title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The Grand Jury that recommended charges against the brothers also directed Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller to investigate Penn State University and their role and response to hazing. During many months of testimony from multiple witnesses, including former pledges and others with first-hand experience, the Grand Jury collected evidence about the University's response and handling of hazing across the board. The Grand Jury received testimony regarding the prior Penn State fraternity hazing related death of Joe Dado and a suicide linked to hazing pressures at the Altoona branch of Penn State. Witnesses aware of the ongoing hazing and extreme drinking over the years say they notified Penn State authorities but little was done, despite extensive records documenting the hazing, abuse, and other dangerous behavior. Pledges that testified confirmed that hazing had become routine behind the closed doors of the fraternity houses with Penn State turning a blind eye and adopting a hands-off approach.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The testimony revealed that pledges were routinely forced to drink to the extreme and potentially deadly levels, brothers would physically and mentally abuse pledges including physical violence and sleep deprivation. More extreme behaviors including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and the killing of small animals were documented. The pledges were threatened if they told anyone of the activities, there would be consequences. As a result of this evidence, the Grand Jury released a scathing 236-page report regarding hazing and excessive alcohol consumption at Penn State fraternities.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The Report recommended sweeping changes to Pennsylvania's hazing law and Penn State's inadequate manner of handling hazing. The Report called for the legislature to establish "Tim's Law", creating more severe punishments for hazing. It directed Penn State to strengthen their hazing policies. The report recommended a zero-tolerance policy against those who violate hazing law and the implementation and enforcement of severe restrictions for underage drinking. The Report recommended strengthening laws against furnishing alcohol to minors and that Penn State create a "pledge's bill of rights" that outlines acceptable and unacceptable behavior during the pledge process. Finally, the report recommended that Penn State establish a confidential hazing hotline.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In response to the Report's recommendations, released by District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller on December 15, 2017, on March 27, 2018, "The Timothy J. Piazza Anti-Hazing Law" was unanimously approved by the Pennsylvania State Senate Judiciary Committee. Pennsylvania Senate Majority Leader Jake Corman (Republican, Benner Township) and Piazza's parents, Jim and Evelyn Piazza, introduced the bill on March 23, 2018, at the courthouse in Bellefonte.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The bill would create tiers for hazing. Hazing resulting in serious bodily injury or death would be a third-degree felony, which could include fines of up to $15,000 and imprisonment up to seven years. Hazing resulting in bodily injury would be a third-degree misdemeanor, which could include fines of up to $2,500 and imprisonment up to one year. Other hazing would be a summary offense. The bill would also establish "organizational" and "institutional" hazing categories.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: "The bill has been carefully crafted because we want this to be a model for changing anti-hazing laws nationwide", Corman said. "My intent with this legislation is clear to prevent death or serious injury due to hazing so that families, such as Tim's, never experience tragedies like this ever again."


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On April 18, 2018, the Pennsylvania State Senate unanimously passed the bill, which would make hazing in fraternities a third-degree felony in cases of serious injury or death, and could allow universities to seize offending Greek organizations' houses.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The law is sponsored by Republican Senate Majority Leader and 34th Senatorial District Rep. Jake Corman, who worked with Tim Piazza's family to create the bill. It defines hazing as coercing an individual to participate in any illegal activity in order to join a social group, including the use of drugs and alcohol to inflict physical or emotional harm or the use of other forces such as "whipping, beating ... or extreme embarrassment".


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On August 24, 2021, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed into law S84/2093, requiring public and non-public middle schools and high schools, as well as higher education institutions, to adopt anti-hazing policies and penalties for violations of the policies. S84/2093 is nicknamed the “Timothy J. Piazza Law” after Timothy Piazza.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: With Timothy J. Piazza's Law in effect, hazing in New Jersey is upgraded from a fourth-degree crime to a third-degree crime when it results in death or serious bodily injury; and hazing in New Jersey is upgraded from a disorderly persons offense to a fourth-degree crime if it results in bodily injury.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Legal scholars continually point to the Piazza case as a grounds for change in Hazing Prevention legislation. The "Journal of College and University Law", published in conjunction with Rutgers Law School, analyzed the Pennsylvania laws created out of the Piazza case and determined that not enough legal changes have yet been made.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: A number of sociologists and psychologists pointed towards the prevalence of groupthink in the Piazza case. This scenario has been analyzed in a number of intellectual books, including "Discover Sociology: Core Concepts" and Harvard University Press's "Why We Act: Turning Bystanders Into Moral Rebels".


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: "The Chronicle of Higher Education" pointed out that four pledges died in 2017 alone, but the added media coverage the Piazza case has attracted can help lead to monumental change for the first time.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In 2020, the Villanova University School of Law analyzed a Penn State Football Hazing lawsuit in which a victim sued Head Coach James Franklin. The scholars, of the "Moorad Sports Law Journal", point to the “Timothy J. Piazza” law as precedent and indicate that 95% of college students don't report hazing. The scholars believe that the student who sued Coach Franklin should be taken seriously given the new Pennsylvania Anti-Hazing laws created out of the Piazza case.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On September 1, 2017, defendant Joseph G. Ems appeared on ABC News with his lawyer. He has since been sued by the Piazza family.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Jim and Evelyn Piazza have gone on to speak to thousands of college students all throughout the United States in an effort to end hazing on campuses.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Tim Bream, the Penn State Nittany Lions football Head Athletic Trainer, attempted to sue Penn State for wrongful termination but the judge ruled against him, citing prescription drugs being stolen right out of his work desk. In March 2021, Bream sued Penn State a second time, claiming the university violated his contract and created "intolerable" working conditions as a result of his role in the Beta Theta Pi house.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On March 30, 2021, settlements were reached with 25 defendants and third party defendants in civil suits.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Penn State President Eric J. Barron attempted to transform Penn State's Greek life system following Piazza's death; he announced his retirement in June 2022.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In December 2021, Centre County Judge Brian Marshall ruled that Penn State can take ownership of the Beta Theta Pi house.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that binds epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone and neurotransmitter whose signaling, via adenylate cyclase stimulation through trimeric Gs proteins, increased cAMP, and downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: Robert J.Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka studied beta 2 adrenergic receptor as a model system which rewarded them the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for groundbreaking discoveries that reveal the inner workings of an important family of such receptors: G-protein-coupled-receptors”.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: The gene is intronless. Different polymorphic forms, point mutations, and/or downregulation of this gene are associated with nocturnal asthma, obesity and type 2 diabetes.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: The 3D crystallographic structure (see figure and links to the right) of the β-adrenergic receptor has been determined by making a fusion protein with lysozyme to increase the hydrophilic surface area of the protein for crystal contacts. An alternative method, involving production of a fusion protein with an agonist, supported lipid-bilayer co-crystallization and generation of a 3.5 Å resolution structure.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: The Crystal Structure of the β2Adrenergic Receptor-Gs protein complex was solved in 2011. The largest conformational changes in the β2AR include a 14 Å outward movement at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 6 (TM6) and an alpha helical extension of the cytoplasmic end of TM5.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: This receptor is directly associated with one of its ultimate effectors, the class C L-type calcium channel Ca1.2. This receptor-channel complex is coupled to the G G protein, which activates adenylyl cyclase, catalysing the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which then activates protein kinase A, and counterbalancing phosphatase PP2A. Protein kinase A then goes on to phosphorylate (and thus inactivate) myosin light-chain kinase, which causes smooth muscle relaxation, accounting for the vasodilatory effects of beta 2 stimulation. The assembly of the signaling complex provides a mechanism that ensures specific and rapid signaling. A two-state biophysical and molecular model has been proposed to account for the pH and REDOX sensitivity of this and other GPCRs.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: Beta-2 adrenergic receptors have also been found to couple with G, possibly providing a mechanism by which response to ligand is highly localized within cells. In contrast, Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are coupled only to G, and stimulation of these results in a more diffuse cellular response. This appears to be mediated by cAMP induced PKA phosphorylation of the receptor.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: Interestingly, Beta-2 adrenergic receptor was observed to localize exclusively to the T-tubular network of adult cardiomyocytes, as opposed to Beta-1 adrenergic receptor, which is observed also on the outer plasma membrane of the cell


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: Activation of the β adrenoreceptor with long-acting agents such as oral clenbuterol and intravenously-infused albuterol results in skeletomuscular hypertrophy and anabolism. The comprehensive anabolic, lipolytic, and ergogenic effects of long-acting β agonists such as clenbuterol render them frequent targets as performance-enhancing drugs in athletes. Consequently, such agents are monitored for and generally banned by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) with limited permissible usage under therapeutic exemptions; clenbuterol and other β adrenergic agents remain banned not as a beta-agonist, but rather an anabolic agent. These effects are largely attractive within agricultural contexts insofar that β adrenergic agents have seen notable extra-label usage in food-producing animals and livestock. While many countries including the United States have prohibited extra-label usage in food-producing livestock, the practice is still observed in many countries.


title: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

text: In glaucoma, drainage is reduced (open-angle glaucoma) or blocked completely (closed-angle glaucoma). In such cases, beta-2 stimulation with its consequent increase in humour production is highly contra-indicated, and conversely, a topical beta-2 antagonist such as timolol may be employed.


title: 80 for Brady

text: 80 for Brady is an upcoming American sports comedy film directed by Kyle Marvin, written by Sarah Haskins and Emily Halpern, and produced by Tom Brady. It features an ensemble cast led by Lily Tomlin, Jane Fonda, Rita Moreno, Sally Field and Brady. The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 3, 2023 by Paramount Pictures.


title: 80 for Brady

text: A fictional account of four senior friends who take a road trip to Houston to watch their hero Tom Brady and the New England Patriots play in Super Bowl LI.


title: 80 for Brady

text: Brady's former Patriots teammates Rob Gronkowski, Danny Amendola and Julian Edelman will have cameo appearances as themselves.


title: 80 for Brady

text: It was announced in February 2022 that Tom Brady, recently retired from his football career, would produce the film, to be directed and co-written by Kyle Marvin. Brady will also co-star as himself alongside Lily Tomlin, Jane Fonda, Rita Moreno and Sally Field. In March, Sara Gilbert, Glynn Turman, Bob Balaban, Ron Funches, Jimmy O. Yang, and Harry Hamlin were added to the cast. That same month, Brady said he was not retiring from the NFL. Marvin said the announcement was "certainly news to us, so we had to adapt."


title: 80 for Brady

text: Filming began by March 2022, with the production receiving a tax credit to film in California. In June, filming wrapped, with Billy Porter and Guy Fieri added to the cast. By July 14, 2022, Rob Gronkowski, Danny Amendola, and Julian Edelman joined the film.


title: McCain Foods

text: McCain Foods Limited is a Canadian multinational frozen food company established in 1957 in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada.


title: McCain Foods

text: It is the world's largest manufacturer of frozen potato products. Its major competitors are Simplot and Lamb Weston.


title: McCain Foods

text: McCain Foods was co-founded in 1957 by brothers Harrison McCain and Wallace McCain with the help of their two older brothers.


title: McCain Foods

text: In their first year of production, the company hired 30 employees and grossed over $150,000 in sales. During the 1970s–1990s, the company expanded into additional prepared food markets including frozen pizza and vegetables.


title: McCain Foods

text: As of 2017, the company is the world's largest manufacturer of frozen potato products, and has over 20,000 employees and 47 production facilities in six continents. The company generates more than C$8.5 billion in annual sales.


title: McCain Foods

text: Based on 2014 sales, it is the 19th largest private company in Canada, according to "The Globe and Mail"'s Report on Business. Nancy McCain, of the McCain family, is married to former Canadian Finance Minister Bill Morneau. In 2020, McCain Foods won the Lausanne Index Prize – Best of Packaging.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Charles Peter Keep Edwards (born 1 October 1969) is an English actor with a career in theatre, TV, and film, most notable for playing Michael Gregson in "Downton Abbey" (2012–2013), Dr Alexander McDonald in "The Terror" (2018), Sir Martin Charteris in "The Crown" (2019-2020), and Lord Celebrimbor in "" (2022).


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Edwards was born 1 October 1969, in the town of Haslemere in Surrey, England. and lived in Grayshott, Hampshire.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: From an early age, Edwards attended Amesbury School in Hindhead, Surrey. Edwards was further educated at Winchester College, Hampshire, from 1983 to 1987, where he boarded in Moberly's house. His father, Ronald Edwards, also attended the College from 1948—1953 as did his older brother, Simon, who attended from 1974—1978. Both father and sons boarded at the same House.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Edwards went on to pursue acting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, from which he graduated in 1992.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Edwards debut in acting was on stage as a gingerbread man in a play of Hansel and Gretel. Edwards' first professional theatre engagement was in "Blithe Spirit" at age 24. Since then he has appeared in many shows such as "The Duchess of Malfi", "Hay Fever", "Private Lives" and "The Apple Cart".


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Edwards received acclaim for his Broadway debut performance as Richard Hannay in the 2005 play of "The 39 Steps", in the first London production in 2006, and in the first US productions in 2007 (Boston) and 2008 (New York City). He is the only actor from the London production to transfer to the US productions. Edwards concluded his run in the play on 6 July 2008.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: He has made appearances in a number of Shakespeare plays, including Peter Hall's production of "Twelfth Night" at the Royal National Theatre (Cottesloe auditorium) as Sir Andrew Aguecheek; as Benedick in "Much Ado About Nothing" at Shakespeare's Globe; "The Merchant of Venice;" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream," playing Oberon to Judi Dench's Titania. For his performance in "Much Ado About Nothing", Edwards was shortlisted for Best Actor at the 2011 Evening Standard Theatre Awards. He also received a WhatsOnStage Award nomination, in 2012, for his performance in "Twelfth Night".


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In 2012, Edwards played the lead role of George VI in the original stage play of "The King's Speech" on a nationwide tour and also the West End, gaining positive feedback from critics across the board. Drama critic Michael Billington wrote of his performance, "Edwards, who has been edging towards stardom for several seasons, has now unequivocally arrived." Later in 2012, he took on the role of Conservative Whip Jack Weatherill in James Graham's "This House" at the National Theatre. Towards the end of the year, he was shortlisted again for Best Actor at the Evening Standard Theatre Awards for his performance in both plays.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In 2013, Edwards starred as Charles Marsden in a Simon Godwin adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's Pulitzer prize winning play "Strange Interlude" at the National's Lyttleton Theatre. In 2014, Edwards co-starred in Michael Blakemore's adaptation of Coward's "Blithe Spirit", opposite Dame Angela Lansbury. He played Richard II in Simon Godwin's production at Shakespeare's Globe, and Henry Trebell in Harley Granville Barker's play "Waste" at the National Theatre, both in 2015.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In March 2017, he starred as Henry Higgins in the Brisbane and Melbourne seasons of Lerner and Loewe's "My Fair Lady", presented by Opera Australia and John Frost and directed by Dame Julie Andrews.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Edwards worked with playwright James Graham again in 2021, playing Gore Vidal in "Best of Enemies" at the Young Vic. He received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actor the following year.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In 2002, he played David, also known as King Edward VIII, in the feature-length TV drama "Bertie and Elizabeth" for ITV.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In 2011, he played Michael Palin in "Holy Flying Circus", a dramatisation of the controversy surrounding "Monty Python's Life of Brian". In October 2012, Edwards appeared in the third season of the television series "Downton Abbey" as Michael Gregson. Edwards appeared in the 2013 film, "Diana", charting the final few years of Diana, Princess of Wales, where he played Diana's private secretary Patrick Jephson. He made an appearance in BBC series "Sherlock", as David Welsborough, on the first episode of the fourth series which aired 1 January 2017 titled 'The Six Thatchers'. Also in 2017, he took on the lead role of the fictional King Henry IX in the TV series "Henry IX" for Sky channel GOLD.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: Edwards' other film and television credits include "Batman Begins", "An Ideal Husband", "Monarch of the Glen", "The Halcyon", "Mansfield Park", "", "The Shell Seekers", "Colditz" and "Midsomer Murders".


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In 2019 and 2020, he appeared in the third and fourth seasons of the widely acclaimed Netflix series "The Crown" as Martin Charteris, Queen Elizabeth II's private secretary, taking over the role from Harry Hadden-Paton, who played a younger Charteris in the first two seasons. In 2021, Edwards worked on a New Zealand TV mini series "Under The Vines", filmed in Central Otago wine region of the South Island and released on January 19, 2022.


title: Charles Edwards (actor)

text: In 2022, Edwards played the key role of Celebrimbor, the elven smith responsible for forging the Rings of Power in "".


title: KeyBank

text: KeyBank, the primary subsidiary of KeyCorp, is a regional bank headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, and is the only major bank based in Cleveland. KeyBank is one of the largest banks in the United States.


title: KeyBank

text: Key's customer base spans retail, small business, corporate, commercial and investment clients. KeyBank maintains over 1,000 branches and over 40,000 ATMs, which are in 15 states: Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and Washington. KeyCorp maintains business offices in 39 states.


title: KeyBank

text: KeyBank is the primary subsidiary of KeyCorp, which was formed in 1994 through the merger of Society Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio ("Society Bank") and KeyCorp ("Old KeyCorp") of Albany, New York. The merger briefly made Key the 10th largest US bank. Its roots trace back to Commercial Bank of Albany, New York in 1825 and Cleveland's Society for Savings, founded in 1849.


title: KeyBank

text: Society For Savings originated in 1849 as a mutual savings bank, founded by Samuel H. Mather. In 1867, the modest but growing bank built Cleveland's first skyscraper, the 10-story Society for Savings Building on Public Square. Despite erecting the tallest structure between New York and Chicago at the time, the bank remained extremely conservative. That aspect is highlighted by the fact that when it celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1949, it still only had one office although it had over $200 million in deposits. This conservatism helped the bank sidestep many depressions and financial panics. In 1958, Society converted from a mutual to a public company, which enabled it to grow quickly by acquiring 12 community banks between 1958 and 1978 under the banner Society National Bank. It went through another growth spurt from 1979 to 1989, as it acquired dozens of small banks and completed four mergers worth one billion dollars, most notably Cleveland-based Central National Bank in 1986. In 1987, Society CEO Gordon E. Heffern retired and was succeeded by Robert W. Gillespie, who, although just 42, was a major figure and part of the office of the chairman for more than 5 years. Gillespie was also named chairman. Gillespie started as a teller with Society to earn money while he was finishing his graduate studies.


title: KeyBank

text: Society Corporation acquired Toledo, Ohio-based Trustcorp in 1990 and Cleveland Trust, the major bank of holding company CleveTrust Corporation, in September 1991, a venerable Cleveland bank and Ohio's largest bank during the 1940s through the late 1970s. The Cleveland Trust deal established Society as a large regional bank. The jewel of Cleveland Trust was its robust personal and corporate trust businesses. However, its footing became unsteady due to bad real estate loans, forcing the resignation of Cleveland Trust chairman Jerry V. Jarrett in 1990. Moreover, Gillespie was able to outbid Society's larger rival, National City Corp., which also bid for Cleveland Trust.


title: KeyBank

text: In 1825, New York Governor DeWitt Clinton signed a bill chartering the Commercial Bank of Albany. In 1865, Commercial Bank was reorganized under the National Banking Act of 1864, and changed its name to National Commercial Bank of Albany. Over a hundred years passed before National Commercial merged with First Trust and Deposit of Syracuse to become First Commercial Banks in 1971, still a modest New York State bank with 89 offices. Victor J. Riley Jr. became president and CEO in 1973, and changed First Commercial's name to Key Bank Inc. in 1979.


title: KeyBank

text: Riley embarked on a plan to grow Key through acquisitions. From the mid-1970's to early 1980's, it made numerous acquisitions throughout upstate New York. Beginning in the 1980's, Riley looked outside New York, expanding Key's footprint with an acquisition in Maine, and eventually adding branches in Massachusetts and Vermont. However, by the mid-1980's, banking regulators in New England began looking askance at New York-based banks controlling the region's capital. That, coupled with increasing competition for acquisition targets, caused Riley to essentially abandon the Northeast. Instead, he began searching for prey in the Pacific Northwest. Riley found a target-rich environment in rural and underserved areas. He snapped up small banks in Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Washington and Oregon. He even went so far as to buy two banks in Alaska, for which he was flogged in the media and in banking circles. Unorthodox strategy aside, Riley quintupled Key's assets from $3 billion to $15 billion in just four years between 1985 and 1990.


title: KeyBank

text: While the early 1990s recession rocked many banks, Key had ample capital. It bought the assets of two failed thrifts from the government: Empire Federal Savings and Loan and Goldome Savings Bank. In March 1992, it acquired Tacoma-based Puget Sound Bancorp for $807.2 million to bolster its presence in Washington. Also in 1992, Key acquired Home Federal Savings of Fort Collins, its first move into Colorado. Key soon amassed nearly 700 banking offices.


title: KeyBank

text: The result was two separate banking networks united under a single corporate umbrella. However, this strategy actually worked well for Key. Not only was it insulated from regional economic downturns, but it avoided bad loans by lending primarily to customers in the areas it served. When Key acquired a bank, it retained most of the bank's personnel. Riley argued that a bank that entered new territory and "start(ed) shuffling people around" could not brand itself as a community bank.


title: KeyBank

text: By 1993, the rural strategy with local management and minimal technology made Key a very profitable bank. However, it was getting tougher for Riley and CFO William Dougherty to maintain their 15% return on equity target and investors were cooling on Key stock after many high growth years. Key began testing a Vision 2001 computer system, which sped up and enhanced the loan process through faster credit scoring, loan servicing and collection capabilities.


title: KeyBank

text: Although Gillespie had built Society into a regional powerhouse in the Midwest, he wanted to vault the bank into the big leagues. He concluded Key, a bank with similar ambitions, was a suitable partner. Society and Key held talks in 1990 at Gillespie's prompting, but Riley decided to stay the course of smaller, more lucrative acquisitions with obvious synergies. Yet, news reports swirled that a possible merger was in the works in the fall of 1993. Key was the 29th largest U.S. bank with $26 billion in assets, while Society was the 25th largest with $32 billion in assets. Both needed a merger to improve their prospects. For its part, Key needed a succession plan due to the lack of an obvious successor to the 62-year-old Riley. In one week in June 1993, the bench had become barren – Chief Banking Officer James Waterston, hired the year before, quit and publicly stated that he was frustrated with the pace of achieving his goal of running a large bank. The head of KeyBank of Washington, Hans Harjo, was pushed out over an apparent dispute to move its headquarters from Seattle to Tacoma. It also became clear that Key had to undertake a technology infrastructure upgrade to connect its far-flung offices. Meanwhile, Society was in search of higher growth and longed to expand its presence outside of the so-called rust belt states of Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana.


title: KeyBank

text: The merger was announced in early October 1993. This time it was Riley who made the first move; he called Gillespie while recuperating at his Albany home after breaking his hip in a horse-riding accident in Wyoming. The two quickly sketched out the deal. The banks were roughly the same size in assets and had very little geographic overlap, so it was touted as an out-of-market merger in which few branches needed to be sold off. It created a $58 billion banking behemoth with a footprint that literally stretched from Portland, Maine to Portland, Oregon. Furthermore, the deal plugged many of the perceived holes for both partners. The soft-spoken Gillespie was just 49 and Society had cultivated a deep bench of lieutenants. More importantly, Society had the computer systems and technology expertise to combine the two banks, along with Chief Information Officer Allen J. Gula. Riley also lamented the modest Albany International Airport, which lost service from several major airlines in the 1980's and complicated air travel for Key executives. Ohio also had lower state taxes than New York. Lastly, Society had recently built Society Center (now Key Tower), a 947-foot skyscraper that was more commensurate with a major bank headquarters than the modest buildings used in Albany. These issues made Cleveland the preferable location for the merged bank's headquarters. Conversely, Key's brand was more recognizable.


title: KeyBank

text: The deal was structured as a merger of equals. The merged bank took the KeyCorp name, and operates under the charter of the old KeyCorp. However, Society was the nominal survivor; the merged bank was headquartered in Cleveland, and retains Society's pre-1994 stock price history. The Society name continued to be used in Society's former footprint for an additional two more years before it was retired in June 1996 and the charters were merged.


title: KeyBank

text: Riley became chairman and CEO of KeyCorp and Gillespie became president and chief operating officer. Despite assurances from both Riley and Gillespie, the city of Albany and then-Governor Mario Cuomo openly fretted that the merger would be bad for the state capital since Key and its subsidiaries owned or leased more than 10% of Albany's commercial office space. By 2014, only about 225 non-branch employees were still based in Albany at the KeyCorp Tower.


title: KeyBank

text: Society and Key completed the merger on March 1, 1994, after regulatory approval. Although it was touted as a merger of equals, Key and Society were an odd couple. As mentioned above, Key was a decentralized community bank combining two banking networks—an eastern network in New England and upstate New York and a western one in the Rockies and Pacific Northwest—within a single corporate structure. Society, in contrast, was a classic big-city commercial bank with a centralized structure largely concentrated in three states.


title: KeyBank

text: Riley planned to retire as CEO at the end of 1995. He decided to accelerate it by four months, however, instead stepping down on September 1, 1995. Gillespie took the helm as CEO and later chairman, allowing his protege Henry Meyer to become COO and later president.


title: KeyBank

text: While still integrating Society Bank and KeyBank, Gillespie attempted to turn Key into a financial services powerhouse. Between 1995 and 2001, Gillespie initiated nine significant acquisitions and 6 divestitures.


title: KeyBank

text: In late 1998, Key bought Cleveland-based brokerage firm, McDonald & Co. for $653 million in stock. The McDonald acquisition was the largest non-banking deal in both size and impact on Key. McDonald was sold to the U.S. investment arm of UBS AG in 2007 for roughly $280 million. As a result, Key began processing all subsequent securities transactions under its new broker-dealer name, "KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc", in April 2007.


title: KeyBank

text: However, investors became wary of all the Gillespie-era deals. Some believed that Gillespie was making all the moves to cover up poor performance, although in hindsight that appears to be far from truth. The concept was dubbed "burning the furniture", implying that Key would sell an asset to obfuscate earnings. For instance, Key sold its residential mortgage servicing to Countrywide Financial (now Bank of America Home Loans) in 1995, shareholder services in 1996, various chunks of the bank in 1997–1999 (i.e. Wyoming, Florida, and Long Island), and credit card operations to The Associates in 2000 (which was quickly thereafter acquired by Citigroup).


title: KeyBank

text: But Gillespie was attempting to increase fee-income by acquiring high-growth businesses, including McDonald and equipment financing firm Leastec, and decreasing the exposure to the bank's shrinking population base in its primary footprint, so-called rust belt states such as Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana. Gillespie resigned from the CEO position on February 1, 2001, and then as chairman at the annual meeting on May 17 during which he was replaced by Henry Meyer.


title: KeyBank

text: In October 2008, Key received approximately $2.5 billion in investment from the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In March 2011, Key was one of the last major banks to pay back TARP funds.


title: KeyBank

text: In May 2011, Key made history by naming Beth E. Mooney, previously the bank's president, as the first female Chairman and CEO of a top 20 bank.


title: KeyBank

text: In January 2012, Key acquired 37 former HSBC Bank USA branches in Upstate New York from First Niagara Bank for $110 million.


title: KeyBank

text: In January 2015, KeyBank participated in the construction debt financing syndicate behind the Balko Wind Project purchased from Apex Clean Energy by D.E. Shaw Renewable Investments.


title: KeyBank

text: On July 29, 2016, KeyCorp acquired First Niagara Bank for $4.1 billion in cash and stock. The deal strengthened Key's position in Upstate New York and New England, as well as entering Pennsylvania for the first time with a presence in both Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The deal made Key one of the largest banks in Pittsburgh, and gave it branches that were once part of crosstown rival National City Corp., which Key tried to acquire from PNC Financial Services following the National City acquisition by PNC in 2008 before being outbid by First Niagara. As a result, KeyCorp now held much of the core of what had been Marine Midland Bank, old KeyCorp's longtime rival. Five years earlier, First Niagara had acquired most of the upstate New York branch network of HSBC Bank USA, which had changed its name from Marine Midland in 1999; as mentioned above, Key had acquired 37 HSBC branches in 2012.


title: KeyBank

text: As part of the transaction, 18 First Niagara branches in Erie and Niagara Counties in New York were sold to Northwest Savings Bank for antitrust reasons.


title: KeyBank

text: KeyBank continues to play an important role in the regional economy of Cleveland, having 6,400 employees.


title: KeyBank

text: In 2019, KeyBank announced it will be opening its first tellerless branch on May 13, 2019, in Boulder, Colorado. Instead of teller lines, the branch features private offices where clients can interact with bankers trained as "financial wellness consultants".


title: KeyBank

text: On May 1, 2020 Christopher M. Gorman assumed the role of Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and President of KeyCorp bringing more than 30 years of financial services experience to his role.


title: David Bellamy

text: David James Bellamy (18 January 1933 – 11 December 2019) was an English botanist, television presenter, author and environmental campaigner.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy was born in London to parents Winifred May (née Green) and Thomas Bellamy on 18 January 1933. He was raised in a Baptist family and retained a strong Christian faith throughout his life. As a child, he had hoped to be a ballet dancer, but he concluded that his rather large physique regrettably precluded him from pursuing the training.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy went to school in south London, attending Chatsworth Road Primary School in Cheam, Cheam Road Junior School, and Sutton County Grammar School, where he initially showed an aptitude for English literature and history; he then found his vocation because of an inspirational science teacher, studying zoology, botany, physics, and chemistry in the sixth form. He gained an honours degree in botany at Chelsea College of Science and Technology (now part of King's College London) in 1957 and a doctor of philosophy at Bedford College in 1960.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy was influenced by Gene Stratton-Porter's 1909 novel "A Girl of the Limberlost" and Disney's 1940 film "Fantasia".


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy married Rosemary Froy in 1959, and the couple remained together until her death in 2018. They had five children: Henrietta (died 2017), Eoghain, Brighid, Rufus, and Hannah. Bellamy lived with Rosemary in the Pennines, in County Durham.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy's first work in a scientific environment was as a laboratory assistant at Ewell Technical College before he studied for his Bachelor of Science at Chelsea.


title: David Bellamy

text: The work that brought him to public prominence was his environmental consultancy on the "Torrey Canyon" oil spill in 1967, about which he wrote a paper in the leading scientific journal, "Nature".


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy published many scientific papers and books between 1966 and 1986 (see #Bibliography). Many books were associated with the TV series on which he worked. During the 1980s, he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980, he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title "I Spy Dinosaurs" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled "Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?" (backed with "Oh Stegosaurus"). He performed it on "Blue Peter" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts.


title: David Bellamy

text: In the early 1970s, Bellamy helped to establish Durham Wildlife Trust, and remained a key player in the conservation movement in the Durham area for a number of decades.


title: David Bellamy

text: The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved with the Coast to Coast adventure race in 1988 as they recognised the potential for event tourism. They organised and funded foreign journalists to come and cover the event. One of those was Bellamy, who did not just report from the event, but decided to compete. While in the country, Bellamy worked on a documentary series "Moa's Ark" that was released by Television New Zealand in 1990, and he was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy was the originator, along with David Shreeve and the Conservation Foundation (which he also founded), of the Ford European Conservation Awards.


title: David Bellamy

text: In 2016, he opened the Hedleyhope Fell Boardwalk, which is the main feature of Durham Wildlife Trust's Hedleyhope Fell reserve in County Durham. The project includes a 60-metre path from Tow Law to the Hedleyhope Fell reserve, and 150 metres of boardwalk made from recycled plastic bottles.


title: David Bellamy

text: After Bellamy’s TV appearances concerning the "Torrey Canyon" disaster, his exuberant and demonstrative presentation of science topics featured on programmes such as "Don't Ask Me" along with other scientific personalities such as Magnus Pyke, Miriam Stoppard, and Rob Buckman. He wrote, appeared in, or presented hundreds of television programmes on botany, ecology, environmentalism, and other issues. His television series included "Bellamy on Botany", "Bellamy's Britain", "Bellamy's Europe" and "Bellamy's Backyard Safari". He was regularly parodied by impersonators such as Lenny Henry on "Tiswas" with a "gwapple me gwapenuts" catchphrase. His distinctive voice was used in advertising.


title: David Bellamy

text: In 1983, Bellamy was imprisoned for blockading the Australian Franklin River in a protest against a proposed dam. On 18 August 1984, he leapt from the pier at St Abbs Harbour into the North Sea; in the process, he officially opened Britain's first Voluntary Marine Reserve, the St. Abbs and Eyemouth Voluntary Marine Reserve. In the late 1980s, he fronted a campaign in Jersey, Channel Islands, to save Queens Valley, the site of the lead character's cottage in "Bergerac", from being turned into a reservoir because of the presence of a rare type of snail, but was unable to stop it.


title: David Bellamy

text: In 1997, he stood unsuccessfully at Huntingdon against the incumbent Prime Minister John Major for the Referendum Party. Bellamy credited this campaign with the decline in his career as a popular celebrity and television personality. In a 2002 interview, he said it was ill-advised.


title: David Bellamy

text: He was a prominent campaigner against the construction of wind farms in undeveloped areas, despite appearing very enthusiastic about wind power in the educational video "Power from the Wind" produced by Britain's Central Electricity Generating Board.


title: David Bellamy

text: David Bellamy was the president of the British Institute of Cleaning Science, and was a strong supporter of its plan to educate young people to care for and protect the environment. The David Bellamy Awards Programme is a competition designed to encourage schools to be aware of, and act positively towards, environmental cleanliness. Bellamy was also a patron of the British Homeopathic Association, and the UK plastic recycling charity Recoup from 1998.


title: David Bellamy

text: The profligate demands of humankind are causing far-reaching changes to the atmosphere of planet Earth, of this there is no doubt. Earth's temperature is showing an upward swing, the so-called greenhouse effect, now a subject of international concern. The greenhouse effect may melt the glaciers and ice caps of the world, causing the sea to rise and flood many of our great cities and much of our best farmland.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy's later statements on global warming indicate that he subsequently changed his views. A letter he published on 16 April 2005 in "New Scientist" asserted that a large proportion (555 of 625) of the glaciers being observed by the World Glacier Monitoring Service were advancing, not retreating. George Monbiot of "The Guardian" tracked down Bellamy's original source for this information and found that it was from discredited data originally published by Fred Singer, who claimed to have obtained these figures from a 1989 article in the journal "Science"; however, Monbiot proved that this article had never existed. Bellamy subsequently accepted that his figures on glaciers were wrong, and announced in a letter to "The Sunday Times" in 2005 that he had "decided to draw back from the debate on global warming", although Bellamy jointly authored a paper with Jack Barrett in the refereed "Civil Engineering" journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, entitled "Climate stability: an inconvenient proof" in May 2007.


title: David Bellamy

text: In 2008 Bellamy signed the Manhattan Declaration, calling for the immediate halt to any tax funded attempts to counteract climate change. He maintained a view that man-made climate change is "poppycock", insisting that climate change is part of a natural cycle.


title: David Bellamy

text: His opinions changed the way some organisations viewed Bellamy. The Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts stated in 2005, "We are not happy with his line on climate change", and Bellamy, who had been president of the Wildlife Trusts since 1995, was succeeded by Aubrey Manning in November 2005. Bellamy asserted that his views on global warming resulted in the rejection of programme ideas by the BBC.


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy was "consultant editor and contributor" for this series, published by Hamlyn in conjunction with the Royal Society for Nature Conservation:


title: David Bellamy

text: Bellamy was awarded an Honorary Dr. of Science, degree from Bournemouth University. He was the recipient of a number of other awards:


title: David Bellamy

text: In 2013, Professor Chris Baines gave the inaugural David Bellamy Lecture at Buckingham Palace to honour Bellamy's 80th birthday. A second David Bellamy Lecture was given by Pete Wilkinson at the Royal Geographical Society in 2014.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: "Over" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American television action drama series "Breaking Bad". It was written by Moira Walley-Beckett and directed by Phil Abraham.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: Following his discovery that he is in remission, Walter White takes Skyler White's advice to take the week off from work, but secretly meets with Jesse Pinkman. He tells Jesse the news, and that he is out of the drug trade now that he no longer has to pay for treatment. During Skyler's party celebrating the remission, Walt pours Walt Jr. some tequila that he and Hank Schrader are drinking. After Walt keeps pouring, Hank takes the bottle away from him. Walt angrily demands it back, leading to a tense standoff which is broken as Walt Jr. vomits into the pool.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: The next day, Skyler refuses to answer Walt's calls in which he tries to apologize. In order to distract himself, he goes on a home improvement spree, replacing their water heater, then creating a crawl space in the basement to fix a rot problem. At work, Skyler confides in Ted Beneke about Walt's condition. When Ted notices that she is purposefully staying late, she breaks down, saying that she doesn't feel optimistic because she knows that Walt still has cancer. Ted understands, having suffered physically while caring for his dying father. They tenderly hold hands. The next day, as Ted is leaving, Skyler creates a distraction in order to spend more time with him.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: Meanwhile, Jesse clumsily makes breakfast for Jane Margolis and tells her they can spend the day together. She admires his drawings of superheroes, which she points out all look like him. They hear knocking on Jane's door, which turns out to be her father, the owner of the property. When Jesse goes outside to speak with him, Jane acts like she does not know him. Later, she tells him she was protecting him from her overbearing father, but Jesse is upset that she does not take their relationship seriously. He smokes meth to comfort himself, but brightens when Jane slides a drawing under his door: a superhero called "Apology Girl" that looks like her.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: At the hardware store, Walt notices the cart of a young man buying materials to make drugs. He offers advice about what ingredients to get, causing the man to run away. Outside in the parking lot, he sees the young man with his partner; Walt orders the two to stay out of his territory.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: This episode's title is the third to reference the Wayfarer 515 disaster that occurs in the episode "ABQ". When placed together, the first, fourth, tenth, and thirteenth episodes' titles from this season read "Seven Thirty-Seven Down Over ABQ".


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: The title also refers to the fact that the partnership between Walt and Jesse will be over once they sell their remaining product, as Walt's condition had improved significantly.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode was written by Moira Walley-Beckett, and directed by Phil Abraham. It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on May 10, 2009.


title: Over (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode was well received. Donna Bowman, writing for "The A.V. Club", gave the episode an A rating. She praised the show's ability to create a contrast between "intensity" and "quieter character moments". It's the first appearance of Jane's father Donald Margolis (played by John de Lancie).


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Gunther von Hagens (born Gunther Gerhard Liebchen; 10 January 1945) is a German anatomist who invented the technique for preserving biological tissue specimens called plastination. He has organized numerous "Body Worlds" public exhibitions and occasional live demonstrations of his and his colleagues' work, and has traveled worldwide to promote its educational value. The sourcing of biological specimens for his exhibits has been controversial, but he insists that informed consent was given before the death of donors, and extensive documentation of this has been made available.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens was born Gunther Gerhard Liebchen in Alt-Skalden (now called Skalmierzyce) near Ostrowo, Reichsgau Wartheland, in German-annexed Poland. When he was five days old, his parents took him on a six-month trek westwards, to escape from the advancing Red Army and the imminent Soviet occupation. The family lived briefly in Berlin and its vicinity, before finally settling in Greiz, a small town which was allocated to the Soviet occupation zone, so that Hagens grew up in East Germany. He lived in Greiz until the age of nineteen.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: A haemophiliac, as a child Hagens spent six months in hospital after being injured. This stimulated an interest in medical science, and in 1965 he began to study medicine at the University of Jena. While there, he began to question Communism and Socialism, and widened his knowledge of politics by gathering information from non-communist news sources. He participated in student protests against the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops. In January 1969, disguised as a vacationing student, he made his way across Bulgaria and Hungary, and on 8 January attempted to cross the Czechoslovakian border into Austria. He failed, but made a second attempt the next day, at another location along the border. He was arrested and punished with two years in jail.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens escaped to West Germany in 1970. He continued his medical studies in Lübeck and received a doctorate in 1975 from the University of Heidelberg. When he married his first wife, he changed his surname from Liebchen to that of his wife, "von Hagens".


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens is best known for his plastination technique, which he invented and patented between 1977 and 1982. In 1982, Hagens was appointed as a lecturer in the Institutes of Anatomy and Pathology at the University of Heidelberg, and in 1993 he founded the Institute of Plastination in Heidelberg. By 2004, he had been in the city for 22 years. In 1996 he became a visiting professor at Dalian in China, where he runs a second plastination institute, and he also directs a plastination center at the State Medical Academy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Since 2004, Hagens has also been a guest professor at the New York University College of Dentistry.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In its first twenty years, plastination was used to preserve small specimens of tissue for medical study. It was not until the early 1990s that equipment was developed to make it possible to plastinate whole body specimens, each specimen taking up to 1,500 hours of work to prepare. The first exhibition of whole plastinated bodies took place in Japan in 1995. Over the next two years, Hagens developed his first "Body Worlds" exhibition, showing whole bodies plastinated in lifelike poses and dissected to show various structures and systems of human anatomy, and these have since met with public interest and controversy in more than fifty cities around the world. The exhibition, and Hagens' subsequent exhibitions "Body Worlds 2, 3 and 4", had received more than 26 million visitors all over the world .


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: To produce specimens for a "Body Worlds" exhibition, Hagens employs 340 people at five laboratories in four different countries. Each laboratory is categorized by speciality, with the laboratory in China focusing on animal specimens. The plastinated giraffe which appeared in "Body Worlds 3 & The Story of the Heart" was one of the most difficult specimens to create, taking a total of three yearsten times longer than it takes to prepare a human body. Ten people were required to move the giraffe, because its final weight, like all specimens after plastination, was equal to its original weight.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: The "Body Worlds" exhibits were featured in a supposed Miami exhibition in the 2006 film "Casino Royale," although the actual location for the exterior shots was the Ministry of Transport in Prague. Hagens himself makes a cameo appearance in the film and can be seen leading a tour past where James Bond kills a villain.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens has developed new body sectioning methods that yield very thin slices, which can then be plastinated and used for anatomical studies. He is also developing similar techniques for specimens as large as elephants. He works in a concealed laboratory, with an entrance behind a movable staircase, where he developed his wafer plastination techniques.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Religious groups, including representatives of the Roman Catholic Church and some rabbis, have objected to the display of human remains, stating that it is inconsistent with reverence towards the human body.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In 2002 Hagens performed the first public autopsy to take place in the United Kingdom in 170 years, before a sell-out audience of 500 people in a London theatre. Prior to performing the autopsy, he had received a letter from Her Majesty's Inspector of Anatomy, the British government official responsible for regulating the educational use of cadavers. The letter warned Hagens that performing a public autopsy would be a criminal act under section 11 of the Anatomy Act 1984. The show was attended by officers from the Metropolitan Police, but they did not intervene, and the dissection was performed in full. The autopsy was shown in November 2002 on the British Channel 4 television channel; it resulted in over 130 complaints, an OFCOM record, but the Independent Television Commission ruled that the programme had not been sensationalist and had not broken broadcasting rules.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In 2003, the television production company Mentorn proposed a documentary called "Futurehuman", in which Hagens would perform a series of modifications on a corpse to demonstrate "improvements" to human anatomy. Controversy was sparked when the company, with Hagens, appealed publicly for a terminally ill person to donate his body for the project. A donor was found, but the documentary was cancelled after the body donor pulled out.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In February 2004, the German newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" confirmed earlier reports by the German TV station ARD that Hagens had offered a one-time payment and a lifelong pension to Alexander Sizonenko if he would agree to have his body transferred to the Institute of Plastination after his death. Sizonenko, reported to be one of the world's tallest men at , had played basketball for the Soviet Union and was later plagued by numerous health problems until his death in 2012. He declined the offer.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: After several legal challenges to the "Body Worlds" exhibitition in Germany, in the Summer of 2004 Hagens announced that it would be leaving the country. From 2004 onwards, the exhibitions toured North America, returning to Europe in 2007 with an exhibition in Manchester, England, and ending in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2011.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens has accepted bodies into his collection whose origins he could not verify. Hagens stored 647 bodies at his business in Liaoning province, China. Two bodies with bullet holes in their skulls were sourced from Dalian University and some have speculated that these bodies could have been executed prisoners.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In 2002 there were legal proceedings against a senior pathologist and coroner in Siberia regarding a shipment of 56 corpses to Heidelberg. The police maintained that the Novosibirsk coroner, Vladimir Novosylov, had sold the bodies illegally to buyers outside of Russia. Hagens was not charged in the case, but he was called as a witness against Novosylov. The authorities stopped the shipment of bodies and the agreement between Novosibirsk and Hagens was terminated.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In October 2003, a parliamentary committee in Kyrgyzstan investigated accusations that Hagens had illegally received and plastinated several hundred corpses from prisons, psychiatric institutions and hospitals in Kyrgyzstan, some without prior notification of the families. Hagens himself testified to the committee; he said he had received nine corpses from Kyrgyzstan hospitals, that none of them had been used for the "Body Worlds" exhibition, and that he was neither involved with nor responsible for the notification of the families.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In 2003, an animal rights organization filed a complaint alleging that Hagens did not have correct papers for a gorilla he had plastinated. He had received the cadaver from the Hanover Zoo, where the animal had died.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In 2003, the University of Heidelberg filed a criminal complaint against Hagens, claiming that he had misrepresented himself as a professor from a German university in a Chinese document, and that in Germany he had failed to state the foreign origin of his title. After a trial, he received a fine in March 2004. On 25 April 2005, a Heidelberg court imposed a fine of €108,000 (equivalent to a prison term of 90 days at the daily income assessed by the court) for one count of using an academic title that he was not entitled to, but acquitted him on four other counts. On appeal, a higher court in September 2006 reduced the penalty to a warning with a suspended fine of €50,000, which under German law is not deemed a prior criminal conviction. In 2007 the charge of title misuse was finally dismissed by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany in Karlsruhe.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: German prosecutors declined to press charges, and in March 2005 Hagens was granted an interim injunction against "Der Spiegel", preventing the magazine from claiming that "Body Worlds" contained the bodies of executed prisoners.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens describes himself as an agnostic, believing that the human mind is not constructed to answer such a question as the existence of God, and he instead puts all his faith into the human body.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens is married to Angelina Whalley, the creative director of the "Body Worlds" exhibitions. He has three children from his first marriage and also retains his first wife’s surname, "von Hagens". When appearing in public, even when performing anatomical dissections, Hagens always wears a black fedora (a reference to the hat worn in "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" by Rembrandt).


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: Hagens has said that his grand goal is the founding of a "Museum of Man", where exhibits of human anatomy can be shown permanently. He once commented that after death he planned to donate plastinated wafers of his own body to several universities, so that in death he can (physically) teach at several locations, something he cannot do while alive.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In January 2011, Hagens announced that he was suffering from Parkinson's disease and that after his death his wife would plastinate his body and put his preserved corpse on display as part of the "Body Worlds" exhibitions. In October 2018, before the opening of a Body Worlds exhibition in London to put plastinated human body parts on permanent display, Hagens said he wanted his own remains one day to be posed in the entrance, with his hand outstretched to greet visitors.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In 2005, Channel 4 screened four programmes entitled "Anatomy for Beginners", featuring Gunther von Hagens and the pathology professor John Lee dissecting a number of cadavers and discussing the structure and function of many of the body's parts.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: A four-part follow-up series entitled "" was aired on Channel 4 in 2006, in which Hagens and Lee discussed common fatal diseases (circulatory issues, cancer, poisoning from organ failure, and ageing) with the aid of dissections.


title: Gunther von Hagens

text: In November 2007, another series of three television programmes was broadcast entitled "", showing what happens when the body is injured, and featuring presentations by the British Red Cross.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Democratic confederalism (), also known as Kurdish communalism or Apoism, is a political concept theorized by Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan about a system of democratic self-organization with the features of a confederation based on the principles of autonomy, direct democracy, political ecology, feminism, multiculturalism, self-defense, self-governance and elements of a cooperative economy. Influenced by social ecology, libertarian municipalism, Middle Eastern history and , Öcalan presents the concept as a political solution to Kurdish national aspirations, as well as other fundamental problems in countries in the region deeply rooted in class society, and as a route to freedom and democratization for people around the world.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Although the liberation struggle of the PKK was originally guided by the prospect of creating a Kurdish nation state on a Marxist–Leninist basis, Öcalan became disillusioned with the nation-state model and state socialism. Influenced by ideas from Western thinkers such as the anarchist and social ecologist Murray Bookchin, Öcalan reformulated the political objectives of the Kurdish liberation movement, abandoning the old statist and centralizing socialist project for a radical and renewed proposal for democratic-libertarian socialism that no longer aims at building an independent state separate from Turkey, but at establishing an autonomous, democratic and decentralized entity based on the ideas of democratic confederalism.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Rejecting both the authoritarianism and bureaucracism of state socialism and the predation of capitalism, seen by Öcalan as most responsible for the economic inequalities, sexism and environmental destruction in the world, democratic confederalism defends a "type of organization or administration can be called non-state political administration or stateless democracy", which would provide the framework for the autonomous organization of "every community, confessional group, gender specific collective and / or minority ethnic group, among other". It is a model of participatory democracy built on the self-government of local communities and the organization of open councils, town councils, local parliaments, and larger congresses, where citizens are the agents of self-government, allowing individuals and communities to exercise a real influence over their common environment and activities. Inspired by the struggle of women in the PKK, democratic confederalism has feminism as one of its central pillars. Seeing patriarchy as "an ideological product of the national state and power" no less dangerous than capitalism, Öcalan advocates a new vision of society in order to dismantle the institutional and psychological relations of power currently established in capitalist societies and to ensure that women have a vital and equal role to that of men at all levels of organization and decision-making. Other key principles of democratic confederalism are environmentalism, multiculturalism (religious, political, ethnic and cultural), individual freedoms (such as those of expression, choice and information), self-defense, and a sharing economy where control of economic resources does not belong to the state, but to society. Although it presents itself as a model opposed to the nation-state, democratic confederalism admits the possibility, under specific circumstances, of peaceful coexistence between both, as long as there is no intervention by the state in the central issues of self-government or attempts at cultural assimilation. Although it was theorized initially as a new social and ideological basis for the Kurdish liberation movement, democratic confederalism is now presented as an anti-nationalist, multi-ethnic and internationalist movement.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: The general lines of democratic confederalism were presented in March 2005, through a declaration "to the Kurdish people and the international community" and, in later years, the concept was further developed in other publications, such as the four volumes of the "Manifesto of Democratic Civilization". Shortly after being released, the declaration was immediately adopted by the PKK, which organized clandestine assemblies in Turkey, Syria and Iraq, which resulted in the creation of the Kurdistan Communities Union ("Koma Civakên Kurdistan", KCK). The first chance to implement it came during the Syrian Civil War, when the Democratic Union Party ("Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat", PYD) declared the autonomy of three cantons in Syrian Kurdistan that eventually grew into the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria).


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Created in the 1970s under the context of Cold War geopolitical bipolarity, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) was initially inspired by national liberation movements across the planet, many of whom were influenced by Marxist–Leninist ideals and left-wing nationalism. Over the years, however, the PKK has distanced itself from these ideologies, considering that the Kurdish question was not a mere problem of ethnicity and nationality solved by the revolutionary seizure of state power or the constitution of an independent state. Becoming a major critic of the very idea of a nation-state and even of national and social liberation from a Marxist–Leninist perspective, Abdullah Öcalan initiated a substantial transition from the Kurdish liberation movement in search of a form of socialism distinct from the statist and centralizing system associated with the former Soviet superpower.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: This process was consolidated after the capture and arrest of Öcalan by the Turkish intelligence services in 1999. Although he is kept in isolation on the prison island of İmralı, Öcalan used his time not only to prepare his defense strategy in the course of the Turkish trial which had sentenced him to death, but also to elaborate his proposals on the Kurdish question and on its political solution. Having access to hundreds of books, including Turkish translations of numerous historical and philosophical texts from Western thought, his plan was initially to find theoretical foundations in these works that would justify the PKK's past actions, and to discuss the Kurdish–Turkish conflict within a comprehensive analysis of the development of the nation-state throughout history. Thus, Öcalan began his studies from Sumerian mythology and the origins of Neolithic cultures, as well as from the history of the first city-states. But it was the readings of thinkers like Friedrich Nietzsche (whom Öcalan calls "the prophet"), Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Maria Mies, Michel Foucault, and particularly Murray Bookchin, that led him to a definitive break with the Marxist–Leninist socialist perspective and develops a new proposal for libertarian socialism called "democratic confederalism".


title: Democratic confederalism

text: In 2005, while the European Court of Human Rights condemned Turkey for "inhumane treatment" and "unfair prosecution" in the case of Öcalan, calling for a new trial for the Kurdish leader, Öcalan issued "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", where he laid the groundwork of democratic confederalism. Later, the concept was further developed and presented in works such as "Democratic Confederalism" and "Manifesto of Democratic Civilization" (the latter in four volumes).


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Responding to the needs of the Kurdish movement across Kurdistan, Öcalan's studies resulting in "democratic confederalism" addressed various aspects of Kurdish society in the fields of anthropology, linguistics, and international politics, international law, as well as introducing a feminist approach called jineology, the latter in particular having been inspired by the struggle of women in the PKK and Sakine Cansiz. His greatest theoretical inspirations came from social ecology and libertarian municipalism as formulated by the American anarchist Murray Bookchin. In his works, Bookchin argues that the domination and destruction of nature is the continuation of the domination of human beings by each other, including through the forms of capitalism and the nation-state. Establishing a connection between the ecological crisis and social hierarchy, the American philosopher observes that the social structure of humanity needs to be rethought and transformed from a destructive hierarchical society to an ecological social society that maintains a balance between its parts and whose communities can organize their lives independently.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Admiring Bookchin's concepts, Öcalan developed a critical view of nationalism and the nation-state that led him to interpret peoples' right to self-determination as "the basis for the establishment of a basic democracy, without the need to seek new political frontiers". Based on this, Öcalan proposes that a political solution for the Kurdish people does not involve the foundation of a new national state, but the constitution of a democratic, decentralized and autonomous system of self-organization in the form of a confederation.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: On June 1, 2005, the PKK officially adopted the "democratic confederalism" program at the end of the 3rd General Assembly of the People's Congress of Kurdistan ("Kongra Gelê Kurdistan").


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Thereafter, the Kurdish liberation movement began to form clandestine assemblies immediately in Turkey, Syria and Iraq, which in 2007 resulted in the creation of the Kurdistan Communities Union ("Koma Civakên Kurdistan", KCK), the organization established to put into effect Öcalan's concept. The KCK brings together Kurdish political parties such as Democratic Union Party ("Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat", PYD), Kurdistan Free Life Party ("Partiya Jiyana Azad to Kurdistanê", PJAK), and Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party ("Partî Çareserî Dîmukratî Kurdistan", PÇDK); civil society organizations; and armed groups in all countries in the region over the different parts of Kurdistan.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: Inspired by the project of democratic confederalism, mayors of the Party of the Democratic Society Party ("Demokratik Toplum Partisi", DTP) started a fight for collective rights of a political nature in Turkey through civil disobedience campaigns. Challenging the laws that prohibit the official use of the Kurdish language, these politicians begin to use the municipal services and dispatch official correspondence in Kurdish, to reinsert Kurdish names in public places and to spend resources for the development and spread of the Kurdish language. However, these policies made the DTP mayors and deputies targets of judicial harassment, and the Kurdish party was banned by the Turkish Constitutional Court in 2009.


title: Democratic confederalism

text: It was during the Civil War in Syria that an opportunity arose to implement Ocalan's new political doctrine deeply, after the PYD declared the autonomy of three cantons in Rojava, a region comprising parts of the north and northeast of Syrian territory. Creating a political entity opposed to the capitalist nation-state, Rojava experienced an original experience of democratic, decentralized and non-hierarchical society, based on feminist, ecology, cultural pluralism, co-operative sharing economy ideas, and participatory politics and consensual construction.


title: Rob Cantor

text: Robert Howard Cantor is an American singer-songwriter and creator of multiple viral videos. He is mostly known as a vocalist, guitarist, and co-writer for the "fabloo" indie rock band Tally Hall.


title: Rob Cantor

text: In addition, Cantor is also known for his solo work as a comedy musician and viral video creator, particularly from the viral comedy song "Shia LaBeouf", in which actor Shia LaBeouf is depicted as a cannibalistic serial killer. His other work has included a solo album titled "Not a Trampoline", and another viral video, "29 Celebrity Impressions, 1 Original Song".


title: Rob Cantor

text: Later, in 2002, while attending University of Michigan, he formed Tally Hall with bassist Zubin Sedghi and musician Andrew Horowitz. He majored in molecular biology, with a minor in nonprofessional music. He graduated in 2005, and turned down a full scholarship to medical school in order to pursue music full-time with Tally Hall.


title: Rob Cantor

text: Between 2002 and 2011, Cantor performed as a guitarist and vocalist of the Michigan-based band Tally Hall. Tally Hall is currently on hiatus. The band's five members are distinguished by the color of their neckties, with Cantor's signature color being yellow.


title: Rob Cantor

text: Cantor's career as a member of Tally Hall saw the release of two full-length albums: "Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum" (2005), "Good & Evil" (2011). The band also released one full demo album, titled "Complete Demos" (2004).


title: Rob Cantor

text: Since 2011, Cantor has worked on multiple viral projects, including songs and corresponding viral videos, posted on his SoundCloud and YouTube pages. In 2012, he released the comedy songs "Christian Bale Is at Your Party" and "Shia LaBeouf" (also known as "Actual Cannibal Shia LaBeouf"). In the latter, Cantor narrates a story about the actor Shia LaBeouf as a cannibalistic serial killer. Cantor posted a demo of the song to his SoundCloud page, from which it spread virally.


title: Rob Cantor

text: On July 1, 2014, Cantor posted a video titled "29 Celebrity Impressions, 1 Original Song", in which he and Tally Hall member Andrew Horowitz performed Cantor's song "Perfect" in 29 different celebrity impressions. A week later, he released a making-of video, demonstrating that the act was a hoax done through audio and video editing, and in fact featured 11 different impressionists.


title: Rob Cantor

text: On October 21, 2014, Cantor posted a video titled "'Shia LaBeouf' – Live", the music video to his 2012 song of the same name. The video is a mockup of a live concert, featuring numerous dancers and performers, primarily the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles, the West Los Angeles Children's Choir, and the Argus Quartet. At the end of the video, the actor Shia LaBeouf is seen applauding the performance, in a parody of a scene from "Citizen Kane". Cantor has stated that the video took four months to organize and one day to shoot, and that it was worked on by 161 people, including Cantor's former musical collaborators Zubin Sedghi, Bora Karaca and Zach Krasman.


title: Rob Cantor

text: During Tally Hall's hiatus, Cantor has focused on his solo career, working as a commercial songwriter and eventually releasing a solo album, "Not a Trampoline", in 2014.


title: Rob Cantor

text: In recent years, Cantor has done a notable amount of work with Disney Junior contributing his musical talents to the soundtracks of multiple shows, including "T.O.T.S." and "The Ghost and Molly McGee". He frequently partners with Genevieve Goings in producing Disney-affiliated nursery rhymes, lullabies, and other simple children's songs, and "The Ghost and Molly McGee" features one-minute Cantor originals once per each episode.


title: Imperfect

text: The imperfect (abbreviated ) is a verb form that combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state). It can have meanings similar to the English "was walking" or "used to walk". It contrasts with preterite forms, which refer to a single completed event in the past.


title: Imperfect

text: Traditionally, the imperfect of languages such as Latin and French is referred to as one of the tenses, although it actually encodes aspectual information in addition to tense (time reference). It may be more precisely called past imperfective.


title: Imperfect

text: English has no general imperfective and expresses it in different ways. The term "imperfect" in English refers to forms much more commonly called "past progressive" or "past continuous" (e.g. "was doing" or "were doing"). These are combinations of past tense with specifically continuous or progressive aspect. In German, formerly referred to the simply conjugated past tense (to contrast with the or compound past form), but the term (preterite) is now preferred, since the form does not carry any implication of imperfective aspect.


title: Imperfect

text: "Imperfect" comes from the Latin "unfinished", because the imperfect expresses an ongoing, uncompleted action. The equivalent Ancient Greek term was "prolonged".


title: Imperfect

text: Imperfect meanings in English are expressed in different ways depending on whether the event is continuous or habitual.


title: Imperfect

text: For a continuous action (one that was in progress at a particular time in the past), the past progressive (past continuous) form is used, as in "I "was eating""; "They "were running" fast." However certain verbs that express state rather than action do not mark the progressive aspect (see ); in these cases the simple past tense is used instead: "He "was" hungry"; "We "knew" what to do next."


title: Imperfect

text: Habitual (repeated) action in the past can be marked by "used to", as in "I "used to eat" a lot", or by the auxiliary verb "would", as in "Back then, I "would eat" early and "would walk" to school." (The auxiliary "would" also has other uses, such as expressing conditional mood.) However, in many cases the habitual nature of the action does not need to be explicitly marked on the verb, and the simple past is used: "We always "ate" dinner at six o'clock."


title: Imperfect

text: A common mistake of beginners learning a Romance language is putting too much emphasis on whether the time the action occurred is known. This generally does "not" affect how the imperfect is used. For example, the sentence ""Someone ate all of my cookies."" (when translated) is not a good candidate for the imperfect. Fundamentally, it is no different from the sentence ""We ate all the cookies."" Note this fails the "repeatability" requirement of the imperfect, as it is only known to have happened once. On the other hand, the sentence ""I used to have fun in the 1960s."" is a good candidate for the imperfect, even though its period is known. In short, knowing "when" an action occurred is not nearly as important as "how long" it occurred (or was and still is occurring).


title: Imperfect

text: To form the imperfect for French regular verbs, take the first person plural present tense, the "nous" (we) form, subtract the "-ons" suffix, and add the appropriate ending (the forms for "être" (to be), whose "nous" form does not end in "-ons", are irregular; they start with "ét-" but have the same endings). Verbs that terminate in a stem of -cer and -ger undergo minor orthographic changes to preserve the phonetic sound or allophone. Verbs whose root terminates in the letter "i" maintain the letter despite the consecutiveness in the "nous" and "vous" forms.


title: Imperfect

text: It is used to express the ideas of habitual actions or states of being; physical and emotional descriptions: time, weather, age, feelings; actions or states of an unspecified duration; background information in conjunction with the passé composé; wishes or suggestions; conditions in "si" clauses; the expressions "être en train de" and "venir de" in the past.


title: Imperfect

text: In Spanish, the imperfect can be called the "imperfecto" or the "copretérito". Conjugation of the imperfect indicative:


title: Imperfect

text: There are four irregular verbs: "pôr" (to put), "ser" (to be), "ter" (to have) and "vir" (to come). Unlike in Spanish, the verbs "ver" (to see) and "ir" (to go) are "regular" in the Portuguese imperfect.


title: Imperfect

text: Like in Italian, it is also commonly formed by combining the imperfect of the verb estar (estava, estavas, estava, estávamos, estáveis, estavam) with the gerund (for example, "falando", the gerund form of "falar", to speak, to talk). In Brazilian Portuguese, both in informal oral speech and informal written language (for example, online or phone texting), it is more common to use the composite "estava falando" (commonly reduced to "tava falando"), than to use the synthetic "falava", which is more common in formal written forms.


title: Imperfect

text: Both in European and Brazilian Portuguese, the synthetic pluperfect ("eu falara" "I had spoken") is considered old-fashioned and never used in spoken communication – it is substituted by the composite "eu tinha falado", which is formed with the imperfect form of the verb "ter" (to have) (tinha tinhas tinha tínhamos tínheis tinham) plus the past participle ("falado"). Alternatively, the verb "ter" can be swapped with the imperfect form of the verb "haver" (to have) (havia havias havia haviamos havíeis haviam)


title: Imperfect

text: Similar to the closely related Portuguese, as well as to Spanish, but often called "copretérito" (from "co-", same particle found in English "collaboration" and "coexistence", plus "pretérito", which is "past tense", in reference of it being a second past tense that exists along the regular one). Same as with them, in formal usage "ti" and "vós/vosoutros" change to "vostede" and "vostedes" and are followed by the third person. In verbs ended in "-aer", "-oer", "-aír" and "-oír", the first and second person of the plural show the presence of a diaeresis.


title: Imperfect

text: Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना ("honā") [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना "(honā)" comes from Sanskrit स्थित "(stʰita)" "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂- (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e.g., मैं "ma͠i" "I" and तू "tū "you"" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i.e. था "thā" or थी "thī") depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e.g. हम "ham" "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे "thē" and थीं "thīm̊"). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम ("tum") which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे "thē)" in masculine gender but singular form (थी "thī") in feminine gender.


title: Imperfect

text: These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects.


title: Imperfect

text: In Assamese, two imperfect forms are recognisedː present progressive and/or present perfect & past progressive and/or remote past. There is only one periphrastic tense which functions as both the present progressive and present perfect with reference to the setting in which is placed.


title: Imperfect

text: Like all other past tenses, imperfect is conjugated regularly for all verbs. Formation: "[preverb] + mi- + past stem + past ending." Conjugation of the imperfect indicative for the first person singular is shown in the table belowː


title: Imperfect

text: Most Slavic languages have lost the imperfect but it is preserved in Bulgarian and Macedonian. It is also officially retained in Serbian and Croatian but is considered old-fashioned and restricted to literature for poetic and stylistic reasons.


title: Imperfect

text: To form the past continuous tense for Turkish verbs, after removing the infinitive suffix (-mek or -mak), take the present continuous tense suffix "-yor" without personal suffixes, and add the ending for the simple past plus the appropriate personal suffix


title: Imperfect

text: To form the negative of the past continuous tense, the negation suffix "-ma/-me", which becomes "-mi", "-mı", "-mu", or "-mü" because of the closed auxiliary vowel and the vowel harmony, must be added before "-yor".


title: Imperfect

text: Semitic languages, especially the ancient forms, do not make use of the imperfect (or perfect) tense with verbs. Instead, they use the imperfective and perfective aspects, respectively. Aspects are similar to tenses, but differ by requiring contextual comprehension to know whether the verb indicates a completed or non-completed action.


title: Imperfect

text: In Malayalam (verbs are never conjugated for grammatical person, which is indicated by a pronoun), there are two indicative imperfects, corresponding exactly with English:


title: Imperfect

text: To make a verb in the imperfect negative, add അല്ല് (all) after the ഉകയ (ukaya) part of the ending for the "was doing" imperfect. For example, ഓടുകയല്ലായിരുന്നു (ōṭukayallāyirunnu) ("...was not running"). To do the same for the "used to do" imperfect, take off the ഉമ (uma) from the ending and add അത്തില്ല (attilla) instead. For example, ഓടത്തില്ലായിരുന്നു (ōṭattillāyirunnu) ("...didn't use to run")


title: TIE fighter

text: The Twin Ion Engine (TIE) fighter is a series of fictional starfighters featured in the "Star Wars" universe. TIE fighters are depicted as fast, agile, yet fragile starfighters produced by Sienar Fleet Systems for the Galactic Empire and by Sienar-Jaemus Fleet Systems for the First Order and the Sith Eternal. TIE fighters and other TIE craft appear in "Star Wars" films, television shows, and throughout the "Star Wars" expanded universe. Several TIE fighter replicas and toys, as well as a TIE flight simulator, have been produced and sold by many companies.


title: TIE fighter

text: Colin Cantwell created the concept model that established the TIE fighter's ball-cockpit and hexagonal panels design for "Star Wars" (1977). "Star Wars" creator George Lucas liked the basic design consisting of two panels connected by a stick with a ball-shaped cockpit, but Cantwell's concept had few details. Joe Johnston created additional details, such as the cockpit window and the attachment points between the solar panels and the hull.


title: TIE fighter

text: Initially given a blue color scheme, the TIE fighter models for the first film were grey to better film against a bluescreen; TIE fighters in "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) and "Return of the Jedi" (1983) shifted back to being a muted blue. Sound designer Ben Burtt created the distinctive sound effect of TIE fighter gunfire by combining an elephant call with a car driving on wet pavement. In the book "The Sounds of Star Wars", the engine roar is likened to German Junker Ju 87 "Stuka" bombers, who used sirens to frighten civilians on raids. This could have been a possible inspiration for the sound. Combat scenes between TIE fighters and the "Millennium Falcon" and Rebel Alliance X-wing fighters in "Star Wars" were meant to be reminiscent of World War II dogfight footage; editors used World War II air combat clips as placeholders while Industrial Light & Magic completed the movie's special effects. Darth Vader's distinct TIE Advanced x1 in "Star Wars" was designed to make it instantly recognizable, and the TIE Interceptors featured in "Return of the Jedi" were designed to look fast, deadly, sleek and frightening.


title: TIE fighter

text: The Jedi starfighter, created for "" (2005)"," was designed to bridge the appearance of the Jedi starfighter in "" (2002) and the TIE fighter design from the original trilogy. The V-wing starfighter, seen at the end of "Revenge of the Sith," also makes the distinctive TIE fighter sound when flying by a Star Destroyer. Dark Horse Comics' Sean Cooke designed the TIE predator for "" (2006), set 130 years after the events of "Star Wars", to appear both reminiscent of and more advanced than the original TIE fighter.


title: TIE fighter

text: Designers for "" (2015) had numerous discussions about how much to "update" the TIE fighter for the first sequel film set 30 years after "Return of the Jedi". They retained the starfighter's design but altered its aesthetic to suggest improvements to the vessel's manufacturing process and materials.


title: TIE fighter

text: "Star Wars" literature states that Grand Moff Tarkin commissioned Sienar Fleet Systems to design and manufacture the Twin Ion Engine line edition (TIE/ln) space superiority starfighter and most TIE variants. Tarkin specified that the TIE had to be fast, maneuverable, energy-efficient, and inexpensive; simply put they are meant to be easily mass-produced and engage in swarm tactics, with the expectation of being expendable assets that would be lost in combat. To meet these requirements, Sienar incorporated aspects of the V-wing and Jedi interceptor into the new starfighter.


title: TIE fighter

text: TIE fighters have two hexagonal wings fitted with solar panels which power a twin ion engine (TIE) system that accelerates ionized gases at a substantial fraction of lightspeed along almost any vector, affording the ships tremendous speed and maneuverability albeit with limited fuel reserves. These wings are also structurally sound enough to double as landing gear and feature repulsorlifts for take-off and landing, though TIE fighters are designed to be launched and recovered by cycling storage racks used by Imperial starships and garrisons. The TIE fighter's primary weapons are a pair of laser cannons tied to a secondary generator and mated with an advanced targeting computer which assists the pilot in hitting other fast-moving starfighters. The fighter does not possess deflector shields, and while its light armoring is proof against small arms and glancing micrometeoroids a direct hit from a laser cannon will destroy it, encouraging pilots to shoot first and make their shots count. The TIE fighter also lacks a hyperdrive, not only to save on weight and cost but to discourage defection. Although the TIE fighter's cockpit is pressurized and equipped with oxygen scrubbers to prevent corrosion, it doesn't contain any life-support systems, requiring pilots to wear special flight suits. TIE fighters are equipped with ejection seats, though in older "Legends" sources there was disagreement on this issue.


title: TIE fighter

text: "Star Wars" literature also holds that TIE fighter pilots are considered an elite group within the Imperial Navy, relying on their quick reflexes and fearlessness to survive multiple tours of duty. Training involves hundreds of flight hours learning to coordinate as a team and intense psychological conditioning to put the accomplishment of their mission above other considerations. As such most TIE fighter pilots have a life expectancy of less than a year. TIE fighter pilots wear self-contained flight suits with life-support systems connected to reinforced vacuum-sealed flight helmets. These helmets feature ship-linked communications and displays.


title: TIE fighter

text: In addition to the standard TIE/ln fighter (also available as the TIE Light Duty training craft, as seen in the "Jump to Lightspeed" expansion pack to "Star Wars Galaxies"), a variety of other TIE craft appear throughout the films.


title: TIE fighter

text: A number of different TIE designs made their appearance in what is now considered Star Wars "Legends", a separate continuity that was split off after Disney acquired the "Star Wars" franchise. The TIE/sa was the inspiration for the triple-hulled TIE lander, featured in "Star Wars" No. 60 and in "Star Wars: Complete Locations". Red-modified TIE interceptors are also used by the Emperor's Royal Guards, as featured in "Rage of the Wookiees", another expansion of "Star Wars Galaxies".


title: TIE fighter

text: Additionally, LucasArts "Star Wars" video games introduce several TIE variants, such as the TIE Hunter starfighter in "" and the TIE Mauler surface vehicle in "". The TIE/ad fighter (nicknamed "TIE Advanced" or "Avenger" in-game and derived from Vader's TIE Advanced x1 fighter) and TIE/D Defender — heavily upgraded derivatives of previous craft seen in the "Star Wars" universe — first appear in "TIE Fighter" as player-pilotable craft. The plot of "" revolves around destroying the Empire's ability to manufacture the cloaking TIE Phantom starfighter, and a campaign in "" centers on destroying experimental remote-controlled TIE fighters.


title: TIE fighter

text: "Star Wars" literature also introduces TIE varieties. TIE raptors attack Rogue Squadron in "Solo Command". TYE wings – TIE fighter and Y-wing hybrids – appear both in "I, Jedi" and "". Dark Horse's "Dark Empire" introduces both the droid-piloted TIE/D and the TIE crawler "century tank". West End Games' roleplaying sourcebooks introduce varieties that include the TIE/fc fire-control support ship, the TIE/gt ground-attack fighter, the TIE/rc reconnaissance vessel, and the TIE scout.


title: TIE fighter

text: A TIE fighter model used in filming the climax of "Star Wars" sold at auction for $350,000, and another TIE fighter from the film sold at auction for $402,500. Fans built a 16-foot-by-20-foot, 1,000-pound TIE fighter float to commemorate "Star Wars"<nowiki>'</nowiki> thirtieth anniversary as part of the 2007 Gala Parade in Crystal Lake, Illinois. A "Wired" editor's creation of a TIE fighter model out of Starbucks cups and stirrers prompted the magazine to create a contest for its readers to submit their own art out of similar Starbucks material. io9 mocked the variety of TIE fighters in the franchise, listing four TIE models on its list of the eleven "silliest" "Star Wars" ships.


title: TIE fighter

text: Kenner released TIE fighter and TIE interceptor toys during the original "Star Wars" trilogy's theatrical release, and Kenner's die-cast TIE bomber is a rare collector's item. Hasbro also released TIE fighter, TIE bomber, and TIE interceptor toys. Both Kenner and Hasbro also manufactured TIE fighter pilot action figures. Lego manufactured TIE fighter, TIE bomber, TIE interceptor, TIE defender, and TIE advanced models. Decipher and Wizards of the Coast published various TIE starfighter and TIE-related cards for the "Star Wars Customizable Card Game" and "Star Wars Trading Card Game", respectively. In 2012, Fantasy Flight Games released "", a miniatures game with pre-painted and to scale miniature X-wings and TIE fighters. In 1994, LucasArts released the "" flight simulator, which casts the player as an Imperial pilot flying a variety of TIE starfighters. TIE starfighters and their variants are also playable in third- or first-person perspectives in several "Star Wars" titles.


title: TIE fighter

text: In 2018, a number of Star Wars starfighters had their aerodynamic abilities tested using the Autodesk Flow Design virtual wind tunnel program. Of those studied, the TIE Fighter scored the worst with a drag coefficient of .98, which is only slightly better than a brick. Of the other TIE variants tested, the TIE interceptor was slightly better with a coefficient of .78, while the TIE Striker had the best at .48, though this did not compare favorably to the .02 drag coefficient of an F-4E Phantom. These poor results were rationalized with the in-universe explanations that drag coefficient plays no role in space travel, and that Star Wars fighters can use repulsorlifts and deflector shields to give themselves better flight profiles.


title: Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

text: The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are , , and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are codice_1 and codice_2, though transcribing the stop component with (codice_3 in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding or in the IPA and codice_4 or codice_5 in X-SAMPA.


title: Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

text: Neither nor are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as (retracted and palatalized ) or (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are codice_6 or codice_7 and codice_8, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol , which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include , and .


title: Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

text: This affricate used to have a dedicated symbol , which was one of the six dedicated symbols for affricates in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian and Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate. is a superscript IPA letter


title: Indian Wells, California

text: Indian Wells is a city in Riverside County, California, in the Coachella Valley. Incorporated in 1967, it lies in between the cities of Palm Desert and La Quinta. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 4,958.