title: Sara Carbonero

text: In July 2009, Carbonero was voted "The Sexiest Reporter in the World" by the American edition of "FHM".


title: Sara Carbonero

text: Carbonero was in a relationship with Spanish and then Real Madrid goalkeeper and captain Iker Casillas from 2009 to 2021. In January 2014, she gave birth to their son, Martín. In July 2015 Sara Carbonero and Iker Casillas moved to Porto, in Portugal, as the ex-Real Madrid goalkeeper signed for Porto. In November 2015, the couple announced they were expecting their second child. On 20 March 2016, the couple married. On 2 June 2016, Sara gave birth to the couple's second child, Lucas. On 12 March 2021, Carbonero and Casillas announced their mutual decision to separate after five years of marriage.


title: Sara Carbonero

text: In May 2019, Carbonero underwent surgery to remove a malignant tumour on one of her ovaries and successfully recovered. In February 2021 Carbonero was once again hospitalized for what was speculated to be another cancer related surgery though she refused to confirm media reports about her health.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Microsoft Flight Simulator X (abbreviated as FSX) is a 2006 flight simulation video game originally developed by Aces Game Studio and published by Microsoft Game Studios for Microsoft Windows. It is the sequel to "Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004" and the tenth installment of the "Microsoft Flight Simulator" series, which was first released in 1982. It is built on an upgraded graphics rendering engine, showcasing DirectX 10 features in Windows Vista and was marketed by Microsoft as the most important technological milestone in the series at the time. "FSX" is the first version in the series to be released on DVD media.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: In December 2012, over six years after its release, the "FSX" multiplayer matchmaking system over the GameSpy network was discontinued. On July 9, 2014, Dovetail Games, the developer of "Train Simulator", announced that it signed a licensing agreement with Microsoft to continue development on "FSX" and the production of new content. On December 18, 2014, the "FSX: Steam Edition" version of the simulator was made available through digital distribution via Steam. The updated release of "FSX" includes support for Windows 8.1 and later, along with updated hosting of "FSX" multiplayer features through Steam.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: "Flight Simulator X" marks the tenth version of the popular line of flight simulators. It was officially released to the US market on October 17, 2006. According to Microsoft's Web site for the game, a standard edition features everything from navaids to GPS and airways. It also includes 18 planes, 28 detailed cities, and over 24,000 airports with a deluxe version featuring 24 aircraft, and 38 cities. The player can fly anything from a small glider or a light experimental aircraft to jumbo jets. The game features an immersive air traffic control system and dynamic real-world condition weather. The geography matches the part of the world that the player is flying in. Jetways and ground equipment are also included in the game.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: "Flight Simulator X" was officially unveiled at the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) as a gaming showcase for Microsoft Windows Vista and is now also compatible with Windows 7, and with Windows 8 or Windows 10 via Steam. Microsoft released screenshots as well as a list of frequently asked questions as a press release on Microsoft Flight Simulator Insider, and numerous flight simulator communities. This also included mission-based gameplay with mission specific aircraft as well as an upgraded rendering engine capable of increased detail.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Following the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2006, Microsoft published new screenshots, videos and an official trailer. The graphical quality of the simulator has greatly increased.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: On January 22, 2009, it was reported that development team behind the product was being heavily affected by Microsoft's ongoing job cuts, with indications that the entire "Flight Simulator" team would be laid off. The news was later confirmed by Microsoft officials stating they were committed to the "Flight Simulator" franchise, with expectations to continue product releases in the series, but had nothing specific to announce at that time. On August 17, 2010, Microsoft announced "Microsoft Flight", a new simulation game that boasted a further-improved graphics engine and enhanced simulation features. In April 2012, "Flight" was released. In August 2012, further development of "Flight" was cancelled by Microsoft.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: "Flight Simulator X" was released in two editions: Standard and Deluxe. Compared to the Standard Edition, the Deluxe Edition incorporates additional features, including an on-disc software development kit (SDK), three airplanes with the Garmin G1000 Flightdeck, and the ability for the player to act as Air traffic control (ATC) for other online users with a radar screen.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The Deluxe Edition added pilotable – Grumman G-21A Goose, Maule Orion M-7-260-C Super Rocket, and G1000 furnished versions of the Beechcraft Baron 58, Cessna C172SP Skyhawk, and the Mooney M-20-M Bravo.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The "Acceleration" pack added further aircraft – Agusta Westland AW101, Boeing F/A-18 Hornet, and a racing version of the P-51D Mustang.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: "Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Gold Edition" combines the Deluxe Edition and the "Acceleration" expansion pack into one.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Base scenery is automatically generated using data provided from Navteq while airport and real-world weather data were provided by Jeppesen. This provides the simulation with information to create a facsimile of the real world with accurate airport layouts, terrain information, and road networks. Major airports and landmarks, such as Stonehenge, Victoria Falls and Charles Lindbergh's grave are further improved through custom object modelling and photorealistic aerial imagery. Some animations such as fireworks are time triggered, that is, they only appear on certain dates or times.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The inclusion of "Missions" adds a new facet to the simulation, adding task-oriented goals and encouraging users to fly worldwide, rather than just from their home field. Although a similar concept was available in previous versions, the new implementation of multipath & event-oriented situations substantially extends the potential for user interaction. Pilots have the ability earn achievements through the "Rewards" functionality, for completing missions and reaching specific accomplishments throughout the "Free Flight" mode. Some missions have multiple and hidden rewards, receipt being dependent on actions during the mission.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The Learning Center has been carried over from "FS2004", which introduces the user to the various features of "FSX". Flying lessons are included (and improved from previous versions), voiced over by real-life pilot and instructor Rod Machado. The user can fly a checkride at the end of the learning process. Completion of these various check rides certify the user with simulated pilot ratings (e.g. Private Pilot, Commercial Pilot, Airline Transport Pilot, etc.).


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Artificial intelligence (AI) aircraft are non-playable aircraft built primarily for scenery and ambience. They sometimes also play a key role in missions. Three aircraft, the McDonnell Douglas MD-83, the Piper Cherokee, de Havilland Dash 8, and the Boeing 737-800 are present in the simulation as AI aircraft only. In addition to aircraft, more basic road vehicle and shipping is present.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Microsoft released another service pack for "Flight Simulator X" about the same time as its expansion pack. The update is primarily for Vista users that had DirectX 10 compatible graphics adapters. This version takes advantage of DX10's improved shader model and more pixel pipelines and increased performance for Vista, approaching overall "FSX" performance on XP. It also adds the capability for players who do not have the expansion pack to participate in multiplayer activities with users of the expansion pack, along with support for multi-core processors. "FSX"-SP2 also fixes some more bugs over the original release of "Flight Simulator X". SP1 is not compatible with SP2 or "Acceleration" in Multiplayer. Players with SP1 cannot enter a session with players who have SP2 or "Acceleration" in Multiplayer. In order to install SP2, SP1 must be installed already.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Microsoft released an expansion pack for "Flight Simulator X", titled , on October 23 2007 in North America.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: A preview of the DirectX 10 rendering engine was available with later versions of FSX. This update brought improvements to the look and feel of the simulator, most notably in the scenery aspect. Water and terrain in particular, became much more vibrant, with accurate reflections and lighting. Users could easily switch back to DirectX 9 via a toggle in the settings menu.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The soundtrack used in the main menu for Flight Simulator X was composed, orchestrated and produced by the Seattle-based musician Stan LePard. The default audio track, named "Pilot for Hire" or "FSX01" in the game gained nostalgic prominence with users, and is featured in Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020) as a menu music option titled "Legacy".


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: In late 2007, Aces Games Studio announced the release of licenses to use Microsoft Enterprise Simulation Platform, the engine which Microsoft Flight Simulator X is based on, to companies who would like to use the technology to create products. Following the closure of Aces Game Studio in January 2009, American Aerospace company Lockheed Martin announced in late 2009 that they had negotiated with Microsoft a licensing agreement to purchase the intellectual property (including source code) for the Microsoft ESP, with the code-base of Flight Simulator X Service Pack 2. Lockheed Martin announced that the new product based upon the ESP source code would be called Prepar3D, a simulation tool intended for students, military and commercial operators to use primarily as an open world simulator. Lockheed Martin hired members of the original Aces Game Studio team to continue further development of the product.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The first release of Prepar3D was released in November 2010. As of June 2021, the latest version of Prepar3D is Prepar3D v5.2. The simulator offers a number of advantages over Flight Simulator X, including updated scenery, vehicles and weather, as well as engine updates and rewrites including the transition to DirectX 12 and 64 bit architecture.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: While some add-ons developed for FSX are compatible with earlier versions of Prepar3D, due to significant changes in its codebase, may no longer work as intended.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: On December 18, 2014, Dovetail Games re-released Steam titled "Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition". It includes content provided with the original release of FSX: Gold Edition. This includes FSX: Deluxe Edition, the Acceleration expansion pack and both official Service Packs. The "Steam Edition" also includes an overhaul of the multiplayer functionality to use Steam rather than the then-defunct GameSpy, improved stability on Windows 7 and 8, and minor performance tweaks including a complete recompile using Visual Studio 2013.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Additionally, Dovetail Games worked with various addon developers and publishers to distribute their content on Steam as Downloadable Content. As of June 2021, there are 272 add-ons available on the Steam DLC store from a variety of third-party developers including Aerosoft, Carenado, and Virtavia.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: Additionally, most add-ons developed for the original releases of FSX are compatible with FSX: Steam Edition.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: In May 2017, Dovetail Games announced "Flight Sim World", based on "Flight Simulator X", and released later that month. Only a year later, on April 23, 2018, Dovetail announced end of development of "Flight Sim World" and the end of sales effective May 15, 2018.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: In February 2012, Microsoft released a new flight simulator titled "Microsoft Flight". Developed by The Coalition (as Microsoft Game Studios Vancouver), it was not part of the "Microsoft Flight Simulator" series, but instead was designed to replace it and aimed at drawing new users into flight simulation. It does not allow the use of existing "Flight Simulator X" add-ons (including aircraft, objects, and scenery).


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: On June 9, 2019 as part of their E3 conference announcements Microsoft revealed that they would be bringing back the "Flight Simulator" series with an updated release, simply titled "Microsoft Flight Simulator". On the same day, Microsoft launched a new website for the title and posted a teaser video on their Xbox YouTube channel. It was released on August 18, 2020, for Windows 10.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: In the United States alone, "Microsoft Flight Simulator X" had sold 1 million copies by late 2008. The game received generally favorable reviews. On Metacritic, the game holds 80/100 based on 28 critics, thus indicating "generally favorable reviews". On GameRankings, it holds 80%, based on 28 reviews.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: IGN gave "Microsoft Flight Simulator X" a 7.0/10, criticizing its framerate and lack of graphical improvement over its predecessor "".


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: GameSpot gave the game an 8.4/10, praising the game's attention to detail, realism, graphical improvements, and approachable missions. However, the review also pointed out framerate issues on most computers back in 2006.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: In August 2016, "Microsoft Flight Simulator X" placed 23rd on "Time"'s The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list.


title: Microsoft Flight Simulator X

text: The editors of "PC Gamer US" presented "Flight Simulator X" with their 2006 "Best Simulation Game" award.


title: Iced coffee

text: Iced coffee is a coffee beverage served cold. It may be prepared either by brewing coffee normally (i.e. carafe, French press, etc.) and then serving it over ice or in cold milk or by brewing the coffee cold. In hot brewing, sweeteners and flavoring may be added before cooling, as they dissolve faster. Iced coffee can also be sweetened with pre-dissolved sugar in water.


title: Iced coffee

text: Iced coffee is regularly available in most coffee shops. Iced coffee is generally brewed at a higher strength than normal coffee, given that it is diluted by the melting ice. In Australia, "iced coffee" is a common term for packaged coffee-flavored and sweetened milk beverage.


title: Iced coffee

text: Mazagran, a cold, sweetened coffee beverage that originated in Algeria circa 1840, has been described by locals as "the original iced coffee". It was prepared with coffee syrup and cold water.


title: Iced coffee

text: Frozen coffee beverages, similar to slush, are documented in the 19th century. Similar is the Italian "granita al caffè".


title: Iced coffee

text: Coffee brewed then chilled with ice, called "iced coffee", appears in menus and recipes in the late 19th century.


title: Iced coffee

text: Iced coffee was popularized by a marketing campaign of the Joint Coffee Trade Publicity Committee of the United States in 1920. Much later, it was marketed by chain outlets like Burger King, Dunkin' Donuts and Starbucks.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Australia, iced coffee may include syrup, cream, cocoa powder or coffee beans. The café style is something like an unblended milkshake, and may be made from espresso coffee or only coffee flavoring, such as that sold commercially since the late 19th century in the form of a syrup, an example of which is Bushells Coffee And Chicory Essence.


title: Iced coffee

text: The packaged beverage is a different product altogether. In South Australia, Farmers Union Iced Coffee has outsold Coca-Cola and is one of the state's biggest brands. Pauls "Territory's Own" Iced Coffee is popular in the Northern Territory and Norco Real Iced Coffee is big in Northern New South Wales and South East Queensland. Other brands are Breaka, Big M, Brownes Chill, Moove, Masters, Dare, Max, Fleurieu, Rush, Oak and Ice Break.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Canada, the popular Tim Hortons coffee chain sells iced cappuccinos known locally as Ice Capps. The chain has also recently introduced traditional iced coffee to its Canadian menu in addition to its U.S. menu. Other fast-food and beverage chains also provide iced coffee. A June 2016 study by research firm NPD found that the popularity of iced coffee drinks had increased by about 16 percent over the same period a year earlier.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Chile, iced coffee is called (iced coffee). It is very popular in the summertime. "" is composed of espresso, or coffee powder. Ice cream is added to the coffee as well as sugary additives such as vanilla, cinnamon, or dulce de leche. Iced coffee is enjoyed during the summer time at breakfast and at parties. Atop of Chilean iced coffee may also be whipped cream, and chopped nuts.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Germany there are different types of ' (coffee with ice cream). The most widespread form is a flavoured milk drink similar to Australian iced coffee, available in German coffeehouses and in ' (ice cream parlours). It consists of filtered, hot brewed and cooled coffee with vanilla ice cream and whipped cream on top. However, this type of iced coffee is rarely available in German supermarkets. The most widespread form of iced coffee in supermarkets is a canned version from a variety of brands with different flavours such as Cappuccino and Espresso. This iced coffee is very similar to the canned iced coffee in the UK and in the case of some brands (particularly Nestlé) actually the same product.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Greece, a popular iced coffee beverage is frappé, made of instant coffee (generally Nescafe), water, and optionally, sugar using either an electric mixer or a shaker to create foam. Ice cubes and, optionally, milk are added. Frappés became known outside of Greece as a result of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Frappés have become very popular in Cyprus and Romania.


title: Iced coffee

text: The most popular iced coffee beverages in Greece are the freddo cappuccino which is topped with a cold milk foam known as () and freddo espresso which is a double shot of espresso blended with ice cubes and served over ice.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Italy, the Nestlé company introduced Frappé coffee under its Nescafé Red Cup line, with the name Red Cup Iced Coffee. Many Italian coffee bars serve "caffè freddo", which is straight espresso kept in a freezer and served as icy slush. In the Salento region of Apulia, this was perfected by brewing the espresso freshly, adding the desired amount of sugar or almond milk and finally pouring it into a whiskey glass filled with ice cubes right before being served, known as "Caffè in ghiaccio", or coffee in ice. Affogato (espresso poured over a scoop of vanilla gelato or ice cream) is also served, typically as a dessert.


title: Iced coffee

text: In Japan, has been drunk since Taishō period (around the 1920s) in coffeehouses. It is served with gum syrup and milk. Cold tea was already popular, so it was natural to drink cold coffee. Cold brew coffee is also common in Japan, where it is known as , due to the historical Dutch coffee trade from Indonesia. In 1969, UCC Ueshima Coffee released canned coffee, which made coffee available everywhere. Today, canned liquid coffee is consumed both cold and hot.


title: Iced coffee

text: In New Zealand, iced coffee is popular and served in a number of cafes. It is often served with vanilla icecream or whipped cream.


title: Iced coffee

text: Thai iced coffee is brewed using strong black coffee, sweetened with sugar, heavy cream (or half-and-half) and cardamom, and quickly cooled and served over ice. Some variations are brewed using espresso. Thai iced coffee can be served with whipped cream on top for a layered effect and garnished with cinnamon, vanilla or anise. It is a common menu item at Thai restaurants.


title: Iced coffee

text: Iced coffee is prepared many different ways in the U.S., including cold-brew coffee and chilled conventional coffee.


title: Iced coffee

text: Iced coffee can be made from cold-brew coffee, for which coffee grounds are soaked for several hours and then strained. The next day, the grounds would be filtered out. The result was a very strong coffee concentrate that was mixed with milk and sweetened.


title: Iced coffee

text: Many coffee retailers simply use hot-brewed coffee in their iced coffee drinks. Starbucks specifically uses the double-strength method in which the coffee is brewed hot with twice the amount of grounds. With this method, the melted ice does not dilute the strength and flavour of the coffee. Unlike the cold-brew process, this method does not eliminate the acidity inherent in hot-brewed coffee.


title: Madeira Airport

text: Madeira Airport (, ), informally Funchal Airport (), formally Santa Catarina Airport () and officially Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport, is an international airport in the civil parish of Santa Cruz in the Portuguese archipelago and autonomous region of Madeira. The airport is located east-northeast of the regional capital, Funchal, after which it is sometimes informally named. It mostly hosts flights to European metropolitan destinations due to Madeira's importance as a leisure destination, and is pivotal in the movement of cargo in and out of the archipelago of Madeira. It is the fourth-busiest airport in Portugal. The airport is named after Madeiran native Cristiano Ronaldo. During its renaming ceremony in 2017, the airport drew media notoriety for an infamous bust of Ronaldo unveiled at the ceremony, now replaced.


title: Madeira Airport

text: The airport is considered one of the most peculiarly perilous airports in the world due to its location and its spectacular runway construction. It received the "Outstanding Structure Award" in 2004 by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. The History Channel program "Most Extreme Airports" ranked it as the ninth most dangerous airport in the world and the third most dangerous in Europe. Pilots must undergo additional training to land at the airport.


title: Madeira Airport

text: Madeira Airport is a geographically unusual airport, as it is perched on a foreland jutting out to sea. At the end of runway 05, there lie hills and cliffs which make a direct ILS approach and landing unavailable. Instead aircraft have to do a visual approach which involves flying around the airport, then circling around in a ~180° turn before lining up on a very short final approach. The airport's runway - 05/23 - is a tabletop runway, which means there are steep dropoffs at either end of the runway - at the beginning of Runway 05, the runway drops off just before a motorway that snakes around the runway end, and at the beginning of Runway 23, which drops off a cliff. The runway is also unique in the fact that at the beginning of Runway 23, the runway is placed on a platform supported by pillars, similar to a beam bridge.


title: Madeira Airport

text: Madeira Airport was officially opened on 7 July 1964, with two runways. The first flight to land there was a TAP Air Portugal Lockheed Constellation with 80 passengers on board.


title: Madeira Airport

text: In 1972, the popularity of visiting the island of Madeira increased, so the runway was extended to allow modern and larger aircraft to land. Considered the Kai Tak of Europe because of its singular approach to runway 05, the decision was made to extend the existing runway instead of building a new one. The runway was extended to , with the extension inaugurated on 1 February 1986 by then president of the Portuguese Republic António Ramalho Eanes. In the meantime, a new terminal was built at the airport in 1973, handling 500,000 passengers.


title: Madeira Airport

text: However, as demand for tourism continued to grow, the runway was extended further. The newly extended runway—now long—and terminal were inaugurated on 6 October 2002, and to mark the occasion, an Air Atlanta Icelandic Boeing 747-200, registration TF-ABA, landed at the airport. Although this was a rare event, some TAP Air Portugal flights on the Lisbon-Caracas-Lisbon route used to have scheduled stops at Madeira with Airbus A330-200 widebody aircraft.


title: Madeira Airport

text: In 2016, it was announced that the airport would be renamed Madeira International Airport Cristiano Ronaldo (Aeroporto Internacional da Madeira Cristiano Ronaldo) in honour of Madeira native football player Cristiano Ronaldo. The rebranded terminal was unveiled on 29 March 2017, with a bust of Ronaldo also being presented.


title: Madeira Airport

text: Neither the bust nor the name change were unanimous, actually far from a consensus, as the former was ridiculed by "Saturday Night Live"'s character Cecilia Giminez, portrayed by comedian and actress Kate McKinnon, with the latter being subject to much debate and controversy locally by politicians and citizens, who even started a petition against the move.


title: Madeira Airport

text: A year later, sports web site Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust. However, this bust was never used; instead a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor, shown to the public on 15 June 2018.


title: Madeira Airport

text: The airport was once infamous for its short runway of only , which, surrounded by high mountains and the ocean, made it a difficult and technically demanding landing for even the most experienced pilots. Because of the ~150° right-hand turn required, the airport has acquired the nickname of "Kai Tak Airport of Europe" - a reference to the former airport of Hong Kong that also needed a right-hand turn to line up for a landing very low and close to the runway. Between 1982 and 1986, a few years after the TAP Air Portugal Flight 425 crash of 1977, Madeira's runway was extended by to a total of , and four gates were opened.


title: Madeira Airport

text: In 2000, the runway was again extended, this time to . As landfill was not a realistic option, the extension was built on a platform, partly over the ocean, supported by 180 columns, each about tall. The runway extension was conducted by the Brazilian construction company Andrade Gutierrez and is recognized worldwide as one of the most difficult to achieve due to the type of terrain and orography.


title: Madeira Airport

text: Its innovative solution allowed Funchal to receive the "Outstanding Structure Award" in 2004 by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, which aims at recognizing the most remarkable, innovative, creative, or otherwise stimulating structure completed within the last few years.


title: Madeira Airport

text: The airport has a single terminal, which opened in 1973. The terminal has 40 check-in desks, 16 boarding gates, and 7 baggage belts. There are no air-bridges, so passengers either walk the short distance to the terminal or are taken by shuttle bus. The terminal itself is mostly underground.


title: Madeira Airport

text: In 2016, Madeira Airport was modernised and renovated by its operator, ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, as part of an €11 million investment. The renovated terminal area, which was opened in June 2016, by the President of the Autonomous Regional Government of Madeira, Miguel Albuquerque, improved the existing facility and facilitated the creation of a brand new shopping area, doubling the airport's overall capacity.


title: Madeira Airport

text: According to VINCI Airports, the airport will "have the capacity to deal with up to 1,400 passengers per hour", and the airport's overall new layout has been designed to enable to accommodation of new stores for national and international brands alike.


title: Madeira Airport

text: The passenger screening area, under the command of Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, increased from 7,000 sq ft (650 m²) to 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m²), accommodating an increase in the number of security screening lines, while the passenger holding and verification area increased from 300 m² to 650 m². The new layout has simplified the passenger experience, creating defined areas for the Schengen Area (which the Autonomous Region of Madeira is part of) and non–Schengen Area passengers, and given the airport operator the ability to alternate these areas based on flight schedules. A new transfer hall and three new departure gates were also created as part of the project.


title: Madeira Airport

text: The renovation and investment project also accommodated the strengthening and re-profiling of the runway and taxiways, increasing the usable area by more than 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m).


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: In 2019, it had a population of 1,644,903 across 40 communes. In French, the learned but rarely used demonym for the inhabitants of Seine-Saint-Denis is ; more common is .


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: The department is surrounded by the departments of Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Paris, Val-d'Oise, and Seine-et-Marne. It is thus the only five French departments surrounded entirely by other departments of the same region.


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: The most populous commune is Saint-Denis; the prefecture Bobigny is the eleventh-most populous. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 70,000 inhabitants:


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: was created in January 1968, through the implementation of a law passed in July 1964. It was formed from the part of the (hitherto larger) Seine department to the north and north-east of the Paris ring road (and the line of the old city walls), together with a small slice taken from .


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: A commune of , , was the scene of the death of two youths which sparked the nationwide riots of autumn 2005. In October and November, 9,000 cars were burned and 3,000 rioters were arrested.


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: In 2018, the department had the highest crime rate in metropolitan France. In 2017, the area was the theatre of 18% of all drug offences in metropolitan France.


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: is the French department with the highest proportion of immigrants: 21.7% at the 1999 census (see table below). This figure does not include the children of immigrants born on French soil as well as some native elites from former French colonies and people who came from overseas France. The ratio of ethnic minorities is difficult to estimate accurately as French law prohibits the collection of ethnic data for census taking purposes.


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: In 2018, the poverty rate was twice the national average at 28%, the unemployment rate was 3 per cent above the national average and 4 percentage points above the Île-de-France average at 12.7%. In 2018, it was estimated that 8–20% of the population in the department were illegal immigrants.


title: Seine-Saint-Denis

text: An education study confirmed falling levels of literacy in the area, where the percentage of pupils who had 25 errors or more increased from 5.4% in 1987 to 19.8% in 2015.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: Mummies 317a and 317b were the infant daughters of the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun; their mother is presumed to be his only known wife, Ankhesenamun, who has been tentatively identified as the mummy KV21A. They were buried in their father's tomb, which was discovered by Howard Carter in 1922. Both babies are unnamed, as the coffin inscriptions call them only "the Osiris" (the deceased), so they are known instead by the numbers assigned by Carter during his excavation. They have been examined several times since their discovery, and 317b has been diagnosed with conditions such as Sprengel's deformity and spina bifida, although more recent CT analysis has refuted this. The mummy referred to as 317a is of a girl who was born prematurely at 5–6 months' gestation, and mummy 317b is that of a girl born at or near full term. No cause of death could be determined for either child.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: The mummies were buried in Tutankhamun's tomb, in the north-eastern corner of the treasury. Their coffins were found in an open wooden box atop a stack of items that included ushabti shrines, boxes, and a model boat; beside them sat another miniature nested coffin set containing a lock of hair belonging to Tutankhamun's grandmother, Tiye. The box's lid was once tied and sealed but had been removed by robbers in antiquity, being placed behind the neighbouring box. The two coffins were placed side by side, head to toe; chips had been taken off the toe of the larger coffin (317b) in order to close the lid. Bands of linen at the throat, middle, and ankles sealed the outer coffins; each was secured by mud seals stamped with the necropolis seal of a jackal over nine captives. Inside each outer coffin was a gilded inner coffin, which in turn contained the mummified and wrapped body of a stillborn child "preserved in accordance with burial custom of the Eighteenth Dynasty". 317a was the smaller of the two mummies and had a gilded cartonnage mask; the other mummy, 317b, was a little larger and did not have a mask. Carter unwrapped the smaller mummy, 317a, some time between their discovery and their 1932 examination by anatomist Douglas Derry, who noted the unwrapped state. In 1929 the coffins were transferred to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo but the mummies were stored separately in the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University after their 1932 autopsies.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: The mummies of 317a and 317b were each provided with an individual set of inner and outer mummy-shaped coffins. The two sets are nearly identical in design, but differ slightly in size with the outer coffins of 317a and 317b measuring and long respectively. Their form and decoration imitate those used by the nobility and private individuals of the period. The outer coffins have a black-based design ornamented by gilding. The deceased is depicted as a wrapped mummy wearing a blue and gold striped wig, and a broad collar with falcon-headed terminals. The arms are crossed on the chest and the hands are fisted but hold no emblems. A vulture spreads its wings over the abdomen and gilded vertical and horizontal bands of inscription invoke the deities of the deceased. The goddesses Nephthys and Isis (with two djed-pillars) are depicted kneeling on the top of the head and on the base of the feet respectively. The rest of the surface is filled with black resin. The lid of each outer coffin was attached to the trough by eight tenons.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: The inner coffins have a similar design but are entirely covered in gold foil. The hieroglyphic inscriptions on both sets of coffins refer "only to a nameless "Osiris" (i.e. the deceased)". As no names are specified for the children, they are known instead by the object numbers assigned by Carter in the course of the excavation.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: Carter is said to have unwrapped this mummy in 1925, although his notes are undated. The head was covered by a gilded death mask that was "several sizes too large". The linen wrappings were secured by five horizontal bands and two triple longitudinal bands over the front, back, and sides. The wrappings were thick and noted to be in poor condition, with pads over the chest, legs and feet to provide shape. During the 1932 autopsy by anatomist Douglas Derry, the mummy was measured to be long. He concluded the mummy was likely female and estimated the age to be no more than five months' gestation. The skin was noted as being "of a greyish colour, very shrunken and brittle", with the bones of the chest and hands clearly visible. The body was positioned with the legs straight and the hands placed on the front of the thighs. There was no sign of the typical abdominal incision used to remove the organs. The mummy lacked eyebrows and eyelashes, presumably due to its early gestational age, but light-coloured silky hairs (lanugo) were present on the head. The eyelids were slightly open as a result of shrinkage during the mummification process as the eyelids are fused at this gestation. The umbilical cord was preserved to a length of .


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: In late July 2008 CT scanning was conducted as part of the Egyptian Mummy Project. The mummy was found to be in very poor condition, which meant Derry's determination of the sex could not be confirmed. A gestational age of 24.7 weeks (5–6 months) was estimated from the length of the humerus. The skull was found to be filled with high- and low-density material which may represent brain tissue or embalming material. The torso was also filled with high- and low-density contents which are suggested to be embalming packs, despite the lack of an incision, contrary to Derry's suggestion of preservation by simple desiccation. No deformities were noted, nor could the cause of death be determined.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: Derry unwrapped and examined 317b in 1932. This mummy lacked a mask, although its intended mask is likely the one found earlier in Tutankhamun's embalming cache, KV54. The length of the wrapped mummy was and the length of the body itself was . The manner of wrapping was very similar to the smaller mummy—two triple longitudinal bands and four transverse bands around the head, neck, abdomen and ankles—on top of a shroud. Below the shroud were eleven further layers of pads and bandaging on the feet, legs, abdomen and chest to provide the correct shape. The mummy was noted as not being as well preserved as the smaller mummy, 317a. It was found to also be female and estimated to be seven months' gestation. The skin was the same greyish colour and brittle condition as the younger mummy. Fine hair remained on the back of the head (the rest having come away with the bandages), and eyelashes and eyebrows were present. The eyes were wide open, containing only the shrunken eyeballs. The interior of the skull was examined through the open fontanelle and found to be filled with linen, inserted through the right nostril. The legs were extended and the hands were placed palm down beside the thighs. She likely died at or shortly after birth, as there are indications that the umbilical cord was cut off rather than drying off naturally. A small embalming incision long was made parallel to the inguinal ligament to remove the organs. The body cavity was stuffed with linen and the cut was sealed with animal fat.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: The mummy was next examined in 1978 using x-rays and was found to have been damaged over the intervening years, with the skull crushed and ribs broken. The age was estimated to be 35 weeks' gestation to full term, and she was diagnosed with Sprengel's deformity, spina bifida, and scoliosis. Serological analysis determined that this mummy had an O blood group. A later re-examination of the x-rays suggested that the child may have been as young as 31 weeks based on the degree of ossification.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: CT scanning was also conducted on this mummy in July 2008 as part of the Egyptian Mummy Project. It was found to be better preserved than 317a and so could be examined more thoroughly. The mummy was confirmed to be female based on the external genitalia and the sub-pubic angle; the age at death was estimated at 36.78 weeks gestation. The diagnosis of Sprengel's deformity was rejected as, although the left scapula is higher than the right, this is due to the left scapula and clavicle being entirely separated from the body and rotating upwards. Both scapulae and clavicles were of normal and comparable dimensions. The spine was found to be in poor condition and fractured postmortem with fragments missing; this gave the appearance of a spine with neural tube defects but no anomalies were found. The scoliosis was determined to be postural. Evidence of padding inserted under the skin, used to restore a life-like appearance, was found in the legs; this has resulted in the left thigh being larger than the right.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: From the time of their discovery, it has been assumed the two infants were the children of Tutankhamun. Carter considered there to be "little doubt" that they were the children of the king and his only known wife Ankhesenamun. DNA analysis conducted between 2007 and 2009 as part of the Tutankhamun Family Project obtained only partial DNA profiles for 317a and 317b. However, this was enough to conclude that both mummies were the children of Tutankhamun, with probabilities of 99.97992885% and 99.99999299% respectively. Only a partial DNA profile was obtained from the KV21A mummy but it suggests that she was the mother of the two children. However, the results were not statistically significant enough to be confirmed.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: The causes and circumstances of their deaths are unknown. Carter attributed their deaths to natural causes (such as a miscarriage) but indulged in speculation that the miscarriages may have been orchestrated as "an accident to the expectant mother would have rendered the throne vacant for those eager to step in."


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: Carter considered them to be the result of two separate pregnancies but the burial of 317a and 317b within Tutankhamun's tomb has led to speculation that they died around the same time as him, or at least prior to his burial. In order to explain two babies of different sizes resulting from a single pregnancy, it has been suggested that the two were identical twins with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, resulting in one twin who was large for its gestational age and one who was much smaller. Although this diagnosis cannot be proven or disproven by CT analysis, it is considered a "remote possibility" by Hawass and Saleem. However, as Charlier and colleagues pointed out in a response, the different DNA probabilities between 317a and 317b is enough to rule out the identical twin theory, which Hawass and Saleem agree with. Alternatively, the pair are theorized to be fraternal twins which died in utero, with 317a dying first and partially calcifying (lithopedion), before 317b died weeks later. This is refuted, as 317a does not show any of the obvious signs exhibited by lithopedion, and the poor condition of both is due to improper storage after their unwrapping.


title: 317a and 317b mummies

text: Regardless of their cause of death, the burial of royal children with their fathers is not unprecedented in the Eighteenth Dynasty, with Webensenu being buried in his father Amenhotep II's tomb, and Amenemhat, Tentamun, and another unnamed child buried with Thutmose IV; all had seemingly predeceased their fathers. Alternatively, Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt considered their inclusion in their father's burial part of a ritual to ensure his rebirth into the afterlife.


title: Numeric keypad

text: is the palm-sized, usually-17-key section of a standard computer keyboard, usually on the far right. It provides calculator-style efficiency for entering numbers. The idea of a 10-key number pad cluster was originally introduced by Tadao Kashio, the developer of Casio electronic calculators.


title: Numeric keypad

text: The numpad's keys are digits to , (addition), (subtraction), (multiplication) and (division) symbols, (decimal point), , and keys. Laptop keyboards often do not have a numpad, but may provide numpad input by holding a modifier key (typically labelled ) and operating keys on the standard keyboard. Particularly large laptops (typically those with a 15.6 inch screen or larger) may have space for a real numpad, and many companies sell separate numpads which connect to the host laptop by a USB connection (many of these also add an additional spacebar off to the side of the zero where the thumb is located, as well as an additional key typical of modern adding machines and cash registers. Some specialist numpads may also include an additional key).


title: Numeric keypad

text: Sometimes it is necessary to distinguish between a key on the numpad and an equivalent key elsewhere on the keyboard. For example, depending on the software in use, pressing the numpad's key may produce different results than pressing the alphanumeric key. In such cases, the numpad-specific key may be indicated as e.g. ,


title: Numeric keypad

text: Numeric keypads usually operate in two modes. When Num Lock is off, keys , , , and act like arrow/navigation keys up, right, down, and left; and , , , and act like , , , and , respectively. When is on, digit keys produce the corresponding digit. On Apple Macintosh computers, which lack a key, the numeric keypad always produces only numbers; the key is replaced by the .


title: Numeric keypad

text: The arrangement of digits on numeric keypads with the -- keys two rows above the -- keys is derived from calculators and cash registers. It is notably different from the layout of telephone Touch-Tone keypads which have the -- keys on top and -- keys on the third row.


title: Numeric keypad

text: Numeric keypads are useful for entering long sequences of numbers quickly, for example in spreadsheets, financial/accounting programs, and calculators. Input in this style is similar to a calculator or adding machine.


title: Numeric keypad

text: A numpad is also useful on Windows PCs for typing alt codes for special symbols, for example the degree symbol, °, with . Technically, the previous example's method using a leading (ANSI alt code) only works when used with the numpad's own keys, so it could be written less ambiguously (if necessary) using one of the notations mentioned above, e.g. . When entering a hex Unicode value, only the leading '+' needs to be the key, so this notation can be used sparingly, e.g. yields ě.


title: Numeric keypad

text: To maintain their compact size, Mac laptops and most PC notebooks do not include a Numeric Keypad. To compensate it, most PCs include integrated into a function key (typically or ) and then press keys like to produce a NumPad 7, although some PC notebooks do not include such shortcuts.


title: Numeric keypad

text: Ten key speed is measured in Keystrokes per Hour (KPH). The minimum required speed for many data entry jobs is around 9000 KPH with good accuracy. A speed of 12,000 is considered excellent.


title: Numeric keypad

text: The numeric keypad is used by some systems for input of Chinese characters, for example CKC Chinese Input System and Q9 input method.


title: Numeric keypad

text: Numeric keypads are also used for playing some computer games where the player must control a character, for example roguelikes. Unlike arrow keys, the numeric keypad allows diagonal movement. For keyboards without a numeric keypad, some games provide alternative movement keys, such as classic "Rogue's" HJKL keys.


title: Numeric keypad

text: The numeric keypad can also be an alternative to the WASD keys for navigation in computer gaming. This can be an attractive option for left-handed people who prefer to use the mouse with their left hand.


title: Numeric keypad

text: Most operating systems have a mouse keys accessibility feature where mouse navigation can be done using the numeric keypad, with the other keys adapted to be mouse buttons.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Marvel's Wastelanders is an interconnected series of six radio drama podcasts produced by Marvel New Media and SiriusXM in association with Wave Runner Studios and launched in June 2021. The series' podcasts are set in a variation of the Old Man Logan universe, a future timeline where the world's supervillains, led by Doctor Doom, Red Skull, and Baron Zemo, teamed up to kill almost all superheroes and establish a new world order. Those heroes who survived — including Wolverine, Hawkeye, and Black Widow — are largely in hiding or broken shells of their former selves. A series of events, beginning with the return to Earth of Star-Lord and Rocket Raccoon on a mission for The Collector, leads to a final assembling of heroes for one last mission.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: The series was originally announced in May 2021 as four, 10-episode podcasts featuring seperatedly on Star-Lord, Hawkeye, Black Widow, and Wolverine, along with a fifth team-up series. The first series, "Marvel's Wastelanders: Old Man Star-Lord", launched in June 2021.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Originally, the series were to be style as "Old Man Star-Lord", "Old Man Hawkeye", "Old Man Wolverine", and "Grey Widow", but in September 2021, in announcing the launch of "Marvel's Wastelanders: Hawkeye", the "Old Man" styling was dropped. At the same time, an additional solo title in the series, "Marvel's Wastelander's: Doom", was announced. Episodes were released first to Apple Podcasts subscribers with a general release a week later. In the credits of the final episode of "Wastelanders: Doom", the team-up series featuring Star-Lord, Hawkeye, Black Widow, and Wolverine, as well as Doom, was teased with the final series in the "Wastelanders" "audio epic" launching in December 2022.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: The series of podcasts have been noted for their writing and voice acting, as well as the well-known stars associated with the project, including series leads Timothy Busfield as Star-Lord, Stephen Lang as Hawkeye, Susan Sarandon as Black Widow, Robert Patrick as Wolverine, and Dylan Baker as Doom.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Star-Lord and Rocket Raccoon crash land in the American Midwest, a barren wasteland controlled by Doctor Doom, where they must find for The Collector an ancient cosmic relic, the Black Vortex. However, they soon encounter a number of challenges, including Kraven the Hunter, outlaw Ghost Riders, and Emma Frost. When released, the series was titled "Marvel's Wastelanders: Old Man Star-Lord", but with the release of "Marvel's Wastelanders: Hawkeye", it was retitled without the "Old Man" moniker.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: 30 years after Baron Zemo, the Thunderbolts, and the other villains killed the Avengers and rid the world of heroes, a blind and broken Hawkeye relives the final battle nightly as part of the Brotherhood Traveling Circus, Carnival and Ringmaster's Road Show. When his 17-year-old daughter, Ash, shows up seeking his help avenging the death of her best friend, Hawkeye's own efforts to avenge his lost friends are complicated. For Rachel Chavkin, "Hawkeye" is the first podcast she has directed.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Originally announced as "Marvel's Wastelanders: Grey Widow". The mysterious Helen Black moves into a New York City apartment building owned and monitored by S.H.I.E.L.D..


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Since the villains took over, Wolverine has wandered in a daze of survivor's guilt and self-loathing, but now he must help a young mutant in hiding reach safety. Jenny Turner Hall was originally hired just to direct "Wolverine", but she as the project got started her role expanded to being both writer and director for the series.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: After being betrayed by the other villains on V-Day, Doom is free and has teamed up with Valeria Richards to seek revenge. The story immediately follows the end of "Marvel's Wastelanders: Star-Lord".


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: With the Wastelands in a state of chaos following President Red Skull's death, Hawkeye, Star-Lord, Black Widow, Wolverine, and Doom team up to stop Valeria Richards who now has the power of the Cosmic Cube.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: "Marvel's Wastelanders: Star-Lord" is the first scripted joint production from Marvel New Media and SiriusXM, and was described by Marvel New Media executive Stephen Wacker as "the tip of the iceberg" for the new Marvel Audio Universe. The "Wastelanders" podcasting project was originally planned to launch in 2020 as part of a new agreement with SiriusXM and its Pandora streaming service; however, in July 2020, SiriusXM acquired Marvel's previous scripted podcasting partner, Stitcher, in July 2020 in an effort to bolster its portfolio of podcasts. Stitcher and Marvel previously produced two seasons of the "Wolverine" podcast along with a "Marvels" podcast. Author Benjamin Percy, who scripted the "Wolverine: The Long Night" and "Wolverine: The Lost Trail" podcasts, was brought on board to script "Wastelanders: Star-Lord."


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Starting with "Marvel's Wastelanders: Hawkeye", additional behind-the-scenes bonus episodes featuring conversations with each podcast's actors and creative teams were released via the Apple Podcasts subscription service. Dubbed "Beyond the Scenes", the episodes are hosted by Tamara Krinsky.


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: "Marvel's Wastelanders: Star-Lord" has been praised for its casting and writing. Mike Mack at "Laughing Place" called Busfield and Elliott's chemistry as Quill and Rocket "hilarious," but noted that Malouf as Cora "steals the show" by providing both explanations and comedy. Taylor Bauer at "Comic Years" credits Percy's experience with both Marvel Comics and writing audio dramas for successfully setting up the world of "Marvel's Wastelanders" in the first episode without making it feel like a "detail dump."


title: Marvel's Wastelanders

text: Writing in "The Guardian", Graeme Virtue lauded Marvel for attracting "top-notch acting talent and developing its superhero canon into such interesting new formats." He noted that for "Wastelanders: Hawkeye" and "Wolverine", "Their chief aural pleasures come from the lead performances, with "Avatar" baddie Stephen Lang performing every hard-luck Hawkeye line as if he is auditioning for "Deadwood". "Terminator 2"s Robert Patrick gives Hugh Jackman a run for his money as an even more grizzled Wolverine." And he described "Wastelanders: Black Widow" as the "standout story," noting "why Black Widow wants to infiltrate this place is the central mystery but it fires up the surveillance department, sparking a witty workplace conflict that feels more like "Office Space" than "Avengers: Infinity War"."


title: Fu Manchu moustache

text: A Fu Manchu moustache or simply Fu Manchu, is a full, straight moustache extending from under the nose past the corners of the mouth and growing downward past the clean-shaven lips and chin in two tapered "tendrils", often extending past the jawline. An expansion of the Fu Manchu sometimes includes a third long "tendril" descending from a small patch on the chin.


title: Fu Manchu moustache

text: The Fu Manchu moustache derives its name from Fu Manchu, a fictional character created by English author Sax Rohmer, who is shown wearing such a moustache in film adaptations of Rohmer's stories. The literary Fu Manchu did not wear a moustache. The famous facial hair first appeared in the British serial "The Mystery of Dr. Fu Manchu" (1929); the Fu Manchu moustache then became integral to cinematic and television .


title: Fu Manchu moustache

text: The facial hair style is often used to stereotype Asian, more specifically Chinese, ethnicity. Many caricatures of Chinese in the 19th and early 20th century depict Chinese with such facial hair. The Fu Manchu is a category of competition in the World Beard and Moustache Championships.


title: Fu Manchu moustache

text: The Fu Manchu is similar to (and commonly confused with) the horseshoe (or "biker") moustache; the difference between the two types is that the Fu Manchu is grown exclusively from the corners of the upper lip, creating two long "tendrils" that hang down past the clean-shaven mouth and chin area. The horseshoe simply involves growing the hair on either side of the lips and chin along with the mustache, thus creating the inverted-U or horseshoe shape, with none of the hair hanging over the jawline.


title: Fu Manchu moustache

text: A true Fu Manchu is considerably more difficult and time-consuming to produce as compared to the horseshoe; one mustache-centered publication declares "You probably don't know anybody who has a [real] Fu Manchu."


title: Prassthanam

text: Prassthanam () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language political action drama film directed by Deva Katta and produced by Maanayata Dutt under her own banner Sanjay S Dutt Productions. A remake of the 2010 Telugu-language film of the same name, the film stars Sanjay Dutt, Jackie Shroff, Manisha Koirala, Chunky Pandey, Ali Fazal, Satyajeet Dubey, and Amyra Dastur. The film follows a rural politician who favors his intelligent stepson as the heir to his throne, much to the disappointment of his own son who's hot-blooded and starts to rebel against his decision.


title: Prassthanam

text: On 29 July 2019, Sanjay Dutt, the producer Manyata Dutt, and the director Deva Katta were sent a legal notice by Shemaroo Entertainment alleging they did not have the remake rights for the film and giving them three days to respond.


title: Prassthanam

text: Set in the backdrop of politics of Uttar Pradesh, Baldev Pratap Singh(Sanjay Dutt) is a four time MLA from Malihabad constituency. Baldev recently obtained a stay order against businessman Bajwa Khatri(Chunky Pandey), with which his popularity has soared and he is all set to win elections the fifth time. Majid Maqbool(Zakir Hussain) a leader in Baldev's political party is also in the fray and wishes to obtain party ticket for fighting elections from Malihabad constituency.


title: Prassthanam

text: In a flashback of events, Baldev and Badshah(Jackie Shroff) are beating up the goons who challenge and insult Jaiprakash Kedar(M. K. Raina) in local village elections. Jaiprakash's son Shiv(Anup Soni) decides to fight in the village elections after his father quits the race due to communal politics. Shiv's political opponent Kishen Yadav kills him during a rally, after which Jaiprakash asks Baldev to marry his daughter-in-law Saroj(Manisha Koirala) and take care of Shiv's children Ayush(Ali Fazal) and Palak. Baldev and Badshah track down Kishen and his goons who are trying to escape the village, and kill them.


title: Prassthanam

text: In the present day, Ayush works with Baldev and is the heir apparent to Baldev's political legacy. While Ayush is working with his step father, Palak has severed all ties with her mother and step father. Baldev and Saroj's son Vivaan (Satyajeet Dubey) is a hot headed brat who aspires to take over his father's political empire, but Baldev believes he is unfit for politics and should rather go abroad and study so that he can come back to run the family business. Badshah is Baldev's trusted lieutenant and he appoints his daughter Asma as the manager of his Hotel, as she has recently completed her MBA.


title: Prassthanam

text: Majid blackmails the party officials and obtains the party ticket for Malihabad constituency so Baldev decides to fight the election as an independent. As elections are nearing, Baldev's enemies Majid and Bajwa have joined hands and make an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Baldev's life. Vivaan berates Baldev's party workers for their inability to stop the attack, Ayush publicly humiliates him for doing so. An angry Vivaan is seen drinking on the ledge of the hotel window where Asma is the manager. Asma sees this and thinks Vivaan is committing suicide and comes to save Vivaan, after which Vivaan in an intoxicated state attempts to rape her. While she is trying to resist, Vivaan forcibly ingests drugs into her and then goes to rape her. Asma, overdoses on the drugs, Vivaan and his friends in a state of panic meet with an accident on the way to get medical help. They all decide to burn the car and Asma's body in it so that nobody can find out that she was drugged and raped. Asma somehow manages to escape from the burning car but dies immediately after that and her body is found next day.


title: Prassthanam

text: Vivaan is charged with Asma's murder and rape, which dents Baldev's chances of winning the elections. In the wake of his waning popularity due to Vivaan's criminal actions, Baldev is forced to join hands with Bajwa to ensure that he wins the election the fifth time. Meanwhile Bajwa releases Vivaan from jail and conspires with him to take over his father's political legacy by eliminating Ayush. Baldev and Bajwa conspire to get Badshah eliminated. Vivaan unsuccessfully tries to kill Ayush, but kills Palak and her husband. Baldev tells Ayush to end the bloodshed and let Vivaan go. Ayush parts ways with Baldev, and beats up Vivaan and attempts to kill him but is unable to do so. Eventually Vivaan is killed by Badshah who also confesses to Ayush that Baldev had killed Shiv on the way to hospital to achieve his political ambitions. Ayush, Badshah and Baldev meet at Baldev's house and Baldev asks Ayush to kill him. Ayush decides not to kill him and leaves from the place, after which gunshots are heard.


title: Prassthanam

text: Dutt got interested to remake the Telugu film soon after it was released. After Dutt was released from jail approached the director of the original film Deva Katta, who said he got interested in the project due to Dutt's "intensity of interest from his side". The director stated that the team has not made significant changes from the original film. The film will mark the director's first Bollywood film as a director.


title: Prassthanam

text: When the director narrated the script Manisha Koirala accepted the film. The director of the film further added, "The kind of respect and camaraderie that they (Dutt and Manisha) share has added to the film and on screen it is magical to see it". When Jackie Shroff joined the project, the director said it's a dream come true for him. Sooraj Pancholi was chosen to play in the lead role was later replaced by Ali Fazal, due to his busy schedule for his next film.


title: Prassthanam

text: On 1 June 2018, on the occasion of Sanjay Dutt's late mother Nargis' 89th birth anniversary, Dutt announced the film to be produced. Filming began on 6 June the occasion Dutt's late father Sunil Dutt's 90th birth anniversary. Sanjay Dutt began shooting portions of the film in Lucknow.


title: Prassthanam

text: The music of the film is composed by Ankit Tiwari, Farhad Samji and Vikram Montrose while lyrics are written by Farhad Samji, Atique Allahabadi, Shekhar Astitwa, Yash Eshawari and Anurag Bhomia.


title: Prassthanam

text: "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Prassthanam is a tried and tested political potboiler with power, greed and emotions at its core".


title: Prassthanam

text: "The Indian Express" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Of the ensemble, in which Chunky Panday gets to wear a bad wig and vamp it up most enjoyably, Ali Fazal is the most impressive".


title: Prassthanam

text: "Prassthanam" collected 80 lakhs on the opening day and second day also 1.00 crore, whereas the third day collection was 1.25 crore, taking its total opening weekend collection to 30.5 million in India.


title: Prassthanam

text: , with gross of 5.65 crore from India and 21 lakhs from overseas, the film has grossed 58.6 million worldwide.


title: Street prostitution

text: Street prostitution is a form of sex work in which a sex worker solicits customers from a public place, most commonly a street, while waiting at street corners or walking alongside a street, but also other public places such as parks, benches, etc. The street prostitute is often dressed in a provocative manner. The sex act may be performed in the customer's car, in a nearby secluded street location, or at the prostitute's residence or in a rented motel room.


title: Street prostitution

text: It is estimated that only 10-20 percent of sex workers are working in the streets; however, it is also estimated that 90 percent of the arrests of prostitutes are of street workers.


title: Street prostitution

text: In some jurisdictions where prostitution itself is legal, such as in the United Kingdom, street prostitution has been made illegal.


title: Street prostitution

text: Some jurisdictions also outlaw kerb crawling, slowly driving around with the intent to procure the services of a prostitute.


title: Street prostitution

text: In Australia, in New South Wales it is legal to solicit on the streets, except in some areas (such as near schools). The other Australian states and territories prohibit street solicitation, although some of these jurisdictions allow licensed brothels.


title: Street prostitution

text: Street prostitution is legal in New Zealand. In Germany it is allowed too, but cities can restrict it to certain areas or hours (regulations vary widely from place to place).


title: Street prostitution

text: In the United States, street prostitution is illegal in all 50 states; 49 of the states outlaw all forms of prostitution. Nevada allows licensed brothels, but only in some rural areas, not in the major metropolitan areas (only 8 counties have active brothels and prostitution outside these brothels is illegal throughout the state).


title: Street prostitution

text: In four towns in the Netherlands, a special zone ("tippelzone") is designated for legal street prostitution. The zone is often in a business park, to avoid inconvenience for residents and can include a sex drive-in (afwerkplek). In most of the zones the prostitutes need a licence.


title: Street prostitution

text: Street prostitutes are extremely vulnerable to physical and sexual assaults, as well as to muggings by clients and pimps.


title: Street prostitution

text: The World Health Organization reported that a study in Bangladesh found that between 50% and 60% of street-based prostitutes had been raped by men in uniform, and between 40% and 50% had been raped by local clients.


title: Street prostitution

text: Melissa Farley's study of 854 prostitutes in nine countries—Canada, Colombia, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the United States, and Zambia—found that 95% of prostitutes had been physically assaulted, and 75% had been raped. 89% of the women interviewed stated that they wanted to leave prostitution. However, the methodology and neutrality of Farley's studies has been criticised by other academics such as Ronald Weitzer. Weitzer has also said that Farley's findings are heavily influenced by radical feminist ideology.


title: Street prostitution

text: In a 2008 study of Chicago, USA street prostitutes, economists Steven D. Levitt and Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh found that women working without pimps work for an average hourly rate of about $25, and those working with pimps make 50% more. This is roughly four times the wage of other jobs available to them. Prostitutes are arrested once for every 450 encounters and every 10th arrest results in jail time.


title: Street prostitution

text: In 2004, a study in the UK showed that up to 95% of women in street prostitution were problematic drug users, including around 78% heroin users and rising numbers of crack cocaine addicts.


title: Street prostitution

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, contact professions (which includes prostitution, amongst others) had been banned (temporarily) in some countries. This has resulted in a local reduction of prostitution.


title: Wolf attack

text: Wolf attacks are injuries to humans or their property by any subspecies of wolf. Their frequency varies with geographical location and historical period, but overall gray wolf attacks are rare. Wolves today tend to live mostly far from people or have developed the tendency and ability to avoid them. The country with the most extensive historical records is France, where nearly 7,600 fatal attacks were documented from 1200 to 1920. There are few historical records or modern cases of wolf attacks in North America. In the half-century up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, three in North America, and more than 200 in south Asia. Experts categorize wolf attacks into various types, including rabies-infected, predatory, agonistic, and defensive.


title: Wolf attack

text: The gray wolf is the largest wild member of the canid family, with males averaging , and females . It is the most specialized member of its genus in the direction of carnivory and hunting large game. Although they primarily target ungulates, wolves are at times versatile in their diet; for example, those in the Mediterranean region largely subsist on garbage and domestic animals. They have powerful jaws and teeth and powerful bodies capable of great endurance, and often run in large packs. Nevertheless, they tend to fear and avoid human beings, especially in North America. Wolves vary in temperament and their reaction to humans. Those with little prior experience with humans, and those positively conditioned through feeding, may lack fear. Wolves living in open areas, for example the North American Great Plains, historically showed little fear before the advent of firearms in the 19th century, and would follow human hunters to feed on their kills, particularly bison. In contrast, forest-dwelling wolves in North America were noted for shyness. Wolf biologist L. David Mech hypothesized in 1998 that wolves generally avoid humans because of fear instilled by hunting. Mech also noted that humans' upright posture is unlike wolves' other prey, and similar to some postures of bears, which wolves usually avoid. Mech speculated that attacks are preceded by habituation to humans, while a successful outcome for the wolf may lead to repeated behavior, as documented especially in India.


title: Wolf attack

text: Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species since wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected with rabies from other animals such as dogs, golden jackals and foxes. Cases of rabies in wolves are very rare in North America, though numerous in the eastern Mediterranean, Middle East and Central Asia. The reason for this is unclear, though it may be connected with the presence of jackals in those areas, as jackals have been identified as primary carriers. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies to a very high degree, which, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals, with bites from rabid wolves being 15 times more dangerous than those of rabid dogs. Rabid wolves usually act alone, traveling large distances and often biting large numbers of people and domestic animals. Most rabid wolf attacks occur in the spring and autumn periods. Unlike with predatory attacks, the victims of rabid wolves are not eaten, and the attacks generally only occur on a single day. Also, rabid wolves attack their victims at random, showing none of the selectivity displayed by predatory wolves, though the majority of recorded cases involve adult men, as men were frequently employed in agricultural and forestry activities which put them into contact with wolves.


title: Wolf attack

text: Experts categorize non-rabid attacks based on the behavior of the victims prior to the attack and the motivations of the wolf.


title: Wolf attack

text: Attacks whose victims had been threatening, disciplining, disturbing, teasing, or annoying attacking wolves, their pups, families, or packs are classified as "provoked", "defensive" or "disciplinary". The attackers in such cases seem motivated, not by hunger, but fear or anger and the need to escape from or drive the victim away. Examples would include a captive wolf attacking an abusive handler; a mother wolf attacking a hiker who had wandered near her pups; an attack on a wolf hunter in active pursuit; or a wildlife photographer, park visitor, or field biologist who had gotten too close for the wolf's comfort. While such attacks may still be dangerous, they tend to be limited to quick bites and not pressed.


title: Wolf attack

text: Unprovoked attacks have been classified as "predatory"; "exploratory" or "investigative"; or "agonistic".


title: Wolf attack

text: Unprovoked wolf attacks motivated by hunger are categorized as "predatory". In some such cases, a cautious wolf may launch "investigative" or "exploratory" attacks to test the victim for suitability as prey. As with defensive attacks, such attacks are not always pressed, as the animal may break off the attack or be convinced to look elsewhere for its next meal. In contrast, during "determined" predatory attacks, the victims may be repeatedly bitten on the head and face and dragged off and consumed, sometimes as far away as 2.5 km from the attack site, unless the wolf or wolves are driven off. Experts in India use the term "child lifting" to describe predatory attacks in which the animal silently enters a hut while everyone is sleeping, picks up a child, often with a silencing bite to the mouth and nose, and carries a child off by the head. Such attacks typically occur in local clusters, and generally do not stop until the wolves involved are eliminated.


title: Wolf attack

text: Agonistic attacks are motivated not by hunger nor fear but rather by aggression; designed to kill or drive off a competitor away from a territory or food source. As with predatory attacks, these may begin with or be limited to exploratory or investigative attacks designed to test the vulnerability and determination of the victim. Even when pressed until the death of the victim, agonistic attacks normally leave the victims body uneaten, at least for some time.


title: Wolf attack

text: Wolf attacks are more likely to happen when preceded by a long period of habituation, during which wolves gradually lose their fear of humans. This was apparent in cases involving habituated North American wolves in Algonquin Provincial Park, Vargas Island Provincial Park and Ice Bay, as well as 19th-century cases involving escaped captive wolves in Sweden and Estonia.


title: Wolf attack

text: Predatory attacks can occur at any time of the year, with a peak in the June–August period, when the chances of people entering forested areas (for livestock grazing or berry and mushroom picking) increase, though cases of non-rabid wolf attacks in winter have been recorded in Belarus, the Kirovsk and Irkutsk districts, in Karelia, and in Ukraine. Wolves with pups experience greater food stresses during this period.


title: Wolf attack

text: A worldwide 2002 study by the Norwegian Institute of Nature Research showed that 90% of victims of predatory attacks were people under the age of 18, especially under the age of 10. In the rare cases where adults were killed, the victims were almost always women. This is consistent with wolf hunting strategies, wherein the weakest and most vulnerable categories of prey are targeted. Aside from their physical weakness, children were historically more vulnerable to wolves as they were more likely to enter forests unattended to pick berries and mushrooms, as well as tend and watch over cattle and sheep on pastures. While these practices have largely died out in Europe, they are still the case in India, where numerous attacks have been recorded in recent decades. Further reason for the vulnerability of children is the fact that some may mistake wolves for dogs and thus approach them.


title: Wolf attack

text: Experts may distinguish between captive and wild wolf attacks, the former referring to attacks by wolves, while still of course wild animals, are kept in captivity, perhaps as pets, in zoos, or similar situations.


title: Wolf attack

text: In France, historical records compiled by rural historian Jean-Marc Moriceau indicate that during the period 1362–1918, nearly 7,600 people were killed by wolves, of whom 4,600 were killed by non-rabid wolves. However, the zoologist Karl-Hans Taake found evidence that many of the alleged French wolf attacks occurring during the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV were actually carried out by big carnivores of other species which had escaped from captivity. Numerous attacks occurred in Germany during the 17th century after the Thirty Years' War, though the majority probably involved rabid wolves. Although Italy has no records of wolf attacks after WWII and the eradication of rabies in the 1960s, historians examining church and administrative records from northern Italy's central Po Valley region (which includes a part of modern-day Switzerland) found 440 cases of wolves attacking people between the 15th and 19th centuries. The 19th-century records show that between 1801 and 1825, there were 112 attacks, 77 of which resulted in death. Of these cases, only five were attributed to rabid animals. In Latvia, records of rabid wolf attacks go back two centuries. At least 72 people were bitten between 1992 and 2000. Similarly, in Lithuania, attacks by rabid wolves have continued to the present day, with 22 people having been bitten between 1989 and 2001. Around 82 people were bitten by rabid wolves in Estonia during the 18th to 19th centuries, with a further 136 people being killed in the same period by non-rabid wolves, though it is likely that the animals involved in the latter cases were a combination of wolf-dog hybrids and escaped captive wolves.


title: Wolf attack

text: As with North American scientists later on (see below), several Russian zoologists after the October Revolution cast doubt on the veracity of records involving wolf-caused deaths. Prominent among them was zoologist Petr Aleksandrovich Manteifel, who initially regarded all cases as either fiction or the work of rabid animals. His writings were widely accepted among Russian zoological circles, though he subsequently changed his stance when he was given the task of heading a special commission after World War II investigating wolf attacks throughout the Soviet Union, which had increased during the war years. A report was presented in November 1947 describing numerous attacks, including ones perpetrated by apparently healthy animals, and gave recommendations on how to better defend against them. The Soviet authorities prevented the document from reaching both the public and those who would otherwise be assigned to deal with the problem. All mention of wolf attacks was subsequently censored.


title: Wolf attack

text: In Iran, 98 attacks were recorded in 1981, and 329 people were given treatment for rabid wolf bites in 1996. Records of wolf attacks in India began to be kept during the British colonial administration in the 19th century. In 1875, more people were killed by wolves than tigers, with the worst affected areas being the North West Provinces and Bihar. In the former area, 721 people were killed by wolves in 1876, while in Bihar, the majority of the 185 recorded deaths at the time occurred mostly in the Patna and Bghalpur Divisions. In the United Provinces, 624 people were killed by wolves in 1878, with 14 being killed during the same period in Bengal. In Hazaribagh, Bihar, 115 children were killed between 1910 and 1915, with 122 killed and 100 injured in the same area between 1980 and 1986. Between April 1989 to March 1995, wolves killed 92 people in southern Bihar, accounting for 23% of 390 large mammal attacks on humans in the area at that time. Police records collected from Korean mining communities during Japanese rule indicate that wolves attacked 48 people in 1928, more than those claimed by boars, bears, leopards and tigers combined.


title: Wolf attack

text: There are no written records prior to the European colonization of the Americas. The oral history of some Indigenous American tribes confirms that wolves did kill humans. Tribes living in woodlands feared wolves more than their tundra-dwelling counterparts, as they could encounter wolves suddenly and at close quarters. Skepticism among North American scientists over the alleged ferocity of wolves began when Canadian biologist Doug Clarke investigated historical wolf attacks in Europe and, based on his own experiences with the (as perceived by him) relatively timid wolves of the Canadian wilderness, concluded that all historical attacks were perpetrated by rabid animals, and that healthy wolves posed no threat to humans. His findings are criticized for failing to distinguish between rabid and predatory attacks, and the fact that the historical literature contained instances of people surviving the attacks at a time when there was no rabies vaccine. His conclusions received some limited support by biologists but were never adopted by United States Fish and Wildlife Service or any other official organisations. This view is not taught in wolf management programs. United States Fish and Wildlife Service concludes that wolves are very shy of humans but are opportunistic hunters and will attack humans if the opportunity arises and advise against "actions


title: Wolf attack

text: that encourage wolves to spend time near people". Mr Clarke's view did, however, gain popularity among laypeople and animal rights activists with the publication of Farley Mowat's semi-fictional 1963 book "Never Cry Wolf", with the language barrier hindering the collection of further data on wolf attacks elsewhere. Although some North American biologists were aware of wolf attacks in Eurasia, they dismissed them as irrelevant to North American wolves.


title: Wolf attack

text: Wolf numbers consistently dropped across the US during the 20th century and by the 1970s they were only significantly present in Minnesota and Alaska (though in greatly reduced populations than prior to the European colonization of the Americas). The resulting decrease in human-wolf and livestock–wolf interactions helped contribute to a view of wolves as not dangerous to humans. By the 1970s, the pro-wolf lobby aimed to change public attitudes towards wolves, with the phrase "there has never been a documented case of a healthy wild wolf attacking a human in North America" (or variations thereof) becoming a slogan for people seeking to create a more positive image for the wolf. Several non-fatal attacks including the April 26, 2000, attack on a 6-year-old boy in Icy Bay, Alaska, seriously challenged the assumption that healthy wild wolves were harmless. The event was considered unusual and was reported in newspapers throughout the entire United States. Following the Icy Bay incident, biologist Mark E. McNay compiled a record of wolf-human encounters in Canada and Alaska from 1915 to 2001. Of the 80 described encounters, 39 involved aggressive behavior from apparently healthy wolves and 12 from animals confirmed to be rabid.


title: Wolf attack

text: The first fatal attack in the 21st century occurred on November 8, 2005, when a young man was killed by wolves that had been habituated to people in Points North Landing, Saskatchewan, Canada while on March 8, 2010, a young woman was killed while jogging near Chignik, Alaska.


title: Kufic

text: Kufic script () is a style of Arabic script that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for Quran transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts. It developed from the Arabic alphabet in the city of Kufa, from which its name is derived. Kufic script is characterized by angular, rectilinear letterforms and its horizontal orientation. There are many different versions of Kufic script, such as square Kufic, floriated Kufic, knotted Kufic, and others.


title: Kufic

text: Calligraphers in the early Islamic period used a variety of methods to transcribe Qur’an manuscripts. Arabic calligraphy became one of the most important branches of Islamic Art. Calligraphers came out with the new style of writing called Kufic. Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts. The name of the script derives from Kufa, a city in southern Iraq which was considered as an intellectual center within the early Islamic period. Kufic is defined as a highly angular form of the Arabic alphabet originally used in early copies of the Qur'an. Sheila S. Blair suggests that "the name Kufic was introduced to Western scholarship by Jacob George Christian Adler (1756–1834)." Furthermore, the Kufic script plays an important role in the development of Islamic calligraphy. In fact, "it is the first style of Islamic period writings in which the manifestation of art, delicacy and beauty are explicitly evident" says Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq Al-Amin. The rule set for this writing was about the angular, linear shapes of the characters. In fact, "the rules that were defined at the outset of the Kufic tradition essentially remained the same throughout its lifespan" says Alain George.


title: Kufic

text: The Qur'an was first written in a plain, slanted, and uniform script but, when its content was formalized, a script that denoted authority emerged. This coalesced into what is now known as Primary Kufic script. Kufic was prevalent in manuscripts from the 7th to 10th centuries. Around the 8th century, it was the most important of several variants of Arabic scripts with its austere and fairly low vertical profile and a horizontal emphasis. Until about the 11th century it was the main script used to copy the Qur'an. Professional copyists employed a particular form of Kufic for reproducing the earliest surviving copies of the Qur'an, which were written on parchment and date from the 8th to 10th centuries. It is distinguished from Thuluth script in its use of decorative elements whereas the latter was designed to avoid decorative motifs. In place of the decorations in Kufic scripts, Thuluth used vowels.


title: Kufic

text: The main characteristic of the Kufic script "appears to be the transformation of the ancient cuneiform script into the Arabic letters" according to Enis Timuçin Tan. Moreover, it was characterized by figural letters that were shaped in a way to be nicely written on parchment, building and decorative objects like lusterware and coins. Kufic script is composed of geometrical forms like straight lines and angles along with verticals and horizontals. Originally, Kufic did not have what is known as a differentiated consonant, which means, for example, that the letters "t", "b", and "th" were not distinguished by diacritical marks and looked the same. However, it is still used in Islamic countries. In later Kufic Qur'ans of the ninth and early tenth century, "the sura headings were more often designed with the sura title as the main feature, often written in gold, with a palmette extending into the margin " comments Marcus Fraser. Its use in transcribing manuscripts has been important in the development of Kufic Script. Earlier kufic was written on manuscripts with precision which contributed to its development. For instance, "the precision achieved in practice is all more remarkable because Kufic manuscripts were not ruled" says Alain George. Moreover, he explains that Kufic manuscripts were laid out with a stable number of lines per page, and these were strictly parallel and equidistant. One impressive example of an early Qur'an manuscript, known as the Blue Qur'an, features gold Kufic script on parchment dyed with indigo. It is commonly attributed to the early Fatimid or Abbasid court. The main text of this Qur'an is written in gold ink, thus the effect on looking at the manuscript is of gold on blue. According to Marcus Fraser, "the political and artistic sophistication and financial expense of the production of the blue Qur'an could only have been contemplated and achieved by a ruler of considerable power and wealth".


title: Kufic

text: The Kufic script is inscribed on textiles, coins, lusterware, building and so on. Coins were very important in the development of the Kufic script. In fact, "the letter strokes on coins, had become perfectly straight, with curves tending toward geometrical circularity by 86" observes Alain George. As an example, Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins and monuments and on early Ottoman coins. Its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the Republican period in Turkey. Also, the current flag of Iraq (2008) also includes a kufic rendition of the takbir.


title: Kufic

text: Similarly, the flag of Iran (1980) has the takbir written in white square kufic script a total of 22 times on the fringe of both the green and red bands. Kufic inscriptions were important in the emergence of textiles too, often functioning as decoration in the form of tiraz bands. According to Maryam Ekhtiar, ""tiraz" inscriptions were written in Kufic or floriated Kufic script, and later, in naskhi or throughout the islamic world"."" Those inscriptions include the name of God or the ruler. As an example, the inscription inside the Dome of the Rock is written in Kufic. Throughout the text, we can notice the calligraphic line created by the reed pen which is usually a steady stroke with various thicknesses based on the changes in direction of the movement that has created it. Square or geometric Kufic is a very simplified rectangular style widely used for tiling. In Iran sometimes entire buildings are covered with tiles spelling sacred names like those of God, Muhammad and Ali in square Kufic, a technique known as "banna'i". Moreover, there is "Pseudo-Kufic", also "Kufesque" which refers to imitations of the Kufic script, made in a non-Arabic context, during the Middle Ages or the Renaissance: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".


title: Kufic

text: Square Kufic (), also sometimes known as "banna'i" (, "masonry" script), is a bare Arabic writing form that developed in the 12th century. Square Kufic was originally created in Iranian architecture with bricks and tiles functioning as pixels. Legibility is not a priority of this script.


title: Kufic

text: The Syrian calligrapher Mamoun Sakkal described its development as an "exceptional step towards simplification in Kufic styles that evolved towards more complexity in the preceding centuries."


title: Kufic

text: In recent years, this calligraphy form has been receiving more popularity for use in ornaments (such as in decorated clocks, frames, stickers), logos (that usually implies Islamic enterprises in government and private sectors), and even in freestyle Arabic calligraphy competitions. There has been a disciplined approach of creating Square Kufic calligraphy. This controlled method of creation preserved basic and accurate features of Arabic letters with little compromises, if any. A finished work can then be qualitatively judged rather than only appreciated as an abstract piece.


title: Kufic

text: While there are no restriction to formats that Square Kufic should be written in, Square Kufic can be categorized into 3 most commonly used configurations.


title: Kufic

text: The normal writing format using pixelated Arabic font. The overall shape is not limited by any shape or boundary. Although this configuration is straight forward, it is not used for most Square Kufic related work due to its less aesthetic appearance, relative to the other configurations.


title: Kufic

text: Just like free flow, the writing goes from right to left but within a justified height that conforms into a continuous rectangle. The letters including their respective dots must only leave 1 pixel apart from each other.


title: Kufic

text: Linear is preferred to write long scriptures such as Quranic verses along the interior perimeter or broken into lines elegantly against mosque walls.


title: Kufic

text: While the name suggests a radial or circular form, they are usually presented in a square or rectangular shape. The 1 pixel space applies between the letters here as well. The major differences between a linear and a spiral Square Kufic calligraphy are


title: Kufic

text: This configuration is used as a design centerpiece in buildings for shorter scriptures, name design commissions, and logos.


title: Kufic

text: Square Kufic calligraphy is by no means limited to the above configurations. There are many forms that are creative iterations or independent from these formats.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) was a professional wrestling promotion based on the former National Wrestling Alliance member promotion, Championship Wrestling from Florida, which operated from 1961 until 1987. From October 2007 to August 2012, the promotion served as the official developmental territory for WWE. In August 2012, WWE re-branded Florida Championship Wrestling into NXT for their developmental territory, with storylines and championships being discontinued.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: In March 2020 a documentary was released on WWE Network titled "A Future WWE: The FCW Story", about the professional wrestlers that came up through the FCW system.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: The promotion was started by Steve Keirn in 2007 and became WWE's second developmental territory when they ended their relationship with the Georgia-based Deep South Wrestling in April 2007. It became their sole developmental territory in early 2008 when they ceased affiliation with Ohio Valley Wrestling.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: FCW's debut show was on June 26, 2007 at Tampa, Florida's Dallas Bull. A 21-man Battle Royal was held during the show, to crown the first ever FCW Southern Heavyweight Champion. The next year, the Florida Heavyweight Championship was introduced, with Jake Hager becoming the first champion at a February 15 show after surviving a Battle Royal and defeating Ted DiBiase, Jr. The Florida Tag Team Championship was also introduced in February, with the Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eddie Colón and Eric Pérez) beating Steven Lewington and Heath Miller to win it in the finals of a one night tournament. The singles titles were later unified, keeping the "Florida Heavyweight" name and championship.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: On July 7, 2008, WWE confirmed that FCW was based on the original independent Championship Wrestling from Florida promotion, which operated from 1961 until 1987. The program's ending consisted of various clips from the ending of CWF's programs, featuring Gordon Solie's classic sign-off line "So long from the Sunshine State", accompanied by Solie winking one of his eyes and waving two fingers upward.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: On July 17, 2008, the FCW Arena was officially opened, and included a taping of the debut episode of "FCW TV".


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: On March 20, 2012, it was reported that WWE would cease operation at Florida Championship Wrestling; however, this statement was later refuted after Steve Keirn denied the claim. WWE Executive Vice President of Talent and Live Events, Triple H, stated WWE will be ramping up their development system, not shutting it down.


title: Florida Championship Wrestling

text: In August 2012, WWE dropped the FCW name, deactivated the titles, and began running all of its developmental events and operations under the "NXT Wrestling" banner. WWE had been using the "NXT" name for a television program featuring rookies from FCW competing to become WWE main roster wrestlers, though the reality television aspects of the show had been dropped earlier in 2012; "WWE NXT" now serves as the primary television program for the NXT Wrestling promotion.


title: Naira Marley

text: Azeez Adeshina Fashola (born 10 May 1991), known professionally as Naira Marley, is a Nigerian singer. He is known as the president of his controversial fan base, "Marlians".


title: Naira Marley

text: At the age of 11, he moved to Peckham, South London, England. Marley graduated with a distinction in business from Peckham Academy. He also studied business law at Crossways College (now Christ the King Sixth Form College).


title: Naira Marley

text: While growing up, Naira Marley had plans of becoming an MC and a voice-over artist. He began singing in 2014 after discovering his passion for music and was encouraged by close-knit friends to pursue his music career. He released the Max Twigz-assisted track "Marry Juana" before releasing his debut EP "Gotta Dance" in 2015.


title: Naira Marley

text: In December 2017, he released the Olamide and Lil Kesh-assisted single "Issa Goal", which became the theme song for the Super Eagles at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The official remix of "Issa Goal" was released on 16 June 2018; it features vocals by Olamide, Lil Kesh, Falz, Simi and Slimcase.


title: Naira Marley

text: Naira Marley sings in English, Pidgin and Yoruba; his music is a blend of Afrobeats and hip-hop. He derived his stage name from Jamaican singer Bob Marley, whom he admires; his dreadlocks are also a tribute to the singer.


title: Naira Marley

text: Naira Marley released the Zlatan-assisted track "Am I A Yahoo Boy" on 3 May 2019, and was arrested by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) that same day. He released "Soapy" on 27 June 2019, a few days after he was released from prison. On 11 January 2020, he won Viewers' Choice for "Soapy" at the 2020 Soundcity MVP Awards.


title: Naira Marley

text: On 18 December 2019, Naira Marley released his second EP "Lord of Lamba" which was a mixture of Afrobeats and hip-hop. The EP comprises 6 tracks and features guest artists such as CBlvck, Young John and Mayorkun. Its production was handled by Killertunes, Rexxie and Studio Magic.


title: Naira Marley

text: During the "Marlian Fest", which was held at the Eko Hotels and Suites on 30 December 2019, Naira Marley announced the launch of his record label Marlian Records and unveiled CBlvck, Zinoleesky, MohBad and Fabian Blu as signed acts.


title: Naira Marley

text: On 10 July 2020, Naira Marley took to his Instagram Page to unveil another act under his label, named: Emo Grae with a new single and visual titled 0903 featuring Buju.


title: Naira Marley

text: On 21 June 2021, the renowned and award-winning musician announced in a post he made on his verified Instagram handle that he will be dropping a new album.