title: Vitis

text: Most "Vitis" species are found mostly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in North America and eastern Asia, exceptions being a few in the tropics and the wine grape "Vitis vinifera" which originated in southern Europe and southwestern Asia. Grape species occur in widely different geographical areas and show a great diversity of form.


title: Vitis

text: Their growth makes leaf collection challenging and<nowiki> </nowiki>polymorphic leaves make identification of species difficult. Mature grapevines can grow up to in diameter at breast height and reach the upper canopy of trees more than in height.


title: Vitis

text: Many species are sufficiently closely related to allow easy interbreeding and the resultant interspecific hybrids are invariably fertile and vigorous. Thus the concept of a species is less well defined and more likely represents the identification of different ecotypes of "Vitis" that have evolved in distinct geographical and environmental circumstances.


title: Vitis

text: The exact number of species is not certain, with more than 65 species in Asia in particular being poorly defined. Approximately 25 species are known in North America and just one, "V. vinifera" has Eurasian origins; some of the more notable include:


title: Vitis

text: There are many cultivars of grapevines; most are cultivars of "V. vinifera". One of them includes, Vitis 'Ornamental Grape'.


title: Vitis

text: Hybrid grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between "V. vinifera" and one or more of "V. labrusca", "V. riparia" or "V. aestivalis". Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably phylloxera), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of "V. labrusca".


title: Vitis

text: The Latin word "Vitis" is feminine, and therefore adjectival species names take feminine forms, such as "V. vinifera".


title: Vitis

text: Phylloxera is an American root aphid that devastated "V. vinifera" vineyards in Europe when accidentally introduced in the late 19th century. Attempts were made to breed in resistance from American species, but many winemakers did not like the unusual flavour profile of the hybrid vines. However, "V. vinifera" grafts readily onto rootstocks of the American species and their hybrids with "V. vinifera", and most commercial production of grapes now relies on such grafts.


title: Vitis

text: According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.


title: Vitis

text: The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes (regardless of the grapes’ final destination):


title: Vitis

text: Grapevines are widely cultivated by gardeners, and numerous suppliers cater specifically for this trade. The plants are valued for their decorative foliage, often colouring brightly in autumn; their ability to clothe walls, pergolas and arches, thus providing shade; and their fruits, which may be eaten as dessert or provide the basis for homemade wines. Popular varieties include:-


title: Vitis

text: The fruit of several "Vitis" species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh grapes and for fermentation into wine. "Vitis vinifera" is the most important such species.


title: Vitis

text: The leaves of several species of grapevine are edible and are used in the production of dolmades and Vietnamese lot leaves.


title: Vitis

text: The grapevine (typically "Vitis vinifera") has been used as a symbol since ancient times. In Greek mythology, Dionysus (called Bacchus by the Romans) was god of the vintage and, therefore, a grapevine with bunches of the fruit are among his attributes. His attendants at the Bacchanalian festivals hence had the vine as an attribute, together with the thyrsus, the latter often entwined with vine branches. For the same reason, the Greek wine cup (cantharos) is commonly decorated with the vine and grapes, wine being drunk as a libation to the god.


title: Vitis

text: The grapevine has a profound symbolic meaning in Jewish tradition and culture since antiquity. It is referenced 55 times in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), along with grapes and wine, which are also frequently mentioned (55 and 19, respectively). It is regarded as one of the Seven Species, and is employed several times in the Bible as a symbol of the Israelites as the chosen people. The grapevine has a prominent place in Jewish rituals: the wine was given a special blessing, "creator of the fruit of the vine", and the Kiddush blessing is recited over wine or grape juice on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. It is also employed in various parables and sayings in rabbinic literature. According to Josephus and the Mishnah, a golden vine was hung over the inner chamber of the Second Temple. The grapevine is featured on Hasmonean and Bar Kokhba revolt coinage, and as a decoration in mosaic floors of ancient synagogues.


title: Vitis

text: In Christian iconography, the vine also frequently appears. It is mentioned several times in the New Testament. We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statement, "I am the true vine (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of Constantia, the sister of Constantine the Great, and elsewhere. In Byzantine art, the vine and grapes figure in early mosaics, and on the throne of Maximianus of Ravenna it is used as a decoration.


title: Vitis

text: The vine and wheat ear have been frequently used as symbol of the blood and flesh of Christ, hence figuring as symbols (bread and wine) of the Eucharist and are found depicted on ostensories. Often the symbolic vine laden with grapes is found in ecclesiastical decorations with animals biting at the grapes. At times, the vine is used as symbol of temporal blessing.


title: Chris Obi

text: Christopher Obi Ogugua (born September 24, 1970) is an English actor and filmmaker who trained at Drama Centre London and graduated in 2001. He has done a season at the Royal Shakespeare Company where he was directed by Sir Antony Sher in the four-hander, "Breakfast with Mugabe" and a season at the Globe Theatre in 2007. He is best known for playing Mr. Jacquel/Anubis on "American Gods" and Klingon captain T’Kuvma in "". Other television roles include "Trial & Retribution, Doctor Who, Roots, 3Below: Tales of Arcadia, and Strike Back Revolution".


title: Chris Obi

text: Obi was born in London to an Igbo father. He studied at the Drama Centre London and later trained students at Actor in Session, where he serves as Artistic Director.


title: Chris Obi

text: Obi's professional theater debut was as a Messenger in Edward Hall's production of Macbeth in 2002 in the West End He plays Mr. Jacquel/Anubis in "American Gods". Obi played Klingon captain T’Kuvma in "".


title: Two Against Nature

text: Two Against Nature is the eighth studio album by American rock band Steely Dan. Their first studio album in 20 years, it was recorded from 1997 to 1999 and released on February 29, 2000, by Giant Records.


title: Two Against Nature

text: A critical success, "Two Against Nature" won the group four Grammy Awards: Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album – Non-Classical, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals (for the single "Cousin Dupree"). Commercially, it peaked at number six on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart and sold more than one million copies, earning a Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.


title: Two Against Nature

text: "Two Against Nature" was met with both commercial and critical success. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional critics, the album received an average score of 77, based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Writing in March 2000 for "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau applauded the music as an excellent "rock comeback" and a "jumpier and snappier, sourer and trickier and less soothing" iteration of the jazz pop featured on Steely Dan's 1977 album "Aja", describing it as "postfunk". Thematically, he found it unified by fictitious yet revelatory accounts of "dirty old men" seeking "validation" and "excitement" in their sex lives, which are "full of heady infatuations and random acts of cruelty, self-interest and self-hate, vicious cycles blowing hot and cold", all conveying "the urgency of attraction". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic appreciated the "sharp humor" in the lyrics, but was especially impressed by the music's "depth and character", as he observed "nearly endless permutations within their signature sound". A dissenting view came from "Pitchfork" reviewer Brent DiCrescenzo, who dismissed the songs as "lengthy, indistinguishable" and "glossy bop-pop" while suggesting Steely Dan lack "soul".


title: Two Against Nature

text: At the 2001 Grammy Awards, "Two Against Nature" earned Steely Dan wins in the categories of Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album – Non-Classical, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals (for the single "Cousin Dupree"). For these awards, the band was in competition with younger, more popular recording acts such as NSYNC, Britney Spears, Radiohead, Beck, and Eminem. According to "Stereogum" writer Zach Schonfeld, Steely Dan's success at the Grammys represented a "revenge of the <nowiki>[baby]</nowiki> boomers" and contributed to resentment among younger listeners toward the band: "[T]he sight of two smug jazz-rock nerds collecting their Grammy from Stevie Wonder as Radiohead and Beck went home nearly empty-handed—helps explain why so many Gen X-ers and old millennials grew up loathing both Steely Dan and the Grammys in equal measure. Needless to say, Steely Dan's elliptical character studies set to yacht rock sleaze didn't speak to disaffected American youth the way, say, "The Marshall Mathers LP" did."


title: Two Against Nature

text: Steely Dan's supporting tour of North America, Europe, and Japan was equally successful, encouraging them to record the 2003 album "Everything Must Go".


title: Liquid smoke

text: Liquid smoke is a water-soluble yellow to red liquid used as a flavoring as a substitute for cooking with wood smoke while retaining a similar flavor. It can be used to flavor any meat or vegetable. It is generally made by condensing the smoke from wood without any food additives, but many derivative formulas contain additives for functional purposes, which must appear on product labels.


title: Liquid smoke

text: Pyrolysis or thermal decomposition of wood in a low oxygen manner originated prehistorically to produce charcoal. Condensates of the vapors eventually were made and found useful as preservatives. For centuries, water-based condensates of wood smoke were popularly called "wood vinegar", presumably due to its use as food vinegar. Pliny the Elder recorded in one of his ten volumes of "Natural History" the use of wood vinegar as an embalming agent, declaring it superior to other treatments he used. In 1658, Johann Rudolf Glauber outlined the methods to produce wood vinegar during charcoal making. Further, he described the use of the water insoluble tar fraction as a wood preservative and documented the freezing of the wood vinegar to concentrate it. Use of the term "pyroligneous acid" for wood vinegar emerged by 1788.


title: Liquid smoke

text: In the United States, in 1895, E. H. Wright inaugurated the era of commercial distribution of pyroligneous acid under a new name, liquid smoke. Among Wright's innovations were the standardization of the product, marketing and distribution. Wright's Liquid Smoke, since 1997 owned by B&G Foods, and its modern-day successors have always been the subject of controversy about their contents and production, but in 1913, Wright prevailed in a federal misbranding case. Case judge Van Valkenburg wrote:


title: Liquid smoke

text: Historically, all pyroligneous acid products, Wright's product and many other condensates have been made as byproducts of charcoal manufacturing, which was of greater value. Chemicals such as methanol, acetic acid and acetone have been isolated from these condensates and sold. With the advent of lower cost fossil fuel sources, today these and other wood derived chemicals retain only small niches. Today there are many manufacturing locations around the world, most of which pyrolyze wood primarily to generate condensates which are further processed to make hundreds of derivative products. These are now referred to less as liquid smoke products, and instead as smoke flavorings, smoke flavors, and natural condensed smoke.


title: Liquid smoke

text: The condensed products from the destructive distillation of wood are called "liquid smoke" or "pyroligneous acid". There are no standards of identity, prescribed production methods, or tests which distinguish between liquid smoke and pyroligneous acid; they can be considered to be the same. However, the numerous variables that are manipulated during pyrolysis do lead to a wide range of compositions of the condensates. In addition, implementation of many further processing steps by concentration, dilution, distillation, extraction, and use of food additives has led to the many hundreds of unique products on the market worldwide.


title: Liquid smoke

text: Wood, particularly hardwood, is by far the most widely used biomass pyrolyzed to make liquid smoke. Commercial products are made using both batch and continuous methods. Commercial products are made using a range of reactors from rotary calciners, heated screws, batch charcoal kilns, to fast pyrolysis reactors. The process type and conditions of processing lead to greater variances between the condensates than the differences between the common wood types that are in use. Variables such as feed rate, vapor residence time, particle size, oxygen infiltration, and temperature can have substantial effects on yield and composition of the condensates. Wide ranges of chemical composition are reported throughout the literature and unless the process and conditions are cited, there is limited utility of such results. Commercial manufacturers strive to control their manufacturing variables in order to standardize product compositions.


title: Liquid smoke

text: Water is added either during condensation or after to cause separation of three fractions. Once water is added, the aqueous phase becomes the largest and most useful fraction. It contains wood derived chemical compounds of higher chemical polarity such as those found in carboxylic acid, aldehyde, and phenol chemical classes. Many compounds together are responsible for the flavor, browning, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of smoke and liquid smoke. The smallest condensed fraction is the lowest-polarity upper phase which a mix of phytosterols and other oily, waxy substances. The lower phase is commonly referred to as tar. It is an intermediate-polarity mixture of phenolic polymers, secondary and tertiary reaction products, some of the water-soluble polar compounds partitioned in the amount of which is governed by individual partition coefficients, water and the bulk of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Wood tar has been used as a preservative, water repellent, and antiseptic. Tar from birch was produced as a commodity product on large scale in northern Europe. Today commercial liquid smoke products are still prepared from this phase.


title: Liquid smoke

text: Liquid smoke condensates are made commercially for the global meat industry in the U.S. and Europe and are regulated by those governments. Liquid smoke is still referenced as wood vinegar and is being made and used indigenously in many other locations such as Japan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, and Southeast Asia.


title: Liquid smoke

text: The application of liquid smoke to food has grown to encompass a wide variety of methods employing thousands of commercial formulations worldwide. By far the most extensive use of liquid smoke is for the purpose of replacing direct smoking of food with onsite-generated smoke from wood. To impart the desired functional effects of smoke, liquid smoke preparations must be applied topically. In addition to flavor, reaction color, anti-microbial, and texture effects are the functionalities that can only be obtained by topical addition followed by thermal processing. Dipping products in diluted solutions or soaking them in brines containing liquid smoke followed by heating was done long before the modern industrial era using Wright's liquid smoke and pyroligneous acid precursors. Allen patented a method of regenerating smoke using air atomization. It remains the leading technology for using condensed smoke products to treat processed meat, cheese, fish, and other foods in batch smokehouses. As the meat-processing industry has consolidated, continuous processes have evolved and direct applications of solutions of liquid smoke via showering or drenching systems installed on continuous lines have grown to be the largest type of application method. In North America there are more than thirty-five processed-meat plants utilizing bulk tanks to receive tankers of liquid smoke for topical application as an alternative to direct wood smoking. Also noteworthy is the method of topical application by impregnation of fibrous, laminated, and plastic casings. Meat products are subsequently stuffed into these casings and thermally processed. The use of natural condensed smoke preparations internally in food is another important means of imparting smoke flavor. It is used when other technical functions of smoke are not imperative to be expressed in a finished food. This can be done directly by adding into blenders with meat or other foods or injecting whole muscle meat. Incorporation into sauces such as barbeque or dry seasonings and compounding with other flavors are other important ways in which the flavors are used. Further utility of aqueous smoke solutions is gained by the use of more complex food-grade processing such as extraction into oil, spray drying using maltodextrin carriers, or plating onto foods and food ingredients such as malt flour, yeast, or salt.


title: Liquid smoke

text: Extensive references to beneficial uses of pyroligneous acid in plants for seed germination, pest control, microbial control, plant structural enhancements are reported. Livestock benefits such as antimicrobial preservation of feed, nutrient digestibility, and other claims are found. Scientific agricultural studies can be found in peer reviewed journals, but many agricultural benefits such as soil quality improvement, better seed germination, and healthier foliage are widely promoted without attribution. Broad claims of medical benefits to humans in digestive ailments, dental infections, liver, heart, skin ailments, ears, eyes are found, but the literature is devoid of accepted scientific studies for such testimonial claims in humans.


title: Liquid smoke

text: The first government-sanctioned assessment of liquid smoke was undertaken by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1981, the committee commissioned by the FDA to evaluate information on the products concluded there was no evidence demonstrating the products were a hazard to the public the way they were being used. Today, these products stand as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) in the United States and may be used at levels necessary to produce the intended technical effects. Manufacturing plants where liquid smoke is made are regulated and inspected by the FDA.


title: Liquid smoke

text: The European Union established procedures for the safety assessment and the authorization of smoke flavorings used or intended for use in or on foods in 2003. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was charged with evaluating information on primary condensate smoke flavorings. Information on twelve products from ten applicants were evaluated by EFSA. Opinions were published on all twelve. The products considered were what each applicant considered their own primary product prior to any further processing or derivatization. All twelve products were determined to be genotoxic positive by in vitro methods, but when evaluated by in vivo methods ten were found to not be of concern by EFSA. The AM-01 product was judged inconclusive and FF-B was considered weakly genotoxic. Based upon the NOAEL determinations for each product and supplemental information supplied by some manufacturers, usage limits for most products have been established and are conveyed by manufacturers to users. Most of these primary products and their derivatives remain in commercial use. Only products which are the subjects of these evaluations are authorized to be used in commerce within the EU.


title: Bowling Alone

text: Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community is a 2000 nonfiction book by Robert D. Putnam. It was developed from his 1995 essay entitled "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital". Putnam surveys the decline of social capital in the United States since 1950. He has described the reduction in all the forms of in-person social intercourse upon which Americans used to found, educate, and enrich the fabric of their social lives. He argues that this undermines the active civic engagement which a strong democracy requires from its citizens.


title: Bowling Alone

text: Putnam discussed ways in which Americans disengaged from political involvement, including decreased voter turnout, attendance at public meetings, service on committees, and work with political parties. Putnam also cited Americans' growing distrust in their government. Putnam accepted the possibility that this lack of trust could be attributed to "the long litany of political tragedies and scandals since the 1960s", but believed that this explanation was limited when viewing it alongside other "trends in civic engagement of a wider sort".


title: Bowling Alone

text: Putnam noted the aggregate loss in membership and number of volunteers in many existing civic organizations such as religious groups (Knights of Columbus, B'nai Brith, etc.), labor unions, parent–teacher associations, Federation of Women's Clubs, League of Women Voters, military veterans' organizations, volunteers with Boy Scouts and the Red Cross, and fraternal organizations (Lions Clubs, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, United States Junior Chamber, Freemasonry, Rotary, Kiwanis, etc.). Putnam used bowling as an example to illustrate this; although the number of people who bowled had increased in the last 20 years, the number of people who bowled in leagues had decreased. If people bowled alone, they did not participate in the social interaction and civic discussions that might occur in a league environment.


title: Bowling Alone

text: Putnam cites data from the General Social Survey that showed an aggregate decline in membership of traditional civic organizations, supporting his thesis that U.S. social capital had declined. He noted that some organizations had grown, such as the American Association of Retired Persons, the Sierra Club, and a plethora of mass-member activist groups. But he said that these groups did not tend to foster face-to-face interaction, and were the type where "the only act of membership consists in writing a check for dues or perhaps occasionally reading a newsletter." He also drew a distinction between two different types of social capital: a "bonding" type (which occurs within a demographic group) and a "bridging" type (which unites people from different groups).


title: Bowling Alone

text: He then asked: "Why is US social capital eroding?" and discussed several possible causes. He believed that the "movement of women into the workforce" and other demographic changes had an impact on the number of individuals engaging in civic associations. He also discussed the "re-potting hypothesis", that people become less engaged when they frequently move towns, but found that Americans actually moved towns less frequently than in previous decades. He did suggest that suburbanization, economics and time pressures had some effect, though he noted that average working hours had shortened. He concluded the main cause was technology "individualizing" people's leisure time via television and the Internet, suspecting that "virtual reality helmets" would carry this further in the future.


title: Bowling Alone

text: He estimated that the fall-off in civic engagement after 1965 was 10% due to pressure of work and double-career families, 10% to suburbanisation and commuting, 25% to the individualisation of media (television), and 50% to ‘generational change’. 5% remained unexplained.


title: Bowling Alone

text: Putnam suggested closer studies of which forms of associations could create the greatest social capital, and how various aspects of technology, changes in social equality, and public policy affect social capital. He closed by emphasizing the importance of discovering how the United States could reverse the trend of social capital decay.


title: Bowling Alone

text: A review in "Kirkus Reviews" praised the book for being understandable for non-academic readers, and said that overall it was an "exhaustive and carefully argued study." "The Economist" called it "a prodigious achievement." C. S. Fischer, a sociology professor from the University of California, gave a positive review. Although he criticized a few of Putnam's interpretations of the data and felt that "social capital" was an awkward metaphor, he nevertheless called it "a 10-pin strike, a major contribution to study of social networks and social cohesion" with particular praise for its wide use of data.


title: Bowling Alone

text: Everett Carll Ladd claimed that Putnam completely ignored existing field studies, most notably the landmark sociological Middletown studies, which during the 1920s raised the same concerns he does today, except the technology being attacked as promoting isolation was radio instead of television and video games.


title: Bowling Alone

text: Other critics questioned Putnam's major finding—that civic participation has been declining. Journalist Nicholas Lemann proposed that rather than declining, civic activity in the US had assumed different forms. While bowling leagues and many other organizations had declined, others like youth soccer leagues had grown. He also points out that the thesis of "Bowling Alone" contradicts an implicit assumption of Putnam's previous book "Making Democracy Work" – that a tradition of civic engagement is incredibly durable over time.


title: Bowling Alone

text: In their 2017 book "One Nation After Trump", Thomas E. Mann, Norm Ornstein and E. J. Dionne wrote that the decline of social and civic groups that Putnam documented was a factor in the election of Donald Trump as "many rallied to him out of a yearning for forms of community and solidarity that they sense have been lost."


title: Seduction (group)

text: Seduction is an American female dance-pop, house and freestyle trio from New York assembled and produced by Robert Clivillés and David Cole (later of C+C Music Factory), originally consisting of members April Harris, Michelle Visage, and Idalis DeLeón.


title: Seduction (group)

text: Intended as a studio project, and prior to any assemblage of the aforementioned trio, the first track produced, "Seduction" (later renamed "Seduction's Theme" on their album), featured vocals by Carol Cooper, and was released to dance clubs and became a top 20 hit on the dance charts. The second single, "(You're My One and Only) True Love" featured uncredited vocals by Martha Wash. Against its producers' expectations, it ended up becoming a hit. Envisioning a potential hit phenomenon, Cole and Clivillés set to the task of assembling a group of women who displayed talent, sex appeal, and multi-format potential. Visage, DeLeon and Harris were assembled as a group to promote the single.


title: Seduction (group)

text: The group quickly recorded the album "Nothing Matters Without Love" and subsequent singles. Their biggest hit came in early 1990 with "Two to Make It Right" (featuring April and Michelle on Lead Vocals), a No. 2 pop hit. The hit music video was created and produced by the production team of Director Stu Sleppin and Producer Bob Teeman. In mid–1990, DeLeon left the group and was replaced by Sinoa Loren (born December 6, 1966). After a pair of hits with this lineup, the group disbanded in 1991. Harris owns the rights to the name Seduction and reassembled the group with two new members, Maria Flora and Eunice Foster, and released an album of new material, "Feel Brand New", through AVH Entertainment (her own label) under the name Seduction in 2005.


title: Fernanfloo

text: Luis Fernando Flores Alvarado (born 7 July 1993), better known as Fernanfloo, is a Salvadoran gaming and comedy YouTuber. With a total of over 10 billion views, more than 541 videos and 45 million subscribers, his channel is the 42nd-most-subscribed channel on YouTube, the fourth most-subscribed in Spanish-speaking channels behind El Reino Infantil, Badabun and JuegaGerman. He is currently the most subscribed channel in El Salvador.


title: Fernanfloo

text: On 1 May 2011 he created their YouTube channel "Fernanfloo", whose name is a combination of his names Fernando Flores. At just 18 years of age, Fernanfloo began in the world of YouTube uploading videos in the form of tutorials, as well as short clips of action scenes with special effects, his first video was "Nightmare – Short Action Scene". However, this did not appear for a long time, as he soon began to relate videos to video game themes and created his gameplays of video games like Call of Duty, God of War III and Mortal Kombat, later he would become more famous for his gameplays to different video games.


title: Fernanfloo

text: In 2015, Fernanfloo with BBTV launched an app called "The Fernanfloo Game", which received 2.3 million downloads within its first week of release, and it was positioned within 24 hours as number 1 in 17 countries. In 2016 he was nominated for the MTV Millennial Awards, in the category of "Digital Icon of the Year". In 2017 he was again nominated for the MTV Millennial Awards, in the "Miaw icon of the Year" and "Celebrity Challenge" categories.


title: Fernanfloo

text: In 2017, Fernanfloo participated in the Ecuadorian film "Dedicada a mi Ex", briefly playing as a waiter. This film was released on 8 November 2019 in Ecuador and later was available on Netflix. That same year, through a video uploaded on 6 August, announced the publication of his first book, a graphic novel titled "Curly está en peligro".


title: Fernanfloo

text: After being gone for four months, he uploaded a video entitled "Se Acabó" ("It's Finished"), in which he stated that: "Things are really going to change. You will not see many videos as there have been during these seven years that you they have accompanied me throughout this journey". Fernanfloo opted to create a Twitch channel to stream games, primarily "Fortnite". In May of the same year, he created another YouTube channel called "Fernan", which contains clips from his Twitch streams.


title: Fernanfloo

text: In January 2019, he announced his collaboration with game developer Capcom to have himself on the Resident Evil 2 remake, in a video titled "Soy un Zombie" (I'm a Zombie), Fernan relates that he went to Japan to have makeup done and his movements captured to be one of the many zombies in the game, later in that same video a trailer appears promoting the 1-Shot Demo. In 2020 the developer BBTV announced the release of "Fernanfloo Party", game that was available at the end of the same year on iOS and Android.


title: Fernanfloo

text: On 16 September 2021, the YouTuber Bambiel, known for his song titled "El Rap de Fernanfloo" ("Fernanfloo Rap"), he collaborated with Fernanfloo for a rap song entirely dedicated to the haters. The music video accumulated more than 4 million visits and became number 2 in trends, later on 24 September 2021, accumulated 10 million visits. In January 2022, he appeared in a collaboration as host of Peruvian YouTuber Mox's "Whatdafaqshow" channel.


title: Fernanfloo

text: Luis Fernando Flores Alvarado was born on 7 July 1993 in San Salvador, El Salvador. Fernanfloo has identified himself as agnostic.


title: Heather Watson

text: Heather Miriam Watson (born 19 May 1992) is a British professional tennis player. A former British No. 1, Watson has won nine titles over her career, including the mixed-doubles title at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships partnering Henri Kontinen, making her the first British woman to win a major title since Jo Durie in 1991, and the first to win a Wimbledon title since Durie in 1987. In October 2012, Watson won her first WTA Tour singles title at the Japan Open, becoming the first British woman to win a WTA Tour singles title since Sara Gomer in 1988.


title: Heather Watson

text: In her junior career, Watson won the US Open and a gold medal at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games. She reached No. 3 in the world on the ITF Junior Circuit.


title: Heather Watson

text: Heather Watson was born in Guernsey to Michelle and Ian Watson. Her mother is from Papua New Guinea and her father is British, and was the managing director of Guernsey Electricity from 1995 until retirement in 2010. She has one brother and two sisters. Watson started playing tennis at the age of seven, and at age twelve she went to the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in Florida.


title: Heather Watson

text: In 2006, Watson won the British Under-14 Championship. The following year she won the British Under-16 Championship, and reached the semifinals of the British Under-18 Championship. She lost in the under-18 semifinals again in 2008 to eventual winner Tara Moore. In October, Watson travelled to Pune in India to compete at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games. There she won the gold medal, winning the final against Kyra Shroff. Mother Michelle left her job in 2008 to travel full-time with her daughter around the World Junior Circuit.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson played her first senior tournament in March 2009 – the $25k Jersey Open, but lost in the second round to Katie O'Brien. At the beginning of July, she became the highest-ranked British junior, overtaking Laura Robson. She achieved her first senior women's world ranking on 27 July 2009, entering at No. 756. She won her first senior title at the Frinton $10K tournament. Watson beat Anna Fitzpatrick in the final. At the 2009 US Open, Watson was seeded 11th for the girls' singles. She reached the quarterfinals on 10 September before rain interrupted the tournament schedule. The tournament moved indoors and Watson beat second seed Noppawan Lertcheewakarn in the quarterfinal on 12 September. She played her semifinal on the same day and was victorious against Daria Gavrilova to reach the final, where she faced doubles partner Yana Buchina. Playing on court 7, Watson won in straight sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: At the 2009 French Open, Watson and her partner, as the third seeds, reached the girls' doubles final where she and Tímea Babos faced the second-seeded pair of Noppawan Lertcheewakarn and Elena Bogdan and were beaten in a match tie-break. Partnering Yana Buchina, that year they were the seventh seed at the Australian girls' doubles and sixth seed at the US Open girls' doubles, but they lost in the first round at both tournaments. At Wimbledon, she teamed up with Magda Linette and they were seeded sixth in the girls' doubles but eliminated in the second round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson began competing on the ITF Women's Circuit in March when she entered the qualifying tournament for the $10k event in Bath, Somerset, but failed to win a match. She entered her next tournament, a $25k event in Jersey, on a wildcard and beat compatriot Jade Curtis in the first round. She was defeated by another Britain, Katie O'Brien, in round two. In July, she reached her first ITF semifinal as a qualifier in the $10k grass-court tournament in Felixstowe before losing to Anna Smith. She went on to qualify for the next tournament she entered and again faced Smith in the semifinals; however this time Watson was victorious and went on to beat Anna Fitzpatrick in the final to win her first ITF title. Continuing to compete on the ITF Circuit for the rest of the season, Watson beat Melanie South in round one of a $50k in Barnstaple in October, before being defeated by Kristina Mladenovic in round two. She ended the 2009 season with a singles ranking of 588.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson began 2010 with a wildcard into the $25K event in Sutton, London, where she made the quarterfinals. She immediately flew to the $100k Midland Classic, losing to qualifier and fellow 17-year-old Beatrice Capra in the first round. Two weeks later, she entered the $25k event in Hammond, Louisiana. Watson qualified and went on to reach her second quarterfinal of the year, defeating former world No. 7 and two-time Grand Slam semifinalist, Nicole Vaidišová, and fifth seed Monique Adamczak, en route. The following week, Watson entered another $25k event in Clearwater, Florida. In the final qualifying round, she lost to fellow Brit Georgie Stoop, before being handed a lucky loser spot in the main draw and defeating Anna Tatishvili in the first round. She lost to Zhou Yimiao in round two. Watson was then given a wildcard into the main draw of the Miami Open, but lost to Tsvetana Pironkova in the first round. This was the first time in her career that Watson competed on the WTA Tour. In April, she reached the quarterfinals of a $25k event, this one in Jackson, Mississippi. Following this, she qualified for the WTA event in Charleston, South Carolina, before losing to Elena Vesnina in the first round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson's grass-court season began at the Birmingham Classic which she entered courtesy of a wildcard, losing to Alla Kudryavtseva in the first round. At the Eastbourne International, Watson qualified for the main draw by defeating Anna Smith, Tsvetana Pironkova and Bojana Jovanovski. Watson defeated world No. 48, Aleksandra Wozniak, in the first round. In the second round, she was defeated by former top-10 player Victoria Azarenka. She then entered the first Grand Slam tournament of her career, after receiving a wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon. Watson met Romina Oprandi in the first round and lost in three sets. Moving back onto hardcourts, her next tournament was a $25k tournament in Wrexham. She defeated four fellow British players (including Anna Fitzpatrick and Naomi Broady) on her way to the final, where she defeated former top-30 player Sania Mirza to win her second ITF title. After this, Watson continued to compete on the ITF Circuit and in the qualifying rounds for WTA events. In September, at the $75k tournament in Shrewsbury, she defeated world No. 90 and former top-30 player, Sabine Lisicki, in straight sets before losing in the quarterfinals to Eva Birnerová. In October 2010, she was seeded fifth for the women's singles at the Commonwealth Games, taking the rare opportunity to represent Guernsey. She eventually lost to top seed, Anastasia Rodionova of Australia, in the quarterfinals. Partnering Patrick Ogier, Watson also reached the quarterfinals of the mixed doubles, where they were defeated by the third seeds Sarah Borwell and Ken Skupski, representing England.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson began the season by qualifying for the Auckland Open. She continued her winning streak in the main tournament and beat ninth seed Carla Suárez Navarro to get into the quarterfinals, where she lost to Peng Shuai. She also made the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament, partnering Kurumi Nara.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson then moved on to the Australian Open, where she beat Kristina Mladenovic in the first round of qualifying. She then qualified for the Cellular South Cup, beating Andrea Hlaváčková and Stéphanie Foretz Gacon in the first and second rounds respectively to reach her second quarterfinal of the year. She lost to Evgeniya Rodina. She also reached the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament partnering Anna-Lena Grönefeld.


title: Heather Watson

text: On 3 April 2011, Watson won two matches to qualify for the Charleston Open, where she lost a close three-set match to Christina McHale in the first round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson next attempted to qualify for the Estoril Open. In the first round of qualifying, she beat former world No. 17, Karolina Šprem. She went on to beat Katarzyna Piter in the second round of qualifying, but eventually lost to Tamira Paszek in the final qualifying round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson qualified for the French Open. She beat Raluca Olaru and Sally Peers in the first and second rounds, respectively, to reach the final round, where she defeated Stefanie Vögele to gain a place in the main draw for the first time. This was the first time a British woman had qualified for the French Open since Kate Brasher, the daughter of Shirley Bloomer and Chris Brasher, in 1983. She played French wildcard Stéphanie Foretz Gacon in the first round and won. By winning this match, Watson became the first British woman since Clare Wood in 1994 to reach the second round of the French Open. The victory saw her break into the top 100 for the first time. She lost to 16th seed Kaia Kanepi in the second round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson continued her good form entering the grass-court season when she beat 15th seed Chanelle Scheepers in the first round of the Birmingham Classic. She followed this up by beating Misaki Doi in the second round. However, she lost to third seed and eventual semifinalist Peng Shuai in the third round.


title: Heather Watson

text: On 22 June 2011, Watson played Mathilde Johansson in her first round match in the Wimbledon Championships, winning the opening set before suffering an arm injury in the second set. Johansson then went on to win in three sets. On 25 June 2011, she and her mixed doubles partner Ross Hutchins beat Marcelo Melo and Rennae Stubbs in the mixed doubles.


title: Heather Watson

text: On 29 August 2011, in the first round of the US Open, Watson lost in three sets to former champion Maria Sharapova. After the match, Sharapova stated "There's no doubt that she's a great up-and-coming player".


title: Heather Watson

text: At the start of 2012, Watson suffered an ankle sprain. She then lost in the first round of the Australian Open to the eventual champion Victoria Azarenka.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson was selected for the British Fed Cup Team to play in the Europe/Africa Group-1 match at Eilat, Israel on 1–4 February 2012. In the group stages she played doubles with Laura Robson, defeating pairs from Portugal and the Netherlands and Israel in the group stages. Robson and Watson were not required to play their doubles in the play-off match against Austria as Anne Keothavong and Elena Baltacha won their singles rubbers, and the 2–0 lead qualified the team for a place in the World Group II promotion play-off in April 2012.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson won three rounds in qualifying for the French Open at Roland Garros in May 2012. She then defeated Elena Vesnina in the first round, matching her 2011 result in the tournament. In the second round, she was defeated by the 25th seed Julia Görges of Germany.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson, ranked 103, beat world No. 52, Iveta Benešová, in her first singles win at Wimbledon in June 2012. She then beat Jamie Hampton, becoming the first British woman since 2002 to reach the third round of Wimbledon. In the third round, Watson lost to the third seed and eventual runner-up, Agnieszka Radwańska.


title: Heather Watson

text: At the Stanford Classic, Watson lost in the second round to world No. 37, Yanina Wickmayer, after a victory over the world No. 49, Sloane Stephens. She won the doubles competition of the Stanford Classic, where she played with Marina Erakovic to beat Vania King and Jarmila Gajdošová in a second set tiebreak. This was her first title on the full WTA Tour. At the Carlsbad Open, she beat Eleni Daniilidou to set up a second round meeting with qualifier Chan Yung-jan. However, she lost the match.


title: Heather Watson

text: She received an ITF wildcard into the singles tournament at the London Olympics, where she defeated Silvia Soler Espinosa, before losing her second-round match to Maria Kirilenko. She also played ladies' doubles in the Olympic tournament with Laura Robson, losing in the first round to Angelique Kerber and Sabine Lisicki. Her next tournament was the Texas Open where in the singles she lost to Yanina Wickmayer in the first round. However, she went on to win the doubles competition alongside Erakovic for her second WTA doubles title of the year.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson received automatic entry into the main draw of the US Open but was beaten in the first round by Li Na. In the doubles, she and Erakovic had to retire in the first round. After this she played in the Bell Challenge and lost in the first round to Mona Barthel. In the doubles tournament, playing with Alicja Rosolska, Watson reached the final, but they lost to Tatjana Malek and Kristina Mladenovic. She then qualified for the Pan Pacific Open and beat Sabine Lisicki in the first round, but then lost to Maria Sharapova.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson made a WTA Tour singles final for the first time in her career at the HP Open where she beat Polona Hercog, sixth seed Anabel Medina Garrigues, Pauline Parmentier and Misaki Doi. In the final, she saved four match points to beat Chang Kai-chen in a match lasting 3 hours and 12 minutes. With this win, Watson attained a top-50 ranking for the first time in her career, at the same time overtaking compatriot Laura Robson as the British No. 1. Watson also became the first Briton to win a WTA singles title since Sara Gomer in 1988. She also made the doubles final in the same event with Kimiko Date-Krumm, but lost to Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson began the year in the top 50 and therefore qualified for the Australian Open. She reached the second round for the first time in her career thanks to a three-set victory against the Romanian Alexandra Cadanțu. In the second round, she came back from trailing Ksenia Pervak by a set and 6–3 in the tie break, to win in three sets. She faced world No. 4, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the third round, where she was beaten in two sets. This run saw Watson rise to a career-high world ranking of 40.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson's next tournament after the Australian Open was the Pattaya Open where she was the eighth seed. In the first round, she comfortably defeated Tímea Babos, setting up a second round meeting with Anastasija Sevastova, to whom she lost. She then competed in the Fed Cup, helping Great Britain reach a World Group II Play-off tie with victories over Tímea Babos of Hungary and Tsvetana Pironkova of Bulgaria in the Euro/Africa Group I Play-off.


title: Heather Watson

text: Her next tournament was the U.S. Indoor Championships in Memphis where she was seeded fourth. In the first round, she overcame a tense battle with world No. 109, Galina Voskoboeva. She then defeated Andrea Hlaváčková in another three-setter, before meeting Stefanie Vögele in the quarterfinals.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson was forced to miss Great Britain's Fed Cup Play-off against Argentina after contracting glandular fever. Her first game back after recovering was at the French Open, where she lost to Stefanie Vögele in three sets, saying after the match she knew it would be tough but that she was very disappointed.


title: Heather Watson

text: Following the French Open, Watson moved her attention to the grass-court season, where she entered the Birmingham Classic. Seeded 14th, she defeated Melinda Czink in the first round, her first victory since returning from her illness. She lost in the following round to qualifier Alla Kudryavtseva. At the Eastbourne International, Watson upset world No. 27, Varvara Lepchenko, in the first round in two sets. At Wimbledon she lost in the first round to Madison Keys.


title: Heather Watson

text: Before her US Open Series, Watson decided to change coaches by hiring Jeremy Bates and won her first post-Wimbledon match against wildcard Alexandra Mueller at the Washington Open. Watson then lost in the next round to fourth-seed Alizé Cornet, in straight sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson had to qualify for WTA Tour events, starting with the Brisbane International. Having won three qualifying matches, she received a tough draw against ninth seed Dominika Cibulková (who subsequently went on to reach the Australian Open Final) where she lost in straight sets. Thereafter Watson failed to qualify for the Sydney International, losing in the second round of qualifying to Bethanie Mattek-Sands.


title: Heather Watson

text: With many ranking points to defend from last year's tournament, it was vital that Watson qualified for the Australian Open. Watson was one of five British players aiming to qualify. She was the sole qualifier, joining Andy Murray and Laura Robson in the main draw. Like in Brisbane, Watson was given a tough draw as she faced 31st seed Daniela Hantuchová and lost in three sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: In the Fed Cup Watson continued her impressive run winning all four of her singles rubbers in the Europe/Africa Zone. Despite her victories, which included two top 40 scalps defeating Yvonne Meusburger of Austria and Romanian world No. 26, Sorana Cîrstea, Britain failed to qualify for the World Group II Playoff.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson then proceeded to compete at the second-tier ITF Midland Classic. She won in straight sets Anna Tatishvili, Sofia Arvidsson and Olga Govortsova to advance to the final, where she defeated Ksenia Pervak to win her fourth ITF title. Partnering Tatishvili, she also reached the doubles final and won after a tough tiebreak.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson re-entered the WTA top 100 after victory at the Sparta Prague Open in May. Watson defeated three top-100 players – Klára Koukalová, Karolína Plíšková and Tímea Babos – en route to the final of the $100k event. Due to poor weather, Watson was forced to play her semifinal with Babos on the final's day. She claimed a two-set victory before defeating sixth seed Anna Karolína Schmiedlová (who had played most of her semifinal the day before) in the final.


title: Heather Watson

text: Her impressive form carried over to the French Open where she came through three rounds of qualifying to reach the main draw. In the first round, Watson defeated Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová in straight sets before falling to world No. 4, Simona Halep, in the second round.


title: Heather Watson

text: From the French Open, she went to play at the Birmingham Classic where she lost to Alexandra Wozniak, even after holding three match points in the second set. She continued a strong grass-court season at Eastbourne, where she defeated Tsvetana Pironkova in her first-round match, after dropping the first set. She then claimed her biggest win of her career, defeating sixth seed Flavia Pennetta, in three sets, dropping the first set on a tie-break. After being given a walkover against Petra Kvitová, her great run came to an end losing in straight sets to Madison Keys, winning only four games.


title: Heather Watson

text: From there, she headed to Wimbledon where she played Ajla Tomljanovic and defeated her in straight sets. She then went on to play Angelique Kerber, the ninth seed, in the second round. After losing the first set, she played a strong second set to force the decider which she lost.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson won her third WTA doubles title at the Baku Cup, partnering with Alexandra Panova. In the final, they crushed Raluca Olaru and Shahar Pe'er.


title: Heather Watson

text: After the Baku Cup, Watson headed to the Rogers Cup. In the qualifying, she defeated Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in three sets before beating Tamira Paszek. In the main draw, she won against fellow qualifier Tereza Smitková and then caused an upset by defeating tenth seed Cibulková in a tough three-set match that included two tiebreaks. She was eventually defeated by eighth seed Victoria Azarenka.


title: Heather Watson

text: She then went to qualify for the Cincinnati Open, easing past Kristýna Plíšková and Shahar Pe'er to reach the first round. She faced Zhang Shuai in the first round but she lost in a very tight three sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson won her second career WTA title at the 2015 Hobart International. She did not drop a set on her way to the title, beating Magdaléna Rybáriková, fifth seed Sloane Stephens, ninth seed Roberta Vinci, and eighth seed Alison Riske. She went on to beat Madison Brengle in straight sets in the final to win the event.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson then lost in the first round of the Australian Open to Tsvetana Pironkova. During the Indian Wells Open, she recorded wins over Julia Görges and Camila Giorgi to set up a meeting with world No. 8, Agnieszka Radwańska. She recorded her first top-ten win with a two-set victory over Radwańska to move into the fourth round for the first time, where she lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in three sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: At Wimbledon, Watson beat former world No. 5, Daniela Hantuchová, to make it into the third round for the second time in her career, guaranteeing her winnings of £77,000. She was then pitted against the world No. 1, Serena Williams, and was two points away from winning, but lost in three sets in a match described by pundits as a "thriller". Following the match, Williams applauded Watson's efforts and went on to say that "she should have won the match". Watson's efforts at Wimbledon pushed her back up to world no. 55.


title: Heather Watson

text: Over the course of the rest of the season, Watson's best result was a quarterfinal showing at the Hong Kong Open, where she lost to former Grand Slam champion Samantha Stosur.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson represented her nation at the Hopman Cup with Andy Murray. She was beaten by Caroline Garcia in the tie against France, but went on to win against Daria Gavrilova and Sabine Lisicki. Great Britain almost reached the final against Ukraine, but the Australia team of Daria Gavrilova and Nick Kyrgios won their tie against France, placing them ahead of Great Britain in the round-robin results.


title: Heather Watson

text: As the world No. 53, Watson then started her season at the Hobart International, attempting to defend her title. The tournament was interrupted by multiple rain delays, with Watson losing in the quarterfinals, playing twice in one day. At the Australian Open, she was narrowly beaten in the first round by Tímea Babos.


title: Heather Watson

text: In Mexico at the Monterrey Open, Watson defeated No. 2 seed Caroline Wozniacki and No. 4 seed Caroline Garcia on her way to the title, beating Kirsten Flipkens in the championship match for her third WTA title.


title: Heather Watson

text: At the Miami Open, her strong form continued with two wins over higher-ranked players including world No. 22, Sloane Stephens, before a third-round defeat by world No. 5, Simona Halep.


title: Heather Watson

text: On grass courts, Watson's second-round appearance at the Birmingham Classic with a win over Camila Giorgi resulted in her re-entry into the world's top 50.


title: Heather Watson

text: At Wimbledon, Watson lost in the first round to Annika Beck in a match that spanned three days because of rain. However, she had greater success in the mixed doubles, which she won with Henri Kontinen in their maiden Grand Slam final. During their run to the title, Kontinen and Watson enjoyed victory over the defending champions Leander Paes and Martina Hingis, in the third round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics reaching round two in both singles and doubles and the quarterfinals in mixed doubles.


title: Heather Watson

text: Starting the year at the Hopman Cup partnered with Daniel Evans, the duo were knocked out in the group stages, between them winning only one of nine matches. In Melbourne at the Australian Open, Watson beat seeded Samantha Stosur to get through to the second round.  She was the Europe/Africa Zone Group I 2017 winner of the "Fed Cup Heart Award", which is awarded for commitment to their players team and the Fed Cup competition.


title: Heather Watson

text: In May, Watson lost in straight sets to world No. 264, Alizé Lim, in the second round of the Cagnes-sur-Mer Challenger event.


title: Heather Watson

text: At the French Open, Watson failed to qualify, losing to Richèl Hogenkamp in the third round of qualifying. She then was runner-up at an ITF tournament at Surbiton.


title: Heather Watson

text: She reached Eastbourne semifinals, defeating top-10 player Dominika Cibulková in the second round, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the third and Barbora Strýcová in the quarterfinals, before falling to Caroline Wozniacki.


title: Heather Watson

text: After reaching the third round at Wimbledon, defeating 18th seed Anastasija Sevastova, Watson only managed to win two WTA Tour main-draw matches during the rest of the season, losing in the first round of tournaments four times, including her seventh consecutive first-round loss at the US Open.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson lost in the first round of the Australian Open to Yulia Putintseva. She then lost in the first round of qualifying for the St. Petersburg Trophy to No. 142, Roberta Vinci. Her poor form continued with three further consecutive first-round losses, at the Mexican Open, Indian Wells and Miami Open, respectively.


title: Heather Watson

text: In the April Fed Cup promotional play-off tie, she lost both her singles matches and the doubles match (with Johanna Konta), resulting in a 2–3 loss to Japan. These were her eighth and ninth consecutive singles match losses in 2018.


title: Heather Watson

text: In late April, Watson lost her tenth consecutive singles match of 2018, losing in the first round of the Prague Open to world No. 86, Anna Karolína Schmiedlová.


title: Heather Watson

text: In late May, she defeated Kateryna Bondarenko in the first round of the Nuremberg Cup. It was the first match Watson had managed to win since mid-January, bringing an end to a ten-match losing streak. She lost in straight sets to the world No. 203, Fanny Stollár, the following day.


title: Heather Watson

text: As the top seed, Watson lost in the first round of the Surbiton Trophy to world No. 184, Gabriella Taylor; it was her eighth first-round loss in 2018 (in 12 tournaments).


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson lost in three consecutive first-round matches during the grass-court season, at Birmingham, Eastbourne and Wimbledon.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson was docked a point for swearing as she and Tatjana Maria lost to Katerina Siniaková and Barbora Krejciková in the women's doubles last eight in Wimbledon.


title: Heather Watson

text: Heading into the US Open Series short of wins, Watson played in San Jose where she beat Claire Liu before succumbing to Venus Williams. Watson showed signs of form when she reached the final of an ITF event in Canada, before losing to Misaki Doi. She carried this form into the US Open qualifying where she won three successive matches to reach the main draw. These were her first wins at the US Open since winning the girls' singles title at Flushing Meadows in 2009. However, Watson was unable to get her first ever senior main-draw win in New York as she lost in three sets to Ekaterina Makarova. Despite this, Watson reached her third semifinal of 2018 in Quebec, but she could not make the final as she lost a tight match against Pauline Parmentier. In spite of this loss, her upturn in results restored her place in the world's top 100.


title: Heather Watson

text: Her 2020 season started well, reaching the semifinals as a qualifier in Hobart. On her way to the semifinals, Watson defeated top seed Elise Mertens, before losing to eventual champion Elena Rybakina. She took this form to Melbourne and the Australian Open, where she defeated Kristýna Plíšková in the opening round, before losing to Mertens, 3–6, 0–6.


title: Heather Watson

text: In the Fed Cup Play-offs, Watson represented Great Britain in their crunch tie away in Slovakia. She comfortably lost to Anna Karolína Schmiedlová in the opening tie, before beating Rebecca Sramkova on the following day. Great Britain eventually lost the tie 1–3, after Harriet Dart failed to defeat Schmiedlová.


title: Heather Watson

text: In February, Watson played at the Mexican Open in Acapulco, winning her fourth career WTA singles title. She defeated CoCo Vandeweghe, Kateryna Bondarenko, Christina McHale and Wang Xiyu to reach the final, where she faced Canadian qualifier Leylah Fernandez. Watson won in three sets, clinching the match on her tenth championship point. The win propelled Watson back into the world's top 50 (No. 49) for the first time since 2016.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson participated in the Battle of the Brits Team Tennis event, held in London in late July, notching up a number of wins in singles and teaming up with Jamie Murray in mixed doubles.


title: Heather Watson

text: When the WTA Tour resumed following the COVID-19 pause, Watson entered two hardcourt events leading up to the US Open, losing in the first round at both the Top Seed Open and Cincinnati Open, before going on to lose in the first round at Flushing Meadows to British No. 1 and world No. 13, Johanna Konta. The tour's move onto the European red clay courts brought two further opening-round losses, including at the rescheduled French Open to world No. 49, Fiona Ferro. By 19 October, Watson's ranking had slipped back to No. 60.


title: Heather Watson

text: The highlight of Watson’s 2021 season was a semifinal appearance at the Birmingham Classic, defeating third seed Donna Vekic, 6–4, 6–2, to become just the third Brit player to reach the last four in the Birmingham tournament's 31-year history, following Anne Hobbs in 1984 and Jo Durie in 1992. Watson had a relatively poor showing at the Grand Slam events, losing in the second round of the Australian Open to 21st seed Anett Kontaveit, the first round of the French open to world No. 93, Zarina Diyas, the first round of Wimbledon to world No. 117, Kristie Ahn, and the first round of the US Open to world No. 109, Kaja Juvan. She ended the season ranked 73.


title: Heather Watson

text: After a tough end to 2021, Watson started off season at the Adelaide International 1 and lost in the first round to an in-form Alja Tomljanović. Watson then played at Adelaide International 2 where she defeated Plipeuch and Kovinic and qualied for the main draw. She then lost to world No. 29, Tamara Zidanšek, in a tight three-set match in which Watson lost the final-set tiebreak 4–7. Watson then played in the main draw at the Australian Open beating Mayar Sherif in a close three-set encounter, before losing to Zidansek in a tight two-set rematch.


title: Heather Watson

text: After a promising start to the year, Watson went to play qualifying at Dubai, beating world No. 388 Yashina in the first round before losing to Tomjlanovic in three sets. Watson also played qualifying at the Qatar Open with a less promising result, losing to world No. 203, Marina Melnikova, in two sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson then travelled to America for a week of training before playing the main draw at the Monterrey Open, where she has previously had good results. She won a tough first-round three-setter against Jule Niemeier before losing to Nuria Párrizas Díaz in the second, still seeking to make it past the second round of a main draw.


title: Heather Watson

text: She moved onto Indian Wells where she entered qualifying as the 20th seed and world No. 113. In the first round, she got a great win over Rebeka Masarova. In the second, she faced Mai Hontama and after going down 4–6, 0–2, Watson played some great tennis for take the match 4–6, 6–2, 6–1 and qualify for the main draw of Indian Wells. However, Watson lost to Tereza Martincová.


title: Heather Watson

text: Moving onto Miami, Watson had fallen outside the top 100 and was looking to break a six-year losing streak here. She took on Arantxa Rus in the first round where after a 3 hour 25 minute battle, came through three tough sets, 6–7, 7–5, 6–4. She faced 15th seed Elina Svitolina in the second round. Watson was looking to get her first back-to-back March wins since Birmingham in June 2021 and a first top 20 win in two years. After going down a set 4–6, she fought back to take the second 6–3 and after having had a chance to serve for the match, the final set went to a tiebreak which Watson prevailed in 7–4. In the third round, she lost to Belinda Bencic, the 22nd seed, 4–6, 1–6.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson started her clay-court season and played at Charleston next, where, after losing in the final qualifying round, she received a lucky loser spot in the main draw only to be knocked out by Claire Liu. She then went onto the Madrid Open where she also lost in the final round of qualifying.


title: Heather Watson

text: Hoping for more momentum, Watson playing at the WTA 125 event in Saint Malo. After winning a strong first-round match, she lost to Madison Brengle in the second.


title: Heather Watson

text: With Roland Garros nearing, Watson was still seeking a WTA Tour main-draw win which she achieved in Strausbourg over Hobgarski. She was beaten by the eighth seed, Magda Linette, in the second round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson moved to Paris for the French Open, having only one won main-draw match on clay this season. She faced Elsa Jacquemot in the first round where the French-women played an inspired match to knock Watson out in straight sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson looked to the grass-court season where she has previously had mixed results. Starting at Nottingham, she took on Katie Volynets in the first round. Although Watson needed a medical timeout towards the end of the first set, she battled through in two comfortable sets. In the second round, however, she lost in two sets to Viktoria Golubic following a hamstring injury. This injury caused Watson to pull out of the Birmingham tournament and meant she played qualifying at Eastbourne. Although losing in the final qualifying round, Watson was awarded a lucky loser spot, taking on fellow lucky loser Rebecca Marino in the first round. However, Marino was the prevailing player in two tight sets.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson went on to her third major of the year, not having won a main-draw match at Wimbledon since 2019. She played Tamara Korpatsch in the first round. Watson lost a tight first-set tiebreaker and was one game away from defeat in the second set. However, Watson fought back to take the second set before the match was suspended for the night due to Wimbledon timing agreements. The players then returned the next day to finish the match where Watson dominated the final set 6-2, getting her through to the second round.


title: Heather Watson

text: In her 12th attempt Watson finally reached the fourth round at Wimbledon defeating Kaja Juvan. Watson then unfortunately lost to Niemeier in the fourth round.


title: Heather Watson

text: Onto the Washington Open where Watson lost in the final qualifying round, and then the Canadian Open where Watson had to retire in the first qualifying round one set down. She continued her North American hardcourt season at the WTA 125 Vancouver Open where she made the second round. In the US Open qualifying, she hoped to turn around her current hardcourt form.


title: Heather Watson

text: Watson is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand. Her game is often likened to that of Martina Hingis and she has been praised by Nick Bollettieri for her "amazing footwork". Her on-court intelligence, court sense and timing have been other talking points about her game. According to Nigel Sears, head of women's coaching at the Lawn Tennis Association, Watson possesses "a complete game", with variety including a consistent one-handed backhand slice, volleys and angles. Her game has been described as similar to ATP player Jo-Wilfried Tsonga due to her "big serve" and athleticism.


title: Heather Watson

text: Upon Watson reaching the 2011 French Open second round, Andy Murray commented "When I saw her for the first time, I thought she was good. I like the way she moves on the court. She's very balanced". Bollettieri stated that Watson's "game is based on great movement, but she's not afraid to whack the ball. She's not easy to beat. She has very good ground strokes, though she can over-hit and strike the ball a little too flat at times".


title: Heather Watson

text: and has also played with, and endorsed, the Dunlop Srixon CX 200 LS. Since the end of 2020, Watson has started to use the Babolat Pure Strike racquet, that she used in 2016 and 2017 as well.


title: Heather Watson

text: From 2016 to 2018, Watson was in a relationship with fellow tennis player Lloyd Glasspool. Since late 2019, she has been in a relationship with Morecambe footballer, Courtney Duffus. In May 2022 she announced her split from Duffus.


title: Spirograph

text: Spirograph is a geometric drawing device that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The well-known toy version was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.


title: Spirograph

text: The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched worldwide in 2013, with its original product configurations, by Kahootz Toys.


title: Spirograph

text: In 1827, Greek-born English architect and engineer Peter Hubert Desvignes developed and advertised a "Speiragraph", a device to create elaborate spiral drawings. A man named J. Jopling soon claimed to have previously invented similar methods. When working in Vienna between 1845 and 1848, Desvignes constructed a version of the machine that would help prevent banknote forgeries, as any of the nearly endless variations of roulette patterns that it could produce were extremely difficult to reverse engineer. The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented a new Spirograph device between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves.


title: Spirograph

text: Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog. An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the "Boys Mechanic" publication in 1913.


title: Spirograph

text: The definitive Spirograph toy was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher between 1962 and 1964 by creating drawing machines with Meccano pieces. Fisher exhibited his spirograph at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner, Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy. Kenner later introduced Spirotot, Magnetic Spirograph, Spiroman, and various refill sets.


title: Spirograph

text: In 2013 the Spirograph brand was re-launched worldwide, with the original gears and wheels, by Kahootz Toys. The modern products use removable putty in place of pins to hold the stationary pieces in place. The Spirograph was Toy of the Year in 1967, and Toy of the Year finalist, in two categories, in 2014.


title: Spirograph

text: The original US-released Spirograph consisted of two differently sized plastic rings (or stators), with gear teeth on both the inside and outside of their circumferences. Once either of these rings were held in place (either by pins, with an adhesive, or by hand) any of several provided gearwheels (or rotors)—each having holes for a ballpoint pen—could be spun around the ring to draw geometric shapes. Later, the Super-Spirograph introduced additional shapes such as rings, triangles, and straight bars. All edges of each piece have teeth to engage any other piece; smaller gears fit inside the larger rings, but they also can rotate along the rings' outside edge or even around each other. Gears can be combined in many different arrangements. Sets often included variously colored pens, which could enhance a design by switching colors, as seen in the examples shown here.


title: Spirograph

text: Beginners often slip the gears, especially when using the holes near the edge of the larger wheels, resulting in broken or irregular lines. Experienced users may learn to move several pieces in relation to each other (say, the triangle around the ring, with a circle "climbing" from the ring onto the triangle).


title: Spirograph

text: Consider a fixed outer circle formula_1 of radius formula_2 centered at the origin. A smaller inner circle formula_3 of radius formula_4 is rolling inside formula_1 and is continuously tangent to it. formula_3 will be assumed never to slip on formula_1 (in a real Spirograph, teeth on both circles prevent such slippage). Now assume that a point formula_8 lying somewhere inside formula_3 is located a distance formula_10 from formula_3's center. This point formula_8 corresponds to the pen-hole in the inner disk of a real Spirograph. Without loss of generality it can be assumed that at the initial moment the point formula_8 was on the formula_14 axis. In order to find the trajectory created by a Spirograph, follow point formula_8 as the inner circle is set in motion.


title: Spirograph

text: Now mark two points formula_16 on formula_1 and formula_18 on formula_3. The point formula_16 always indicates the location where the two circles are tangent. Point formula_18, however, will travel on formula_3, and its initial location coincides with formula_16. After setting formula_3 in motion counterclockwise around formula_1, formula_3 has a clockwise rotation with respect to its center. The distance that point formula_18 traverses on formula_3 is the same as that traversed by the tangent point formula_16 on formula_1, due to the absence of slipping.


title: Spirograph

text: Now define the new (relative) system of coordinates formula_31 with its origin at the center of formula_3 and its axes parallel to formula_14 and formula_34. Let the parameter formula_35 be the angle by which the tangent point formula_16 rotates on formula_1, and formula_38 be the angle by which formula_3 rotates (i.e. by which formula_18 travels) in the relative system of coordinates. Because there is no slipping, the distances traveled by formula_18 and formula_16 along their respective circles must be the same, therefore


title: Spirograph

text: It is common to assume that a counterclockwise motion corresponds to a positive change of angle and a clockwise one to a negative change of angle. A minus sign in the above formula (formula_45) accommodates this convention.


title: Spirograph

text: Let formula_46 be the coordinates of the center of formula_3 in the absolute system of coordinates. Then formula_48 represents the radius of the trajectory of the center of formula_3, which (again in the absolute system) undergoes circular motion thus:


title: Spirograph

text: As defined above, formula_38 is the angle of rotation in the new relative system. Because point formula_8 obeys the usual law of circular motion, its coordinates in the new relative coordinate system formula_53 are


title: Spirograph

text: In order to obtain the trajectory of formula_8 in the absolute (old) system of coordinates, add these two motions:


title: Spirograph

text: Now, use the relation between formula_35 and formula_38 as derived above to obtain equations describing the trajectory of point formula_8 in terms of a single parameter formula_35:


title: Spirograph

text: It is convenient to represent the equation above in terms of the radius formula_2 of formula_1 and dimensionless


title: Spirograph

text: The parameter formula_68 represents how far the point formula_8 is located from the center of formula_3. At the same time, formula_71 represents how big the inner circle formula_3 is with respect to the outer one formula_1.


title: Spirograph

text: Parameter formula_2 is a scaling parameter and does not affect the structure of the Spirograph. Different values of formula_2 would yield similar Spirograph drawings.


title: Spirograph

text: The two extreme cases formula_78 and formula_79 result in degenerate trajectories of the Spirograph. In the first extreme case, when formula_78, we have a simple circle of radius formula_2, corresponding to the case where formula_3 has been shrunk into a point. (Division by formula_78 in the formula is not a problem, since both formula_63 and formula_85 are bounded functions.)


title: Spirograph

text: The other extreme case formula_79 corresponds to the inner circle formula_3's radius formula_88 matching the radius formula_2 of the outer circle formula_1, i.e. formula_91. In this case the trajectory is a single point. Intuitively, formula_3 is too large to roll inside the same-sized formula_1 without slipping.


title: Spirograph

text: If formula_94, then the point formula_8 is on the circumference of formula_3. In this case the trajectories are called hypocycloids and the equations above reduce to those for a hypocycloid.


title: Rothmans International

text: Rothmans International plc was a British tobacco manufacturer. Its brands included Rothmans, Player's and Dunhill. Its international headquarters were in Hill Street, London and its international operations were run from Denham Place in Denham Village, Buckinghamshire.


title: Rothmans International

text: The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, but it was acquired by British American Tobacco in 1999. Its business was strongest in Europe and it specialised in premium brands.


title: Rothmans International

text: The company was founded by Louis Rothman in 1890 as a small kiosk on Fleet Street in London. In 1900 Rothman opened a small showroom in Pall Mall, from where he launched his famous "Pall Mall" cigarette brand. His reputation was such that King Edward VII granted Rothmans a royal warrant in 1905. Rothmans was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1929.


title: Rothmans International

text: In 1954 the Rembrandt Tobacco Company acquired a controlling interest in Rothmans. Rembrandt was expanding and in 1958 acquired Carreras, who in turn took a 51% stake in Alfred Dunhill in 1967.


title: Rothmans International

text: In the 1970s Rothmans became involved in sponsorships, sponsoring the British Olympic team in 1972 and the inaugural Hong Kong Sevens in 1976. They also sponsored Rothmans Football Yearbook, an annual football reference book, from 1970 until 2002.


title: Rothmans International

text: In Malaysia, Rothmans was one of the popular brands of cigarette, so much so that one of the roundabouts in Petaling Jaya was named 'Rothmans Roundabout' owing to its proximity to the former headquarters of Rothmans of Pall Mall Malaysia (now British American Tobacco Malaysia). It has since converted to a 4-way junction.


title: Rothmans International

text: In January 1996 the Rembrandt Group and Richemont merged their tobacco business under the "Rothmans International" name. Then in 1999 Rothmans was acquired by British American Tobacco. The takeover resulted in the closure of the Rothmans Spennymoor and Darlington manufacturing plants in 2000 and 2001 respectively, with production moved to a larger plant at Southampton.


title: Rothmans International

text: From 1982 onwards, Rothmans supported the factory Porsche sports car racing effort, winning the 1982 24 Hours of Le Mans with a 1-2-3 finish with their Porsche 956. They would win the event a further three times in the 1980s. Rothmans-Porsche also won the 1985 World Sportscar Championship before the team officially pulled out of the championship in 1987. Rothmans sponsorship also extended to rallying, where they sponsored Walter Röhrl's 1982 World Rally Championship-winning Opel Ascona 400. In 1984 Porsche produced the 911 SC RS rally car specifically for Rothmans with the car being run by David Richards and the newly formed Prodrive. Rothmans also sponsored the winning Porsche team at the 1986 Paris-Dakar rally.


title: Rothmans International

text: When the Porsche involvement in rallying ended at the end of the Group B days, Rothmans transferred its association to the Subaru rally team, also run by Prodrive. Coincidentally, Richards was sponsored by Rothmans when he was co-driving Ari Vatanen to his privateer 1981 World Drivers' Championship success aboard the Ford Escort RS1800. The association with Prodrive would last until 1992, when their sponsorship was replaced by sister brand State Express 555.


title: Rothmans International

text: Between 1985 and 1993, Rothmans supported the works Honda team in Grand Prix motorcycle racing. Rothmans then transferred their association to Williams during the World Championship from 1994 until 1997. However, their time with Williams was marred when Ayrton Senna, considered by some to be the greatest Formula 1 driver of all time, died behind the wheel of the Rothmans-Williams during the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. Damon Hill won the 1996 title and Jacques Villeneuve in 1997. Sponsorship was transferred in 1998 to Winfield, another sister brand.


title: Rothmans International

text: Rothmans was also the naming rights sponsor for Australian team Allan Moffat Racing in the early rounds of the inaugural World Touring Car Championship in 1987 (the Moffat team lad a long association with Rothmans who sponsored the team's Mazda RX-7s in the early-mid 1980s in Australian Touring car racing through their Peter Stuyvesant brand). Driving a V8 powered Holden VL Commodore SS Group A, team boss Allan Moffat and co-driver John Harvey won the first ever WTCC race, the 1987 Monza 500. The pair would later drive the Rothmans sponsored car to outright 4th place in the 1987 Spa 24 Hours.


title: HOMO and LUMO

text: In chemistry, HOMO and LUMO are types of molecular orbitals. The acronyms stand for "highest occupied molecular orbital" and "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital", respectively. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes collectively called the "frontier orbitals", such as in the frontier molecular orbital theory.


title: HOMO and LUMO

text: The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is "the HOMO–LUMO gap". Its size can be used to predict the strength and stability of transition metal complexes, as well as the colors they produce in solution. As a rule of thumb, the larger a compound's HOMO-LUMO gap, the more stable the compound.


title: HOMO and LUMO

text: The HOMO level is to organic semiconductors roughly what the maximum valence band is to inorganic semiconductors and quantum dots. The same analogy can be made between the LUMO level and the conduction band minimum.


title: HOMO and LUMO

text: In organometallic chemistry, the size of the LUMO lobe can help predict where addition to pi ligands will occur.


title: HOMO and LUMO

text: A "SOMO" is a "singly occupied molecular orbital" such as half-filled HOMO of a radical. This abbreviation may also be extended to "semi occupied molecular orbital".


title: HOMO and LUMO

text: If existent, the molecular orbitals at one energy level below the HOMO and one energy level above the LUMO are also found to play a role in frontier molecular orbital theory. They are named "NHOMO" for "next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital" and "SLUMO" for "second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital". These are also commonly referred to as HOMO−1 and LUMO+1 respectively.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: Glenn Martin Tilbrook (born 31 August 1957) is the lead singer and guitarist of the English band Squeeze, a band formed in the mid-1970s who broke through in the new wave era at the decade's end. He generally wrote the music for Squeeze's songs, while his writing partner, Chris Difford, wrote the lyrics. In addition to his songwriting skills, Tilbrook is respected both as a singer and an accomplished guitarist. He was born in Woolwich, London.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: Tilbrook formed Squeeze with fellow guitarist and vocalist Chris Difford in the mid-1970s. Difford had placed an advertisement at a local shop looking for a guitarist and Tilbrook was the only person to respond. Tilbrook also recruited school friend Jools Holland to join the band in its early stages.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: Tilbrook and Difford would ultimately form a songwriting partnership that was responsible for writing most Squeeze songs, with Tilbrook writing music and Difford writing lyrics. Tilbrook also served as lead guitarist and performed guitar solos on the band's music. On his guitar style, Tilbrook commented:


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: In 1982 Squeeze had disbanded. The chemistry between Tilbrook and Difford could not be as easily dismissed however, and the ensuing record they made together in 1984 has become the “lost” Squeeze album for many fans. However, the partnership began to fray under the duress of Difford's struggles with addiction and questions over the band's commercial and creative direction. The band would again break up in 1999 and remain dormant until a reunion in 2007.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: During Squeeze's first hiatus, from approximately 1983 to 1985, Tilbrook wrote, recorded, and toured with Chris Difford, his songwriting partner from Squeeze. Their album, "Difford & Tilbrook" was originally released in 1984, and remastered and reissued in 2006.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: Following Squeeze's second breakup in 1999, Tilbrook pursued a solo career, often touring around the UK and US in an RV, playing small venues. He released two solo albums, "The Incomplete Glenn Tilbrook" and "Transatlantic Ping Pong". Tilbrook co-wrote some of the songs for his solo recordings with artists such as Ron Sexsmith, Chris Braide and Aimee Mann.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: In 2006, the film documentary "" was released. It followed Tilbrook on his November 2001 tour across the United States. In 2007, Tilbrook took time off from his solo career to tour once again with Squeeze who had reformed for the third time.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: In April 2007, Tilbrook released "The Past Has Been Bottled", the first in a five-disc series of remastered demos. The first release included early versions of tracks from Squeeze's "East Side Story". The second volume, "In The Sky Above", was released in the UK in November 2007, and covered the period from 1993 through 1998. The third volume, "Dreams Are Made of This", was released in November 2009 and covered Squeeze's early years, from 1974 to 1980. The fourth volume "When Daylight Appears", was released in 2011 and covered the years 1985 to 1991. The fifth volume, "Upon The Rocks", was released in 2016 and covered the years 1981 to 1984.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: In 2008, Tilbrook previewed new material while on tour with the Fluffers, two members of whom are also members of the latest Squeeze line-up. A four-track single, "Binga Bong!", was released in November 2008. The album "Pandemonium Ensues", credited to Glenn Tilbrook and The Fluffers, was released in March 2009. The 14-track album was produced by Tilbrook and Andrew J. Jones, and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. It featured guest appearances from Johnny Depp on "Too Close to the Sun" and Depp's then girlfriend, Vanessa Paradis, on "Interest & Love".


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: In January 2010 it was announced that Tilbrook and Difford would be spending part of the coming summer in Italy, together writing songs for a new Squeeze album. The result of this was a 4-song CD of new demo recordings which emerged during their 2012 tour of the US. The duo toured the UK and US again in 2014–15 with a program they called 'The At Odds Couple'.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: In 2014, Tilbrook released a mostly acoustic album titled "Happy Ending". Later that year, he was featured on the compilation "Songs from a Stolen Spring" that paired Western musicians with artists from the Arab Spring. On the album, Tilbrook's performance of the Bob Marley and Peter Tosh song "Get Up, Stand Up" was meshed with Egyptian singer Dina El Wedidi's "Beyond These Doors".


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: The Fluffers is the name of Tilbrook's band when Tilbrook performs without Squeeze. They tour internationally, and consist of Tilbrook, Stephen Large (keyboards), Simon Hanson (drums) and Lucy Shaw (electric bass).


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: Tilbrook has his own recording studio, 45RPM, in Charlton. It has been used by other bands such as Nine Below Zero. Tilbrook supports Charlton Athletic F.C. and in 1998 Squeeze released "Down in the Valley", a tribute to his boyhood team.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: Tilbrook memorably sang the English national anthem before the start of the Euro 96 game at Wembley between England and Holland.


title: Glenn Tilbrook

text: He is a supporter of the Love Hope Strength Foundation, a cancer charity founded by Mike Peters of The Alarm, and has played concerts in aid of the organisation, including one at base camp, Mount Everest.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: The Oregon Trail is an educational strategy video game developed and published by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC). It was first released in 1985 for the Apple II, with later ports to DOS in 1990, Mac OS in 1991, and Microsoft Windows in 1993. It was created as a re-imagining of the popular text-based game of the same name, originally created in 1971 and published by MECC in 1975. In the game, the player assumes the role of a wagon leader guiding a party of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon's Willamette Valley via a covered wagon on the Oregon Trail in 1848. Along the trail, the player makes choices about supplies, resource management, and the route, and deals with hunting for food, crossing rivers, and random events such as storms and disease.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: The game was designed and created by a team at MECC led by game designer R. Philip Bouchard over a ten-month period from 1984 to 1985. It was intended as a core part of MECC's shift from games and software on mainframe computers accessed by remote terminals to those on home computers, as well as MECC's first game intended primarily for home consumers rather than for schools. It is the first graphical and the most well known entry in the "Oregon Trail" series, and was MECC's flagship product from release until the company was bought by SoftKey in 1995. Games in the series have since been released in many editions by various developers and publishers, many titled "The Oregon Trail". The multiple games in the series are often considered to be iterations on the same title, and they have collectively sold over 65 million copies and have been inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame. The game had widespread popularity in schools in the 1980s and 1990s, and has been described by publications such as the "Smithsonian" magazine as a cultural landmark.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: "The Oregon Trail" is an educational strategy video game in which the player, as the leader of a wagon train, controls a group journeying down the Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri, to Willamette Valley, Oregon, in 1848. The player controls the game via a keyboard, primarily by selecting one of several numbered options. They begin the game by selecting their character's profession—banker, carpenter, or farmer—which corresponds with difficulty levels and give different amounts of money with which to start the journey. They then name their character and their four party members, and purchase supplies for their journey from Matt's General Store: oxen to pull the wagon, food, clothing, ammunition, and spare parts to fix wagon breakdowns. The party then sets off on their journey. The path is divided into sixteen segments, each ending at a landmark such as a river crossing or a fort. Each landmark has different choices available to the player, such as purchasing supplies at a fort, talking to fellow travelers at a geographic landmark, or choosing how to cross a river. Rivers can be crossed by fording the river, caulking the wagon and floating across, or in some cases by paying for a ferry; the chance of crossing without failure, which can result in losing supplies or damaging the wagon, depends on the state of the river and the weather. As the party progresses further along the trail, the prices for supplies rise. At two landmarks, the player can choose to take a "cut-off", or shortcut; these paths are shorter but bypass the next landmark, a fort. For the final segment, the player can choose to either take a toll road cut-off to the end, or raft down the Columbia River by playing a minigame wherein they must dodge rocks in the river.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: In between landmarks, the party journeys for days over a hundred miles, as shown to the player by a screen that displays the date, weather, health of the party, how many pounds of food the party has remaining, and the distances to the next landmark and from the previous. An animated oxen and wagon is shown, with a representation of the next landmark sliding towards it from the left as the party travels and a landscape of the terrain for that segment in the background. Random events can occur during the traveling phase, such as a storm causing a delay or a party member falling ill. The player can also stop the journey at any point, and can then check the status of their supplies, look at the map of their journey, change the pace of travel, change the amount of food rationed for the party per day, stop to rest, trade with other parties for supplies, or hunt for food. Changing the pace of travel affects how long each segment takes and also the likelihood of different events, such as oxen going lame, and changing the food rations similarly affects how quickly food supplies are used and the likelihood of events.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: If the player chooses to hunt, they are shown a minigame where they control a human character that can be moved around a fixed screen containing a randomized assortment of rocks and plants based on the terrain of the segment the party is in. The player can choose to aim their gun in one of eight cardinal directions, start or stop moving in the direction they are aiming, and shoot, which fires a bullet that moves across the screen and uses up ammunition. Animals appear from the sides of the screen at random and move around the screen, and die if the player's shot hits them. When the player ends the minigame, they receive an amount of food based on what animals were killed, though a maximum of 100 pounds can be taken per hunt.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: The game ends when the party reaches Willamette Valley by either the Columbia River or toll road, or when all five members of the party have died due to illness or injury. If the party reaches the end of the journey, they are given a score based on the ending conditions and supplies of the party and the starting profession, which is stored and displayed on a high score table showing previous attempts as well as pre-populated scores named after real travelers on the trail. If all party members die, the player is shown a gravestone with the party leader's name on it, and they can add an epitaph; on subsequent playthroughs the player can view the last gravestone made whenever they reach the point in the journey where it had been placed.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: In 1971, Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger developed a text-based strategy video game titled "The Oregon Trail" for use in the 8th grade history class for which Rawitch was a student teacher. The game was written in around 800 lines of HP Time-Shared BASIC for the Minneapolis school district's HP 2100 minicomputer, to which schools could connect via a teleprinter. It was popular with the class and other schools around the district, but was removed from the computer at the end of the semester. In 1974, the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), a state-funded organization that developed educational software for the classroom, hired Rawitsch as an entry-level liaison for local community colleges. MECC had a mainframe system to which schools around Minnesota could connect, and Rawitsch, with permission from Heinemann and Dillenberger, rewrote and expanded the game using historical data for the MECC's time-sharing system, releasing it in 1975. The 1975 mainframe game was the most popular software in the system for Minnesota schools for five years, with thousands of players monthly.


title: The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)

text: In 1978, MECC began to move away from centralized mainframe games and software and towards distributing programs for microcomputers; it also began encouraging schools to adopt the Apple II microcomputer, purchasing large amounts at a discount and reselling them to schools. MECC began converting several of their products to run on microcomputers, and John Cook adapted "The Oregon Trail" for the Apple II; though the text-based gameplay remained largely the same, he added a display of the player's position along the trail on a map between rounds, and added graphics to the hunting minigame. A version for the Atari 8-bit family, again titled "The Oregon Trail", was released in 1982. The Apple II version was included under the name "Oregon" as part of MECC's "Elementary" series, distributed to Minnesota schools for free and for profit to schools outside of the state, on "Elementary Volume 6" in 1980. The Apple II version was ported to the Commodore 64 in 1984 as part of a collection like "Elementary Volume 6" titled "Expeditions". By the mid-1980s, MECC was selling their educational software to schools around the country, and "The Oregon Trail" was their most popular product by far.