated. From Vandalia, the road continues to the northeast passing through the early German settlement town of Teutopolis and several city streets in Effingham. Beyond Effingham, US 40 passes through many small unincorporated towns before leaving the state near Marshall.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Indiana from the west at unincorporated Liggett along with I-70. US 40 leaves the interstate at exit 11 and heads north through the east side of Terre Haute with SR 46. The road leaves the city to the northeast upon reaching Wabash Avenue.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Upon leaving Terre Haute, US 40 passes through the small towns of Seelyville, Brazil, Knightsville and Harmony. Between Seelyville and Brazil, the road bypasses several small unincorporated communities which are served by State Road 340, a former alignment of US 40. The road continues to the northeast beyond Harmony, passing many unincorporated places such as Reelsville, Pleasant Gardens, Manhattan, Putnamville, Mount Meridian, Stilesville and Belleville along the way to Plainfield, a suburb of Indianapolis.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In Plainfield, US 40 is Main Street and passes The Shops at Perry Crossing and a nostalgic stainless steel diner. Upon leaving Plainfield, US 40 becomes Washington Street, where it passes by the northern edge of Indianapolis International Airport. After passing the airport, US 40 is now routed onto Interstate 465 Southbound on the west side of Indianapolis. A sign along the entrance ramp advises motorists "For US 40 East, Follow I-465 South to Exit 46." This route bypasses downtown Indianapolis and instead goes through the southern part of Indianapolis; its nearest point is about south of the city center. (Previously, the highway did not join with I-465 but continued along Washington Street, where it entered Indianapolis proper near Eagle Creek, a tributary of the White River. In downtown Indianapolis, the old highway crossed White River on a bridge that is now pedestrian only and part of White River State Park and North of the current Indianapolis Zoo. The new alignment diverts at White River Parkway W. Dr. and rejoins original route at the Indiana State Museum, the length of US 40 replaced is about .9 of a mile. The new alignment included the diversion to create White River State Park, and split into a pair of one-way streets: Washington Street carries westbound traffic and Maryland Street carries eastbound traffic. Originally US 40 was 2-way street all through town. In Indianapolis, the old highway passes several key landmarks, including White River State Park, the Indianapolis Zoo, the Indiana State Museum, the Eiteljorg Museum, Victory Field, the Lucas Oil Stadium, and the Indiana Statehouse.) Along the eastern edge of Indianapolis, US 40 leaves I-465 at Exit 46 and is once again routed onto Washington Street.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: East of Indianapolis, US 40 enters Cumberland where it takes the name National Road. Paralleling I-70 at a distance of about , US 40 continues eastward across Indiana, passing through such communities as Greenfield, Knightstown, Lewisville, Straughn, Dublin, Mount Auburn, and Cambridge City, where it is known by various local names including Washington Street, Main Street, and National Road.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Note: Just east of Knightstown, cross the Big Blue River, on the right is part of the old National Road. This section is about 4.3 miles long and rejoins US 40 in Dunreith.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40's last stop in Indiana is the city of Richmond. In Richmond, it passes a statue known as "Madonna of the Trail", one of a series of twelve statues across the U.S. that memorialize women pioneers who made the trek to settle the western U.S. In 1968, a section of US 40 (Main Street) in Richmond was destroyed by a massive gas explosion. This caused a section of Main Street to be closed to automobile traffic, and US 40 was rerouted along North A Street (westbound) and South A Street (eastbound). Near the Indiana/Ohio border, US 40 crosses I-70 at exit 156B before entering Ohio.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Ohio just to the south of New Paris. The road is always close to the newer I-70 eastward toward Dayton. In Vandalia, the road passes to the south of Dayton International Airport and crosses the Dixie Highway and I-75 and the Great Miami River. The road never actually enters Dayton, instead skirting the northern suburbs on the way toward Springfield.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The portion of US 40 between Medway-Carlisle Road (Ohio State Route 571/County Road 303) and Lammes Lane in Bethel Township, Clark County, is designated "Staff Sergeant Wesley Williams Memorial Highway", in honor of a 2005 Tecumseh High School graduate who died on December 10, 2012, while serving in the U.S. Army, from injuries suffered when enemy forces attacked his unit with an improvised explosive device in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. The designated portion of road runs by the high school.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In Springfield, US 40 is split between two one-way streets. North Street carries US 40 West and Columbia Street carries US 40 East. The route then shifts on to East Main Street before leaving town to the east, once again as National Road. I-70 crosses again at unincorporated Harmony. US 40 passes just north of London where it intersects Ohio State Route 56 and US 42 before heading into West Jefferson. In West Jefferson, US 40 is routed on Main Street.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In the Columbus metropolitan area, US 40 enters from the west as Broad Street. Among the sites along US 40 in Columbus are the Ohio Statehouse, the Columbus Museum of Art, and LeVeque Tower, the oldest skyscraper in Columbus. In Bexley, the route follows Main Street, using Drexel Avenue to get between Broad and Main. US 40 continues as Main Street through Reynoldsburg before leaving the Columbus area as National Road yet again.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: East of the Columbus metro area, US 40 parallels I-70 at a distance of about , passing through several small towns, including Kirkersville, and Hebron. In Zanesville, the road becomes Main Street, and at the center of town US 40 begins a concurrency with US 22 that carries it to Cambridge. US 40 crosses the Muskingum River in Zanesville on the famous Y-Bridge. Routes 22 and 40 enter Cambridge from the southwest along John Glenn Highway, and split in town; US 40 follows Wheeling Avenue. In Old Washington, US 40 joins I-70 at Exit 186. It leaves I-70 at exit 201 near Morristown. The two roads cross paths several times before they both leave Ohio on a pair of bridges across the Ohio River at Bridgeport.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The now-decommissioned Ohio State Route 440 ran along old US 40 in places where US 40 had been shifted onto I-70.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 is only long as it passes through West Virginia, mainly through Wheeling, where it briefly runs concurrent with both I-70 and US Route 250. It diverges from I-70 east of the Fort Henry Bridge and into the northern section on the downtown Wheeling area, where it meets with the Wheeling Suspension Bridge, which was the former link for the National Road.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: It then turns twice left and passes over I-70 and Wheeling Hill, past McColloch's Leap, and into the Wheeling suburbs. It intersects WV Route 88 halfway through this leg of US 40, and the southbound leg of WV 88 runs concurrent with US 40 at this point until it reaches Elm Grove, where US 40 turns left and heads into Tridelphia and Valley Grove before reaching the Pennsylvania state line.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Pennsylvania at West Alexander. It closely parallels I-70 from West Virginia until it reaches Washington where it follows Chestnut St, Jefferson Avenue and Maiden Street. In Washington, US 40 passes to the south of Washington & Jefferson College. Following Maiden Street out of town, the road turns southeast toward the town of California. A short limited access highway in California and West Brownsville provides an approach to the Lane Bane Bridge across the Monongahela River. From here, the road continues southeast to Uniontown.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 bypasses Uniontown along a limited access highway that also carries US 119. An old alignment through Uniontown is signed as "Business US 40." Southeast of Uniontown, travellers pass the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. It follows Braddock Road southeast of Uniontown, crossing the Youghiogheny River Lake on a bridge completed in 2006. US 40 leaves Pennsylvania at Addison


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters Maryland from Pennsylvania near Grantsville in the western part of the state. Here, and through most of the state, it is known as National Pike. US 40 leaves National Pike shortly after entering Maryland from the northwest and merges with I-68 and US 219 at exit 14B. The old alignment of US 40, still known as National Pike, is signed through much of the western part of the state as either "Scenic US 40" or "Alternate US 40". US 219 leaves the three-way concurrency at exit 22, but US 40 and I-68 remain on the same pavement through Frostburg and Cumberland.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: East of Cumberland, the old National Pike (formerly US 40) carries the MD 144 designation. The I-68/US 40 roadway passes through a deep cut in Sideling Hill. Just to the east of the cut is the Sideling Hill Exhibit Center, a museum that highlights Western Maryland geology. At Hancock, where the state of Maryland narrows to less than two miles (3 km) wide, I-68 ends, and US 40 merges onto I-70 at exit 1. The two routes closely follow the course of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Potomac River for several miles before US 40 leaves the Interstate at exit 9. US 40 passes directly through the center of Hagerstown using Washington Avenue (eastbound) and Franklin Street (westbound). Heading southeast out of Hagerstown, US 40 diverges into two separate routes, US 40 and US 40 Alt. US 40 parallels I-70, its longtime travel partner, crossing it at exit 32 near Greenbrier State Park on the Baltimore National Pike alignment. US 40 Alt heads southeast on the Old National Pike alignment through Boonsboro, crossing South Mountain at Turner's Gap. The two routes converge just west of Frederick.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In Frederick, US 40 uses Patrick Street before merging onto the US 15 expressway for a short distance. It leaves US 15 and rejoins I-70 on the outskirts of Frederick. MD 144 once again takes over the old alignment of US 40.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 leaves I-70 for the final time upon entering the western suburbs of Baltimore, once again as Baltimore National Pike. The route passes through Patapsco Valley State Park north of Ellicott City and enters the Baltimore city limits along Edmondson Avenue. East of Gwynns Falls Leakin Park, US 40 becomes Franklin Street, and becomes an expressway (formerly I-170) for a short distance between Pulaski Street and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. Through this area, an alignment called "Truck US 40" diverts larger vehicles onto an alternate route. US 40 passes through the Mount Vernon neighborhood and a few blocks from Baltimore's Washington Monument. After crossing the Jones Falls Expressway (I-83), US 40 follows Orleans Street, and finally becomes the Pulaski Highway as it leaves Baltimore to the northeast.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40, for the entire length of Pulaski Highway, closely parallels I-95. Pulaski Highway passes through Gunpowder Falls State Park near Joppa and the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Between Havre de Grace and Perryville it crosses the Susquehanna River on the Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge. US 40 leaves Maryland in Elkton, crossing the border into Delaware.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 crosses Delaware for about . Entering the state from Maryland in Glasgow, it continues along the Pulaski Highway. Much roadside commercial development slows traffic, as there are many traffic lights along the route. US 40 has an interchange with Delaware Route 1 in the community of Bear before merging with US 13 (Dupont Highway) in State Road. The concurrent routes turn north, pass the Wilmington Airport and US 40 splits to join I-295 near Wilmington Manor. US 40, along with I-295, uses the Delaware Memorial Bridge to cross the Delaware River into New Jersey.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters New Jersey in Deepwater, New Jersey along with I-295. US 40 briefly joins the New Jersey Turnpike, and exits to the north of the toll booths. The route follows Wiley Road, parallel to the Turnpike, before joining Harding Highway in Carneys Point. US 40 is known as the Harding Highway through most of South Jersey. Northeast of it convergence with US 40, Harding Highway carries the Route 48 designation, although this was once part of US 40 as well.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 enters the borough of Woodstown as a concurrency with Route 45 along West Avenue; it leaves town heading southeast. In Upper Pittsgrove Township, the road changes names to the Pole Tavern-Elmer Road. Passing through Elmer it becomes Chestnut Street and then the Elmer-Malaga Road. In Malaga, it runs concurrent with Route 47 (Delsea Drive). The route bypasses the city of Vineland to the northeast, and becomes Cape May Avenue in Hamilton Township, where it crosses Route 50 in Mays Landing.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40 merges with US 322 and the Black Horse Pike in McKee City. The two routes enter Atlantic City along Albany Avenue and pass the Atlantic City Airport. US 40 and US 322 both reach their eastern terminus at the intersection of Albany Avenue and Ventnor Avenue.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: US 40's history can be traced back several centuries. Several well established Native American footpaths, including Nemacolin's Path and Mingo Path in the Maryland-Pennsylvania area, followed similar alignments to US 40. Early American colonists established roads, some following the established Native American paths, that would later serve as US 40. These included a segment of post road between Wilmington, Delaware, and Baltimore, Maryland. In 1755, during the French and Indian Wars, General Edward Braddock blazed a trail en route to capture Fort Duquesne (modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). US 40 closely follows this route between Cumberland, Maryland and Uniontown, Pennsylvania.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Early in the history of the U.S., the State of Maryland established a network of turnpikes for long-distance travel. Three of these would later serve as part of US 40: the Baltimore and Havre de Grace Turnpike, the Baltimore and Frederick Turnpike, and Bank Road. Colonel Ebenezer Zane (for whom Zanesville, Ohio was named) blazed some of the first trails across the Ohio wilderness in the last years of the 18th century. Zane's Trace, as his road was called, stretched from Wheeling, West Virginia, to Maysville, Kentucky. With some minor alignment differences, US 40 closely matches the segment from Wheeling to Zanesville.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Between the cities of Lawrence and Topeka, Kansas, US 40 follows the path of the Oregon Trail. During the 19th century, the Oregon Trail served as a major thoroughfare for people emigrating to the Pacific Northwest. Between 1850 and 1852, some 65,000–70,000 people traveled the trail.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In 1806, Thomas Jefferson signed into law an act of Congress establishing a National Road to connect the waters of the Atlantic Ocean with the Ohio River. The law mentions Baltimore as its eastern terminus; but the route used established Maryland turnpikes east of Cumberland. A new road was constructed from Cumberland to Wheeling, West Virginia, and later extended across the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Segments of the National Road used Braddock's Road and Zane's Trace. Plans to extend the road to Missouri were never completed. The farthest western terminus for the National Road was the Old State House in Vandalia, Illinois.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The National Road was absorbed into the National Old Trails Ocean-to-Ocean highway, a route from New York, New York, to Los Angeles, California in the early 20th century. The National Road became US 40 in the original 1925 plan for U.S. Routes. To this day, many places still name US 40 "National Road", even where the alignment was moved from the original road. Besides US 40, much of the National Road is paralleled by segments of Interstates 68 and 70.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: Most of the western section of US 40 follows the former route of Victory Highway, a road that once linked Kansas City to San Francisco. The road was named as a memorial to fallen World War I veterans. Other than two sections (one in California and one in Kansas/Colorado) most of the original route of US 40 west of Kansas City used Victory Highway. According to a 1926 guide published about the Victory Highway, it was the fastest route between San Francisco and Salt Lake City, allowing travellers to complete the trip "comfortably and in high gear in from 3 to 4 days." Controversy over the routing of US 40 over the Victory Highway led to a "divided route", with US 40S following the Victory Highway and US 40N taking a more northerly route.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The route was a cross-country, east–west route, as most routes with a "0" number were defined. In 1926, the road had a total mileage of . Though the eastern terminus was planned for State Road, Delaware, by 1927 it was moved to Atlantic City, New Jersey. The western terminus was San Francisco via an auto ferry across San Francisco Bay from the Berkeley Pier in Berkeley, California. Upon completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, US 40 was re-routed over the bridge, bypassing the ferry pier. Early alignments of the road featured ferries at both ends. To cross the Delaware River, ferries were used, originally from Wilmington, Delaware (1927–1929) and later from New Castle, Delaware (1929–1951). In 1951, the opening of the Delaware Memorial Bridge replaced the ferry service and carried US 40 across the Delaware River.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: From 1926 to 1935 the route split in Manhattan, Kansas, into "40N" and "40S" routes; the two routes met again in Limon, Colorado. The "40S" route continued on to Grand Junction, Colorado. In 1935, the split routes were eliminated. US 40N between Manhattan and Limon and then US 40S from Limon to Grand Junction was replaced by U.S. Route 24, the remainder was renumbered as simply US 40.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: New alignments for the road were designated in Maryland in 1948 and in Utah in 1950. California's segment of the highway was decommissioned in 1964. By 1966, the western terminus moved to Reno, Nevada. The road shortened again in 1975, to its current western end at Silver Creek Junction, Utah. In 1998, the California segment was given a sort of rebirth with the designation of Historic Route 40 through that state. Further realignments occurred in Utah where the highway was re-routed for the Jordanelle Reservoir in the mid 1990s, and Kansas City, Kansas, in 1999 to make way for the Kansas Speedway. On December 1, 2008, a further realignment in Kansas City rerouted US 40 away from State Avenue and the Turner Diagonal and onto K-7 and Interstate 70.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: "In 1998 [Eddie Lange] persuaded the California legislature to designate Route 40 between Reno and San Francisco as Historic Route 40." Together with Trish Gray, the duo designed the signs and a program where local businesses could donate funds to have a sign erected near their business along the route. The signs can now be found throughout the California route and is a popular route for motorcycle clubs and other travel enthusiasts.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: The former route of US 40 in California generally runs parallel to modern Interstate 80. In Contra Costa County it is San Pablo Avenue, now signed as State Route 123 (SR 123). Portions of Historic Route 40 exist in American Canyon, Vallejo, along 5th Street, Alameda Street and Broadway. In Cordelia and Suisun City, the original route is along Cordelia Road. It is also signed as a historic route. The original route is preserved as Texas Street in Fairfield. In Vacaville the highway is preserved as Monte Vista Avenue. In Davis, the highway is now Russell Boulevard, the main street through downtown Davis. In Sacramento the highway followed the routes of modern Capitol Avenue, SR 160 and Auburn Boulevard. Between Roseville and Newcastle, the highway is known as Taylor Road and Pacific Street through Rocklin. Through the Sierra Nevada many portions are still drivable, crossing I-80. Portions still drivable include Applegate Road in Applegate, Hampshire Rocks Road in a rural area near Cisco, and Donner Pass Road over Donner Pass and into Truckee. Between Truckee and the Nevada state line, the former route of US 40 is mostly visible from the freeway, but not drivable as a contiguous route. Portions accessible include Glenshire Drive, Hirshdale Road and Floriston Way.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: From 1954 to 1964, an alternate route US 40 was available especially during winter to avoid Donner Pass. Donner Pass, elevation , might be closed in winter. This alternate route used Beckwourth Pass, elevation of . Since Beckwourth Pass was nearly lower than Donner Pass, it could be kept open longer. Alt. US 40 parted the main track of US 40 near Davis and ran north along what was then signed as US 99W into Woodland. From Woodland, Alt. US 40 ran north along SR 24 through Knights Landing and Robbins into Yuba City. Most of the section from Woodland to Yuba City is now signed as SR 113. From Yuba City, Alt. US 40 ran east through Marysville, then north through Oroville. Continuing north and northeast, Alt. US 40 reached Paxton, then turned south and southeast to Quincy and Beckwourth before crossing. East of Beckwourth Pass, Alt. US 40 descended to meet US 395 at what is now Hallelujah Junction, and followed US 395 into Reno to meet mainline US 40. The section from Marysville to US 395 was then still an extension of SR 24, but is now signed as SR 70, although much of the old highway was moved further west before Lake Oroville was dammed and flooded in 1968.


title: U.S. Route 40

text: In Nevada, US 40 was also directly replaced by I-80. All of the I-80 business loops use the historical route of US 40. In the Truckee Meadows the route is still drivable as 3rd street in Verdi and 4th street in Reno and Victorian Ave in Sparks. In rural Nevada the highway forms the business loops for Wadsworth, Fernley, Lovelock, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Carlin, Elko, and West Wendover. The route and its former alignments can be seen (and some still driven) all along the routing of I-80. Much of the old right-of-way of old US 40 has been either demolished or left to natural degradation.