title: Culture of Indonesia

text: For centuries, Indonesian vernacular architecture has shaped settlements in Indonesia which commonly took the form of timber structures built on stilts dominated by a large roof. The most dominant foreign influences on Indonesian architecture were Indian, although European influences have been particularly strong since the 19th century and modern architecture in Indonesia is international in scope.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: As in much of Southeast Asia, traditional vernacular architecture in Indonesia is built on stilts, with the significant exceptions of Java and Bali. Notable stilt houses are those of the Dayak people in Borneo, the Rumah Gadang of the Minangkabau people in western Sumatra, the Rumah Bolon of the Batak people in northern Sumatra, and the "Tongkonan" of the Toraja people in Sulawesi. Oversized saddle roofs with large eaves, such as the homes of the Batak and the "tongkonan" of Toraja, are often bigger than the house they shelter. The fronts of Torajan houses are frequently decorated with buffalo horns, stacked one above another, as an indication of status. The outside walls also frequently feature decorative reliefs.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Candi is an Indonesian term to refer to ancient temples. Before the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th-century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As a result of numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Between 1100 and 1500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa the 15th to 16th century. The 8th-century Borobudur temple near Yogyakarta is the largest Buddhist temple in the world and is notable for incorporating about 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues into its structure, telling the story of the life of the Buddha. As the visitor ascends through the eight levels of the temple, the story unfolds, the final three levels simply containing stupas and statues of the Buddha. The building is said to incorporate a map of the Buddhist cosmos and is a masterful fusion of didactic narrative relief, spiritual symbolism, monumental design and the serene meditative environs. The whole monument itself resembles a giant stupa, but seen from above it forms a mandala.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The nearby 9th-century temple complex at Prambanan contains some of the best-preserved examples of Hindu temple architecture in Java. The temple complex comprises eight main shrines, surrounded by 224 smaller shrines. The majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Indonesia is considered as home of world handicraft. Every ethnic group has its own uniqueness, style, and philosophy of crafting. Most of them are made from wooden, bone, fabric, stone, and paper. These natural materials were crafted using hands into


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: profitable and aesthetic items. Handicraft manufacturing serves not only as an important economic sector, but also a tradition and has a social function as well. The handicraft industry employs thousands of people in towns and villages across the country. About half a billion dollar worth of handicraft is exported every year, and many more is consumed domestically.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: There are many varieties of handicraft from other regions. West Sumatra and South Sumatra are particularly noted for their "songket" cloths. Villages in the Lesser Sunda Islands produce "ikat" while provinces in Kalimantan are long known for their basketry and weaving using rattan and other natural fabrics. Wood art produced by the Asmat people of Papua is highly valued. Cities along Java's northern coast, Cirebon, Pekalongan, and Rembang are known as centres of batik. Cirebon and Jepara are important cities in furniture, producing rattan and carved wood respectively, while Tasikmalaya is known for embroidery. Pasuruan also produces furniture and other products and support stores


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: and galleries in Bali. Bandung and Surabaya, both modern, cosmopolitan, and industrialised cities—much like Jakarta but on a lesser scale—are creative cities with a variety of innovative startups.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Several Indonesian islands are famous for their batik, ikat and songket cloth. Once on the brink of disappearing, batik and later ikat, found a new lease on life when former President Suharto promoted wearing batik shirts on official occasions. In addition to the traditional patterns with their special meanings, used for particular occasions, batik designs have become creative and diverse over the last few years.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Other noted Indonesian crafts are Jepara wood carving and Kris. In 2005, UNESCO recognised Kris as one of Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: In 2012, Noken was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a cultural heritage of Indonesia. Women carrying noken are still a common sight in Wamena.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Being the best-known Indonesian sailing-vessel, Phinisi became the tagline for the 2017 inscription of ''The Art of Boatbuilding in South Sulawesi'' in the UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Indonesia's best-known national costumes are Batik and kebaya, although initially these costumes originated mainly from Javanese and Balinese culture, which are most prominent in Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese cultures. Because Java has become the political centre and population of Indonesia, the island's folk costume has been raised to national status. As a plural country, Indonesia has 34 provinces, each of which has representatives of traditional clothing from each province with unique and different designs. National costumes are worn at official occasions and traditional ceremonies. each province in Indonesia – more complete each group in Indonesia, has its own traditional costumes. The costumes of this area are in Indonesian called "Pakaian tradisional" or "Pakaian adat", and are taken from traditional Indonesian textile traditions and crafts.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Batik is a cloth that is traditionally made using a manual wax-resist dyeing technique to form intricate patterns. Traditionally batik cloth is a large piece of intricately decorated cloth used by Javanese women as "kemben" or torso wrap. Batik cloth was wrapped around the hips with multiple folds in front called "wiron", while the upper torso wear "kebaya" fitted dress. Traditionally for men, the edge of batik cloth also can be sewn together to make a tubular cloth as sarong, or wrapped around hips as "kain" in a fashion similar to women's. Later for men, the batik cloth also is sewn and made into contemporary batik men's shirt. Today, "Batik" shirts, which are commonly worn by men in Indonesia (especially in Java), are usually worn during formal occasions; such as attending weddings, traditional ceremonies, formal meetings, communal gatherings, etc. "Batik" is recognized as one of the important identity of Indonesian culture. UNESCO designated Indonesian batik as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 2 October 2009.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The "kebaya" is the national costume of women from Indonesia, although it is more accurately endemic to the Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese peoples. It is sometimes made from sheer material such as silk, thin cotton or semi-transparent nylon or polyester, adorned with brocade or floral pattern embroidery. Kebaya usually worn with a sarong or batik "kain panjang", or other traditional woven garment such as "ikat", "songket" with a colorful motif. "Kebaya" is usually worn during official national events by Indonesian first lady, wives of Indonesian diplomats, and Indonesian ladies. It also worn by Indonesian ladies attending traditional ceremonies and weddings. During Balinese traditional ceremonies, Balinese women wore colorful Balinese style "kebaya" with "songket" Bali.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The "Peci", also known as "songkok" or "kopiah", is a cap traditionally worn by male Muslims in the Indonesian archipelago. It is quite similar to the Turkish-Egyptian "fez". In Indonesia, the black velvet peci has become the national headdress with nationalist connotations made popular by Sukarno. A number of Indonesian nationalist movement activists in the early 20th century, wore a peci to convey their nationalistic sentiments and to demonstrate their Indonesian identity. Indonesian male presidents always wear a "peci" as part of their official presidential attire. Since then, the black velvet "peci" is approved to be the national head-dress for Indonesian men. It is worn all over Indonesia, especially by government officials and men (usually Muslim men) throughout the country. The "peci" is usually worn with a "batik" shirt or western-style suits by men in Indonesia for those attending formal occasions.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The cuisine of indonesia has been influenced by Chinese culture and Indian culture, as well as by Western culture. However, in return, Indonesian cuisine has also contributed to the cuisines of neighbouring countries, notably Malaysia and Singapore, where Padang or Minangkabau cuisine from West Sumatra is very popular. Also, Satay ("Sate" in Indonesian), which originated from Java, Madura, and Sumatra, has gained popularity as a street vendor food from Singapore to Thailand. In the 15th century, both the Portuguese and Arab traders arrived in Indonesia with the intention of trading for pepper and other spices. During the colonial era, immigrants from many countries arrived in Indonesia and brought different cultures as well as cuisines.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Most native Indonesians eat rice as the main dish, with a wide range of vegetables and meat as side dishes. However, in some parts of the country, such as Irian Jaya and Ambon, the majority of the people eat sago (a type of tapioca) and sweet potato.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The most important aspect of modern Indonesian cuisine is that food must be "halal", conforming to Islamic food laws. "Haraam", the opposite of halal, includes pork and alcohol. However, in some regions where there is a significant non-Muslim population, non-halal foods are also commonly served.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Indonesian dishes are usually spicy, using a wide range of chilli peppers and spices. The most popular dishes include nasi goreng (fried rice), Satay, Nasi Padang (a dish of Minangkabau) and soy-based dishes, such as tofu and tempe. A unique characteristic of some Indonesian food is the application of spicy peanut sauce in their dishes, as a dressing for Gado-gado or Karedok (Indonesian style salad), or for seasoning grilled chicken satay. Another unique aspect of Indonesian cuisine is using "terasi" or "belacan", a pungent shrimp paste in dishes of "sambal oelek" (hot pungent chilli sauce). The sprinkling of fried shallots also gives a uniquely crisp texture to some Indonesian dishes.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Chinese and Indian cultures have influenced the serving of food and the types of spices used. It is very common to find Chinese food in Indonesia such as Dim Sum and noodles, and Indian cuisine such as Tandoori chicken. In addition, Western culture has significantly contributed to the extensive range of dishes. However, the dishes have been transformed to suit Indonesian tastes. For example, steaks are usually served with rice. Popular fast foods such as Kentucky Fried Chicken are served with rice instead of bread and sambal (spicy sauce) instead of ketchup. Some Indonesian foods have been adopted by the Dutch, like Indonesian rice table or 'rijsttafel'.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The mythology of Indonesia is very diverse, the Indonesian people consisting of hundreds of ethnic groups, each with their own myths and legends. The stories within this system of lore often incorporate supernatural entities and magical creatures which form parts of Indonesian mythology. Others relate to creation myths and place naming legends that are often intertwined with historical figures and events. Ancient rituals for healing and traditional medicine as well as complex philosophies regarding health and disease can also be found.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: These native mythologies are relatively free from foreign influences, such as Torajans, Nias, Bataks, Dayaks and Papuans. By contrast, Javanese, Balinese, and to some degree Sundanese were influenced by Hindu-Buddhist Indian mythology as early as the 1st century CE. Hindu gods, legends and epics such as "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata" were adopted and adapted into a uniquely local form.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Hindu-Buddhist mythical beings have a role in Javanese and Balinese mythology, including Hindu gods and heroes, devatas, asuras, apsaras (known as hapsari or bidadari), kinnaras, etc., while native gods of nature such as Semar, Dewi Sri, and Nyai Loro Kidul are either given identified as their Hindu counterpart or incorporated into a Java-Bali Hindu pantheon unknown in India. For example, native rice goddess Dewi Sri is identified with Lakshmi the shakti of Vishnu, and Semar and his sons the Punakawans are incorporated into the epic of Mahabharata in Javanese wayang kulit, as the clown servants of the Pandawas. Several names refer to gods, such as "Dewa" (devas), "Dewi" (devi), "dewata" (devatas), and in native traditions usually referred to as "Batara" (male god) and "Batari" (female goddess).


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: After the coming of Islam to the Indonesian archipelago, Islamic mythology especially those dealing with spiritual beings, such as devils, demons, jinns and angels entered Indonesian mythology. In Sumatra, Malay, Aceh and Minangkabau mythology was almost entirely supplanted by Islamic mythology. However, belief in local spirits such as the forest guardian, the ghost of water or haunted places still exists, often associated with a jinn or the tormented soul of a deceased human.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Early Indonesian literature originates in Malay literature, and the influence of these roots was felt until well into the twentieth century. The phrase "Indonesian literature" refers to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the language, i.e. the Malay language written in the Dutch East Indies. Pramoedya Ananta Toer was Indonesia's most internationally celebrated author, having won the Magsaysay Award as well as being considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Other important figures include the late Chairil Anwar, a poet and member of the "Generation 45" group of authors who were active in the Indonesian independence movement. Tight information controls during Suharto's presidency suppressed new writing, especially because of its ability to agitate for social reform.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: In the book "Max Havelaar", Dutch author Multatuli criticised the Dutch treatment of the Indonesians, which gained him international attention.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Modern Indonesian authors include Seno Gumira Adjidarma, Andrea Hirata, Habiburrahman El Shirazy, Ayu Utami, Gus tf Sakai, Eka Kurniawan, Ratih Kumala, Dee, Oka Rusmini. Some of their works have translated to other languages.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: "Poetry" has a long tradition in Indonesia, particularly among ethnically Malay populations, of extemporary, interactive, oral composition of poetry. These poems are referred to as "pantun". Contemporary Indonesian poets include among others, Sutardji Calzoum Bachri, Rendra, Taufiq Ismail, Afrizal Malna, Binhad Nurrohmat, Joko Pinurbo, Sapardi Djoko Damono. In written poetry and prose, a number of traditional forms dominate, mainly: syair (traditional narrative poetry), gurindam (brief aphorisms), hikayat (stories, fairy-tales, animal fables, chronicles), babad (histories or chronicles).


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: On 15 December 2020 the "Pantun" is recognized as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Many traditional games are still preserved and popular in Indonesia, although western culture has influenced some parts of them. Among three hundred officially recognised Indonesian cultures, there are many kinds of traditional games: cockfighting in Bali, annual bull races in Madura, and stone jumping in Nias. Stone jumping involves leaping over a stone wall about up to 1.5 m high and was originally used to train warriors. Pencak Silat is another popular form of sport, which was influenced by Asian culture as a whole. Another form of national sport is "sepak takraw". The rules are similar to volleyball: to keep the rattan ball in the air with the players' feet.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Popular modern sports in Indonesia played at the international level include football (soccer), badminton and basketball. Badminton is one of Indonesia's most successful sports. Indonesian badminton athletes have played in Indonesia Open Badminton Championship, All England Open Badminton Championships, and many international events, including the Summer Olympics and won Olympic gold medals since badminton was made an Olympic sport in 1992. Rudy Hartono is a legendary Indonesian badminton player, who won All England titles seven times in a row (1968 through 1974). Indonesian teams have won the Thomas Cup (men's world team championship) thirteen of the twenty-two times that it has been contested since they entered the series in 1957. In the internationally popular sport of football (soccer), Indonesian teams have been active in the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Sporting events in Indonesia are organised by the National Sports Committee of Indonesia (KONI). The committee, along with the government of Indonesia, has set a National Sports Day every 9 September with "Sports for All" as the motto. Indonesia has hosted the Southeast Asian Games four times, in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011, and won the overall champion title in each of these years. As of 2011, Indonesia has won champion titles 10 times overall out of 18 SEA Games it has attended since debuted in 1977. The country also hosted the 1993 Asian Basketball Championship. Besides that, it has also hosted the Asian Games twice, the 1962 Asian Games and the 2018 Asian Games.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The largest chain of cinemas in Indonesia is 21 Cineplex, which has cinemas spread throughout twenty-four cities on the major islands of Indonesia. Many smaller independent cinemas also exist.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: In the 1980s, the film industry in Indonesia was at its peak, and dominated the cinemas in Indonesia with movies that have retained a high reputation, such as "Catatan Si Boy" and "Blok M" and actors like Onky Alexander, Meriam Bellina, Nike Ardilla and Paramitha Rusady. The film "Tjoet Nja' Dhien" (1988) winning 9 Citra Awards at the 1988 Indonesian Film Festival. It was also the first Indonesian movie chosen for screening at the Cannes Film Festival, where it was awarded Best International Film in 1989. However, the film industry failed to continue its successes in the 1990s, when the number of movies produced decreased significantly, from 115 movies in 1990 to just 37 in 1993. As a result, most movies produced in the 1990s contained adult themes. The industry started to recover in the late 1990s, with the rise of independent directors and many new movies produced, such as Garin Nugroho's "Cinta dalam Sepotong Roti", Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana's "Petualangan Sherina" and "Arisan!" by Nia Dinata. Another form of recovery is the re-establishment of the Indonesian Film Festival (FFI), inactive for twelve years, and the creation of the Jakarta International Film Festival. "Daun di Atas Bantal" (1998) received Asia Pacific Film Festival in Taipei.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The state radio network Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) was founded in 1945. It consists of a network of regional stations located in all thirty-three provinces of the archipelago. In most cities and large towns there are also many commercial stations. Since 2006, several digital radio stations have been based in Jakarta and Surabaya, using Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Hybrid HD-Radio.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: Islam is Indonesia's main religion, with almost 88% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 census, making Indonesia the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world. The remaining population is 9% Christian (of which roughly two-thirds are Protestant with the remainder mainly Catholic, and a large minority Charismatic), 2% Hindu, and 1% Buddhist.


title: Culture of Indonesia

text: The "Pancasila", the statement of two principles that encapsulate the ideology of the Indonesian state, affirms that "The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God".


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: The Lancia Rally ("Tipo 151", also known as the Lancia Rally 037, Lancia 037 or Lancia-Abarth #037 from its Abarth project code "SE037") was a mid-engine sports car and rally car built by Lancia in the early 1980s to compete in the FIA Group B World Rally Championship. Driven by Markku Alén, Attilio Bettega, and Walter Röhrl, the car won Lancia the manufacturers' world championship in the 1983 season. It was the last rear-wheel drive car to win the WRC.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: In 1980 Lancia began the development of the 037 to comply with the then new FIA Group B regulations that allowed cars to race with relatively few homologation models being built. As the project name was number 037, this eventually became the name by which the car was known. Abarth, now a part of the Lancia-Fiat family, did most of the design work, even incorporating styling cues from some of its famous race cars of the 1950s and 1960s such as a double bubble roof line. The car was developed in collaboration between Pininfarina, Abarth, Dallara and the project manager, engineer Sergio Limone. Prior to its first participation in the 1982 World Rally Championship season, 200 road-going models were built to comply with Group B regulations.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: The car made its competition debut at the 1982 Rally Costa Smeralda in Italy, where two cars were entered but both retired due to gearbox issues. The 1982 season was plagued with retirements for the 037, but the new car did manage to achieve several wins including its first win at the Pace Rally in the UK. The 1983 season was considerably more successful for the 037: Lancia took the 1983 World Rally Championship Constructors' title with Germany's Walter Röhrl and Finland's Markku Alén its principal drivers, despite serious competition from the 4WD Audi Quattro. Both drivers, however, missed the final round of the series, despite Röhrl maintaining a mathematical chance of the drivers' title: such honours instead went to Audi's veteran Finn, Hannu Mikkola.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: For the 1984 Constructors' title defence, Lancia introduced an Evolution 2 version of the 037 with improved engine power output, but this was not enough to stem the tide of 4WD competition, losing to Audi in both 1984 championships, and again to the 4WD Peugeot 205 T16 in its final works season in 1985. Indeed, Alén collected the final 037 win, and the sole one for the E2 model, on the 1984 Tour De Corse, before it was finally pensioned off in favour of its successor, the uniquely supercharged and turbocharged 4WD Delta S4, for the season-ending RAC Rally in Great Britain. Driver Attilio Bettega died in a 037 crash in 1985. António Rodrigues won the 1984 Falperra International Hill Climb in a 037. The 037 made its final appearance in the 1986 edition of the Safari Rally by the Martini Lancia team, which was entered in place of the Delta S4 that the team used for the other rallies that year due to the team running out of time to develop the S4 for the rally.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: One ex-works Lancia 037 was entered by ROSS Competition in the third round of the 1994 All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship season. The 037 performed poorly due to the car being massively underpowered against its competition in the GT1 (now GT500) class, a short-ratio five-speed gearbox and the engine not being designed to be run at high RPMs for a sustained period of time. Naohiro Furuya, who drove the 037 in that race, was able to finish the race in 12th overall and 9th in the GT1 class, albeit 7 laps down from the race-winning Team Taisan Porsche 962C and 3 laps down from the Team Gaikokuya Nissan Skyline that won in the GT2 class.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: Similar to the concept of a silhouette racer; while the 037 was loosely based on the Lancia Montecarlo (also known as "Scorpion" in the US and Canadian markets) road car, they shared only the center section with all body panels and mechanical parts being significantly different. Steel subframes were used fore and aft of the 037's center section, while most of the body panels were made from Kevlar. However the 037 was designated and sold as a distinct model, not as a Montecarlo, and both the street and race versions of it were built using the same construction methods, so it does not qualify as an actual silhouette racer.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: The mid-engined layout of the Montecarlo was retained, but the engine was turned 90 degrees from a transverse position to a longitudinal position. This allowed greater freedom in the design of the suspension while moving engine weight forward.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: An independent double wishbone suspension was used on both the front and rear axles, with dual shock absorbers in the rear in order to cope with the stresses of high speed off road driving. The 037 is notable in Group B as it retained the rear-wheel drive layout that was nearly universal for rally cars of the pre-Group B period; nearly all subsequent successful rally cars used four-wheel drive, making the 037 the last of its kind.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: Unlike its predecessor, the V6-powered Lancia Stratos HF, the first 037s had a 2.0-litre 4-cylinder supercharged engine. Based on the long stroke twin cam engine which powered earlier Fiat Abarth 131 rally cars, the four valve head was carried over from the 131 Abarth but the original two carburetors were replaced by a single large Weber carburetor in early models and later with fuel injection. The 037 features a ZF transaxle.


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: Lancia also chose a supercharger over a turbocharger to eliminate turbo lag and improve throttle response. Initially, power was quoted at but was increased to . The final Evolution 2 model's engine generated due to a displacement increase to .


title: Lancia Rally 037

text: Homologation requirements for the World Rally Championship's Group B mandated Lancia to produce at minimum 200 verifiable road-going examples in order to compete with the 037. 207 037 Stradale (Italian for "road going/for the road") cars are known to have been produced from 1982 through 1984. This road-going 037 variant was equipped with an Abarth-developed DOHC 2.0-litre (1,995 cc) 16-valve Inline-four engine, mated to an Abarth Volumex Roots-type supercharger generating at 7,000 rpm. It was capable of pushing the car to over and to from a standstill in 5.8 seconds.


title: Electric fish

text: An electric fish is any fish that can generate electric fields. Most electric fish are also electroreceptive, meaning that they can sense electric fields. The only exception is the stargazer family. Electric fish, although a small minority, include both oceanic and freshwater species, and both cartilaginous and bony fishes.


title: Electric fish

text: Electric fish produce their electrical fields from an electric organ. This is made up of electrocytes, modified muscle or nerve cells, specialized for producing strong electric fields, used to locate prey, for defence against predators, and for signalling, such as in courtship. Electric organ discharges are two types, pulse and wave, and vary both by species and by function.


title: Electric fish

text: Electric fish have evolved many specialised behaviours. The predatory African sharptooth catfish eavesdrops on its weakly electric mormyrid prey to locate it when hunting, driving the prey fish to develop electric signals that are harder to detect. Bluntnose knifefishes produce an electric discharge pattern similar to the electrolocation pattern of the dangerous electric eel, probably a form of Batesian mimicry to dissuade predators. Glass knifefish that are using similar frequencies move their frequencies up or down in a jamming avoidance response; African knifefish have convergently evolved a nearly identical mechanism.


title: Electric fish

text: All fish, indeed all vertebrates, use electrical signals in their nerves and muscles. Cartilaginous fishes and some other basal groups use passive electrolocation with sensors that detect electric fields; the platypus and echidna have separately evolved this ability. The knifefishes and elephantfishes actively electrolocate, generating weak electric fields to find prey. Finally, fish in several groups have the ability to deliver electric shocks powerful enough to stun their prey or repel predators. Among these, only the stargazers, a group of marine bony fish, do not also use electrolocation.


title: Electric fish

text: In vertebrates, electroreception is an ancestral trait, meaning that it was present in their last common ancestor. This form of ancestral electroreception is called ampullary electroreception, from the name of the receptive organs involved, ampullae of Lorenzini. These evolved from the mechanical sensors of the lateral line, and exist in cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras), lungfishes, bichirs, coelacanths, sturgeons, paddlefish, aquatic salamanders, and caecilians. Ampullae of Lorenzini were lost early in the evolution of bony fishes and tetrapods. Where electroreception does occur in these groups, it has secondarily been acquired in evolution, using organs other than and not homologous with ampullae of Lorenzini. Most common bony fish are non-electric. There are some 350 species of electric fish.


title: Electric fish

text: Electric organs have evolved eight times, four of these being organs powerful enough to deliver an electric shock. Each such group is a clade. Most electric organs evolved from myogenic tissue (which forms muscle), however one group of Gymnotiformes, the Apteronotidae, derived their electric organ from neurogenic tissue (which forms nerves). In "Gymnarchus niloticus" (the African knifefish), the tail, trunk, hypobranchial, and eye muscles are incorporated into the organ, most likely to provide rigid fixation for the electrodes while swimming. In some other species, the tail fin is lost or reduced. This may reduce lateral bending while swimming, allowing the electric field to remain stable for electrolocation. There has been convergent evolution in these features among the mormyrids and gymnotids. Electric fish species that live in habitats with few obstructions, such as some bottom-living fish, display these features less prominently. This implies that convergence for electrolocation is indeed what has driven the evolution of the electric organs in the two groups.


title: Electric fish

text: Actively electrolocating fish are marked on the phylogenetic tree with a small yellow lightning flash . Fish able to deliver electric shocks are marked with a red lightning flash . Non-electric and purely passively electrolocating species are not shown.


title: Electric fish

text: Weakly electric fish generate a discharge that is typically less than one volt. These are too weak to stun prey and instead are used for navigation, electrolocation in conjunction with electroreceptors in their skin, and electrocommunication with other electric fish. The major groups of weakly electric fish are the Osteoglossiformes, which include the Mormyridae (elephantfishes) and the African knifefish "Gymnarchus", and the Gymnotiformes (South American knifefishes). These two groups have evolved convergently, with similar behaviour and abilities but different types of electroreceptors and differently-sited electric organs.


title: Electric fish

text: Strongly electric fish, namely the electric eels, the electric catfishes, the electric rays, and the stargazers, have an electric organ discharge powerful enough to stun prey or be used for defence, and navigation. The electric eel, even when very small in size, can deliver substantial electric power, and enough current to exceed many species' pain threshold. Electric eels sometimes leap out of the water to electrify possible predators directly, as has been tested with a human arm.


title: Electric fish

text: The amplitude of the electrical output from these fish can range from 10 to 860 volts with a current of up to 1 ampere, according to the surroundings, for example different conductances of salt and freshwater. To maximize the power delivered to the surroundings, the impedances of the electric organ and the water must be matched:


title: Electric fish

text: Electric organs vary widely among electric fish groups. They evolved from excitable, electrically-active tissues that make use of action potentials for their function: most derive from muscle tissue, but in some groups the organ derives from nerve tissue. The organ may lie along the body's axis, as in the electric eel and "Gymnarchus"; it may be in the tail, as in the elephantfishes; or it may be in the head, as in the electric rays and the stargazers.


title: Electric fish

text: Electric organs are made up of electrocytes, large, flat cells that create and store electrical energy, awaiting discharge. The anterior ends of these cells react to stimuli from the nervous system and contain sodium channels. The posterior ends contain sodium–potassium pumps. Electrocytes become polar when triggered by a signal from the nervous system. Neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; this triggers acetylcholine receptors to open and sodium ions to flow into the electrocytes. The influx of positively charged sodium ions causes the cell membrane to depolarize slightly. This in turn causes the gated sodium channels at the anterior end of the cell to open, and a flood of sodium ions enters the cell. Consequently, the anterior end of the electrocyte becomes highly positive, while the posterior end, which continues to pump out sodium ions, remains negative. This sets up a potential difference (a voltage) between the ends of the cell. After the voltage is released, the cell membranes go back to their resting potentials until they are triggered again.


title: Electric fish

text: Electric organ discharges (EODs) need to vary with time for electrolocation, whether with pulses, as in the Mormyridae, or with waves, as in the Torpediniformes and "Gymnarchus", the African knifefish. Many electric fishes also use EODs for communication, while strongly electric species use them for hunting or defence. Their electric signals are often simple and stereotyped, the same on every occasion.


title: Electric fish

text: Weakly electric fish can communicate by modulating the electrical waveform they generate. They may use this to attract mates and in territorial displays.


title: Electric fish

text: In sexually dimorphic signalling, as in the brown ghost knifefish ("Apteronotus leptorhynchus"), the electric organ produces distinct signals to be received by individuals of the same or other species. The electric organ fires to produce an EOD with a certain frequency, along with short modulations termed "chirps" and "gradual frequency rises", both varying widely between species and differing between the sexes. For example, in the glass knifefish genus "Eigenmannia", females produce a nearly pure sine wave with few harmonics, males produce a far sharper non-sinusoidal waveform with strong harmonics.


title: Electric fish

text: Male bluntnose knifefishes ("Brachyhypopomus") produce a continuous electric "hum" to attract females; this consumes 11–22% of their total energy budget, whereas female electrocommunication consumes only 3%. Large males produced signals of larger amplitude, and these are preferred by the females. The cost to males is reduced by a circadian rhythm, with more activity coinciding with night-time courtship and spawning, and less at other times.


title: Electric fish

text: Electric catfish (Malapteruridae) frequently use their electric discharges to ward off other species from their shelter sites, whereas with their own species they have ritualized fights with open-mouth displays and sometimes bites, but rarely use electric organ discharges.


title: Electric fish

text: The electric discharge pattern of bluntnose knifefishes is similar to the low voltage electrolocative discharge of the electric eel. This is thought to be a form of bluffing Batesian mimicry of the powerfully-protected electric eel.


title: Electric fish

text: Fish that prey on electrolocating fish may "eavesdrop" on the discharges of their prey to detect them. The electroreceptive African sharptooth catfish ("Clarias gariepinus") may hunt the weakly electric mormyrid, "Marcusenius macrolepidotus" in this way. This has driven the prey, in an evolutionary arms race, to develop more complex or higher frequency signals that are harder to detect.


title: Electric fish

text: It had been theorized as early as the 1950s that electric fish near each other might experience some type of interference. In 1963, Akira Watanabe and Kimihisa Takeda discovered the jamming avoidance response in "Eigenmannia". When two fish are approaching one another, their electric fields interfere. This sets up a beat with a frequency equal to the difference between the discharge frequencies of the two fish. The jamming avoidance response comes into play when fish are exposed to a slow beat. If the neighbour's frequency is higher, the fish lowers its frequency, and vice versa. A similar jamming avoidance response was discovered in the distantly-related "Gymnarchus niloticus", the African knifefish, by Walter Heiligenberg in 1975, in a further example of convergent evolution between the electric fishes of Africa and South America. Both the neural computational mechanisms and the behavioural responses are nearly identical in the two groups.


title: Left bundle branch block

text: Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a conduction abnormality in the heart that can be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG). In this condition, activation of the left ventricle of the heart is delayed, which causes the left ventricle to contract later than the right ventricle.


title: Left bundle branch block

text: Slow or absent conduction through the left bundle branch means that it takes longer than normal for the left ventricle to fully depolarise. This can be due to a damaged bundle branch that is completely unable to conduct, but may represent intact conduction that is slower than normal. LBBB may be fixed, present at all times, but may be intermittent for example occurring only during rapid heart rates. This may be due to the bundle having a longer refractory period than usual.


title: Left bundle branch block

text: LBBB is diagnosed on a 12-lead ECG. In adults, it is seen as wide QRS complexes lasting ≥120ms with characteristic QRS shapes in the precordial leads, although narrower complexes are seen in children. In lead V, the QRS complex is often entirely negative (QS morphology), although a small initial R wave may be seen (rS morphology). In the lateral leads (I, aVL, V-V) the QRS complexes are usually predominantly positive with a slow upstroke last >60ms to the R-wave peak. Notching may be seen in these leads but this is not universal. The small Q-waves that are usually seen in the lateral leads are absent in LBBB. T-waves usually point in the opposite direction to the terminal portion of the preceding QRS - positive QRS complexes have negative T-waves while negative QRS complexes have positive T-waves. The ST segments typically slur into the T-wave and often appear elevated in leads with negative QRS complexes. The axis may be normal but may be deviated to the left or right.


title: Left bundle branch block

text: There are also partial blocks of the left bundle branch: "left anterior fascicular block" (LAFB) and a "left posterior fascicular block" (LPFB). This refers to the block after the bifurcation of the left bundle branch.


title: Left bundle branch block

text: The presence of LBBB results in that electrocardiography (ECG) cannot be used to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy or Q wave infarction, because LBBB in itself results in widened QRS complex, and changes in the ST segment consistent with ischemia or injury.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: Raoul Walsh (born Albert Edward Walsh; March 11, 1887December 31, 1980) was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), and the brother of silent screen actor George Walsh. He was known for portraying John Wilkes Booth in the silent film "The Birth of a Nation" (1915) and for directing such films as the widescreen epic "The Big Trail" (1930) starring John Wayne in his first leading role, "The Roaring Twenties" starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, "High Sierra" (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and "White Heat" (1949) starring James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien. He directed his last film in 1964. His work has been noted as influences on director such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Jack Hill, and Martin Scorsese.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: Walsh was born in New York as Albert Edward Walsh to Elizabeth T. Bruff, the daughter of Irish Catholic immigrants with Spanish ancestors, and Thomas W. Walsh, an Englishman. Walsh was part of Omega Gamma Delta in high school, as was his younger brother. Growing up in New York, Walsh was also a friend of the Barrymore family. John Barrymore recalled spending time reading in the Walsh family library as a youth. Later in life he lived in Palm Springs, California. He was buried at Assumption Cemetery Simi Valley, Ventura County, California.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: Walsh was educated at Seton Hall College. He began acting in 1909, first as a stage actor in New York City and later as a film actor. In 1913 he changed his name to Raoul Walsh. In 1914 he became an assistant to D. W. Griffith and made his first full-length feature film, "The Life of General Villa", shot on location in Mexico with Pancho Villa playing the lead, and with actual ongoing battles filmed in progress as well as battle recreations. Walsh played John Wilkes Booth in Griffith's epic "The Birth of a Nation" (1915) and also served as an assistant director. This movie was followed by the critically acclaimed "Regeneration" in 1915, the earliest feature gangster film, shot on location in Manhattan's Bowery district.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: Walsh served as an officer in the United States Army during World War I. He later directed "The Thief of Bagdad" (1924), starring Douglas Fairbanks and Anna May Wong, and Laurence Stallings' "What Price Glory?" (1926), starring Victor McLaglen and Dolores del Río.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: In "Sadie Thompson" (1928), starring Gloria Swanson as a prostitute seeking a new life in Samoa, Walsh starred as Swanson's boyfriend in his first acting role since 1915; he also directed the film. He was then hired to direct and star in "In Old Arizona", a film about O. Henry's character the Cisco Kid. While on location for that film Walsh was in a car crash when a jackrabbit jumped through the windshield as he was driving through the desert; he lost his right eye as a result. He gave up the part and never acted again. Warner Baxter won an Oscar for the role Walsh was originally slated to play. Walsh would wear an eyepatch for the rest of his life.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: In the early days of sound with Fox, Walsh directed the first widescreen spectacle, "The Big Trail" (1930), an epic wagon train western shot on location, across the West. The movie starred John Wayne, then unknown, whom Walsh discovered as prop man named Marion Morrison, and he was renamed after the Revolutionary War general Mad Anthony Wayne; Walsh happened to be reading a book about him at the time. Walsh directed "The Bowery" (1933), featuring Wallace Beery, George Raft, Fay Wray and Pert Kelton; the energetic movie recounts the story of Steve Brodie (Raft), supposedly the first man to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge and live to brag about it.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: An undistinguished period followed with Paramount Pictures from 1935 to 1939, but Walsh's career rose to new heights after he moved to Warner Brothers, with "The Roaring Twenties" (1939), featuring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart; "Dark Command" (1940), with John Wayne and Roy Rogers (at Republic Pictures); "They Drive By Night" (1940), with George Raft, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and Bogart; "High Sierra" (1941), with Lupino and Bogart again; "They Died with Their Boots On" (1941), with Errol Flynn as Custer; "The Strawberry Blonde" (1941), with Cagney and Olivia de Havilland; "Manpower" (1941), with Edward G. Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and George Raft; and "White Heat" (1949), with Cagney. Walsh's contract at Warners expired in 1953.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: He directed several films afterwards, including three with Clark Gable: "The Tall Men" (1955), "The King and Four Queens" (1956) and "Band of Angels" (1957). Walsh retired in 1964. He died of a heart attack in 1980.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: Raoul Walsh was a breeder and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses. For a time, his brother George Walsh trained his stable of horses. Their horse Sunset Trail competed in the 1937 Kentucky Derby won by War Admiral who went on to win the U.S. Triple Crown. Sunset Trail finished sixteenth in a field of twenty runners.


title: Raoul Walsh

text: Some of Walsh's film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives.


title: Lists of United States state symbols

text: U.S. states, districts, and territories have representative symbols that are recognized by their state legislatures, territorial legislatures, or tradition. Some, such as flags, seals, and birds have been created or chosen by all U.S. polities, while others, such as state crustaceans, state mushrooms, and state toys have been chosen by only a few.


title: PES University

text: People's Education Society University, Ring Road Campus (PESU RR), formerly PES Institute of Technology (PESIT), is one of three private universities under the name PES University in Bengaluru, India. Established in 1988, it is focused on five main educational areas: Engineering, Management, Law and Life Sciences. The institution offers both foundation courses in these areas, as well as specializations, with a Bachelors, Master or PhD degree. The college was established as PES University in 2013, as a state private university.


title: PES University

text: PESU RR is managed by the People‘s Education Society (PES), which was founded in 1972, in a rented gymnasium in Bengaluru, with around 40 students. PES currently manages over 45 educational programs in Karnataka and neighbouring Andhra Pradesh, with a total of over 15,000 students. The PESU RR campus now sprawls over 25 acres.


title: PES University

text: PESU RR was started as PESIT in 1988 as the first engineering college under the PES group of institutions. The college was affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi and later became an autonomous college under VTU. The college was established as PES University in 2013 and renamed as PES University, Ring Road Campus.


title: PES University

text: PES University was established as a state private university by PES University Act, 2012 (Karnataka Act 16 of 2013) in 2013, to establish and incorporate in the State of Karnataka a university of unitary nature in the private sector to promote and undertake the advancement of university education in Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, Arts, Social Science, Computer Applications, Humanities and Management.


title: PES University

text: PESU admits 40% of its students to undergraduate courses based on their Karnataka CET ranks and 60% of its students based on PESSAT (the university's own entrance test) ranks. PESU also admits students under a Management quota, which may not place any merit requirements. There is a lateral entry scheme in place, by which students holding diploma degrees can directly enter the second year of study in engineering. On graduating, students receive a Bachelor of Technology degree.


title: PES University

text: Students are admitted to postgraduate courses based on their GATE test scores as well as on their Post Graduate Karnataka CET scores. Upon graduating, they receive a Master of Technology degree.


title: PES University

text: Crucible Of Research and Innovation (CORI) is a multi-disciplinary research center at PES University. It was inaugurated by Dr. C. N. R. Rao (former Director, Indian Institute of Science) on 7 February 2010. It has research facilities and a set of dedicated research staff who carry out research in various areas.


title: PES University

text: Centre for Intelligent Systems (CIS) is a research center at PES University which researches on topics like Control Systems, Speech, Image and Signal Processing, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Low Power VLSI design. Selected students do internships in the PES Innovation Lab (formerly Microsoft Innovation Lab) on the university campus.


title: PES University

text: On 26 September 2016, PISAT was successfully placed into polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) by India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, in its thirty-seventh flight (PSLV-C35). Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted "I applaud the industrious and innovative students of PES University, Bengaluru, for creating the PISAT that was launched successfully today". The launch vehicle, carrying multiple satellites including PISAT, lifted off from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh at 9:12 am.


title: PES University

text: PISAT is a 3 - axis stabilized imaging nanosatellite weighing about and generates 13 watts power with S-band RF communication. The major subsystems are: an imaging camera to provide earth imageries with 80-meter resolution, an On-Board Computer (OBC), an Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS), an RF communication system with S Band frequency, telemetry, telecommand, a thermal system and a Structure and Electrical Power System (EPS). The ground software was developed for on-ground orbit determination essential for mission operations.


title: PES University

text: PISAT was shipped to the Sriharikota Range (SHAR) rocket launch center on 11 September 2016, in the presence of the Director of the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Mylswamy Annadurai, SSS PD Mr. Amareshwar Khened and other officials. A team of 11 from PES University were present at SHAR for pre-launch activities of PISAT from 11 to 17 September. During the period, PISAT was interfaced with an ejection mechanism and integrated with the launch vehicle. Earlier, after stringent performance and quality tests by an expert committee, the nanosatellite was formally handed over to the ISRO at a function on the campus attended by top officials from the government and ISRO on 20 April 2016.


title: PES University

text: RSAT (officially named SindhuNetra) is a three-axis stabilized agile nano satellite weighing and measuring in size with deployable solar panels generating 45 watts of solar power. It was placed into orbit by ISRO's PSLV-C51 on 28 February 2021 with support from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The RSAT carries a Satellite Based Automatic Identification System (SB-AIS) payload that will help monitor ships on high seas and provide information about their movement. It receives AIS signals transmitted by ships in VHF band, processes and transmits the information to a ground station.


title: PES University

text: The university was ranked 83rd for engineering in India by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021


title: Pleurotus

text: Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, "P. ostreatus". Species of "Pleurotus" may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. "Pleurotus" fungi have also been used in mycoremediation of pollutants, such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.


title: Pleurotus

text: The genus name "Pleurotus" literally means "side ear" in reference to the mushroom caps being laterally attached to the substrate. It is a composite of the Ancient Greek words : pleurá - "side", and the stem "-oto" referring to ears (from , ὠτός : "ear").


title: Pleurotus

text: The caps may be laterally attached (with no stipe). If there is a stipe, it is normally eccentric and the gills are decurrent along it. The term "pleurotoid" is used for any mushroom with this general shape.


title: Pleurotus

text: The spores are smooth and elongated (described as "cylindrical"). Where hyphae meet, they are joined by clamp connections. "Pleurotus" is not considered to be a bracket fungus, and most of the species are monomitic (with a soft consistency). However, remarkably, "Pleurotus dryinus" can sometimes be dimitic, meaning that it has additional skeletal hyphae, which give it a tougher consistency like bracket fungi.


title: Pleurotus

text: "Pleurotus" fungi are found in both tropical and temperate climates throughout the world. Most species of "Pleurotus" are white-rot fungi on hardwood trees, although some also decay conifer wood. "Pleurotus eryngii" is unusual in being a weak parasite of herbaceous plants, and "P. tuber-regium" produces underground sclerotia. In addition to being saprotrophic, all species of "Pleurotus" are also nematophagous, catching nematodes by paralyzing them with a toxin.


title: Pleurotus

text: Oyster mushrooms are popular for cooking, torn up instead of sliced, especially in stir fry or sauté, because they are consistently thin, and so will cook more evenly than uncut mushrooms of other types. They are often used in vegetarian cuisine.


title: Pleurotus

text: The classification of species within the genus "Pleurotus" is difficult due to high phenotypic variability across wide geographic ranges, geographic overlap of species, and ongoing evolution and speciation. Early taxonomic efforts placed the oyster mushrooms within a very broad "Agaricus" as "Agaricus ostreatus" (Jacq. 1774). Paul Kummer defined the genus "Pleurotus" in 1871; since then, the genus has been narrowed with some species reclassified to other genera, such as "Favolaschia", "Hohenbuehelia", "Lentinus", "Marasmiellus", "Omphalotus", "Panellus", "Pleurocybella", and "Resupinatus". See Singer (1986) for an example of "Pleurotus" taxonomy based on morphological characteristics.


title: Pleurotus

text: More recently, molecular phylogenetics has been utilized to determine genetic and evolutionary relationships between groups within the genus, delineating discrete clades. "Pleurotus", along with the closely related genus "Hohenbuehelia", has been shown to be monophyletic. Tests of cross-breeding viability between groups have been used to further define which groups are deserving of species rank, as opposed to subspecies, variety, or synonymy. If two groups of morphologically distinct "Pleurotus" fungi are able to cross-breed and produce fertile offspring, they meet one definition of species. These reproductively discrete groups, referred to as intersterility groups, have begun to be defined in "Pleurotus". Many binomial names used in literature are now being grouped together as species complexes using this technique, and may change.


title: Pleurotus

text: The following species list is organized according to 1. phylogenetic clade, 2. intersterility group (group number in Roman numerals) or sub-clade, and then 3. any older binomial names that have been found to be closely related, reproductively compatible, or synonymous, although they may no longer be taxonomically valid. This list is likely to be incomplete.


title: David Lama

text: David Lama (; 4 August 1990 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian sport climber and mountaineer. He won the European Championship in bouldering in 2007 and the European Championship in lead climbing in 2006. He is known for his first free ascent of the "Compressor Route" (South-East Ridge) on Cerro Torre. In 2018, in a solo expedition, he was the first to reach the summit of Lunag Ri in the Himalayas. In 2019, he was posthumously honoured with a Piolet d'Or for this first ascent.


title: David Lama

text: David Lama was born in 1990. His father is a mountain guide from Nepal and his mother is an Austrian from Innsbruck. He was five years old when Himalaya veteran Peter Habeler first watched Lama climb in a climbing camp organized by Habeler. Afterwards, Habeler immediately called Lama's parents to tell them that their boy had an unusual talent. Lama then became part of the competition climbing team coached by Reinhold Scherer.


title: David Lama

text: He repeated his win at the European Youth Cup in 2005 and moved on to Senior competitions in 2006. The International Federation for Sport Climbing (IFSC) changed their rules so that Lama, only 15 years old at the time, could compete in the Senior World Cup.


title: David Lama

text: Lama became the youngest person to compete at the World Cup and the first to win both a lead and a bouldering World Cup final in his first season.


title: David Lama

text: Lama became European Champion, both in lead climbing (2006) and bouldering (2007). In 2008 he won the overall ranking in the World Cup. And in 2009 he placed 3rd at the World Championships in the category lead.


title: David Lama

text: In 2009 Lama announced his intention to free climb Cerro Torre via the Compressor Route, which means only natural rock and ice formations are used for the ascent of the mountain. Bolts and rope only serve as protection in case of a fall. Nobody had done this before, all previous ascents had used climbing aids of one kind or another. Alpinist legend Reinhold Messner even called the undertaking “crazy and impossible”.


title: David Lama

text: For his first attempt in 2009 Lama brought along a film crew provided by his sponsor Red Bull. This first attempt ended in failure. Lama and his climbing partner Daniel Steuerer had to turn around due to bad weather. Back at base camp the conditions stayed bad and the team had to abandon the endeavor for the 2009/2010 season.


title: David Lama

text: The aftermath of this first attempt started a scandal in the mountaineering scene. Both Lama and the Red Bull film crew were heavily criticized. The film crew had left behind at least 30 drilled bolts next to a route already laden with bolts. 700 metres of fixed rope and five haul bags were also left behind along the route. Argentinian guides were hired to remove the equipment, but they did not manage to remove all of it and none of the bolts were removed.


title: David Lama

text: Lama stated that he was not aware of the large number of bolts that were drilled by the film team, but he took full responsibility for the actions and promised not to repeat the mistake. He promised to remove the remaining equipment in the following year.


title: David Lama

text: They returned for a second attempt in January 2011. Peter Ortner, a more experienced climber, replaced Steuerer as Lama's climbing partner from this point onward. This initial ascent had to be aborted as well because the head wall was full of ice. On February 12, during a small good weather window, the two climbers managed to reach the summit using aided techniques. This ascent raised the morale of the team after the long series of failures and was used for scouting out the free route.


title: David Lama

text: In January 2012, Lama and his team returned for a third expedition. A few days before the planned ascent they got the news that the climbers Jason Kruk and Hayden Kennedy had completed the compressor route, using as few bolts as they could manage. On their way back down they removed all the bolts they deemed unnecessary in order to restore the challenge of the mountain. They removed more than 120 bolts in total, most of them from the historical 1970 Cesare Maestri gas-powered compressor ascent. The headwall of the compressor route and one pitch below were completely freed of bolts. This move caused a heated debate in the mountaineering community. Both climbers were briefly detained by Argentinian police and the removed bolts were confiscated.


title: David Lama

text: Lama's first reaction was that he did not need the bolts for his climb anyway and he moved ahead with his free climbing attempt. Since the old bolted route was not climbable anymore by regular means, the film crew had to ascend the summit via the west side of the mountain and rappel down with ropes in order to document the next attempt.


title: David Lama

text: On January 19, 2012, Lama and Ortner finished the first free ascent of Cerro Torre via the south-east ridge compressor route in 24 hours in total.


title: David Lama

text: According to Lama they brought five bolts along, but they did not have to place any of them. They ascended to the left of the crack climbed by Salvaterra and Mabboni, here Lama took one fall, but he managed to climb it on the second attempt. He later rated this crux in terms of difficulty. The two climbers slept for the night in bivouac sacks below the Ice Towers.


title: David Lama

text: On the next day, after ascending most of the headwall, they went right of the compressor, following cracks and flakes in the rock, all the way to the summit. All previous routes went left of the compressor.


title: David Lama

text: In 2013, National Geographic made David Lama "Adventurer of the Year" for his free ascent of Cerro Torre.


title: David Lama

text: In 2015 Lama teamed up with American climber Conrad Anker in order to climb the Lunag Ri, one of the highest unclimbed peaks in the Himalayas.


title: David Lama

text: Their first attempt was on November 12, 2015. They picked a rock crevice that would allow them to climb up to the north-west pillar of the mountain. Up on the ridge they planned to follow it up to the peak using mixed climbing techniques. It was already late when they reached the top of the ridge, so for the night they set up a bivouac underneath a boulder. They continued in the early morning of the next day. Lack of ice and bad snow conditions complicated protection. They did not manage to reach the summit during the next day. They had to make the decision whether to dig in and wait out another night, at potential temperatures of -40 °C and strong wind, or turn around and descend the mountain. They decided for the latter and aborted the attempt around 300 metres below the summit.


title: David Lama

text: On November 6, 2016, during the second attempt, Anker suffered a heart attack at a height of while climbing up the rock crevice. The two climbers quickly decided to rappel down the mountain. Lama called for an emergency helicopter rescue at base camp. Twelve hours after the heart attack, Anker underwent surgery in Kathmandu. A thrombotic occlusion was removed from his proximal left artery. As a result of this injury Anker quit high altitude climbing.


title: David Lama

text: Lama was left behind without climbing partner at the base camp. Since Anker had declared that he would not return, Lama decided to start another attempt alone.


title: David Lama

text: This third attempt was started on November 8, 2016. Lama ascended the north-west ridge via a longer, but easier rock crevice and set up camp. Since he had no climbing partner he had to use roped solo techniques in order to ascend the ridge, climbing one pitch as lead, setting up an anchor and then rappeling back down to remove protections. Ascending the mountain this way together with a heavy backpack turned out to be too much of a challenge. Lama aborted this third attempt as well, not far from the location of the high point of the first expedition with Conrad Anker.


title: David Lama

text: On October 23, 2018, Lama returned for a fourth and final attempt. Again solo, he ascended the mountain in three days over the north-west ridge. He followed the same line he had taken on his first solo attempt. He had to set up bivouac two times for the nights at temperatures of -30 °C with 80 km/h storm gusts. During the entire third day he was unable to feel his toes. He decided to push on despite this and reached the summit at 10:00 a.m. After a few minutes on the summit he immediately rappeled back down. At midnight he was back at base camp. He did not lose any of his toes.


title: David Lama

text: On 16 April 2019, Lama, along with climbers Jess Roskelley and Hansjörg Auer, was caught in an avalanche on Howse Peak in the Waputik Range of the Canadian Rockies. The group had climbed a new route on the east face of Howse Peak, one of the most challenging Canadian rock-and-ice faces.


title: David Lama

text: Photographs from Roskelley’s phone indicate that the three climbers had reached the summit on Tuesday, 16 April at 12:44 PM. Their bodies were found 21 April 2019. It can be deduced from a photograph taken from Icefields Parkway by a climber from Canmore that a large cornice broke off above their route. He reported that the resulting avalanche swept the south-east face at 1:58, 31 minutes after they had reached a steep couloir above a basin to descend their route. Their bodies were recovered from an avalanche cone below the icefall route "Life by the Drop". The shallow layer of snow covering the climbers is a further indicator of a cornice break as the cause of the accident.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Sinclair Oil Corporation was an American petroleum corporation, founded by Harry F. Sinclair on May 1, 1916, the Sinclair Oil and Refining Corporation combined, amalgamated, the assets of 11 small petroleum companies. Originally a New York corporation, Sinclair Oil reincorporated in Wyoming in 1976. The corporation's logo featured the silhouette of a large green sauropod dinosaur, based on the then-common idea that oil deposits beneath the earth came from the dead bodies of dinosaurs.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: It was ranked on the list of largest privately owned American corporations. It owned and operated refineries, gas stations, hotels, a ski resort, and a cattle ranch.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Sinclair has long been a fixture on American roads with its dinosaur logo and mascot, a "Brontosaurus".


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: During September 1919, Harry Sinclair restructured Sinclair Oil and Refining Corporation, Sinclair Gulf Corporation, and 26 other related entities into Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. In 1932, this new entity was renamed Consolidated Oil Corporation. In 1943, it was renamed Sinclair Oil Corporation.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Near the beginning of the Great Depression, Sinclair sold the remaining interest in its pipeline subsidiary to Standard Oil Company (Indiana) for US$72.5 million (Standard Oil had purchased a 50% interest in the pipeline subsidiary in 1921). With these funds, including an additional US$33.5 million from an additional common stock issue, Sinclair retired several promissory notes and prepared to weather the Depression with the remaining supply of cash.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Between 1921 and 1922, Sinclair leased oil production rights to Teapot Dome in Wyoming without competitive bidding. This led to the Teapot Dome scandal.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: At that time, Sinclair Oil seemed to offer a viable alternative to the Italian fascist government, which was officially aiming to boost competition; in fact, most of the Italian oil market was controlled by the Italo-American Petroleum Society (SIAP), which in turn was fully dominated by Standard Oil. As the Teapot Dome scandal unfolded in the United States and reached the international press, Mussolini accelerated the negotiations, with a deal signed on May 4, 1924, (although without an official meeting, to avoid public outcry). In this regard, Sinclair Oil Company is known for having made "large payments to leading Fascists—all acting as intermediaries for Benito Mussolini—in return for an exclusive monopoly to drill for oil on Italian soil and in the Italian colonies". The deal was reported in a press release by the Head of Government (Mussolini) issued on the night of May 15, 1924, and published by most newspapers on the following day: the press release assured the public that Sinclair Oil had been awarded its contract on a competitive basis and had provided guarantees it had no relations with the international oil trust. This case of corruption was discovered by the whistleblower and anti-fascist politician Giacomo Matteotti, who was later kidnapped and killed by Mussolini's newborn secret police, just before he could report his discoveries to the Parliament. In his posthumous article, published in the July issue of English Life (a magazine founded by Brendan Bracken), Matteotti accused Sinclair Oil of being a pawn of Standard Oil, as well as revealing "grave irregularities concerning the concession." Matteotti's theses were echoed in the notes of Epifanio Pennetta, who contributed to the preliminary investigation on the murder: "To all appearances," companies like Nafta and Saper "were in competition with the Sinclair company, while in fact they were in cahoots with Sinclair" and added that Sinclair Oil was actually working "in concert" with Standard Oil.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: During the Great Depression, Sinclair saved many other petroleum companies from receivership or bankruptcy and acquired others to expand its operations. In 1932, Sinclair purchased the assets of Prairie Oil and Gas' pipeline and producing companies in the southern United States, and the Rio Grande Oil Company in California. The purchase of Prairie also gave Sinclair a 65% interest in Producers and Refiners Corporation (or Parco), which Sinclair subsequently acquired when Parco entered receivership in 1934. Lastly, in 1936, Sinclair purchased the East Coast marketing subsidiary of Richfield Oil Company, which had operated in receivership for several years. Richfield then reorganized, resulting in the creation of the Richfield Oil Corporation. Sinclair was instrumental in transferring capital and managerial assets into Richfield. Thirty years later, Richfield merged with Atlantic Refining, located on the East Coast, forming Atlantic Richfield.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: At the Chicago World's Fair of 1933–1934, Sinclair sponsored a dinosaur exhibit meant to play on the link between the formation of petroleum deposits and the time of dinosaurs, now a largely discredited misconception. The exhibit included a two-ton animated model of a brontosaurus. The exhibit proved so popular it inspired a promotional line of rubber brontosaurs at Sinclair stations, complete with wiggling heads and tails, and the eventual inclusion of the brontosaur logo. Later, inflatable dinosaurs were given as promotional items. An anthropomorphic version appeared as a service-station attendant in advertisements. Some locations have a life-size model of the mascot straddling the building's entrance.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: In the early 1960s, Sinclair developed the Turbo-S, along with Henry W. Peters, his son Eric Woods, aircraft oils used for reliability in commercial jets, military jets, guided missiles and space exploration rockets.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: At the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965, Sinclair again sponsored a dinosaur exhibit, "Dinoland", featuring life-size replicas of nine different dinosaurs, including their signature brontosaurus. Souvenirs from the exhibit included a brochure ("Sinclair and the Exciting World of Dinosaurs") and featured molded plastic dinosaur figurines. After the Fair closed, Dinoland remained as a traveling exhibit.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Two of the replicas (Tyrannosaurus and Brontosaurus) are still on display at Dinosaur Valley State Park near Glen Rose, Texas. Another, a model of a Trachodon, has been displayed at Brookfield Zoo outside Chicago, Illinois. A replica of a Triceratops is either owned by the Kentucky Science Center and was being stored outdoors at an industrial park in South Louisville, Kentucky in 2016 or was donated by Sinclair to the Smithsonian Institution and is on display as "Uncle Beazley" in the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: In 1969, Sinclair was acquired by the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO). Federal antitrust provisions required the new entity to divest itself of certain Sinclair assets. As a result, the East Coast operations of Sinclair were sold to BP (which has since purchased ARCO). After the ARCO acquisition, many Sinclair stations in the Midwest continued to use the dinosaur logo and opted out of using ARCO's "diamond spark" logo. Some northwest Sinclair stations partially retained the Sinclair brand for a time, using ARCO's blue rectangular logo, including the "spark" graphic, but with the word "Sinclair" substituted for ARCO.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: In 1976, ARCO spun off Sinclair by selling certain assets to Robert (Earl) Holding. Assets divested in the spin-off included ARCO's retail operations in the region bounded by the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and the rights to the Sinclair brand and logo, resulting in many stations along Interstate 80 keeping the dinosaur logo. The ARCO stations in Texas, New Mexico, Illinois, and some portions of Oklahoma were not affected by the divestiture. They continued as part of ARCO until ARCO pulled out of those states in the 1980s.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Sinclair was the 94th-largest private company in the United States. There were 2,607 Sinclair filling stations in 20 states in the Western and Midwestern United States. As of 2010, the corporation operated two refineries—one in Casper, Wyoming, and one in Sinclair, Wyoming. Sinclair operated a third refinery in Tulsa, Oklahoma, until it was sold to Holly Corporation on December 1, 2009. Sinclair's other operations included 1,000 miles of pipeline.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: In the mid-2010s, Sinclair fuel stations began actively spreading across southern California, including Los Angeles, San Diego, and Fresno with holders offering attractive deals for potential clients to make the switch from a private brand to the Sinclair name brand.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: By 2018, Sinclair gas stations were widely distributed across the United States, with dozens of gas stations in California, Colorado, Iowa, Idaho, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming; smaller numbers in Arizona, Connecticut, Kansas, Kentucky, North Dakota, New Mexico, New York, Texas, and Washington; and a single station in Arkansas and Wisconsin.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Sinclair continued to use the green dinosaur, affectionately called "Dino" and marketed all its products under the logo. Sinclair patented the gasoline additive SG-2000. The high-octane fuel blend was called "Dino Supreme" and regular gas is "Dino", trade names used since 1961 when many oil companies still used trade names for their fuels instead of generic terms such as "regular," "premium," or "unleaded". Before that time, Sinclair's trade names for its gasoline products included "Power X" for high-octane fuel and "Sinclair H-C" for regular gas. Sinclair also has marketed products such as Dino, Dino Supreme, and Opaline motor oils.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: In August 2021, HollyFrontier announced the acquisition of Sinclair Oil. A new company named "HF Sinclair Corporation" would be formed in 2022. Under the agreements, Sinclair Oil’s branded marketing business and all related commercial activities and its refineries and related operations and assets in Casper and Sinclair, Wyoming, would be combined with HollyFrontier. Sinclair Oil’s logistics and storage assets, including approximately 1,200 miles of pipelines, two crude oil terminals and eight light product terminals, would be combined with Holly Energy Partners (HEP). It was expected that the vast majority of Sinclair Oil employees would be invited to continue in their positions following the combination. The transaction did not include exploration and production assets owned by Sinclair Oil & Gas Co.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Company-owned Sinclair Trucking provided distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products. Terminals were located in:


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Sinclair also owned and operated Grand America Hotels & Resorts, which has hotel properties in Salt Lake City, Utah; Flagstaff, Arizona; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Little America, Wyoming; and San Diego, California, in addition to the Sun Valley and Snowbasin ski resorts. These properties were not part of the sale to HollyFrontier, and continue to be owned by the Holding Family.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: In March 2022, the sale to HollyFrontier was completed, and HF Sinclair Corporation traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol DINO.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: The "Sinclair's Dino" balloon first appeared in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 1963, returning to the parade in 2015 after a nearly 40 year absence. The balloon is an honorary member of New York's Museum of Natural History as of 1975. It is tall, long, and wide.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: The Brontosaurus logo is parodied in the "Toy Story" and "Cars" franchise films as being the "Dinoco" gas station chain, perhaps an allusion to gasoline and its origin as a fossil fuel, as well as a portmanteau between the "dinosaur" in Sinclair's logo and the suffixes of the "Amoco", "Conoco", and "Sunoco" franchises.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: The TV series "Dinosaurs" featured several characters with names derived from fossil fuel companies. The main character and his family had the surname Sinclair.


title: Sinclair Oil Corporation

text: Sinclair once had a service station in Montgomery, Alabama, in the Cloverdale neighborhood, that closed in the 1970s. That location was remodeled in 1992 into a restaurant named Sinclair's in honor of the former neighborhood station. The ownership group also opened two other locations, one at Lake Martin and one on the eastside. The lake and Cloverdale locations were closed by 2018, while the eastside location has flourished for nearly 30 years as of 2021.


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: I. Y. Yunioshi is a fictional character in Blake Edwards' 1961 American romantic comedy film "Breakfast at Tiffany's", which was adapted for the screen by George Axelrod based on Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same title. The character in the film is significantly different from the character as presented in Capote's original novella,


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: and the film version of Mr. Yunioshi, as portrayed by Mickey Rooney, has been the subject of extensive critical commentary and review since its theatrical release due to its use of ethnic stereotypes.


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: In 1961, "The New York Times" review of the film said that "Mickey Rooney's bucktoothed, myopic Japanese is broadly exotic." Some reviewers of the day did note an issue over the characterization. James Powers' review in "The Hollywood Reporter" stated, "Mickey Rooney gives his customary all to the part of a Japanese photographer, but the role is a caricature and will be offensive to many." In "Variety", Larry Tubelle wrote simply, "Mickey Rooney’s participation as a much-harassed upstairs Japanese photographer adds an unnecessarily incongruous note to the proceedings."


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: In 1990, "The Boston Globe" described Rooney's portrayal as "an irascible bucktoothed nerd and an offensive ethnic caricature". In 1993, the "Los Angeles Daily News" wrote that the role "would have been an offensive stereotype even played by an Asian; the casting of Mickey Rooney added insult to injury".


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: The portrayal was referenced in the 1993 film "" as an example of Hollywood's racist attitudes about Asians that the Chinese Bruce Lee's success as a film star would challenge. Specifically, when Lee and his girlfriend Linda Emery watch "Breakfast at Tiffany's" in the theater, despite laughing at the character, Linda suggests they leave midway through the picture after she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney's stereotypical depiction.


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: More recent characterizations include as an uncomfortable "stereotype", "painful, misguided", "overtly racist" and "Orientalist", "one of the most egregiously horrible 'comic' impersonations of an Asian ... in the history of movies", and a portrayal "border[ing] on offensive" that is a "double blow to the Asian community – not only is he fatuous and uncomplimentary, but he is played by a Caucasian actor in heavy makeup." Similarities between the character of Mr. Yunioshi and anti-Japanese wartime propaganda in the United States have been noticed by critics Jeff Yang and David Kerr.


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: A free outdoor screening in Sacramento, California, scheduled for August 23, 2008, was replaced with the animated film "Ratatouille" after protests about the Yunioshi character. The protest was led by Christina Fa of the Asian American Media Watch.


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: A screening was shown August 11, 2011 at Brooklyn Bridge Park's "Movies with a View" series in New York. Due to protests from a multi-ethnic group organized by an online petition at Change.org, the screening also included a short statement by the organizers which acknowledged and validated community concerns about Yunioshi and a brief documentary about Rooney's character and the portrayal of Asian Americans in other films that was edited from a DVD extra for the anniversary DVD. The aforementioned editorial in the New York "Daily News" by columnist Jeff Yang offered an alternative view regarding the protests: "Far from boycotting the movie or even begrudgingly accepting it, I think it should be mandatory viewing for anyone who wants to fully understand who we are as a culture, how far we've come and how far we still need to go."


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: In a 2008 interview about the film, Rooney said he was shocked to hear that his role as Yunioshi had been branded racist by several Asian-American activists. Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism: "Blake Edwards ... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director. They hired me to do this overboard, and we had fun doing it. ... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it—not one complaint. Every place I've gone in the world people say, 'God, you were so funny.' Asians and Chinese come up to me and say, 'Mickey, you were out of this world. Rooney also said that if he had known people would be so offended, "I wouldn't have done it. Those that didn't like it, I forgive them and God bless America, God bless the universe, God bless Japanese, Chinese, Indians, all of them and let's have peace."


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: Director Blake Edwards expressed the same sentiment, stating "Looking back, I wish I had never done it ... and I would give anything to be able to recast it, but it's there, and onward and upward."


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: The 2009 DVD re-release of the film included what was described as "a brief and necessary featurette on the character of Mr. Yunioshi, offering an Asian perspective on 'yellow face.


title: I. Y. Yunioshi

text: A 2013 Broadway show based on the film cast Japanese-American actor James Yaegashi as a culturally assimilated Japanese-American Yunioshi born in California, as the character was written in Capote's original book.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Levi Keith Johnston (born May 3, 1990) is an American model and actor, best known as the twice-former fiancé of Bristol Palin and father of their son Tripp. He first received media attention in August 2008 when U.S. vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin announced that her daughter Bristol was five months pregnant by Johnston and that the two were engaged. The couple ultimately ended their relationship, and Johnston and the Palin family engaged in several public feuds.


title: Levi Johnston

text: After working in the Alaskan oil fields, Johnston pursued a career in the entertainment industry, aspiring to be a model and an actor. He has written a book based on his experiences with the Palins, titled "Deer in the Headlights".


title: Levi Johnston

text: Johnston was born in Wasilla, Alaska, the first born child of Sherry (née Sampson) and Keith Johnston. Levi has one sibling, Mercede "Sadie" Johnston. Levi attended Wasilla High School, where he played on the hockey team, but did not graduate. He worked full-time on the Alaska North Slope oil fields as an apprentice electrician, quitting in January 2009.


title: Levi Johnston

text: According to Johnston, he and Bristol Palin began dating during their freshman year of high school. After losing a promise ring on a caribou hunt, Johnston had Bristol's name tattooed on his finger.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Following the announcement that she would be Senator John McCain's running mate in the November, 2008 U.S. presidential election, Sarah Palin announced that her daughter Bristol was pregnant by Johnston, and that the two would be married. Johnston denied claims that he was being pressured into a shotgun wedding, stating, "We were planning on getting married a long time ago with or without the kid. That was the plan from the start." The couple's son, Tripp Easton Mitchell Johnston, was born in December 2008, but the two broke off their engagement in March 2009. In May 2009, Johnston said that their relationship was improving and that they were determined to jointly raise Tripp. Later, Bristol began a child custody case against Johnston, seeking sole custody and child support.


title: Levi Johnston

text: In July 2010, Bristol Palin and Johnston announced that they had reunited and were engaged for the second time; less than three weeks later, they ended their second engagement.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Johnston attended the 2008 Republican National Convention with the Palin family. While Sarah Palin was delivering her prime-time nomination acceptance speech, the cameras frequently cut away to Johnston and Bristol. Johnston shook hands onstage with Sarah Palin's running mate, Republican presidential candidate, Senator John McCain, and was treated as a member of Palin's family. Fox News commentator Dick Morris remarked that McCain's decision to welcome Johnston to the stage was a good move because it would help McCain show "a nonjudgmental", tolerant attitude, while still sending the message that unwed teens who become pregnant should marry.


title: Levi Johnston

text: After his 2009 breakup with Bristol, Johnston gave a series of nationally televised interviews. He appeared on "The Tyra Banks Show" with his mother and sister. Remarking on Bristol's public appearances to promote sexual abstinence, Johnston told "The Early Show" that "abstinence is a great idea" but said it was unrealistic to think it is going to work for teens. In another interview he said that he was "pretty sure" Sarah Palin had known that he and Bristol were having sex in the family's house.


title: Levi Johnston

text: The Palin family denounced Johnston's statements as lies, with one public statement reading, "We're disappointed that Levi and his family, in a quest for fame, attention, and fortune, are engaging in flat-out lies, gross exaggeration, and even distortion of their relationship."


title: Levi Johnston

text: In August 2009, Johnston speculated that Sarah Palin's early resignation from office was due to long-standing marital difficulties, the pressures of the job, and lucrative book and other media offers. In a September 2009 "Vanity Fair" interview, Johnston alleged that Sarah Palin initially wanted the couple to keep Bristol's pregnancy a secret and offered to adopt the baby and raise him as her own, but that he and Bristol rejected the plan. In response, Sarah told the media Johnston's statements were "untrue, malicious, and appalling", emphasizing that she highly appreciated her children and commenting that Johnston's photoshoots were "attention-seeking and desperate".


title: Levi Johnston

text: In July 2010, a week prior to the announcement that he and Bristol were engaged a second time, Johnston issued a statement saying "I publicly said things about the Palins that were not completely true. I have already privately apologized to Todd and Sarah. Since my statements were public, I owe it to the Palins to publicly apologize." After the brief second engagement ended, Johnston said that he regretted issuing the apology, saying, "it kind of makes me sound like a liar. I've never lied about anything."


title: Levi Johnston

text: In August 2010, Johnston announced his candidacy for the October 2011 election for mayor of Wasilla, Alaska, saying he wanted his son, Tripp, to be proud of him. Incumbent mayor Verne E. Rupright responded that Johnston's announcement was a little early and said "I think it would be wise for him to get a high school diploma and keep his clothes on"—a reference to Johnston's modeling career. Bristol Palin responded said that she was unaware of Johnston's political ambitions, adding "I'm glad that Levi has not given up on completing his education and is looking for steady employment." Johnston's manager stated he hoped to copy the rise of Sarah Palin from mayor of Wasilla to governor of Alaska, "creating a rural, Alaskan version of the Bush political dynasty." It was reported that Johnston's bid for mayor would tie into his proposed reality television series.


title: Levi Johnston

text: In September 2010, Public Policy Polling reported that Johnston had become the most unpopular person polled in his home state, with a six percent approval and 72 percent disapproval rating, replacing former Democratic presidential candidate and senator John Edwards.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Johnston hired Anchorage, Alaska, attorney Rex Butler (who was previously best known for representing criminal defendants and handling civil litigation) to represent him in his pursuit of a career in the entertainment industry. The "Associated Press" reported in July 2009 that Johnston was also pursuing a movie deal.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Johnston and comedian Kathy Griffin attended the 2009 Teen Choice Awards together. She later stated that he was "surprisingly sweet and courteous" to her. Johnston and Griffin's acquaintance is documented in the sixth season of Griffin's reality television series, "". Additionally, as a gag in her stand-up comedy routine, Griffin often referred to the acquaintance as a relationship, and Johnston as her boyfriend.


title: Levi Johnston

text: In October 2009, Johnston appeared in a television commercial for Roll International, makers of Wonderful Pistachios, as part of their "Get Crackin" advertising campaign. The commercial features Johnston, with a bodyguard, opening a pistachio as a voice-over states, "Now Levi Johnston does it with protection."


title: Levi Johnston

text: It was reported that Johnston would pose fully nude for "Playgirl" magazine; however, following a statement by Sarah Palin that referred to Johnston's "aspiring porn career", it was announced that Johnston's photo shoot would not include full frontal nudity.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Politico reported in April 2010 that Johnston was working on a memoir "that would air the true story of the Palin household." Johnston's book, "Deer in the Headlights: My Life in Sarah Palin's Crosshairs", was published in September 2011.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Johnston appeared as a celebrity coach to Logan Cummins in the pilot of a reality television show titled "Mansformation" released in May 2013.


title: Levi Johnston

text: Johnston married Sunny Oglesby (born 1992) on October 28, 2012. A month prior to the wedding, the couple's first daughter, Breeze Beretta Johnston was born. Their second daughter, Indy Rae Johnston, was born in January 2015. Their third daughter Delta Jo Johnston was born on July 10, 2019.


title: Levi Johnston

text: On September 28, 2010, Ben Folds and Nick Hornby released an album called "Lonely Avenue", which featured a track entitled "Levi Johnston's Blues". The song provides an account of Johnston's story, based on actual posts Johnston had uploaded to his own MySpace webpage.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 7)

text: The seventh season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" aired on CBS from September 26, 2013 to May 15, 2014.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 7)

text: Kaley Cuoco was credited as "Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting" from "The Convention Conundrum" and onwards after her wedding with Ryan Sweeting on December 31, 2013. Mayim Bialik submitted the episode "The Indecision Amalgamation" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode "The Relationship Diremption". Bob Newhart submitted the episode "The Proton Transmogrification" for consideration due to his nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Lucasfilm helped with the creation of the episode.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 7)

text: On March 12, 2014, "The Big Bang Theory" was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 season for a total of ten seasons. Production for the seventh season began on August 14, 2013.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 7)

text: The seventh season received positive reviews. Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" criticized some of the humor, particularly stereotypes written for the female characters, although noting that "these actors make it very funny", but praised the series on a whole; "the major strides made with Sheldon, Penny, and Leonard compensate for some of the more distasteful humor, making this a strong start for this show's seventh season". Carla Day of TV Fanatic wrote that "There were definitely some funny moments, but in its entirety it wasn't one of my favorites". Euan Ferguson of "The Guardian" wrote that ""The Big Bang Theory" is now pretty well established ... And just gets ever better".


title: Griffith University

text: Griffith University is a public research university in South East Queensland on the east coast of Australia. Formally founded in 1971, Griffith opened its doors in 1975, introducing Australia's first degrees in environmental science and Asian studies.


title: Griffith University

text: The university is named after Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, who was twice Premier of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia. Sir Samuel Griffith played a major role in the Federation of Australia and was the principal author of the Australian constitution.


title: Griffith University

text: Opening at Nathan as a single campus of 451 students, the University now has five campuses spanning three cities, the largest of which are the Gold Coast campus at Southport and the Nathan campus in Brisbane. The Mount Gravatt and South Bank campuses are also located in Brisbane, while the Logan campus is at Meadowbrook.


title: Griffith University

text: Griffith has about 50,000 students and offers a full suite of undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees in the areas of business and government, criminology and law, education, engineering and information technology, environment, planning and architecture, health, humanities and languages, music, science and aviation, and visual and creative arts. It is a verdant university and a member of the IRU.


title: Griffith University

text: In the 2021 Student Experience Survey, Griffith University recorded the ninth-highest student satisfaction rating out of all Australian universities, and the third-highest student satisfaction rating out of all public Queensland universities, with an overall satisfaction rating of 77.2. Since 2012, Griffith University has received more Australian Awards for University Teaching than any other Australian university. Griffith has many distinguished alumni and academic staff, including 2017 Australian of the Year Emeritus Professor Alan Mackay-Sim and 2021 Queensland Australian of the Year Dr Dinesh Palipana OAM.


title: Griffith University

text: In 1965, of natural bushland at Nathan were set aside for a new university campus. Initially, the site was to be part of the University of Queensland, which was experiencing strong demand in humanities and social sciences. By 1970, a new tertiary institution was being mooted, and Theodor Bray (later Sir Theodor Bray) was asked by the Queensland Government to establish a second for Brisbane and the third for the state. After several months of discussion, the government announced on 24 December 1970 that Bray would head a committee charged with establishing Griffith University.