title: Dainik Jagran

text: The Kanpur edition of "Aj" had launched only two months before the imposition of Emergency rule and subsequent press censorship. Shivprasad Gupta, the owner of "Aj" was unsure about the expansion but Shukla supported by Gupta's son used the period as an opportunity to consolidate the newspaper. The Emergency created a demand for critical journalism which the newspaper provided and enabled it to make inroads in "Jagran"'s market share. On the streets of Kanpur, fights broke out between men hired by the two newspapers who used weapons such as batons and improvised firearms against each other for control over offices, territory and distribution.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In midst of the conflict hawkers gained significant influence over the newspapers; initially "Aj" was charged a commission rate of 20% while "Jagran" was charged 30%, but the hawkers forced the former to increase its rate over the latter, marking the beginning of a period of fierce negotiations over commission rates and recurrent increases in the rates for both newspapers. Eventually the conflict ended when the two newspapers decided to join hands against the hawkers and pushed the commission rate back down to a fixed 30%.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: During the Emergency, the circulation of Hindi newspapers rose significantly as a result of increased political consciousness and by 1977, the number of newspapers that were selling more 100,000 copies had risen to over 10 from a figure three before its imposition. "Dainik Jagran" and "Aj" were both among the new newspapers to join the 100,000+ club. The period had transformed the newspaper industry and regional language papers including that of Hindi became the face of the rapidly changing industry that would be transformed into mass media over the course of the following decades. Government policy was changed as well which facilitated the growth of the industry.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The launch of "Jagran"'s Gorakhpur edition marked the beginning of the newspaper's own period of rapid expansion. In 1979, the newspaper launched two editions in Lucknow and Allahabad. Vinod Shukla was hired to oversee the Lucknow edition and help them force its way into the Lucknow market, where the newspaper faced intense competition and pressures from trade unions. The Allahabad edition was shifted to Varanasi in 1981. The newspaper then entered the circulation area of "Amar Ujala", launching a Meerut edition in 1984, an Agra edition in 1986 and a Bareilly edition in 1989. In 1989–90, "Navbharat Times" which dominated the circulation in Lucknow discontinued all its editions except the Bombay and Delhi editions after being hit by an eight month long shut-down in the cities of Lucknow and Patna. The discontinuation allowed "Jagran" to rapidly increase its circulation in the Lucknow region with minimal hindrance.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The owners of the mainstream Hindi newspapers came from upper caste families, and had mercantile urban backgrounds. The Gupta family that owned the "Dainik Jagran" was one them. They social background of the owners formed the core base of support for the Jan Sangh and its successor the Bharatiya Janata Party. The reporters of these newspapers were generally given clear instructions by owners and their editors to toe a particular line in their reports. The announcement from the V. P. Singh government on implementation of reservations for backward castes on the basis the Mandal Commission recommendations around 1990 became the impetus for many of these newspapers to promote Hindutva propaganda.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Uttar Pradesh between 1989 and 1992 had severe communal tension as a consequence of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, which also made espousing Hindutva profitable as communal reportage generated greater circulation and advertisement revenue. The kind of reportage was further spurred on by direct financial and social support from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and other Hindutva organisations. "Dainik Jagran" in particular used the situation as an opportunity and took advantage of it by pandering to communal sentiments. It would establish itself as the dominant newspaper in the state during this period.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The newspaper adopted an openly pro-Bharatiya Janata Party and pro-Vishwa Hindu Parishad line, helped disseminate Hindutva opinions and presented heavily skewed as well as falsified accounts of the opposition to the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, while taking an heavily adversarial stance towards the parallel emergence of backwards caste and Dalit movements. During the Ram Rath Yatra, "Jagran" strongly endorsed the movement and began asking readers through news reports and editorials to take a stand. Between late November and early December 1992, the weeks leading up to the demolition of the Babri Masjid, the newspaper would regularly dedicate eight columns on the front page to the "Ayodhya–Ram Janmabhoomi" episode. The sustained coverage is considered to be unprecedented in the history of print and electronic media. According to an insider at "Jagran" newsrooms, the bias was so conspicuous that the staff chanted ""Jai Shri Ram"" when the mosque was brought down.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Narendra Mohan, the Chairman of the Jagran Prakashan would get elected to the Rajya Sabha through a nomination from the Bharatiya Janata Party. In Ranchi, a complaint was filed at the Press Council of India against "Aj" and "Jagran" by a local editor for instigating communalism. The animosity towards lower castes culminated into an incident known as the "Halla Bol" in 1994 where the offices of the "Jagran" and those of "Amar Ujala" faced widespread attacks from followers of Mulayam Singh Yadav"." The Press Council would eventually rebuke "Jagran" among several other newspapers for instigating mass hysteria and provoking communal hatred through rumours, exaggeration, doctored pictures, fabricated figures and other distortions. Mohan would some years later instruct his editorial staff to tone down its coverage so that it wouldn't be seen as a substitute to "Panchajanya", the official Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh magazine.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In December 1995, "Dainik Jagran" published a story with the claim that Mayawati, the leader of the Bahujan Samaj Party, had an illegitimate 12-year-old daughter. Published at the bottom of the first page in a short two column section, the story included claims that her daughter was hidden away in New Delhi and was borne out of a former "love marriage", based on an interview with a disgrunted member of the party. The newspaper went to the extent of calling Mayawati a ""chamarin"", a derogatory slur used for Dalit women"."


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Despite the story having been given less importance by the newspaper, it created a sensation as having an illegitimate child was a serious accusation for an unmarried woman and a question of virtue. In addition, Mayawati maintained a public image that she had denied herself family and children to fulfill the objectives of the Self-Respect Movement which sought equality for lower castes. The story caused resentment among Dalits and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) which mainly drew support from them described it as the latest example of a Brahmin dominated press and establishment's constant mudslinging against lower castes. In Lucknow, supporters of the party demonstrated around the office of the newspaper, blockading it for a day. There were reports of violence during the protest and the author who wrote the piece was threatened.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The story also faced criticism from journalists and commentators. It was condemned as sensationalist journalism that was engaging in gossip about the private life of a female politician and disparaging her. The criticism was accompanied by questions on "Dainik Jagran"'s ambitions of becoming a serious national newspaper and charges of the newspaper lacking journalistic ethics, professionalism and credibility. Some of the prominent critics included the chairman of the Press Council, Judge P. B. Sawant and the editor-in-chief of "Jansatta", Prabash Joshi. K. Vikram Rao, the national chairman of a major journalist's union suggested that a more rigorous system was required, that a specialised training in journalism should be needed before a person could be employed by a newspaper and that the Press Council should have stronger tools for penalising journalists.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Staff at the newspaper strongly rejected the charges against the newspaper though they were apologetic about the story. Vinod Shukla, who was the resident editor in Lucknow was infuriated by the criticism, particularly that from Joshi and dismissed it as jealously during his editorial meetings. Narendra Mohan who was the owner and editor-in-chief of the newspapers at the time, responded to the criticism with an editorial. In the newspaper's defense, he stated that the newspaper itself was against this kind of journalism and he regretted that the story had been published but alleged that the fault lay on western norms influencing Indian journalism and on Mayawati herself who according to him used "ugly language" and was part of a trend where Indian politics had become unethical which had led to the situation.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In response to the protest by BSP supporters, journalists who were supportive of newspaper held their own protest against the party describing it to be in defense of press freedom. It was reported that several newspapers were going to boycott the party's campaign during the upcoming assembly election though the boycott was only upheld by "Dainik Jagra"n. Some commentators noted that while journalists had frequently faced violence, generally from Hindutva groups, such an instance leading to a boycott was unique and had resulted from the only instance in which a newspaper had faced attacks from a Dalit group.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The Delhi edition of the "Daink Jagran" was launched in 1990"." According to the then Chairman of Jagran Prakashan, Yogendra Mohan Gupta, his executives had advised him that in order to make "Jagran" a national newspaper, they had to launch an edition in Delhi. From the 1990s onwards, established Hindi language newspapers such as the "Dainik Jagran", "Dainik Bhaskar" and "Amar Ujala" went on a multi edition expansion beyond their home states. The newspapers had a new generation of foreign educated heirs, generally sons or nephews of the older owners who unlike their predecessors took active interest in expansions, capital acquisition and partnerships. For "Jagran", it was the second and third generation of the proprietors who charted the expansion and localisation strategy of the newspaper.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The expanding newspapers were motivated by the prospects of revenues that could be obtained by offering increased overall readership figures to advertisers. They copied the strategy that was devised by Samir Jain's "The Times of India", a newspaper that had become extremely profitable by increasing marketing efforts, introducing colored newspapers while lowering cover prices that starting price wars and led to increase in circulation which in turn brought in high revenues from advertisements. "Dainik Jagran" also adopted a mass media content strategy of localisation through trivia laden local news, and employed local part time stringers for its newsgathering operations. The expansion efforts by the established newspapers led to increased localisation of news content across the Hindi belt but severely harmed stand-alone local newspapers who were unable to compete against them in terms of production or offers to advertisers. The changes however did not bring about any improvements in the working conditions, job security and professional autonomy of reporters. Most of them were kept as part timers and those who were granted regular positions were retained on a "hire-and-fire" basis. In 1992, "Jagran" had only 55 full time staff correspondents and 300 "working journalists" in a total staff strength of 700, the rest being stringers, regional correspondents, etc.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: "Jagran" launched its Aligarh edition in 1993, the Dehradun edition in 1997 and the Jalandhar edition in 1999. In 1995, its circulation exceeded 0.5 million and the newspaper was being published from 12 locations across Uttar Pradesh and in New Delhi. In 1998, the newspaper received a competitive boost when the Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave an exclusive interview for it in midst of the Kargil War. The interview was later seen as an act of political patronage towards a newspaper that had remained loyal to Vajpayee and his Bharatiya Janata Party. In the National Readership Survey of 1999, "Dainik Jagran" was seen to have become the first Hindi language newspaper to feature in the top 5 newspapers in terms of readership, at a time when newspapers from southern India dominated the readership figures.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The launch of the Jalandhar edition in Punjab in 1999 was the first of a series of editions outside Uttar Pradesh and is described to have been the beginning of its real expansion. In 2000, the "Dainik Jagran" launched three editions in Hissar, Patna and Allahabad, and in the following year it launched an edition in Moradabad. In Patna, the capital of Bihar, the newspaper focused on crime stories and prioritised presenting the law and order situation in a negative light to its readers. When Uttaranchal became a state with Dehradun as its capital, "Dainik Jagran"’s circulation experienced a fourfold growth in the new state due to the increased commercial importance of the state's capital. In February 2003, the newspaper launched 3 editions in Jharkhand in the cities of Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Dhanbad. It was aggressively marketed and publicised but was unable to make a significant impact as "Prabhat Khabar" dominated the market in the state. "Dainik Jagran" launched editions in Bhagalpur and Panipat in the same year, two more editions in the cities of Ludhiana and Nainital in 2004 and then the Muzaffarpur, Dharamshala and Jammu editions in 2005.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In Punjab, the newspaper faced competition from the likes of "Dainik Bhaskar", "Amar Ujala" and "Hindustan", all of which expanded aggressively in the state. The rapid expansion by the 4 newspapers broke down the dominance of "Punjab Kesari" by 2005. In the meantime, commercial interests in the wake of the rapid rise of Hindi newspaper readership compelled the mainstream Hindi newspapers to moderate their adversarial stance towards backward and scheduled caste leaders. By 2006, the upper caste Chairman of Jagran Prakashan, Mahendra Mohan Gupta was vying for and received a Rajya Sabha nomination from the Samajwadi (Socialist) Party which was led by the backward-caste Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mulayam Singh Yadav who had also been an old adversary for the newspaper.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: From 2004 onwards, "Dainik Jagran" had emerged as the newspaper with the largest readership, having displaced Dainik "Bhaskar" that had occupied the position since 2002. The two newspapers had maintained a tacit understanding since the beginning of their out of state expansion drives in the mid-1990s, that they would not encroach upon each other's territories. As a consequence, "Jagran" had not launched a new edition in Madhya Pradesh or Chhattisgarh while "Bhaskar" had not launched any editions in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar or Jharkhand. In the state of Madhya Pradesh, those who were subscribed to "Dainik Jagran" were primarily migrants who had come from Utter Pradesh and wanted news from their native region. In 2006, the understanding between the two was broken by "Jagran" when the newspapers launched its Indore edition which marked the beginning of a period intense rivalry between the two. The new edition was unsuccessful in making in-roads in the market, unable to compete against the Indore edition of "Dainik Bhaskar" as well as the newspaper "Nai Duniya" that was based in the same city, while "Bhaskar" went on to launch its own edition in "Jagran"'s territory.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: On 8 July 2006, "Dainik Jagran" also launched its Siliguri edition, just two days after the Nathu La mountain pass was opened with the expectation that the city would become a major commercial centre. The launch added to the intensification of competition in the region which lay beyond the Hindi belt and already had editions of the two Hindi newspapers, namely "Prabhat Khabar" and "Rajasthan Patrika", the former of which was launched only a few months ago in March.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: From the onset of Narendra Modi's tenure as the Prime Minister of India, government spending on advertisements in "Dainik Jagran" saw a sharp increase with exorbitant spending on regular advertisements. Between 2014–15 and 2018–19, the revenues generated solely from government advertisements of the Central Government was reported to have increased to over . The advertisement spending included political promotions and advertisements disguised as news items. In one instance, five full-page advertisements were published in the newspaper in the period between 25 and 27 May 2015 celebrating the one year anniversary of Modi government.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In one financial year, FY2017–18, the newspaper received in ad revenue from the Central Government which was more than the combined ad revenue of that the paper had received between 2010 and 2013, covering three financial years before Modi had come to power. "Jagran"'s sister publications such as "Mid-Day" and "Inquilab" experienced similar increases in revenue from government advertisements. The advertisement spending by state governments of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, particularly the Uttar Pradesh Government whose advertisements regularly featured in the newspaper was not disclosed upon Right to Information (RTI) requests. The government also inducted Sanjay Gupta, the editor-in-chief of the newspaper into the board of Prasar Bharati, India's public broadcaster in 2020.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Per the Indian Readership Survey in 2019, "Dainik Jagran"'s average issue readership fell by 17% from a figure of 20.3 million to 16.9 million. In Uttar Pradesh which stood as its biggest market, the readership fell from 12 million to 9.97 million while in the state of Bihar, it fell from 3.41 million to 2.97 million. The fall in readership was part of a general trend of fall in newspaper readership due to economic slowdown, only 3 out of the 10 newspapers with the largest readership did not experience a fall. One of them was its rival, "Dainik Bhaskar" which came close to displacing Jagran's position as the newspaper with the largest readership. Its readership had increased from 15.4 to 15.6 million with gains in Bihar. According to media watchdog "Newslaundry", the "Dainik Jagran" was suffering from "falling credibility in a politically polluted atmosphere" among other issues.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: On 22 March 2020, the COVID-19 lockdown in India was announced and it heavily impacted news publishers who were already strained due to the emergence of other forms of news media that had splintered audiences and due to the economic slowdown caused by demonitisation and GST. R. K. Agarwal, the CFO of Jagran Prakashan described the situation as a nightmare. "Dainik Jagran" adopted across the board cost cutting measures; the newspapers halved the number of pages and consolidated printing. It also started raising its cover prices whenever it could which Agarwal claimed was done to recover lost advertisement revenue.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In its pandemic reportage, the newspaper promoted conspiracy theories against Muslims and extensively publicised the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh including through the publication of various articles authored by its senior leaders. The overall coverage lacked transparency, journalistic ethics, accuracy and factual reporting. The reportage prioritised stories on Tablighi Jamaat publishing 230 of them on its frontpage including 120 above the fold and blamed Muslims for the pandemic. The newspaper created a narrative that the government was well prepared and had brought the pandemic under control but simultaneously presented the idea that Muslims were intentionally spreading the virus which had led to the nation losing the "battle against coronavirus". Muslims were dehumanised as the "nation's enemies" and depicted as uncivilised violent people who attacked healthcare professionals and violated lockdown measures.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: "Dainik Jagran"'s coverage largely ignored and distracted from issues such as the mass exodus of migrant workers, low testing rates, the lack of PPE kits and ventilators in hospitals and general mismanagement by the government. It instead condemned opposition parties that criticised the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government's management and accused them of spreading "negativity" at a time when the government was dealing with a "war-like situation". The newspaper itself criticised measures taken by state governments with an opposition party or coalition in power while praising similar measures taken in Bharatiya Janata Party ruled states.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: During second wave of the pandemic, national news publishers such as "Dainik Bhaskar", "India Today" magazine and "Mojo Story", and international ones such as Reuters and BBC had published reports and images of mass burials on the banks of the river Ganga and bodies floating all across the river caused by people's inability to afford crematoriums that were severely overburdened from Coronavirus related deaths.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: On 23 May 2021, "Dainik Jagran" published a frontpage story that claimed that the mass burials were normal, that no increase in deaths had occurred and that those who were buried had died of leprosy and snake bites, dismissing the reports from other news publishers as mere sensationalism. The story included a comparison of a recent image with an image that it claimed was taken three years ago from a mass burial at the Shringverpur ghat in Prayagraj and on its basis falsely stated that most images of mass burials at the ghat were taken before the pandemic. According to the news piece, "Jagran" had employed a five-man team who made finding after covering over a dozen villages along a 70 km stretch on the Ganga, which included the Phaphamau and Shringverpur ghats. The story was highlighted by BJP politicians including the Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath and then followed by a series of reports from the newspaper between late May to early June that attempted to reinforce the same idea. The newspaper before publishing the 23 May piece had previously published news reports which contradictorily stated that there was an increase in mass burials and coronavirus related deaths.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In June, a journalistic investigation was conducted into the claims made by "Dainik Jagran" that found their claims did not match ground realities and noted that the newspaper was known to have been receiving large revenues through government advertisements and disguising them as news. The investigation could not verify the age of the old image but it was found that the image was taken at a different location. Independent journalist Prashant Singh conducted several interviews with "pandits", "pandas" (household priests), gravediggers and other locals at the two ghats who all confirmed that while some burials had always occurred, they had never seen such a large scale increase in their numbers before the pandemic. The investigative report was published by the fact checking organisation Alt News, which was supported by Prayagraj-based photojournalist Prabhat Kumar Verma, Aaj Tak reporter Shivendra Srivastav who had covered Phaphamau ghat and government data related to local management. Alt News contacted reporters at "Dainik Jagran"'s Prayaraj edition who refused to comment on the story but two of them confirmed that there was an unprecedented increase in the number of mass burials.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: In response to the Alt News report, "Dainik Jagran" filed a defamation case against the organisation claiming that the report had made disparging remarks about the newspaper and forwarded a plea that the report should be suppressed for the duration of the case. On 1 November 2021, the Delhi High Court squashed the plea stating that there was "<bdi>no reason to intervene and stifle free speech", noting the interviews that the report was based on and stated the report was within the ambit of public interest.</bdi>


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Sanjay Gupta is the chief executive officer and editor-in-chief of the newspaper. Since 2020, he has also been appointed by the Modi government to the board of Prasar Bharati, India's public broadcaster.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The news staff consists of a large number of local stringer informants who obtain news items from small towns and villages, for the newspaper's sub-edition pages containing district specific news. The stringers generally do not have qualifications in journalism.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: "Dainik Jagran" was first named in a 2010 report to the Press Council of India as one of the newspapers publishing undisclosed paid news for celebrities, politicians and companies.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The newspaper publishes advertisements disguised as news reports for the Yogi Adityanath government. The advertisements copy the newspaper's general news report style and are usually published on the front pages. They are sometimes accompanied with bylines to "Dainik Jagran"'s staff, some of whom have been identified to be members of the newspaper's marketing team. The contents of the advertorial advertisements include laudatory reports of the government's activities, quotes from apparent residents praising the government and statements made by Bharatiya Janata Party politicians presented as facts without any attribution. Several of the newspaper's own news reports were repurposed into government advertisements at a later date and presented as new stories, which according to media analyst Vineet Kumar brings into question the credibility of its general reportage as well. Some of the advertorial reports have been found to be duplicates of reports which were earlier published as news items by outlets such as Zee News and the newspaper "Uday Bhoomi."


title: Dainik Jagran

text: "Dainik Jagran" is a right-wing newspaper, that espouses the Hindutva ideology. The newspaper has never openly admitted to any leanings and claims that it is neutral in its political orientation.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The newspaper has consistently espoused a nativist rhetoric of identity politics for the construction of a temple dedicated to "Rāma" at the site believed to be "Ram Janmabhoomi" () through its opinion-editorials and in editorialised news reports.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: "Dainik Jagran" is also accused of running false narratives in support of the BJP government. It ran a news covering Hathras gangrape and murder incident declaring it as a false case of rape and tried to defend the rapists which were later refuted by the CBI when it said that gangrape did occur and the state tried to do a cover-up.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Dainik Jagran is accused of running smear campaigns against Indian mathematician and educationalist, Anand Kumar printing false news about his institution called Super 30.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Dainik Jagran demonised and ran a smear campaign against activist Afreen Fatima when UP officials demolished her house, including claiming that she expressed her support for terrorist Afzal Guru.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The trademark name ""Dainik Jagran"" is the subject of an ongoing civil lawsuit initiated by the G. D. Gupta family against Jagran Prakashan in 2007 . The G. D. Gupta family are the controlling shareholders of Jagran Publications Pvt. Ltd., an associate company which publishes the Rewa and Bhopal editions. According to the lawsuit, the P. C. Gupta family controlled Jagran Prakashan is making unauthorised use of the trademark name and has laid a false claim of exclusive rights over it. On the basis of a family partition dating back to 12 June 1951 and an additional agreement signed on 10 January 1976, the lawsuit states that the trademark name is jointly owned by the lineal descendants of the three brothers, namely J. C. Arya, G. D. Gupta and P. C. Gupta, and not solely by the P. C. Gupta family. The J. C. Arya family own the associate company Dainik Jagran LLP which publishes the Jhansi edition of the newspaper.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: The lawsuit was started by Madan Mohan Gupta backed by several other members of the family and they applied for an injunction seeking an interim restraining order over the use of the trademark name. In 2010, Sanjeev Mohan Gupta, the director of Jagran Publications Pvt. Ltd., also appealed to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) seeking rejection of Jagran Prakashan's holding company transferring shares to Blackstone Group that was planning on investing in the company. S. M. Gupta stated that the unauthorised transfer of shares without consultation with the associate companies adversely affected them and would lead to brand dilution, adding that while the case was being litigated at the High Court of Delhi, the transfer would create third party interests in it.


title: Dainik Jagran

text: Jagran Prakashan rejected all claims made by the lawsuit, contesting that the two agreements had any impact over the rights and reiterated its claim of exclusive rights on the trademark name. Responding to the appeal at FIPB, the company contested that the transfer of shares related to a different entity and did not concern the subject matter of the litigation. In light of the fact that 35 out of the 39 editions of "Dainik Jagran" are registered under Jagran Prakashan, the court did not find sufficient grounds for an interim restraining order on the use of the trademark name. The company has also been allowed to go ahead with its transfer of shares and others mergers and acquisitions while the case continues to be litigated in court.


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: Jennifer Victoria Runyon (born April 1, 1960) is an American actress. She made her feature-film debut in the slasher film "To All a Goodnight" (1980), and went on to have supporting roles in the comedies "Up the Creek" (1984) and "Ghostbusters" (1984). She also had a lead role as Gwendolyn Pierce in the 1984 sitcom "Charles in Charge" during its first season. In 1988, she portrayed Cindy Brady in the television film "A Very Brady Christmas".


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: Runyon was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of radio announcer and disc jockey Jim Runyon, and actress Jane Roberts. She has one half-brother, Scott, from her father's first marriage. Runyon grew up in various cities in the United States, as her father's disc-jockey career required the family to move frequently. The family eventually settled in Los Angeles when Runyon was 14 years old.


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: Runyon made her feature-film debut in the slasher film "To All a Goodnight" (1980), about a group of school girls stalked by a killer in a Santa Claus costume. She was subsequently cast in a supporting role as Sally Frame on the soap opera "Another World", which she taped in New York from March 1981 until February 1983. She had a small part as a student being given an ESP test by Bill Murray's character in Ghostbusters (1984), and starred in "Up the Creek" that same year, the latter of which she filmed over several weeks in Bend, Oregon. She later appeared on television as Gwendolyn Pierce in the sitcom "Charles in Charge" (1984–1985), and replaced Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady in the television film "A Very Brady Christmas" (1988).


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: She was a guest on "Beverly Hills, 90210" in 1991. In 1988, Runyon played the lead in "The In Crowd" and was in the pilot of "Quantum Leap". She also starred in the comedy "18 Again!". She also appeared in "Murder, She Wrote" in the 1989 episode, "Seal of the Confessional" playing the character Kelly Barret alongside leading role Angela Lansbury.


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: In 1990 she played a supporting role in the World War II parody "A Man Called Sarge", produced by the brother of Roger Corman, Gene Corman, father of her husband Todd Corman.


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: Runyon married film and television director and collegiate basketball coach Todd Corman on March 9, 1991. Corman served as head coach of the Loyola Marymount women's basketball team from 1985 to 1995. He coached at Albertson College from 1996 to 2001. Beginning in 2001, he was the assistant coach of the women's basketball team at Oregon State University. The couple have a son, Wyatt, and a daughter, Bayley.


title: Jennifer Runyon

text: In a 2014 interview, Runyon stated she was semiretired from acting, and instead working as a teacher; she also stated that she co-hosted her own cooking podcast.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction which involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: Cannizzaro first accomplished this transformation in 1853, when he obtained benzyl alcohol and potassium benzoate from the treatment of benzaldehyde with potash (potassium carbonate). More typically, the reaction would be conducted with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, giving the sodium or potassium carboxylate salt of the carboxylic-acid product:


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: The process is a redox reaction involving transfer of a hydride from one substrate molecule to the other: one aldehyde is oxidized to form the acid, the other is reduced to form the alcohol.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First, hydroxide attacks a carbonyl. The resulting tetrahedral intermediate then collapses, re-forming the carbonyl and transferring hydride to attack another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: Overall, the reaction follows third-order kinetics. It is second order in aldehyde and first order in base:


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: The k' pathway implicates a reaction between the doubly charged anion (RCHO) and the aldehyde. The direct transfer of hydride ion is evident from the observation that the recovered alcohol does not contain any deuterium attached to the α-carbon when the reaction is performed in the presence of DO.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: Due to the strongly alkaline reaction conditions, aldehydes that have alpha hydrogen atom(s) instead undergo deprotonation there, leading to enolates and possible aldol reactions. Under ideal conditions the reaction produces 50% of both the alcohol and the carboxylic acid (it takes two aldehydes to produce one acid and one alcohol). This can be economically viable if the products can be separated and both have a value; the commercial conversion of furfural into furfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid is an example of this. Alternatively, higher yields of one product (usually the alcohol) can be achieved in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction, in which a sacrificial aldehyde is used in combination with a more valuable chemical. In this variation, the reductant is formaldehyde, which is oxidized to sodium formate and the other aldehyde chemical is reduced to the alcohol. Thus, the yield of the valuable chemical is high, although the atom economy can be low. The final stage in the synthesis of pentaerythritol is an example.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: A solvent-free reaction has been reported involving grinding liquid 2-chlorobenzaldehyde with potassium hydroxide in a mortar and pestle:


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: In the Tishchenko reaction, the base used is an alkoxide rather than hydroxide, and the product is an ester rather than the separate alcohol and carboxylate groups. After the nucleophilic base attacks an aldehyde, the resulting new oxygen anion attacks another aldehyde to give a hemiacetal linkage between two of the formerly aldehyde-containing reactants rather than undergoing tetrahedral collapse. Eventually tetrahedral collapse does occur, giving the stable ester product.


title: Cannizzaro reaction

text: Certain ketones can undergo a Cannizzaro-type reaction, transferring one of their two carbon groups rather than the hydride that would be present on an aldehyde.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio and also known as the Ordinance of 1787), enacted July 13, 1787, was an organic act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. It created the Northwest Territory, the new nation's first organized incorporated territory, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. The upper Mississippi River formed the territory's western boundary. Pennsylvania was the eastern boundary.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: In the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain yielded the region to the United States. However, the Confederation Congress faced numerous problems gaining control of the land such as the unsanctioned movement of American settlers into the Ohio Valley; violent confrontations with the region's indigenous peoples; the ongoing presence of the British Army, which continued to occupy forts in the region; and an empty U.S. treasury. The ordinance superseded the Land Ordinance of 1784, which declared that states would one day be formed within the region, and the Land Ordinance of 1785, which described how the Confederation Congress would sell the land to private citizens. Designed to serve as a plan for the development and settlement of the region, the 1787 ordinance lacked a strong central government to implement it. That need was addressed shortly with the formation of the U.S. federal government in 1789. The First Congress reaffirmed the 1787 ordinance and, with slight modifications, renewed it with the Northwest Ordinance of 1789.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress, it established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. It also set legislative precedent with regard to American public domain lands. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the authority of the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 within the applicable Northwest Territory as constitutional in "Strader v. Graham", but it did not extend the ordinance to cover the respective states once they were admitted to the Union.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The prohibition of slavery in the territory had the practical effect of establishing the Ohio River as the geographic divide between slave states and free states from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River, an extension of the Mason–Dixon line. It also helped set the stage for later federal political conflicts over slavery during the 19th century until the American Civil War.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The territory was acquired by Great Britain from France after the former's victory in the Seven Years' War and during the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Great Britain took over the Ohio Country, as its eastern portion was known, but a few months later, Britain closed it to a new European settlement by the Royal Proclamation of 1763. The Crown tried to restrict the settlement of the Thirteen Colonies to the area between the Appalachians and the Atlantic Ocean, which raised colonial tensions among those who wanted to move west. In 1774, Britain annexed the region to its Province of Quebec. With the Patriots' victory in the American Revolutionary War and the signing of the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the United States claimed the territory as well as the areas south of Ohio. The territories were subject to overlapping and conflicting claims of the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia dating from their colonial past. The British were active in some of the border areas until after the Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The region had long been desired for expansion by colonists. The states were encouraged to settle their claims by the U.S. federal government's "de facto" opening of the area to settlement after the defeat of Great Britain. In 1784, Thomas Jefferson, as delegate from Virginia, proposed for the states to relinquish their particular claims to all territory west of the Appalachians and for the area to be divided into new states of the Union. Jefferson's proposal to create a federal domain through state cessions of western lands was derived from earlier proposals dating back to 1776 and debates about the Articles of Confederation. Jefferson proposed creating ten roughly rectangular states from the territory, and suggested names for the new states: "Cherronesus", "Sylvania", "Assenisipia", "Illinoia", "Metropotamia", "Polypotamia", "Pelisipia", "Washington", "Michigania" and "Saratoga". The Congress of the Confederation modified the proposal and passed it as the Land Ordinance of 1784, which established the example that would become the basis for the Northwest Ordinance three years later.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The 1784 ordinance was criticized by George Washington in 1785 and James Monroe in 1786. Monroe convinced Congress to reconsider the proposed state boundaries; a review committee recommended repealing that part of the ordinance. Other politicians questioned the 1784 ordinance's plan for organizing governments in new states and worried that the new states' relatively small sizes would undermine the original states' power in Congress. Other events such as the reluctance of states south of the Ohio River to cede their western claims resulted in a narrowed geographic focus.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: When it was passed in New York in 1787, the Northwest Ordinance showed the influence of Jefferson. It called for dividing the territory into gridded townships so that once the lands were surveyed, they could be sold to individuals and speculative land companies. That would provide both a new source of federal government revenue and an orderly pattern for future settlement.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the concept of fee simple ownership by which ownership was in perpetuity, with unlimited power to sell or give it away. That was called the "first guarantee of freedom of contract in the United States."


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: Passage of the ordinance, which ceded all unsettled lands to the federal government and established the public domain, followed the relinquishing of all such claims over the territory by the states. The territories were to be administered directly by Congress, with the intent of their eventual admission as newly created states. The legislation was revolutionary in that it established the precedent for new lands to be administered by the central government, albeit temporarily, rather than under the jurisdiction of the individually-sovereign original states, as under the Articles of Confederation. The legislation also broke colonial precedent by defining future use of the natural navigation, transportation and communication routes. It did so in a way that anticipated future acquisitions beyond the Northwest Territories and established federal policy. Article 4 stated: "The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor."


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The most significant intended purpose of the legislation was its mandate for the creation of new states from the region. It provided that at least three but not more than five states would be established in the territory and that once such a state achieved a population of 60,000, it would be admitted into representation in the Continental Congress on an equal footing with the original thirteen states. The first state created from the Northwest Territory was Ohio in 1803, and the remaining territory was renamed Indiana Territory. The other four states were Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. A portion (about a third) of what later became Minnesota was also part of the territory.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The ordinance of Congress called for a public university as part of the settlement and eventual statehood of the Northwest Territory by stipulating, "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." In 1786, Manasseh Cutler became interested in the settlement of western lands by American pioneers to the Northwest Territory. The following year, as agent of the Ohio Company of Associates, which he had been involved in creating, he organized a contract with Congress whereby his associates, former soldiers of the Revolutionary War, might purchase of land at the mouth of the Muskingum River with their Certificate of Indebtedness. Cutler also took a leading part in drafting the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory, which was finally presented to Congress by Massachusetts delegate Nathan Dane. For the smooth passage of the Northwest Ordinance, Cutler bribed key congressmen by making them partners in his land company. By changing the office of provisional governor from being elected to appointed, Cutler was able to offer the position to the president of Congress, Arthur St. Clair.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: In 1797, settlers from Marietta traveled upstream via the Hocking River to establish a location for the school and chose Athens for its location directly between Chillicothe and Marietta. Originally named in 1802 as the American Western University, the school never opened. Instead, Ohio University was formally established on February 18, 1804, when its charter was approved by the Ohio General Assembly. Its establishment came 11 months after Ohio was admitted to the Union. The first three students enrolled in 1809. Ohio University graduated two students with bachelor's degrees in 1815.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: While the population of free, male inhabitants of a territory was less than 5,000, there would be a limited form of government: a governor, a secretary, and three judges, all being appointed by Congress. The governor, appointed for a three-year term and given a "freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of land," would be the commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint magistrates and other civil officers, and help create and publish laws. The secretary, appointed for a four-year term and given a similar freehold estate as the governor but of five hundred acres, would be in charge of keeping and preserving the acts and laws passed by the territorial legislatures, keep the public records of the district, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six months to the secretary of the Continental Congress. Three judges, who would be appointed indefinitely "during good behaviour" and be given the same freehold as the secretary, would be in charge of helping the governor create and pass acts and laws and in making official court rulings.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: Once the population of a territory reached 5,000 free, male inhabitants, it would receive the authority to elect representatives from counties or townships to a territorial general assembly. For every 500 free males, there would be one representative until there were 25 representatives. Then, Congress would control the number and proportion of the representatives from that legislature. No male could be a representative unless he was a citizen of the United States for at least three years or lived in the district for three years and owned at least 200 acres of land within the same district. The representatives would serve for a term of two years. If a representative died or was removed from office, a new one would be elected to serve out the remaining time.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The natural rights provisions of the ordinance foreshadowed the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Many of the concepts and guarantees of the Ordinance of 1787 were incorporated in the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. In the Northwest Territory, various legal and property rights were enshrined, religious tolerance was proclaimed, and since "Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The right of "habeas corpus" was written into the charter, as were freedom of religion and bans on excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. Trial by jury and a ban on "ex post facto" laws were also rights that were recognized.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: At the time, no one claimed being responsible for this article. Sometime later, Nathan Dane of Massachusetts claimed he wrote it, and Manasseh Cutler told his son Ephraim that he wrote it. Historian David McCullough discounts Dane's claim because Dane was not a good writer. The language of the ordinance prohibits slavery but also contains a clear fugitive slave clause. An attempt to add limited slavery to the proposed constitution of Ohio in 1802 was defeated after a major effort led by Ephraim Cutler, who represented Marietta, the town founded by the Ohio Company.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: Efforts in the 1820s by pro-slavery forces to legalize slavery in two of the states created from the Northwest Territory failed, but an "indentured servant" law allowed some slaveholders to bring slaves under that status who could not be bought or sold. Southern states voted for the law because they did not want to compete with the territory over tobacco as a commodity crop since it was so labor-intensive that it was grown profitably only with slave labor. Also, slave states' political power would be merely equalized since there were three more slave states than there were free states in 1790.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: The Thirteenth Amendment, passed in 1865, outlawed slavery throughout the United States, quotes verbatim from Article 6 of the Northwest Ordinance.


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: In two parts, the Northwest Ordinance mentions the Native Americans within the region. One pertains to the demarcation of counties and townships out of lands that the Indians were regarded as having lost or relinquished title:


title: Northwest Ordinance

text: Many Native Americans in Ohio who were not parties refused to acknowledge treaties signed after the Revolutionary War that ceded lands north of the Ohio River inhabited by them to the United States. In a conflict sometimes known as the Northwest Indian War, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miamis formed a confederation to stop white expropriation of the territory. After the Indian confederation killed more than 800 soldiers in two battles, the worst defeats ever suffered by the United States in conflicts with Indigenous nations, U.S. President George Washington assigned General Anthony Wayne command of a new army, which eventually defeated the confederation and allowed European Americans to continue to settle the territory.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Coins of the Indian rupee (INR) were first minted in 1950. New coins have been produced annually since then and they make up a valuable aspect of the Indian currency system. Today, circulating coins exist in denominations of One Rupee, Two Rupees, Five Rupees, Ten Rupees and Twenty Rupees. All of these are produced by four mints located across India, in Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Noida.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: After Indian independence in 1947, British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until the dominion of India became a republic in 1950. The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950. These included 1/2 rupee, 1/4 rupee, 2 anna, 1 anna, 1/2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In 1957, India shifted to the decimal system, though for a short period of time, both decimal and non-decimal coins were in circulation. To distinguish between the two pice coins in circulation, the coins minted between 1957 and 1964 were printed with the legend “Naya Paisa” (“New Paisa”). The denominations in circulation were 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 (naya) paisa and one rupee. Since rupees retained their pre-decimal value, pre-decimal coins of one, half and quarter rupees remained in circulation after decimalisation.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The word "naya" was dropped in 1964 and a new denomination, the 3 paisa, was introduced into circulation. A 20 paisa coin was minted in 1968. Neither of these coins gained much popularity. The 1, 2 and 3 paisa coins were phased out gradually in the 1970s. In 1982, a new 2 rupee coin was introduced experimentally to replace 2 rupee notes. The 2 rupee coin was not minted again till 1990, after which it was minted every following year.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paisa was introduced in 1988. In 1992, a new stainless steel rupee coin, smaller and lighter than the older rupee, was minted, alongside a 5 rupee Cupronickel coin.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In 2005, the 10 rupee coin was minted for the first time. Higher denomination coins were introduced due to an increasing demand for change and the increasing cost of printing 2, 5 and 10 rupee banknotes.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Commemorative coins in circulation can be found in various denominations. They depict various special events or people, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Rajiv Gandhi, Dnyaneshwar, the 1982 Asian Games, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Chittaranjan Das, Chhatrapati Shivaji, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Bhagat Singh, Rabindranath Tagore, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Jallianwala Bagh massacre etc.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: At Independence on 15 August 1947, India was partitioned into the new Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan. The new Dominion (or Union) of India retained the previous imperial currency with the portrait of King George VI. The basic unit of currency was the Indian rupee, which was itself divided into annas (16 annas to a rupee) and pice (the old spelling of paisa - 64 pice to a rupee). The lowest-denomination Indian coins, the half-pice (128 to a rupee) and the pie (192 to a rupee) were officially demonetized in 1947; while both denominations had continued to circulate up to that time, new examples were not minted after 1942 as they were practically worthless (India remained a member of the sterling area after independence and the rupee remained pegged to the pound sterling. Until 1966, the rupee was worth 1s.6d, or 18 old British pence; a half-pice was therefore worth 0.141 old pence and a pie 0.09 old pence.)


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period up to the establishment of the Republic of India.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The British India coins which were mostly in circulation from 1947 to 1950 until the first Republic of India (Pre-decimalization Series) coins were introduced as follows:


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: On 26 January 1950, India became an independent republic in the Commonwealth of Nations. This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic of India. The British King's portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one rupee coin. In some ways this symbolised a shift in focus to progress and prosperity. Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins. The previous monetary system and the old units of currency were retained unchanged.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The move towards decimalization was afoot for over a century. However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, after which anna and pice denominations were demonetised. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'paisa' instead of 16 annas or 64 pice. Effective from 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetized.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The antiquated spelling of "pice" was modified to "paisa" in the singular and "paise" in the plural. For public recognition, the new decimal paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' (New Paisa) till 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of 50p, 25p, 10p, 5p, 2p, and 1p had a legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a rupee.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In June 1964, the term 'Naya' was dropped and the coins were as fllowsreminted. The legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a Rupee continued till it was finally dropped from the new design minted 1964 onwards.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The coin minted from 1965 did not have the legend in Devanagari, explaining the value of the coin as a fraction of the rupee. Small-denomination coins which were formerly made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in aluminium. The first coin minted in such type was the 3 paisa coin in 1964, which was a new denomination, and continued to be minted till 1971. One and Two paisa coins were changed to aluminium and were minted without the Devanagari legend from 1965. 20 paisa coin was introduced in 1968, which continued to be minted till 1971.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: From 1982, New series was launched. the 20 paisa coin which was last minted in 1971, was reintroduced again, but in Aluminium. The size and the design of 10 paisa, 50 paisa and 1 rupee was changed, though they continued to be minted in the same metal. Coins of 3p, 2p and 1p were discontinued but continued to be the legal tender.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In Series IV, 5 paisa and 20 paisa coins were discontinued though they continued to be minted in Series III till 1994 and 1997 respectively. 10 paisa, 25 paisa and 50 paisa coins were minted in Stainless Steel. 1992 onwards, 1 Re coin was also minted in Steel and ₹2 and ₹5 coins in Copper Nickel were introduced. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 led to the gradual coinage of these denominations. These coins continued to be minted till 2004, when the Unity in diversity series was launched.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Cupro-Nickel coins are not minted anymore. Ferritic Stainless Steel coins of Two and Five Rupee denominations are currently in production.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In 2004, RBI issued a series in denominations of 1 rupee, followed by 2 rupee and 10 rupee in 2005. These issues however came into circulation in 2006, and created a controversy over their design. 10 rupee coins were the first bimetallic coins issued in India, and because of the controversy and being minted in only one mint, most of the coinage never found its way into circulation. The ones which did were hoarded by Coin collectors and Coin hoarders.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In 2007 RBI issued a new series of Coins, The Hasta Mudra Series, in coins of 50 paisa, 1 rupee and 2 rupee denominations. These coins are stainless steel and feature various Hasta Mudras (hand gestures in Indian Classical dance). The 5 rupee piece that features waves in its design was also issued in 2007, along with a new 10 rupee coin. However, the design of the 10 rupee piece changed in 2008. The 5 rupee coin design was again reverted to the previous design, though it was issued in Nickel-brass instead of Copper-nickel. However, these 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were not the part of the Hasta Mudra series.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were issued for common circulation in 2007, 2008, 2009 with changed designs and continued to be minted until the introduction of the Rupee Symbol series in 2011.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: In 2011, RBI issued a series in denominations of 50p, ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, and ₹10. The 50p, ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 designs are identical except the absence of the rupee symbol in 50p coin. The ₹10 coin continued to be issued in bimetallic issues as previously.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The Ministry of Finance has issued a notification on March 6 announcing the launch of 5 new coins in the country, namely the new 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20. The new series of coins are accessible to those with visual impairments and have an enhanced design. The coins were launched by PM Narendra Modi and Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. The design of the coins were prepared by the National Institute of Design while Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited and the Ministry of Finance played the key role in the introduction of new coins in the country.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Various new features have been incorporated in the new series of circulation coins to make them more easy for the visually impaired people to use. The coins are characterized by increasing size and weight from lower to higher denominations from 1 to 20. All of the denominations would be of round shape, except the newly included coin of 20, which will be a 12 sided coin with no serrations.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Each currency coin minted in India (and anywhere in the world) has a special mint mark on it to identify the mint.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Due to the increasing demand for the circulation of coins, the Indian government was forced to mint coins in foreign countries at various points in the country's history.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The first Indian commemorative coin was issued in 1964 in remembrance of Jawaharlal Nehru's birth anniversary. Since then, numerous coins from 5 paise (INR 0.05) to ₹1000 (INR 1000.00) have been issued. These coins based on birth or death centenary of famous personalities or on recently died, commemoration of special government programs or sport events, anniversaries of historical incidents, government organisation etc.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Note: Bold Marks are Silver Coins, Mint index: K = Kolkata (no mark), H = Hyderabad (⋆), M = Mumbai (◆ or B), Noida = (●).


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: The two-rupee coin issued from 2006 by the Reserve Bank, in stark contrast to the earlier coin, is rounded and simpler in design, without the map of India. The coin has already been criticized for being difficult to recognize by the visually impaired.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: Most controversially, it features an equal-armed cross with the beams divided into two rays and with dots between adjacent beams. According to RBI, this design represents "four heads sharing a common body" under a new "unity in diversity" theme.


title: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: However, Hindu nationalists have charged that the symbol is a Christian cross resembling the symbol on the deniers issued by Louis the Pious.


title: Identity crisis

text: In psychology, identity crisis is a stage theory of identity development where it involves resolution of a conflict over the 8 stages of the lifespan. The term was coined by German psychologist Erik Erikson.


title: Identity crisis

text: The stage of psychosocial development in which identity crisis may occur is called the identity cohesion vs. role confusion. During this stage, adolescents are faced with physical growth, sexual maturity, and integrating ideas of themselves and about what others think of them. Adolescents therefore form their self-image and endure the task of resolving the crisis of their basic ego identity. Successful resolution of the crisis depends on one's progress through previous developmental stages, centering on issues such as trust, autonomy, and initiative.


title: Identity crisis

text: Erikson's own interest in identity began in childhood. Born Ashkenazic Jewish, Erikson felt that he was an outsider. His later studies of cultural life among the Yurok of northern California and the Sioux of South Dakota helped formalize Erikson's ideas about identity development and identity crisis. Erikson described those going through an identity crisis as exhibiting confusion.


title: Identity crisis

text: Adolescents may withdraw from normal life, not taking action or acting as they usually would at work, in their marriage or at school, or be unable to make defining choices about the future. They may even turn to negative activities, such as crime or drugs since from their point of view having a negative identity could be more acceptable than none at all. On the other side of the spectrum, those who emerge from the adolescent stage of personality development with a strong sense of identity are well equipped to face adulthood with confidence and certainty. Erikson studied 8 stages that made up his theory. Ego identity was a key concept to understanding "What is identity" and it played a huge role in the conscious mind that includes fantasies, feelings, memories, perceptions, self- awareness, sensations, and thoughts; Each contributing a sense to self that is developed through social interaction. He felt that peers have a strong impact on the development of ego identity during adolescence. He believed that association with negative groups such as cults or fanatics could actually "redistrict" the developing ego during this fragile time. The basic strength that Erikson found should be developed during adolescence is fidelity, which only emerges from a cohesive ego identity. Fidelity is known to encompass sincerity, genuineness and a sense of duty in our relationships with other people. Erikson made it an argument between identity and confusion. Confusion lies between the younger generation, "teenagers", and during adolescents he states that they "need to develop a sense of self and personal identity". If they don't develop this sense of self, they will be insecure and lose themselves lacking that confidence and certainty they will be facing as an adult.He described identity as "a subjective sense as well as an observable quality of personal sameness and continuity, paired with some belief in the sameness and continuity of some shared world image. As a quality of unself-conscious living, this can be gloriously obvious in a young person who has found himself as he has found his commonality. In him we see emerge a unique unification of what is irreversibly given—that is, body type and temperament, giftedness and vulnerability, infantile models and acquired ideals—with the open choices provided in available roles, occupational possibilities, values offered, mentors met, friendships made, and first sexual encounters."


title: Identity crisis

text: James Marcia's research on identity statuses of adolescents also applies to Erikson's framework of identity crises in adolescents.


title: Identity crisis

text: Identity foreclosure is an identity status which Marcia claimed is an identity developed by an individual without much choice. "The foreclosure status is when a commitment is made without exploring alternatives. Often these commitments are based on parental ideas and beliefs that are accepted without question". Identity foreclosure can contribute to identity crises in adolescents when the "security blanket" of their assumed identity is removed. These "foreclosed individuals often go into crisis, not knowing what to do without being able to rely on the norms, rules, and situations to which they have been accustomed." An example of this would be a son of a farmer who learns that his father is selling the farm, and whose identity as an heir to a farm and the lifestyle and identity of a farmer has been shaken by that news.


title: Identity crisis

text: Identity diffusion is a Marcian identity status that can lead to identity crises in adolescents. Identity diffusion can be described as "the apathetic state that represents the relative lack of both exploration and commitment". Identity diffusion can overlap with diagnoses such as schizophrenia and depression, and can best be described as a lack of identity structure. An example of an identity crisis emerging from this status is an adolescent who becomes reclusive after his identity as a star athlete is destroyed by a serious injury.


title: Identity crisis

text: Identity moratorium is the status that Marcia theorizes lasts the longest in individuals, is the most volatile, and can be best described as "the active exploration of alternatives". Individuals experiencing identity moratorium can be very open-minded and thoughtful but also in crisis over their identity. An example of this would be a college student who lacks conviction in their future after changing majors multiple times but still cannot seem to find their passion.


title: Identity crisis

text: Identity achievement is the resolution to many identity crises. Identity achievement occurs when the adolescent has explored and committed to important aspects of their identity."


title: NBA 2K21

text: NBA 2K21 is a 2021 basketball simulation video game that was developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports. The game is based on the National Basketball Association (NBA) and is the 22nd installment in the "NBA 2K" franchise, the successor to "NBA 2K20" and the predecessor to "NBA 2K22". The game was released on September 4, 2020, for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Google Stadia, and on November 29, 2020 for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S. Most versions were released to heavy criticism, citing the lack of originality in the gameplay and many microtransactions and bugs.


title: NBA 2K21

text: A teaser of the game was released on June 11, 2020, during the PS5 Reveal Event and featured the player model of New Orleans Pelicans' Zion Williamson. It showed a few seconds of pre-alpha, in-engine footage, and showed many effects such as ray-tracing and shadow details. On June 30, 2020, NBA 2K announced Damian Lillard, of the Portland Trail Blazers, would be the cover for the standard edition on the previous-generation consoles. On July 1, 2020, NBA 2K announced Zion Williamson as the cover athlete for the standard edition of the next-generation consoles. The last covers were released on July 2, 2020, honoring the late Kobe Bryant. The demo for the game was released on August 24, 2020


title: NBA 2K21

text: A staple of the series, MyCareer, returns as one of the available game modes. MyCareer is a career mode in which the player creates their own customizable basketball player and plays through their basketball career. Players may make a male or female player, although female player creation is exclusively available on next-gen consoles. The Neighborhood also returns to MyCareer, as 2K Beach, in which players can customize their wardrobe, get haircuts and tattoos, and purchase boosts. They can also do their workouts and run drills to improve their attributes at their current team's practice facility. Progress in MyCareer may not carry over across generations, due to some changes made exclusively for next-gen.


title: NBA 2K21

text: In the next-generation release for the game, The MyCareer online staple The Neighborhood mode was rebranded into The City with the return of affiliations from NBA 2K16. Players start in Rookieville where they play similarly low-leveled players before they can choose an affiliation to enter The City. MyRep, the level system exclusive to The City mode, is shared across all MyPlayer builds, so players only have to level up out of Rookieville once for all their characters. Once a player levels out of Rookieville, they are automatically assigned without choice to one of four of The City's affiliations, ranging from the North Side Knights, South City Vipers, Beasts of the East, and the Western Wildcats. Players are free to switch their affiliation, however they are penalized for doing so by their level being reset down to Pro 1; same level the player was from leaving Rookieville. Although the player can play in affiliations that they are not a member of, there is a penalty by reducing the amount of experience gained in matches for their MyRep level. Players can participate in quests given by NPCs, which are either single-player 3v3 games against famous basketball players, or playing games against other MyPlayers in The City. The rewards are typically Virtual Currency (VC) and customizations.


title: NBA 2K21

text: Every affiliation has elections for a Mayor, which are typically community influencers who are responsible for making videos that display in-game, court designs, in-game playlists, design of murals, and uniform selections. Each mayoral term lasts 6 weeks.


title: NBA 2K21

text: "NBA 2K21" features both MyLeague and MyGM from previous games, where the player can take the helm of a franchise and fully simulate an NBA season while making trades, drafting, and playing games with their teams. Compared to prior titles, eighth-generation console releases of NBA 2K21 were left with little changes for their staple franchise modes, MyLeague and MyGM. Outside of roster changes, the main changes focuses with MyLeague Online where certain users can be given different admin control. WNBA teams were also given more representation as players were now able to play through a whole season with all 12 teams.


title: NBA 2K21

text: In the game's Xbox Series X/S and PS5 release, MyGM and MyLeague were combined and rebranded into MyNBA. Instead of the role-playing aspects such as cutscenes, player morale, and tasks being locked solely to MyGM, they are now individually toggleable under role-playing elements before one starts MyNBA. NBA G League games are also playable as well, however playoffs and the championship for the NBA G League are not featured. A boom/bust system was also revamped, giving more unpredictability to draft prospects and young players in terms of how their career will turnout.


title: NBA 2K21

text: "NBA 2K21" received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic, and "generally favorable reviews" on the ninth-generation consoles.


title: NBA 2K21

text: Michael Higham from "GameSpot" gave the game a score of 6-out-of-10. He states ""NBA 2K21" shows that the lone basketball sim we have now has largely stagnated. It's a full package, for sure, but one that demonstrates little-to-no motivation to meaningfully improve upon itself. That doesn't take away from the strong foundation that makes NBA 2K a fun and rewarding time. However, when you go through the same grind and the same process with only superficial changes, you just get burnt out faster than years prior."


title: NBA 2K21

text: Ben Vollmer from "IGN" gave the game a score of 6 out of 10, stating "More of the same isn't good enough anymore, especially when it includes such obtrusive microtransactions." Vollmer also says "At the same time, it's a shame that 2K's focus isn't on the fun you can have on the court, but instead the money that can be extracted from your wallet off of the court in the MyCareer and MyTeam modes, whist aren't fun to grind through without paying. Maybe the new set of consoles on the horizon will bring a fresh start for the NBA 2K franchise, but right now I feel more pessimistic about the series’ future than ever."


title: NBA 2K21

text: The PlayStation 4 version of "NBA 2K21" sold 8,541 physical copies within its first week on sale in Japan, making it the seventh bestselling retail game of the week. The game had sold more than 8 million copies by the end of December 2020.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: Agni Natchathiram () is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language masala film that was written and directed by Mani Ratnam. The film stars Prabhu, Karthik, Amala and newcomer Nirosha, with Vijayakumar, Jayachitra, Sumithra, Tara, S. N. Lakshmi and G. Umapathy in supporting roles. Its story revolves around two half-brothers who come into conflict with each other due to their claims for legitimacy as sons of a common father.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: Ratnam intended "Agni Natchathiram" to follow "Mouna Ragam" (1986); he completed the script but chose to prioritise "Nayakan". Although some scenes were filmed during a break from "Nayakan", production on "Agni Natchathiram" stalled for nearly a year and resumed in late 1987 after "Nayakan"s release. "Agni Natchathiram" was produced by Ratnam's brother G. Venkateswaran; it was filmed by P. C. Sreeram, and edited by B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: "Agni Natchathiram" was released on 15 April 1988, the week of the Tamil New Year festival Puthandu, and became a box-office success, running in theatres for over 200 days. The film won two Filmfare Awards South, three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, and five Cinema Express Awards. It became a trendsetter in Tamil cinema, set a new standard in the use of lighting, and was remade in Hindi as "Vansh" (1992).


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: In Madras, half-brothers Gautham and Ashok are the sons of senior government Indian Administrative Service (IAS)


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: official Vishwanath. Gautham's mother is Vishwanath's first wife Susheela, and Ashok's mother is Vishwanath's second wife Kamala. Both Gautham and Ashok inappropriately express their anger towards their father to others, and display open antipathy towards each other.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: Gautham, a trainee Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, meets the Commissioner's daughter Anjali and they slowly become lovers. After graduating from the police academy, Gautham is appointed Assistant Commissioner in Madras. Around the same time, Ashok meets a mysterious girl and they also form a romantic relationship. Meanwhile, Vishwanath is appointed head of an inquiry commission to investigate a nefarious factory owner called Chidambaram.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: One night, Ashok and his friends run into Gautham and Anjali; one of Ashok's friends teases Gautham, who arrests Ashok's friend on an invented charge. Enraged, Ashok and his gang throw stones at Gautham's house, accidentally injuring Susheela. The next day, Gautham arrests Ashok after provoking him into attacking him. Because Vishwanath is out of town, Susheela helps Kamala bail Ashok and offers snide, unsolicited advice about raising her children to be law-abiding. Meanwhile, Chidambaram repeatedly tries to bribe Vishwanath but is rebuffed and orders an assault on Vishwanath.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: On the day when Ashok's sister Mallika is meeting a prospective groom's family for a matchmaking ceremony, Vishwanath fails to arrive, causing the groom's family to question the seriousness of the marriage between Kamala and Vishwanath. Ashok is enraged; he goes to Vishwanath's house and berates him but realises his paternal grandmother has died; Gautham throws him out. Later, Ashok learns his girlfriend also comes from a broken family. The Commissioner learns of Gautham's romance with Anjali and, based on his father's behaviour, doubts his monogamy.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: Mallika runs into Gautham and Anjali on a commuter train; Gautham protecting her from ruffians hired by Chidambaram to harass her, and he and Anjali accompany Mallika home safely. Mallika addresses Gautham as her elder brother but before he can respond, Ashok arrives and throws him out. Another altercation occurs at a wedding. The next day, they get into a huge brawl in public. Vishwanath berates them both, lamenting his public humiliation at his sons' behaviour.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: While Vishwanath is leaving his office, he is run over by a truck driven by one of Chidambaram's thugs and becomes comatose. Mutual fear brings the families closer as Susheela and Kamala wait by his bedside. Chidambaram arranges for Vishwanath's murder in the hospital. When the thugs attack, Gautham and Ashok foil the murder attempt by switching to the ambulance that Vishwanath was in. The next day, the brothers take the bandaged Vishwanath into the commission's office to submit evidence of Chidambaram's crimes. Chidambaram is arrested and the brothers high five each other.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: After "Mouna Ragam" (1986), Mani Ratnam wrote the script for "Agni Natchathiram", with which he intended to reach out to audiences he could not reach with "Mouna Ragam". However, when Muktha Srinivasan approached Ratnam to make a film for Kamal Haasan, which eventually became "Nayakan", he agreed. "Agni Natchathiram" was produced by Ratnam's brother G. Venkateswaran, filmed by P. C. Sreeram, and edited by B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan. Thota Tharani was the art director and Mugur Sundar was the dance choreographer.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: "Agni Natchathiram" is the second time after "Mouna Ragam" Karthik collaborated with Ratnam. It is the feature-film debut of Raadhika's sister Nirosha, who was not initially interested in pursuing an acting career, having previously declined an offer to act in "Nayakan", but at Raadhika's suggestion she joined this film. Vijayakumar, who had quit films and had settled in the United States, had returned to India for a different purpose when assistant director K. Subash met and offered him a role in "Agni Natchathiram". Vijayakumar initially refused but Subash remained adamant; when Ratnam narrated the script, Vijayakumar was impressed with the character and accepted the role. G. Umapathy made his acting debut, playing the antagonist Chidambaram.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: In January 1987, after two weeks of filming for "Nayakan", Ratnam resumed work on "Agni Natchathiram", filming scenes with Prabhu and Amala such as the song "Ninnukkori Varnam". Ratnam, however, could not manage filming for two films at the same time so work on "Agni Natchathiram" was halted for nearly a year, resuming only after "Nayakan"s release in late 1987. To make the film more commercially viable, a comedy subplot involving a middle-aged man (V. K. Ramasamy) and his chauffeur (Janagaraj) trying to cavort with a prostitute (Disco Shanti) without their wives' knowledge was created. Two backup dancers did not arrive for the filming of the dance song "Raaja Raajathi", so Sundar persuaded his son Prabhu Deva to perform the breakdance in the song. The entire climax was filmed with strobe light effects.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: Ilaiyaraaja composed the music for the soundtrack of "Agni Natchathiram" and Vaali wrote the lyrics. Many of the songs are set in Carnatic ragas; "Vaa Vaa Anbe Anbe" is in Shivaranjani, "Thoongatha Vizhigal" is in Amritavarshini, "Oru Poonga Vanam" is in Sudhadhanyasi, and "Ninnukkori Varnam" is in Mohanam. For "Raaja Raajathi", Ilaiyaraaja used no string instruments and composed the opening stanza with only two notes. Anand–Milind adapted the song as "Tap Tap Tapori" for "Baaghi" (1990). For the Telugu dubbed version titled "Gharsana", all the lyrics are written by Rajasri.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: "Agni Natchathiram" was released on 15 April 1988, the week of Puthandu, the Tamil New Year festival. It ran in theatres for over 200 days, becoming a silver jubilee film and Ratnam's most-profitable film to that point. The film was also dubbed in Telugu as "Gharsana".


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: S. Shivakumar, writing for "Mid-Day", called "Agni Natchathiram" "Mani's loosely scripted work to date" and said; "What emerges on the screen is frothy and cracks like fresh pop corn". N. Krishnaswamy of "The Indian Express" wrote the film has "more light than heat", referring to the impact Sriram's technique had on the film, and criticised the comedy subplot. "Ananda Vikatan" wrote Ratnam proved he could make an interesting and engaging film with just a small thread of script, and that he had imagined each scene differently and presented them interestingly, giving the film a rating of 45 out of 100. Jayamanmadhan of "Kalki" criticised the film for Ratnam's direction and writing.


title: Agni Natchathiram

text: Indian film critic Baradwaj Rangan considers "Agni Natchathiram" a defining Tamil film for the youth of the 1980s. It became a trendsetter in Tamil cinema for setting "a new standard in the use of lighting". Lakshmipathy's dialogue ""En pondatti orrukku poittaa"" ("My wife has gone to her town"), which is spoken in excitement when his wife leaves for her hometown, entered Tamil vernacular. The dialogue also inspired a song of the same name in "Nenjam Marappathillai" (2021). In 2004, Rediff.com appreciated "Agni Natchathiram" for its "[s]ubtlety, diffused lighting, realistic fights, plain logic, a controlled Prabhu and a livewire Kartik", calling it a "landmark movie which never got the recognition it deserved up north". In 2018, Rangan called "Agni Natchathiram" one of the best films in the masala genre, though he noted elements such as the loosu ponnu character played by Amala and the "flashy, MTV-era cinematography" did not age well. The film was remade in Hindi as "Vansh" (1992).


title: Timo Glock

text: Timo Glock (born 18 March 1982) is a German professional racing driver, and BMW Motorsport works driver. He raced in Formula One for the Jordan, Toyota, Virgin Racing and Marussia F1 teams. He finished 10th in the Drivers' Championship in both 2008 and 2009, scoring three podium finishes.


title: Timo Glock

text: After leaving Formula One in 2013, Glock became a works driver for BMW in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, driving for BMW Team MTEK, and achieved his first DTM podium at the Red Bull Ring, and a first win at the season finale at the Hockenheimring.


title: Timo Glock

text: Born in Lindenfels, West Germany, Glock began his motorsport career in 1998 at the age of 15. He won several karting championships as well as the BMW ADAC Formula Junior Cup in 2000 and the Formula BMW ADAC Championship in 2001. In his first German Formula Three Championship season in 2002, he finished third in the standings en route to rookie of the year honours. In 2003, he competed in the Formula Three Euroseries, winning three races and scoring three other podium finishes, which were enough to place him in fifth position in the Championship.


title: Timo Glock

text: Glock was signed as Jordan Grand Prix's test driver for the 2004 Formula One season and made his Formula One debut at the Canadian Grand Prix replacing Giorgio Pantano, who had a contract dispute with Jordan. He finished 11th, but inherited 7th following the disqualification of the Williams and Toyota cars and thus scored two points on his debut.


title: Timo Glock

text: He finished the season with Jordan, taking over from Pantano for the last three races. Glock's sponsorship with Deutsche Post helped bring back the colours of DHL to Jordan.


title: Timo Glock

text: In 2005, Glock shifted his career to the United States, racing in the Champ Car World Series with Paul Gentilozzi's Rocketsports team. His best finish was second place at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve at the Molson Indy Montreal in Canada, where he was defeated by Oriol Servia. In the closing laps of the race Glock twice retained the lead over Servia by missing the track's final chicane. As the rules require drivers who gain or retain a position by driving off the racing surface to give way, Glock was asked to move over by Champ Car officials, and let Servia take the lead. Glock obliged midway through the final lap, giving him enough time to try to take the lead back, but to no avail. Glock finished 8th in the final season points standings and won the Champ Car World Series' Rookie of the Year award.


title: Timo Glock

text: In 2006, Glock raced in Europe in the GP2 Series, the level immediately below Formula One. He started with the midfield BCN Competicion team, gaining average results. In mid-season, however, he moved to the front-running iSport team and after a string of improved results finished fourth in the drivers' standings, also winning an award for "most improved driver" in the series. In he tested an F1 car again for BMW Sauber, which led to him being signed in December as the team's second test driver for .


title: Timo Glock

text: Glock was also re-signed for 2007 by iSport and won one feature race and four sprint races on his way to the championship. Following the serious crash of regular Formula One BMW driver Robert Kubica in Canada, it was speculated that Glock might take over the drive. However, the team instead chose its lead test driver Sebastian Vettel. Vettel's drive as a fill-in helped him get a full-time racing seat with the Toro Rosso team later in the season, starting at the Hungarian Grand Prix, and Glock was then promoted to the main test and reserve driver for BMW.


title: Timo Glock

text: After winning the GP2 Series in 2007, Glock was connected to several F1 teams. He signed a contract with Toyota F1, though still under a test driver contract with BMW, which led to the dispute being brought before the Contract Recognition Board. In November, the CRB ruled that Glock was free to race for Toyota in and shortly afterwards Glock signed a three-year contract to replace Ralf Schumacher at Toyota. He scored his first points of 2008 in the Canadian Grand Prix, finishing 4th ahead of Felipe Massa's Ferrari. Glock qualified a career-best fifth at the Hungarian Grand Prix, and finished the race in second place. At the Singapore Grand Prix, Glock finished 4th, one of his best of the season.


title: Timo Glock

text: In the final race of the 2008 season, the Brazilian Grand Prix, Glock was seventh with a few laps to go when it started to rain. Glock remained on the track with dry-weather tyres, while most of the other drivers, including Lewis Hamilton, opted to pit for wet tyres. The decision to stay out moved Glock up the order, ahead of Hamilton on track. Starting the final lap, Glock was fourth but was struggling on his dry-weather tyres as the rain intensified. He was passed by Toro Rosso's Sebastian Vettel and McLaren's Lewis Hamilton in the final corners. Hamilton regained fifth place to win the 2008 Drivers' Championship. Glock finished the race in sixth and the championship in tenth position, with 25 points, behind teammate Jarno Trulli.


title: Timo Glock

text: After being in the top 10 in all three practice sessions in Australia, Glock qualified 6th on the grid. However, the rear wing of his (and teammate Trulli's) Toyota was deemed to be too flexible and thus illegal, and his time was cleared and he started 19th. During the race, he worked his way through the pack to finish in 5th place. However, after the race, Lewis Hamilton was disqualified and stripped of his 4th-place finish, and Glock was promoted to 4th. A week later in Malaysia, he qualified 5th, but started 3rd after penalties to both Sebastian Vettel and Rubens Barrichello. At the start of the race, Glock slipped to 8th, but an inspired tyre choice as the rain started, coupled with precise driving, saw Glock finish in 3rd when the race was ended early on lap 32.


title: Timo Glock

text: Consecutive seventh places for Glock in the rain in China, and in the dry in Bahrain had given him a total of 12 points for the season, although these finishes came in contrasting ways. In China he qualified 14th, not making it out of Qualifying 2, whilst in Bahrain he qualified 2nd, led the race in the first stint, but he had a poor second stint on hard tyres which forced him to battle his way back to seventh by the end of the race. Glock earned his second podium of the season when he finished 2nd behind Lewis Hamilton at the Singapore Grand Prix after qualifying in 6th. The race began well when Glock passed Alonso and was given a place by Mark Webber who was forced to let Alonso overtake. Late in the race Glock seemed set for 3rd place until Nico Rosberg crossed the white line exiting the pits, earning him a drive through penalty and allowing Glock to easily take 2nd place.


title: Timo Glock

text: In qualifying for the 2009 Japanese Grand Prix, Glock crashed heavily at the last corner and was airlifted to hospital with a leg injury. As he was not fit to race, Jarno Trulli was the only driver representing Toyota. On 11 October 2009, Toyota confirmed that its test driver Kamui Kobayashi would make his race debut in the Brazilian Grand Prix, as Glock had suffered further complications from his accident, resulting in a cracked vertebra and he would not be guaranteed to be fit in time to race in Brazil and Abu Dhabi. Toyota pulled out of F1 at the end of 2009, leaving an uncertain future for Glock.


title: Timo Glock

text: Glock's future for a time appeared uncertain, but on 17 November new team Manor Grand Prix announced that he had signed for them and would be their lead driver for the 2010 and 2011 seasons. It seemed as though Glock would partner Polish driver Robert Kubica at Renault, but following Renault's decision to announce whether it will take part in Formula 1 for 2010, Glock chose an option where he will be guaranteed a drive although the car might be less competitive. Manor became Virgin Racing in November 2009 and that Glock's former GP2 rival Lucas di Grassi would become his teammate. Glock started the 2010 season with three successive retirements in Bahrain, Australia and Malaysia. In addition, he failed to start the Chinese Grand Prix due to engine failure; This was despite good qualifying performances which saw him out-qualify all of the new teams' drivers in Bahrain and regularly start higher than his teammate Di Grassi. The Spanish Grand Prix was where he recorded his first finish for the team, and his first finish of the season with 18th place. Glock's best result of the season saw him finish in 14th in Japan, the team's best result of the year.


title: Timo Glock

text: On 24 July 2011, it was announced that Glock had signed a 3-year extension to his current contract, committing him to Virgin until 2014.


title: Timo Glock

text: The team was renamed as Marussia F1 for the 2012 season and he would partner his third teammate in his three years at the team, French rookie Charles Pic. Marussia were forced to pull out of pre-season testing after failing a crash test for rear impact but eventually they passed allowing Glock to compete in the opening race. Glock started the 2012 season strongly by finishing 14th in Australia which equaled his highest ever finish with the Virgin/Marussia team. Glock came 17th in Malaysia, and then scored two consecutive 19th-place finishes in China and Bahrain. Furthermore, he finished 18th in the , before he achieved 14th again in Monaco, and retired from the race with a brake malfunction.


title: Timo Glock

text: Glock withdrew from the after contracting a stomach bug. However, he was fit in time for the where he finished 18th, and he followed that up with 22nd at his home Grand Prix. It was reported at the Hungarian Grand Prix that a feud was brewing between Glock and his teammate after Pic blocked him during qualifying. Glock finished the race 21st after battling with Michael Schumacher and Pedro de la Rosa. Glock finished 15th at Spa after a collision with Pastor Maldonado. He suffered no damage and finished ahead of his teammate as they battled in the final stages of the race while also getting lapped by other cars. At Monza, he finished 17th after sustaining front wing damage after colliding with Vitaly Petrov in the second corner of lap 1.


title: Timo Glock

text: However at Singapore, he produced his best result for Marussia, finishing in 12th place after a faultless performance. This crucially pushed Marussia into 10th place in the Constructors' Championship, due to a better non-points finishing record. In Japan Glock was up to 11th by the second lap after two first corner incidents, however he finished 16th. In Korea he finished 18th, and in India he came 20th after another battle with Michael Schumacher. He encountered Schumacher again in Abu Dhabi and let him pass to overtake Heikki Kovalainen who was in the crucial 12th place needed to demote Marussia to 11th in the Constructors' Championship. In São Paulo, he was running strongly and ahead of the Caterhams until he was hit by Jean-Éric Vergne. He claimed this 'destroyed his race' with Petrov ultimately passing Charles Pic to take 10th spot for Caterham in the championship. Glock finished the season 20th in the Drivers' Championship; his best yet for the Virgin/Marussia team.


title: Timo Glock

text: For the 2013 season he was due to remain with Marussia and partner Max Chilton who would have been his fourth teammate in four years at the team, however on 21 January 2013 it was confirmed that Glock had left Marussia by mutual consent.


title: Timo Glock

text: Glock switched to the DTM in 2013, signing for BMW. In his third race he scored his first points and podium with third place. He would not score any more points until the final race of the season at Hockenheim, where he won his first DTM race of his career.