title: Oakland University

text: In 2007, plans were established to start a medical school on the Oakland University campus in partnership with William Beaumont Hospital, called the Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB or OUWBSM) came to fruition. The medical school was founded in 2008 with classes starting in fall of 2011. OUWB is the fourth medical school in the state of Michigan to offer the M.D. degree, received over 3,200 applications for the inaugural class of 50 students. OUWBSM has 225 students as of Fall 2013 and 500 were planned for 2017. The founding dean of the medical school is Robert Folberg, M.D.


title: Oakland University

text: The Oakland University – Beaumont Nurse Anesthesia Graduate Program started in 1991. In 2011, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked the program tied for 17th in the United States.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University's School of Business Administration (SBA) is accredited by the AACSB-International accreditation in both business and accounting. It also offers Michigan's only Executive MBA program with concentrations in Health Care and IS Leadership. In 2009, the SBA celebrated its 40th anniversary.


title: Oakland University

text: As part of its research mission, Oakland University also supports a number of major research centers and institutes, including the Center for Biomedical Research, the Center for Robotics and Advanced Automation, the Fastening and Joining Research Institute, the Human Systems Initiative, and the renowned Eye Research Institute. Furthermore, Oakland University's Smart Zone Business Incubator provides entrepreneurial resources and expertise to support and foster new technology-based and life science businesses.


title: Oakland University

text: In addition to its location in the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills, Oakland University maintains an official "hometown" relationship with the nearby but not adjacent city of Rochester, Michigan. University and city officials signed a partnership agreement in 2003 to officially recognize the relationship between Rochester and Oakland University. In 1959, Rochester Village (now city) officials renamed the Fifth Street in downtown Rochester "University Drive" to showcase Rochester as a "college town". The road is called Walton Boulevard adjacent to the University in Rochester Hills and Auburn Hills. This is often confused with University Drive in Auburn Hills, which originates at Oakland University's main entrance in Auburn Hills, and continues west into downtown Pontiac. In 2005, the Rochester area was ranked 39th in the CNN/Money Magazine list of the Top 100 American cities in which to live.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University's campus, which encompasses , includes trails and biking paths and two nationally ranked golf courses.


title: Oakland University

text: The university's land in Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills is divided into the Main Campus, Meadow Brook Estate, and two golf courses.


title: Oakland University

text: Meadow Brook Theatre, which was founded in 1967, is the largest non-profit professional theater in Michigan, and presents a wide variety of award-winning productions throughout the year. Additionally, the Oakland University Art Gallery, which was formerly known as the Meadow Brook Art Gallery, presents at least six different exhibitions each academic year, in addition to hosting a variety of lectures, performances and symposia.


title: Oakland University

text: Kresge Library is the main library of Oakland University. It consists of four floors of study rooms and open-area tables. It also contains the Oakland University Archives, the Historical Abraham Lincoln Collection, the Jane M. Bingham Historical Children's Collection, and a tech center. The library is named after Stanley and Sebastian Kresge who were both present for the library's opening in 1962.


title: Oakland University

text: In 2009, an 18-hole disc golf course opened. Grizzly Oaks was co-designed by student Jarrett Schlaff and licensed by the Professional Disc Golf Association.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University's student union, the Oakland Center, was renovated and expanded in 2018. The Oakland Center houses the offices of student organizations, a large food court with multiple restaurants, the student bookstore, a cafe, a pool hall and gaming center, a Student Technology Center, the campus newspaper "The Oakland Post", computer labs, conference rooms, as well as the offices of the university radio station, WXOU (88.3 FM). Oakland University also has its own television station (OU TV) which is broadcast on-campus and to the local community.


title: Oakland University

text: The campus has recreational facilities for intramural sports and for Oakland University's 16 NCAA Division I athletic teams, including the lighted Upper Athletic Fields, the indoor Sports Dome, fields for varsity baseball, softball, and soccer, and facilities for basketball, handball, track, and weight training. The campus recreation center houses Oakland University's natatorium, and the Athletics Center O'rena, a 4,000-seat field house, is the home court for Oakland University basketball and volleyball.


title: Oakland University

text: Near the center of campus is the Elliot Tower (above). This clock tower was finished in 2014 after many delays to its construction that began toward the end of 1945 just after the end of WWII, making it both the oldest and one of the newest structures simultaneously at Oakland University.


title: Oakland University

text: This portion of Oakland University consists of the historic Meadow Brook Hall and the land and buildings surrounding it. The hall, which is a 110-room Tudor revival–style mansion completed in 1929 as Oakland University founder Matilda Dodge Wilson's Oakland County estate, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Meadow Brook Hall is the fourth-largest historic house museum in the United States, and houses a vast collection of historically significant art and furniture, including paintings by Rembrandt, Anthony van Dyck, Rosa Bonheur, Gilbert Stuart, Joshua Reynolds, John Constable, and Thomas Gainsborough, as well as sculptures by Antoine-Louis Barye, Frederic Remington, Cyrus Edwin Dallin, and Herbert Haseltine. Meadow Brook Hall is frequently utilized as a site for select university functions, including the Meadow Brook Ball, a popular student event. Until 2010, Meadow Brook Hall and its grounds were the site of the annual Meadow Brook Concours d'Elegance, one of the largest collector car shows in the world.


title: Oakland University

text: The Meadow Brook Music Festival is an outdoor entertainment venue with an on-site pavilion which accommodates close to 8,000 people. In addition to being the site of spring-time graduation ceremonies, Meadow Brook Music Festival also hosts comedians and musical acts. Meadow Brook Music Festival is managed by Palace Sports and Entertainment.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University has two nationally ranked golf courses that make up most of the southern portion of its land. Katke-Cousins sits on . Some of the course's 18 holes remain from the 9-hole course John Dodge built when he lived at the estate. The other course, opened in 2000, is the R & S Sharf course.


title: Oakland University

text: An office plaza in downtown Mount Clemens, in Macomb County, was donated to the university in 2010 by Gebran Anton and Stuart Frankel. It was repurposed and opened for the fall 2011 semester as the Anton/Frankel Center. It offers several undergraduate and graduate programs.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University is also among the 12 colleges and universities offering programs at Macomb Community College's University Center.


title: Oakland University

text: The Oakland University Art Gallery is a civic art exhibition venue in Rochester Hills, Michigan. Founded in 1966, it is part of Oakland University and occupies a portion of the University’s Wilson Hall. The gallery’s exhibitions have garnered national and international attention, and have been reviewed in publications including Art in America, Sculpture and W Magazine.


title: Oakland University

text: The collection has over 1,500 art objects. The gallery collection includes twentieth and twenty-first century paintings and sculptures by artists Richard Artschwager, Fernando Botero, Alex Katz, Malcolm Morley, Carlos Rolón, and Terry Winters.


title: Oakland University

text: Other contemporary artworks in the collection include Detroit artists Michael Luchs, Gordon Newton, Robert Sestok, and Gilda Snowden.


title: Oakland University

text: Former Professor of Art History and Archeology Carl F. Barnes Jr., and Anna M. Barnes donated their collection of over 500 prints in 1999. Collections highlights include the print oeuvre of English print maker and portrait painter Gerald Brockhurst. Other artist highlights from this collection include William Blake, Eugène Delacroix, Albrecht Dürer, William Hogarth, John Sloan, and James Abbott McNeill Whistler.


title: Oakland University

text: The Tagore Collection was donated by Dr. Abanindranath Tagore in 1989. It contains calligraphy, rubbings, and scrolls. Among the scrolls, include works by Qi Baishi, Xu Beihong, Zhang Daqian, Li Keran, and Qigong, among others.


title: Oakland University

text: G. Mennen Williams, the 41st Governor of Michigan, donated his collection in to the gallery in 1968. Williams held the position of Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during the Kennedy administration and bequeathed objects acquired during his tours of duty. A majority of the objects originate from West Africa in what is now Nigeria, Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkino Faso, Ghana and Benin.


title: Oakland University

text: The Oakland University Art Gallery hosts at least five exhibitions per year, in addition to hosting a variety of lectures, performances, and symposium. Although the gallery published catalogues for select exhibitions throughout its history, since 1999 each exhibition has had an accompanying catalogue.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University Art Gallery is wholly part of Oakland University. Its exhibitions and operations are funded through a variety of university, foundation, and individual contributions.


title: Oakland University

text: The gallery is open to the public. There is no general admission fee or special charge for exhibitions.


title: Oakland University

text: "OU Fight" is the Oakland University fight song. Previously known as the Pioneers, the school's teams were renamed the Golden Grizzlies in 1998.


title: Oakland University

text: Oakland University's men's soccer team became the first Oakland team to move past the first round of their sport's respective NCAA tournament in 2007.


title: Oakland University

text: Although many of Oakland's students commute from surrounding areas, there are more than 3,000 who live on campus in a variety of residence halls and student apartments. The residence halls include Hillcrest Hall, Oak View Hall, Hamlin Hall, Vandenberg Hall, Hill House, Van Wagoner House, and Fitzgerald House. Residential learning communities on Oakland University's campus include Scholars Tower and the Residential Honors College community. Eight additional buildings make up the George T. Matthews student apartments, and six major Tudor-style buildings house the Ann V. Nicholson student apartments, which were completed in 2002.


title: Oakland University

text: Campus life is enhanced by more than 200 registered student organizations, ranging from cultural and religious groups to Greek organizations. Fraternities at Oakland University include Theta Chi, Sigma Pi, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Alpha Phi Alpha, Alpha Sigma Phi, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and Iota Phi Theta. Sororities include Alpha Delta Pi, Alpha Sigma Tau, Gamma Phi Beta, Phi Sigma Sigma, Sigma Alpha Iota, Sigma Sigma Sigma, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta, Zeta Phi Beta, and Sigma Gamma Rho. The so-called Cottage District of campus, which consists of homes originally built for workers employed at the old Meadow Brook Estate, now contain fraternity and sorority houses. Additionally, the university owns an adjoining tract of land to the east of the main university campus, which was developed into a neighborhood in which many faculty members currently live.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: Subsonic ammunition is ammunition designed to operate at velocities below the speed of sound, which at standard conditions is or Mach 1. This avoids the supersonic shockwave or "crack" of a supersonic bullet, which, particularly for suppressed firearms, influences the loudness of the shot.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: Subsonic ammunition usually uses heavier bullets to retain as much energy as possible at the lower velocities. Some subsonic ammunition is used in non-suppressed firearms to gain the advantages of heavier bullet weights.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: In this instance, heavier bullets are loaded in standard ammunition, which reduces muzzle velocity below the speed of sound.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: As an example, the very common 9×19mm Parabellum standard military round is a bullet at velocities typically around . Subsonic loads for 9mm commonly use bullets at velocities of .


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: For these ammunition loads, balancing bullet weight and velocity are required to ensure that the ammunition will still reliably cycle semi-automatic firearms. Subsonic ammunition with normal bullet weights often fails to properly function in such firearms.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: Some ammunition types were inherently designed with heavier, slower standard bullet weights and velocities. For example, the traditional American military standard .45 ACP ammunition load, of a 230 grain bullet at 850 feet per second, is naturally subsonic.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: Alternatively, specialized firearms and ammunition may be used to optimize total subsonic ammunition effectiveness. These are designed from the start as dedicated subsonic projectile systems. Some examples include .300 Whisper / 300 AAC Blackout (7.62×35mm), .338 Whisper, 9×39mm, 12.7×55mm STs-130, .510 Whisper.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: Combined with firearm sound suppressors, subsonic ammunition may significantly reduce sound levels compared to normal ammunition. Specific reductions depend on the ammunition and suppressor.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: The peak sound pressure levels of a Remington 700 .223 caliber bolt-action rifle firing high-velocity (supersonic) ammunition using a GEMTECH G5-5.56 suppressor.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: The peak sound pressure levels of a Remington 700 .223 caliber bolt-action rifle firing low-velocity (subsonic) ammunition using a GEMTECH G5-5.56 suppressor.


title: Subsonic ammunition

text: Compared to the high-velocity (supersonic) unsuppressed condition, the combination of subsonic low-velocity ammunition and a firearm suppressor provided a reductions of 45, 38, 40, and 48 dB, peak sound pressure level at the muzzle, left, right ears and behind the shooter, respectively.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic coffee is a version of the brewed coffee of "Coffea arabica" beans. Most Arab countries throughout the Middle East have developed distinct methods for brewing and preparing coffee. Cardamom is an often-added spice, but it can alternatively be served plain or with sugar.


title: Arabic coffee

text: There are several different styles to brewing the coffee depending on the preference of the drinker. Some methods keep the coffee light whereas others can make it dark. Arabic coffee is bitter, and typically no sugar is added. It is usually served in a small cup that is adorned with a decorative pattern, known as a finjān. Culturally, Arabic coffee is served during family gatherings or when receiving guests.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic coffee is ingrained within Middle Eastern and Arab culture and tradition, and is the most popular form of coffee brewed in the Middle East. It originated in the Middle East, beginning in Yemen and eventually travelling to Mecca (Hejaz), Egypt, the Levant, and then, in the mid-16th century, to Turkey and from there to Europe where coffee eventually became popular as well. Arabic coffee is an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Arab states confirmed by UNESCO.


title: Arabic coffee

text: The word "coffee" entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch "koffie", borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish "kahve", in turn borrowed from the Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee, a brew”). The word "qahwah" may have originally referred to the drink's reputation as an appetite suppressant from the word "qahiya" (). The name "qahwah" is not used for the berry or plant (the products of the region), which are known in Arabic as "bunn". Semitic had a root "qhh" "dark color", which became a natural designation for the beverage. According to this analysis, the feminine form "qahwah" (also meaning "dark in color, dull(ing), dry, sour") also had the meaning of wine, which was also often dark in color.


title: Arabic coffee

text: The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears as the legend of an Ethiopian goatherd named Kaldi who noticed a change in the behavior of his goats when they ate the berries of the coffee trees. Initially, the coffee beans were chewed up rather than ground, roasted and turned into a liquid. Some historians believe coffee was introduced to the Arabian peninsula circa 675 AD. It is certain that by the middle of the 15th century, coffee was in use in Yemen's Sufi monasteries. Sufis used it to keep themselves alert during their nighttime devotions. A translation of Al-Jaziri's manuscript traces the spread of coffee from "Arabia Felix" (the present day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Constantinople. In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, these bans were to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-İmadi issuing a "fatwa" allowing the consumption of coffee. In Cairo, Egypt, a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic coffee is made from coffee beans roasted very lightly or heavily from and cardamom, and is a traditional beverage in Arab culture. Traditionally, it is roasted on the premises (at home or for special occasions), ground, brewed and served in front of guests. It is often served with dates, dried fruit, candied fruit or nuts. Arabic coffee is defined by the method of preparation and flavors, rather than the type of roast beans. Arabic coffee is boiled coffee that is not filtered, made black. Sugar is not typically added, but if so, it can be added during preparation or when serving. It is served in a small delicate cup without handles, called finjān. Sometimes, the coffee is moved to a larger and more beautiful pour pitcher to serve in front of the guests, called Dallah. Often, though, the host prepares coffee in the kitchen and highlights a tray of small cups of coffee. Unlike Turkish coffee, traditional Arabic coffee, with its roots in Bedouin tradition, is usually unsweetened (qahwah saada), but sugar can be added depending on the preference of drinker. However, this coffee is never sweet syrup, but rather strong and bitter. To make up for the bitter flavor, coffee is usually served with something sweetdates are a traditional accompanimentand other desserts are often served along with a tray of coffee cups.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula are also creative in the way they prepare coffee. Coffee is different from that in Egypt and Levant in terms of bitterness and the type of cups the coffee is served in. This brewing method is common in Najd and Hejaz, and sometimes other spices like saffron (to give it a golden color), cardamom, cloves, and cinnamon. Arabic coffee in Najd and Hejaz takes a golden color, while in North Arabia a type of Arabic coffee known as qahwah shamālia (literally means Northern Coffee) it looks darker in color, because roasting the coffee beans takes a bit longer. Northern coffee is also known as Bedouin coffee in Jordan. Some people add a little-evaporated milk to slightly alter its color; however, this is rare. It is prepared in and served from a special coffee pot called dallah (); more commonly used is the coffee pot called cezve (also called rikwah or kanaka) and the coffee cups are small with no handle called "fenjan". The portions are small, covering just the bottom of the cup. It is served in homes, and in good restaurants by specially clad waiters called "gahwaji", and it is almost always accompanied with dates. It is always offered with the compliments of the house.


title: Arabic coffee

text: The hot beverage that Palestinians consume is coffeeserved in the morning and throughout the day. The coffee of choice is usually Arabic coffee. Arabic coffee is similar to Turkish coffee, but the former is spiced with cardamom and is usually unsweetened. Among Bedouins and most other Arabs throughout the region of Palestine, bitter coffee, known as "qahwah sadah" (Lit. plain coffee), was a symbol of hospitality. Pouring the drink was ceremonial; it would involve the host or his eldest son moving clockwise among guestswho were judged by age and statuspouring coffee into tiny cups from a brass pot. It was considered "polite" for guests to accept only three cups of coffee and then end their last cup by saying "daymen", meaning "always", but intending to mean "may you always have the means to serve coffee".


title: Arabic coffee

text: In Lebanon, the coffee is prepared in a long-handled coffee pot called a "rakwe". The coffee is then poured directly from the "rakwe" into a small cup that is usually adorned with a decorative pattern, known as a finjān. The finjān has a capacity of 60-90 ml (2-3 oz fl). Lebanese coffee is traditionally strong and black and is similar to the coffee of other Middle Eastern countries. However it differs in its beans and roast: the blonde and dark beans are mixed together and it is ground into a very fine powder. It is often joked that a Lebanese person who does not drink coffee is in danger of losing their nationality.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic coffee is much more than just a drink in Jordanit is a traditional sign of respect and a way to bring people together. Black, cardamom-flavored Arabic coffee, also known as "qahwah sādah" (welcome coffee), deeply ingrained in Jordanian culture. Providing coffee (and tea) to guests is a large part of the intimate hospitality of the Hashemite Kingdom.


title: Arabic coffee

text: While the national drink of Morocco is gunpowder green tea brewed with fresh mint and espresso is very popular, Arabic coffee is also widely consumed, especially on formal occasions. It is often made with the purpose of conducting a business deal and welcoming someone into one's home for the first time, and frequently served at weddings and on important occasions.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Much of the popularization of coffee is due to its cultivation in the Arab world, beginning in what is now Yemen, by Sufi monks in the 15th century. Through thousands of Arabs pilgrimaging to Mecca, the enjoyment and harvesting of coffee, or the "wine of Araby" spread to other Arab countries (e.g. Egypt, Syria) and eventually to a majority of the world through the 16th century. Coffee, in addition to being essential in the home, became a major part of social life. Coffeehouses, qahwa قَهوة in Modern Standard Arabic, became "Schools of the Wise" as they developed into places of intellectual discussion, in addition to centers of relaxation and comradery.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Coffeehouse culture began in the Arab world, and eventually spread to other areas of the world and blended with the local culture. Traditional Arab coffeehouses are places where mostly men meet to socialize over games, coffee, and water pipes (shisha or argille). Depending on where the coffeehouse is, its specialty differs. In Maghreb, green tea is served with mint or coffee is served Arab and/or European style. Arabic coffee, or Turkish coffee, is made in Egypt and the Levant countries. Arabic coffee is a very small amount of dark coffee boiled in a pot and presented in a demitasse cup. Particularly in Egypt, coffee is served mazbuuta, which means the amount of sugar will be "just right", about one teaspoon per cup. However, in the Arabian Peninsula, Arabic coffee is roasted in such a way that the coffee is almost clear. In all of the Arab world, it is traditional for the host to refill the guest's cup until politely signaled that the guest is finished.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic coffee is usually served just a few centiliters at a time. The guest drinks it and if he wishes, he will gesture to the waiter not to pour any more. Otherwise, the host/waiter will continue to serve another few centilitres at a time until the guest indicates he has had enough. The most common practice is to drink only one cup since serving coffee serves as a ceremonial act of kindness and hospitality. Sometimes people also drink larger volumes during conversations.


title: Arabic coffee

text: The cups are normally only filled partway, and the custom is to drink three cups. Arabic coffee has a prominent place in traditional Arab holidays and special events such as Ramadan and Eid.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic coffee reading (), is similar to tea-leaf reading; the client is asked to consume strong fresh Arabic coffee leaving approximately a teaspoon of liquid in the cup. The cup is then inverted onto a saucer to allowing the residual liquid to drain away and dry up. The reader will then interpret the patterns formed by the thick residue on the inside of the cup looking for symbols and letters.


title: Arabic coffee

text: Arabic funerals gather families and extended relatives, who drink bitter and unsweetened coffee and restore the life and characteristics of the deceased. The men and women gather separately, and it has become very fashionable to employ very presentable women whose only job is to serve coffee all day to the women. Male waiters serve the men. Arab Muslims and Christians share this tradition.


title: Martin Wallström

text: Carl Martin Gunnar Wallström Milkéwitz (born 7 July 1983) is a Swedish television and film actor. A successful actor in his home country, he is best known internationally for his 2015 American debut role as Tyrell Wellick in the USA Network cyber-thriller "Mr. Robot".


title: Martin Wallström

text: Martin Wallström was born on July 7, 1983 in Uddevalla, Sweden. Wallström began his professional acting career as a teenager, and later decided to study acting; he enrolled in the University of Gothenburg's Academy of Music and Drama in 2004, and graduated in 2008.


title: Martin Wallström

text: Since 1998, Wallström has worked almost entirely in Swedish television and film, as well as other Nordic and German productions. He began his career at age fifteen in the Swedish film "Hela Härligheten."


title: Martin Wallström

text: In 2008, Wallström had a small role in the wide-release Swedish film "Arn: The Kingdom at the End of the Road" ("Arn - Riket vid vägens slut"). The following year, he made his debut in the Johan Falk film franchise in the film "Johan Falk: GSI - Gruppen för särskilda insatser"; he reprised this role in the following Johan Falk film "Johan Falk - Vapenbröder" which was released the same year.


title: Martin Wallström

text: In 2010, Wallström starred opposite Bill Skarsgård in the Swedish film "Simple Simon". The film was recognized internationally and was shortlisted for that year's Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In 2013, he starred in "", the third installment of the very successful trilogy starring Joel Kinnaman. He also starred in the Swedish romantic comedy "Ego" that year.


title: Martin Wallström

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Wallström had joined the main cast of the US television thriller "Mr. Robot"; this was his US television debut and his most prominent international role to date. Wallström was cast as Tyrell Wellick, an ambitious Swedish technology executive for E Corp that works with the main character Elliot, played by Rami Malek. Wallström won the role of Wellick by submitting three self-tapes to the show. The first episode of the series premiered on June 24, 2015. Although credited as a main cast member for all four seasons of the show, he does not appear on-screen in about one-third of its episodes.


title: Martin Wallström

text: Outside of "Mr. Robot", Wallström's other English-language roles include as Martin in the 2014 Swedish film "Remake" (in both Swedish and English), Tomas in the 2015 internationally co-produced English-language television drama "100 Code", a 2017 voice-acting role in an episode of the Comedy Central show "Jeff & Some Aliens", and in supporting roles in the World War II drama "Ashes in the Snow" and independent science-fiction film "Parallel," both released in 2018.


title: Martin Wallström

text: Additionally, Wallström has narrated many audiobooks in Swedish. As of the end of 2019, he has narrated thirty-two books.


title: Martin Wallström

text: Wallström was married to Swedish actress Lisa Linnertorp. The two have a son named Arvid and a daughter named Lilla, born in 2013 and 2019. He currently lives and works primarily in Stockholm, Sweden.


title: Music box

text: A music box (American English) or musical box (British English) is an automatic musical instrument in a box that produces musical notes by using a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc to pluck the tuned teeth (or "lamellae") of a steel comb. The popular device best known today as a "music box" developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century and were originally called "carillons à musique" (French for "chimes of music"). Some of the more complex boxes also contain a tiny drum and/or bells in addition to the metal comb.


title: Music box

text: The Symphonium company started business in 1885 as the first manufacturers of disc-playing music boxes. Two of the founders of the company, Gustave Brachhausen and Paul Riessner, left to set up a new firm, Polyphon, in direct competition with their original business and their third partner, Oscar Paul Lochmann. Following the establishment of the Original Musikwerke Paul Lochmann in 1900, the founding Symphonion business continued until 1909.


title: Music box

text: According to the Victoria Museums in Australia, "The Symphonion is notable for the enormous diversity of types, styles, and models produced... No other disc-playing musical box exists in so many varieties. The company also pioneered the use of electric motors... the first model fitted with an electric motor being advertised in 1900. The company moved into the piano-orchestrion business and made both disc-operated and barrel-playing models, player-pianos, and phonographs."


title: Music box

text: Meanwhile, Polyphon expanded to America, where Brachhausen established the Regina Company. Regina was a spectacular success. It eventually reinvented itself as a maker of vacuums and steam cleaners.


title: Music box

text: In the heyday of the music box, some variations were as tall as a grandfather clock and all used interchangeable large disks to play different sets of tunes. These were spring-wound and driven and both had a bell-like sound. The machines were often made in England, Italy, and the US, with additional disks made in Switzerland, Austria, and Prussia. Early "juke-box" pay versions of them existed in public places. Marsh's free Museum and curio shop in Long Beach, Washington (US) has several still-working versions of them on public display. The Musical Museum, Brentford, London has a number of machines. The Morris Museum in Morristown, New Jersey, USA has a notable collection, including interactive exhibits. In addition to video and audio footage of each piece, the actual instruments are demonstrated for the public daily on a rotational basis.


title: Music box

text: 9th century: In Baghdad, the Banū Mūsā brothers, a trio of Persian inventors, produced "the earliest known mechanical musical instrument", in this case a hydropowered organ which played interchangeable cylinders automatically, which they described in their "Book of Ingenious Devices". According to Charles B. Fowler, this "cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."


title: Music box

text: Early 13th century: In Flanders, an ingenious bell ringer invents a cylinder with pins which operates cams, which then hit the bells.


title: Music box

text: 1598: Flemish clockmaker Nicholas Vallin produces a wall-mounted clock which has a pinned barrel playing on multiple tuned bells mounted in the superstructure. The barrel can be programmed, as the pins can be separately placed in the holes provided on the surface of the barrel.


title: Music box

text: 1665: Ahasuerus Fromanteel in London makes a table clock which has quarter striking and musical work on multiple bells operated by a pinned barrel. These barrels can be changed for those playing different tunes.


title: Music box

text: 1772: A watch is made by one Ransonet at Nancy, France which has a pinned drum playing music not on bells but on tuned steel prongs arranged vertically.


title: Music box

text: 1796: Antoine Favre-Salomon, a clockmaker from Geneva replaces the stack of bells by a comb with multiple pre-tuned metallic notes in order to reduce space. Together with a horizontally placed pinned barrel, this produces more varied and complex sounds. One of these first music boxes is now displayed at the Shanghai Gallery of Antique Music Boxes and Automata in Pudong's Oriental Art Center.


title: Music box

text: 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph, which has important consequences for the musical-box industry, especially around the end of the century.


title: Music box

text: In March 2016, the band Wintergatan released a video of their homemade Marble Machine which took 14 months to make and played in any key using a 3,000-piece wooden construction fueled by 2,000 marbles. Band member Martin Molin used a hand crank to mobilize the marbles, which then created various noises on a vibraphone and other installed musical elements.


title: Music box

text: In 2019, Tevofy Technology Ltd., based in Taiwan, released the first app-controlled mechanical music box called the Muro Box, an abbreviation of "Music Robot in a Box". Unlike traditional music boxes, people do not need to punch holes to compose songs on a paper-strip music box, and there is no minimum order for making customized music box movement to play a selected song.


title: Music box

text: In 1974–1975, German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen composed "Tierkreis", a set of twelve pieces on the signs of the zodiac, for twelve music boxes.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The Indian Naval Air Arm is the aviation branch and a fighting arm of the Indian Navy which is tasked to provide an aircraft carrier based strike capability, fleet air defence, maritime reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The first naval air station, INS "Garuda", was inaugurated in Cochin on 11 May 1953. This went hand-in-hand with the commissioning of the No.550 Squadron, utilising Short Sealand aircraft and Fairey Firefly aircraft


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: In the very next year (1961), (formerly HMS "Hercules") was acquired by the Indian Navy. "Vikrant"s initial airwing consisted of British Hawker Sea Hawk fighter-bombers and a French Alize anti-submarine aircraft. On 18 May 1961, the first jet landed on board, piloted by Lieutenant (later Admiral) R H Tahiliani. That year, the No.310 Cobras Squadron (consisting of Alize aircraft) was commissioned. After playing an important role in several major Indian military actions, specifically the liberation of Goa and the India-Pakistan war in 1971, she was decommissioned in January 1997 and turned into a museum ship.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: In 1976, the Indian Air Force handed over Super Constellation aircraft to the No.312 Albatross Squadron in Dabolim, Goa. Being fairly old aircraft at that point, these were withdrawn from active service by 1983. To replace them in the maritime patrol role, Soviet aircraft were acquired. The No. 315 Winged Stallions Squadron was commissioned in 1977 with the Ilyushin Il-38 aircraft.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: In December 1961, INS "Vikrant" participated in Operation Vijay, the liberation of Goa from Portugal. Its role was primarily to deter foreign naval intervention during the 40-hour-long military action.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: INS "Vikrant" played a major role in the successful naval blockade of East Pakistan. Stationed off the Andaman & Nicobar Islands escorted by the , as well as , "Vikrant" redeployed towards Chittagong at the outbreak of hostilities. The morning of 4 December 1971, the eight Sea Hawk aircraft on "Vikrant" launched an air raid on Cox's Bazar from away. That evening, the air group struck Chittagong harbour. Other strikes targeted Khulna and Mongla. A PTI message is supposed to have read, "Chittagong harbour ablaze as ships and aircraft of the (Pakistan) Eastern Naval Fleet bombed and rocketed. Not a single vessel can be put to sea from Chittagong". Air strikes staged from "Vikrant" continued till 10 December 1971.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Given naval intelligence that indicated the intent of the Pakistan Navy to break through the Indian Naval blockade using camouflaged merchant ships, "Vikrant"s Sea Hawks struck shipping in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazar harbours, sinking or incapacitating most merchant ships there.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 / T Mk.60 flew with the INAS 300 and INAS 552 squadrons of the Indian Navy. The Sea Harriers are armed with the Matra Magic-II AAM and the Sea Eagle Anti-ship missiles. The aircraft were upgraded with the Elta EL/M-2032 radar and the Rafael Derby BVRAAM missiles.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Year 1988 saw the induction of Tupolev 142M into service. The aircraft started operations from Dabolim in Goa and later shifted its operations to INS Rajali in 1992. Tu-142M was primarily used in the long-range maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare role. The aircraft served the navy till 2018 and participated in the Indian Peace Keeping Mission in Sri Lanka. Also participated in Operation Cactus in Maldives, in which the fleeing mercenaries were detected and tracked until apprehended by ships.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: On 11 May 2013, first squadron of MiG-29K was commissioned which mark the another milestone in naval aviation. These aircraft were commissioned as a replacement of ageing Sea Harrier.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The Naval Aviation Museum located in Bogmalo, from Vasco da Gama, Goa, India showcases the history of the Naval Air Arm.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Indian Navy to acquire the Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov. As reported by MiG Bureau, the Indian Navy's association with the MiG-29K began in Apr 2002 when a team led by Commander Gupta reached Moscow to evaluate the MiG-29K prototype for possible induction into the Indian Navy. The Team evaluated the aircraft on ground as well as in the air (the flight evaluation was conducted by a Navy Test Pilot Commander Ahuja). Some other aircraft were also evaluated but the MiG-29K was chosen. On 20 January 2004, the Indian Navy signed a contract for 12 single-seat MiG-29K and 4 two-seat MiG-29KUB. The first MIG-29K for the Indian Navy took flight on 22 January 2007. The MIG-29 KUB (two-seat trainer) is similar to the MIG-29K but with reduced operational range. The aircraft will be fielded on the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The first squadron, INAS 303, the "Black Panthers", was commissioned on 11 May 2013. On 11 July 2016, second squadron, INAS 300, was commissioned. The delivery of the aircraft to the Indian Navy started in 2009.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The fighter plane is different from the MiG-29 flown by Indian Air Force. The aircraft has been modified for aircraft carrier operation by hardening the undercarriage. It also has much better 'over-the-nose' vision to make it easy to land aboard a carrier at a high angle of attack. Modifications made for Indian Navy requirement featured Zhuk-ME radar, RD-33MK engine, combat payload up to , 13 hardpoints (inclusive of the multi-lock bomb carriers), additional fuel tanks situated in dorsal spine fairing and wing LERXs, increased total fuel capacity by 50% comparing to first variant of MiG-29 and an updated 4-channel digital fly-by-wire flight control system. With special coatings, the MiG-29K radar reflecting surface is 4–5 times smaller than of basic MiG-29. Cockpit displays consist of wide HUDs, 3 colour LCD MFDs (7 on the MiG-29KUB), a French Sigma-95 satellite GPS module and Topsight E helmet-mounted targeting system compatible with the full range of weapons carried by the MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: New Delhi and Boeing have signed a $2.1 billion contract to deliver 12 P-8I Neptune for anti-submarine operations. The new aircraft will replace a fleet of Russian-manufactured Tupolev-142M planes. P-8I varies from the P-8A, with the Magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) has been kept intact while an aft-mounted radar provides 360-degree aerial radar surveillance capability. Many of the communication and other devices on-board are developed by Bharat Electronics Limited. The first squadron was formed with eight aircraft. When the remaining four join the force, the Tu-142 will be decommissioned.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Indian Navy operates 27 Dornier 228 and in process to induct 8 more state-of-the-art Dornier for anti-submarine warfare and maritime patrol from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. These aircraft are equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features. Currently 4 of Dornier 228 NG aircraft in service in INAS 314.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Indian Navy operates 5 Il-38 planes but two were lost in a mid-air collision in 2002. Currently they are being upgraded to use the Sea Dragon avionics suite.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: HAL Dhruv; developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, the Navy received its first Dhruvs on 28 March 2002. It is expected to receive a total of 120 units to replace the Chetak helicopters in service. The naval variant is fitted with the Super Vision-2000 maritime radar, capable of detecting targets with low radar cross-section at a range of . The anti-submarine version of the helicopter is fitted with dunking sonar, torpedoes, depth charges. The helicopter may also be fitted with the missiles for anti-ship roles. However, in 2008, the Indian Navy pronounced Dhruv unsuitable for its role as an ASW platform. Indian Navy will continue to procure Dhruv as a multi-role utility platform. During the commissioning ceremony Vice Admiral Sinha said that "In the Navy, Dhruv helicopters have transformed into an advanced search and rescue (SAR) helicopter also used for missions like heliborne operations, and armed patrol with night vision devices. Such machines in the inventory have become imperative for the Navy given the scenario of low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO) and coastal security construct." In 2013 Indian Navy showed keen interest in the armed version of the HAL Rudra. Impressed with the Dhruv's sensors which were able to track ships and also read their names at ranges of . The Navy may induct 20 more helicopters into service. A new squadron INAS 323 Harriers was commissioned with HAL Dhruv MKIII variant. Navy placed order for 16 MKIII helicopters and 6 of them are delivered with the remaining 10 to be delivered by Dec 2021. Naval variant of MKIII comes with 19 specific systems suited for maritime role.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Kamov Ka-25, Kamov Ka-28, and the Kamov Ka-31: The Ka-25 was acquired by the Indian Navy in 1980 for anti-submarine warfare, but had severe technological limitations. The Ka-28s were acquired in the mid-80s and were said to be a quantum leap over their predecessors from an ASW standpoint. The Ka-31 takes the Kamov capabilities even further by enabling real-time network-centric warfare for the Indian Navy.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Westland Sea King and the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King: Used principally for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search & rescue roles, the helicopter fleet operate from INS Garuda (Kochi) as well as INS Shikra air stations. US sanctions on India in response to India's nuclear tests resulted in a large part of the Sea King fleet being grounded for want of spare parts. Seventeen of the Sea King helicopters will be upgraded. The upgrade will feature day and night capability, the capability to work in adverse weather conditions, integration of two anti-ship missiles with a range of fifty kilometers and a new radar.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Aérospatiale SA 316 Alouette III: Also known as the Chetak, these choppers have seen active service in the Navy as well as the Coast Guard. They are carried on several combatants as well as non-combatant ships. They are also operated from and maintained at the INS Shikra and INS Utkrosh Naval Air Stations in Mumbai and Port Blair respectively.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: MH-60R helicopters – The Indian navy is purchasing 24 MH-60R helicopters to replace its Sea king ASW fleet. On 17 July 2021 first 2 helicopters were inducted in service 22 more to be delivered soon.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The Indian Navy operates at least two squadrons of Heron and Searcher Mk-II UAVs, based in Kochi (INAS 342) and Porbandar (INAS 343). There are plans to have at least two more squadrons of UAVs. UAVs are controlled from ships to increases the range of surveillance. There are plans to introduce rotary UAVs into the Indian Navy. These UAVs will have higher endurance and load carrying capability resulting in better reconnaissance capabilities. Indian Navy operates 2 leased MQ-9 Reaper for maritime surveillance in the Indian Ocean region.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) controls training, maintenance and other functions of naval aviation. Aircraft yards at Kochi, Kerala and Dabolim, Goa are responsible for maintaining the fleet's air arm. An exclusive base, INS Shikra for helicopters was commissioned in Mumbai.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: To protect and preserve India's growing trade with Southeast Asia and offer a defence against increasing Chinese naval presence in the Bay of Bengal, a new naval base is being built near Visakhapatnam. It is expected to be capable of harbouring two aircraft carriers, including the planned new Vikrant-class aircraft carrier. There are two more naval air stations, INS Rajali and INS Parundu in Tamil Nadu.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Southern Command has at least one airfield, INS Garuda, in Kochi, Kerala. The "Hindu" reported on 2 February 2009 that a new airbase will be set up in Muscat, Oman to tackle piracy in the Gulf of Aden. Three years later in 2012 it is not clear whether any action has been taken on this proposal.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: The southernmost naval air station, INS Bazz was formally opened on 31 July 2012 by the Chief of the Indian Navy at Cambell Bay in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. With the commissioning of this station, the country acquired increased capability to keep vigil on the vital maritime channel of the Straits of Malacca.


title: Indian Naval Air Arm

text: Four naval aviators have risen to become the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) - Admirals R. H. Tahiliani, Arun Prakash, Sureesh Mehta and Karambir Singh.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The Big Lez Show is an Australian comedy web series created by Jarrad Wright, Tom Hollis and Izak Whear. The show originally premiered on YouTube on 16 July 2012 and concluded on 26 January 2019. The show follows Big Lez, a humanoid alien living in the fictional Australian town of Brown Town, and the adventures he has with his friends and enemies.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Initially uploaded on YouTube, the show quickly gained great popularity and developed a cult following. The premiere of its fourth season reached one million views within two months of being uploaded, and the show became such a success that a five-episode spin-off series entitled "The Mike Nolan Show" was commissioned by Comedy Central Australia. The spin-off premiered on 10 June 2016.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The show has enjoyed vast popularity in its later years, with viewership soaring during the third season's run. As of December 2022, "The Big Lez Show" YouTube channel has over 214 million views, with each episode averaging one to three million views.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Big Lez is a humanoid alien who was banished from his home world, Kingdom Cum, and now lives in the Australian town of Brown Town with his adopted son Quinton. He lives across the street from Norton, his brother and arch-enemy. His next-door neighbours are his friends Sassy and Donny, two mysterious and occasionally omniscient sasquatches, who are often the main instigators of the group's various misadventures. The show's plot initially revolves around Lez's plan to return to his home planet and later follows his war against his family and their army of Choomahs, large yellow monsters that resemble bad drawings of Homer Simpson. He is aided on his quest by several other characters including Mike “Nollsy” Nolan, a cigarette-smoking hardman, and Clarence, a mutated fellow Kingdom Cumian who is often a physical and mental punching bag for the other characters. The show's content varies from drawing humour in mundane day-to-day activities to large, grand adventures.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Lezly "Lez" Mackerel, often nicknamed "Big Lez" is the show's titular character and protagonist. Lez was banished from his home planet Kingdom Cum alongside his brother Norton by their father, King Laranox. After his banishment, Lez settled on Earth in Brown Town, Australia and befriended many of the locals.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Lez is portrayed as a hot-tempered and pugnacious character to many, while remaining amiable and very loyal to his friends. He feels extreme animosity towards his brother Norton who lives opposite him, often going out of his way to irritate or upset him. He also holds his father King Laranox in high disdain. Lez generally sees his son Quinton as a burden and is frequently neglectful and emotionally abusive to him, however it is shown on occasion he does care about him deep down.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Lez is a fan of recreational drug use and will often join Sassy and his friends in smoking marijuana or taking psychedelic drugs.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: As an alien from Kingdom Cum, Lez has many superhuman capabilities, such as super strength and endurance. All of the characters in "The Big Lez Show" who originate from Kingdom Cum experience similar abilities.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Norton Sparkles is Lez's brother, across-the-street neighbour and archenemy. Lez's animosity for Norton is equally reciprocated; Norton tries to disrupt Lez's life and asserts himself onto Quinton as his uncle to spite Lez. Quinton will often take refuge in Norton's house when Lez is being abusive, where the two develop a friendship. He is the secondary antagonist in the show.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Norton is the second son of King Laranox and was banished to Earth alongside Lez. Norton is portrayed as a camp character and strong hints are made throughout the series to his sexuality, although it is never explicitly stated and sometimes actually denied. Norton possesses the same superhuman abilities as Lez but as he is younger, Lez's powers are slightly stronger.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Quinton Mackerel is Lez's adoptive son, who was abandoned on his doorstep as an orphan. Lez only adopted Quinton upon realising the money he could make from child support payments. Quinton is severely neglected by his father Lez and sometimes runs away to Norton's house in times of need. Quinton expresses dislike of his father frequently and often curses at him, although he is also usually respectful and fearful of his father's authority. Unlike most of the people surrounding him, Quinton is sceptical of drugs and is reluctant to take any from Lez and Sassy's gang, albeit did smoke marijuana with them in Lez's cupboard on one occasion. In later series and The Mike Nolan Show, Quinton matures and becomes braver.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Sassy the Sasquatch is an anthropomorphic sasquatch, Lez's friend and next-door-neighbour. An extreme drug user, Sassy is in a near-perpetual state of intoxication and is rarely seen in the show without some form of drug in his hand. Despite this, Sassy often falsely denies his drug use, ironically referring to other characters as "druggos". Sassy lives in a run-down wooden shack next door to Lez along with four of his friends, Donny, Wayne-O, Scruffy and Owly. While all of Sassy's friends are hardcore drug users as well, Sassy acts as the ringleader of the group and is usually the one persuading others to take drugs with him.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Out of all the characters in the show, Sassy is one of the most easy-going, approachable and friendly. Sassy will often engage in conversation with people who his friends would otherwise ignore such as Clarence or Quinton. Sassy suffers from amnesia due to his heavy drug use and regularly talks using nonsensical words in his speech.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: It is continually implied throughout the series that Sassy and the other sasquatches are interdimensional beings capable of a multitude of incredible feats. To date, though, Sassy has only been seen to use his powers in order to conjure food for himself, seemingly repair a bong he smashes and recover a thrown football from the ocean and fly with his powers. He tends to retort his catchphrase of "Whadiyatalkinabeet?" (slang for "what are you talking about?"), when questioned about these abilities by other characters, never confirming or denying his powers.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Donny the Dealer, a paler-coloured sasquatch than Sassy, is Sassy's housemate and lifelong friend. Donny owns the local shop and acts as his housemates' arms and drug dealer, procuring a range of items over the series ranging from a flying saucer to an intercontinental ballistic missile. He is also friends with other locals, such as Mike and Lez, sharing their passions for drugs and violence. He seems to be the most sadistic of the sasquatches, having a more irritable personality than his perpetually stoned friends Sassy and Wayne-O, although he is fiercely loyal to his friends and Brown Town in general.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: He effectively owns Clarence, whom he uses as an errand boy and shop hand, as well as regularly abusing his regenerative powers using him as target practice.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Mike Nolan, often nicknamed "Nolzy" is a local resident of Brown Town and self described "jack of all trades", regarding any work other than 'cashies' as being unworthy of his time. Mike works at various places around Brown Town and is close friends with the rest of the main cast. Much like them, Mike is an avid fan of recreational drug use, as well as a heavy smoker, having chain-smoked since the age of 4 years old. He and Quinton are the only two human members of the main cast, and as such are shown to usually be affected to a greater degree by the constant substance abuse partaken in by the group.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: He is stated to be 52 years old at the time of Season 1, making him approximately 55 at the time of "Long Weekend". Despite his age and constant drug abuse, and much like the other characters on the show, he is shown to be paradoxically athletic, capable of a multitude of physical feats in which he does not appear to sustain injury or exert himself.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Mike is the protagonist and title character of the Comedy Central Australia spin-off series "The Mike Nolan Show," and the independently produced "Mike Nolan's Long Weekend", which was released first for rental on Vimeo, and subsequently for free on YouTube.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Dr. Clarence Claymore is a former denizen of Kingdom Cum, where he worked as a high-profile scientist. After an experiment involving his own DNA backfired on him, his body underwent severe mutations, transforming him into a green-skinned, shrivelled, potato-headed creature. He was banished from Kingdom Cum and ejected into space along with the remains of his failed experiment. After crash landing on an island off the coast of Australia, Clarence accidentally drops his experimental fluid into a large ravine, which mutates over time and becomes the source of the Choomahs. While on what then becomes Choomah Island, Clarence meets Sassy and Donny who offer him a home in Brown Town.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Clarence works as the local mailman in Brown Town as well as a general dogsbody in Donny's shop. Clarence is one of the most good-natured and kind people in the show but his attempts at friendship are usually not reciprocated as most of the other characters find him irritating and annoying. In particular, Lez and Donny are very hostile towards Clarence. At the end of Choomah Island 3, Donny appears to finally gain some respect for Clarence, as he finally loses his seemingly endless temper and snaps at him. Presumably this does not last, as he is back to being regularly abused by every character by the start of Mike Nolan's Long Weekend, which is set two years after the events of Choomah Island 3.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: As Clarence originates from Kingdom Cum, he also possesses supernatural powers. He is shown to be effectively invincible and can withstand any sort of injury, however the pain he suffers, both physically and emotionally, never dissipates. This does not prevent the other main characters regularly maiming, shooting and generally injuring Clarence at any opportunity which arises, both accidentally, and purposefully, and sometimes for fun.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Ellis Warnington, also known as Warning Guy, is introduced as a Scottish lifeguard working at Brown Town's local beach, killing a shark that was menacing Lez and Quinton. He befriends Lez and the group after this incident. He tells Lez that he also fights all manner of aquatic creatures including a kraken, giving clues to his real identity.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: In Choomah Island 2, Warning Guy is revealed to be one of the six Kingdom Cum-ians that still remain during a fight with King Laranox's newly chosen heir, Cecil the Sasquatch, using his powers to his advantage, including flight and super strength.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: He has a cousin who is also a Kingdom Cum-ian named Sergio Warnington (voiced by Izak Whear), who considers himself a big game hunter, first coming into play in the story when he spots reports and photographs of the Choomahs online.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: King Laranox is the King of Kingdom Cum, the father of Lezly Mackerel and Norton Sparkles, he banishes them both from their home planet after they both attempt to sabotage each other's chances of becoming the next king. He seems to be a smart, ruthless and volatile ruler, as his henchmen seem to be both afraid of him and respect his leadership, but his actions also caused the events of the series to unfold. He is the main antagonist in the show.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Next to nothing is known about King Laranox's life before banishing Lez and Norton from Kingdom Cum, we can only assume his father was also king before him, or a possible coup from a previous dynasty.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Laranox does not seem to hold his sons in any kind of regard at all, at least after they are banished from the planet. Him and Lez openly disdain one another, while he will use Norton for his own ends but doesn't care what happens to him in the process.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: As a Kingdom Cum-ian, he also possesses the same superhuman strength and durability as both of his sons, but his may be more powerful than Lez's, as he could be any number of long years older than him.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: King Laranox screams every time he wants to speak, and does so with an incredibly thick Scottish accent.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The Choomahs are the main antagonists of the show. The Choomahs are a fictional species of wildly ferocious creatures who originated on Choomah Island as a mutation from Clarence's failed experiment. Choomahs often appear in the show in the backgrounds of scenes unbeknownst to other characters but will also sometimes attack characters. Each series of the show culminates in some form of assault on the Choomahs, in an attempt to rid Brown Town and their island of the species. Choomahs are very violent in nature and attack people when provoked.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Choomahs apparently reproduce and evolve extremely quickly, as they have learned to speak English and express remorse for their prior violence at the end of Choomah Island 3, whereupon they fly off to an unknown destination, the leader opining: "You know what? I'm really gonna miss this planet". The extent of their prior association with King Laranox remains unclear, but the recurring Bumble Brutus appeared to answer directly to Laranox.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Appearance-wise, the Choomahs are bright yellow, almost-humanoid creatures, although their shape and size varies dramatically. Their aesthetic originated as butchered drawings of Homer Simpson. Choomahs do not speak, their only form of communication is very loud screeches.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: "The Big Lez Show" is primarily a comedy show. The main style of comedy used in the show is crude comedy, which the show's creators describe as "Aussie humour". Dialogue between characters is inspired by traits of day-to-day conversations the show's creators observe in real life. Scripts contain extremely frequent and strong profanity, vulgar humour and non-politically correct conversations. In an interview with "Vice Media", writer Izak Whear said "There's so much vulgar humour, just all the swearing and stuff. You see it when you go out, it's relatable because you see so much of it." The show's creators have also cited "Seinfeld" as an influence on their comedy style.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The show is also notable for its psychedelic influences, which are visible throughout many episodes. Aside from most of the main characters being strong drug users, the show sometimes depicts at great length trips the characters experience while under the influence of hallucinogens. In particular, protagonist Lez's trips are shown in episodes where he interacts with other characters in limbo and views his own creation in Microsoft Paint as a surreal out-of-body experience.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: In addition to the show's psychedelic themes, the show has several surrealist themes, such as its frequent use of breaking the fourth wall. Especially while on hallucinogenic trips, characters often discuss their nature as cartoon characters and how they are drawn. The show has even gone as far as to have the characters have conversations about how the show's fans are impatient for new episodes to come out.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Although many of the episodes revolve around themes of crude humor and action, themes of companionship and loyalty become more prevalent as the series progress, especially in the final episode.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Season 1 of "The Big Lez Show" premiered on YouTube on 16 July 2012 under the channel name "guitarfingerz2112" before changing it later on in the series. Season 1 had 10 regular episodes and cumulated with the show's first special, "Choomah Island". The special depicts the main characters' first assault on Choomah Island. Most episodes were very short, about 1–2 minutes in length with the season's finale lasting 13 minutes.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Season 2 premiered on 4 March 2013 and was much the same as season 1 regarding production and story. Episodes saw a slight increase in production value, with animations slightly improving in quality and episodes lengthening to around 3–10 minutes. Season 2's finale was a 2-part special lasting 13 minutes in length, entitled "Attack of The Choomahs". The special depicts the Choomahs invading Brown Town. Season 2 had 10 episodes in total.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Season 3 saw an improved production, with the show's creators investing in better equipment to animate episodes with. Drawings greatly improved in quality and episodes became more consistent in length, all lasting about 5 minutes. Season 3 premiered on 7 July 2014 and, by this stage, the show's popularity was such that each episode was reaching over one million views within a few months of being uploaded. Season 3 had 9 regular episodes and cumulated with the show's third special, "Choomah Island 2", wherein Lez and the gang return for a second assault on Choomah Island. The special lasted just under an hour and took several months to produce. "Choomah Island 2" premiered on 21 August 2015 and has been viewed over 9.2 million times as of December 2022.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Between season 3 and 4, the show's creators took time off to rest and to create the show's spin-off, "The Mike Nolan Show". Season 4 of "The Big Lez Show" premiered on 10 March 2017 and again saw a big step up in production value, with animations again improving greatly in quality and episodes lengthening in duration. Season 4 concluded with the show's final special; "Choomah Island 3: Denouement", again taking several months to produce. The special premiered in select theatres in New Zealand and Australia from 20 to 26 January 2019 before premiering on YouTube on 26 January 2019. The special lasted just over an hour, making it the longest episode in the series, and reached 1 million views within 2 weeks of its release. As of December 2022, "Choomah Island 3: Denouement" has received over 5.5 million views.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: In mid-late 2014 a 10-minute short documentary entitled "The Big Lez Doco" was produced, directed by Jaykowa Hockings and produced by Natalie Howatson. The documentary interviews the show's three creators, where they go in depth about the show's conception, production and inspirations. The documentary also featured never-before-seen animations, depicting some Choomahs playing in a metal band. The documentary was uploaded to YouTube on 20 August 2014 but was taken down in February 2020.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: Looking to capitalise on the great success of "The Big Lez Show," Comedy Central Australia contacted the show's creators and asked them to create a spin-off of the series. A five episode show entitled "The Mike Nolan Show" was created by Wright, Whear and Hollis and was broadcast on YouTube and Comedy Central Australia's website, premiering on 10 June 2016.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: "The Mike Nolan Show" takes the form of a mockumentary, wherein a film crew and interviewer follow "The Big Lez Show" character Mike Nolan around his day-to-day life. The show follows Mike in some of his various jobs, as well as showing him socialising with many never-before-seen characters such as Crazy Steve. The show also features appearances from several other main characters of "The Big Lez Show", such as Lez, Sassy, Donny and Clarence. The events that take place in "The Mike Nolan Show" chronologically take place before the first episode of "The Big Lez Show".


title: The Big Lez Show

text: In May 2019 a new 5 episode spin-off show entitled "Mike Nolan’s Long Weekend" was announced. The show takes place 1 year and 6 months after the events of "Choomah Island 3: Denouement". The series premiered on Vimeo on 9 August 2019 and then on YouTube on 16 August 2019.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The Mini-Series takes place over 3 days and, just like "The Mike Nolan Show" presents itself in the form of a "mockumentary." The show features characters such as Crazy Steve, Bill the Bartender, Nigel the pub owner as well as characters from The Big Lez Show including Sassy, Donny, Clarence and Quinton.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: On 27 February 2022, Jarrad posted a teaser of a new series on Instagram which shows Sassy walking in a field. On 23 May 2022, a trailer for the new series was uploaded to YouTube. The series was given the title, "Sassy The Sasquatch", after the titular character. The series debuted on 27 June 2022.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The show is notable for its extremely low production value. The show is animated using stop motion animation, where individual frames are drawn in Microsoft Paint. Frames are edited together on Adobe Premiere and audio is recorded on Audacity. In seasons 1 and 2, frames were drawn using a laptop trackpad on an Australian government-issue school laptop and since season 3 they have been drawn using a stylus on a Microsoft Surface. The frames are crudely drawn, freehand and have become a recognisable staple of the show. The nature of the show's artwork also adds to the psychedelic influences of the show.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The show employs no outside personnel, the show's creators take onboard all aspects of production, including writing, voice acting, animation, editing, music and distribution. As a result of this, production is a very slow process, with individual episodes sometimes taking several months to create. For seasons 1 and 2 the majority of work was handled by Jarrad Wright. Work was more distributed between Wright, Whear and Hollis for season 3 and "The Mike Nolan Show", before Wright returned as the sole producer for season 4.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The show's music is also written and performed by Wright, performed on acoustic guitar and recorded using Audacity.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: The show has gained a following on YouTube, with its channel having over 1.38 million subscribers and 214 million views as of December 2022. The show's popularity on YouTube is such that each episode is released to a viewership of 1-3 million within a couple of months of being uploaded.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: In addition the show's viewership on YouTube, "The Big Lez Show" has enjoyed great critical reception from many alternative media outlets and online reviewers. "Vice Media" has described the show as "sidesplittingly funny" and "DIY underground Australian cartoons which have taken over the world." "Stab Magazine" said the show has "More laughs than "South Park"" in an interview with Wright and Whear and praised the show for the grassroots, word-of-mouth manner in which it has grown in popularity, without any commercial advertising.


title: The Big Lez Show

text: In a promotion for "The Mike Nolan Show", Comedy Central Australia described Wright, Whear and Hollis as "some of Australia's freshest comedians and comedy-makers." "Pedestrian TV" described the show as "utterly bewildering but equally brilliant."


title: Panerai

text: Officine Panerai (also known simply as Panerai) is an Italian luxury watch manufacturer, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Compagnie Financière Richemont S.A.


title: Panerai

text: Officine Panerai designs, manufactures and markets watches through authorized dealers and company-owned stores worldwide. Giovanni Panerai (1825–1897) founded Officine Panerai in Florence, Italy in 1860.


title: Panerai

text: The company is headquartered in Geneva and manufactures watches in Neuchâtel, Switzerland using movements manufactured by Manufacture Horlogère ValFleurier.


title: Panerai

text: Panerai watches, designed and manufactured by Rolex SA, were worn by the frogmen of the Decima Flottiglia MAS in their operations during World War II. Notable products include the Luminor and Radiomir wristwatches.


title: Panerai

text: Giovanni Panerai (1825–1897) opened up his first watch shop in Florence, Italy in 1860. Giovanni's grandson Guido Panerai (1873–1934) expanded the watch shop "Orologeria Svizzera" and took over his wife's family business, a mechanical workshop. In 1915, Guido Panerai invented gun sights that were illuminated by a radium-226/zinc sulfide powder enclosed in small, hermetically sealed vessels. Radiomir, the name for the radium-based luminous mixture is derived from "radio mire", which is Italian for "radium sights".


title: Panerai

text: Panerai became an official supplier to the Regia Marina (the Royal Italian Navy), supplying a variety of technical equipment and precision instruments. All Panerai watches, except for the GPF 2/56 were designed and manufactured by Rolex SA using pocket watch movements made by Swiss manufacturer Cortébert. The main driving forces behind the production of the first professional diving watches were Hans Wilsdorf of Rolex and Giuseppe Panerai.


title: Panerai

text: The Florence-based workshop produced wrist-worn diving instruments and, between 1935 and 1970, delivered around 1,600 watches (c. 35 2533s, 1000 3646s, 24 6152s, 36 6154s, 500 6152/1s, and 60 GPF 2/56s), most of them to the Italian Marina Militare. All watches, except for the GPF 2/56, were made by Rolex, and G. Panerai e Figlio produced only the dials for these watches. Panerai dials were rendered luminous with Radiomir, a highly radioactive radium-based self-luminous compound, and later in around 1965, with Luminor, a harmless compound activated by tritium.


title: Panerai

text: The GPF 2/56 (Egiziano Grosso) was produced for the Egyptian Navy in 1956. By 1970, the company ceased to provide watches to the Marina Militare, as they were neither cost-effective nor met the naval specifications. In 1993 it then moved to launch its products in the civilian market. Following its acquisition of Panerai, Richemont repositioned Panerai as a luxury watch brand and increased prices.


title: Panerai

text: Panerai offers watches across four marketing lines: Historic, Contemporary, Manifattura and Special Editions in runs of 500, 1000, 2,000 or 4,000 units; each with its issue number on the case back. The company issues Special Editions by year. For example, in 2006 issued the "1936 California Dial Radiomir" special edition, a reissue of the first Panerai model presented to the Italian Marina Militare with production limited to 1936 units.


title: Panerai

text: When Ferrari's contract with rival watchmaker Girard-Perregaux expired in 2005, Ferrari and Panerai entered into a five-year agreement to design, manufacture and distribute Panerai watches carrying the Ferrari trademark. The collection was branded Ferrari engineered by Panerai and consisted of two product lines marketed as "Granturismo" and "Scuderia". The collection consisted of 11 models priced between US$5,000 and US$30,000. The Panerai-ferrari partnership ended in 2010.


title: Kirk Thornton

text: Kirk Thornton is an American voice actor, director and script writer working mainly with English-language versions of Japanese anime shows.


title: Kirk Thornton

text: His major roles include Brandon Heat in "Gungrave", Hotohori in "Fushigi Yūgi", Klein in "Sword Art Online", Jin in "Samurai Champloo", Hajime Saito in "Rurouni Kenshin", Jet Link in "Cyborg 009", Don Patch in "Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo", Ensign Nogami in "The Cockpit" and numerous Digimon. Additionally, Thornton co-directed for the popular anime series "Bleach" alongside Wendee Lee and also serves as the narrator. In video games, he voices Number VII Organization XIII member Saïx in the "Kingdom Hearts" series and Shadow the Hedgehog (since 2010) and Orbot (since 2008) in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: The Book of Zechariah, attributed to the Hebrew prophet Zechariah, is included in the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Zechariah's prophecies took place during the reign of Darius the Great and were contemporary with Haggai in a post-exilic world after the fall of Jerusalem in 587/586 BC. Ezekiel and Jeremiah wrote before the fall of Jerusalem while continuing to prophesy in the early exile period. Scholars believe Ezekiel, with his blending of ceremony and vision, heavily influenced the visionary works of Zechariah 1–8. Zechariah is specific about dating his writing (520–518 BC).


title: Book of Zechariah

text: During the exile, many Judahites and Benjamites were taken to Babylon, where the prophets told them to make their homes, suggesting they would spend a long period of time there. Eventually freedom did come to many Israelites, when Cyrus the Great overtook the Babylonians in 539 BC. In 538 BC, the famous Edict of Cyrus was released, and the first return took place under Sheshbazzar. After the death of Cyrus in 530 BC, Darius consolidated power and took office in 522 BC. His system divided the different colonies of the empire into easily manageable districts overseen by governors. Zerubbabel comes into the story, appointed by Darius as governor over the district of Yehud Medinata.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Under the reign of Darius, Zechariah also emerged, centering on the rebuilding of the Temple. Unlike the Babylonians, the Persian Empire went to great lengths to keep “cordial relations” between vassal and lord. The rebuilding of the Temple was encouraged by the leaders of the empire in hopes that it would strengthen the authorities in local contexts. This policy was good politics on the part of the Persians, and the Jews viewed it as a blessing from God.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: The name "Zechariah" means "God remembered." Not much is known about Zechariah's life other than what may be inferred from the book. It has been speculated that his grandfather Iddo was the head of a priestly family who returned with Zerubbabel and that Zechariah may have been a priest as well as a prophet. This is supported by Zechariah's interest in the Temple and the priesthood, and from Iddo's preaching in the Books of Chronicles.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Most modern scholars believe the Book of Zechariah was written by at least two different people. Zechariah 1–8, sometimes referred to as First Zechariah, was written in the 6th century BC and contains oracles from the historical prophet Zechariah, who lived in the Achaemenid Empire during the kingdom of Darius the Great. Zechariah 9–14, often called Second Zechariah, contains within the text no datable references to specific events or individuals, but most scholars give the text a date in the 5th century BC. Second Zechariah, in the opinion of some scholars, appears to make use of the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, the Deuteronomistic history, and the themes from First Zechariah. This has led some to believe that the writer(s) or editor(s) of Second Zechariah may have been a disciple of the prophet Zechariah. There are some scholars who go even further and divide Second Zechariah into Second Zechariah (9–11) and Third Zechariah (12–14) since each begins with a heading oracle.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: The return from exile is the theological premise of the prophet's visions in chapters 1–6. Chapters 7–8 address the quality of life God wants his renewed people to enjoy, containing many encouraging promises to them. Chapters 9–14 comprise two "oracles" of the future.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: The book begins with a preface, which recalls the nation's history, for the purpose of presenting a solemn warning to the present generation. Then follows a series of eight visions, succeeding one another in one night, which may be regarded as a symbolical history of Israel, intended to furnish consolation to the returned exiles and stir up hope in their minds. The symbolic action, the crowning of Joshua, describes how the kingdoms of the world become the kingdom of God's Messiah.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Chapters Zechariah 7 and Zechariah 8, delivered two years later, are an answer to the question whether the days of mourning for the destruction of the city should be kept any longer, and an encouraging address to the people, assuring them of God's presence and blessing.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: The purpose of this book is not strictly historical but theological and pastoral. The main emphasis is that God is at work and all His good deeds, including the construction of the Second Temple, are accomplished "not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit." Ultimately, YHWH plans to live again with His people in Jerusalem. He will save them from their enemies and cleanse them from sin. However, God requires repentance, a turning away from sin towards faith in Him.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Zechariah's concern for purity is apparent in the temple, priesthood and all areas of life as the prophecy gradually eliminates the influence of the governor in favour of the high priest, and the sanctuary becomes ever more clearly the centre of messianic fulfillment. The prominence of prophecy is quite apparent in Zechariah, but it is also true that Zechariah (along with Haggai) allows prophecy to yield to the priesthood; this is particularly apparent in comparing Zechariah to "Third Isaiah", whose author was active sometime after the first return from exile.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Most Christian commentators read the series of predictions in chapters 7 to 14 as Messianic prophecies, either directly or indirectly. These chapters helped the writers of the Gospels understand Jesus’ suffering, death and resurrection, which they quoted as they wrote of Jesus' final days. Much of the Book of Revelation, which narrates the denouement of history, is also colored by images in Zechariah.


title: Book of Zechariah

text: Chapters 9–14 of the Book of Zechariah are an early example of apocalyptic literature. Although not as fully developed as the apocalyptic visions described in the Book of Daniel, the "oracles", as they are titled in Zechariah 9–14, contain apocalyptic elements. One theme these oracles contain is descriptions of the Day of the Lord, when "the Lord will go forth and fight against those nations as when he fights on a day of battle." These chapters also contain "pessimism about the present, but optimism for the future based on the expectation of an ultimate divine victory and the subsequent transformation of the cosmos".


title: Book of Zechariah

text: The final word in Zechariah proclaims that on the Day of the Lord "in that day there shall be no more the Canaanite in the house of the LORD of hosts," proclaiming the need for purity in the Temple, which would come when God judges at the end of time. The word כְנַעֲנִי rendered "Canaanite" is alternatively translated as "trader" or "trafficker", as in other scripture verses.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Abraham Lee Shakespeare (April 24, 1966 – ) was a casual laborer from the US who won a $30 million lottery jackpot in Florida, receiving $17 million in 2006. In 2009, his family declared him missing, and in January 2010 his body was found buried under a concrete slab in the backyard of an acquaintance. Dorice "Dee Dee" Moore was convicted of his murder and is now serving life in prison without the possibility of parole.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: The Florida Lotto winning ticket worth thirty million dollars was sold at a Town Star convenience store in Frostproof, Florida, on November 15, 2006. On that day, Abraham Lee Shakespeare and co-worker Michael Ford were headed toward Miami when they stopped briefly at the convenience store in Frostproof to buy drinks and cigarettes. Ford got out of the truck and asked Shakespeare if he wanted a soda. Shakespeare instead asked Ford to buy him two lottery tickets. Shakespeare said that he paid Ford $2 for the tickets out of the $5 he had on him that day.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Ford later approached Shakespeare demanding a share of the jackpot of no less than $1 million, which Shakespeare refused to pay, prompting Ford to sue Shakespeare and alleging that Shakespeare stole lottery tickets out of Ford's wallet. The jury did not believe Ford's stolen lottery tickets story and Shakespeare prevailed in the courts. Shakespeare had chosen a one-time, lump sum cash payment of $17 million. He moved out of his working-class neighborhood in Lakeland, Florida and into a gated community. Several months after his lottery win, apart from a $1 million home, his only other major purchases included a Nissan Altima and a Rolex watch from a pawnshop. By late January 2010 the sheriff involved in the investigation of Shakespeare's disappearance told AP that the lottery money "is gone now."


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Friends stated Shakespeare had grown frustrated with the apparently constant appeals for money from both hangers-on and strangers. He told his brother, "I'd have been better off broke," and told a childhood friend, "I thought all these people were my friends, but then I realized all they want is just money." One of these was Dorice Donegan "Dee-Dee" Moore, who launched a business with Shakespeare, Abraham Shakespeare LLC, giving herself control of the firm's funds. Moore subsequently withdrew $1 million and bought herself a Hummer, a Chevrolet Corvette and a truck before going on vacation. She later claimed that the money was a gift from Shakespeare.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: On November 9, 2009, Shakespeare's family reported him missing, stating that they had not seen him since April of that year. Family and friends had originally hoped that he had taken his money and was living on a beach in the Caribbean Sea. A tip-off led investigators to the backyard of a home purchased by Moore, where Shakespeare's body was found buried under of dirt under a newly constructed concrete slab. Shakespeare was 42.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Hillsborough County detectives say Shakespeare died April 6 or 7 in the single-story ranch home in Plant City. Police took Moore into custody on February 2, 2010, in connection with the murder of Shakespeare. A judge set a $1 million bond. The police stated Moore had tried to convince an acquaintance to unearth the body and move it a week after the death, and had continued to try to convince others that Shakespeare was still alive. On February 19, 2010, Moore was formally charged with first degree murder.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Dorice Donegan "Dee Dee" Moore (born July 25, 1972) was the prime suspect in the death of Abraham Shakespeare. She was married to James Moore in 1992, and has a son born in 1995. In 2001, Moore was convicted of insurance fraud and falsely reporting a crime; she served a year of probation. Moore filed for bankruptcy in 2002.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Before police found Shakespeare's body, Moore said Shakespeare had decided to leave town and had gone to Texas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, or Orlando, Florida, or was sick in a hospital. Moore also said that Shakespeare was tired of people asking him for money, so she helped him leave town. After police found his body under a concrete slab, in the backyard of the home she put in her boyfriend's name, Moore told police different versions of what happened to Shakespeare. Moore in turn blamed drug dealers, a lawyer and her 14-year-old son. She later said she killed Shakespeare in self-defence. Soon after the disappearance of Shakespeare, Moore, who was living in Shakespeare's house, kept using his cell phone and sending text messages to his friends and relatives, pretending she was Shakespeare. Recipients thought they did not sound like him and were suspicious because Shakespeare was illiterate. When people texted Shakespeare's phone back with questions that could not be answered by Moore, no response was given.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: During the same time that Moore was trying to make it appear as though Shakespeare was alive, she tried to find a person who would take the blame for Shakespeare's death for fifty thousand dollars. She also offered to pay someone to dig up and move Shakespeare's body to another location. Property records show that Moore's company, American Medical Professionals, bought Shakespeare's house. Moore told investigators she paid Shakespeare $655,000 for his home and paid $185,000 for outstanding loans (which were actually worth much more) to others; however, there is no evidence showing she paid Shakespeare anything. Moore offered the mother of one of Shakespeare's two sons a $200,000 home if she would lie to detectives and tell them she had seen him recently. She also paid $5,000 to a relative of Shakespeare's to give his mother a birthday card and imply it was from him.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: Through the investigation of Moore, it was learned that she had once staged a scene to fraudulently keep a vehicle which was in danger of being repossessed after falling behind on the payments. She had someone store the car in a garage and then pretended she was kidnapped, sexually assaulted and carjacked. Investigators claimed she taped her own wrists and threw herself from someone else's car. She even took a rape exam. She later pleaded no contest to the charge and received probation.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: On December 10, 2012, Moore was convicted of first degree murder for the killing of Shakespeare and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, with an additional minimum sentence of 25 years for possessing a gun in the course of a violent felony.


title: Abraham Shakespeare

text: The difficulties Shakespeare experienced as a result of winning the lottery and his subsequent murder were the focus of the American E! television program "Curse of the Lottery", part of an episode of "Lottery Changed My Life", and a 2013 episode of "American Greed". A July 2013 episode of "Deadly Women" also profiled the case, focusing on Dorice Moore's role in his murder. A September 2013 episode of "Snapped" focused on Moore's murder trial. Moore was also featured in a 2011 episode of the television show "Lockup" while in the Hillsborough County Jail in Tampa, Florida awaiting her trial. She stated that she planned on selling the rights to her story in order to pay $200,000 to a lawyer who could get her out. Moore denied all charges.


title: History of rockets

text: The first rockets were used as propulsion systems for arrows, and may have appeared as early as the 10th century in Song dynasty China. However more solid documentary evidence does not appear until the 13th century. The technology probably spread across Eurasia in the wake of the Mongol invasions of the mid-13th century. Usage of rockets as weapons before modern rocketry is attested to in China, Korea, India, and Europe. One of the first recorded rocket launchers is the "wasp nest" fire arrow launcher produced by the Ming dynasty in 1380. In Europe rockets were also used in the same year at the Battle of Chioggia. The Joseon kingdom of Korea used a type of mobile multiple rocket launcher known as the "Munjong Hwacha" by 1451.


title: History of rockets

text: The use of rockets in war became outdated by 15th century. The use of rockets in wars was revived with the creation of iron-cased rockets, which were used by Kingdom of Mysore (Mysorean rockets) and by Marathas during the mid 18th century, and were later copied by the British. The later models and improvements were known as the Congreve rocket and used in the Napoleonic Wars.


title: History of rockets

text: The dating of the invention of the first rocket, otherwise known as the gunpowder propelled fire arrow, is disputed. The "History of Song" attributes the invention to two different people at different times, Feng Zhisheng in 969 and Tang Fu in 1000. However Joseph Needham argues that rockets could not have existed before the 12th century, since the gunpowder formulas listed in the Wujing Zongyao are not suitable as rocket propellant.


title: History of rockets

text: Rockets may have been used as early as 1232, when reports appeared describing fire arrows and 'iron pots' that could be heard for 5 leagues (25 km, or 15 miles) when they exploded upon impact, causing devastation for a radius of , apparently due to shrapnel. A "flying fire-lance" that had re-usable barrels was also mentioned to have been used by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). Rockets are recorded to have been used by the Song navy in a military exercise dated to 1245. Internal-combustion rocket propulsion is mentioned in a reference to 1264, recording that the 'ground-rat,' a type of firework, had frightened the Empress-Mother Gongsheng at a feast held in her honor by her son the Emperor Lizong.


title: History of rockets

text: Subsequently, rockets are included in the military treatise "Huolongjing", also known as the Fire Drake Manual, written by the Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu in the mid-14th century. This text mentions the first known multistage rocket, the 'fire-dragon issuing from the water' (huo long chu shui), thought to have been used by the Chinese navy.


title: History of rockets

text: Rocket launchers known as "wasp nests" were ordered by the Ming army in 1380. In 1400, the Ming loyalist Li Jinglong used rocket launchers against the army of Zhu Di (Yongle Emperor).


title: History of rockets

text: The American historian Frank H. Winter proposed in "The Proceedings of the Twentieth and Twenty-First History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics" that southern China and the Laotian community rocket festivals might have been key in the subsequent spread of rocketry in the Orient.


title: History of rockets

text: The Chinese fire arrow was adopted by the Mongols in northern China, who employed Chinese rocketry experts as mercenaries in the Mongol army. Rockets are thought to have spread via the Mongol invasions to other areas of Eurasia in the mid 13th century.


title: History of rockets

text: Between 1270 and 1280, Hasan al-Rammah wrote his "al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya" ("The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices"), which included 107 gunpowder recipes, 22 of which are for rockets. According to Ahmad Y Hassan, al-Rammah's recipes were more explosive than rockets used in China at the time. The terminology used by al-Rammah indicates a Chinese origin for the gunpowder weapons he wrote about, such as rockets and fire lances. Ibn al-Baitar, an Arab from Spain who had immigrated to Egypt, described saltpeter as "snow of China" ( ). Al-Baytar died in 1248. The earlier Arab historians called saltpeter "Chinese snow" and " Chinese salt."


title: History of rockets

text: The Arabs used the name "Chinese arrows" to refer to rockets. The Arabs called fireworks "Chinese flowers". While saltpeter was called "Chinese Snow" by Arabs, it was called "Chinese salt" ( "namak-i čīnī") by the Iranians, or "salt from the Chinese marshes" ( ).


title: History of rockets

text: Mercenaries are recorded to have used hand held rockets in India in 1300. By the mid-14th century Indians were also using rockets in warfare.


title: History of rockets

text: The Kingdom of Mysore used rockets during the 18th century during the Anglo-Mysore Wars and wars against British. According to James Forbes Marathas also used iron-encased rockets in their battles.


title: History of rockets

text: The Korean kingdom of Joseon started producing gunpowder in 1374 and was producing cannons and rockets by 1377. However the multiple rocket launching carts known as the "Munjong hwacha" did not appear until 1451.


title: History of rockets

text: Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405) had the idea of launching rockets through tubes, so that they could make more accurate flights. Froissart's idea is a forerunner of the modern bazooka.


title: History of rockets

text: According to the 18th-century historian Ludovico Antonio Muratori, rockets were used in the war between the Republics of Genoa and Venice at Chioggia in 1380. It is uncertain whether Muratori was correct in his interpretation, as the reference might also have been to bombard, but


title: History of rockets

text: Muratori is the source for the widespread claim that the earliest recorded European use of rocket artillery dates to 1380.


title: History of rockets

text: Joanes de Fontana in "Bellicorum instrumentorum liber" (c. 1420) described flying rockets in the shape of doves, running rockets in the shape of hares, and a large car driven by three rockets, as well as a large rocket torpedo with the head of a sea monster.


title: History of rockets

text: In the mid-16th century, Conrad Haas wrote a book that described rocket technology that combined fireworks and weapons technologies. This manuscript was discovered in 1961, in the Sibiu public records (Sibiu public records "Varia II 374"). His work dealt with the theory of motion of multi-stage rockets, different fuel mixtures using liquid fuel, and introduced delta-shape fins and bell-shaped nozzles.


title: History of rockets

text: The name "Rocket" comes from the Italian "rocchetta", meaning "bobbin" or "little spindle", given due to the similarity in shape to the bobbin or spool used to hold the thread to be fed to a spinning wheel. The Italian term was adopted into German in the mid 16th century, by Leonhard Fronsperger in a book on rocket artillery published in 1557, using the spelling "rogete", and by Conrad Haas as "rackette"; adoption into English dates to ca. 1610. Johann Schmidlap, a German fireworks maker, is believed to have experimented with staging in 1590.


title: History of rockets

text: Lagari Hasan Çelebi was a legendary Ottoman aviator who, according to an account written by Evliya Çelebi, made a successful manned rocket flight. Evliya Çelebi purported that in 1633 Lagari launched in a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (63.5 kg, or 140 lbs) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.