title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: The contest was held in the seaside resort of Brighton on the south coast of the United Kingdom. At the time, Brighton was a separate town; it is now the major part of the city of Brighton and Hove (formed from the previous towns of Brighton, Hove, Portslade and several other villages) on the south coast of Great Britain.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: The venue which hosted the event was the Brighton Dome, an arts venue that contains the Concert Hall, the Corn Exchange and the Pavilion Theatre. All three venues are linked to the rest of the Royal Pavilion Estate by a tunnel to the Royal Pavilion in Pavilion Gardens and through shared corridors to Brighton Museum; the entire complex was built for the Prince Regent (later George IV) and completed in 1805.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: Each song was introduced by a 'postcard' featuring a montage of film material, beginning with library footage of the participating nation provided by the various national tourist organizations. This was then intercut with various clips of the artists in rehearsal, conducting their press conference with the media or posing for photographs in and around the Brighton Pavilion complex. It was the first time the contest had broadcast rehearsal footage or behind the scenes footage from the run-up to the grand final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: Seventeen nations took part in this year's contest. Greece made their début in the contest, while France withdrew during the week of the contest after the sudden death of French President Georges Pompidou.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: The two-person jury system used for the previous three contests was abandoned, with a resurrection of the 10-person jury system with one vote per juror, last used in 1970, returning. This was the final time it was used. Unusually, a separate draw was made for the order in which the participating countries would vote. In all previous contests either nations had voted in the same running order as the song presentation or in the reverse of that order. It was not until 2006 that the voting sequence was decided by draw again. Finland, Norway, Switzerland and Italy drew the same position in both draws.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: Listed below is the order in which votes were cast during the 1974 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. The contest was broadcast live in all participating countries, except for Italy which took a deferred transmission. The contest was also broadcast live in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Soviet Union, and was recorded for later broadcast in Algeria, Cyprus, France, Japan, Jordan, Iceland, Morocco, Poland, South Korea and Tunisia. In addition to the broadcast on television, the contest was also provided via radio in Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: France had been drawn to sing at No. 14 (after Ireland and before Germany) with the song "La Vie à vingt-cinq ans" by Dani, but as a mark of respect following the death of the French President Georges Pompidou during Eurovision week, French broadcaster ORTF made the decision to withdraw the entry. Given that President Pompidou's memorial service (he had been buried in a private ceremony on 4 April), which was attended by numerous international dignitaries, was held on the same day as the contest, it was deemed inappropriate for the French to take part. Dani was seen by viewers in the audience at the point the French song should have been performed. For the same reason, the French singer Anne-Marie David, who had won the first place for Luxembourg in 1973, could not come to Brighton to hand the prize to the 1974 winner. In her absence, the Director General of the BBC and President of the EBU, Sir Charles Curran, presented the Grand Prix to the winners.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1974

text: Italy did not broadcast the televised contest on the state television channel RAI because the contest coincided with the intense political campaigning for the 1974 Italian referendum on divorce, which was held a month later in May. RAI felt that Gigliola Cinquetti's song, which was entitled "Sì", and repeatedly featured the word "si" (yes), could risk the accusation of being a subliminal message and a form of propaganda to influence the Italian voting public to vote "yes" in the referendum. The song was not played on most Italian state TV and radio stations until the referendum had been held.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Centaur" class aircraft carrier was the final iteration of the 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier developed by the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. They were designed in 1943 to operate higher-performance aircraft than the preceding . Four ships were laid down in 1944-1945 and completed in 1953-1959. Rapid developments in carrier warfare and technology overtook the ships even as they were under construction, and the associated costs of modernization led to ships being completed to different specifications. Only the last ship, , was fitted as a modern fixed-wing carrier; she was also the last of the class to retire in 2017 as .


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: Britain hoped to order eight light fleet carriers in 1943 to supplement the . Matters were complicated by the demand to operate larger and higher performing aircraft; at the end of 1942 the Joint Technical Committee recommended that carriers be able to operate aircraft with a landing speed of . A new light carrier design was required as the could not be modified to handle the new requirements; it became the first British carrier design to be dominated by aircraft operations. A sketch design was prepared by the end of May 1943, and the final design was approved in March 1944; it was revised in 1947.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: Eight of the new light carriers were ordered in 1943. It quickly became apparent that wartime demands on shipyard capacity made it impossible to complete the ships in 1946. Only three - "Albion", "Centaur", "Elephant" - started construction in 1944; "Bulwark" started in 1945; the remainder were cancelled on 15 October 1945 with "Elephant" being renamed "Hermes" after one of the cancelled ships. The remainder were completed in the 1950s


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: The cost of modernization saw the ships diverge in capability even before completion. "Albion" and "Bulwark" were completed with interim angled flight decks and hydraulic catapults. They were not modernized to operate modern aircraft, instead being converted into helicopter assault ships ("commando carriers"). "Centaur" was partially modernized with steam catapults shortly after being commissioned and limited to operating mainly de Havilland Sea Vixen fighters until retirement in 1965. "Hermes" was the last ship completed - in 1959 - and the only one to be fully modernized. Her career as a conventional carrier ended in 1970 while operating Blackburn Buccaneer attack aircraft; afterwards, she served as a helicopter carrier and then as a V/STOL carrier operating Sea Harrier fighters. "Hermes" was sold to India as , and continued to operate Sea Harriers from 1987 until retiring in 2017.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: The 1942 light fleet carrier was conceived as a wartime expedient to respond to the Royal Navy's desperate need for fast carriers. The design was ruthlessly simplified to reduce cost and construction times; the hull was unarmoured and built to merchant standards, armament was limited to light anti-aircraft guns, and it used existing cruiser machinery. During requirements discussions, it was suggested that durability was needed for just three years of service.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: From the initial 1943 sketches, the "Centaur" was designed for longer post-war careers to a hybrid of merchant and warship standards. The flight deck, longtitudinal protective bulkhead, middle deck over the machinery, and lower decks over aviation fuel were constructed with hardened steel. The magazines and bomb rooms were covered by 2-inch non-cemented armour. The remainder of the hull was made of mild steel. The hull was enlarged to accommodate larger aircraft; the 1-inch of hardened steel construction of the flight deck also supported heavier aircraft. The axial flight deck included one catapult. The machinery was half the set used on the for 76,000 shaft horsepower on two shafts; there was no capacity to develop new machinery. Armament neared fleet carrier standards with 4 twin 4.5-inch BD guns.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: The design was modified in 1947. Living arrangements were upgraded to peacetime standards and to include centralized messing; the aft hangar was converted into additional living space. The addition of a second catapult may have also contributed to hangar length being reduced from to 381 ft. The 4.5 inch guns were removed. The island was redesigned to add the new two-deck configuration for the action information organization. The intended radar suite was an air warning Type 980, a gunnery air search Type 293, and two pairs of air control Type 277Q; none of these were actually used.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Hermes" was the original name-ship of the class. She was ordered from Cammell Laird of Birkenhead on 12 July 1943. No work had been done when construction was ordered to be deferred in early 1944. The ship was cancelled on 15 October 1945. The name was transferred to "Elephant".


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Centaur" was the first ship completed and the only one completed to the original design. She was ordered from Harland & Wolff on 12 July 1943 and laid down on 30 May 1944. Construction was halted for two years. The ship was completed on 1 September 1953 and commissioned on 17 September. An interim 5.5-degree angled deck was fitted at Portsmouth Dockyard from October 1953 to May 1954. "Centaur" underwent a limited modernization refit from September 1956 to September 1958 during which the hydraulic catapults were replaced by BS-4 steam catapults; features required to operate modern strike aircraft, like a full angled flight deck, were not fitted due to yard capacity issues. Afterwards, she was limited to mainly Sea Vixen fighters and Fairey Gannet anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Centaur" operated as an aircraft carrier and a helicopter assault ship during the suppression of the Tanganyika Rifles in 1964. She decommissioned for the last time on 27 September 1965 and became an accommodation ship for the remainder of her life. Plans to convert the ship into a helicopter carrier were cancelled in 1966. The hulk was sold for scrapping on 11 August 1972.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Albion" was ordered from Swan Hunter on 12 July 1943 and laid down at Wallsend-on-Tyne on 23 March 1944. Work slowed after 1945. The hull was launched on 6 May 1947 and then laid-up with machinery installed; construction resumed after August 1949. She was commissioned on 26 May 1954 as the first carrier ever to be completed with both an angled flight deck - an interim 5.5-degree one - and mirror landing aids. She participated in Operation Musketeer during the Suez Crisis in 1956.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Albion" was to have been modernized with steam catapults after "Centaur", but this was cancelled after the 1957 defence policy review. Instead, she became the second ship of the class - after "Bulwark" - to be converted into a helicopter assault ship; the refit was done at Portsmouth Dockyard from February 1961 to July 1962. "Albion" could carry 900 troops, a greater number than her sister's due to a more extensive conversion; "Bulwark" was later refitted to a similar standard. Another defence review in 1973 led to "Albion" being discarded - rather than being refitted - to pay for . She was decommissioned for the last time on 2 March 1973, to be replaced by when the latter's conversion to a helicopter assault ship was completed in August 1973. "Albion" was sold on 22 October 1973 to be converted into a heavy-lift crane to support the North Sea oil industry; the scheme fell through and the hull was sold for scrapping a few weeks later.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Bulwark" was ordered from Harland & Wolff on 12 July 1943, but deferred in early 1944. She was laid down on 10 May 1945, becoming the fourth ship of the class instead of "Monmouth" which Fairfield had been unable to start construction of in 1944. Work slowed after the war. The carrier commissioned on 29 October 1954, and was completed with an interim 5.5-degree angled flight deck on 4 November. "Bulwark" served as a trials and training carrier in 1955 and 1956, replacing which was laid up in December 1954 and sold for scrapping in November 1956. The carrier returned to operational status in August 1956 and participated in Operation Musketeer during the Suez Crisis in November.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: The 1957 defence policy review led to "Bulwark" being converted into a helicopter assault ship rather than being modernized for fixed-wing aircraft. The initial conversion was done at Portsmouth Dockyard from January 1959 to January 1960, with another refit occurring in 1963 to match the more extensive conversion of "Albion". In June 1968, she demonstrated - for the first time - the reinforcement of Norway by assault carriers during NATO Exercise "Polar Express".


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: The carrier was reduced to reserve in April 1976. In 1978, was retired before the s entered service; "Bulwark" was refitted in 1977-1979 and returned to service on 23 February 1979 to fill the gap. The ship suffered a boiler room fire in March 1980; the damage was not fully repaired and her maximum speed was decreased. Another major fire, coupled with the ship's poor material state, led to her retirement six months earlier than planned; she decommissioned for the last time on 27 March 1981. The hull was used for demolitions training by the Royal Marines. A proposal to convert the hull into an aircraft maintenance carrier for the Falklands War was rejected due to her poor condition and insufficient equipment. "Bulwark" was sold for scrapping in 1984.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Elephant" was ordered from Vickers-Armstrongs on 12 July 1943, and laid down at Barrow-in-Furness on 21 June 1944. She was renamed as "Hermes" on 5 November 1945 following the cancellation of the name-ship of the class. Construction was protracted due to work on the higher-priority and major design revisions. The ship was launched in 1953 only to undergo full modernization that required partial disassembly and reconstruction; steam catapults, a full 8-degree angled flight deck, a side lift instead of a forward centerline lift, the Comprehensive Display System (CDS), and the Type 984 radar were installed. "Hermes" completed builder's trials on 18 November 1959 and was commissioned on 25 November.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Hermes" was converted into a helicopter assault ship at Portsmouth Dockyard from 1 March 1971 to 14 August 1973; the steam catapults, arrestor gear, CDS, and the Type 984 were removed. She was refitted as an ASW carrier in 1977. The carrier trialled the Sea Harrier in 1977-1978. From May 1980 to 9 May 1981 she was refitted at Portsmouth into a general-purpose carrier operating Sea Harriers, and ASW and air assault helicopters; a 12-degree ski-jump and Ferranti 1600E computer were installed. She was flagship of the British taskforce during the Falklands War in 1982.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Hermes" paid-off for the last time on 22 November 1983 and sold to India after the completion of . She was refitted at Devonport Dockyard for a year and then commissioned into the Indian Navy as INS "Viraat" on 12 May 1987. "Viraat" decommissioned on 6 March 2017, and scrapped starting in 2020.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Arrogant" was ordered from Swan Hunter on 12 July 1943, deferred in early 1944, and then cancelled on 15 October 1945. No work appears to have been done. She was to be built at Wallsend-on-Tyne.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Monmouth" was ordered from the Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company on 12 July 1943. She was to have been one of the four ships to start construction in 1944, but Fairfield was too overloaded to do so; "Bulwark" replaced "Monmouth" as the fourth ship in 1945. "Monmouth" was cancelled on 15 October 1945 with no work apparently having being done.


title: Centaur-class aircraft carrier

text: "Polyphemus" was ordered from Devonport Dockyard on 11 August 1943, to be constructed after HMS "Terrible". Construction was deferred in late 1943 and cancelled on 15 October 1945. Parsons Marine Engineering received orders for machinery before the deferral; the orders were cancelled before the ship was. The slipway would have required a slight extension to build the carrier; Fore Street was purchased to make room and walled off, and was only returned to Plymouth in 2005.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary inflammatory disorder. FMF is an autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in Mediterranean fever gene, which encodes a 781–amino acid protein called pyrin. While all ethnic groups are susceptible to FMF, it usually occurs in people of Mediterranean origin—including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Assyrians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Levantines, Kurds, Greeks, Turks and Italians.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: The disorder has been given various names, including familial paroxysmal polyserositis, periodic peritonitis, recurrent polyserositis, benign paroxysmal peritonitis, periodic disease or periodic fever, Reimann periodic disease or Reimann syndrome, Siegal-Cattan-Mamou disease, and Wolff periodic disease. Note that "periodic fever" can also refer to any of the periodic fever syndromes.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: There are seven types of attacks. Ninety percent of all patients have their first attack before they are 18 years old. All develop over 2–4 hours and last anywhere from 6 hours to 5 days. Most attacks involve fever.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: Various diagnostic criteria have been set, but the Tel-Hashomer clinical criteria is widely recognized for the diagnosis of FMF. It has more than 95% and 97% sensitivity and specificity, respectively.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: For the criteria, typical attacks consist of all the following: recurrent (three or more episodes), febrile (rectal ≥ 38° C), painful inflammation, and a short duration of 12 to 72 hours.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: Incomplete attacks (must be recurrent) are differing from typical attacks in at least one feature as follows: temperature <38 °C, attack duration longer or shorter than specified (but no less than 6 hours and no more than 7 days), localized abdominal attacks, no signs of peritonitis during the attacks, and arthritis in a location other than the hip, knee or ankle.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: AA-amyloidosis with kidney failure is a complication and may develop without overt crises. AA amyloid protein is produced in very large quantities during attacks, and at a low rate between them, and accumulates mainly in the kidney, as well as the heart, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and thyroid.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: There appears to be an increase in the risk for developing particular vasculitis-related diseases (e.g. Henoch–Schönlein purpura, Polyarteritis nodosa, and Behçet's disease), spondylarthropathy, prolonged arthritis of certain joints and protracted myalgia.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: The "MEFV" gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13). Many different mutations of the "MEFV" gene can cause the disorder. Having one mutation is unlikely to cause the condition. Having two mutations either a copy from both parents, or two different mutations, one from each parent is the threshold for a genetic diagnosis of FMF. However, most individuals who comply with the genetic diagnosis of FMF remain asymptomatic or undiagnosed. Whether this is due to modifier genes or environmental factors remains to be established.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: Virtually all cases are due to a mutation in the "Mediterranean Fever (MEFV)" gene on the chromosome 16, which codes for a protein called "pyrin" or "marenostrin". Various mutations of this gene lead to FMF, although some mutations cause a more severe picture than others. Mutations occur mainly in exons 2, 3, 5 and 10.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: The function of pyrin has not been completely elucidated, but in short, it is a protein that binds to the adaptor ASC and the pro form of the enzyme caspase-1 to generate multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes in response to certain infections. In healthy individuals, pyrin-mediated inflammasome assembly (which leads to the caspase 1) dependent processing and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β) is a response to enterotoxins from certain bacteria. The gain-of-function mutations in the MEFV gene render Pyrin hyperactive, and subsequently, the formation of the inflammasomes becomes more frequent.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: The pathophysiology of familial Mediterranean fever has recently undergone significant advances: at basal state, pyrin is kept inactive by a chaperone protein (belonging to the family of 14.3.3 proteins) linked to pyrin through phosphorylated serine residues. The dephosphoration of pyrin is an essential prerequisite for the activation of the pyrin inflammasome. Inactivation of RhoA GTPases (by bacterial toxins, for example) leads to the inactivation of PKN1 / PKN2 kinases and dephosphoration of pyrin. In healthy subjects, the dephosphorylation step alone does not cause activation of the pyrin inflammasome. In contrast, in FMF patients, the dephosphorylation of serines is sufficient to trigger the activation of the pyrin inflammasome. This suggests that there is a two-level regulation and that the second regulatory mechanism (independent of (de)phosphorylation) is deficient in FMF patients. This deficient mechanism is probably located at the level of the B30.2 domain (exon 10) where most of the pathogenic mutations associated with FMF are located. It is probably the interaction of this domain with the cytoskeleton (microtubules) that is failing, as suggested by the efficacy of colchicine.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: It is not conclusively known what exactly sets off the attacks, and why overproduction of IL-1 would lead to particular symptoms in particular organs (e.g. joints or the peritoneal cavity).. However, steroid hormone catabolites (pregnanolone and etiocholanolone) have been shown to activate the pyrin inflammasome, in vitro, by interacting with the B30.2 domain (coded by exon 10).


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: The diagnosis is clinically made on the basis of the history of typical attacks, especially in patients from the ethnic groups in which FMF is more highly prevalent. An acute phase response is present during attacks, with high C-reactive protein levels, an elevated white blood cell count and other markers of inflammation. In patients with a long history of attacks, monitoring the kidney function is of importance in predicting chronic kidney failure.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: A genetic test is also available to detect mutations in the "MEFV" gene. Sequencing of exons 2, 3, 5, and 10 of this gene detects an estimated 97% of all known mutations.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: A specific and highly sensitive test for FMF is the "metaraminol provocative test (MPT)", whereby a single 10 mg infusion of metaraminol is administered to the patient. A positive diagnosis is made if the patient presents with a typical, albeit milder, FMF attack within 48 hours. As MPT is more specific than sensitive, it does not identify all cases of FMF, although a positive MPT can be very useful.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: Attacks are self-limiting, and require analgesia and NSAIDs (such as diclofenac). Colchicine, a drug otherwise mainly used in gout, decreases attack frequency in FMF patients. The exact way in which colchicine suppresses attacks is unclear. While this agent is not without side effects (such as abdominal pain and muscle pains), it may markedly improve quality of life in patients. The dosage is typically 1–2 mg a day. Development of amyloidosis is delayed with colchicine treatment. Interferon is being studied as a therapeutic modality. Some advise discontinuation of colchicine before and during pregnancy, but the data are inconsistent, and others feel it is safe to take colchicine during pregnancy.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: Approximately 5–10% of FMF cases are resistant to colchicine therapy alone. In these cases, adding anakinra to the daily colchicine regimen has been successful. Canakinumab, an anti-interleukin-1-beta monoclonal antibody, has likewise been shown to be effective in controlling and preventing flare-ups in patients with colchicine-resistant FMF and in two additional autoinflammatory recurrent fever syndromes: mevolonate kinase deficiency (hyper-immunoglobulin D syndrome, or HIDS) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: FMF affects groups of people originating from around the Mediterranean Sea (hence its name). It is most prominently present in the Armenians, Sephardic Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Cypriots, Kurds, Turks and Levantines.


title: Familial Mediterranean fever

text: A New York City allergist, Sheppard Siegal, first described the attacks of peritonitis in 1945; he termed this "benign paroxysmal peritonitis", as the disease course was essentially benign. Dr Hobart Reimann, working in the American University in Beirut, described a more complete picture which he termed "periodic disease". French physicians Henry Mamou and Roger Cattan described the complete disease with renal complications in 1952.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Andre Nolan Dawson (born July 10, 1954), nicknamed "The Hawk" and "Awesome Dawson", is an American former professional baseball player and inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame. During a 21-year baseball career, he played for four different teams as a center and right fielder, spending most of his career with the Montreal Expos (1976–1986) and Chicago Cubs (1987–1992).


title: Andre Dawson

text: An 8-time National League (NL) All-Star, he was named the league's Rookie of the Year in 1977 after batting .282 with 19 home runs and 65 runs batted in (RBI), and won the Most Valuable Player Award in 1987 after leading the league with 49 homers and 137 RBI; he had been runner-up for the award in both 1981 and 1983. He batted .300 five times, drove in 100 runs four times and had 13 seasons of 20 home runs. A strong base-runner early in his career, he also stole 30 bases three times. He is one of eight MLB players with at least 300 home runs and 300 stolen bases during his career.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson was a center fielder until knee problems – worsened by the artificial surface at Olympic Stadium – forced his shift to right field, followed by his move to a team which played on grass. He led the NL in outfield putouts three consecutive years (1981–1983), and won eight Gold Glove Awards for fielding excellence. Dawson was known for his incredible work ethic and study of the game. He was often seen in the dugout with a clipboard in-hand documenting pitches and pitcher tendencies. This was long before such practices were common-place and such information was readily available. Upon his retirement, his NL totals of 409 home runs and 962 extra base hits both ranked tenth in league history; he also ranked seventh in NL history in games as an outfielder (2,303), and sixth in both outfield putouts (5,116) and total chances (5,366). He set Expos franchise records for career games, at bats, runs scored, hits, doubles, triples, home runs, runs batted in, extra base hits, total bases and steals, all of which have since been broken variously by Tim Raines, Tim Wallach and Vladimir Guerrero. Dawson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 25, 2010.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson grew up in Florida as the oldest of eight children. His father was a major general in the United States Army and often absent, leaving Dawson to look after his seven younger siblings while his mother worked. Dawson would pay his younger brothers in cookies to toss him rocks for him to hit with a broomstick as batting practice.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson's nickname, "The Hawk", was given to him by an uncle at a very early age. Dawson used to work out with a men's team that would hit him ground balls at practice. Dawson's uncle told him that most kids his age would shy away from the ball, but Dawson attacked the ball like a hawk.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson attended and graduated from Southwest Miami Senior High School in 1972. In high school, he suffered multiple knee injuries which hampered his athletic development. He did not draw any attention from professional scouts or college recruiters and took out student loans in order to enroll at Florida A&M University.


title: Andre Dawson

text: At Florida A&M, Dawson walked on to the Rattlers baseball team as a freshman. He spent three years at Florida A&M which he later said paved the way for his future.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson was selected by the Expos in the 11th round (pick #250) of the 1975 Major League Baseball draft. He played in 24 major league games in 1976 after making his debut on September 11. His stardom rose in 1977 when he became an everyday outfielder for the Expos, and batted .282 with 19 home runs and 21 stolen bases. He was awarded the 1977 Rookie of the Year in the National League, narrowly beating out Steve Henderson of the New York Mets. Dawson had a blend of power and speed, hitting at least 20 home runs in seven seasons with the Expos, and stealing at least 20 bases in his first seven seasons. Dawson, playing primarily center field for the Expos, also became an excellent defensive player, gaining his first of eight Gold Glove Awards in 1980. Based on his all-around excellence, Dawson was second in the National League MVP voting in 1981 (won by Mike Schmidt) and second again in 1983 (won by Dale Murphy). He was voted the Montreal Expos Player of the Year in 1981 and 1983.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson played 1,443 games with the Expos, fourth highest in franchise history, and set single-season club records for home runs (32, now seventh), RBI (113, now fourth), extra base hits (78, now seventh), and sacrifice flies (18, still first). He still holds the Expos career record for sacrifice flies (71), and is the only player to hit 200 home runs and steal 200 bases with Montreal. During his Expos days, Dawson hit two home runs in the same inning twice: at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium against the Atlanta Braves on July 30, 1978 and at Wrigley Field against his future team, the Chicago Cubs, on September 24, 1985. As of 2021, Dawson, Willie McCovey, Jeff King, Alex Rodriguez, and Edwin Encarnación are the only five players to hit two home runs in one inning twice.


title: Andre Dawson

text: In 1984 Dawson appeared in "The Cap", a short film about a young boy living in Montreal that was given a baseball cap by Dawson.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson played for the Expos until after the 1986 season when he became a free agent and sought a team whose home field had natural grass, as his knee injuries were aggravated by Olympic Stadium's artificial turf. However, due to collusion on the part of the Major League Baseball owners, he was unable to attract offers.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson campaigned for the Cubs to sign him during the off-season, however general manager Dallas Green resisted, insisting the Cubs would start Brian Dayett in right field (Dawson had moved from center field to right field in his final two seasons with the Expos, due to the condition of his knees), and that one player could not make a 71–91 team a 91–71 team. When the Cubs opened camp in Mesa, Arizona that spring, Dawson and his agent Dick Moss arrived with a signed blank contract in an attempt to secure a contract with the Cubs. Dawson and Moss' stunt was derided as a "dog and pony show" by Green. After reviewing the contract, Green reached an agreement with Moss on a salary of $500,000 ($ in today's dollars), second-lowest on the team among regulars, and added bonuses of $150,000 if he did not go on the disabled list by the All-Star Game break and $50,000 if he made the All-Star team. He earned both. The team also wrote in $100,000 bonuses if Dawson was MVP of either the league championship series or the World Series, but did not add a clause for National League MVP. While he won the NL MVP, the Cubs did not make the playoffs, so he had no chance to earn the NLCS or World Series MVP.


title: Andre Dawson

text: He became the Cubs' starting right fielder, and hit a major league leading 49 home runs (equal with Oakland Athletics rookie Mark McGwire) and was named the league's MVP, finally winning after the two years as runner-up in Montreal. He also earned his fourth All-Star nod and won the Home Run Derby that year. Nonetheless, Dawson wasn't able to turn around the Cubs' fortunes: although the team held first place for nearly half of May and remained in contention through July, the Cubs finished the 1987 season 76–85, last in the National League East.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson was the first player to ever win a league MVP trophy from a last place team. Dawson played five more seasons with the Cubs, and was one of the franchise's most popular players during that time. His worst individual season came in 1989 when the Cubs won the National League East title. Then, during the NL Championship Series, Dawson slumped terribly, hitting .105 as the San Francisco Giants beat the Cubs 4 games to 1. Dawson's .507 career slugging percentage with the Cubs is fourth highest in team history.


title: Andre Dawson

text: In October 1992 the Red Sox signed Dawson as a free agent. Dawson hit his 400th career home run with the Red Sox on April 15 at Fenway Park. Dawson sustained a knee injury early in the 1993 season in a game against the Texas Rangers which limited him to only 121 games in his first year with the Red Sox: "I got caught between sliding and standing up on a passed ball. I was on second base, and I took a chop step between strides and hit the corner of the third-base bag. I had knee surgery and [Boston] decided to use me in the DH role."


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson would have knee surgery the following year as well, and only managed to play 75 games in his second and final season with Boston. Dawson played his last two years with the Florida Marlins, where he played sparingly, retiring after the 1996 season. In his final game, Dawson was removed from the field as a final farewell to the fans and the game. The fans gave him a standing ovation as Dawson walked off the field.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson finished his career with 2,774 hits, 438 home runs, 314 stolen bases, and 1,591 RBI. He is one of only eight players in major league history to record over 300 home runs and 300 stolen bases in his career (300-300 club); the other players to accomplish this are Barry Bonds, Willie Mays, Bobby Bonds, Reggie Sanders, Steve Finley, Alex Rodriguez and Carlos Beltrán. Dawson is also one of only five members of the 400 HR-300 SB club, along with Barry Bonds, Willie Mays, Alex Rodriguez, and Carlos Beltrán.


title: Andre Dawson

text: In 1997, Dawson's #10 was retired by the Montreal Expos in his honor (the number had been previously retired for Rusty Staub). After the franchise moved to Washington, the Montreal Canadiens raised a banner in the Bell Centre to commemorate all of the retired Expos numbers, including Dawson's. In 2010 the Washington Nationals franchise placed Dawson in its "Ring of Honor" at Nationals Park. In 2019, Dawson was inducted into the National College Baseball Hall of Fame.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2010, his ninth year of eligibility, rising from an initial vote total of 45.3% in 2002 to 77.9% in 2010.


title: Andre Dawson

text: The major impediments to Dawson's election to the Hall had been his ordinary career .323 on-base percentage (albeit accumulated before OBP was even a statistic, and many multi-time All-Stars and even Hall of Famers had even lower), his statistics being diminished in stature by sluggers who played after him in the steroid era, and never playing in a World Series. Cubs teammate Ryne Sandberg campaigned for Dawson's induction during his speech at his own Hall of Fame induction ceremony in 2005: "No player in baseball history worked harder, suffered more or did it better than Andre Dawson. He's the best I've ever seen. I watched him win an MVP for a last-place team in 1987 [with the Cubs], and it was the most unbelievable thing I've ever seen in baseball. He did it the right way, the natural way, and he did it in the field and on the bases and in every way, and I hope he will stand up here someday."


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson was the second player in the Hall of Fame whose plaque depicts him with an Expos logo, after Gary Carter. Although Dawson had played the majority of his 21-year career with Montreal, he publicly expressed his disappointment with the decision, saying it was "a little gut-wrenching" to find out he would not go in as a Chicago Cub. Dawson's reluctance to be enshrined as an Expo stemmed, in part, from the breakdown of his relationship with the team during MLB's collusion scandal of 1986–87, when he claimed the team not only "threw him out" of Montreal, but tried to prevent other teams from signing him as a free agent. While Dawson played only six years with the Cubs, five of his eight All-Star appearances were as a Cub, and his only MVP award came in his first year with the team in 1987. The Hall noted that "Dawson had 1,575 of his 2,774 hits as an Expo, won six of his eight Gold Glove awards in Montreal and led the Expos to their only postseason series win" (incidentally, the win in the 1981 NLDS was the only postseason win on Dawson's career).


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson married the former Vanessa Turner and had two children, Darius in August 1989 and Amber in September 1990.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Shortly after retiring as a player, Dawson returned to the Marlins to accept a position in the team's front office, where he got his first World Series ring in 2003. Dawson also owns The Mahogany Grille, a soul food restaurant in Miami Gardens, Florida, and the Paradise Memorial Funeral Home in Richmond Heights, Florida.


title: Andre Dawson

text: He entered the funeral business in 2003, investing in a funeral home his younger brother owned, and became the owner and operator of Paradise Memorial in 2008. In an April 2020 Associated Press story on how he and his business were having to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, he noted, "It’s very sad. Because people mourn and grieve differently, and they’re not getting through that process as they would under normal circumstances. You see a lot of hurt and pain." At the time of the story, his wife of 42 years, Vanessa, was the office manager, while an uncle ran day-to-day operations.


title: Andre Dawson

text: Dawson has regularly attended Chicago Cubs functions since his retirement, and is a fan favorite. Dawson has appeared in a "Discount Double-Check" commercial for State Farm Insurance that features former Cubs pitcher Kerry Wood.


title: Sidrat al-Muntaha

text: The Sidrat al-Muntaha () is a large lote tree or Sidr tree that marks the utmost boundary in the seventh heaven, which no one can pass. It is called Sidrat al-Muntaha because the knowledge of the angels stops at that point, and no one has gone beyond it except the Messenger of Allah. During the Isra and Mi'raj, Muhammad traveled with the angel Gabriel to the tree (where the angel stopped) beyond which Allah (God) instructed Muhammad about the five daily prayers.


title: Sidrat al-Muntaha

text: A Qur'an commentary entitled "Tafsīr al-karīm al-raḥman fī tafsīr kalām al-manān" by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di, while commenting on , the Sidrat al-Muntahā, (Lote-Tree of the Extremity) explained:


title: Sidrat al-Muntaha

text: Abdullah Yusuf Ali, whose "" is among the most widely known English versions of the Qur'an, explained that this tree "marked the bounds of heavenly knowledge as revealed to men, beyond which neither Angels nor men could pass."


title: Sidrat al-Muntaha

text: George Sale, the 18th century English scholar, has "beyond which Angels themselves must not pass; or, as some rather imagine, beyond which no creature's knowledge can extend." Sale also notes that one commentator states that line 16 refers to the "host of angels worshipping" around the tree and another that it is about the birds which sit on its branches.


title: Sidrat al-Muntaha

text: The 19th century English explorer, Richard Burton reported seeing an ancient Sidr tree in the mosque containing Muhammad's tomb in Medina. It was in a garden dedicated to Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. The fruit from the tree was being sold to pilgrims and its leaves used for washing dead bodies.


title: Sidrat al-Muntaha

text: The lote-tree is used as a symbol, for example, by the Qatar Foundation: "The Sidra tree, growing strong and proud in the harshest of environments, has been a symbol of perseverance and nourishment across the borders of the Arab world. What is the significance of this glorious tree? With its roots bound in the soil of this world and its branches reaching upwards toward perfection, it is a symbol of solidarity and determination; it reminds us that the goals of this world are not incompatible with the goals of the spirit." The evergreen tree "Ziziphus spina-christi" represents this symbol in natural form.


title: Waheguru

text: The meaning of the word (usually spelled in English as "Waheguru") is traditionally explained as 'wondrous!', and "guru", Sanskrit for 'teacher, spiritual guide, God', which taken together are said to carry the meaning, 'Wondrous Lord'.


title: Waheguru

text: the Waheguru mantar was formed by combining the mantar of the four jugs. Bhai Gurdas says that the first letter of the Mantar ਵ/Va/Wa comes from Vishnu who in the form of Vasnudev in Satjug gave the Vishnu Mantar. The first letter of which is ਵ. In Dwaparjug Kirshna gave the Hari mantar which begins with ਹ/H giving the next letter of the mantar. In Kaljug Guru Nanak gave the Gobind Mantar which begins with ਗ/G. Giving the next letter. In Tretajug, Rama gave the Ram Mantar beginning with ਰ/R. The four letters joined spell Waheguru.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: The Ottoman Interregnum, or the Ottoman Civil War (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413; ), was a civil war in the Ottoman Empire between the sons of Sultan Bayezid I following the defeat of their father at the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur, his brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself. Civil war was the result. The Interregnum lasted a little under 11 years, until the Battle of Çamurlu on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor, crowned himself Sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403. His oldest son, Süleyman, with his capital at Edirne, ruled the recently conquered Bulgaria, all of Thrace, Macedonia and northern Greece. The second son, İsa Çelebi, established himself as an independent ruler at Bursa and Mehmed formed a kingdom at Amasya. War broke out between Mehmed and İsa, and following the battles of Ermeni-beli and Ulubad (March–May 1403), Isa fled to Constantinople and Mehmed occupied Bursa. The subsequent battle at Karasi between Mehmed and Isa resulted in a victory for Mehmed and Isa fleeing to Karaman. Isa was later killed in a bath by agents of Mehmed.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: Meanwhile, the other surviving son of Bayezid, Musa Çelebi, who was captured at the battle of Ankara, was released by Timur into the custody of Yakub of Germiyan. Mûsa was freed, after Mehmed made a request for his brother's release. Following Isa's death, Süleyman crossed the straits with a large army. Initially, Süleyman was successful. He invaded Anatolia, capturing Bursa (March 1404) and Ankara later that year.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: During the stalemate in Anatolia, which lasted from 1405–1410, Mehmed sent Musa across the Black Sea to Thrace with a small force to attack Suleyman's territories in south-eastern Europe. This maneuver soon recalled Suleyman to Thrace, where a short but sanguinary contest between him and Mûsa ensued. At first Suleyman had the advantage, winning the battle of Kosmidion in 1410, but in 1411 his army defected to Mûsa at Edirne and Suleyman was executed on the orders of Musa. Mûsa was now the ruler of the Ottoman dominions in Thrace.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: Manuel II Palaiologos, the Byzantine emperor, had been the ally of Suleyman; Mûsa therefore besieged Constantinople. Manuel called on Mehmed to protect him, and Mehmed's Ottomans now garrisoned Constantinople against Musa's Ottomans of Thrace. Mehmed made several unsuccessful sallies against his brother's troops, and was obliged to re-cross the Bosporus to quell a revolt that had broken out in his own territories. Mûsa now pressed the siege of Constantinople. Mehmed returned to Thrace, and obtained the assistance of Stefan Lazarevic, the Serbian Despot.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: The armies of the rival Ottoman brothers met on the plain of Chamurli (today Samokov, Bulgaria). Hassan, the Agha of the Janissaries of Mehmed, stepped out before the ranks and tried to get the troops to change sides. Mûsa rushed towards Hassan and killed him, but was himself wounded by an officer who had accompanied Hassan. Mûsa's Ottomans fought well, but the battle was won by Mehmed and his allies. Mûsa fled, was later captured and strangled. With Mûsa dead, Mehmed was the sole surviving son of the late Sultan Bayezid I and became Sultan Mehmed I. The Interregnum was a striking example of the fratricide that would become common in Ottoman successions.


title: Ottoman Interregnum

text: During the Interregnum, only Mehmed minted coins titling himself "Sultan". His brother Suleyman's coins called himself, "Emir Suleyman b. Bayezid", while Musa's coins stated, "Musa b. Bayezid". No coins of Isa's have survived.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur, also known as "The City of Festivals", is a city located in Bilaspur District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Bilaspur is the Administrative headquarters of the Bilaspur District and Bilaspur Division. The Chhattisgarh High Court, located at Bodri, District Bilaspur has privileged it with the title "Nyayadhani" (Law Capital) of the State. This city is the commercial center and business hub of North East Chhattisgarh region. It is also an important city for the Indian Railways, as it is the headquarters for South East Central Railway Zone (SECR) and the Bilaspur Railway Division. Bilaspur is also the headquarters of South Eastern Coalfields Limited. Chhattisgarh biggest power plant operated by NTPC is in Sipat. PowerGrid in Sipat pools electricity from other power plants in region and transmits electricity to Delhi via one of longest HVDC line.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is known for its aromatic rice variety named ‘Doobraj’ rice, Handloom woven colourful soft Kosa silk sarees. Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO) () under the Central Silk Board, Government of India collects, executes the production and supply of nucleus and basic Tasar seed from surrounding areas.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a Smart city under the Smart Cities Mission.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Historically, Bilaspur was part of Dakshina Kosala and was near capital of Malhar, Chhattisgarh (ancient Mallar), Sirpur (ancient Shripura), Tuman (ancient Tummana), and Ratanpur (ancient Ratnapura). From 5th Century onwards it was controlled by the Kalachuri dynasty of Ratanpur. Ratanpur was historical capital of Chhatisgarh state for many different dynasty. Bilaspur city, however, came into prominence around 1741, the year of the Maratha Empire rule, when a Maratha official took up his abode there to control dynasty of Ratanpur.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The management of Bilaspur district was taken over by the British East India Company in 1818 after Bhosale lost territory in Third Anglo-Maratha War. Under Bhosale of the Nagpur kingdom there were many subedars or zamindars/landlords like Akbar Khan, Vazeer Khan, Sao and others in Bilaspur.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur district was constituted in 1861, followed by Bilaspur municipality in 1867. Famines in the Bilaspur district were recorded by the British administration in 1828–9, 1834–5, 1845–6, 1868–9 and 1899–1900. In 1868-9 and 1899–1900, the rains failed almost completely, resulting in severe distress, migration and desertion of villages. After the 1868-9 famine there was prosperity for the next 25 years; but in 1895 there was a very poor harvest, followed in 1896 by a complete failure of crops, and severe famine continued throughout 1897. In that year the mortality rate was as high as one in six people. The famine of 1897 was followed by two favorable years; but in 1899 the monsoon failed completely and the rice crop was wholly destroyed.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Guru Ghasidas (1756–1836) started a religious movement, Satnamis (meaning the worshippers of Satnam), between 1820 and 1830 primarily around the Sonakhan forests. This religious movement preached against idol-worship, and instead stressed that God is synonymous with truth. His community was a farming community. The university at Bilaspur is named after him as Guru Ghasidas University.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Railways arrived at Bilaspur in the decade 1880–90, with the arrival of the Bengal Nagpur Railway. In 1888 Mistri Jagmal Gangji and other Mistri Railway Contractors laid the first railway tracks from Rajnandgaon to Bilaspur, and in that same year fellow Kutchi contractor Khoda Ramji and others built the line from Bilaspur to Jharsuguda, including the bridge over the Champa river.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: In 1890, the present railway station and yard were constructed by the Gujarati railway contractor Jagmal Gangji. His son Mulji Jagmal Sawaria was later given the title of "Rao Sahib" by the British for his contribution to the development of the town, railways and the district. Jagmal Block and Jagmal Chowk in the city are named after Jagmal Gangji Sawaria.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: In 1901, the population of Bilaspur was 18,937 and it was the eighth-largest town in the Central Provinces of British India. In 1908, weaving of tasar silk and cotton clothes were recorded as the major industries of Bilaspur.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Historical records like "Imperial Gazetteer of India", Vol 8, 1908 note that the city is said to be named after a fisherwoman by the name of "Bilasa" in the 17th century, and for a long period it consisted only of a few fishermen's huts. Another book like ["The highlands of central India", James Forsyth, 1889] states that Bilaspur is named after 'Palash' tree butea frondosa which are found in abundance in the area.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is situated on the banks of the rain-fed Arpa River, which originates from the Maikal Range of Central India. It's a dolomite rich region surrounded by dense forests in the north and the coal mines of the Hasdeo Valley in the east.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur District is surrounded by Koria District in the north, Anuppur District of Madhya Pradesh, Mungeli and, Baloda Bazar-Bhata Para District in the south and Korba and Janjgir-Champa District in the east.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The climate in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh has been colder than the Raipur region for the winters in December (minimum temperature 6 °C, 42 °F in the last week of December annually, while some areas have even reported temperature going down as low as 3-4 °C, 37 °F), which resembles northern Chhattisgarh. However most of the winter goes mild and pleasant. The city experiences moderate rains in the monsoon. The summers are relatively hot and dry, with maximum temperature 48+ °C, 113 °F.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: India census, Bilaspur Municipal Corp had a population of 365,579. Bilaspur urban area population was estimated at 652,851. In August 2019, adjacent 18 towns and sub-urban areas were included in the Bilaspur Municipal Corporation. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bilaspur has an average literacy rate of 91.29%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 92.94% and female literacy of 88.33%. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: According to the 2011 census, Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh has a population of 2,662,077, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. Bilaspur District ranks 152nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 33.21%. Bilaspur has a sex ratio of 972 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.59%.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The district consists of 8 Tehsils - Bilaspur, Kota, Takhatpur, Bilha, Masturi, Ratanpur, Sipat, Belgahna.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The city of Bilaspur is also a Nagar nigam. It has two Nagarpalikas namely (1) Takhatpur and (2) Ratanpur. It has been categorised into four Nagar Panchayat namely (1) Bilha (2) Kota (3) Boadri and (4) Malhar.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur City runs under the administration of the Bilaspur Municipal Corporation (BMC). Ram Sharan Yadav is the current Mayor of Bilaspur, a member of Indian National Congress Party.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is rich in its cultural heritage. Bilaspur has its own dance styles, cuisine, music and traditional folk songs. In rural areas, women wear garlands made of one rupee coins. This has gone out of fashion in recent times. The city celebrates all the major festivals of India. There are some local festivals such as the colorful Rout Dance (November), harley, and pola. The Rawat Nach Mahotsav is the folk dance festival of Bilaspur celebrated by Rawat tribes.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The town has been the home of several literary, theatre, arts personalities including Makhan Lal Chaturvedi, Satyadev Dubey, Bimal Mitra, Shrikant Verma.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Over the years, Bilaspur has developed many 4 – lane and 6 – lane roads, street lighting and squares. However, the last decade has seen large-scale unregulated urbanization and residential and commercial expansion, over-straining the water resources and generally defunct civic amenities due to indifferent officials and politicians. There is a master plan for the city and surrounding areas.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Electricity is government-regulated and, as of now, no power cuts are effected, thanks to the massive expansion in energy generating capacity both by public and private companies in the energy sector.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is home to many hospitals & nursing homes, some run by the state government and others by the private sector. City has a government medical college named Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Science which has 750 beds for patients. There is Apollo Hospitals in the private sector, which is 300 bedded specialty hospital. A new mental hospital is established in village Sendri (Ratanpur Road) which provides quality treatment. More than 25 Sanjivni express and Mahatari express are running in city. It also has private dental colleges in the city area.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is the center of electric power generation in India. Bilaspur and the surrounding area generate 10,000 MW of electricity, and an additional 50,000 MW are planned in the next few years. As many as 22 companies are interested to tap an estimated power generation potential of 50,000 megawatts in the region. The railways have gotten a major boost with big energy sector players set to invest Rs.5,000 crore in three proposed railways corridors around Bilaspur. Chhattisgarh is also known as "The Rice Bowl" – "Dhan ka katora". Bilaspur is the centre of agri products. There are approx. 500 rice and dall mills in the surrounding area. In FY2022/21, the South East Central Railway zone, whose geography encompasses Bilaspur, earned Rs 14,2855.71 crore, "the highest among all of the railway divisians of Indian Railways". The Bilaspur railways zone comprises the divisions of Bilaspur, Nagpur and Raipur. South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a subsidiary of Public Sector Unit Coal India Limited (CIL) – A Maharatna Company, is situated with headquarters at Bilaspur. SECL is a Miniratna PSU under the Ministry of Coal, with several awards in its credentials including best PSU award in 1997–98. An integrated action plan for development of civic infrastructure, including hi-tech water purifier system, proper drainage facilities and cleanliness, is being planned by the state government for cities and towns, while the proposed 'Arpa Project' would give a new life to the city of Bilaspur, minister for urban administration and health Amar Agrawal said in an interview to the "Times of India", a leading newspaper of India. The State Government has drawn up an ambitious plan of Rs2,000 crore to develop the Arpa river bank in Bilaspur district during the next seven years. For this, the Government has constituted a ‘Special Area Development Authority’ (SADA) for the development of the Arpa river bank near Bilaspur city.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The Government has invited proposals from interested national and international institutions for the development of the river bank on a PPP model. The Authority has prepared a project for the development of the river and is now in search of organisations that would be interested in developing the river on a Public Private Partnership (PPP).


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: According to SADA, about 653 hectares of area on the banks of the river would be developed. This area is 13.4 km in length. Commercial, residential, entertainment and other institutional facilities would be developed in this area. On both the sides of the river, 13.4-km-long retaining wall, houses and commercial complexes would be constructed, besides bridge, roads and walkways. Water supply, sewerage, drainage, electricity supply would be provided in the area.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The estimated cost of all the works is Rs2,000 crore. The development works would be taken up in phases during the next seven years.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Of the total 653-hectare area, some of the land is owned privately. In lieu of acquisition of private land, the affected people would be given land at other areas. After development about 267 hectares of land will be made available for sale. By selling this land, the developer could recover the invested amount. The downtown is called Gol Bazaar (Circular Market). Gol Bazaar, Sadar Bazaar and company Garden Chowk are buzzing and vibrant but overcrowded with slow-moving traffic. In contrast there are some newly developed areas as well. The Vyapar Vihar is a newly developed commercial and goods transport area. Bilaspur has Chhattisgarh's first hi-tech bus stand at Bodri.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: It is the busiest junction of Chhattisgarh and second busiest of central India after Itarsi. It is 3rd cleanest Railway Station in India after Surat and Rajkot. It is the Zonal Head Office of the South East Central Railway. It is well connected to the rest of the country through the Indian Railways. Bilaspur railway station has the 4th longest railway platform in India after Gorakhpur, Kollam and Kharagpur. The Rajdhani Express (Bilaspur-New Delhi) via Bhopal bi-weekly connects Bilaspur to New Delhi. The station is on the Tatanagar–Bilaspur section of the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line and junction for another rail is towards Delhi via Katni.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Daily connections are available for Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Pune, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Indore, Bhopal, Amritsar, Agra, Roorkee, Haridwar, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Tatanagar, Patna, Jabalpur, Raipur, Varanasi, Jaipur, Bikaner, Udaipur, Ajmer etc. It is also connected by. direct trains to Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Chennai, Ernakulam, Tirupati, Tirunelveli, Bangalore, Bhuj, Gandhidham, Okha, Porbandar, Dhanbad, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Gorakhpur, Shirdi, Udaipur, Bikaner, Jammu, Jodhpur, Guwahati, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ranchi, Guwahati and many other cities and towns in India. Many local trains are running here daily for small station passengers


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Uslapur is the other Major city station which is 8 km from the main junction station and here is loco training centre for loco drivers in which trainees from various part of the central comes and express trains in Bilaspur-Katni rail line stop at Uslapur, while the other three are for local-passenger trains only and Godam is for goods trains.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The Government of India is planning to lay some new lines from Bilaspur. Surveys of the following routes are ongoing:


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Recently Government Of India has approved Fourth railway line between Bilaspur and Jharsuguda which is presently a triple line section between Durg Jn to Champa. Third railway line between Bilaspur and Katni is under construction. The survey of fourth railway line between Bilaspur and Nagpur is underway. Most upgrades are to handle coal evacuation from coal mining areas in East India to power plants in west of Bilaspur.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Air travel is also accessible from Bilaspur. The Bilaspur Airport was inaugurated in March 2021. The airport has a 5,000 ft runway and a small terminal building. Currently, . There are direct flights from Bilaspur to Jabalpur, Bhopal, Delhi and Prayagraj.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: The city is connected with Mumbai and Kolkata through National Highway network. Bilaspur is on NH-130 connecting Raipur and Ambikapur. NH-49 starts from Bilaspur and ends at Kharagpur. Another National Highway NH 130 A is newly announced which starts from Bilaspur and end at Podi via Mungeli Kawardha. NH-45 connects Bilaspur with Jabalpur and Bhopal. Other state highways are SH 7 and SH 5.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: EC-7: Raipur-Dhanbad Economic Corridors of India or Industrial Corridors of India is identified under Bharatmala road network and passes through Bilaspur - Baloda - Urga.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: There are regular buses and taxis available to all nearby major cities and towns. Bilaspur bus stand is known as Hi-tech bus stand. For local transportation three-wheeled, black and yellow auto rickshaws, referred to as autos, are popular. No diesel auto are allowed in railway limits due to large pollution created by it. Large no. of private bus operators runs their buses on various routes. It is well connected with other cities by road. Bus services available for Allahabad, Jashpur, Ambikapur, Raipur, Jagdalpur, Korba, Nagpur, Durg-Bhilai, Mungeli, Kawardha, Jabalpur, Raigarh, Narayanpur, Kondagaon, etc. In short, it is connected with all 27 districts of state and some major cities of other states like Jabalpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Nagpur, Gondia, Mandla, Anuppur, Shehdol, Jharsugda, Sambalpur, Bhawanipatna, Hyedrabad etc. More than 2500 Buses are running through Bilaspur.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Ola cabs are also running in metropolis area. Local transportation also includes man-powered cycle rickshaw. Bilaspur city has many city buses, more than 85 city buses are running in city. 60 big luxurious sml bus, 10 Tata starbus mini bus, 10 red coloured world class AC Tata Marcopolo city bus, and 5 pink city bus which are only for females are running successfully. More than 35 city bus stops are developed in city and surrounding area. All 85 city buses are world class international level bus which have gps, CCTV camera and digital naming board. City buses are allowed to run 20 kmph faster than other buses. All city buses starts from Bilaspur junction railway station and at night they stays at Koni city bus terminal. The city buses runs from the Railway station to connect with various parts of city facilitating easy and cheap conveyance to the people. These bus services are available from 06.30 AM to 8.00 PM. City bus services facilitates the people even to reach near by cities like Ratanpur, Takhatpur, Kota, Malhar (a holy place known for Mata Didneshwari Devi Temple), Seepat (NTPC colony Sipat), Bilha & Chakarbhata etc.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Various archeological sites and temples in Bilaspur attract tourists from all over the world. There are more than 20 Centrally Protected Monuments and Sites by Archaeological Survey of India. Achanakmar Wildlife sanctuary is one of the renowned ecotourism spots in Chhattisgarh. Hasdev Bango Dam is 105 km from Bilaspur. Malhar and Ratanpur are the centre of archeology. Ruins of forts to ancient temples are found here. Talagram is the location for the "Deorani-Jethani" temple. Bubble Island and Radhika water park are the parks which amuse the local people as well as tourists. Belpan has a huge pond as well as samadhi. Khutaghat is a scenic spot and is wanted by nature lovers. Forests, dam and hills comprise the surrounding of Khutaghat. Kabir Chobutara at a distance of 41 km from Bilaspur is a hub for mahatmas (saints). Bilaspur is situated on the banks of the Arpa, the main river. Leelagar and Maniyari are other small rivers of the district. Sonmuda is another tourist attraction which gives a panoramic view of valleys, hills and forest. The River Sone originates from Sonmuda. Places of interest in and around Bilaspur include:


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve is top ranked places to visit near Bilaspur. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve is recognized by UNESCO for the most dramatic and ecologically diverse landscape. It is reputed to have some of the densest forests in the country and an even spread of hills and rivers. One of the places worth visiting is the Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary. Home to a variety of wildlife, the sanctuary is spread over an area of 551 km (213 mi) and was set up in 1975 under the Wildlife Protection Act. The sanctuary is 55 km (34 mi) away from Bilaspur and is closed during the monsoon season.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Just before entry into Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, is the Ghongapani Jalashya (dam). Beyond the sanctuary, on the way to Amarkantak, there are government guest houses in Achanakmar, Keonchi and Lamni. These guest houses can be booked with governmental officials in the district headquarters. The forest guest house at Lamni was built by the then British Officials. It is 1850 feet above sea level. It was built in June 1913 at the cost of Rs.3055.8 paise and 5 anas.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Within the sanctuary the presence of guar (Indian bison) and tigers are very much in evidence, as reported by the multiple sightings by the visitors. Other animals include the leopard, chital, panthera, striped hyena, canis, sloth bear, dhole, sambar deer, nilgai, Indian four-horned antelope and chinkara, which populate the sanctuary in equal numbers.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur is famous for Doobraj rice, fara, chila, rice roll, gulgula bhajiya, angakar roti, thetri-khurmi, airsa, tamatar fatka (tomato chutney), different types of bhajis (leafy vegetables) etc. The wheat grown in the region is called 'sharbati' (juicy) or like a sweet refreshing drink. The rotis made from the flour of this wheat are soft and tasty.


title: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

text: Bilaspur has developed as a centre of education for Chhattisgarh with students from all over the state coming to Bilaspur to study engineering, medical and administrative officers' competitive exams. As of 2012 Bilaspur has 5 universities. Bilaspur has following educational institutions:


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Kalden "Kelly" Sonam Dorji (born 4 January 1971) is a Bhutanese actor, model, and artist who works primarily in Indian movies.


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Dorji's father is Lynpo Paljor Dorji, widely known as Dasho Benji, the permanent advisor to Bhutan's National Environment Commission. His mother is Louise Dorji, an author of children's books and a founding member of Bhutan Broadcasting Service (BBS). Dorji attended St. Paul's School in Darjeeling and Sherubtse College in eastern Bhutan. He earned an honors degree in history at St. Xavier's College in Mumbai. Dorji's grandfather was Bhutanese Prime Minister Jigme Palden Dorji. Dorji is a member of the Dorji Family of Bhutan and descendant of the Sikkim Royal Family.


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Kelly Dorji rose to prominence as a fashion model in the late-1990s and early 2000s in India. He worked as a runway model in India for designers such as Shahab Durazi, JJ Valaya, Arun Khanna, Rohit Bal, and Tarun Tahiliani and as a print model in London for Models Out of Town. Dorji hosted English television show 'Star Biz' for Star TV with co-anchor Lisa Ray.


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Kelly Dorji has acted in almost 30 films over the course of his career. He made his acting debut in 2005 as the main antagonist opposite Ajay Devgan and Bobby Deol in Mani Shankar's "Tango Charlie". In 2008, Dorji moved to the Telugu film industry where he gained recognition for films such as the 2007 action hit "Don" opposite Nagarjuna and "Ek Ka Dum" opposite Mahesh Babu. Dorji has also been influential in boosting the popularity of Bhutanese films in his own country with the release of his Dzongkha film Sem Gawai Tasha in 2011.


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Dorji is well known for his own film stunts, much of which were self-choreographed. He also designed sequences for pageants, and assisted choreographer Lubna Adam. After a near death accident in 2013, Dorji limits his stunt work in films but continues to act.


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Kelly Dorji is a painter and photographer. He has studied painting with a number of artists including Elsie Evans, Sidharth, and Karma Wangdi. He studied photography with fashion photographer Chien-Wien Lee. Dorji exhibits his work at contemporary art gallery Gray Area in Thimphu, Bhutan.


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Dorji dated Bollywood actress Lara Dutta for 9 years before their relationship came to an end in 2007


title: Kelly Dorji

text: Dorji supports the Bhutanese contemporary art sector more broadly as an advisor on the board of the Voluntary Artist's Studio of Thimphu (VAST). Dorji serves an executive board member for the Tarayana Foundation. An avid enduro motorcyclist, Dorji rides for charity with the Tarayana Dragons.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: Ante Josip "Tony" Mandarich (born September 23, 1966) is a Canadian former American football offensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons. He was selected second overall by the Green Bay Packers in the 1989 NFL Draft and also played for the Indianapolis Colts.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: Referred to as "the best offensive line prospect ever", Mandarich was highly touted during his collegiate career at Michigan State, leading to him being selected in the top five of his draft class alongside future Pro Football Hall of Fame players Troy Aikman, Barry Sanders, Derrick Thomas, and Deion Sanders. Mandarich was unable to live up to expectations, however, and was released following four seasons with the team. After five years away from football, he returned with the Colts, where he spent his last three seasons. He is the only top five pick in his draft class not inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: Mandarich was born and raised in Oakville, Ontario, Canada, the son of Croatian immigrants. After his older brother John received a scholarship to play football at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, John convinced his parents to allow Tony to play his senior year of high school football at Theodore Roosevelt High School in Kent to improve his chances of receiving a scholarship. Recruited to Michigan State University by defensive back coach Nick Saban, Mandarich played in the 1988 Rose Bowl and was named a First-team All-American, an Outland Award finalist and a two-time Big Ten Lineman of the Year. Upon his entry into the 1989 NFL Draft, both scouts and media (most notably "Sports Illustrated", which did a cover story on him, nicknaming him "The Incredible Bulk") began trumpeting Mandarich as the best offensive line prospect ever, touting his "measurables." "He weighed 330, ran the 40 [yard dash] in 4.65 seconds, did a standing long jump of 10'3", leaped vertically 30" and bench-pressed 225 pounds an unheard-of 39 times". He appeared on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" twice and was also a colorful character, illustrated by such instances as challenging then–Heavyweight Boxing Champion Mike Tyson to a fight, missing scheduled public appearances due to being drunk or hungover, his well-documented love of the band Guns N' Roses (he had a dog named Axl and also a tattoo of the cross-design from the cover of "Appetite for Destruction" on his arm), and referring to Green Bay as "a village".


title: Tony Mandarich

text: Going into the 1989 draft, Mandarich was considered one of the best prospects for an offensive lineman ever and a top-five pick. Mandarich was selected second overall by the Green Bay Packers.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: Drafted as an offensive tackle, Mandarich never lived up to the stellar expectations set for him. After a lengthy holdout, which was not settled until the week before the regular-season kickoff, he spent most of his first year on the special-teams unit. He was also known for having attitude issues. He was quoted as saying: "I am not like other players, I am Tony Mandarich, and they have to understand that. If they don't like it, that is just the way I am and they are going to learn to like it." After three seasons of lackluster performance on a four-year contract, Mandarich was cut in 1992 by the Packers who cited a non-football injury. Mandarich is often referred to as one of the top 5 bust NFL draft picks of all time, having been drafted ahead of such future NFL stars as Barry Sanders, Derrick Thomas, Deion Sanders, Steve Atwater, Eric Metcalf, and Andre Rison. The September 28, 1992, cover of "Sports Illustrated" featuring Mandarich labelled him "The NFL's Incredible Bust".


title: Tony Mandarich

text: The question of steroid use has been discussed as a possible factor in Mandarich's spectacular failure. Mandarich did not admit his steroid use until 2008. Until then, he publicly blamed his work ethic in a 2003 "Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel" article: "I wanted to create as much hype as I could for many different reasons—exposure, negotiation leverage, you name it. And it all worked, except the performance wasn't there when it was time to play football." The first "Sports Illustrated" cover story included allegations of steroid abuse in college, however, mentioning acne of his arms and premature balding.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: After getting cut by the Packers, he went to Traverse City, Michigan, for two years, addicted to drugs and alcohol. His family checked him into a rehabilitation clinic on March 23, 1995, and he became sober. Mandarich returned to football for three years between 1996 and 1998 with the Indianapolis Colts starting all 16 games during the 1997 season. He retired from football in 1998 due to a shoulder injury.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: After his career was over, he moved back to Canada. He owned a golf course and remarried his wife Char in 2004. From September 2004 until September 2005, Mandarich served as an NFL analyst for The Score TV sports network in Canada. He quit in October 2005 and moved to Arizona.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: He now runs a photography studio, having begun doing nature photography as a hobby in 1990. Mandarich has expanded his business, named Mandarich Media Group, to include photography, video production, web design, search engine optimization, and Internet marketing.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: In September 2008, Mandarich admitted to using steroids at Michigan State and faking a drug test before the 1988 Rose Bowl. Mandarich has denied using steroids while in the NFL but has admitted to being addicted to alcohol and painkillers while playing for the Packers.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: Tony Mandarich's older brother John made his own reputation in professional football in the Canadian Football League. John Mandarich's early death from skin cancer is documented in Tony's memoir.


title: Tony Mandarich

text: In the March 2009 issue of "Sports Illustrated," Mandarich spoke about his use and addiction and about his book called "My Dirty Little Secrets — Steroids, Alcohol & God." In that book, Mandarich ascribed his underwhelming performance with the Green Bay Packers to his painkiller addiction, which sapped his drive and work ethic. His addiction was such that he kept syringes in his athletic supporter to have his narcotics supply close at hand. Mandarich went on to describe his traumatic and triumphant stint in rehabilitation, and his subsequent return to the NFL. "I didn't write the book for forgiveness," Mandarich said. "I wrote the book for explanation and for, hopefully, helping somebody see the light that there is hope for addiction or alcoholism and that you can change and save your life."


title: Tony Mandarich

text: In 2019, ESPN broadcast an hour long documentary on Mandarich as an episode of its sports newsmagazine series "".


title: X11 color names

text: In computing, on the X Window System, X11 color names are represented in a simple text file, which maps certain strings to RGB color values. It was traditionally shipped with every X11 installation, hence the name, and is usually located in codice_1. The web colors list is descended from it but differs for certain color names.


title: X11 color names

text: Color names are not standardized by Xlib or the X11 protocol. The list does not show continuity either in selected color values or in color names, and some color triplets have multiple names. Despite this, graphic designers and others got used to them, making it practically impossible to introduce a different list. In earlier releases of X11 (prior to the introduction of Xcms), server implementors were encouraged to modify the RGB values in the reference color database to account for gamma correction.


title: X11 color names

text: As of X.Org Release 7.4 rgb.txt is no longer included in the roll up release, and the list is built directly into the server. The optional module xorg/app/rgb contains the stand-alone rgb.txt file.


title: X11 color names

text: The list first shipped with X10 release 3 (X10R3) on 7 June 1986, having been checked into RCS by Jim Gettys in 1985. The same list was in X11R1 on 18 September 1987. Approximately the full list as is available today shipped with X11R4 on 29 January 1989, with substantial additions by Paul Ravelling (who added colors based on Sinclair Paints samples), John C. Thomas (who added colors based on a set of 72 Crayola crayons he had on hand) and Jim Fulton (who reconciled contributions to produce the X11R4 list). The project was running DEC VT240 terminals at the time, so would have worked to that device.


title: X11 color names

text: In some applications multipart names are written with spaces, in others joined together, often in camel case. They are usually matched insensitive of case and the X Server source code contains spaced aliases for most entries; this article uses spaces and uppercase initials except where variants with spaces are not specified in the actual code.


title: X11 color names

text: The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 colors as the basis for the web colors list, as both were originally X applications. The W3C specifications SVG and CSS level 3 module Color eventually adopted the X11 list with some changes. The present W3C list is a superset of the 16 "VGA colors" defined in HTML 3.2 and CSS level 1.


title: X11 color names

text: One notable difference between X11 and W3C is the case of "Gray" and its variants. In HTML, "Gray" is specifically reserved for the 128 triplet (50% gray) . However, in X11, "gray" was assigned to the 190 triplet (74.5%) , which is close to W3C "Silver" at 192 (75.3%) , and had "Light Gray" at 211 (83%) and "Dark Gray" at 169 (66%) counterparts. As a result, the combined CSS 3.0 color list that prevails on the web today produces "Dark Gray" as a significantly lighter tone than plain "Gray" , because "Dark Gray" was descended from X11 – for it did not exist in HTML nor CSS level 1 – while "Gray" was descended from HTML. Even in the current draft for CSS 4.0, dark gray continues to be a lighter shade than gray. Some browsers such as Netscape Navigator insisted on an "a" in any "Gr"a"y" except for "Light Gr"e"y".


title: X11 color names

text: Recent X releases also support the W3C definitions. In X11, the original definitions have been preserved (so "Dark Gray" remains a darker shade of "Gray"), but for every conflicting name pair, "Web" and additional "X11" prefixes have been added to ease disambiguation after the merger. The "X11" prefix is an alias for the non-prefixed version, i.e. "X11 Gray" = "Gray" ≠ "Web Gray". The W3C also defined a color that is equal to X11's "Green", but called it "Lime". In X11, this is simply called "Lime", as no such name existed before. It aliases to "Green", i.e. "Lime" = "Green" = "X11 Green" ≠ "Web Green".


title: X11 color names

text: The following chart presents the standardized X11 color names from the X.org source code. The list of names accepted by browsers following W3C standards slightly differs as explained above. The table does not show numbered gray and brightness variants as described below. Actual codice_2 files and other color databases or palettes may differ since they are freely editable by vendors and users. The table shows component values in several notations of the RGB color space, i.e. RGB, HSL and HSV, conversions are done assuming sRGB color space.


title: X11 color names

text: The complete codice_2 defines 101 shades from 'Gray0' (black) up to 'Gray100' (white) in addition to 'Gray' and its variants listed above. The shades are apparently defined by the formula codice_4 resulting in e.g. 'Gray96' , which happens to be the same as 'White Smoke'. Similarly 'Dim Gray' is the same as 'Gray41' .


title: X11 color names

text: On the other hand, 'Gray' lies between 'Gray74' and 'Gray75' ; 'Dark Gray' is not the same as 'Gray66' ; and 'Light Gray' is not the same as 'Gray83' .


title: X11 color names

text: These shades are not included in W3C specifications, although drafts for level 4 of the CSS Color module include a similar function codice_5.


title: X11 color names

text: For 78 colors (not counting grays), codice_2 offers four variants ""color"1", ""color"2", ""color"3", and ""color"4", with ""color"1" sometimes corresponding to ""color"", so e.g. "Snow1" is the same as "Snow". Unlike base colors, e.g. codice_7 and codice_8, these are only coded without spaces, e.g. codice_9. These variations are neither supported by popular browsers nor adopted by W3C standards. Whether or not a certain color has such variants seems random.


title: X11 color names

text: If ""color"1" is not the same as ""color", the base color is usually darker. That means its brightness in HSB color notation is less than 100%; about 30 of the base colors are fully bright. The four variants (1...4) have rounded brightness values of 100%, 93%, 80% and 55%, respectively. Their hue and saturation are usually the same except for rounding. In some cases they differ from the base color, though, which may indicate that these variants were specified with alternate definitions of the bases in mind, i.e. their values were adapted to a certain monitor which was commonly done by vendors until the 1990s.


title: X11 color names

text: Some color names appear to be brightness or saturation modifications of others because they bear prefixes such as "Dark, Light, Medium, Pale" or "Deep", but there is no systematic variation apparent. Several sets, however, feature a "Dark" variant with 55% brightness and some have their "Medium" at about 80%.


title: X11 color names

text: "Light Goldenrod Yellow" and "Dark Olive Green" are special, because there are no corresponding color entries without "Dark" and "Light" prefixes.


title: X11 color names

text: Several groups of colors share the same lightness or brightness and saturation. These "nuances" differ only by hue.


title: X11 color names

text: Several groups of colors share the same hue and HSL saturation. "Tints" are lighter than a base color, "shades" are darker.


title: X11 color names

text: Some pairs of colors share the same lightness and hue. These "tones" differ only by saturation. Tones are far less common in the X11 set than nuances, tints and shades.


title: X11 color names

text: The Printer Working Group (PWG) of the IEEE publishes a standard, PWG 5101.1, whose mandatory color names are based upon RFC 3805, successor to RFC 1759 which imported the functional color names "other", "unknown" and "transparent" alongside seven basic colors from ISO 10175 (DPA) and ISO 10180 (SPDL), and JTAPI. This standard has four variants for each non-monochromatic color: "clear" (50% transparent), "dark", "light" and the default. Wherever possible, the values are the same as in the W3C adaptation of the X11 list, except for Turquoise which is instead of . Missing variant values have been added systematically. "Buff" and "Mustard" are completely new color names. Light Black and Gray correspond to the same color.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: No Escape, released in some countries as Escape from Absolom and Absolom 2022, is a 1994 American science fiction action film directed by Martin Campbell. It stars Ray Liotta, Lance Henriksen, Stuart Wilson, Kevin Dillon, Michael Lerner and Ernie Hudson. It was based on the 1987 novel "The Penal Colony" by Richard Herley. In a dystopian future, a former Reconnaissance Marine serves life imprisonment on an island inhabited by savage and cannibalistic prisoners.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: It was the first film collaboration between the director Martin Campbell and actor Stuart Wilson, who both later worked in "The Mask of Zorro" and "Vertical Limit", both released in 1998 and 2000, and the film was also the third collaboration between the producer Hurd and Henriksen, after "The Terminator" and "Aliens", both directed by James Cameron, and released in 1984 and 1986.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: In 2022, the penal system is run by corporations, and prisoners are seen as assets. Highly-trained ex-Marine John Robbins is imprisoned for life for murdering his commanding officer after being ordered to kill innocent civilians in Benghazi; having escaped from two Level 5 maximum security prisons, he is sent to a Level 6 facility. A fellow prisoner tells him about "Absolom", an island where they send the worst prisoners and is feared more than the prison. The Warden, after being held at gunpoint by Robbins, is convinced that he is a threat and exiles him to the island.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: On the island, Robbins is captured by a group of prisoners known as the Outsiders, led by a sociopath named Walter Marek and whose only rule is The Law of the Jungle. The abandoned island resort, complete with dilapidated houses and a swimming pool, is where the Outsiders have established a base. Marek forces Robbins to fight one of his men for amusement and is impressed when Robbins kills his opponent in seconds. He offers him a position in his gang; instead, Robbins knocks Marek into the pool, steals his rocket launcher, and flees the Outsider's camp. He is pursued through the jungle and cornered at the edge of a high cliff before being shot in the neck by blowgun darts. After falling into the river below, another prisoner group called the Insiders retrieves him.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: Led by a terminally-ill doctor called the Father, the Insiders established a cooperative autonomous community with laws as opposed to the tyranny of the Outsiders. Robbins meets Father; King, the new-arrival helper; and befriends Casey, a naïve young man given a life sentence for a kidnapping which led to a dual felony murder accidentally when the hostages died. Robbins learns that the Insiders are heavily outnumbered by the Outsiders and that he is the only person to have ever escaped from Marek's camp. The weapon he stole is appropriated for the good of the community.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: After helping repel an attack by the Outsiders, Father notes Robbins' abilities and asks him to join them. He refuses, saying he wants to leave Absolom; Father takes Robbins to the shore, explaining that they are 200 miles from the mainland. Gunships patrol 50 miles off the coast, and infrared satellite technology monitors thermal activity, such as large fires or explosions.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: The Insiders have secretly built a scan-proof boat and launch it to tell the outside world about Absolom. However, the boat is destroyed by attack helicopters, causing Father to believe there is an informer among them.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: Robbins learns about a new boat and demands a seat, still determined to escape. After learning that the engine needs a distributor, a part Robbins saw while in Marek's camp, he offers to retrieve it in exchange for passage; the Insiders agree. Casey follows Robbins, who infiltrates the Outsiders' camp and gets the engine part, but they are captured by the Outsiders. Robbins is forced to fight Casey to the death. Knowing they won't both escape, Casey impales himself on Robbins' weapon. Robbins escapes a planned execution with the help of an Insider spy, infuriating Marek.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: Knowing Marek will attack, and over stern objections, Robbins convinces the Insiders to abandon their camp, but not before lacing it with booby traps. He stays behind to fire the stolen rocket launcher, igniting an incendiary bomb. Most of the Outsiders die, and the Warden intervenes when the satellites are triggered. Father dies while defending Robbins from Marek. After Robbins kills Marek, he finds the new boat incinerated and evidence that King has killed the engineer. Robbins forces King to give new coordinates to the Warden for where to land his helicopter on the island. Robbins hijacks the helicopter, throws the Warden out, and vows to spread the truth. King and the Warden are left behind as unseen Outsiders close in on them.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: "No Escape" holds a rating of 60% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews; the average rating is 5.3/10.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: A video game based on the film of the same name was released in 1994 for Sega Genesis & Super Nintendo Entertainment System. A Sega CD version was planned and even advertised, but was cancelled for unknown reasons. Marvel Comics published a three-issue comic book miniseries that adapted the original novel and the film's script, the series had Roger Salick as a writer, Mike Harris as a cartoonist, and Chris Ivy as an inker.


title: No Escape (1994 film)

text: "No Escape" was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1994, the VHS was re-released on April 14, 1998. The DVD was released by HBO on July 29, 1998. Columbia TriStar also released the film on DVD, VHS and Laserdisc in other countries from 1995–2003, while Sony Pictures Home Entertainment re-released the DVDs in 2005–2017. The DVD was released in United Kingdom on October 3, 2003 by Pathé. The film was first released on Blu-ray in Germany by Nameless Media (under the label of SPHE) in 2017, and includes with Mediabook covers. On July 4, 2018, the film was released on Blu-ray and DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia, and includes four TV Spots and Trailer. Unearthed Films released the film on Blu-ray with Special Features for the North American releases in October 2022.


title: Price index

text: A price index ("plural": "price indices" or "price indexes") is a normalized average (typically a weighted average) of price relatives for a given class of goods or services in a given region, during a given interval of time. It is a statistic designed to help to compare how these price relatives, taken as a whole, differ between time periods or geographical locations.


title: Price index

text: Price indices have several potential uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said to measure the economy's general price level or a cost of living. More narrow price indices can help producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can be useful in helping to guide investment.


title: Price index

text: No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price index. The earliest reported research in this area came from Welshman Rice Vaughan, who examined price level change in his 1675 book "A Discourse of Coin and Coinage". Vaughan wanted to separate the inflationary impact of the influx of precious metals brought by Spain from the New World from the effect due to currency debasement. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own time to similar statutes dating back to Edward III. These statutes set wages for certain tasks and provided a good record of the change in wage levels. Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did not fluctuate much with time and that a basic laborer's salary would probably buy the same amount of goods in different time periods, so that a laborer's salary acted as a basket of goods. Vaughan's analysis indicated that price levels in England had risen six- to eight-fold over the preceding century.


title: Price index

text: While Vaughan can be considered a forerunner of price index research, his analysis did not actually involve calculating an index. In 1707, Englishman William Fleetwood created perhaps the first true price index. An Oxford student asked Fleetwood to help show how prices had changed. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a 15th-century stipulation barred students with annual incomes over five pounds from receiving a fellowship. Fleetwood, who already had an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data going back hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index consisting of averaged price relatives and used his methods to show that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of 260 years. He argued on behalf of the Oxford students and published his findings anonymously in a volume entitled "Chronicon Preciosum".


title: Price index

text: Given a set formula_1 of goods and services, the total market value of transactions in formula_1 in some period formula_3 would be


title: Price index

text: If, across two periods formula_11 and formula_12, the same quantities of each good or service were sold, but under different prices, then


title: Price index

text: would be a reasonable measure of the price of the set in one period relative to that in the other, and would provide an index measuring relative prices overall, weighted by quantities sold.


title: Price index

text: Of course, for any practical purpose, quantities purchased are rarely if ever identical across any two periods. As such, this is not a very practical index formula.


title: Price index

text: This new index, however, does not do anything to distinguish growth or reduction in quantities sold from price changes. To see that this is so, consider what happens if all the prices double between formula_11 and formula_12, while quantities stay the same: formula_18 will double. Now consider what happens if all the "quantities" double between formula_11 and formula_12 while all the "prices" stay the same: formula_18 will double. In either case, the change in formula_18 is identical. As such, formula_18 is as much a "quantity" index as it is a "price" index.


title: Price index

text: The two most basic formulae used to calculate price indices are the Paasche index (after the economist Hermann Paasche ) and the Laspeyres index (after the economist Etienne Laspeyres ).


title: Price index

text: where formula_18 is the relative index of the price levels in two periods, formula_11 is the base period (usually the first year), and formula_12 the period for which the index is computed.


title: Price index

text: Note that the only difference in the formulas is that the former uses period n quantities, whereas the latter uses base period (period 0) quantities. A helpful mnemonic device to remember which index uses which period is that L comes before P in the alphabet so the Laspeyres index uses the earlier base quantities and the Paasche index the final quantities.