title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A 2018 Pew Research Center survey studied various family values among generations. Among Generation Z, 67% were indifferent towards premarital cohabitation. 49% considered single motherhood to be neither a positive or a negative for society. 62% saw increased ethnic or racial diversity as good for society and 53% for interracial marriage. In the case of financial responsibility in a two-parent household, majorities from across the generations (79% of Generation Z) answered that it should be shared by both parents. Across all the generations surveyed, at least 84% thought that both parents ought to be responsible for rearing children. About 13% of Generation Z thought that mothers should be the primary caretaker of children, while very few thought that fathers should be the ones mainly responsible.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In 2016, the Varkey Foundation and Populus conducted an international study examining the attitudes of 20,000 people aged 15 to 21 in twenty countries. The survey showed that 66% of people aged 15 to 21 favored legal abortion, but there was significant variation among the countries surveyed: support for this procedure was strongest in France, the United Kingdom, and Canada, but lowest in Argentina, Brazil, and Nigeria. Gallup polls conducted in 2020 in the U.S. revealed that 61% of people aged 18 to 29—older members of Generation Z and younger Millennials—considered themselves pro-choice, while only 34% identified as pro-life. In general, the older someone was, the less likely that they supported access to abortion. Nevertheless, anti-abortion sentiments among American youths in the early 2020s were sufficient strong to motivate them to participate in the annual March for Life in Washington D.C.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: The 2016 Varkey Foundation and Populus survey also asked about people's viewpoints on moral questions regarding sex and gender. Overall, 89% supported equality between men and women, with support being the highest in Canada and China (both 94%), and the lowest in Japan (74%) and Nigeria (68%). 74% favored recognizing transgender rights, but with large national differences, from an overwhelming majority of 83% in Canada to a bare majority of 57% in Nigeria. 63% approved of same-sex marriage, but there were again huge variations among countries. 81% of young Germans and 80% of young Canadians agreed that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry, compared to only 33% of young Turks and 16% of young Nigerians who did. In a 2018 Pew Research Center survey, 48% of Generation Z participants said that same-sex marriage was good for society.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: According to a 2018 poll by Pew Research Center, more than a third of those in Generation Z (aged 13 to 21 were polled) know someone who uses gender-neutral pronouns, much more than older generations, including millennials. Exposure to such individuals has likely led to more support among the generation, with 59% saying that questions asking of a person's gender should include options other than man and woman. Surveys conducted on American respondents by Gallup found that 10.5% of adult Gen Z respondents themselves identified as LGBT in 2017 and 20.8% self-identified as LGBT in 2021. Out of those who identified as LGBT in some way, the majority were bisexual. According to Gallup, members of Gen Z who were too young to have been surveyed have an even higher chance of identifying as LGBT.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A 2020 Politico survey showed that American voters aged 18 to 23 support the Black Lives Matter movement to a greater extent (68%) than all registered voters (54%), and support police much less (39%) than all registered voters (66%). While Democrats of all ages generally agree that black people are treated unfairly in the United States at equal rates (roughly 80%), Gen Z Republicans agree at much greater rates (43%) than millennial Republicans (30%) or older generations (20-23%). Gen Z also supported protesters and protests more than registered voters by a 12% margin, and were more likely to view protesting as an effective way to make political change.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In a worldwide Deloitte survey, 60% of Generation Z say that systemic racism is widespread in society. Over two in ten also reported that they felt discriminated against "all the time", with this number rising to three in ten among sexual minorities, and four in ten among ethnic minorities.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A 2016 Varkey Foundation and Populus survey found that, worldwide, young people's support for free speech dwindled if it was deemed offensive to a religion (56% support) or a minority group (49%).


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In a study conducted in 2015, the Center for Generational Kinetics found that American members of Generation Z, defined here as those born 1996 and onwards, are less optimistic about the state of the US economy than their generation predecessors, Millennials.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: Generation Z views socialism more positively than previous generations, especially in the United States. In a 2018 Gallup poll, 51% of Americans aged 18 to 29—young Millennials and older Gen Z—have a positive view of socialism, compared to 45% having a positive view of capitalism. In a 2019 poll by YouGov and Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation found that more than half of Gen Z Americans have an unfavorable view of capitalism, and almost two-thirds said they were likely to vote for a socialist candidate. Much of this shift has been attributed to Bernie Sanders's 2016 and 2020 presidential campaigns. Additionally, according to the 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer, 57% of those ages 18 to 34 worldwide say that modern-day capitalism "does more harm than good", though this figure roughly corresponds with all other age groups.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: Though still generally popular among all age groups, Europeans ages 18 to 29 are less likely than older groups to support fiscal redistribution. This age group in the EU is also more likely to attribute poverty to “laziness or lack of willpower," though this sentiment is not the majority view of the cohort in most countries in Europe.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: According to a 2021 Forefront Market Research poll commissioned by the Institute of Economic Affairs, 67% of young people in the UK (those aged 16 to 34) say they would like to live in a socialist economic system. The poll also found that overwhelming majorities of Gen-Z Britons (aged 16 to 22) blame capitalism for the UK housing crisis to some extent, label climate change as a capitalist problem, and would like to nationalize utilities and railways.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: According to a 2018 International Federation of Accountants survey of G20 countries, the top three public policy priorities for members of Generation Z are the stability of the national economy, the quality of education, and the availability of jobs. The bottom issues, on the other hand, were addressing income and wealth inequality, making regulations smarter and more effective, and improving the effectiveness of international taxation. Moreover, healthcare is a top priority for Generation Z in Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. Tackling wealth and income inequality is deemed of vital importance in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: Polling has shown that Generation Z is, on the whole, less nationalist than previous generations, a shift stemming in part from increased contact with other cultures.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In 2019, Harvard University's Institute of Politics Youth Poll asked voters aged 18 to 29 – younger Millennials and the first wave of Generation Z – what they would like to be priorities for US foreign policy. They found that the top issues for these voters were countering terrorism and protecting human rights (both 39%), and protecting the environment (34%). Preventing nuclear proliferation and defending U.S. allies were not as important to young American voters. According to the Eurobarometer in 2016 to 2018, over 60% of Europeans between 15 and 24 viewed globalization positively, in stark contrast with older cohorts.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A 2018 YouGov poll asked British voters whether leaving the European Union was a good idea in hindsight. They found that 42% said yes while 45% said no. Among them, 19% of those between the ages of 18 to 24 said yes, as did 61% of pensioners. Overall the British public has not changed their minds on the issue as this aligned with the results of the 2016 Brexit referendum when younger voters were more likely to vote to stay in the European Union.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In a 2016 Varkey Foundation and Populus international survey, the question of whether or not those 15 to 21 favored legal migration received mixed responses. Overall, 31% believed their governments should make it easier for immigrants to work and live legally in their countries while 23% said it should be more difficult, a margin of 8%. While 72% of Brazilian youths thought their government was doing too little to address the international refugee crisis, only 16% of young Turks did; in the U.K. that number was 48%.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A YouGov poll conducted in the spring of 2018 revealed that 41% of Britons between the ages of 18 to 24 thought that immigration to their country was "too high", compared to 58% of those 25 to 49.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: Generation Z is more likely than other generations to believe that climate change is real and to support climate change mitigation. Polling from 2018 of Americans over the age of 13 by Pew suggested that 54% of Generation Z believed that climate change is real (making them the second most likely cohort to do so) and is due to human activities, while only 10% reject the scientific consensus on climate change.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A worldwide Deloitte survey saw that climate change and protecting the environment top Generation Z's primary concerns, with curbing unemployment and expanding health care access not far behind.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: A 2019 poll of over 10,000 internet users aged 18 to 25 years old in 22 countries around the world found that 41% of responders believed that climate change was one of the most important issues facing the world, the most popular response. The second most common problem cited was environment-related pollution at 36%. Top priorities on a national level differed but environmental concerns also polled relatively strongly in this category. A 2020 survey conducted for Newsround of Britons aged 8 to 16 suggested that 80% of young Generation Z viewed climate change as a problem, with more than a third thinking it was "very important". 58% of respondents worried about the impact that climate change would have on their future. 19% said they faced nightmares about the topic whilst 17% said it had affected their eating and sleeping habits. 41% of respondents did not trust adults to properly address the crisis. Addressing climate change is very important for Generation Z in India and South Korea. In contrast, less than 20% of Europeans aged 15 to 24 viewed climate change as a top 2 challenge facing the EU according to the Eurobarometer.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: One of the earliest political movements primarily driven by Generation Z was School Strike for Climate in the late 2010s. The movement saw millions of young people around the world, inspired by the activities of Swedish teenage activist Greta Thunberg, protest for greater action on climate change.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In 2019, the Pew Research Center interviewed over 2,000 Americans aged 18 and over on their views of various components of the federal government. They found that 54% of the people between the ages of 18 and 29 wanted larger government compared to 43% who preferred smaller government and fewer services. Older people were more likely to pick the second option.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: According to a 2018 survey by Pew Research Center, 70% of Generation Z want the government to play a more active role in solving their problems.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: The March for Our Lives, a protest taking place in the aftermath of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018 was described by various media outlets as being led by students and young people. Some even describe it as the political "awakening" of Generation Z or that these protesters were "the voice of a generation on gun control." While this massive protest was indeed organized by the young survivors of the Parkland shooting, it was with the assistance of well-resourced and older benefactors. According to a field survey by "The" "Washington Post" interviewing every fifth person at the protest, only ten percent of the participants were 18 years of age or younger, and the adult participants of the protest had an average age of just under 49.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: In a 2019 Rasmussen poll, US Gen Z and Millennial respondents supported stricter gun laws at the highest rates—68%. Majorities of older generations also agreed. In a 2017 poll, Pew found that among the age group 18 to 29, 27% personally owned a gun and 16% lived with a gun owner, for a total of 43% living in a household with at least one gun. Nationwide, a similar percentage of American adults lived in a household with a gun.


title: Political views of Generation Z

text: According to a worldwide Deloitte survey, 69% of those in Gen Z reported that they took their government’s public health guidelines seriously during 2020. Members of Generation Z surveyed also feel that they are doing more than others in their countries to limit the spread of COVID-19.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Tulip Rizwana Siddiq (; born 16 September 1982) is a British politician serving as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hampstead and Kilburn since 2015. A member of the Labour Party, she was the Camden London Borough Councillor for Regent's Park from 2010 until 2014.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Siddiq is the daughter of former Dhaka University professor Shafique Ahmed Siddique, and Sheikh Rehana, who gained political asylum in the UK as a teenager. The two met when Shafiq Siddiq was studying for a PhD, and married in Kilburn in 1980. Tulip Siddiq was born in St Helier Hospital in St Helier, London, and has an elder brother, Radwan "Bobby" Mujib, and a younger sister, Azmina Siddiq. When she was 15, the family moved to Hampstead. She was raised a Muslim and has said that her "family embraced multicultural Britain". In the heart of North London's Jewish community, she attended seder with neighbours and went to Limmud. As a child, she met Nelson Mandela, Bill Clinton and Mother Teresa, and her family was invited to the White House.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: She attended The Royal School, Hampstead, and Mill Hill School before completing her undergraduate degree in English Literature at University College London and then a master's degree at King's College London. In September 2011, she completed a second master's degree in Politics, Policy and Government.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Her maternal grandfather is Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founding father and the first President of Bangladesh. Her mother's elder sister, Sheikh Hasina, has been the Prime Minister of Bangladesh since 2009.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In 1975, a faction of Bangladesh Army soldiers stormed Siddiq's mother's home in Bangladesh and assassinated Siddiq's grandfather, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, alongside his three sons and 16 other members of his family in a military coup. Siddiq's mother and aunt survived as they were visiting Germany.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: At the age of 16, Siddiq joined the Labour Party. Siddiq's father suffered a stroke, which left him disabled and unable to speak for five years. She has cited the NHS and the care her disabled father received as the reason why she joined. She identified Barbara Castle as her political heroine and has described her mother and maternal aunt as "two very strong feminists".


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: She has worked for Amnesty International, the Greater London Authority, at Philip Gould Associates, the political consultancy firm run by New Labour strategist Philip Gould, Save the Children, and Brunswick, where she worked on corporate social responsibility initiatives for major British manufacturers, as well as for MPs Oona King, Sadiq Khan and Harry Cohen. Siddiq worked on Ed Miliband's campaign to be leader of the Labour Party, and as a special advisor to Tessa Jowell. She has campaigned for political parties internationally and, in 2008, campaigned for Barack Obama in the U.S.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In a 2006 by-election, Siddiq stood unsuccessfully for Camden Council. In the 2010 local government elections, Siddiq became the first female Bangladeshi councillor for Camden Council, where she was Cabinet Member for Culture and Communities until May 2014.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In July 2013, Siddiq was selected by local party members as the Labour prospective parliamentary candidate for the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, despite a smear campaign. Siddiq later claimed that because of her Muslim surname, she was advised against standing in the constituency by senior party members due to Hampstead's large Jewish population. During 2013 and 2014, she campaigned against the proposed high-speed railway expansion High Speed 2, and high payday lender charges on Kilburn High Road. She also campaigned in support of local services, such as to keep Belsize Fire Station open, to improve disabled access at West Hampstead tube station and to save the Swiss Cottage post office.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In the 2015 general election, Siddiq won the Hampstead and Kilburn seat with 23,977 votes, with a turnout of 67.3%. The seat was previously held by Glenda Jackson. The seat had previously been the second most marginal in the country after Jackson retained the seat by just 42 votes in 2010 and was billed in 2015 as the UK's most marginal general election contest. In June 2015, Siddiq was appointed a vice-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism. She is also a member of the Women and Equalities Select Committee. In the same month, she was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election, although she later supported Andy Burnham.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In September 2015, Siddiq along with Keir Starmer and Catherine West wrote a letter to British Prime Minister David Cameron seeking urgent action to address the refugee crisis due to the Syrian Civil War. In the same month, she was appointed Permanent Private Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Culture, Media and Sport, Michael Dugher. In November 2015, she campaigned against changes to junior doctor contracts. In the same month, Siddiq's maiden speech in Parliament was judged one of the top seven from 2015's intake of MPs by the BBC. In October 2016, she was appointed as Shadow Education Minister in the Labour Party's frontbench in Parliament, taking on the childcare and early years education brief and working with Shadow Secretary of State for Education Angela Rayner.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In November 2016, Siddiq supported a motion in Parliament for the UK to withdraw support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In January 2017, she resigned from the Labour frontbench over Labour's three-line whip, to vote against triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Siddiq stated that because around 75% of her Hampstead and Kilburn constituency voted to remain in the European Union as one of the top 10 remain areas, she could not "reconcile" herself with Labour's position. Siddiq won an endorsement from Camden for Europe, Open Britain and Best for Britain, due to her decision to vote against Article 50.tained her seat with an increased majority of 15,560.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In August 2017, Siddiq called for businesses to "address imbalance" in the employment of BAME individuals to improve the diversity of its workforce. In September 2017, Siddiq was appointed as Chair of the new Childcare and Early Education All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG). In the same month, Siddiq wrote to the Home Office to ask for children's passports to be amended to contain both their parents' names to avoid confusion at airports and borders. Siddiq had been stopped with her daughter at UK border control whilst returning from a family holiday until her husband joined them, because she did not have the same surname in her passport as her child.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In November 2017, whilst campaigning for the release of her constituent, the British-Iranian citizen Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, who was detained in Iran, she was asked by Alex Thomson of "Channel 4 News" and ITN about using her family ties to the Bangladeshi government, led by her aunt, in order to liberate British Bangladeshi barrister Ahmad bin Quasem, who is thought to have been abducted by state security forces in Bangladesh. The programme's editor, Ben de Pear, complained about Siddiq's "threatening behaviour" to a pregnant producer, while Siddiq complained to the police about her interlocutors. She later apologised in a statement to the producer, Daisy Ayliffe, for the offence caused.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In May 2018, Siddiq supported an equal pay campaign aimed at building pressure on employers. In the same month, Siddiq described the actions of the Israeli military during demonstrations on the Gaza border as "unjustified" and "inhumane". She said: "I condemn without reservation these violations of international law and human rights by Israel... The protest has been twofold – to highlight the shocking conditions which Palestinians are forced to live in and to demand their right to return to their homes..." In August 2018, Tulip Siddiq joined international calls for her aunt's government to release Bangladeshi photographer Shahidul Alam, who had been jailed after reporting about protests by schoolchildren over road safety problems, and had subsequently stated he was tortured.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Siddiq was a board member of West Euston Partnership and is governor of the Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust. She served as national BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) Officer for Young Labour and Women's Officer for London Young Labour. She is an executive board member of Unite the Union, a member of the Co-operative Party, a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and is also a member of the Commonwealth Journalists Association (UK). She also oversaw Camden's engagement with the 2012 London Olympics, which saw the launch of three legacy schemes to encourage more physical activities, Camden Sports Academy, School and Community Games, and Pro-Active Ambassadors.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Siddiq served two years as a school governor at Beckford Primary School and Richard Cobden Primary School and is a current governor at the Working Men's College in Camden. As of January 2014, Siddiq supports a number of organisations in Hampstead and Kilburn, including school governor roles at Emmanuel Primary School and Granville Plus Nursery as well as being a trustee of the Camden Arts Centre. She has also written for "Hampstead and Highgate Express" as a foreign correspondent, primarily covering the U.S. elections.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In January 2013, Siddiq was named in the "British Bangladeshi Power & Inspiration 100". In December 2014, she was named by "The Guardian" as "one to watch" in British politics. In April 2015, "The Sunday Times" described her as one of the "rising stars" of the Labour Party.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Siddiq is a Muslim, but said she is "more cultural than religious". In 2013, Siddiq married Christian Percy. Siddiq lives in West Hampstead, London with her husband.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: In April 2016, Siddiq gave birth to a daughter at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead.She gave birth to a son in January 2019. Two days before the birth she attended the Commons in a wheelchair, for a critical Brexit-related vote. On 29 January, following a constitutional change, she became the first ever MP to vote by proxy.


title: Tulip Siddiq

text: Since becoming an MP, Siddiq has spoken at Limmud and attends synagogue events. In April 2019, Siddiq announced that a relative died in the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: Lydia Cornell (born Lydia Korniloff, July 23, 1953) is an American actress best known for her role as Sara Rush on the ABC situation comedy "Too Close for Comfort".


title: Lydia Cornell

text: Cornell was born Lydia Korniloff in El Paso, Texas on July 23, 1953. She is the eldest daughter of concert violinist Irma Jean Stowe, the great-granddaughter of Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Gregory Jacob Korniloff, a graduate of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and Arts, who was later assistant concertmaster of the El Paso Symphony Orchestra. Cornell is the elder sister of the late Paul Korniloff, a piano prodigy, and Kathryn Korniloff, co-founder of the band Two Nice Girls and a sound designer and composer since 1995.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: While a nine-year-old fourth grade student at Mesita Elementary School, Cornell was chosen as El Paso's "Little Miss Cotton" in March 1963.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: In 1966, Cornell and her family moved to Scarsdale, New York. She attended both Scarsdale Junior High School and Scarsdale High School, from which she graduated in 1971.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: After graduation, Cornell enrolled at the University of Colorado Boulder, where she studied business, drama, English, Russian, Spanish and Anthropology. During the summer between her sophomore and junior year in college, she worked at the recording studio Caribou Ranch in Nederland, Colorado. There she met Billy Joel, Dennis Wilson, Carole King, Joni Mitchell, David Cassidy, and photographer Henry Diltz. As a Caribou Ranch photographer and "kitchen girl" she brought food to the cabins (Ooray, Running Bear, the Grizzle Bear Lodge) of such rock stars as The Beach Boys, America, Chicago and Billy Joel. The Ozark Mountain Daredevils gave her a credit on their album "Men From Home." Before graduation, Cornell was the road manager for musician Michael Murphy. In May 1976, Cornell graduated from UC Boulder with a Bachelor of Science in Business, with majors in both advertising and English/drama.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: By the time of her father's death in May 1977, Cornell had joined the rest of the Korniloff family, who had been living in The Hague, the Netherlands since mid-1975. Soon after, her mother and siblings moved back to El Paso, Texas. By 1978 Cornell had moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. While there she had a job for three months working at a recording studio and modeling for album covers, before being employed by Jack Webb Productions as a secretary-production assistant. Still known as Lydia Korniloff, Cornell also worked as an assistant to the producer on the television movie "Little Mo", a biography of tennis star Maureen Connolly.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: Cornell's first screen appearance was as Lydia Korniloff in a walk-on as a girl in a car in the film "Steel" (1979), produced by and starring Lee Majors. Her first professional speaking part was in an episode of "The Love Boat", for which she had two lines. In the summer of 1980, Cornell spent nine weeks filming in the Greek Isles for her appearance in the mythological horror film "Blood Tide", which was not released until 1982.


title: Lydia Cornell

text: Cornell's first major role was as Sara Rush, "a ditzy, big-breasted blonde", on "Too Close for Comfort" from 1980–85. In 1982, at the height of the sitcom's popularity, Cornell was described by sexologist Robert T. Francoeur as providing a modern example of "classic female stereotypes in the mold of Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield".


title: Lydia Cornell

text: Cornell appeared in single episode roles on numerous television series over the years, including "The Love Boat", "Charlie's Angels", "The Drew Carey Show", "Quantum Leap" (the pilot episode) "Full House", "Knight Rider", "The Dukes of Hazzard", "The A-Team", "T. J. Hooker", "Simon & Simon", "Hunter", "Hardball", "Black Scorpion", "Hotel", "Fantasy Island" and "Curb Your Enthusiasm". She also appeared as a guest on episodes of television game shows, such as "Battle of the Network Stars", "Super Password" and "Match Game Hollywood Squares Hour".


title: Shadow of Intent

text: Shadow of Intent is an American deathcore band from Connecticut. They formed in 2013 as a "Halo"-themed studio project by Ben Duerr and Chris Wiseman. The band's name is a reference to a Covenant ship in the "Halo" series. They are not signed to a label and have released their albums independently. They have released four studio albums to date, along with two instrumental versions of previous releases, and a deluxe album. Their fourth studio album entitled "Elegy" was released independently on January 14, 2022.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: Shadow of Intent was formed in 2013 in Connecticut by vocalist Ben Duerr and guitarist Chris Wiseman. They met playing in separate bands at a local concert. The group was initially formed as a studio project. They were inspired by "Halo" and the name "Shadow of Intent" came from a ship in the game series bearing the same name. Duerr describes himself as a "Halo" nerd and stated that their music follows the storyline of the "Halo" novels.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: The group released their EP "Inferi Sententia" on July 18, 2014, and debut album "Primordial" on January 10, 2016. The tracks on both albums were produced via homemade recordings. All of the tracks on "Inferi Sententia" were re-recorded and featured on "Primordial". The drum tracks are programmed on both releases. Keyboard and orchestral samples are also present on these releases.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: Duerr was responsible solely for writing and performing the lead vocals during the production process while Wiseman was responsible for all of the remaining songwriting.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: On September 19, 2016, they announced the addition of Matt Kohanowski on drums, marking the end of the group's time as a two-man project. On March 31, 2017, they announced the addition of new members Federico Zuccarelli on guitar and Keith Kohlhepp on bass. This brought the total members of the group to five.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: On April 28, 2017, Shadow of Intent released "Reclaimer", their first album without programmed drum tracks and the first album to feature a unique player on each instrument. It reached #4 on the iTunes metal chart at debut. It was described by "MetalSucks" as "nothing short of a triumph of symphonic deathcore".


title: Shadow of Intent

text: The band released "The Instrumentals" on October 20, 2017. The album contained instrumental versions of all of the songs from both of the preceding albums.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: In December 2017, Shadow of Intent began touring with their now four-man lineup. They played their first live shows at the Webster Theater in Hartford CT and at the Gramercy Theater in New York City.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: On March 30, 2018, they released their first single 'Underneath a Sullen Moon'. This was the first track which was not "Halo"-themed and their second released track which did not begin with the word 'The.' The band went on their first major tour in the Spring of 2018 supporting Carnifex on their Chaos & Carnage tour headliner. Oceano, Winds of Plague, Archspire, Spite, Widowmaker and Buried Above Ground accompanied Shadow of Intent on this tour. In the Summer of 2018, the band toured alongside Whitechapel, The Black Dahlia Murder, Fleshgod Apocalypse, and Aversions Crown.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: On December 14, 2018, the group announced that Anthony Barone would be joining the group as their drummer.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: On August 16, 2019, Shadow of Intent released "Melancholy" which included a remastered version of the aforementioned single as one of the tracks on the album. Francesco Ferrini of Fleshgod Apocalypse contributed to the orchestral work on this album. "Melancholy" has been described as a concept album depicting mass suicides orchestrated by a demonic goddess. This album marked a departure from writing strictly "Halo"-themed music. An instrumental version of "Melancholy" was also released on November 22, 2019.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: In the Winter of 2020, the band performed on their first major headlining tour throughout the United States accompanied by Inferi, Signs of the Swarm, and Brand of Sacrifice.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: On November 8, 2020, the group announced they were parting ways with Anthony Barone and that Bryce Butler (Contrarian) would be replacing him.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: In October 2021, The band announced their fourth studio album, "Elegy", for a January 2022 release, which was ultimately met with great critical acclaim. A deluxe edition of the album was released digitally on September 9, 2022, featuring a B-side track titled 'Frozen Tomb' and a cover of Lamb of God's 'Laid to Rest'.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: In the Winter of 2022, the band toured the United States alongside Cannibal Corpse, Whitechapel, and Revocation.


title: Shadow of Intent

text: Shadow of Intent's symphonic style has been compared to Fleshgod Apocalypse, Ovid's Withering, and Dimmu Borgir. Their stylistic development has been described as incorporating blackened death metal and progressive metal elements in their "Melancholy" release. The group has demonstrated a penchant for instrumentals, not only releasing instrumental versions of all of their albums, but also including at least one instrumental track on nearly every album release (The Aftermath in Jat-Krula track from Primordial features a minor vocal part despite being mostly instrumental).


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The 5.8×42mm / DBP87 (""D"àn (弹) "B"ùqiāng (步枪) "P"ŭtōng (普通), 19"87""; literally "Standard Rifle Cartridge, 1987") is a military rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge developed in the People's Republic of China. There is limited information on this cartridge, although the People's Liberation Army claims that it is superior to the 5.56×45mm NATO and Soviet 5.45×39mm cartridges.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: Another variant called the DBP88 "heavy round" was designed specifically for squad automatic weapons and designated marksman rifles. The 5.8×42mm "heavy round" cartridge has the same dimensions as the standard 5.8×42mm cartridge, but utilizes a longer streamlined bullet with a heavy steel core for increased performance at extended ranges and penetration. As of 2010, all 5.8×42mm cartridge variants have been succeeded by the DBP10 variant.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The Chinese armaments industry and the Chinese military were informed about the developments and experience that the US armed forces had during the Vietnam War with the M16 rifle and its 5.56×45mm M193 ammunition – not least because of the arms aid for Vietnam, as a result of which there was a high probability that captured US small arms and ammunition reached China. In March 1971, the so-called "Conference 713" was held in Beijing, at which future developments in the field of infantry weapons were discussed and criteria for infantry weapons and ammunition were established.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The new ammunition to be developed should have a caliber of around 6 mm and a muzzle velocity of around 1,000 m/s. Compared to the standard 7.62×39mm cartridge, recoil and weight were to be reduced whilst accuracy and terminal ballistics had to be improved. At the "744 Conference" the caliber choice was narrowed down to either 5.8 mm or 6 mm. Seven different case designs were presented, which required overall cartridge lengths between 56 mm and 59.5 mm. The actual development began in 1978.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: In 1979 the caliber and case length choices were determined and China started the development of the 5.8×42mm cartridge and finalized the cartridge in 1987. The 5.8×42mm / DBP87 was designed to replace the Soviet 7.62×39mm and 5.45×39mm cartridges used by the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The Type 95 / QBZ-95 (Chinese: 轻武器,步枪,自动, 1995; Pinyin: Qīng wǔqì, Bùqiāng, Zìdòng, 1995; literally "Light weapon, Rifle, Automatic, 1995") 5.8 mm caliber assault rifle, firing the 5.8×42mm / DBP87 or the improved DBP95, is now the standard issue weapon in the PLA. The DBP87 service round was quickly supplemented in 1988 by the DBP88 round which was loaded with a heavier more aerodynamic projectile for improved extended range performance.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The 5.8×42mm is an example of an international tendency towards relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges. Cartridges like the Belgian 5.56×45mm NATO, Soviet 5.45×39mm, and Chinese 5.8×42mm allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to their larger and heavier predecessor cartridges, have favourable maximum point-blank range or "battle zero" characteristics and produce relatively low bolt thrust and free recoil impulse, favouring light weight arms design and automatic fire accuracy.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: In June 2004, an improved version of the 5.8×42mm cartridge entered development as the matching ammunition for the revised assault rifle, Type 95-1. Both designs were finalized in 2010 and production began the same year. This new cartridge is known as DBP10.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: To improve accuracy and barrel life the barrel was also redesigned. The number of rifling grooves was increased from 4 to 6. The diameter of the lands was slightly increased from 5.8 to 5.84 mm to 5.82 to 5.86 mm. The groove diameter was decreased from 6.01 to 6.07 mm to 5.98 to 6.02 mm. In addition, the twist rate in the revised 95-1 assault rifle was reduced from 240 mm to 210 mm. These changes reduced the rifling twist rate from 41.2 to 36 calibers.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The People's Liberation Army claims that the 5.8×42mm is superior to the 5.56×45mm NATO SS109 and the 5.45×39mm 7N6; stating it has better armor penetration of 10 mm at 300 meters, a flatter trajectory, and a higher retention of velocity and energy downrange.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The DBP87 cartridge with bullets has a muzzle velocity of from a standard barrel (Type 95 / QBZ-95, 463 mm barrel length), and from the Type 95 LSW (557 mm barrel length). The bullet has a ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of approximately 0.156.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The steel core has a diameter of . In order to save cost, several compromises were made. In particular, the cartridge case is made of steel, which is cheaper than brass. To reduce the chance of rust, the case is covered in a thin layer of protective paint in dark brown. To ensure high extraction reliability, the case has a thick rim and a large extractor groove.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The DBP88 "heavy round" cartridge has a bullet and a muzzle velocity of from a standard barrel (Type 95 / QBZ-95, 463 mm barrel length), and from the Type 95 LSW / Type 95 SAW / QJB-95 (557 mm barrel length), and from the Type 88 / QBU-88 (620 mm barrel length). The bullet has a ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of approximately 0.210. It has an effective range of and can penetrate 3 mm steel plates at a distance of .


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The DBP95 cartridge was developed in 1995 for the QBZ-95. The DBP95 is an improved version of the DBP87 that uses a cleaner propellant and non corrosive primer. Its performance remains similar and the production costs are higher, but the negative effects on the weapon are reduced. It is basically the same round as the DBP87 other than these minor differences, and was used until 2010 when it was replaced by the DBP10.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The DBP10 cartridge is the newest 5.8mm variant to date. It was developed in 2010 and has a hardened steel-cored bullet, a muzzle velocity of and is designed to match all currently serving 5.8×42mm chambered weapons. As such, it will consolidate and replace all previous DBP87/95 and DBP88 5.8×42mm rounds. The bullet has a ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of approximately 0.193.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: Major improvements include a non-corrosive primer, a copper-coated steel case with a copper alloy bullet jacket with a diameter hardened steel core for better penetration of (body) armor. It also uses a cleaner burning propellant so as not to leave residue inside the weapon after firing. However, although testing of the previous DBP87/95 5.8 mm rounds showed that they were less likely to cause serious wounds, the issue was not addressed with the new DBP10 round. DBP10 has an operating pressure of .


title: 5.8×42mm

text: The DBP10 cartridge weighs . The accuracy of fire at (R) is stated as , at (R) is stated as and at (R) is stated as . R at a specific range means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at that range. The circular error probable method employed by the Chinese and other (European) militaries cannot be converted and is not comparable to the common US methods (groupsize of 5 or 10 successive shots fired at 100 yards) for determining accuracy.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: QBU-141, a small caliber sniper rifle is chambered with DBU-141 high-precision ammunition in a 10-round box magazine. The specifically designed munition improves accuracy, whereas China's previous sniper rifles use standard machine gun rounds.


title: 5.8×42mm

text: According to Chinese media, the new generation service rifle QBZ-191 is chambered in the Chinese-proprietary 5.8×42mm caliber with a redesigned DBP-191 ammunition that has better ballistic performance.


title: Panjaa

text: Panjaa () is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by Vishnuvardhan and produced by Arka Media Works and Sanghamitra Art Productions. The film stars Pawan Kalyan, Sarah-Jane Dias, Anjali Lavania, Jackie Shroff, Adivi Sesh and Atul Kulkarni. The plot follows Jaidev, a gangster's loyal henchman who is forced to go on the run following a botched mission and killing his boss's son for committing a violent atrocity.


title: Panjaa

text: The film features music scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja and cinematography by P. S. Vinod. The film marks Dias' debut in Telugu cinema and Lavania's film debut. Vishnuvardhan, who works primarily in the Tamil cinema, also makes his directorial debut in Telugu.


title: Panjaa

text: Principal photography of the film commenced on 6 May 2011. The filming took place primarily at Kolkata, Pollachi, Karaikudi, Vagamon and Palasa. "Panjaa" was released theatrically on 9 December 2011.


title: Panjaa

text: Upon release, it received mixed-to-negative reviews from both the critics and audience, alike. The performances (especially of Sesh's and Shroff's), songs, cinematography, action sequences, and production design were praised. However, the direction, story, screenplay, background score, and pace were highly criticized.


title: Panjaa

text: Initially deemed as a little ahead of its time, over the years, it became a huge cult film and is now considered to be an underrated Telugu film, of the recent times. The film performed well in overseas, but failed hugely, at the Indian box office.


title: Panjaa

text: Jaidev is a Kolkata-based hitman working for a don named Bhagavan, and they together share a business rivalry with Kulkarni. When Bhagavan's psychotic son Munna returns to India after 8 years, he mistreats the accountant Sabapathy and humiliates him. Receiving no support from Bhagavan, Sabapathy joins Kulkarni's gang, making Bhagavan order Jai to kill him. As per the plan, Jai kidnaps Rahul, the son of Kulkarni's brother Sampath. He asks Guruvayya to hold Rahul hostage at a club until he is back with Sabapathy. Jai demands a meeting with Sabapathy in exchange for Rahul's freedom. Sabapathy tells him he switched sides not to retaliate, but to protect himself. Munna, on the other hand, visits the club and is attracted to club dancer named Jhanvi and inquires about her in the club. Learning from Guruvayya that she loves Jai, Munna is enraged and kills Rahul after he teases him and kills Kulkarni's henchman, who came to pick up Rahul.


title: Panjaa

text: When Sampath and Kulkarni receive no response, Jai tries to escape, and a chase ensues. He manages to flee but is shocked to learn of Rahul's death. Munna finds Jahnavi at Jai's house and beats her to death. Jai arrives and gets into a fight with Munna. Guruvayya sees Jai kill Munna and reports him to Bhagavan. Jai decides to tell Bhagavan the reason behind killing Munna, and is on his way attacked by the henchmen as per Bhagavan's orders. Following a gunfight, Jai escapes while Bhagavan vows to seek revenge for Munna's death. Jai escapes to Palasa, where he stays at his love interest Sandhya's house. On the other hand, the rivalry between Bhagavan and Kulkarni intensifies after Jai's exit as Bhagavan loses power and his trusted men join hands with Kulkarni. Bhagavan learns about Jai's nursery he used to run with the help of his friend Chotu, and gets it destroyed by his men upon learning about Chotu.


title: Panjaa

text: Back at Palasa, some goons invade their home at night, Ashok and Jai together fight them off, following which Sandhya reveals about a mercenary named Sambasiva, who was after her life since she sent him to prison. Jai kills Sambasiva and gives the credit to a cop named Paparayudu. Bhagavan learns about Chotu's location through his girlfriend, kills her, and captures Chotu. He finds out about Jai and Sandhya through a photo from Chotu's phone. When Chotu refuses to tell anything about Jai, Bhagavan gets him asphyxiated. Jai reveals to Sandhya that he was the one who killed Sambasiva for her, further revealing about his past. Jai is soon attacked by Sampath and his henchmen, but Ashok arrives to his rescue. Following a gunfight and a brawl, Jai kills Sampath and learns Sandhya has been kidnapped. Jai goes back to Kolkata and attacks Kulkarni's house, where he kills his henchmen and holds Kulkarni on gunpoint. Kulkarni tells him he hasn't kidnapped Sandhya, and it was Guruvayya who told them about Jai's location. Jai proceeds to first kill Kulkarni and then Guruvayya, following which he arrives at Bhagavan's house and finds Sandhya held captive. Jai reveals why he killed Munna and tries to convince Bhagavan into sparing Sandhya. However, Bhagavan ends up shooting her, and Jai ends up shooting Bhagavan. Sandhya survives and unites with Jai, but Bhagavan dies from his injuries.


title: Panjaa

text: In November 2010, sources reported that director Vishnuvardhan would direct a film featuring Pawan Kalyan in the lead role, to be produced by Neelima Nagesh and Shobu Yarlagadda. Neelima, in an interview, stated that she was a big fan of Pawan Kalyan. Vishnnuvardhan, following the release of his 2009 film "Sarvam", which fared poorly at the box office, had been working on two scripts – the other one being the prequel to the 2007 version of "Billa" – but was unable to start either project due to unavailable dates of Pawan Kalyan and Ajith Kumar. He had planned to shoot both projects simultaneously from March 2011 onwards, but since that was not possible, he was forced to drop one of the projects, with Vishnuvardhan eventually deciding to direct this film. Abburi Ravi was roped in to write the dialogues, while the screenplay was provided by Rahul Koda.


title: Panjaa

text: Former Miss India Sarah-Jane Dias was signed for one of the two female lead characters, making her Telugu film debut. Jiah Khan and Shazahn Padamsee, who starred in "Orange" opposite Ram Charan Tej, were considered for the other female role. However, eventually Mumbai-based model Anjali Lavania, best known for her appearances in the Kingfisher calendar and several other advertisements, was finalised for the second character. Director-actor Sesh Adivi was roped in for an antagonist role. Yuvan Shankar Raja and A. Sreekar Prasad, Vishnuvardhan's norm associates, were signed to score the music and handle the editing department, respectively, while P. S. Vinod was selected as the cinematographer in place of Nirav Shah who had worked on Vishnuvardhan's previous projects. Action sequences were choreographed by Sham Kaushal, a noted stunt co-ordinator in Bollywood films, while Sunil Babu was chosen as the art director. Vishnuvardhan's wife, Anu Vardhan, worked as the costume designer.


title: Panjaa

text: Principal photography was expected to start from 15 April 2011, with the scenes during the first schedule being shot in Kolkata, West Bengal. Filming eventually began on 6 May in Kolkata, where the major part of the film was shot. The Kolkata schedule was completed by late June 2011, and the following month, filming was held in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, which was followed by schedules in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu and across Kerala. In Kerala, the crew shot for five days at the Vagamon hill station, located 1,100 metres above sea level. A song sequence featuring Pawan Kalyan and Sarah Jane was shot at the Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad in September under the choreography of Firoz Khan. From 10 October, the last song picturised on Anjali Lavania was canned in a Hyderabad studio. Anjali performed belly dance in the song, which was choreographed by Geeta Kapoor, best known for her work in the song "Sheila Ki Jawani" from the Hindi film "Tees Maar Khan".


title: Panjaa

text: The film was launched under the working title "The Shadow", with the team indicating that the title may be changed. The film, began its principal photography in early May 2011, which was completed by October 2011, with filming being held primarily at Kolkata, West Bengal, Pollachi and Karaikudi in Tamil Nadu and Vagamon in Kerala apart from Palasa. In the following months, several titles including "Kaali", "Thilak", "Power" and "Patel", were considered. The official title was revealed as "Panjaa" by the producers during Dussera.


title: Panjaa

text: For the film's score and soundtrack, Vishnuvardhan's friend and usual associate, Yuvan Shankar Raja, was signed up. "Panjaa"'s soundtrack features six tracks. Chandrabose and Ramajogayya Sastry penned the lyrics for every three songs. The composing began in late January 2011. The soundtrack album was originally planned to be launched on 6 November 2011 but was postponed due to the sudden demise of Yuvan Shankar Raja's mother. The audio launch was held on 18 November 2011 in a grand manner at the Gachibowli Indoor Stadium in Hyderabad. Along with the cast and crew, noted film personalities including directors K. Raghavendra Rao and S. S. Rajamouli, composer M. M. Keeravani and actor Rana Daggubati attended the function, which was anchored by comedian Ali and Suma Kanakala. The event was broadcast live on MAA TV.


title: Panjaa

text: Upon release, the songs generally garnered positive response. The songs became chartbusters, with the title track "Panjaa" becoming the most played song in all Hyderabad radio channels, as well as the song of the year. 123Telugu gave a positive response stating "Pawan Kalyan has tried out a new look for this movie and the buzz in the industry is that ‘Panjaa’ is going to be very different from his earlier flicks. The audio album reflects this. Yuvan's music is very different and modern. There are some pretty good numbers in this album. The title track ‘Panjaa’ absolutely rocks. ‘Ela Ela’ and ‘Paparayudu’ will be quite popular too. A better item number would have been a major asset. Do not expect a regular Pawan Kalyan style audio album this time. Listen to this album with an open mind and you will appreciate the music." In 2013, the film's music director Yuvan Shankar Raja reused the background score in the Tamil-language film "Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan".


title: Panjaa

text: Prior to its release, the film's official merchandise was made available on the official site, including a game application. 15% of the merchandise sales were donated to major NGOs. An anti-piracy initiative was also launched through the site itself. The film's official merchandise was also released across Andhra Pradesh. A teaser trailer was released a day prior to Diwali, which received a high response. According to "Sify", it was seen more than 200,000 times on the film's official YouTube channel within 24 hours, setting a new record.


title: Panjaa

text: In order to prevent any major cuts, the makers accepted the A (adults only) rating from the Central Board of Film Certification for their release in India, while they actually wanted the U/A (parental guidance) rating. The film was released on 9 December 2011 with six cuts. Following multiple fan requests, the makers added the title track in the beginning as well, while it initially played only during the end.


title: Panjaa

text: In 2012, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray formats by Bhavani DVD. The same year, a Tamil-dubbed version titled "Kuri" () was also scheduled to release, but the plan was later on dropped. In 2015, a Hindi-dubbed version titled "Jaandaar" () was released. The film was also dubbed in Malayalam as Paayum.


title: Panjaa

text: Panjaa received largely, mixed-to-negative reviews, from the critics. "Fullhyd" gave it 3.5 stars out of 5, praising the film's technical aspects and performances while criticizing the dubbing for both the heroines. "123Telugu" gave it 3 stars out of 5, praising the performances and action sequences while also criticizing the second half and lack of lengthy song sequences. Idlebrain.com also gave it 3 stars out of 5, similarly praising the action sequences and performances apart from technical aspects, but criticized the lack of emotions. News18 praised the film's art work and styling, but criticized the narration pace.


title: Panjaa

text: On the other hand, Rediff gave 2 stars, criticizing the script and pointing out that it reminded of Kalyan's earlier film "Balu ABCDEFG" but praised Sesh's performance "Greatandhra" also gave it 2 stars, criticizing the lack of a "major conflict point". Oneindia.in criticized the film but praised Kalyan's performance, cinematography and the music.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: Adinath Kothare (born 13 May 1984) is an Indian actor, producer, and director, who predominantly works in Marathi films. His directorial debut film, 'Paani,' won the 'National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation' at the 66th National Film Awards and also won him the 'Best Actor' award at the New York Indian Film Festival. His father, Mahesh Kothare, is a veteran film director of Marathi films.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: Kothare made his acting debut as a child actor in the 1994 hit film '"Majha Chakula"'. For it, he received 'Best Child Actor' at the Maharashtra State Film Awards. Kothare's next movie "'Ved Lagi Jeeva"' was directed by his father, Mahesh Kothare, in the year 2010. This role earned him a nomination in the 'Best Actor' category at 'Zee Gaurav Puraskar'.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: Other films include 'Zapatlela 2' (2013) and 'Avatarachi Goshta' (2014). Avatarachi Goshta won many awards at the 51st Maharashtra State Marathi Film Award, Zee Gaurav Puraskar (2014), and "Sahyadri Cine Film Awards" 2014.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: As a film producer, Adinath Kothare produced the movie 'Zapatlela 2' (2013) the 1st ever Marathi True 3D film which also saw him in the lead role in the film.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: Kothare was born on 13 May 1984. Kothare's father, Mahesh Kothare, is one of the most famous filmmakers in the Marathi film industry. Mahesh Kothare has directed and produced many Marathi films and has also produced a few Hindi films. Kothare's grandfather, Amber Kothare, did negative and supporting roles in films directed by his father such as De Danadan (1987) and Dhadakebaaz (1990).


title: Adinath Kothare

text: In 2011, Kothare married Marathi film and television actress Urmilla Kothare. The couple has a daughter named Jiza Kothare.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: In 1994, Kothare first appeared in the movie "Majha Chakula", Adinath's next movie "Ved Lagi Jeeva" was directed by his father Mahesh Kothare in the year 2010. After that, he appeared in Aditya Sarpotdar's musical drama film "Satrangi Re" playing Rego (Goraksha Mhapusekar), which was released on 3 February 2012, also starring Amruta Khanvilkar, Siddharth Chandekar, Pooja Sawant, Bhushan Pradhan, Soumil Shringarpure, Uday Tikekar, Vidyadhar Joshi, Supriya Matkari and Madhav Abhyankar.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: Adinath also acted in his father's ambitious project, the first Marathi true 3D film "Zapatlela 2", which was released on 7 June 2014. The film is the sequel to the 1993 Marathi film "Zapatlela". In 2014, he played the lead role in "Hello Nandan" along with Mrunal Thakur and then starred in the film "Anvatt" alongside his wife Urmilla Kothare. Kothare next starred in "Ishq Wala Love" along with Sulagna Panigrahi, which released on 10 October 2014.


title: Adinath Kothare

text: His next film, released on 26 December 2014, "Avatarachi Goshta" won many awards at the 51st Maharashtra State Marathi Film Festival 2014, Zee Gaurav 2014 Film Awards, and Sahyadri Cine Film Awards 2014. Kothare produced "Zapatlela 2" under his own production company Kothare Vision Private Ltd. He did television debut with Zee Marathi's "100 Days" serial. He did directorial debut with the Marathi film "Paani".


title: Adinath Kothare

text: In 2021, He played former Indian cricketer Dilip Vengsarkar in "83" film, a sports drama film based on the 1983 Cricket World Cup. In 2022, He played the role of Daulatrao Deshmane in the Marathi film "Chandramukhi".


title: British Army during the Second World War

text: At the start of 1939, the British Army was, as it traditionally always had been, a small volunteer professional army. At the beginning of the Second World War on 1 September 1939, the British Army was small in comparison with those of its enemies, as it had been at the beginning of the First World War in 1914. It also quickly became evident that the initial structure and manpower of the British Army was woefully unprepared and ill-equipped for a war with multiple enemies on multiple fronts. During the early war years, mainly from 1940 to 1942, the British Army suffered defeat in almost every theatre of war in which it was deployed. But, from late 1942 onwards, starting with the Second Battle of El Alamein, the British Army's fortunes changed and it rarely suffered another defeat.


text: While there are a number of reasons for this shift, not least the entrance of both the Soviet Union and the United States in 1941, as well as the cracking of the Enigma code that same year, an important factor was the stronger British Army. This included better equipment, leadership, training, better military intelligence and mass conscription that allowed the army to expand to form larger armies and army groups, as well as create new specialist formations such as the Special Air Service (SAS), Special Boat Service (SBS), Commandos and the Parachute Regiment. During the course of the war, eight men would be promoted to the rank of Field Marshal, the army's highest rank.


text: By the end of the Second World War in September 1945, over 3.5 million men and women had served in the British Army, which had suffered around 720,000 casualties throughout the conflict.


text: The British Army was called on to fight around the world, starting with campaigns in Europe in 1940. After the Dunkirk evacuation of Allied Forces from France (May–June 1940), the army fought in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatres, and in the Burma Campaign. After a series of setbacks, retreats and evacuations, the British Army and its Allies eventually gained the upper hand. This began with victory in the Tunisian Campaign in North Africa in May 1943, followed by Italy being forced to surrender after the invasions of Sicily and the Italian mainland in 1943. In 1944 the British Army returned to France and with its Allies drove the German Army back into Germany. Meanwhile, in East Asia the Japanese Army were driven back by the Allies from the Indian border into eastern Burma. In 1945 both the German and Japanese Armies were defeated and surrendered within months of each other.


text: High losses had been sustained by the British Army during the First World War and many soldiers returned embittered by their experiences. The British people had also suffered economic hardships after the war and with the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s had contributed to a widespread antipathy to involvement in another war. One of the results was the adoption of a doctrine of casualty avoidance, as the British Army knew that British society, and the soldiers themselves, would never again allow them to recklessly throw away lives. The British Army had analysed the lessons of the First World War and developed them into an inter-war doctrine, at the same time trying to predict how advances in weapons and technology might affect any future war. Developments were constrained by the Treasury. In 1919, the Ten Year Rule was introduced, which stipulated that the British Armed Forces should draft their estimates "on the assumption that the British Empire would not be engaged in any great war during the next ten years". In 1928, Winston Churchill, who was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 6 November 1924 to 4 June 1929 (and who later became Prime Minister), successfully urged the British Government to make the Rule self-perpetuating so that it was in force unless specifically countermanded (Cabinet abandoned the rule in 1932)


text: In the 1920s, and much of the 1930s, the General Staff tried to establish a small mechanized professional army, using the Experimental Mechanized Force as a prototype. The structure of the British Army had been organized to sacrifice firepower for mobility and removed from its commanders the fire support weapons that were needed to advance over the battlefield. The army had been equipped and trained to win quick victories using superior mechanised mobility and technology rather than manpower. It also adopted a conservative tendency to consolidate gains on the battlefield rather than aggressively exploiting successes. However, with the lack of any identified threat, the Army's main function was to garrison the British Empire.


text: During this time, the army suffered from a lack of funding. The Royal Navy, being the first line of defence, received the major proportion of the defence budget. Second priority was the creation of a bomber force for the Royal Air Force (RAF) to retaliate against the expected attacks on British cities. The development of radar in 1935, which had the ability to track enemy aircraft, resulted in additional funding being provided for the RAF to build a fighter aircraft force. The army's shortage of funds, and no requirement for large armoured forces to police the Empire, was reflected in the fact that no large-scale armoured formations were formed until 1938. The effectiveness of the British Army was also hampered by the doctrine of casualty avoidance.


text: Alan Brooke the CIGS from November 1941 complained several times in the earlier entries in his private diary about the lack of suitable officers for command positions, which he puts down to high losses in the First World War


text: At the outbreak of the Second World War, only two armoured divisions (the 1st and 7th) had been formed, in comparison to the seven armoured divisions of the German Army. In September 1939, the British Army had a total of 892,697 officers and men in both the full-time regular army and part-time Territorial Army (TA). The regular army could muster 224,000 men, who were supported by a reserve of 173,700 men. Of the regular army reservists, only 3,700 men were fully trained and the remainder had been in civilian life for up to 13 years. In April 1939, an additional 34,500 men had been conscripted into the regular army and had only completed their basic training on the eve of war. The regular army was built around 30 cavalry or armoured regiments and 140 infantry battalions. The Territorial Army numbered 438,100, with a reserve of around 20,750 men. This force comprised 29 yeomanry regiments (eight of which were still to be fully mechanized), 12 tank and 232 infantry battalions.


text: In May 1939 the "Military Training Act 1939" introduced limited conscription to meet the growing threat of Germany. The Act required all men aged between 20 and 22 years to do six months of military training. When the UK declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the "National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939" was rushed through Parliament that required all fit men between the ages of 18 and 41 years to register for training (except for those in exempted industries and occupations).


text: By the end of 1939 the British Army's size had risen to 1.1 million men. By June 1940 it stood at 1.65 million men and had further increased to 2.2 million men by June 1941. The size of the British Army peaked in June 1945, at 2.9 million men. By the end of the Second World War some three million people had served.


text: In 1944, the United Kingdom was facing severe manpower shortages. By May 1944, it was estimated that the British Army's strength in December 1944 would be 100,000 less than it was at the end of 1943. Although casualties in the Normandy Campaign, the main effort of the British Army in 1944, were actually lower than anticipated, losses from all causes were still higher than could be replaced. Two infantry divisions and a brigade (59th and 50th divisions and 70th Brigade) were disbanded to provide replacements for other British divisions in the 21st Army Group and all men being called up to the Army were trained as infantrymen. Furthermore, 35,000 men from the RAF Regiment and the Royal Artillery were transferred to the infantry and were retrained as rifle infantrymen, where the majority of combat casualties fell. In addition, in the Eighth Army fighting in the Italian Campaign of the Mediterranean theatre several units, mainly infantry, were also disbanded to provide replacements, including the 1st Armoured Division and several other smaller units, such as the 168th Brigade, had to be reduced to cadre, and several other units had to be amalgamated. For example, the 2nd and 6th battalions of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers were merged in August 1944. At the same time, most infantry battalions in Italy had to be reduced from four to three rifle companies.


text: The pre-war army had allowed recruits to be assigned to the Corps of their wishes. This led to men being allocated to the wrong or unsuitable Corps. The Secretary of State for War, Leslie Hore-Belisha attempted to address these problems, and the wider problems of the British Army. The process of allocating men would remain ad hoc at the start of the war. The army would be without the quotas of men required from skilled professions and trades, which modern warfare demanded. With the British Army being the least popular service compared to the Royal Navy and RAF, a higher proportion of army recruits were said to be dull and backwards.


text: The following memorandum to the executive committee of the Army Council highlighted the growing concern.


text: "The British Army is wasting manpower in this war almost as badly as it did in the last war. A man is posted to a Corps almost entirely on the demand of the moment and without any effort at personal selection by proper tests."


text: Only with the creation of the Beveridge committee in 1941, and their subsequent findings in 1942, would the situation of skilled men not being assigned correctly be addressed. The findings led directly to the creation of the General Service Corps that remains in place today.


text: During the war, the British Army raised 43 infantry divisions. Not all of these existed at the same time, and several were formed purely as training or administrative formations. Eight regular army divisions existed at the start of the war or were formed immediately afterwards from garrisons in the Middle East. The Territorial Army had 12 "first line" divisions (which had existed, generally, since the raising of the Territorial Force in the early 1900s), and raised a further 12 "second line" divisions from small cadres. Five other infantry divisions were created during the war, either converted from static "county" divisions or specially raised for Operation Torch or the Burma Campaign.


text: The 1939 infantry division had a theoretical establishment of 13,863 men. By 1944, the strength had risen to 18,347 men. This increase in manpower resulted mainly from the increased establishment of a division's subunits and formations; except for certain specialist supporting services, the overall structure remained substantially the same throughout the war. A 1944 division typically was made up of three infantry brigades; a Medium Machine Gun (MMG) battalion (with 36 Vickers machine guns, in three companies, and one company of 16 4.2-inch mortars); a reconnaissance regiment; a divisional artillery group, which consisted of three motorised field artillery regiments each with twenty-four 25-pounder guns, an anti-tank regiment with forty-eight anti-tank guns and a light anti-aircraft regiment with fifty-four Bofors 40 mm guns; three field companies and one field park company of the Royal Engineers; three transport companies of the Royal Army Service Corps; an ordnance field park company of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps; three field ambulances of the Royal Army Medical Corps, a signals unit of the Royal Corps of Signals; and a provost company of the Royal Military Police. During the war, the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers was formed to take over the responsibility of recovering and repairing vehicles and other equipment. A division generally had three workshop companies, and a recovery company from the REME.


text: There were very few variations on this standard establishment. For example, the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division was converted to a Mountain Division, with lighter equipment and transport. Other differences were generally the result of local exigencies. (A "Lower Establishment" existed for divisions stationed in Britain or inactive theatres, which were not intended to take part in active operations.)


text: With all cavalry and armoured regiments committed to armoured formations in the early part of the war, there were no units left for divisional reconnaissance, so the Reconnaissance Corps was formed in January 1941. Ten infantry battalions were reformed as reconnaissance battalions. The Reconnaissance Corps was merged into the Royal Armoured Corps in 1944.


text: The Infantry brigade typically had a HQ company and three infantry battalions. Fire support was provided by the allocation of an MMG company, anti tank battery, Royal Engineer company and/or field artillery regiment as required. Brigade Groups, which operated independently, had Royal Engineer, Royal Army Service Corps, Royal Army Medical Corps and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers units permanently assigned. Brigade groups were also formed on an "ad-hoc" basis and were given whatever resources was needed to complete an objective. However, it was intended before the war that the division was the lowest formation at which support (particularly artillery fire) could be properly concentrated and coordinated. Lieutenant-General Montgomery reimposed and reinforced this principle when he assumed command of the Eighth Army in North Africa in 1942, halting a tendency to split divisions into uncoordinated brigades and "penny packets".


text: The infantry battalion consisted of the battalion Headquarters (HQ), HQ company (signals and administration platoons), four rifle companies (HQ and three rifle platoons), a support company with a carrier platoon, mortar platoon, anti tank platoon and pioneer platoon. The rifle platoon had a HQ, which included a 2-inch mortar and an anti tank weapon team, and three rifle sections, each containing seven riflemen and a three-man Bren gun team.


text: At the start of the war, the British Army possessed only two armoured divisions: the Mobile Division, formed in Britain in October 1937, and the Mobile Division (Egypt), formed in the autumn of 1938 following the Munich Crisis, These two divisions were later redesignated the 1st Armoured Division, in April 1939, and 7th Armoured Division, in January 1940, respectively.


text: During the war, the army raised a further nine armoured divisions, some of which were training formations and saw no action. Three were formed from first-line territorial or Yeomanry units. Six more were raised from various sources. As with the infantry divisions, not all existed at the same time, as several armoured divisions were disbanded or reduced to skeleton establishments during the course of the war, as a result of battle casualties or to provide reinforcements to bring other formations up to full strength.


text: The structure of British armoured divisions changed several times before and during the war. In 1937, the Mobile Division had two cavalry brigades each with three light tank regiments, a tank brigade with three medium tank regiments, and a "Pivot Group" (later called the "Support Group") containing two motorised infantry battalions and two artillery regiments. The Mobile Division (Egypt) had a light armoured brigade, a cavalry brigade, a heavy armoured group of two regiments and a pivot group.


text: By 1939, the intention was for an Armoured Division to consist of two armoured brigades, a support group and divisional troops. The armoured brigades would each be composed of three armoured regiments with a mixture of light and medium tanks, with a total complement of 220 tanks, while the support group would be composed of two motorised infantry battalions, two field artillery regiments, one anti–tank regiment and one light anti–aircraft regiment.


text: In late 1940, following the campaign in France and Belgium in the spring, it was realised that there were insufficient infantry and support units, and mixing light and cruiser tanks in the same brigade had been a mistake. The armoured divisions' organisation was changed so that each armoured brigade now incorporated a motorised infantry battalion, and a third battalion was present within the Support Group.


text: In the winter of 1940–41, new armoured regiments were formed by converting the remaining mounted cavalry and yeomanry regiments. A year later, 33 infantry battalions were also converted to armoured regiments. By the Second Battle of El Alamein, in late 1942, the British Army had realised that an entire infantry brigade was needed within each division, but until mid 1944, the idea that the armoured and motorised infantry brigades should fight separate albeit coordinated battles persisted. By the Battle of Normandy in 1944, the divisions consisted of an armoured brigade of three armoured regiments and a motorised infantry battalion, and an infantry brigade containing three motorised infantry battalions. The division's support troops included an armoured car regiment, an armoured reconnaissance regiment, two field artillery regiments (one of which was equipped with 24 Sexton self-propelled 25-pounder guns), one anti–tank regiment (with one or more batteries equipped with Archer or Achilles tank destroyers in place of towed anti–tank guns) and one light anti–aircraft regiment, with the usual assortment of engineers, mechanics, signals, transport, medical, and other support services.


text: The armoured reconnaissance regiment was equipped with medium tanks, bringing the armoured divisions to a strength of 246 medium tanks (roughly 340 tanks in total) and by the end of the Battle of Normandy the divisions started to operate as two brigade groups, each of two combined arms teams, each in turn of one tank regiment and one infantry battalion (The armoured reconnaissance regiment was matched with the armoured brigade's motor battalion to provide the fourth group).


text: In 1944, the division's armoured regiments comprised 78 tanks. The regimental headquarters was equipped with four medium tanks, an anti–aircraft troop with eight Crusader Anti–Aircraft tanks, and the regiment's reconnaissance troop with eleven Stuart tanks. Each regiment also had three Sabre squadrons; generally comprising four troops each of four tanks, and a squadron headquarters of three tanks. The Sabre Squadrons contained three close support tanks, 12 medium tanks, and four Sherman Fireflys. Additionally, 18 tanks were allocated to the armoured brigade's headquarters and a further ten to the division's headquarters.


text: The Royal Artillery was a large corps, responsible for the provision of field, medium, heavy, mountain, anti-tank and anti-aircraft units. (Some field regiments, particularly self-propelled regiments in the later part of the war, belonged to the prestigious Royal Horse Artillery, but were organised similarly to those of the RA.)


text: The main field artillery weapon throughout the war was the 25-pounder, with a range of for the Mk II model, Employed in a direct fire role it was also the most effective anti–tank weapon until the 6-Pounder anti–tank gun became available. One shortcoming of using the 25-pounder in this role was it effectiveness above was limited and it deprived the army of indirect fire support. Only 78 25-pounders had been delivered when the war began, so old 18-pounders, many of which had been converted to using 25-pounder ammunition as 18/25-pounders, were also employed.


text: Each field artillery regiment was originally organised as two batteries, each of two troops of six guns. This was changed late in 1940 to three batteries each of eight guns. Perhaps the most important element of a battery was the Forward Observation Officer (FOO), who directed fire. Unlike most armies of the period, in which artillery observers could only request fire support, a British Army FOO (who was supposedly a captain but could even be a subaltern) could demand it, not merely from his own battery, but from the full regiment, or even the entire field artillery of a division if required. The artillery's organisation became very flexible and effective at rapidly providing and switching fire.


text: The medium artillery relied on the First World War vintage guns until the arrival, in 1941, of the 4.5-inch Medium gun, which had a range of for a shell. This was followed in 1942 by the 5.5-inch Medium gun, which had a range of for an shell. The heavy artillery was equipped with the 7.2-inch Howitzer, a modified First World War weapon that nevertheless remained effective. During the war, brigade–sized formations of artillery, referred to as Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), were formed. These allowed control of medium and heavy artillery to be centralised. Each AGRA was normally allocated to provide support to a corps, but could be assigned as needed by an Army HQ.


text: Although infantry units each had an anti-tank platoon, divisions also had a Royal Artillery anti-tank regiment. This had four batteries, each of twelve guns. At the start of the war, they were equipped with the 2-pounder. Although this was perhaps the most effective weapon of its type at the time, it soon became obsolete as tanks became heavier with thicker armour. Its replacement, the 6-pounder, nevertheless did not enter service until early 1942. Even before the 6-pounder was introduced, it was felt that even heavier weapons would be needed, so the 17-pounder was designed, first seeing service in the North African Campaign in late 1942.


text: Each division also had a light anti-aircraft regiment. Initially, batteries were organised in troops of four guns, but combat experience showed that a three-gun troop was as effective, shooting in a triangular formation, so the batteries were reorganised as four troops of three guns. The troops were subsequently increased in size to six guns, so the regiment then had three batteries each with eighteen Bofors 40 mm guns. This equipment and organisation remained unchanged throughout the war.


text: The Royal Artillery also formed twelve Anti–aircraft divisions, equipped with heavier weapons. These were mainly the 3-inch and 3.7-inch anti–aircraft guns, but also the 4.5-inch and 5.25-inch guns where convenient. These divisions were organised into Anti-Aircraft Command, which was commanded throughout the war by Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Alfred Pile. Each Anti-aircraft division was also responsible for searchlight and barrage balloon units within its assigned area.


text: The first raiding forces formed during the war were the ten Independent Companies, which were raised from volunteers from Second-Line TA divisions. They were intended for raiding and reconnaissance behind German lines in the Norwegian Campaign, but were disbanded after the campaign was abandoned. The remaining personnel carried out Operation Collar against German-occupied France, before being merged into the Commandos.


text: Later in 1940, the British Commandos were formed following Winston Churchill's call for "specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast." By 1941, the Commandos were carrying out raids on the German-occupied Norwegian coast in Operation Claymore and Operation Archery and in 1942, they formed the assault troops for the St Nazaire Raid. They eventually formed 30 battalion-sized commando units (including 8 Royal Marines units), some of which were organised within four brigades; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Commando brigades.


text: Impressed by the German Fallschirmjäger, Winston Churchill called for the formation of a similar elite corps of troops. The Parachute Regiment was created and by the end of the war it possessed 17 battalions. Their first action was the Bruneval Raid in 1942. The Parachute battalions formed the core of the 1st and 6th airborne divisions and the 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade. In 1945, they also supplied battalions for the 50th and 77th Indian Parachute brigades.


text: Units that operated as smaller bodies included the Long Range Desert Group, which was formed in North Africa to report on movements and activities behind the German and Italian lines. The Special Air Service was formed in 1941 for raiding missions behind the lines, and later the Special Air Service Brigade was formed to support the Normandy landings. Popski's Private Army, formed in August 1942, was also tasked with missions behind the lines to gather intelligence, blow up installations and ambush small patrols. The Special Interrogation Group was a unit formed from anti-Nazi Germans and Palestinian Jews of German origin under British officers, they wore German equipment, spoke German and lived everyday life as members of the Africa Corps. The Special Boat Service was formed from the "Folboat Section" later the "Special Boat Section" of No 8 Commando.


text: A little known force that never saw combat were the Auxiliary Units, a specially trained and secret organisation that, in the event of an invasion, would provide resistance behind the lines. Auxiliary Units were well equipped and supplied with food for 14 days, which was their expected lifespan. Selected for aptitude and local knowledge, men were mostly recruited from the Home Guard, which also provided a cover for their existence. In addition, the Special Duties Section was recruited to provide an intelligence gathering service, spying on enemy formations and troop movements. Reports were to be collected from dead letter drops and relayed by radio operators of the Royal Corps of Signals from secret locations.


text: The Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) was the women's branch of the British Army during the Second World War. Formed in September 1938, enlistment was open to woman aged 18 upwards who could enlist for general or local service (Local service they served in their own local area, General service they could be sent where they were needed and could be anywhere in the country). The ATS served in non-combat roles as cooks, clerks and storewoman. Large numbers of ATS also served with the artillery divisions as crews for the guns, searchlights and barrage balloons. One notable ATS member was No. 230873 Second Subaltern Elizabeth Windsor, who trained as a driver and mechanic, drove a military lorry, and rose to the rank of Junior Commander. She was the last serving head of state who served in uniform during the Second World War.


text: The Local Defence Volunteers (LDV) was formed in May 1940 and renamed the Home Guard in July 1940. Civilians aged between 17 and 65, who were not in military service, were asked to enlist in the LDV. The response was 250,000 volunteers attempting to sign up in the first seven days and reached 1.5 million volunteers by July. The LDV had achieved official legal status on 17 May when the Privy Council issued the "Defence (Local Defence Volunteers) Order in Council", and orders were issued from the War Office to regular Army Headquarters throughout Britain explaining the status of LDV units. Volunteers would be divided into sections, platoons and companies but would not be paid and leaders of units would not hold commissions or have the power to command regular forces. The issue of weapons to LDV and then Home Guard units was solved when emergency orders were placed for First World War vintage Ross Rifles from Canada and Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield rifles from the United States. The Home Guard was stood down on 3 December 1944 and disbanded on 31 December 1945.


text: The British tank force consisted of the slow and heavily armed infantry tank, together with the faster and lighter cruiser tank. The cruiser tanks were intended to operate independently of the slow-moving infantry and their heavier infantry tanks. The British doctrine at the time did not foresee the armoured division having a role in its own right and was assigned the traditional cavalry role. They would then deploy independent tank brigades equipped with the infantry tanks to operate with the infantry. German panzer and light divisions were equipped with the latest Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks, which could outgun all British tanks. By 1942, American Grant and Lend-Lease Sherman tanks entered British service. These tanks, with a 75mm gun, and the ability to fire high explosive and anti-tank rounds, were better than any other tank then in British service. A British development of the Sherman led to the Sherman Firefly, which was the only tank able to defeat German Panther, Tiger I and Tiger II tanks at range, until the Comet tank entered service in late 1944.


text: The British divisional anti-tank weapon was the Ordnance QF 2-pounder, which had three times the range of the German 3.7 cm PaK 36. After its introduction in May 1942 the more powerful 6-pounder replaced the 2-pounder during the second part of the war. Its small size and light weight provided excellent mobility and at the same time it was also capable of defeating most German tanks. But only with the development of the 17-pounder anti-tank gun in 1943, did the artillery have the ability to knock out the heavily armoured Tiger and Panther tanks at a maximum range of .


text: The other British artillery guns in 1939 were the 6-inch howitzer left over from the First World War, and the 25-pounder.


text: In the evacuation from France, the artillery left behind 1,000 field and 600 anti-tank guns. Much of what was lost was obsolete and the re-equipment programme produced the mass of artillery that proved decisive from 1942 onwards. Self propelled artillery guns used were the German Wespe and Hummel against the Allied Bishop, Deacon, Priest and Sexton.


text: For the infantry the German MP 38/40 submachine gun took the British by surprise, and the army issued an urgent requirement for its own submachine gun. The Thompson submachine gun was effective, but heavy, and initially hard to obtain because of its American patent. The crude but simple to manufacture Sten gun was accepted and between 1941 and 1945, some 3,750,000 were produced.


text: The British Bren light machine gun with a rate of fire of 500 rounds a minute and 30 round magazine, came up against the German MG 42 which had a rate of fire of 1,500 rounds per minute and ammunition belts of 200 rounds. The standard British rifle was the bolt action Lee–Enfield Rifle, No. 4 Mk I that outmatched the standard German rifle of the war, the Karabiner 98k; later German rifles included the Semi-automatic rifles Gewehr 41, Gewehr 43 and the first assault rifle, the StG 44.


text: The British medical services had better staffing, equipment and medicines; it enabled the British Army to keep a higher proportion of troops in the field than its opponents.


text: In April 1940 a standardised system of markings for British vehicles was introduced to take account of the mass mechanisation of the army.


text: The Military Training Pamphlet (MTP) contained most of the theory by which the army operated, the series covering most of the trades and specialisms of the army. In 1941, the intended audience was stipulated with codes under which higher operations were distributed to unit commanders and above and manuals on minor tactics to corporals and above, lower ranks not being included. Pre-war manuals were produced by committees and published by the Army Council but this was a slow, bureaucratic process. In late 1939 writing was transferred to officers chosen by the Directorate of Military Training, under the CIGS, rather than the Army Council but this was still slow; a manual for the infantry division in defence published in March 1943 had taken 15 months to write. Quickly to circulate new tactics and revised thinking derived from experience, Army Training Memoranda (ATM) were produced by the War Office to circulate to officers, with short pieces on tactics, administration and training. In the first year of the war "ATM" appeared monthly, then intermittently with 29 issues being published by the end of the war. ATM 33 was published on 2 July 1940, only eleven days after the report contained the findings of the Bartholomew Committee on the lessons of the debacle in France was written.


text: The Army Training Instruction (ATI) was used by the War Office to issue new or revised thinking without the delays of editorial review required for MTPs. The first ATI was published in January 1941 and on 19 May ATI 3 "Handling of an Armoured Division" appeared, based on work in January and March. ATIs were provisional and superseded by an MTP, except for ATI 2 "The Employment of Army Tanks in Co-operation with Infantry", which was an addition to MTP 22. ATI 2 covered occasions when infantry tank units had to be used as substitutes for armoured brigades as well as support infantry advances. The pamphlet endorsed a more ambitious form of infantry support but this proved disastrous in practice and in May 1943 a revised version was published. ATI 3 reflected experience in France against German tanks and of the Western Desert Force against the Italian army. The swift increase in the number of British tank formations created great demand for information and in 1943, MTP 41 replaced ATI 3 but technological and tactical change rapidly made written instructions obsolete, which rebounded on forces being trained in Britain.


text: In 1942, "Notes from Theatres of War" (NTW) and "Current Reports from Overseas" (CRO) began, to communicate experience of recent operations, NTW 1 of 19 February contained lessons from Operation Crusader and NTW 1 and 2 (7 March) covered events in Cyrenaica from November to December 1941 and operations in Russia in January. Later issues took longer and covered longer periods, NTW 6 covered Cyrenaica from November 1941 to January 1942 and was published in July 1942. NTWs became the official line on lessons learned and were issues to the level of the company and its equivalents; by mid-1945, the series had reached NTW 21. Lessons from overseas were sometimes peculiar to the environment and NTWs carried a warning to bear this in mind. The CRO series contained findings before they had been endorsed by the War Office to give unit commanders and training school Commandants quick access to information with the proviso that if the details contradicted accepted theory, this would usually take precedence. CROs were not circulated below brigade headquarters until April 1944, when battalion HQs were included and after May 1943 appeared weekly until June 1945.


text: The MTPs, ATM, ATI, NTW and CRO provide a picture of military theory as it evolved before D Day. Reports after 6 June show changes in theory and show the flaws in Home Forces and 21st Army Group training. There is little evidence in the documents of a frank acknowledgement of the failings of British tanks in North Africa and material criticising equipment is absent perhaps because the War Office and higher commands thought that admitting inadequacies would affect morale. On 25 June 1944, Montgomery stopped the circulation of after-action reports because they were "unduly influenced by local conditions", a euphemism for accurate reports on the challenges faced by the British in Normandy. A report by Lieutenant-Colonel A. H. Pepys of 19 June, included comment that German Tiger and Panther tanks outclassed Cromwell and Sherman tanks as badly as Panzer III and IV tanks against Crusaders and Honeys in 1941. The passage was suppressed before the report was passed to the War Office and SHAEF. The effect of the censorship was limited because word of mouth was unstoppable; when the 107th RAC, part of the 34th Tank Brigade reached Normandy, visitors from the 11th Armoured Division said that even their Churchills were outclassed by German tanks and CROs resumed in late July.


text: The First Army was formed to command the British and American forces that were part of the Operation Torch assault landings in Morocco and Algeria on 8 November 1942. It was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Kenneth Anderson. It eventually consisted of four corps, the V Corps (Charles Allfrey), IX Corps (John Crocker, later Brian Horrocks), U.S. II Corps (Lloyd Fredendall, later George Patton and Omar Bradley) and French XIX Corps (Marie-Lous Koeltz).


text: The Second Army was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Dempsey and served under the 21st Army Group. It was responsible for the Anglo-Canadian assault beach landings in Normandy on D-Day. Two of its formations, I Corps (John Crocker) and XXX Corps (Gerard Bucknall, later Brian Horrocks) took part in the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944 at Sword Beach and Gold Beach, during Operation Overlord. VIII Corps (Richard O'Connor, later Evelyn Barker) entered the line during mid-June to add its weight to the assault, followed by XII Corps (Neil Ritchie) and II Canadian Corps On 23 July 1944 I Corps was transferred to the newly activated Canadian First Army, where it would remain until March 1945, followed by the II Canadian Corps at noon on 31 July.


text: The Eighth Army was formed from the Western Desert Force in September 1941, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham. Over time the Eighth Army would be commanded by Neil Ritchie, Claude Auchinleck, Bernard Montgomery, Oliver Leese and Richard McCreery. In the early years of the war Eighth Army suffered from poor leadership and repeated reversals of fortune until the Second Battle of El Alamein when it advanced across Libya into Tunisia and joined the First Army in the 18th Army Group. The Eighth Army, under 15th Army Group command, later took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Allied invasion of Italy and the Italian Campaign, where progress was slow and casualties were heavy.


text: The Ninth Army was formed on 1 November 1941 with the re designation of the Headquarters of the British Troops in Palestine and Transjordan. It controlled British and Commonwealth land forces stationed in the eastern Mediterranean. Its commanders were General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson and Lieutenant-General Sir William George Holmes.


text: The Tenth Army was formed in Iraq and from the major part of Paiforce after the Anglo-Iraqi War. It was active in 1942 and 1943, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Quinan and consisted of III Corps (Desmond Anderson) and the Indian XXI Corps (Mosley Mayne). Its main task was the maintenance of the lines of communication to the Soviet Union from the Persian Gulf to the Caspian and the protection of the South Persian and Iraqi oilfields which supplied Britain with all its non-American sourced oil.


text: The Twelfth Army was originally formed for Operation Husky, codename for the Allied invasion of Sicily but was never used. It was reformed in May 1945, to take control of operations in Burma from the Fourteenth Army. The army Headquarters was created by re designating the Headquarters of the Indian XXXIII Corps, under Lieutenant-General Sir Montagu Stopford.


text: The Fourteenth Army was a multinational force comprising units from Commonwealth countries. As well as British units, many of its units were from the Indian Army and there were also significant contributions from 81st, 82nd and 11th African Divisions. It was often referred to as the "Forgotten Army" because its operations in the Burma Campaign were overlooked by the contemporary press, and remained more obscure than those of the corresponding formations in Europe for long after the war. It was formed in 1943, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir William Slim. The Fourteenth Army was the largest Commonwealth Army during the war, with nearly a million men by late 1944. It was composed of four corps: IV Corps (Geoffry Scoones, later Frank Messervy and Francis Tuker), Indian XV Corps (Philip Christison), Indian XXXIII Corps (Philip Christison, later Montagu Stopford) and the Indian XXXIV Corps (Ouvry Roberts). The only complete British formations were the 2nd and 36th Infantry Divisions. However, the number of British infantry battalions serving in the theatre was the equivalent of eight infantry divisions.