title: Jungle Cruise

text: For years, Walt Disney Pictures contemplated the idea of making a full-length, action adventure film loosely inspired by the theme park attraction. Early planning set a production starting date in 2006 with a planned theatrical release in 2007, but multiple changes to the script and other issues delayed film production. The original screenplay by Josh Goldstein and John Norville was reportedly rewritten by Al Gough and Miles Millar.


title: Jungle Cruise

text: Initially announced to star "Toy Story" duo Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, a later iteration of the project selected Dwayne Johnson for the starring role. The film was described by "The Hollywood Reporter" as a "period piece in the vein of Humphrey Bogart's "The African Queen"". Johnson also signed on as a producer, and production began in 2018. The film's release was delayed from 2019 to 2020 originally, and it was postponed again to 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The world premiere for "Jungle Cruise" was held at Disneyland on July 24, 2021, followed by a theatrical release in the United States on July 30, 2021. The film's plot focuses on a group's riverboat journey through a jungle in search of a cure for many diseases.


title: Digambara

text: Digambara (; "sky-clad") is one of the two major schools of Jainism, the other being "Śvētāmbara" (white-clad). The Sanskrit word "Digambara" means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes.


title: Digambara

text: Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards female monastics, their legends, and the texts they consider as important.


title: Digambara

text: Digambara monks cherish the virtue of non-attachment and non-possession of any material goods. Monks carry a community-owned "picchi", which is a broom made of fallen peacock feathers for removing and thus saving the life of insects in their path or before they sit.


title: Digambara

text: The Digambara literature can be traced only to the first millennium, with its oldest surviving sacred text being the mid-second century "Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama" "Scripture in Six Parts" of Dharasena (the Moodabidri manuscripts). One of the most important scholar-monks of the Digambara tradition was Kundakunda.


title: Digambara

text: Digambara Jain communities are currently found mainly in most parts of North India in states like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, parts of south Maharashtra and Karnataka. According to Jeffery D. Long, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, less than one fifth of all Jains in India have a Digambara heritage.


title: Digambara

text: According to Heinrich Zimmer, the word "Digambara" is a combination of two Sanskrit words: "dik" (दिक्) (space, sky) and "ambara" (अम्बर) (garment), referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space.


title: Digambara

text: The Digambaras and Svetambaras disagree on how the Digambara subtradition started in Jainism. According to Digambaras, they are the original followers of Mahavira and Svetambaras branched off later in the time of Bhadrabahu when their forecasted twelve-year famine triggered their migration from central India. One group of Jain monks headed west and north towards Rajasthan, while the second group headed south towards Karnataka. The former became Svetambaras and retained their "heretic" beliefs and practices such as wearing "white clothes" they adopted there, say the Digambaras. In contrast, according to Svetambaras, they are the original followers, and Digambaras arose 609 years after the death of Mahavira (about 1st century CE) because of an arrogant man named Sivabhuti who became a Jain monk in a fit of pique after a fight at home. He is accused of starting the Digambara Jain tradition with what Svetambara call as "eight concealments", of rejecting Jain texts preserved by the Svetambara tradition, and misunderstanding the Jain ideology including those related to nuns and clothes. Neither of these explanations can be found in early Jain or non-Jain texts. The earliest version of this Digambara story appears in the 10th century CE, while the earliest version of the Svetambara story appears in the 5th century CE.


title: Digambara

text: In 1943, Heinrich Zimmer proposed that the Greek records of 4th-century BCE mention gymnosophists (naked philosophers) which may have links to the tradition of "nude ascetics" claimed by the "Digambaras". In 2011, Patrick Olivelle stated that the context in which the Greek records mention gymnosophists include ritual suicide by cremation traceable to ancient Brahmanism, rather than the traditional Jain ritual of embracing death by starvation and taking samadhi by voluntarily sacrificing everything including food and water ("sallekhana"). Dundas talks about the archeological evidences which indicate that Jain monks moved from the practice of total nudity towards wearing clothes in later period. Tirthankara statues found in Mathura and dated to 2nd-century CE or after are naked. The oldest Tirthankara statue wearing a cloth is dated in 5th century CE. "Digamabara" statues of tirthankara belonging to Gupta period has half-closed eyes.


title: Digambara

text: In 17th-century, "adhyatma" movement in Agra led to rise of "terapanthi" and "bisapanthi" sub-sects based on the differences over acceptance of authority of "bhattarakas". King Jai Singh II (1688-1743) of Amer kingdom built separate temples for the two sub-sects in his newly established capital of Jaipur. "Terapanthis", led by scholars like Pandit Todarmal and Banarasidas, rejected the authority of "bhattarakas".


title: Digambara

text: Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Svetambara iconography starts appearing.


title: Digambara

text: According to "Digambara" texts, after liberation of Mahavira, three "Anubaddha Kevalīs" attained "Kevalajñāna" (omniscience) sequentially – Gautama "Gaņadhara", "Acharya" Sudharma Swami, and Jambusvami in next 62 years. During the next hundred years, five "Āchāryas" had complete knowledge of the scriptures, as such, called "Śruta Kevalīs", the last of them being "Āchārya" Bhadrabahu. Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as "Pattavali". Digambara tradition consider Dharasena to be the 33rd teacher in succession of Gautama, 683 years after the "nirvana" of Mahavira.


title: Digambara

text: In the Digambara tradition, the following lineage of teachers are revered: Mahavira, Gautama, Kundakunda, Bhadrabahu, Umaswami, Samantabhadra, Siddhasena Divakara, Pujyapada, Manatunga, Virasena, Jinasena, Nemichandra. Kundakunda is considered the most significant scholar monk of the Digambara tradition of Jainism. He authored Prakrit texts such as the "Samayasāra" and the "Pravacanasāra". Other prominent "Acharyas" of this tradition were, Virasena (author of a commentary on the "Dhavala"), Samantabhadra and Siddhasena Divakara. The "Satkhandagama" and "Kasayapahuda" have major significance in the "Digambara" tradition.


title: Digambara

text: There have been several Digambara monastic lineages that all trace their descent to Mahavira. The historical linages included "Mula Sangha" (further vivided into "Nandi", "Sena", "Simha" and "Deva" Sanghas) and now largely extinct Kashtha Sangha (which included "Mathura" sangha, ""Lat-Vagad" etc.), Dravida Sangh. The text Darshana-Sara of Devasena discusses the supposed differences among the orders. The "Mula sangha" orders include "Deshiya Gana" (Bhattarakas of Shravanabelgola etc.) and "Balatkara Gana" (Bhattarakas of Humcha, and numerous linages of North/Central India) traditions. The "Bhattarakas" of Shravanabelagola and Mudbidri belong to "Deshiya Gana" and the "Bhattaraka" of Humbaj belongs to the "Balatkara Gana".


title: Digambara

text: The "Digambara" sect of Jainism rejects the texts and canonical literature of the "Svetambara" sect. They believe that the words of Mahavira neither survive nor could be recorded. The original teachings went through a rapid period of decline, state the Digambaras, and Svetambara claims of preserving the sacred knowledge and ancient "angas" is false.


title: Digambara

text: According to the "Digambaras", their 33rd "achārya" was Dharasena who knew one "anga", and he taught these to Pushpadanta and Bhutabali, 683 years after the "moksha" of Mahavira. That "anga" was also lost with the death of those two. Dharasena's teachings that have survived are "Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama" (Scripture of Six Parts) and "Kasayapahuda" (Treatise on the Passions), which were written on palm leaves near a cave in Mount Girnar (Gujarat) and a copy of which with a 12th-century commentary came to Tulu Nadu (south Karnataka). This has survived as the Mudbidri manuscripts, which were used by regional Jains not for reading and study, but as an object of devotional worship for centuries. In the 19th century, the fragile and decaying manuscript was copied and portions of it leaked to scholars between 1896 and 1922 despite objections of Digambara monks. It is considered to be the oldest known "Digambara" text ultimately traceable to the 2nd-century.


title: Digambara

text: These two oldest known Digambara tradition texts – "Satkhandagama" and "Kasayapahuda" – are predominantly a treatise about the soul and Karma theory, written in Prakrit language. Philologically, the text belongs to about the 2nd-century, and has nothing that suggests it is of "immemorial antiquity". In details, the text is quite similar in its teachings to those found in "Prajnapana" – the 4th "upanga" – of Svetambaras. Between the two, the poetic meter of "Satkhandagama" suggests it was composed after the Svetambara text.


title: Digambara

text: Digambaras, unlike Svetambaras, do not have a canon. They do have a quasi-canonical literature grouped into four literary categories called "anuyoga" (exposition) since the time of the Digambara scholar Rakshita. The "prathmanuyoga" (first exposition) contains the universal history, the "karananuyoga" (calculation exposition) contains works on cosmology, the "charananuyoga" (behaviour exposition) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and lay people, while the "dravyanuyoga" (entity exposition) contains metaphysical discussions. In the Digambara tradition, it is not the oldest texts that have survived in its temples and monasteries that attract the most study or reverence, rather it is the late 9th-century "Mahapurana" (universal history) of Jinasena that is the most revered and cherished. The "Mahapurana" includes not only religious history, but also the sociological history of the Jaina people – including the Jain caste system and its origins as formulated by Rishabhanatha – from the Digambara Jaina perspective. The "Digamabara" tradition maintains a long list of revered teachers, and this list includes Kundakunda, Samantabhadra, Pujyapada, Jinasena, Akalanka, Vidyanandi, Somadeva and Asadhara.


title: Digambara

text: The lifestyle and behavioral conduct of a "Digambara" monk is guided by a code called "mulacara" ("mulachara"). This includes 28 "mūla guņas" (primary attributes) for the monk. The oldest text containing these norms is the 2nd-century "Mulachara" attributed to Vattekara, that probably originated in the Mathura region.


title: Digambara

text: These are: 5 "mahāvratas" (great vows); 5 "samitis" (restraints); 5 "indriya nirodha" (control of the five senses); 6 "āvaśyakas" (essential observations); and 7 "niyamas" (rules).


title: Digambara

text: "Digambara" monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be "parigraha" (possession), which ultimately leads to attachment. The monks carry "picchi", a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects to avoid causing injury and "Kamandalu" (the gourd for carrying pure, sterilized water). The head of all monastics is called "Āchārya", while the saintly preceptor of saints is the "upādhyāya". The "Āchārya" has 36 primary attributes ("mūla guņa") in addition to the 28 mentioned above.


title: Digambara

text: The monks perform "kayotsarga" daily, in a rigid and immobile posture, with the arms held stiffly down, knees straight, and toes directed forward.


title: Digambara

text: Female monastics in Digambara tradition are known as "aryikas". Digambara nuns, unlike the monks in their tradition, wear clothes. Given their beliefs such as non-attachment and non-possession, the Digambara tradition has held that women cannot achieve salvation (moksha) as men can, and the best a nun can achieve is to be reborn as a man in the next rebirth. The monks are held to be of higher status than nuns in Digambara monasteries, states Jeffery Long. From the Digambara monk's perspective, both Digambara nuns and Svetambara monastic community are simply more pious Jain layperson, who do not or are unable to fully practice the Jain monastic vows.


title: Digambara

text: Digambara nuns are relatively rare in comparison to the nuns found in Svetambara traditions. According to a 1970s and 1980s survey of Jain subtraditions, there were about 125 Digambara monks in India and 50 Digambara nuns. This compared to 3,400 nuns and 1,200 monks in the Svetambara tradition.


title: Digambara

text: The Digambar Akhara, which along with other akharas, also participates in various inter-sectarian ("sampradaya") religious activities including Kumbh Melas, is completely unrelated to Digambar Jain tradition, even though they also practice nudity.


title: Digambara

text: The "Digambara" Jains worship completely nude idols of "tirthankaras" (omniscient beings) and "siddha" (liberated souls). The "tirthankara" is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the "Kayotsarga" posture.


title: Digambara

text: Modern "Digambara" community is divided into various sub-sects viz. "Terapanthi", "Bispanthi", "Taranpanthi" (or "Samayiapanthi"), "Gumanapanthi", "Totapanthi" and "Kanjipanthi". Both the "terapanthis" and "bisapanthis" worship with "ashta-dravya" which includes "jal" (water), "chandan" (sandal), "akshata" (sacred rice), "pushp" (yellow rice), "deep" (yellow dry coconut), "dhup" ("kapoor" or cloves) and "phal" (almonds). "Bisapanthi" religious practices include "aarti" and offerings of flowers, fruits and "prasad" whereas "terapanthis" don't use them. "Bispanthis" worship minor gods and goddesses like "Yaksha" and "Yakshini" like Bhairava and Kshetrapala whereas "terapanthis" do not. "Bisapanthis" accept "bhattarakas" as their religious leaders but "terapanthis" do not. "Terapanthis" occur in large numbers in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Bidapanthis are concentrated in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharastra and South India.


title: Digambara

text: According to "Digambara" texts, after attaining "Kevala Jnana" (omniscience), "arihant" (omniscient beings) are free from human needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep. In contrast, Śvētāmbara texts preach that it is not so. According to the "Digambara" tradition, a soul can attain "moksha" (liberation) only from the male body with complete nudity being a necessity, while Śvētāmbaras believe that it is possible to attain liberation from a female body, and that renunciation of clothes is not at all necessary.


title: Smørrebrød

text: Bread is a very important part of the Scandinavian diet, primarily , which is sourdough rye bread. It is a dark, heavy bread which is often bought sliced, in varieties from light-coloured rye to very dark, and from refined to whole-grain. It forms the basis of , which is closely related to the Swedish . Some toppings are served on ('French bread'), a very light, crusty wheat bread. The bread is usually buttered, though for some variants, a spread of lard is customary.


title: Smørrebrød

text: Traditional toppings include pickled herrings (plain, spiced or curried), slightly sweeter than Dutch or German herrings; thinly sliced cheese in many varieties; sliced cucumber, tomato and boiled eggs; pork liver-paste; dozens of types of cured or processed meat in thin slices, or smoked fish such as salmon; mackerel in tomato sauce; pickled cucumber; boiled egg, and rings of red onion. Mayonnaise mixed with peas, sliced boiled asparagus and diced carrot, called ('Italian salad'), remoulade or other thick sauces often top the layered open sandwich, which is usually eaten with utensils. It is custom to pass the dish of sliced bread around the table, and then to pass around each dish of toppings, and people help themselves.


title: Smørrebrød

text: More festive meals can be loosely divided into courses: fish toppings first (such as herring, shrimp, or smoked salmon) followed by cold cuts and salads, and finally cheese with bread or crackers and fruit. One or several warm dishes are often served with the meats on special occasions, such as breaded plaice filet, fried sausage, with pickled red cabbage, or (pork tenderloin with sauteed onions or a creamy mushroom sauce). Toppings change with the seasons and some are mostly associated with Easter or Christmas lunches, like head cheese and (lit. 'apple pork', roast pork or bacon in apple sauce). Summer offers lighter fare such as smoked mackerel, (lit. 'summer salad', radish and cucumber in a smoked cheese dressing), new potatoes, and freshly peeled shrimp.


title: Dew

text: Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation.


title: Dew

text: As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat, atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate, resulting in the formation of water droplets.


title: Dew

text: Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces, in late summer it forms most easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground, such as grass, leaves, railings, car roofs, and bridges.


title: Dew

text: Water vapor will condense into droplets depending on the temperature. The temperature at which droplets form is called the "dew point". When surface temperature drops, eventually reaching the dew point, atmospheric water vapor condenses to form small droplets on the surface. This process distinguishes dew from those hydrometeors (meteorological occurrences of water), which form directly in air that has cooled to its dew point (typically around condensation nuclei), such as fog or clouds. The thermodynamic principles of formation, however, are the same. Dew is commonly formed during select times of the day. Nights, early mornings, and early evenings are all times during which dew is likely to be found.


title: Dew

text: Adequate cooling of the surface typically takes place when it loses more energy by infrared radiation than it receives as solar radiation from the sun, which is especially the case on clear nights. Poor thermal conductivity restricts the replacement of such losses from deeper ground layers, which are typically warmer at night. Preferred objects of dew formation are thus poor conducting or well isolated from the ground, and non-metallic, while shiny metal coated surfaces are poor infrared radiators. Preferred weather conditions include the absence of clouds and little water vapor in the higher atmosphere to minimize greenhouse effects and sufficient humidity of the air near the ground. Typical dew nights are classically considered calm, because the wind transports (nocturnally) warmer air from higher levels to the cold surface. However, if the atmosphere is the major source of moisture (this type is called dewfall), a certain amount of ventilation is needed to replace the vapor that is already condensed. The highest optimum wind speeds could be found on arid islands. If the wet soil beneath is the major source of vapor, however (this type of dew formation is called distillation), wind always seems adverse.


title: Dew

text: The processes of dew formation do not restrict its occurrence to the night and the outdoors. They are also working when eyeglasses get steamy in a warm, wet room or in industrial processes. However, the term condensation is preferred in these cases.


title: Dew

text: A classical device for dew measurement is the drosometer. A small, (artificial) condenser surface is suspended from an arm attached to a pointer or a pen that records the weight changes of the condenser on a drum. Besides being very wind sensitive, however, this, like all artificial surface devices, only provides a measure of the meteorological potential for dew formation. The actual amount of dew in a specific place is strongly dependent on surface properties. For its measurement, plants, leaves, or whole soil columns are placed on a balance with their surface at the same height and in the same surroundings as would occur naturally, thus providing a small lysimeter. Further methods include estimation by means of comparing the droplets to standardized photographs, or volumetric measurement of the amount of water wiped from the surface. Some of these methods include guttation, while others only measure dewfall and/or distillation.


title: Dew

text: Due to its dependence on radiation balance, dew amounts can reach a theoretical maximum of about 0.8 mm per night; measured values, however, rarely exceed 0.5 mm. In most climates of the world, the annual average is too small to compete with rain. In regions with considerable dry seasons, adapted plants like lichen or pine seedlings benefit from dew. Large-scale, natural irrigation without rainfall, such as in the Atacama Desert and Namib desert, however, is mostly attributed to fog water. In the Negev Desert in Israel, dew has been found to account for almost half of the water found in three dominant desert species, "Salsola inermis, Artemisia sieberi and Haloxylon scoparium".


title: Dew

text: Another effect of dew is its hydration of fungal substrates and the mycelia of species such as Pleated Inkcaps on lawns and "Phytophthora infestans" which causes blight on potato plants.


title: Dew

text: The book "On the Universe" ("De Mundo") (composed before 250 BC or between 350 and 200 BC) stated: "Dew is moisture minute in composition falling from a clear sky; ice is water congealed in a condensed form from a clear sky; hoar-frost is congealed dew, and 'dew-frost' is dew which is half congealed".


title: Dew

text: Also, according to the myth, the dew in the morning was created when Eos (Ersa's aunt), goddess of the dawn, cried for her son's death, although lately he received immortality.


title: Dew

text: Dew, known in Hebrew as טל ("tal"), is significant in the Jewish religion for agricultural and theological purposes. On the first day of Passover, the "Chazan", dressed in a white "kittel", leads a service in which he prays for dew between that point and Sukkot. During the rainy season between December and Passover there are also additions in the Amidah for blessed dew to come together with rain. There are many midrashim that refer to dew as being the tool for ultimate resurrection.


title: Dew

text: In the Biblical Torah or Old Testament, dew is used symbolically in : "My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distill as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass."


title: Dew

text: The potentially allows water availability in areas where supporting weather conditions, such as rain, are lacking. Several man-made devices such as antique big stone piles in Ukraine, medieval dew ponds in southern England, and volcanic stone covers on the fields of Lanzarote have been thought to be dew-catching devices, but could be shown to work on other principles. At present, the International Organization for Dew Utilization (OPUR) is working on effective, foil-based condensers for regions where rain or fog cannot cover water needs throughout the year.


title: Dew

text: Large-scale dew harvesting systems have been made by the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA) with the participation of OPUR in the coastal, semiarid region of Kutch.These condensers can harvest more than 200 liters (on average) of dew water per night for about 90 nights in the October-to-May dew season. The IIMA research laboratory has shown that dew can serve as a supplementary source of water in coastal arid areas.


title: Dew

text: A large-scale dew harvesting scheme envisages circulating cold sea water in EPDM collectors near the seashore. These condense dew and fog to supply clean drinking water. Other, more recent, studies display possible roof integration for dew harvesting devices.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: Choi Min-soo (born March 27, 1962) is a South Korean actor. He is known as one of the most acclaimed actors in South Korea.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: Choi's family has been active in acting, and singing. Choi is the son of Choi Moo-ryong, a popular actor of the 1960s and 1970s, and Kang Hyo-shil, an actress. His maternal grandmother is Jeon Ok, referred to as 'Queen of Tears' for her excellence at acting for tragic dramas. His grandfather is Kang Hong-shik, an actor, a film director and singer active during the Japanese occupation period. Kang Hong-sik and Jeon Ok were the first married couple in Korean entertainment history. Kang went over to North Korea along with his daughter Kang Hyo-son who later became a famous actress of North Korea. Kang Hong-shik was honored as "Merited artist" as well.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: Choi graduated from Lila Elementary School, Seongdong Middle School, Dongbuk High School and Seoul Arts College. Choi debuted to the film industry in 1985 with "Son of God", a film adapted from Park Bong-seong's same titled manhwa.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: Choi has three sisters and one half sister from his father's second marriage with Kim Ji-mee, and one little half brother and half sister from his father's other marriage.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: Choi met his wife June Elizabeth Kang from an international Miss Korea Beauty Pageant in 1993 where Kang was being represented as Miss Canada. Choi proposed to Kang after a three-hour meeting and they were married June 18, 1994 in Seoul. They have two children, Christian (born 1996) and Benjamin (born 2001).


title: Choi Min-soo

text: Choi took a voluntary leave from acting following a scandal in 2008. He was involved in an assault case in April 2008 after a street-side argument ended in violence. An elderly man saw Choi cursing at another driver and rebuked him. The situation escalated and Choi assaulted the man. The actor attempted to drive away, but the man grabbed onto the hood of the car and refused to let go. Choi was let go by police when the victim declined to press charges, but the public reaction was swift and condemning. The actor apologized profusely for his behavior and swore to live in exile in the mountains, away from his wife and children, for a year.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: In 2015, Choi punched the main production director of the KBS variety show, A Look At Myself. Choi later withdrew from the program.


title: Choi Min-soo

text: In 2019, Choi was sentenced to two years probation for retaliatory driving due to an incident which took place on September 17, 2018. Both Choi and the prosecution have appealed the sentence.


title: Trattoria

text: A trattoria (plural: "trattorie") is an Italian-style eating establishment that is generally much less formal than a "ristorante", but more formal than an "osteria".


title: Trattoria

text: A "trattoria" rooted in tradition may typically provide no printed menu, casual service, wine sold by the decanter rather than the bottle, and low prices, with an emphasis on a steady clientele rather than on "haute cuisine". Food tends to be modest but plentiful, mostly following regional and local recipes, sometimes even served family-style, at common tables. This homely tradition has waned in recent decades. Many "trattorie" have taken on some of the trappings of a "ristorante", providing relatively few concessions to the old rustic and familial style. The name "trattoria" has also been adopted by some high-level restaurants.


title: Trattoria

text: Optionally, "trattoria" food could be bought in containers to be taken home. Etymologically, the word is cognate with the French term "traiteur" (a caterer providing take-out food). Derived in Italian from "trarre", meaning 'to treat' (from the Latin "tractare"/"trahere", i.e. 'to draw'), its etymology has also been linked to the Latin term "littera tractoria", which referred to a letter ordering provision of food and drink for officials traveling on the business of the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Lucifer is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language political action thriller film directed by Prithviraj Sukumaran and written by Murali Gopy. Produced by Antony Perumbavoor through the production house Aashirvad Cinemas, the film marks Prithviraj's directorial debut and features Mohanlal in titular role, alongside an ensemble supporting cast including Vivek Oberoi, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas, Indrajith Sukumaran, Prithviraj Sukumaran, Nyla Usha, Sai kumar, Baiju Santhosh, Kalabhavan Shajohn, Suresh Chandra Menon and Saniya Iyappan. Deepak Dev composed the film's music, and the cinematography was handled by Sujith Vaassudev.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Development of the film began in 2016 when Murali pitched a story to Prithviraj at the sets of "Tiyaan" in Ramoji Film City, it was when he decided to make "Lucifer" his directorial debut. Title of the film was taken from an unrealised project of director Rajesh Pillai which was also written by Murali with another story. Pre-production of "Lucifer" began in 2017 and Murali completed the final draft of the screenplay in February 2018. Principal photography began in mid-July that year and lasted till January 2019, with filming carried out in Thiruvananthapuram, Idukki, Ernakulam, and Kollam districts, and Mumbai, Bangalore, Lakshadweep, and Russia.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: "Lucifer" was released in theatres worldwide on 28 March 2019. It was also dubbed and released in Hindi and Telugu. The film broke many box office records for a Malayalam film, crossing the mark in four days, mark in eight days, and the mark in 21 days becoming the fastest Malayalam film to reach all three milestones. As of July 2021, Lucifer is the only Malayalam film to earn more than ₹200 crore, including its box office collections and the earnings from the sale of its satellite rights and digital streaming rights in other languages. It is currently the highest-grossing Malayalam film ever. The film received positive reviews from critics praising the characterization, cast performances, cinematography, editing, background score, action sequences, writing and direction. "Lucifer" is the first installment in a trilogy and will be followed by "L2: Empuraan" and an untitled sequel, which are in development. A Telugu remake titled "Godfather" was released in October 2022.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: At Interpol's office in Lyon, an officer is looking at reports about Khureshi-Ab'ram—a mysterious international criminal, involved in transcontinental trade. A message from the CIA is received on his computer. They suspect a diamond-gold nexus is working, in tandem, with the warlords of Africa. Along with the message, a rear image of a person taken in Istanbul on 7 April 2006, is also attached. The officer dials Interpol's secure phone line and says: "Flag it off. It's Ab'ram. Khureshi-Ab'ram".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Meanwhile, in Kerala, CM P. K. Ramdas (PKR), who is the leader of the ruling party Indian Union Front (IUF), has died at the Medayil Institute of Medical Science and Research. This happens to be the hospital of the daughter of the opposition party's (RPIM) leader, Medayil Rajan. Taking advantage of the situation and believing that it would benefit in the upcoming election, acting CM, Mahesha Varma sends party workers to riot outside the hospital, accusing Rajan of murder. Govardhan, a truth-seeker, records a Facebook live stream and condemns those who praise PKR, claiming that he was a puppet, during his final years in the hands of a financial syndicate that controls the Indian political system. He claims that the IUF party has twice the amount of money than the entire state's treasury, and the person who will replace PKR is crucial. He lists five possible candidates during the live stream: Priyadarshini "Priya" Ramdas Nair, Bimal "Bobby" Nair, Jathin Ramdas, Varma, and Stephen Nedumpally.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Priya and Jathin are PKR's children. Priya has a college-going daughter, Jhanvi, from her first husband Jayadevan, who died in an apparent car accident in Dubai, seven years ago. After a year, she married Bobby, a notorious and discreet drug dealer, who is mainly known for his real estate and hawala scams. He also has links with the Bombay Underworld, all unknown to Priya and the party. While Jathin lives in the US, not much is known about him. Varma declares himself as the most likely successor to PKR, due to his seniority in the party, and particularly for his lobbying skills. Stephen Nedumpally is a mysterious person promoted by PKR, a name which was not heard until the last six years. Govardhan describes him as the "most dangerous" person from the list, and addresses him as "Lucifer". Stephen's past is unknown, but is now known for his contract work for post-war reconstruction in Iraq and Afghanistan and gold smuggling from Dubai to Kerala, which is retrieved from Govardhan's dark web research.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Govardhan questions why PKR endorsed such a person by consorting him in every venue and vacating his consecutively winning Nedumpally assembly seat for him, last year. Meanwhile, in Mumbai, Bobby meets his partner, Abdul, and tells him that PKR had given him an ultimatum to stop his drug trafficking a month ago. With PKR's demise, Bobby plans to fund the IUF party with drug money, overthrowing present financier Manappattil Chandy by offering him money three times as initially promised. With the help of Abdul, Bobby cuts a deal with drug boss Fyodor, who agrees to transfer every month in exchange for importing unchecked drug contraband into Kerala, once the IUF wins the election. For the deal to proceed, Bobby has to first set up a drug production plant. Abdul insists that the plant should be in the government-sealed timber factory in the Nedumpally range. At the same time, the last rites of PKR are carried out in Kerala, where Priya asks Varma to forbid Stephen from taking part in the ceremony.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: On Varma's orders, city commissioner Mayilvahanam attempts hindering his way, but fails. Jathin, who should be performing PKR rituals is absent—last informed to be on a camping trip. On that night, Bobby arrives home, where he gives some Malana cream to Jhanvi, without Priya's knowledge and convenes a meeting with the IUF ministers, informing his decision to fund the party and dissolve the current ministry, which will ensure the preponement of the elections, so that they can take advantage on the present sympathy wave and nominate Jathin as the party's next CM candidate. Since Chandy is Stephen's ally, Varma advices Bobby to negotiate with Stephen, but Stephen objects to fund the party with the drug money and threatens Bobby. Enraged, Bobby assigns Sanjeev, who is the chief of IUF-funded news network NPTV, to start a smear campaign against Stephen, much to the chagrin of his co-worker and wife Arundathi. A reporter is sent to Govardhan to collect evidence, based on his claims.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Govardhan doesn't have the evidence, but claims Chandy is backed by the Khureshi-Ab'ram gang, a nexus that controls the gold-diamond trade around the world and hands over a file named "Govardhan's X-Files" containing pieces of evidence against Bobby. Sanjeev delivers the evidence to Bobby, where Govardhan is captured by IUF activist Murugan and is confined to an asylum. Bobby send men to timber factory. Upon knowing this, Stephen kills six of them and defeats the rest. Stephen's aide and Bobby's mole Aloshy espys the incident and reports it to Varma and Bobby. Mayilvaahanam is sent to detect evidence from the premise, but finds nothing. From Priya's diary, Bobby finds out that she resents Stephen because her father gave more care for him, who was brought to their home as a child and was the cause for a rift between her parents. Stephen runs Ashrayam, a destitute home. Aloshy persuades one of the inmates Aparna to slander Stephen.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: On NPTV, she accuses Stephen of smuggling contraband and other illegal activities. This creates public outrage against Stephen, who is arrested and imprisoned. In prison, Stephen gets a phone call from his mercenary and confidant Zayed Masood. Jathin arrives and impresses public with his speech. While transferring fund to Bobby, Fyodor's containers are sabotaged by Zayed and his cohorts, who demand the release of Stephen. Bobby agrees, but Varma meets Rajan to arrange a hit on Stephen by his party goons in prison, the attempt fails. Left with no choice, Varma releases him. Meanwhile, Jhanvi is hospitalised after LSD overdose. Mayilvaahanam blackmails Priya for sex in exchange for not filing a case against Jhanvi. From Jhanvi, Priya learns of Bobby's predatory behaviour towards her. When asked, Bobby admits and threatens to expose Jhanvi's contacts with drug peddlers and threatens to kill her and Jhanvi like Jayadevan and PKR.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Meanwhile, Aparna admits on NPTV that she lied about Stephen. With no other choice, Priya seeks the help of Stephen, who vows to protect them. Stephen's men kill Mayilvaahanam and meets Sanjeev to clear NPTV's debts, taking control of the channel. Jathin and Priya convene a press conference to expose Bobby's illegal trades. Jathin tells Bobby that his allegiance is with Stephen. Bobby is captured in Mumbai by Fyodor's men. Before Fyodor could kill him, Zayed and his gang kill them, rescuing Bobby for Stephen to kill. Revealing himself to be Stephen's spy, Murugan kills Aloshy. Govardhan is released and reunited with his wife and daughter and Jathin is elected as the new CM. In a mid-credits scene, Stephen meets Masood and his gang, in a remote location in Russia. He attends a phone call from a gold-diamond trafficker, Sanghani, to whom he reveals himself as Khureshi-Ab'ram, much to Sanghani's shock. Headlines of various international newspapers are shown reporting Ab'ram as the head of an unnamed crime syndicate.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In mid-2012, media outlets reported that a film titled "Lucifer" was in development, to be directed by Rajesh Pillai, scripted by Murali Gopy, starring Mohanlal and produced by Antony Perumbavoor of Aashirvad Cinemas, planned as a 2013 release. Later, Pillai confirmed the news and said it is his "dream come true" to direct Mohanlal and the film will be a "treat" for his fans. Filming was to begin in 2013. Aashirvad Cinemas registered the title in 2012 with the Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce. However, in May 2013, Pillai said the production would not begin that year as he was busy with "Motorcycle Diaries" and Murali was working on "Left Right Left"; they are planning a discussion in June hoping to begin filming by January 2014. He also disclosed "Lucifer" is a thriller and the story has been developed. Pillai's regular collaborator Kunchacko Boban was reported to be in the cast. Boban commented that he has not signed the film, but did not denied the possibility. Pillai confirmed Murali would be acting in the film. Only Mohanlal and Murali was decided on the cast as of May 2013. In July, it was reported Murali had begun screenwriting. However, the project did not come to fruition and Pillai moved on to work on other films. He died of health issues in February 2016. The film was dropped.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In a July 2016 interview, Murali revealed to "The Hindu" that he is planning to work on a screenplay titled "Lucifer" between his other commitments. On 15 September, actor Prithviraj Sukumaran announced that "Lucifer", written by Murali, starring Mohanlal and produced by Aashirvad Cinemas, would be his directorial debut. Murali and Prithviraj clarified that it is not the same film as Pillai's "Lucifer", but they have taken the title. Murali had prepared two one-line stories both under the working title "Lucifer". Pillai was to direct the film based on the first story, but that film did not materialise and hence discarded that story. The second story was narrated to Prithviraj which he liked.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Murali had discussed this story with Mohanlal in 2012, but there had been no decision made on a director. Murali said Prithviraj was interested in directing a film based on his screenplay and they discussed it for about a year. Prithviraj also had a wish to cast Mohanlal in his directorial debut, and that is why he decided to share the story idea of "Lucifer" with him. Murali pitched the idea while they were having a casual chat at the sets of "Tiyaan" (2016) in Ramoji Film City. Prithviraj was interested but skeptical whether Mohanlal and Antony Perumbavoor would agree on he directing the film as "it was a story that any big filmmaker would say yes to". The next day Antony met them in Hyderabad and reached Mohanlal by phone and the project was set in motion. According to Prithviraj, "the thought behind the film and what the film can be" attracted him. Murali was planning to write the final draft of screenplay after finishing his acting commitments in "Tiyaan" and "Kammara Sambhavam".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In December 2016, Mohanlal said "Lucifer" was still in its nascent stage and needed to be developed into a screenplay saying, "the content has to be good and that's what the focus is right now". In February 2017, Prithviraj said they would begin pre-production later in 2017 and filming would begin in 2018. In April, Mohanlal, Prithviraj, Murali and Antony convened a press conference to announce the official beginning of pre-production. Prithviraj said the script had not yet been "fleshed out" and the rest of the cast would be decided after that. Prithviraj bought a new apartment in Thevara as a work-space for scripting and pre-production work of "Lucifer" and his future projects: "I felt I needed a space to assemble my team. Do the research and develop the film. This place might well be known as "Lucifer" office in future". In a June 2017 interview, Prithviraj revealed that "Lucifer" would be a 2019 release. In October, Murali said he would take a break after acting in "Kammara Sambhavam" to write "Lucifer" and complete it by February 2018. In December, Prithviraj said the writing was progressing and plans are to start filming by the end of May or beginning of June 2018 after he completes the first schedule of "Aadujeevitham".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Murali and Prithviraj narrated the final draft of the screenplay to Mohanlal on 26 March 2018 on the sets of "Odiyan". Mohanlal liked the script and agreed to go ahead with shooting. Location scouting began in April 2018. In June, Mohanlal told "The Times of India" that the film would be shot in Kerala, Mumbai, and in a foreign location. The team was finalising the locations in Thiruvananthapuram by the end of the month. Prithviraj disclosed in a channel podcast that filming would begin on 18 July. This was later updated to 16 July. Close to the beginning of shooting the film, Prithviraj hinted the film deals with politics. However, he said "it's a not a movie about politics but the story happens with politics in the background". The names of the technical crew were revealed in July when the first poster was released. It carries the tagline "blood, brotherhood, betrayal".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In 2014, while appearing on the Tamil talk show "Koffee with DD", Prithviraj said that Mohanlal and Manju Warrier are his "dream cast" if he ever directs a film. In September 2016, actor-writer Murali said that he was uncertain whether he would be acting in the film, noting that it was premature to discuss the cast other than Mohanlal. Ultimately he did not participate. In January 2018, Madhusudhan Rao confirmed being cast in the film. He had co-starred alongside Prithviraj in "Adam Joan" (2017) during which he was promised a role in "Lucifer". In the following month, Lena placed "Lucifer" on her list of upcoming acting commitments. Both Rao and Lena were not part of the final cast. Following unconfirmed reports of Warrier's casting in May, a source close to the actress confirmed the news to "The Times of India". However, when asked, the production house stated the casting process was progressing and was subject to changes. She was finally cast in the role of Priyadarshini Ramdas.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In June, it was reported Saniya Iyappan was added to the cast. She plays Jhanvi, daughter of Priyadarshini. In early July, producer Antony revealed Hindi actor Vivek Oberoi was working in the film and expressed his gratitude for having him on board. "Lucifer" marks Oberoi's debut in Malayalam cinema. He took a month preparing for the role and retained a diction coach to help him understand the Malayalam language and its pronunciation. In the film, Oberoi's voice was dubbed by Vineeth. During post-production, Prithviraj himself dubbed all the dialogues of Oberoi and gave it to Vineeth as a reference for the character's sound modulation. In July, Prithviraj confirmed that his brother Indrajith Sukumaran is part of the cast. He plays the character Govardhan. In that month, Pouly Valsan said that she has been called for a 6-day shoot. In August, Mamta Mohandas said Prithviraj had spoken to her about a role, but cannot reveal anything about it at that time. However, she was replaced by Nyla Usha.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Prithviraj invited director Fazil to play the role of Father Nedumpally, a priest. Fazil, who had not acted in a film for nearly 34 years, commented that he agreed to take the role as he could not refuse Prithviraj. His role is as a mentor to Stephen. Prithviraj cast his "Ranam" co-star Giju John in a role. Tovino Thomas, Sachin Khedekar, Shivaji Guruvayoor, Nandhu, John Vijay, Kalabhavan Shajohn, Sai Kumar, Baiju Santhosh are among the other actors cast in the film. Prithviraj also acted in the film as Zayed Masood. His role was kept under wrap and was revealed only two days before the film's release.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Principal photography began on 16 July 2018 with a customary pooja function held at Springdale Heritage resort in Vandiperiyar, Idukki district. Sujith Vaassudev was the director of photography. Mohanlal was expected to join the shoot in the coming days. Filming took place at Kuttikkanam and Vandiperiyar early in the schedule, and at Thodupuzha later that month. Shooting also took place at Kochi, Ernakulam district before moving to Thiruvananthapuram. Around 2000 junior artists (extras) participated in the shoot at Ernakulam. Thereafter, shooting was scheduled at Thiruvananthapuram from 6 August to 15 September for 40 days. Mohanlal's first shot was with Fazil. They had two scenes and shot for three days. Stephen's (Mohanlal) car used in the film is a Hindustan Landmaster inscribed with the number 666 on the vehicle registration plate. Filming took place in Vandiperiyar in early August and was planned to take until 10 August.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Filming was planned at 25 locations in the Thiruvananthapuram district, beginning at Government College for Women from 12 August. Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School was one of the locations on this schedule. Scenes featuring Oberoi and Warrier were shot at the Kuthiramalika Palace on 20 August. On the same day, the film was also shot at a resort in Poovar. Mohanlal, who was on a break, returned to the set on 21 August. Warrier was spotted during the shoot at Azeezia Medical College in Kollam. Filming went on at the Kanakakkunnu Palace on 28 August, where Mohanlal and Warrier took part. During the shoot, many of the white taxis were transformed into official state cars. By the end of the month, Tovino joined the set at the Kanakakkunnu Palace grounds. He completed his part in the film by early September. Before his departure, his scenes with Warrier were shot at the beginning of the month and his other scenes later in September. The shoot in Thiruvananthapuram was scheduled to last until 20 September, and then was to move to Kuttikkanam. Oberoi acted in a scene shot at the Greenfield International Stadium early that month. Sai Kumar and Shivaji Guruvayoor took part in the shoot that took place at a university hostel in Thiruvananthapuram in the beginning of September.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In an interview, actor Nandhu said that many of the film's scenes comprised 40–50 shots and contain 500–1000 junior artists; some have as many as 3000–4000 artists. Filming went on around the overpass beside the Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium in Palayam on 4 September. More than 2000 junior artists participated in that scene. It features Stephen arriving toward a large riot. Around 5000 junior artists took part in a major scene shot in Adimalathura beach; more than 100 vehicles were used. Reportedly, almost every major character in the film was present in that scene. It was filmed in 15 days. After the schedule at Thiruvananthapuram was completed on 20 September, the production was put on hold for a break and the next session began on 5 October in Kuttikkanam.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Giju John joined the set in early October and took part in a one-day shoot in Thiruvananthapuram and later joined at Kochi location for his remaining scenes. For filming a fight scene, Prithviraj went for location scouting in Minicoy, Lakshadweep later that month. Stunt Silva was the film's fight choreographer. Shooting was scheduled for three days from 30 October to 1 November in Thiruvananthapuram for scenes featuring Tovino and Indrajith. Filming in Kerala was complete by this schedule and the next session was scheduled to begin in Mumbai from 4 November. A set was built in Mumbai, Prithviraj said: "I have a wish that the Mumbai we show in "Lucifer" is not what we have seen before in films. It's a major schedule". Mohanlal joined the set by mid-November. Sachin Khedekar was part of the Mumbai scenes. The team moved to Russia in December, where filming was held at Saint Petersburg. Mohanlal completed his portions in the film by this schedule. Filming also went on in Bangalore. On 30 December 2018, in an interaction with public Prithviraj said that the principal photography has been over with only four-day patch-up shots remaining to be filmed in Lakshadweep. The inability to reach the island caused the delay. Post-production works had begun. Filming was wrapped on 20 January 2019 at the sea ahead of Kavaratti island in Lakshadweep.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Composer Deepak Dev provided the music for the film. The soundtrack album was distributed by the label Goodwill Entertainments. Usha Uthup rendered a song titled "Empuraane - The Lucifer Anthem". For the film, Dev redesigned and programmed the patriotic song "Varika Varika Sahajare", originally composed by G. Devarajan and written by Amsi Narayanapilla during the Salt March. The lyrical video of the same was released on YouTube on 22 March 2019. It was sung by Murali Gopy. Lyrical video of the Tamil song "Kadavule Pole" written by Logan and sung by Karthik was released on 30 March. The Hindi video song "Raftaara" sung by Jyotsna and written by Tanishk Nabar was released on 7 April.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: The film was released in theatres worldwide on 28 March 2019. It was also dubbed and released in other Indian languages. The Telugu dubbed version of the film was released on 12 April 2019. Tamil dubbed version was released on 3 May 2019, distributed by Kalaipuli S. Thanu. On 30 March 2019, Google India released an animated doodle on their Twitter page featuring Mohanlal and Yuvraj Singh playing tennis, with a caption: "The heroes who know how to smash all records". "Lucifer", Miami Open, and Yuvraj Singh topped the Google Trends on the week. "Lucifer" was released for digital download on 16 May 2019, available as VOD on Amazon Prime Video in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu languages.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Aashirvad Cinemas gave the Malayalam satellite rights to Asianet (TV channel). The Tamil version was given to Star Vijay Super. The Kannada dubbed version was given to Star Suvarna. The Hindi dubbed version was given the satellite rights to Sony Max.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Times of India gave the film 3.5 out of 5 writing "Lucifer is a 'mass entertainer’ that is sure to please the fans and has enough going for to make it an engaging thriller as well. And apart from the mandatory Stan Lee, correction, Antony Perumbavoor cameo, watch out for Stephen's second avatar in the film." However, Firstpost only gave the film 1.75 out of 5 writing "There is so much that could have been done with this intriguingly frank and realistic theory on the essentialness of evil — in politics and for human survival at large. What we get instead is "Lucifer"'s transparent ambition that overwhelms everything else in this enterprise." Indian Express wrote "Lucifer has some obvious parallels to Tamil movie Petta by Karthik Subbaraj, where the director made better use of the star and actor in Rajinikanth. As Karthik gave life to the Rajini fan in him, he also revived Rajini’s lost magic from earlier hits like Padayappa and Baashha. Prithviraj has tried to bring out the best version of Mohanlal the star. For Mohanlal fans like him all over the world, Lucifer will be a treat."


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: Film Companion gave the film 3 out of 5 writing ""Lucifer" is a clichéd plot written cleverly and delivered with aplomb. Prithviraj makes an assured directorial debut with the film that was high on budget and expectation. The movie has lived up to the hype and will set the box office cash registers ringing for long." India Today gave the film 3 out of 5 writing "In short, Lucifer is like Mohanlal fanfiction brought to life on-screen. If you swear by Mohanlal, go for it." Sify gave the film 3 out of 5 writing ""Lucifer" is a masala entertainer that is no less than a treat for the fans of Mohanlal. It is an intriguing political crime thriller with smashing dialogues. Go for it!" Mathrabhumi wrote "‘Lucifer’ is a mass movie which celebrates the mannerisms of superstar Mohanlal. In fact, it is a Mohanlal starrer which filled the audience’ hearts after 'Pulimurugan'. By discussing the unseen dimensions in politics, the film conveys that politics is the most dramatic stage. It is a complete political thriller played by the complete actor. Sujith Vasudev's visuals and Deepak Dev's background music maintains the mood of the movie." The news minute gave the film 2 out of 5 writing "Mohanlal is all mass but the film lacks a strong script and depends too much on stylized shots and background music to do the job."


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In the opening day, the film grossed ₹6.7 crore from Kerala, the second biggest opening in the state behind "Odiyan" (2018). The earnings increased to ₹6.9 crore in the coming Sunday. The opening day worldwide gross is estimated to be ₹14 crore. In the opening weekend (28 – 31 March), the film earned ₹26.70 crore in India, including ₹22.05 crore from Kerala alone and ₹4.65 crore from rest of India with major share coming from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the overseas markets, it grossed a total of in the opening weekend (which is bigger than the domestic weekend total), including from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) territories, from the United States, and from the United Kingdom and other regions. The estimated total worldwide gross was – in the opening weekend (the highest for any Malayalam film), by doing so "Lucifer" emerged as one of the top highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time and the fastest Malayalam film to pass mark (in 4 days), per trade analysts. The film grossed worldwide in 5 days.


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: "Lucifer" had more than 160,000 admissions in the UAE in 3 days, beating "Captain Marvel". Opening weekend (28 – 31 March) total was from 61 screens, the best grosser of that weekend. It is also the second biggest opening weekend in the UAE for a South Indian film, behind "" (2017). "Lucifer" became the highest-grossing Malayalam film ever in the US in the opening weekend itself, by grossing . It was also the first Malayalam film to pass mark on a single day. By taking a total of in the opening weekend itself, it became the highest-grossing Malayalam film in the North America. In the UK, the film was ranked seventh in the list of top ten best grossing films of the weekend 29 – 31 March, with from 89 sites, "Lucifer" was the only foreign language film that came within the top ten positions. It grossed in Australia and in New Zealand in the opening weekend and was ranked first among the best grossing Indian releases of that weekend. "Lucifer" with had the third best opening of the year for an Indian film in overseas markets, behind "Petta" ($6.62 million) and "Gully Boy" ($4.8 million). It grossed ₹88 crores in 7 days. The film grossed from the UAE in six weeks, from New Zealand in three weeks, and from Australia in three weeks. "Lucifer" became the highest-grossing Malayalam film in Tamil Nadu by grossing more than ₹2.1 crore within one month, surpassing "Premam" (2015).


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: As of 6 April 2019, "Lucifer" has grossed nearly in the US. On 7 April, trade analyst Taran Adarsh tweeted: "#Lucifer has emerged a trendsetter for #Malayalam films internationally. Earlier, #Malayalam films would record big numbers in certain markets [UAE-GCC in particular], but #Lucifer is doing exceptional biz everywhere, despite other language movies posing tough competition ... the super success of #Lucifer in the international arena should open the eyes of the #Malayalam film industry... And encourage makers of #Malayalam films to explore newer markets, ...". A month after release, the film became the 13th highest-grossing South Indian film overseas, by grossing , and the first Malayalam film to gross in overseas box office. As of 28 April, the film has grossed over worldwide. "Lucifer" collected more than in revenue that includes its box office collections and the earnings from the sale of various rights, and is the only Malayalam film to earn more than 200 crore so far. "Lucifer" is currently the highest-grossing Malayalam film ever, beating "Pulimurugan".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: When asked about the possibility of a sequel, Murali told to "International Business Times" on a 4 April 2019 interview that ""Lucifer" is definitely designed as a franchise, and it is very evident from its structure and progression that it is one. I will abstain myself here from giving you any further leads". On the same month, when asked about any prequel or sequel plans, Murali told to "The Hindu": "It has been made evident on screen that the film is modelled as a franchise platform. There are sumptuous dramatic clues and hideaways throughout the film, which hint at continuity". On a May 2019 interview to "The Times of India", Prithviraj said that he has not decided on directing a sequel because of the time he needs to find for the film in between his busy acting schedules. At the same time, he said: ""Lucifer" was never written as a one-film story. From the time Murali and I started talking about the story, we knew it wasn't something that would end in a single film. In fact, I was quite tempted to do an 11-episode web series because the story is that spread out. We have sort of just picked one area with a few characters of a saga".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: On 18 June 2019, a follow-up to the film titled "L2: Empuraan" was officially announced by Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Murali and Antony at a press conference held at Kochi. The film was set to begin production in the second half of 2020, but was put on hold indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Prithviraj, "Empuraan" means "more than a King and less than a god" and the literal meaning would be "overlord". He said "Empuraan" will not be a continuation of the story seen in "Lucifer", but will explain what happened before and after "Lucifer". He also revealed that Zayed Masood's role in Stephen's and Khureshi's life is not as small as what seen in "Lucifer".


title: Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

text: In late September 2019, actor Chiranjeevi during a press event for "Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy" in Kerala announced that he would star in the Telugu version of the film, and has already bought the remake rights, adding that he would start filming after "Sye Raa", he even announced his intent to have Prithviraj direct the Telugu remake, being impressed with the Malayalam version. The remake titled "Godfather" began its production in 2021 with Mohan Raja as the director.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: Year Zero (, ) is an idea put into practice by Pol Pot in Democratic Kampuchea that all culture and traditions within a society must be completely destroyed or discarded and that a new revolutionary culture must replace it starting from scratch. In this sense, all of the history of a nation or a people before Year Zero would be largely deemed irrelevant, because it would ideally be purged and replaced from the ground up.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: The first day of "year Zero" was declared by the Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975 upon their takeover of Cambodia in order to signify a rebirth of Cambodian history. Adopting the term as an analogy to the "Year One" of the French Revolutionary Calendar, Year Zero was effectually an attempt by the Khmer Rouge to erase history and reset Cambodian society to a zeroth year, removing any vestiges of the past.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, most of whom were French-educated communists, took inspiration from the concept of "Year One" in the French Revolutionary Calendar. The French "Year One" came about during the French Revolution when, after the abolition of the French monarchy on 20 September 1792, the National Convention instituted a new calendar and declared that date to be the beginning of Year I.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: In 1975, the Khmer Rouge forces took over Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia (subsequently renamed Democratic Kampuchea, 1975–79). Upon seizing power, Year Zero was decreed.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: Hoping to transform the nation into an agrarian utopia, communist leader Pol Pot set out to reconstruct the country into a pre-industrial, classless society by attempting to turn all citizens into rural agricultural workers rather than educated city dwellers, whom Pot and his regime believed to have been corrupted by western, capitalist ideas. He declared that the nation would start again at "Year Zero," and everything that existed before Year Zero was to be eradicated. In other words, this was to be a complete and thorough reset (or even cleansing) of Cambodian society. He isolated his people from the global community; established rural collectives; dismantled the social fabric and infrastructure of Cambodia; and set about the emptying of cities, as well as the abolition of money (thus also destroying banks), private property, families, and religion.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: To build the new Cambodian society, the inhabitants of the depopulated cities were sent to labour camps. The people of Phnom Penh, in particular, were forced immediately to "return to the villages" to work. Similar evacuations occurred at Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Siem Reap, Kampong Thom, among others.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: Knowledge of anything pre-Year Zero was prohibited. To ensure that there was no recorded memory of a pre-Year Zero society, books were burned. (Wearing glasses was also criminalized as it was taken to indicate that one might habitually read books.) In Democratic Kampuchea, the only acceptable lifestyle was that of peasant agricultural workers. Centuries of Cambodian culture and institutions were thereby eliminated—shutting down factories, hospitals, schools, and universities—along with anyone who expressed interest in their preservation. So-called New People—members of the old governments and intellectuals in general, including lawyers, doctors, teachers, engineers, clergy, and qualified professionals in all fields—were thought to be a threat to the new regime and were therefore especially singled out and executed during the purges accompanying Year Zero.


title: Year Zero (political notion)

text: The Khmer Rouge's takeover was rapidly followed by a series of drastic revolutionary de-industrialization policies which resulted in a death toll that vastly exceeded the toll that resulted from the French Reign of Terror.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: Dragon's Lair is an interactive film LaserDisc video game developed by Advanced Microcomputer Systems and published by Cinematronics in 1983, as the first game in the "Dragon's Lair" series. In the game, the protagonist Dirk the Daring is a knight attempting to rescue Princess Daphne from the evil dragon Singe who has locked the princess in the foul wizard Mordroc's castle. It featured animation by ex-Disney animator Don Bluth.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: Most other games of the era represented the character as a sprite, which consisted of a series of pixels displayed in succession. Due to hardware limitations of the era, artists were greatly restricted in the detail they could achieve using that technique; the resolution, framerate and number of frames were severely constrained. "Dragon's Lair" overcame those limitations by tapping into the vast storage potential of the LaserDisc, but imposed other limitations on the actual gameplay.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The success of the game sparked numerous home ports, sequels and related games. In the 21st century it has been repackaged in a number of formats as a retro or historic game.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The original source master was likely filmed in 1.37:1 ratio. It was cropped both in original 4×3 LaserDisc and 16×9 Blu-ray releases. This same applies to "Space Ace" and "".


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The game is "on rails", meaning the narrative is predetermined and the player has very limited influence on its progression. The game consists almost entirely of animated cutscenes. The player does not control the character's actions directly, but controls his reflexes, with actions determined by selecting a direction or pressing a button in order to clear each quick time event, with different full motion video segments showing the outcomes. The game consists of a sequence of challenges played in a random order. Some scenes are played more than once before reaching the end, some of which are flipped or mirrored such that the opposite actions (e.g. left instead of right) are required.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The attract mode of the game displays various short vignettes of gameplay accompanied by the following narration: "Dragon's Lair: The fantasy adventure where you become a valiant knight, on a quest to rescue the fair princess from the clutches of an evil dragon. You control the actions of a daring adventurer, finding his way through the castle of a dark wizard, who has enchanted it with treacherous monsters and obstacles. In the mysterious caverns below the castle, your odyssey continues against the awesome forces that oppose your efforts to reach the Dragon's Lair. Lead on, adventurer. Your quest awaits!"


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: Comedic aspects of the game include bizarre-looking creatures and humorous death scenes, and the portrayal of the player character as a clumsy, easily scared and reluctant hero.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: "Dragon's Lair" began as a concept by Rick Dyer, president of Advanced Microcomputer Systems (which later became RDI Video Systems). A team of game designers created the characters and locations, then choreographed Dirk's movements as he encountered the monsters and obstacles in the castle. The art department at AMS created storyboards for each episode as a guide for the final animation. Dyer was inspired by the text game "Adventure". This game gave rise to an invention he dubbed "The Fantasy Machine". This device went through many incarnations from a rudimentary computer using paper tape (with illustrations and text) to a system that manipulated a videodisc containing mostly still images and narration. The game it played was a graphic adventure, "The Secrets of the Lost Woods". The game's concept as an interactive movie LaserDisc game was inspired by Sega's "Astron Belt", which Dyer saw at the 1982 AMOA show.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: Attempts to market "The Fantasy Machine" had repeatedly failed. Allegedly, an Ideal Toy Company representative walked out in the middle of one presentation. Dyer's inspiration allegedly came during his viewing of "The Secret of NIMH", whereby he realized he needed quality animation and an action script to bring excitement to his game. He elected to take a reserved but unscripted location from "The Secrets of the Lost Woods" known as "The Dragon's Lair".


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The game was animated by veteran Disney animator and "The Secret of NIMH" director Don Bluth and his studio. The game had a development budget of US$3 million and took seven months to complete. Since the studio could not afford to hire any models, the animators used photos from "Playboy" magazines for inspiration for the character Princess Daphne. The animators also used their own voices for all the characters instead of hiring voice actors in order to keep costs down, although it does feature one professional voice actor, Michael Rye, as the narrator in the attract sequence (he is also the narrator for "Space Ace" and ""). The voice of Princess Daphne was portrayed by Vera Lanpher, who was head of the clean-up department at the time. Dirk the Daring's voice belongs to film editor Dan Molina, who later went on to perform the bubbling sound effects for another animated character, Fish Out of Water, from 2005's Disney film "Chicken Little", which he also edited. Dirk shrieks or makes other noises on numerous occasions but speaks words only twice. First, he mutters "Uh, oh" when the platform begins to recede during the fire-swinging sequence, then he exclaims "Wow!" when first entering the "Dragon's Lair" and laying eyes on the slumbering Princess Daphne. The music and many sound effects were scored and performed by Chris Stone at EFX Systems in Burbank. Bryan Rusenko and Glen Berkovitz were the recording engineers. The 43 second "Attract Loop" was recorded in a straight 18-hour session. Featured instruments, all keyboards, were the E-mu Emulator and Memorymoog.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The original LaserDisc players shipped with the game (Pioneer LD-V1000 or PR-7820) often failed. Although the players were of good quality, the game imposed unusually high strain: LaserDisc players were designed primarily for playing movies, in which the laser assembly would gradually move across the disc as the data was read linearly. However, "Dragon's Lair" required seeking different animation sequences on the disc every few seconds—indeed, less than a second in some cases—as dictated by gameplay. The high amount of seeking, coupled with the length of time the unit was required to operate, could result in failure of the LaserDisc player after a relatively short time. This was compounded by the game's popularity. As a result, the LaserDisc player often had to be repaired or replaced. The life of the original player's gas laser was about 650 hours; although later models had solid state lasers with an estimated life of 50,000 hours, the spindle motor typically failed long before that. It is rare to find a "Dragon's Lair" game intact with the original player, and conversion kits have been developed so the units can use more modern players. The original USA 1983 game used a single side NTSC LaserDisc player manufactured by Pioneer; the other side of the disc was metal backed to prevent bending. This made the disc heavier than a typical laser disc, which accelerated the failure of the spindle bearings of the player motor. The European versions of the game were manufactured by Atari under license and used single side PAL discs manufactured by Philips (not metal backed).


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: A prototype made its debut at Chiago's Amusement Operators Expo (AOE) in March 1983. The complete laserdisc and ROM sets of this preview demo version have not survived to this day. The European arcade version of "Dragon's Lair" was licensed to Atari Ireland (as was "Space Ace" later). The cabinet design was therefore different from the Cinematronics version. The main differences were that the LED digital scoring panel was replaced with an on screen scoring display appearing after each level. The Atari branding was present in various places on the machine (marquee, coin slots, control panel and speaker grill area), and the machines featured the cone LED player start button used extensively on Atari machines. Although licensing for this region was exclusive to Atari, a number of Cinematronics machines were also available from suppliers mostly via a gray import. The original Fantasy Machine was later released as a prototype video game console known as Halcyon. Dirk the Daring also appeared in the 1993 Game Boy puzzle game, "Franky, Joe & Dirk: On the Tiles", along with Franky from "Dr. Franken" and Joe from "Joe & Mac".


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: "Dragon's Lair" initially represented high hopes for the then-sagging arcade industry, fronting the new wave of immersive LaserDisc video games. A quote from "Newsweek" captures the level of excitement displayed over the game: ""Dragon's Lair" is this summer's hottest new toy: the first arcade game in the United States with a movie-quality image to go along with the action ... The game has been devouring kids' coins at top speed since it appeared early in July. Said Robert Romano, 10, who waited all day in the crush at Castle Park without getting to play, 'It's the most awesome game I've ever seen in my life. Arcade operators at its release reported long lines, even though the game was the first video arcade game to cost 50 cents. Operators were also concerned, however, that players would figure out its unique predefined game play, leading them to "get the hang of it and stop playing it". By July 1983, 1,000 machines had been distributed, and there were already a backlog of about 7,500. By the end of 1983, "Electronic Games" and "Electronic Fun" were rating "Dragon's Lair" as the number one video arcade game in USA, while the arcade industry gave it recognition for helping turn around its 1983 financial slump. "Dragon's Lair" received recognition as the most influential game of 1983, to the point that regular computer graphics looked "rather elementary compared to top-quality animation".


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The game topped the monthly US "RePlay" charts for upright arcade cabinets from September 1983 through November 1983, and topped the US "Play Meter" arcade charts for arcade locations (such as ShowBiz Pizza Place) from September 1983 through January 1984 and again in March 1984. It was listed by "Cash Box" magazine as America's third highest-grossing arcade game of 1983, below "Ms. Pac-Man" and "Pole Position". By February 1984, "Dragon's Lair" was reported to have earned over ( adjusted for inflation) for Cinematronics. In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Dragon's Lair" on their October 1, 1984 issue as being the eleventh most-successful upright/cockpit arcade unit of the month.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: One element of the game that was negatively received was the blackout time in between loading of scenes, which Dyer promised would be eliminated by the forthcoming "Space Ace" and planned "Dragon's Lair" sequel. By the middle of 1984, however, after "Space Ace" and other similar games were released to little success, sentiment on "Dragon's Lair's" position in the industry had shifted and it was being cited as a failure due to its expensive cost for a game that would "lose popularity". Arcade owners were also displeased with the mechanical unreliability of the LaserDisc drive.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: In 1995, Flux magazine rated the arcade version 47th on its Top 100 Video Games writing: "A somewhat frustrating movement-timing factor, but still fun to play and watch." In 2001, GameSpy ranked "Dragon's Lair" as number 7 on the list of "Top 50 Arcade Games of All-Time". It was one of only three video games (along with "Pong" and "Pac-Man") put in storage at the Smithsonian Institution.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: The home conversions received mixed reviews. The Commodore 64/128 version of the game was reviewed in 1988 in "Dragon" #133 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 3 out of 5 stars.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: "GameFan" reviewed the Sega CD version, scoring it 297 out of 400. "GamePro" reviewed the Sega CD version in 1994. They commented that the controls require such precise timing that the game can be very frustrating, and criticized the lack of replay value and grainy video quality, but were positive in their assessment of the game, asserting that ""Time Gal", "Road Avenger", and "Sewer Shark" are all coy imitators of the best LaserDisc arcade game there ever was... "Dragon's Lair"!" In 1994, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the Sega CD version a 6.2 out of 10, criticizing that "pinpoint accuracy" was required to complete the game, making it too frustrating.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the 3DO version a 7 out of 10, praising the superior graphics and short load times. They gave the CD-i version a 7.5 out of 10, with all four of their reviewers agreeing it to be the best home version of the game to date. "Next Generation" reviewed the CD-i version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "people who like the stand-up version or enjoyed any of Don Bluth's other titles [...] will be in heaven, otherwise it's probably best avoided".


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: Various home computer adaptations of "Dragon's Lair" were released during the 1980s and 1990s, but because of (at the time) high memory consumption due to the detailed animation of the games, not all scenes from the original game were included. Reviewers of the home computer versions differed widely in their appraisal of the game, with one Amiga magazine awarding 92% due to the unprecedented audio-visual quality, while another magazine gave the same version a score of only 32%, on account of the "wooden" gameplay. This led to "Escape from Singe's Castle", a pseudo-sequel where Daphne is kidnapped at the moment of Dirk's victory by a shapeshifter, forcing him to venture even further into the castle to save her again. The game was made up of unused scenes from the LaserDisc version, though some portions (such as the lizard king and mud men) were shortened. The 8-bit versions were created by Software Projects, while ReadySoft handled the 16-bit versions. These used video compression and new storage techniques, but came on multiple -inch and -inch floppy disks.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: In late 2002, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the original arcade release, Digital Leisure produced a special edition DVD box set containing "Dragon's Lair", "Space Ace" and "Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp". All the scenes from the original arcade releases were included and optionally the player could select new scenes that were animated in 1983, but not included in any previous "Dragon's Lair" release. The games were also updated to include higher quality video, authentic scene order and a new difficulty selection to make it more challenging. Digital Leisure worked with a small independent game developer, Derek Sweet, to release a CD-ROM 4-disc box set for Windows-based PCs.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: In late 2006, Digital Leisure released "Dragon's Lair HD", which features an all-new high-definition transfer from the original negatives (as opposed to just sourcing the LaserDisc). The original mono soundtrack has also been remastered into Dolby Digital 5.1 sound (on PCs that can support it). On April 9, 2007, a Blu-ray version of "Dragon's Lair" was released. This uses the same HD transfer as the aforementioned PC release, but went through a 6-month process to clean and remaster the image. "Dragon's Lair" Blu-ray is the first title to fully utilize BD-J technology. In 2013, "Dragon's Lair" was released on Steam via Steam Greenlight. This iteration of "Dragon's Lair" features 720p remastered video, remastered game footage, and bonus content.


title: Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)

text: "Dragon's Lair" led to the creation of numerous video game ports for home systems. Since some original sequences did not fit in the ports for those systems, they were re-released only in a virtual sequel called "Escape from Singe's Castle":


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The HEXACO model of personality structure is a six-dimensional model of human personality that was created by Ashton and Lee and explained in their book, "The H Factor of Personality", based on findings from a series of lexical studies involving several European and Asian languages. The six factors, or dimensions, include Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). Each factor is composed of traits with characteristics indicating high and low levels of the factor. The HEXACO model was developed through similar methods as other trait taxonomies and builds on the work of Costa and McCrae and Goldberg. The model, therefore, shares several common elements with other trait models. However, the HEXACO model is unique mainly due to the addition of the Honesty-Humility dimension.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The HEXACO model was developed from several previous independent lexical studies. Language-based taxonomies for personality traits have been widely used as a method for developing personality models. This method, based on the logic of the lexical hypothesis, uses adjectives found in language that describe behaviours and tendencies among individuals. Factor analysis is used on the adjectives to identify a minimal set of independent groups of personality traits.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Research studies based on the lexical hypothesis described above were first undertaken in the English language. Subsequent lexical studies were conducted in other languages and, by comparing the results, six emergent factors were revealed in similar form across all languages tested, including English.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Personality is often assessed using a self-report inventory or observer report inventory. The six factors are measured through a series of questions designed to rate an individual on levels of each factor. Ashton and Lee have developed self- and observer report forms of the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R). The HEXACO-PI-R assesses the six broad HEXACO personality factors, each of which contains four "facets", or narrower personality characteristics. (An additional 25th narrow facet, called Altruism, is also included and represents a blend of the Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness factors.)


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The six factors, their facets, and the personality-descriptive adjectives that typically belong to these six groups are as follows:


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The HEXACO Model of Personality started initial development in 2000. It was derived from earlier used models of personality such as the Big Five factors covered in the NEO-PI. These Big Five personality traits (Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, Neuroticism, and Extraversion) were the result of earlier lexical studies of personality and were popularized in the 1980’s. However, when similar lexical studies were conducted in multiple other languages instead of just English, a sixth factor emerged, which was called the Honesty-Humility factor. The other languages the new lexical studies were conducted in included: Dutch, French, Korean, Polish, Croatian, Filipino, Greek, German, Italian, Hungarian, and Turkish. Additionally, the lexical studies in other languages revealed different sub-facets of the Emotionality and Agreeableness factors than the original Five Factor model suggested. Today, the HEXACO model has become a widely used model of personality.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Currently, the most widely used model of personality structure is also based on analyses of personality-descriptive adjectives. This model consists of the five personality factors collectively known as the "Big Five". Three of the Big Five factors are similar to the Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience factors of the HEXACO model. The two remaining Big Five factors, called Agreeableness and Neuroticism (with the opposite pole of the latter factor being Emotional Stability), are similar to the Agreeableness and Emotionality factors of the HEXACO model – but with some differences in the content of the factors. Agreeableness and Emotionality from the HEXACO model represent rotated variants of their Big Five counterparts, for example, characteristics related to a quick temper are associated with Neuroticism or low Emotional Stability in the Big Five framework, but with low Agreeableness in the HEXACO framework. Therefore, the Big Five's Agreeableness and HEXACO's Agreeableness are not identical. The Big Five factors do not include an Honesty-Humility factor, but some of the characteristics belonging to Honesty-Humility are incorporated into the Big Five's Agreeableness factor. Although earlier investigations found only the Big Five factors, more recent studies conducted in various languages (including English) with larger sets of adjectives recovered six factors, as summarized above. The names of four of the HEXACO factors (all except Honesty-Humility and Emotionality) were adopted from existing labels for the Big Five factors. Factor names were selected on the basis of the common meaning of the characteristics within each factor. Still, other studies that compare the two show that some traits can be analyzed using the HEXACO model instead of the Big Five. For the sake of example, traits like narcissism or manipulativeness can be evaluated with the honesty-humility trait included in the model.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The HEXACO model is often used in research studies when behaviors or traits found on the Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility and Emotionality dimensions are of specific interest. The factors of Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility and Emotionality are distinctly different from their counterparts on the Five Factor Model (FFM). Honesty-Humility, Emotionality and Agreeableness are proposed to be measures of Altruistic versus Antagonistic behavior. Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness both measure two different aspects of Reciprocal altruism, high levels of which indicate a propensity for helping behavior and cooperation as opposed to the exploitation of others. The Honesty-Humility factor represents a person's tendency for pro-social altruistic behaviors, while Agreeableness indicates an individual's tendency to forgive and to show tolerance. Emotionality is a measure of kin altruism, that is, the tendency to show empathy and attachment to one's kin.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The Honesty-Humility factor has been used in a variety of studies as a measure of ethical or pro-social behavior (See Ashton and Lee (2008) for further details). Low levels of the Honesty-Humility factor are associated with greater levels of materialism, unethical business practices and deviant sexual behavior. The Honesty-Humility factor has been found to predict endorsement of unethical business practices and even the degree to which a person will take health and safety risks (even towards fellow employees). An individual who scores low on the Honesty-Humility factor may have a proclivity for anti-social acts. Which anti-social acts an individual is likely to commit may be related to their personality profile along the other factors of the HEXACO model. For example, someone who scores low on Honesty-Humility and low on Conscientiousness and Agreeableness are more likely to engage in delinquency in the workplace.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The dark triad of personality consists of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. Psychopathy is identified by characteristics such as remorselessness, antisociality and selfishness. Machiavellianism consists of selfishness, in that one will focus on their own needs, primarily by manipulating others. Narcissism can also be defined as selfishness, but is different as this person would consider themselves of a higher importance than those around them. However, these constructs are said to be not fully represented in common five-factor models of personality. The Dark Triad can be conceptualized as being on the opposite pole of Honesty-Humility (Sincere, Faithful, Loyal etc.), which would mean that low levels of Honesty-Humility corresponds to higher levels of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and/or narcissism. The Dark Triad personality constructs tend to only correlate with disagreeableness on the Big Five Inventory, otherwise they are represented inconsistently on measures of the Big Five traits. For that reason, several researchers have used the HEXACO model to gain a more detailed understanding of the personality characteristics of individuals who exhibit traits/behaviors that would be considered along the Dark Triad dimension.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The Behavioral Skills Framework (BSF) was developed by the ACT board to focus on building knowledge and skills to be successful in education and work environments. It was structured, but not directly replicated, around the six HEXACO facets and emphasizes the hierarchical structure of personality.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The dimensions of the HEXACO model of personality has been visualized in two dimensions using the Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behavior. The adjectives used to describe each HEXACO dimension are scored using the atlas' two orthogonal dimensions of affiliation and dominance. The scored points are then visualized using kernel density plots in two dimensions. The vectors drawn on each of the six plots is a representation of the HEXACO dimension expressed in the two dimensions of the atlas.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The addition of the sixth factor, as well as the rotation of Agreeableness and Emotionality, allows for examination and prediction of behavior based on less prosocial behavior. Studies using the HEXACO model have found support for the relationship between Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility on pro-social and ethical behavior. One study showed a significant relationship between levels of Honesty-Humility and the endorsement of revenge, while another found that levels of Agreeableness were related to the tendency to forgive.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Levels of Honesty-Humility have also been found to be related to levels of creativity. Specifically, low levels of Honesty-Humility were found to be related to higher levels of self-reported creativity; though, no relationship between creativity and Agreeableness was found.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Further research using the HEXACO model has examined the relationship between its various domains and scores on risk taking behavior. In one study: levels of emotionality were related to perceptions of risk; levels of conscientiousness were related to perceived benefits; while openness and honesty-humility predicted social risk taking and health/safety risk taking respectively.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The HEXACO model has also been used in studies of sexuality, including the association of seductive behavior and endorsement of sexual activity without emotional attachment to Emotionality and Honesty-Humility. As well, levels of Honesty-Humility were associated with being faithful to one's partner in a relationship. Other topics of study that utilized the HEXACO model include: religiosity, prejudice, ethical decision making, academic performance, and political attitudes/behaviors.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Research shows the H-H and conscientious factors of HEXACO model are useful for predicting counterproductive student behaviors in college students. Conscientiousness may be the most consistent facet of the six in its association to student GPA.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Meta-analytic research shows that openness has a small positive correlation with intelligence and emotionality has a small negative correlation with intelligence. Facets of openness related to inquisitiveness and unconventionality show the strongest correlation with intelligence, in contrast to creativity and aesthetic appreciation. Of the emotionality facets, fearfulness showed the strongest negative correlation with intelligence. Other domains of HEXACO including honesty-humility appear to be uncorrelated with intelligence, although there are several differential correlations at the facet-level. Notably, across conscientiousness facets, a preference for structure and order ("organization") has a small negative correlation with intelligence, whereas prudence had a small positive correlation with intelligence.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Strong meaningful associations are shown between the HEXACO model and job satisfaction, most notably the Extraversion trait. Research also suggested relationships between the HEXACO, mostly Honesty-Humility trait, and negative work behaviors like sexual harassment, unethical decision making and counterproductive work behavior.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: With the exception of the Emotionality factor, strong correlations between the other 5 HEXACO factors and Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) have been found. Overall, the HEXACO sub-facets have been shown to be better predictors of OCB than the broader 6 traits, with sub-facets like diligence (conscientiousness), liveliness and sociability (extraversion), and fairness (honesty-humility) being the best predictors.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: Studies show that individual personality differences have a role in shaping environmentalism and HEXACO traits have been shown to predict who is more likely to adopt pro-environment attitudes and behaviors, which are attitudes and actions that are shown to positively affect the environment. The traits of Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience are the strongest predictors of pro-environmental attitudes/behaviors.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: HEXACO traits and sub-facets have been shown to predict self-reported psychological and subjective well-being. Extraversion is the largest predictor of well-being closely followed by Conscientiousness. The Extraversion sub-facets of liveliness and self-esteem have the highest positive correlations with well-being and the Emotionality facet of anxiety has the highest negative correlation with wellbeing. Neuroticism is the best predictor of well-being in the Big Five model, and even though it's closely related to HEXACO Emotionality, slight differences between the two traits mean that Emotionality is not as good of a predictor of well-being as Big Five Neuroticism is.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: The HEXACO model of personality is a trait-based taxonomy of personality. As such, the criticism and limitations of the model are similar to that of other trait-based measures (see ). Trait-based measures, including the HEXACO model, typically rely on factor analysis. Unfortunately, factor analysis does not always ensure replicable results. Models created through factor analysis can vary between samples, depending on: (i) how the researcher organizes the measures (e.g., using unipolar versus bipolar ratings), and (ii) the amount of ratings/variables that are included in the analysis.


title: HEXACO model of personality structure

text: De Raad et al. have argued that only three personality traits have fully replicated (i.e., appeared in all analyses) across cultures (extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). These authors argue that beyond three traits, the factor markers become unreliable. They further argue that claims of universality for the HEXACO model should be cautiously considered, since many languages and cultures have yet to be assessed with appropriate personality trait studies. Furthermore, the Honesty-Humility dimension is not always consistently replicated. Several past studies have identified inconsistent sixth-factor dimensions (e.g. hedonism–spontaneity) while other research has identified potentially more than six factors. The above criticism is not unique to the HEXACO model, given that there has been considerable debate regarding the identity of the fifth factor of personality in the Five-Factor Model, especially across cultures.