title: Contract with America

text: During the first one hundred days of the 104th Congress, the Republicans pledged "to bring to the floor the following [ten] bills, each to be given a full and open debate, each to be given a clear and fair vote, and each to be immediately available for public inspection". The text of the proposed bills was included in the Contract, which was released prior to the election. These bills were not governmental operational reforms, as the previous promises were; rather, they represented significant changes to policy. They mainly included a balanced budget requirement, tax cuts for small businesses, families and seniors, term limits for legislators, social security reform, tort reform, and welfare reform.


title: Contract with America

text: The contract had promised to bring to floor debate and votes 10 bills that would implement major reform of the federal government. When the 104th Congress assembled in January 1995, the Republican majority sought to implement the Contract.


title: Contract with America

text: In some cases (e.g. "The National Security Restoration Act" and "The Personal Responsibility Act"), the proposed bills were accomplished by a single act analogous to that which had been proposed in the Contract; in other cases (e.g. "The Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act"), a proposed bill's provisions were split up across multiple acts. Most of the bills died in the Senate, except as noted below.


title: Contract with America

text: An amendment to the Constitution that would require a balanced budget unless sanctioned by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress (H.J.Res.1, passed by the US House Roll Call: 300-132, January 26, 1995, but rejected by the US Senate: Roll Call 65–35 (the amendment was defeated by a single vote, with one Republican opposed, Oregon Republican Senator Mark Hatfield; Bob Dole cast a procedural vote against the amendment to bring it up again in the future), March 2, 1995, two-thirds required. Legislation (not an amendment) provided the president with a line-item veto (H.R.2, passed by the US House Roll Call: 294–134, February 6, 1995; conferenced with S. 4 and enacted with substantial changes April 9, 1996). The statute was ruled unconstitutional in "Clinton v. City of New York", , , (1998).


title: Contract with America

text: An anti-crime package including stronger truth in sentencing, "good faith" exclusionary rule exemptions (H.R.666 Exclusionary Rule Reform Act, passed US House Roll Call 289–142 February 8, 1995), death penalty provisions (H.R.729 Effective Death Penalty Act, passed US House Roll Call 297–132 February 8, 1995; similar provisions enacted under S. 735 , April 24, 1996), funding prison construction (H.R.667 Violent Criminal Incarceration Act, passed US House Roll Call 265–156 February 10, 1995, rc#117) and additional law enforcement (H.R.728 Local Government Law Enforcement Block Grants Act, passed US House Roll Call 238–192 February 14, 1995).


title: Contract with America

text: An act to discourage illegitimacy and teen pregnancy by reforming and cutting cash welfare and related programs. This would be achieved by prohibiting welfare to mothers under 18 years of age, denying increased Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) for additional children while on welfare, and enacting a two-years-and-out provision with work requirements to promote individual responsibility. H.R.4, "the Family Self-Sufficiency Act", included provisions giving food vouchers to unwed mothers under 18 in lieu of cash AFDC benefits, denying cash AFDC benefits for additional children to people on AFDC, requiring recipients to participate in work programs after 2 years on AFDC, complete termination of AFDC payments after five years, and suspending driver and professional licenses of people who fail to pay child support. H.R.4, passed by the US House 234–199, March 23, 1995, and passed by the US Senate 87–12, September 19, 1995. The Act was vetoed by President Clinton, but the alternative Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act which offered many of the same policies was enacted August 22, 1996.


title: Contract with America

text: An act to create a $500-per-child tax credit, add a tax credit for couples who pay more taxes in aggregate if they are married than if they were single (but keep in place the fiction of Earned Income Splitting), and creation of American Dream Savings Accounts to provide middle-class tax relief. H.R.1215, passed 246–188, April 5, 1995.


title: Contract with America

text: An act to prevent U.S. troops from serving under United Nations command unless the president determines it is necessary for the purposes of national security, to cut U.S. payments for UN peacekeeping operations, and to help establish guidelines for the voluntary integration of former Warsaw Pact nations into NATO. H.R.7, passed 241–181, February 16, 1995.


title: Contract with America

text: An act to institute "loser pays" laws (H.R.988, passed 232–193, March 7, 1995), limits on punitive damages and weakening of product-liability laws to prevent what the bill considered frivolous litigation (H.R.956, passed 265–161, March 10, 1995; passed Senate 61–37, May 11, 1995, vetoed by President Clinton. Another tort reform bill, the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, was enacted in 1995 when Congress overrode Clinton's veto.


title: Contract with America

text: A package of measures to act as small-business incentives: capital-gains cuts and indexation, neutral cost recovery, risk assessment/cost-benefit analysis, strengthening the Regulatory Flexibility Act and unfunded mandate reform to create jobs and raise worker wages. Although this was listed as a single bill in the Contract, its provisions ultimately made it to the House Floor as four bills:


title: Contract with America

text: An amendment to the Constitution that would have imposed 12-year term limits on members of the US Congress (i.e. six terms for Representatives, two terms for Senators). rejected by the U.S. House 227–204 (a constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds majority, not a simple majority), March 29, 1995; RC #277.


title: Contract with America

text: Other sections of the contract include a proposed Family Reinforcement Act (tax incentives for adoption, strengthening the powers of parents in their children's education, stronger child pornography laws, and elderly dependent care tax credit) and the Senior Citizens Fairness Act (raise the Social Security earnings limit, repeal the 1993 tax hikes on Social Security benefits and provide tax incentives for private long-term care insurance).


title: Contract with America

text: A November 13, 2000, article by Edward H. Crane, president of the libertarian Cato Institute, stated, "the combined budgets of the 95 major programs that the Contract with America promised to eliminate have increased by 13%."


title: Contract with America

text: Some observers cite the Contract with America as having helped secure a decisive victory for the Republicans in the 1994 elections; others dispute this role, noting its late introduction into the campaign. Whatever the role of the Contract, Republicans were elected to a majority of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1953, and some parts of the Contract were enacted. Most elements did not pass in Congress, while others were vetoed by, or substantially altered in negotiations with President Bill Clinton, who would sarcastically refer to it as the "Contract on America" implying that the Republicans' legislative package was akin to an organized-crime "hit" on the American public. As a blueprint for the policy of the new Congressional majority, Micklethwait and Wooldridge argue in "The Right Nation" that the Contract placed the Congress firmly back in the driver's seat of domestic government policy for most of the 104th Congress, and placed the Clinton White House firmly on the defensive.


title: Contract with America

text: George Mason University law professor David E. Bernstein has argued that the Contract "show[ed] ... that [Congress took] federalism and limited national government seriously", and "undoubtedly made [the Supreme Court decision in] "United States v. Lopez" more viable".


title: Contract with America

text: Journalist and senior congressional reporter Major Garrett equated the Contract with a game of miniature golf, "fun, popular, and largely diversionary exercise meant to satisfy middle-class sensibilities", contrasted with the golf of governing America and leadership. Republicans interviewed by Garrett when the Contract was being compiled said it was meant to be a political document of easy goals, not a governing document, with one senior aide explaining, "We don't care if the Senate passes any of the items in the contract. It would be preferable, but it's not necessary. If the freshmen do everything the contract says, they'll be in excellent shape for 1996".


title: Contract with America

text: In 2014, business and finance writer John Steele Gordon, writing in "The American", an online magazine published by the American Enterprise Institute, praised the Contract, calling it the main reason for the Republican victory in 1994", in part because it "nationalized the election".


title: Sister Christian

text: "Sister Christian" is a power ballad by the American hard rock band Night Ranger. It was released in March 1984 as the second single from their album "Midnight Madness". It was ranked No. 32 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 1980s. It was written and sung by the band's drummer, Kelly Keagy, for his sister. It was the band's biggest hit, peaking at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and staying on the charts for 24 weeks. It also reached No. 1 in Canada. The song is used in several films, including during the drug deal scene in Paul Thomas Anderson's film "Boogie Nights", in the 2009 reboot of "Friday the 13th", and in the 1999 comedy "Superstar" starring Molly Shannon.


title: Sister Christian

text: The song is about Keagy's little sister, Christy. Keagy wrote the song at his apartment, near Divisadero and California Streets in San Francisco, after he had just returned from a visit to his hometown of Eugene, Oregon. He had been struck by how fast his teenaged sister, 10 years younger than he was, was growing up.


title: Sister Christian

text: "After we started playing it a lot, Jack turned to me and said, 'What exactly are you saying? Keagy recalled. "He thought the words were Sister Christian, instead of Sister Christy, so it just stuck."


title: Sister Christian

text: The lyric, "You're motoring. What's your price for flight? In finding Mr. Right?" is the subject of much debate. The band stated in a VH-1 "Behind the Music" interview that the term "motoring" was synonymous with the term "cruising".


title: Sister Christian

text: On the single version, part of the second chorus is omitted. More specifically, the words "You've got him in your sight. And driving through the night," are omitted from the single version. The third chorus is repeated once on the album version, but never on the single.


title: Sister Christian

text: A newly recorded acoustic version of the song was produced for the band's ninth album, "Hole in the Sun". A medley at the beginning of the movie "Rock of Ages" starts with a cover of this song.


title: Sister Christian

text: "Glee" covered the song in its Season Four premiere episode, "The New Rachel". It was sung by junior student Brody Weston (portrayed by Dean Geyer) in the co-ed bathrooms of NYADA. The poultry company Foster Farms covered the song with singing chickens. Jensen Ackles covered the song at VegasCon 2015 "Salute to Supernatural Las Vegas 2015", with the band Louden Swain, and Rob Benedict.


title: Saran Shakthi

text: Saran Shakthi (born 5 May 1997) is an Indian actor who primarily works in Tamil films. He made his film debut as a child artist in "Kadal" (2013). Saran was a contestant in the television reality show "Survivor Tamil 1" and was announced as the runner-up of the season.


title: Saran Shakthi

text: Saran first appeared in K. Balachander's serial "Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri" aired on Kalaignar TV (2012-2013). His film debut as a child artist is in the movie "Kadal" (2013) directed by Mani Ratnam. He also played child artist in various other films such as "Jilla" (2014)", Rummy" (2014)"," "Sigaram Thodu" (2014), and "Vai Raja Vai" (2015).


title: Saran Shakthi

text: Saran gained recognition and breakthrough for his role as Kanna in "Vada Chennai" (2018). He starred in his first lead role in "Sagaa" (2019), which opened to mixed reviews. Starred alongside Nayanthara in "Netrikann" (2021) a crime thriller. He played a negative role in "Etharkkum Thunindhavan" (2022), and an impactful role in "," his Kannada film debut.


title: Saran Shakthi

text: Saran participated in the TV reality show "Survivor Tamil" (2021) on Zee Tamil and was announced as the runner up of the season.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: Grethe Barrett Holby (born April 26, 1948) is an American theatre producer, stage director, choreographer, and dramaturge best known for her work in opera. Holby is noted as the founder of "American Opera Projects", where she served as Artistic Director from 1988 until 2001. She currently serves as Executive Artistic Director of Family Opera Initiative which she founded in 1995, and Ardea Arts, Inc., which she founded in 2006. The Rockefeller Foundation awarded Holby a 2006 Creative Arts Residency The Bellagio Center.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: Holby was born in New Rochelle, New York, and grew up in Larchmont, New York, the daughter of Aase-Grethe (Hall) and Warren Barrett Holby, a founding partner of Merritt & Holby, a housing development firm. Her mother was Norwegian, and fought for the resistance and the Norwegian government-in-exile during World War II, including saving Jews in Norway. Because of these activities, she was imprisoned at a concentration camp. Her father was of German and English descent.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: Holby attended Interlochen Arts Camp in 1963 and graduated from Mamaroneck High School in 1966. She then enrolled at Bryn Mawr College. Holby later transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she received a Bachelor of Science degree in art and design in 1971. She subsequently earned a Master of Architecture from MIT with a thesis titled, "The Relationship of Theater and Architecture in the Theatrical Experience." She also cross-registered at Harvard to study set design with Franco Colavecchia.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: In 1974, she appeared as a dancer with Laura Dean and Dance Company in New York, Washington, D.C. and Connecticut and two years later as a singer, actor and dancer for the world premiere of Philip Glass and Robert Wilson's "Einstein on the Beach" at the Avignon Festival, touring with the production to Hamburg, Paris, Belgrade, Venice, Brussels, Rotterdam and the Metropolitan Opera House where it was performed in November 1976. Her dance piece, "Beta Hookups" set to Lou Reed's "Metal Machine Music", was performed at Merce Cunningham Studio with Reed himself filming, followed by additional performances of the work at The Kitchen. Her theatre-dance piece titled "Dancers" premiered at the Dance Theater Workshop in 1977, and her four abstracts, "Ode," "String Out," "Steady State Turning" and "Cycles" were performed at The Kitchen in 1979 earning a positive review in "The New York Times", followed by performances of her dance company, Grethe Holby and Dancers, throughout the New York area.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: In the early seventies, Holby worked as Assistant Designer to Franco Colavecchia for opera productions at Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Wexford Festival and on Broadway, where he was set designer for Scott Joplin's "Treemonisha" in 1975. In 1976, Holby began choreographing for opera companies, first with Michigan Opera Theater ("Summer Snow, Regina"), then with Houston Grand Opera, where she was assistant director and choreographer as well as a member the Opera Studio for the 1982/83 season. While in Houston, she served as choreographer under director Jean-Pierre Ponnelle for "Pagliacci", under Götz Friedrich for "Wozzeck" and as Choreographer/Assistant Director to Nathaniel Merrill for "The Tales of Hoffmann" as well as to Peter Mark Shifter for the world premiere of Leonard Berstein's "A Quiet Place" (first presented as a double-bill with "Trouble in Tahiti" and later revised to combine both works). The full version of "A Quiet Place" was presented at La Scala, followed by Washington Opera in 1984 retaining Holby as Assistant Director and Choreographer. She choreographed the 1983 world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's "A Bride from Pluto," and was associate director and choreographer for the 1988 premiere of the Michael Kaye version of Offenbach's "Tales of Hoffmann" (directed by Frank Corsaro and starring Plácido Domingo) at the Los Angeles Music Center Opera.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: She began directing standard opera repertory for numerous opera companies including productions of "Faust" for Opera Company of Philadelphia (broadcast on National Public Television), Opera Memphis and Indianapolis Opera as well as productions for Anchorage Opera ("Rigoletto", "Hansel & Gretel"), Opera Co. of North Carolina, ("La Traviata"), Toledo Opera ("Daughter of the Regiment"), Wolf Trap Opera Company (with her own edition, translation, and production of Haydn’s "The Apothecary"), the world-premiere of Vincent Persichetti's "The Sibyl" with Pennsylvania Opera Theater, Minnesota Opera's "Animalen," by Lars Johan Werle (US premiere), which opened the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts and Lake George Opera's 1986 production of "Carousel". Recently Holby directed the 2007 U.S. premiere of "The True Last Words of Dutch Schultz" by Eric Salzman and Valeria Vasilevski for the Center for Contemporary Opera at New York's Symphony Space. She directed the 2012 world staged premiere of Erik Satie's "Socrate" at The Flea Theater (incorporating John Cage's "Cheap Imitation") presented in a double-bill with Cage's "Europera V".


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: As Founder and Artistic Director of American Opera Projects, Holby was instrumental in commissioning, developing, and directing more than twenty-five new opera works. She directed the premiere productions of "Memoirs of Uliana Rooney" (1996) by Vivian Fine at the Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts, "Hildegurls: Electric Ordo Virtutum" (1998) by Eve Beglarian, Kitty Brazelton, Lisa Bielawa and Elaine Kaplinsky at the Lincoln Center Festival (released on CD by Innova Recordings in 2009), "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (2001) by Richard Peaslee (TADA! & Orlando Shakespeare Co.), and "Fireworks!" (2002) by Brazelton and librettist Billy Aronson (Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, NY).


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: Family Opera Initiative was founded by Holby in 1995 as a program of American Opera Projects to develop opera theater works for multi-generational, family audiences. In 2001, American Opera Projects and Family Opera Initiative separated and Holby left AOP, becoming head of FOI as an independent organization. In 2006, Holby founded Ardea Arts, Inc, a not-for-profit company dedicated to commissioning, developing and producing new American opera and music theater works, at which time Family Opera Initiative became a program under Ardea Arts and a full-company member of Opera America.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: Several AOP works were developed by Holby under the Family Opera Initiative umbrella, including "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," "Fireworks!" and "Flurry Tale". "Animal Tales," a full-length musical-opera in two acts composed by Kitty Brazelton with a libretto by George Plimpton, was developed in workshops at the Atlantic Center for the Arts (Act I, January 2005) and Montclair State University Peak Performances (Act II, July 2006), as well as industry readings/recording at Chelsea Studios/Theatreworks USA (complete work, 2008). Holby originated the work and served as dramaturge and director in workshops. Animal Tales will receive its world concert premiere with the Garden State Philharmonic on March 25, 2017. In 2010 Holby premiered "Cat," a one-act opera-musical by Brazelton and Plimpton (originally part of "Animal Tales") for Family Opera Initiative at the Central Park Zoo in 2010, followed by performances at Infinity Music Hall in CT.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: As of 2016, Holby and Ardea Arts are working on "The Three Astronauts", a space opera based on the children's picture book of the same name by Umberto Eco and Eugenio Carmi. Conceived by Holby in 2007, the work is a major international collaboration between writers and composers from Russia, China, and the United States, including Yusef Komunyakaa, Dmitry Glukhovsky, Liu Sola, Ye Xiaogang, Daniel Everett, Alexander Tchaykovskiy and Holby.


title: Grethe Barrett Holby

text: Holby lives in New York City with her husband, photographer Arthur Elgort. Their children are photographer Sophie Elgort, filmmaker Warren Elgort, and actor and singer Ansel Elgort.


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na Hong-jin (, born 1974) is a South Korean film director, producer and screenwriter. Na has won a multitude of awards with his films and most known for violent thriller and horror characteristics in his films.


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na first became recognised after releasing his first feature film debut titled "The Chaser" (2008) achieving both critical and commercial success, becoming the 3rd most selling film in Korea in 2008 and winning many awards such as Best film and director of the 45th Grand Bell Awards, Best film of the 7th Korean Film Awards as well as Best new director for many more. Na’s 2nd film "The Yellow Sea" (2010) was screened under the Un Certain Regard section at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and received positive critical reviews on Metacritic. "The Wailing" (2016) is the next and most recent film that Na has directed which achieved both critical and commercial success, as well as accumulating a bounty of film awards such as the Best director of the 37th Blue Dragon Film Awards, the Bucheon International Film Festival award, and many more. Na worked on the Thai horror mockumentary "The Medium" (2021) as the writer and producer.


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na Hong-jin graduated Hanyang University ERICA Campus Department of Crafts studying industrial arts and first entered started in the advertisement industry until he decided to pursue his dream as a film maker and then enrolled the Korea national University of Arts and Media.


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na began in making short films before he would go on to make his large feature films. Na first debut short film was titled "5 Minutes (2003)". It was only until his 2nd short film where Na started to gain some recognition; with the release of his short film "A Perfect Red Snapper Dish" (2005), Na managed to win best film in The Extreme Nightmare section at the Mise-en-scène Short Film Festival. He would then go on to make his third short film, "Sweat" (2007) that would win the best short film director prize at the Grand Bell Awards and jury prize from the Bucheon International Film Festival awards.


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na’s first feature and debut film was titled "The Chaser" (2008) that was met with critical acclaim as well as commercial success. "The Chaser" became one of the most watched films in Korea, peaking at third best selling films of 2008. The film was also screened at the Cannes Film Festival where reviewers hailed it as an “instant classic” in Korean thrillers and took home many awards such as the 16th Chunsa Film Art Awards for best director and screenplay. "The Yellow Sea" was released and entailed a more ambitious vision from Na. "The Yellow Sea" became the first Korean film to ever have a Hollywood studio collaboration, with the 20th Century Fox studio. Na’s second film achieved positive reviews but “lacking” compared to "The Chaser". The film was invited to screen in the Un Certain Regard of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. The follow up to "The Yellow Sea" was Na’s critically acclaimed third feature film, "The Wailing". The film encompasses a deeper and weave of a combination of many themes such as religion, perception, comedy, and horror. "The Wailing" succeeded commercially and critically, again winning Na many film wards such as best director of the 37th Blue Dragon Film Awards, Best of Bucheon award at the Bucheon international fantastic film festival, the top film of the year of the 36th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards, and many more. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and was shortly released onto streaming services.


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na teamed up with Thai director Banjong Pisanthanakun, most known for the films "Shutter" (2004) and "Alone" (2007). Na acted as the producer and screenwriter for the Pisanthanakun's "The Medium", a supernatural horror film mockumentary. The film premiered at the 25th Bucheon international fantastic film festival on 11 July 2021. When writing the story, Na explained in an interview that "The Medium" was initially a sequel to "The Wailing" with Hwang Jung-min’s shaman character. However this rendition did not come to light, as quoted by Na himself, “The Medium has no relation to The Wailing.”


title: Na Hong-jin

text: Na has claimed to have written many scripts during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. In an interview, Na has described his working flow best summed in his own words, “Whenever I finish a film, I don’t want to go anywhere near another one.” Which words have echoed throughout his slow release of films despite being in the film industry for over 15 years and 3 films to his name.


title: Syndactyly

text: Syndactyly is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, such as the siamang and diprotodontia, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is from Greek σύν, "syn" 'together' and δάκτυλος, "daktulos" 'finger'.


title: Syndactyly

text: Complex syndactyly occurs as part of a syndrome (such as Apert syndrome) and typically involves more digits than simple syndactyly.


title: Syndactyly

text: Fenestrated syndactyly, also known as acrosyndactyly or terminal syndactyly, means the skin is joined for most of the digit but in a proximal area there are gaps in the syndactyly with normal skin. This type of syndactyly is found in amniotic band syndrome.


title: Syndactyly

text: Simple syndactyly can be full or partial, and is present at birth (congenital). In early human fetal development, webbing (syndactyly) of the toes and fingers is normal. At about 6 weeks of gestation, apoptosis takes place due to a protein named sonic hedgehog, also known as SHH, which dissolves the tissue between the fingers and toes, and the webbing disappears. In some fetuses, this process does not occur completely between all fingers or toes and some residual webbing remains.


title: Syndactyly

text: Five types of syndactyly have been identified in humans. The corresponding loci associated with these types and their common phenotypical expression are as follows:


title: Syndactyly

text: Syndactyly of the border digits (thumb/index finger or ring/small fingers) is treated at early age to prevent the larger digit from curving towards the smaller digit with growth. Typically, syndactyly of these digits is treated at six months of age. The treatment of syndactyly of the other digits is elective and is more commonly performed when the digits have grown, at 18–24 months of age.


title: Syndactyly

text: Because the circumference of the conjoined fingers is smaller than the circumference of the two separated fingers, there is not enough skin to cover both digits once they are separated at the time of surgery. Therefore, the surgeon must bring new skin into the area at the time of surgery. This is most commonly done with a skin graft (from groin or anterior elbow). Skin can also be used from the back of the hand by mobilizing it (called a "graftless" syndactyly correction), which requires planning over a period of months prior to surgery.


title: Syndactyly

text: The most common problem with syndactyly correction is creeping of the skin towards the fingertip over time. This is likely due to tension at the site of the repair between the digits. Additional surgery may be required to correct this. One critique of using skin grafts is that the grafts darken in the years after surgery and become more noticeable. Also, if the skin grafts are harvested from the groin area, the skin may grow hair. Finally, the fingers may deviate after surgery. This is most commonly seen in complex syndactyly (when there has been a bone joining of the fingers).


title: Syndactyly

text: The earliest appreciation of syndactyly as a birth anomaly or burn-trauma can be traced back to the Andalusian Muslim surgeon Al-Zahrawi (d. 1013 CE), known in the West as Abulcasis. The French barber surgeon Ambroise Paré also described syndactyly in the sixteenth century.


title: Chorus (video game)

text: Chorus (stylized as CHORVS) is a space combat video game developed by Fishlabs and published by Deep Silver. The game was released on December 3, 2021 for Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Stadia, Luna, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S.


title: Chorus (video game)

text: "Chorus" is a space combat video game played from a third-person perspective. The game's protagonist, Nara, pilots a sentient starcraft known as "Forsaken". "Forsaken" can be armed with a variety of weapons such as missile launchers, gatling guns and laser cannons. "Forsaken" also has three slots for mods, which can be used to alter the ship's performance in combat. The game is set in an open world, and the players can complete various optional quests. As Nara explores the world, she will encounter various ancient temples. Upon exploring these temples and solving puzzles, Nara will gain aether powers that grant her new combat abilities. For instance, the "Rite of the Hunt" ability allows "Forsaken" to warp directly behind enemies.


title: Chorus (video game)

text: Nara, a top pilot with a checkered past, and her sentient starfighter "Forsaken" must work together to defeat the Circle, an oppressive cult led by the Great Prophet who seeks to dominate the whole universe.


title: Chorus (video game)

text: "Chorus" was developed by Fishlabs, which is most known for developing the "Galaxy on Fire" series for mobile devices. Development of the game commenced in 2017. The game was announced on May 7, 2020 during Microsoft's Xbox 20/20 event.


title: Chorus (video game)

text: "Chorus" received "generally favorable" reviews for PC and Xbox Series X/S, and "mixed or average" reviews for PlayStation 5.


title: Chorus (video game)

text: Jon Bailes of "GamesRadar+" wrote that the game "conjured the feel of a good Star Wars scene," praising its ship designs, space battles, controls, and special powers while criticizing the bland story and bad bosses. Dan Stapleton of "IGN" praised the game's scenery and dogfights while calling the story "respectable even though it threatens to drown you in lore." Ollie Reynolds of "Push Square" praised the slick combat, DualSense feedback, side missions and accessibility options while criticizing the poor dialogue, low framerate, and in-game map.


title: Ennis House

text: The Ennis House is a residential dwelling in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States, south of Griffith Park. The home was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for Charles and Mabel Ennis in 1923 and was built in 1924.


title: Ennis House

text: Following "La Miniatura" in Pasadena, and the Storer and Freeman Houses in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, the structure is the fourth and largest of Wright's textile block designs, constructed primarily of interlocking pre-cast concrete blocks, in the northern Los Angeles area.


title: Ennis House

text: The design is based on ancient Maya temples, and along with other buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright, such as the A. D. German Warehouse in Wisconsin and Aline Barnsdall Hollyhock House in Hollywood, the Ennis House is sometimes referred to as an example of the Mayan Revival architecture. Its prominent detail is the relief ornamentation on its 27,000 perforated and patterned decomposed granite blocks, inspired by the symmetrical reliefs of Puuc architecture in Uxmal.


title: Ennis House

text: The Ennis House is a designated city, state, and national landmark. From 2011 until 2019, it was owned by billionaire Ronald Burkle, during which time significant repairs and renovations were made. The house sold for US$18 million in 2019 to couple Robert Rosenheck and Cindy Capobianco, cannabis industry professionals and philanthropists.


title: Ennis House

text: The house consists of two buildings, the main house and a smaller chauffeur's apartment/garage, separated by a paved courtyard. Unlike the vertical orientation of the other three block houses, the Ennis House has a long horizontal loggia spine on the northern side, connecting public and private rooms to the south, and is very large at . The kitchen, pantry, guest room, dining room, living room, master bathroom and bedroom, upper terrace, and second bathroom and bedroom are at the eastern and lower end of the main building.


title: Ennis House

text: Construction difficulties brought up costs. Initially supervised by Frank Lloyd Wright's son Lloyd Wright, the owners took over construction supervision after the superstructure reached the windows. They carried out various changes, deviating from Wright's original design.


title: Ennis House

text: In 1940, the house was sold to media personality John Nesbitt, who had Wright add a pool on the north terrace, a billiard room on the ground floor, and a heating system.


title: Ennis House

text: Although originally and currently known as the Ennis House, the building was long known as the Ennis-Brown House, which became its name in 1980 — in appreciation of its donation to the Trust for Preservation of Cultural Heritage by Augustus O. Brown, the eighth owner of the house (1968–1980). In August 2005, the house was returned to its original name, and the Trust for Preservation of Cultural Heritage was renamed the Ennis House Foundation.


title: Ennis House

text: It was during the long ownership by the Foundation from 1980 to 2011 that the house was used as a filming location, establishing it as one of the most famous houses in Los Angeles.


title: Ennis House

text: On June 19, 2009, the Ennis House Foundation announced that the house was being offered for sale with an asking price of US$15 million. Finding no buyers in a down economy, the price was steadily reduced, until it was sold to business executive Ron Burkle for just under $4.5 million on July 14, 2011. A condition of the sale is an easement that allows public viewing 12 days per year, a condition binding on subsequent buyers. By December 2018, it was listed for sale at $23 million. In 2019, Burkle sold the house for $18 million.


title: Ennis House

text: Even before its completion the Ennis House was marked by structural instability. Concrete blocks had cracked and lower sections of the walls buckled under tension. The use of decomposed granite from the site to color the textile blocks introduced natural impurities to the concrete mix, and combined with air pollution caused premature decay. Attempts to apply a protective coating caused additional problems.


title: Ennis House

text: More damage occurred due to the 1994 Northridge earthquake and the record precipitation during the 2004–2005 rainy season. The Ennis House Foundation had estimated that it could cost US$5 million just to stabilize the building, and US$15 million for full restoration. After the rains the building was briefly red-tagged as "no entry" but was down graded to yellow- for limited entry by late 2005. At that point significant damage to the retaining wall at the southern rear of the building remained. In 2005 the house was added to the National Trust for Historic Preservation's list of the "11 Most Endangered Historic Places".


title: Ennis House

text: In 2006 a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) grant was issued, as well as a US$4.5 million construction loan through First Republic Bank, which restarted restoration efforts. The project included a new structural support system, restoration or replacement of damaged blocks, restoration of windows, and a new roof. Restoration work was completed in 2007 at a cost of nearly US$6.4 million. No announcement was made regarding access by the public and the Ennis House remains closed to public visitors.


title: Ennis House

text: Although used as a shooting location as early as 1933 ("Female"), the house first acquired morbid fame providing the exterior facade for "House on Haunted Hill", a 1959 B movie. The 1975 film "The Day of the Locust" made extensive use of the house as a private residence, but it was in 1982's "Blade Runner" that the house gained a popularity of its own among moviegoers; only the main character's arrival at the motor court was actually shot at the Ennis House, but casts were taken of the textile blocks and these were used to construct interior sets on soundstages. Its exterior also appears as "The Mansion" occupied by Angelus, Spike, and Drusilla in the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".


title: Ennis House

text: Sections of the cathedral reminiscent interior, especially the elevated dining room and fireplace, have appeared in over a dozen films including "The Karate Kid Part III" revealing the view of downtown Los Angeles, "Black Rain", "The Glimmer Man", "The Replacement Killers", "Rush Hour" substituting for a floor of a Hong Kong skyscraper, and "The Thirteenth Floor".


title: Ennis House

text: The house has also been used as a location for commercials, fashion magazine shoots and music videos, including 3T's "Why" featuring Michael Jackson. S Club 7's video for the single "Have You Ever" shows the band members living an everyday life in the house and Ricky Martin music video song "Vuelve".


title: Ennis House

text: Impressed by the house, filmmakers either recreated original elements of the Ennis House on sound stage sets or vaguely imitated these as in "Predator 2" and several episodes of "". After shooting the exterior scene on location for "Blade Runner", the interior of Deckard's apartment was created at Warner Brothers. In the case of "The Rocketeer", sections of the Ennis House were recreated in detail, including the patterned art glass, on a studio set. "The Rocketeer" went as far as adding an upper floor. On a smaller scale, tile casts of the block relief ornamentation were used for the Club Silencio doorframe in "Mulholland Drive". David Lynch used the interiors of Ennis House for a few segments of the show "Twin Peaks" in which the soap opera show-within-a-show called "Invitation to Love". The house has also appeared in episodes of HBO's television update of "Westworld" and the 2019 mini-series "I Am the Night".


title: Ennis House

text: A cartoon representation is featured in "South Park" as the base of a Chinese gang in the episode "Wing", satirizing the popular association of the Ennis House with criminal and/or Asian characters in films.


title: Ennis House

text: Because the house is situated in a densely populated neighborhood, tensions have arisen over the years in regard to film production crews, as well as the streams of tourists and restoration construction workers.


title: Ennis House

text: A film documenting the house, called "The Ennis House", was shot in hi definition digital 3D by film maker Tom Koester. It covers the construction (briefly), a grand tour of the house (closed to the public), and the damage stemming from the 1994 earthquake and the subsequent restoration and repair prior to the sale of the house to its current private owner. An early cut of the film premiered at the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy Conference in Chicago, October 2007, but has had few public showings. It is available on DVD in both 2D and 3D versions.


title: Ennis House

text: The Ennis House was also featured in the Thirty Seconds to Mars documentary ‘’ARTIFACT’’, where part of their album "THIS IS WAR" was recorded.


title: Ennis House

text: The house was included as one of the top ten houses of all time in Los Angeles Times, in a survey of experts in December 2008, and is listed on the Department of the Interior, National Register of Historic Places, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation list of Endangered Historic Places, and is a designated California Historical Landmark, and a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.


title: Harry Whittington

text: Harry M. Whittington (born March 3, 1927) is an American lawyer, real estate investor, and political figure. He received international media attention following an incident on February 11, 2006, when he was accidentally shot in the face, neck, and torso by then-Vice President Dick Cheney while hunting quail with two women on a ranch in Kenedy County, Texas, near Corpus Christi.


title: Harry Whittington

text: Over the years, he has been appointed to several committees and commissions, including the Office of Patient Protection Executive Committee (a committee formed by the governor of Texas to ensure the rights of patients), the Texas Public Finance Authority Board, and the Texas Department of Corrections. In the 1980s, as an appointee of Gov. Bill Clements, he was instrumental in bringing about reforms necessary for Texas to comply with a federal court order that found the state's treatment of its prisoners unconstitutional. Whittington was named presiding officer of the Texas Funeral Service Commission after a major shakeup of the agency in 1999. He was appointed by then-Texas Governor George W. Bush and re-appointed in 2002 by Governor Rick Perry.


title: Harry Whittington

text: In 2000, Whittington began fighting a legal case involving the eminent domain seizure of a city block of property he owned in Austin. In 2013, after various court proceedings, a Texas district court awarded the title of the property to the city of Austin and ordered the city to pay Whittington $10,500,000 in compensation for the property.


title: Harry Whittington

text: On February 11, 2006, Whittington was accidentally shot by then-United States vice president Dick Cheney during a quail hunting trip, at a ranch in south Texas. Most of the damage from the shotgun blast was to the right side of his body, including damage to his face, neck, and chest; causing a collapsed lung. He was taken to Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital by ambulance and put into intensive care. The accident was not announced in the news media until the White House confirmed the incident to the "Corpus Christi Caller-Times" approximately 12 hours after the incident.


title: Harry Whittington

text: On February 14, some of the lead birdshot lodged in Whittington's heart caused a minor heart attack. Doctors did not remove all the pellets from Whittington's body. They estimated that there were "less than 150 or 200" pellets lodged in his body immediately after the shooting, and about 30 pieces of shot were expected to remain inside him for the rest of his life. On February 17, Whittington made a public statement: "We all assume certain risks in whatever we do. Whatever activities we pursue and regardless of how experienced, careful and dedicated we are, accidents do and will happen." After being released from the hospital, he issued the following statement: "My family and I are deeply sorry for all that Vice President Cheney and his family have had to go through this week."


title: Harry Whittington

text: Following the incident, Whittington returned to private life and refused many media offers for interviews. In an October 2010 issue of "The Washington Post", he broke his silence about the shooting. Whittington told the paper that although many media outlets had described Cheney and him as "good friends", the pair had only met one another three times in 30 years, and had never been hunting before. The "Washington Post" article also said that Cheney had violated "two basic rules of hunting safety": he failed to ensure that he had a clear shot before firing, and fired without being able to see blue sky beneath his target. The paper also reported that Cheney has still neither publicly nor privately apologized to Whittington for the shooting.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Timothy Leif "T. J." Oshie (born December 23, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the St. Louis Blues in the first round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, as the 24th overall pick. He then spent the first seven years of his NHL career with the Blues before being traded to the Washington Capitals in 2015. Oshie won the Stanley Cup as a member of the Capitals in 2018.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie is widely considered a shootout specialist in the NHL and is one of the top career leaders in goals scored and scoring percentage since the league adopted shootouts in overtime for the 2005–06 season.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Born in Mount Vernon, Washington, Oshie was raised in Everett, north of Seattle, and was on ice at age five in the Seattle Junior Hockey Association, where he played for ten years. Following his parents' amicable divorce, he lived in Stanwood with his mother Tina and attended Stanwood High School for his freshman year. In 2002, Oshie moved to Warroad, Minnesota, where his parents were originally from, and lived with his father, Tim, and his father's cousin.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: He attended Warroad High School, where he was a star player on the hockey team for three seasons, leading the club to two Minnesota State Class A titles in 2003 and 2005. He made the state's All-Tournament Team all three years. With 100 points (37 goals and 63 assists) in 31 games as a senior, he led all Minnesota high school players in scoring, subsequently being named to the 2005 Associated Press and Pioneer Press All-State First Team and finishing as a Minnesota Mr. Hockey Finalist.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: At the completion of his senior season with the Warriors in 2004–05, he attended the University of North Dakota, where he played for the Fighting Sioux.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie started his career in the greater Seattle area, playing for Seattle Junior Hockey Association. Then moved to Warroad, Minnesota when he was in bantam. Following his draft, Oshie played for the University of North Dakota men's ice hockey team in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) for three seasons. Scoring a team-leading 24 goals as a freshman, he added 21 assists for 45 points total. He also set a school record with nine game-winning goals in the season, which also led all NCAA players. At the end of his debut season, he was named to the WCHA All-Rookie Team and the WCHA Final Five All-Tournament Team.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: In his sophomore year, Oshie improved to 52 points (17 goals and 35 assists), ranking second in team scoring. He earned Third Team All-WCHA and received the Fighting Sioux's Cliff "Fido" Purpur Award, given to the player who demonstrates hard work and determination while generating excitement on the ice. Following North Dakota's WCHA playoff run, Oshie led all players with eight points (four goals and four assists) in the 2006 NCAA Tournament, earning NCAA West All-Tournament honors. He played his last season with North Dakota as a junior, recording 45 points in 42 games.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: On May 13, 2008, Oshie opted to forgo his senior season at North Dakota and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He scored his first career NHL goal on October 22, 2008, against the Detroit Red Wings. Oshie quickly became a fan favorite due to his fast and energetic style of play. Playing in 57 games, he scored 14 goals and 25 assists for 39 points during his rookie year. At the end of the season, he won the NHL's 2008–09 "Goal of the Year" honors, a fan-voted contest on the NHL's website.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie broke his ankle in a fight with Samuel Påhlsson during a blowout loss against the Columbus Blue Jackets early in the 2010–11 season, missing three months due to the injury.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: On July 2, 2015, Oshie was traded by the Blues to the Washington Capitals in exchange for Troy Brouwer, Pheonix Copley and a third-round draft pick in 2016. Oshie wears number 77 for the Capitals, as his previous number 74 is currently worn by Capitals defenseman John Carlson.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie had a successful first season with the Capitals, often finding himself playing on the Capitals' top line with Alexander Ovechkin and Nicklas Bäckström. Oshie finished the season with a career high 26 goals, helping the team win their second Presidents' Trophy. During Game 1 of the Capitals' second round series against the Pittsburgh Penguins, Oshie scored a hat trick, the third goal of which came in overtime, giving the Capitals a 4–3 win. Despite this, the Capitals would lose the series in six games. In 2016-17, Oshie would further extend his career-high in goals to 33 en route to a second consecutive President’s Trophy for the Capitals.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: On June 23, 2017, Oshie signed an eight-year, $46 million contract with an annual average of $5.75 million to remain with the Capitals.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie saw his production drop to 18 goals and 47 points in 72 games in 2017-18, but would play a crucial role in the Capitals 2018 Stanley Cup victory, scoring 8 goals (including 6 on the powerplay) and 21 points in 24 playoff games. On June 7, 2018, the Capitals defeated the first-year expansion Vegas Golden Knights in Game 5 of the 2018 Stanley Cup Final for their first Stanley Cup in franchise history. He is one of only 43 players to ever have 6 or more power play goals in a single playoffs.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: In a November 7, 2018, game against the Penguins, Oshie was injured twice on the ice and came back to score the winning goal with 1:14 minutes left in the game. Oshie was sent to the training room twice, the first time requiring two stitches to a cut near his left eye created by an opponent's stick. He then took an shoulder check to the head from Evgeni Malkin. On November 14, in a 3–1 loss to the Winnipeg Jets, Oshie suffered a possible concussion when he was slammed down by the Jets' defenseman Josh Morrissey, who was later fined for unsportsmanlike conduct. Oshie has four reported concussions in his NHL career. After missing 11 games, he returned for a December 11, 2018 home game against the Detroit Red Wings, scoring a goal in the 6-2 Caps win.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: On April 18, 2019, during Game 4 of the First Round series between the Capitals and the Carolina Hurricanes, Oshie was severely injured after being cross-checked into the boards by Hurricanes forward Warren Foegele. Later tests revealed the injury to be a broken collarbone, and Oshie was ruled out indefinitely. Oshie ultimately missed the remainder of the series, which the Capitals lost in 7 games.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: On January 11, 2020, Oshie was voted into the 2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game along with Mitch Marner, Quinn Hughes, and David Perron. That season he led all Eastern Conference players with a 20.8% shooting percentage and 13 power play goals.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie represented the United States at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Vancouver. Following the Blues' elimination in the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, he received his first senior national team callup for the 2009 IIHF World Championship, also competing in the 2010 Championship, scoring four goals and two assists in six games. In 2012, he was the last addition of the American roster after the Blues were eliminated in the second round of the 2012 playoffs.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: On January 1, 2014, Oshie was named to the American roster for the 2014 Winter Olympics, along with Blues teammates David Backes and Kevin Shattenkirk. Oshie was a player on the "bubble," as he was one of several American-born players being considered for one of Team USA's final roster spots. Oshie was eventually chosen in large part due to his high success rate in shootouts. On February 15, in a preliminary-round game against Russia, Oshie was repeatedly selected by Team USA Head Coach Dan Bylsma to participate in a shootout that ultimately resulted in a 3–2 American victory. Oshie was the first of three shooters to face goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky in the shootout, followed by teammates James van Riemsdyk and Joe Pavelski. After the score remained tied after the first three rounds, international rules stipulated that coaches could re-use players as often as desired. Oshie was subsequently tabbed by Bylsma five consecutive times, ultimately converting four of six shot attempts, including the shootout-winner in the eighth round.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Barry Trotz, former coach of the Washington Capitals, describes Oshie in this way: "Osh is a hockey player. Obviously, he brings energy and he does all of those things, but in simplest terms, he loves playing. He enjoys being around the guys all of the time. He enjoys the battles, he enjoys the competition, and he does it with a smile on his face, you know?" Oshie himself hopes his approach to ice hockey inspires others: "I think you’ve just got to enjoy the competition in playoffs. I think it’s the most fun part of our sport is when everyone’s giving their best and it’s you versus another guy. Sometimes, it’s not always the skill. It’s just the will to win a battle, and I don’t know, for some reason, that gets me going. That gets me excited. When I play that way, I hope it can be somewhat of an inspiration to some of the younger guys or just even the other guys that are able to see it."


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie has three siblings, a brother Taylor and two sisters, Tawni and Aleah Oshie. He attended the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks for three years, majoring in general studies. His first cousin, Gary Sargent, and second cousin, Henry Boucha, played in the NHL.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: According to a 2009 interview, the nickname "T. J." was given to him by his mother after she saw the film "The Champ", because Oshie reminded her of the main character's son, who is named T. J. Flynn.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: In January 2007, Oshie and former North Dakota teammate Jonathan Toews received alcohol-related citations for being minors in a Grand Forks, North Dakota, tavern. Oshie and Toews pleaded guilty to the charges. The two were later placed on probation and ordered to perform community service.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie and his wife Lauren Cosgrove Oshie have two daughters, and one son. The family resides in McLean, Virginia. Their first-born daughter had been born with gastroschisis, for which she required surgery.


title: T. J. Oshie

text: Oshie's father, Tim, suffered from Alzheimer's disease. Tim passed away on May 4, 2021, at the age of 56.


title: Parzival

text: Parzival is a medieval romance by the knight-poet Wolfram von Eschenbach in Middle High German. The poem, commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century, centers on the Arthurian hero Parzival (Percival in English) and his long quest for the Holy Grail following his initial failure to achieve it.


title: Parzival

text: "Parzival" begins with the knightly adventures of Parzival's father, Gahmuret, his marriage to Herzeloyde (, "heart's sorrow"), and the birth of Parzival. The story continues as Parzival meets three elegant knights, decides to seek King Arthur, and continues a spiritual and physical search for the Grail. A long section is devoted to Parzival's friend Gawan and his adventures defending himself from a false murder charge and winning the hand of the maiden Orgeluse. Among the most striking elements of the work are its emphasis on the importance of humility, compassion, sympathy and the quest for spirituality. A major theme in "Parzival" is love: heroic acts of chivalry are inspired by true love, which is ultimately fulfilled in marriage.


title: Parzival

text: Regarded as one of the masterpieces of the Middle Ages, the romance was the most popular vernacular verse narrative in medieval Germany, and continues to be read and translated into modern languages around the world. Wolfram began a prequel, "Titurel", which was later continued by another writer, while two full romances were written adapting Wolfram's story of Loherangrin. Richard Wagner based his famous opera "Parsifal", finished in 1882, on "Parzival".


title: Parzival

text: "Parzival" is divided into sixteen books, each composed of several thirty-line stanzas of rhyming couplets. The stanza lengths fit perfectly onto a manuscript page. For the subject matter, Wolfram von Eschenbach largely adapted the Grail romance, "Perceval, the Story of the Grail", left incomplete by Chrétien de Troyes. Wolfram claimed that a certain Kyot the Provençal supplied additional material drawn from Arabic and Angevin sources, but most scholars now consider Kyot to be Wolfram's invention and part of the fictional narrative.


title: Parzival

text: Book I opens with the death of King Gandin, Parzival's grandfather. His oldest son, Galoes, receives the kingdom but offers his brother Gahmuret the land of Anjou in fief. However, Gahmuret departs to gain renown. He travels to the African kingdom of Zazamanc, whose capital is besieged by two different armies. Gahmuret offers his services to the city, and his offer is accepted by Queen Belacane. He conquers the invaders, marries Queen Belacane, and becomes king of Zazamanc and Azagouc. Growing bored with peace, Gahmuret steals away on a ship, abandoning his pregnant wife. Belacane later gives birth to a son, Feirefiz (whose skin is mottled black and white).


title: Parzival

text: In Book II, Gahmuret returns to the West, where he meets and marries Queen Herzeloyde. Ever restless, however, he soon returns to fight for the Baruch in the Far East, where he is later killed by a treacherous acquaintance.


title: Parzival

text: Book III tells of how the pregnant Herzeloyde, grief-stricken at her husband's death, retires to a secluded forest dwelling and vows to protect her new child, Parzival, from the ways of knighthood at all costs by raising him entirely ignorant of chivalry and the ways of men. His seclusion is shattered by three knights passing who tell him of King Arthur's court at Camelot. Enamored, he decides to go join Arthur's court. His mother is heartbroken at the news of his decision but allows him to depart, dressing him in fool's garments in the hopes that the knights will refuse to take him in. Soon after his departure she dies, utterly bereft.


title: Parzival

text: The first part of the journey takes place completely in the world of King Arthur, where the colourful and strange appearance of Parzival awakens the interest of the court. After becoming entangled in courtly intrigue between Duke Orilus and his wife Jeschute, he meets his cousin Sigune who reveals to him his true name. Parzival also fights and kills Ither, the red knight of Kukumerlant. Putting on the red knight's armor, he rides away from the court and meets Gurnemanz, from whom he learns the duties of a knight, especially self-control and moderation. Gurnemanz also advises him to avoid impudent curiosity.


title: Parzival

text: In Book IV, Parzival meets and falls in love with Queen Condwiramurs. She has inherited her father's realm, but lost much of it to an enemy king who has besieged her town. Parzival uses his newfound chivalric skills to restore her land. They marry, but he leaves soon afterwards to seek news of his mother.


title: Parzival

text: In Book V, he arrives at the castle of the Grail. He does not ask his host, Anfortas, about his mysterious wound, however, or about the magical objects paraded before him, remembering Gurnemanz's advice to not be too curious. The next morning Parzival finds himself completely alone in a deserted castle, leading him to speculate that his experiences of the previous night were an illusion conjured by malevolent spirits to snare him.


title: Parzival

text: Parzival returns to the world of Arthur and again meets Sigune, who tells him of how he should have asked the lord of the castle a question, but does not specify. She then vows to never speak to him again. He also meets Jeschute again, who was unwittingly humiliated by him the last time, and defeats Orilus in single combat. Eventually Parzival renews the marriage of Jeschute and Orilus.


title: Parzival

text: Parzival returns in Book VI as a perfect potential member of the Round Table to King Arthur. But during a festive meal, Cundrie, messenger of the Grail, appears, curses Parzival in the name of the Grail and claims that Parzival had lost his honour. Parzival immediately leaves the court even though he is not able to understand his guilt.


title: Parzival

text: Gawan takes over as the central figure of Books VII to VIII as he tries to clear his name of a false charge of murder.


title: Parzival

text: In Book IX, we learn that Parzival fights for the good but suffers from his alienation from God. After nearly five years of wandering and fighting, from combat he gains a new horse, owned by a Grail knight, and this horse leads him one Good Friday to Trevrizent to whom he introduces himself as a penitent sinner. He stays with this holy man for fourteen days and learns about the hidden meaning of life and the true meaning of the Grail, and also is informed that his mother is the sister of the Grail King. He makes a step towards a life of spiritual understanding. Through his loneliness and through his yearning for the Grail and for Condwiramurs he puts himself outside the world of Arthur. He is called to another world, that of the Grail.


title: Parzival

text: In Book XV, Parzival fights with a knight who is the first to seem more adept than he. Parzival's sword breaks but, instead of slaying him, the other knight sees no honor in such a feat and both retire to the grass. There they learn that they share the same father. "I was against my own self," says Parzival to Feirefiz, his brother from afar. Again Cundrie appears and proclaims now that Parzival's name has appeared on the Grail, marking him as the new Grail King.


title: Parzival

text: During his journey to the Grail in Book XVI, Parzival reunites with his wife and takes Feirefiz as a companion. Feirefiz cannot see the Grail, but he can see the Grail maiden and promptly falls in love with her.


title: Parzival

text: Some details of the romance have inspired controversy, partly because the narrative is interspersed with humorous anecdotes by Wolfram. It is not clear whether many of the claims he makes are intended to be taken as fact or as jest.


title: Parzival

text: For example, in one passage he claims to be totally illiterate: whether the original poem was composed as part of an oral tradition or as a written work is a subject of debate among scholars. Wolfram also claimed that a lost Arabic manuscript by a descendant of Solomon was discovered by a certain Kyot. Although the claims of Wolfram's narrator about this source may be dubious, some critics have maintained that the knowledge about the Orient that is shown throughout the text suggests he may well have worked from at least one Oriental source.


title: Parzival

text: The place of women in medieval German literature was in general an exalted one, and Wolfram as an author reflects this by making womanhood an ideal for his characters. Characters such as Herzeloyde, Sigune and Condwiramurs are not only intimately involved in Parzival's search, but also closely related to the Grail itself.


title: Parzival

text: The character of Herzeloyde, Parzival's mother, is a virtuous woman. With a selfless devotion and the humility that is another vital attribute to the Grail King and as a descendant of the Grail family, she makes both the conscious and unconscious choice to guide Parzival on the quest to take his fated place as next in the lineage. Her advice is interpreted in the context of his finding both love and God as guidance towards better being prepared to take on the Grail.


title: Parzival

text: The womanly kinship of Sigune is the next guide that Parzival encounters. Her appearance (at three times in the tale) is essential and occurs on each occasion at a significant stage in his progress, at a point when he is in urgent need of some kind of guidance. Her first contribution is to give Parzival his identity, an essential detail that his mother was not able to impart. She directs him to Arthur's Court, and in doing so starts him off on the quest. In their second meeting, she scolds him for failing to understand the nature of his quest and goal, ultimately pushing him to the atonement needed to fully grasp his duty as Grail King. Thirdly, the last meeting of Parzival and Sigune is one of quiet recognition, her life a prayer in itself that anticipates the same state for Parzival.


title: Parzival

text: The last woman for Parzival is his wife, Condwiramurs. Her role lies in the "love of a devoted wife". She is interesting in that her vitality lies in what she is, rather than her specific guidance to Parzival. When Parzival must recognize his inability to possess her, he leaves her and does not return. Her symbolic significance allows her character to be a guide in terms of the readiness of Parzival. Ultimately, both the Grail and Condwiramurs combine to form Parzival's goal. She spurs him on his quest, and like the Grail itself, is an inspiration and reward. In the end, her guidance is best represented by her name on the Grail as well as Parzival's.


title: Parzival

text: Wolfram followed "Parzival" with the fragmentary romance "Titurel", which serves as a prologue. This poem was continued by a later poet known as Albrecht. Wolfram's story of Loherangrin was expanded into two full romances, "Lohengrin" and "Lorengel", and later German writers often referenced "Parzival" in their works.


title: Parzival

text: Ludwig II of Bavaria was inspired by the poem, and Singers' Hall in his castle is decorated with tapestries and paintings depicting the story. He was also patron to the composer Richard Wagner and encouraged him to create the opera "Parsifal" based on the romance. He then commissioned eight private performances of the work.


title: Parzival

text: There are numerous translations of Wolfram's epic from Middle High German to New High German—both in verse (especially during the 19th century) and prose. A disadvantage of the older, rhyming translations in verse form is that they inevitably deviate from both the language and meaning of the original in order to fit the form. Alternatively, prose adaptions can more precisely communicate the original meaning, but as a result omit the original linguistic power and virtuosity of the text. With this in mind, two newer versions (the prose translation by Peter Knecht and the unrhymed verse translation by Dieter Kühn) are both considered successful approximations of the meaning, style, and linguistic particularities of the original.


title: Parzival

text: There are three works that accurately represent adaptions of the original material in three epochs of German literature: "Der Parcival" (1831/1832) by Friedrich de la Motte Fouquè for Romanticism, "Das Spiel vomfragen / Die Reise zum Sonoren Land" (1989) by Peter Handke for modernism, and "Der Rote Ritter" (1993) by Adolf Muschg for postmodernism.


title: Parzival

text: Tankred Dorst adapted the material to a stage play titled "Parzival", which premiered in 1987 at the Thalia Theatre, Hamburg. A second adaption for the stage was created by Lukas Bärfuss and premiered in 2010 at the Schauspielhaus, Hannover.


title: Parzival

text: Additionally, there are various adaptions of the original material in the form of children's books and other popular media.


title: Parzival

text: Perhaps the best-known adaption of "Parzival" is Richard Wagner's "Parsifal", first performed in 1882. Wolfram's "Parzival" also serves as the basis for the children's opera "Elster and Parzival" by the Austrian composer Paul Hertel, which premiered in 2003 at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.


title: Parzival

text: The standard edition of the text is Karl Lachmann's, 1926. This is the basis for all modern editions, including:


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: San Antonio International Airport is an international airport in San Antonio, Texas. It is in Uptown Central San Antonio, about north of Downtown. It has three runways and covers . Its elevation is above sea level. SAT averages 260 daily departures and arrivals at its 24 gates, which serve 12 airlines flying non-stop to 53 destinations in the US and Mexico.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: San Antonio International Airport was founded in 1941 when the City of San Antonio purchased of undeveloped land that was then north of the city limits (now part of the city's Uptown District) for a project to be called "San Antonio Municipal Airport." World War II wartime needs meant the unfinished airport was pressed into federal government service. The airport opened in July 1942 as Alamo Field and was used by the United States Army Air Forces as a training base.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: The 77th Reconnaissance Group, equipped with various aircraft (P-39, P-40, A-20, B-25, O-47, O-52, and L-5) trained reconnaissance personnel who later served overseas. One squadron (113th) flew antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: At the end of the war the airfield was no longer needed by the military and was turned over to the City of San Antonio for civil use.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: Terminal 2 was built in 1951–53, along with the FAA control tower and a baggage claim area. For HemisFair '68, a new satellite concourse was built, containing eight jet bridge gates and passenger waiting areas.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: In 1975 the city adopted its first Airport Master Plan with plans for a new 1,300 space parking garage and a new Terminal (formerly called Terminal 1, now called Terminal A). Once the new terminal was completed in 1984 it brought the airport's capacity up from eight gates to 27 gates. In 1986 a new FAA Air Traffic Control Tower was built at a new location.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: In 1994 a second Airport Master Plan was developed that would take the airport into the 21st century. This plan included major updates for the airport: more parking spaces in a 3,000 space parking garage to be completed by 2007, improved airport access and an improved concession program. Two new terminals were planned to replace Terminal 2, to increase the airports gate count to 35.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: San Antonio boarded over 3.5 million passenger in 1999. Since 1966, the airport has boarded more than 80 million people.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: From February to September 2006, the airport was a focus city for United Airlines (the airline called it a "hublet") with flights to 12 cities in conjunction with their partner Trans States Airlines. Trans States Airlines redeployed their aircraft elsewhere, eliminating service to seven cities. Mexicana celebrated 50 years serving the airport in September 2007, but suspended service to San Antonio in August 2010 when the airline went bankrupt and suspended operations.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: On November 9, 2010, the original Terminal 2 closed, and Terminal B opened. Terminal 1 was then renamed Terminal A. The removal of fixtures in the old Terminal 2 began in January 2011. Final demolition of Terminal 2 was in May 2011.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: In June 2015, it was announced that the 3-story short-term parking garage, which was over 30 years old, would be closed and demolished in order to make way for a new 7-story parking garage and Consolidated Rental Car Center. Work began in early 2017 on the 1.8 million square feet facility, which was planned to house up to 14 rental car brands and short-term public parking. The public parking portion was completed in April 2017, and the rental car portion opened in January 2018.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: San Antonio International Airport has two terminals with an overall 24 jet bridge gates. The original one-level terminal (formerly Terminal 2) opened in 1953 with ground-loading holding areas and was expanded twice, once in 1959 with new east and west wings, and again in 1968 with an eight-gate satellite concourse, which was built to handle visitors to HemisFair '68. Terminal 2 closed on November 9, 2010 as the new Terminal B opened, and Terminal 2 began to be demolished in March 2011, with completion in January 2012. A second terminal (now Terminal A) opened in 1984 with a 16-gate concourse. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility is located in Terminal A.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: Terminal A is the larger of the two concourses with 17 gates in total. All international carriers operate out of Terminal A. On June 18, 2014, a $35.6 million renovation was completed for this terminal, with the most visible improvements to passengers being new terrazzo floors, updated food courts, and new signage. On October 15, 2014, all gates in Terminal A were renumbered in sequential order. Eight carriers operate from Terminal A, with 15 of the 17 gates in use.


title: San Antonio International Airport

text: Terminal B, which opened in November 2010, contains 8 gates. Corgan Associates, Inc. and 3D/International designed the new terminal. American and Continental were the two original airlines at Terminal B. United, at the time located in Terminal A, moved into Terminal B on August 1, 2012 during the merger with Continental. A United Club is located between gates B3 and B5. The USO is located on the bottom level of Terminal B next to baggage claim.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Nidaros Cathedral () is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Trøndelag county. It is built over the burial site of King Olav II (c. 995–1030, reigned 1015–1028), who became the patron saint of the nation, and is the traditional location for the consecration of new kings of Norway. It was built over a 230-year period, from 1070 to 1300 when it was substantially completed. However additional work, additions and renovations have continued intermittently since then, including a major reconstruction starting in 1869 and completed in 2001.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: In 1152, the church was designated as the cathedral for the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros. In 1537, during the Protestant Reformation, it became part of the newly established state Church of Norway. It is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: The cathedral is the main church for the "Nidaros og Vår Frue" parish, the seat of the Nidaros domprosti (arch-deanery), and the seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros. The Preses of the Church of Norway is also based at this cathedral. The church seats about 1,850 people.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Nidaros Cathedral was built beginning in 1070 to memorialize the burial place of Olav II of Norway, the king who was killed in 1030 in the Battle of Stiklestad. He was canonized as Saint Olav a year later by Grimketel, the Bishop of Nidaros (the canonization was later confirmed by the pope). It was designated the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537 under the Reformation.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Since the Reformation, it has served as the cathedral of the Lutheran bishops of Trondheim (or Nidaros) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The architectural style of the cathedral is Romanesque and Gothic. Historically it has been an important destination for pilgrims coming from all of Northern Europe.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: In 1814, this church served as an election church (). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Along with Vår Frue Church, the cathedral is part of the "Nidaros og Vår Frue" parish in the Nidaros deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Work on the cathedral as a memorial to St. Olav started in 1070. It was finished some time around 1300, nearly 150 years after being established as the cathedral of the diocese. The cathedral was badly damaged by fires in 1327 and again in 1531. The nave was destroyed and was not rebuilt until the restoration in early 1900s.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: In 1708, the church burned down completely except for the stone walls. It was struck by lightning in 1719, and was again ravaged by fire. Major rebuilding and restoration of the cathedral started in 1869, initially led by architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer, and nearly completed by Christian Christie. It was officially completed in 2001. Maintenance of the cathedral is an ongoing process.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: The oldest parts of the cathedral consist of the octagon with its surrounding ambulatory. This was the site of the original high altar, with the reliquary casket of Saint Olav, and choir. Design of the octagon may have been inspired by the Corona of Canterbury Cathedral, although octagonal shrines have a long history in Christian architecture. Similarly, the choir shows English influence, and appears to have been modeled after the Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: It is joined to the octagon by a stone screen that fills the entire east side of the choir. The principal arch of this screen is subdivided into three subsidiary arches: the central arch frames a statue of Christ the Teacher, standing on the top of a central arch of three subsidiary arches below him. The space above the principal arch, corresponding to the vault of the choir, contains a crucifix by the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland, placed between statues of the Virgin Mary and the Apostle John. Built into the south side of the ambulatory is a small well. A bucket could be lowered to draw up water drawn from the spring that originated from St. Olav's original burial place. (This was covered over by the construction of later cathedrals).


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: The present cathedral has two principal altars. At the east end of the chancel in the octagon is an altar at the site of the medieval high altar, behind which stood the silver reliquary casket containing the remains of St. Olav. This silver-gilt reliquary casket was melted down for coinage by Christian II and St. Olav's remains buried in an unknown location under the cathedral. The only relic known to have survived is a femur in a silver-gilt reliquary. Shaped as a forearm, it was given by Queen Josephine to St. Olav Catholic Cathedral in Oslo. The original reliquary casket was in the form of a church, with dragon heads on its gables. The dragons are similar to those carved on the gables of Norwegian stave churches. Surviving medieval reliquary caskets in Norway frequently also bear such dragon heads, for instance, that at Heddal Stave Church. He was the church's and the kingdom's patron saint. The current altar was designed to recall in marble sculpture the essential form of this reliquary casket. It replaces the previous baroque altar, which was transferred to Vår Frue Church.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: The second altar is in the crossing, where the transept intersects the nave and the chancel. It bears a large modern silver crucifix. It was commissioned and paid for by Norwegian American emigrants in the early twentieth century, and the design was inspired by the memory of a similar silver crucifix in the medieval church. The medieval chapter house may also be used as a chapel for smaller groups of worshipers.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: All the stained glass in the cathedral dates from its rebuilding in the 19th and 20th centuries. The windows on the north side of the church depict scenes from the Old Testament against a blue background, while those on the south side of the church depict scenes from the New Testament against a red background.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Two organs are installed in the cathedral. The main organ was built by the Steinmeyer firm in 1930, and was erected in the north transept. It then had 125 stops. Installation of the Steinmeyer organ was commissioned in 1930 for the 900th anniversary of the Battle of Stiklestad. The organ was funded mostly by donations, particularly by Elias Anton Cappelen Smith. In 1962, the organ was heavily rebuilt and moved to the west nave. Many stops were removed; some of them were used to build a new choir organ. This organ was fully restored in 2014.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: The old Baroque organ built by noted German organ builder Joachim Wagner (1690–1749) during the period 1738–40 was carefully restored by Jürgen Ahrend between 1993 and 1994. It has 30 stops and is located at a gallery in the north transept.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Today, the cathedral is a popular tourist attraction. Nidaros Cathedral is the site of the observation of Olav's Wake (). This religious and cultural festival is centered upon the anniversary of the death of Saint Olav at the Battle of Stiklestad. Tourists often follow the historic Pilgrim's Route () to visit the cathedral for this and other events.


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: The cathedral is also familiar to enthusiasts of Norwegian black metal, as it is featured on the cover artwork of "De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas", the 1994 studio album by Mayhem. It was rumored that members of the band who had already been associated with the


title: Nidaros Cathedral

text: burnings of other Christian churches in Norway had planned to destroy the cathedral in relation to the release of the album. When police arrested former Mayhem bassist Varg Vikernes on 19 August 1993 they had found of explosives in his home.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The Singapore National Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kallang, Singapore. Opened on 30 June 2014, it was constructed on the site of the former National Stadium, which was closed in 2007 and demolished in 2010. The 55,000-seat facility serves as the home stadium of the Singapore national football team, and is the centrepiece of the Singapore Sports Hub project—a sports and recreation district that also incorporates nearby Singapore Indoor Stadium and other sporting venues.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: One of the largest domed structures in the world, it features a naturally-ventilated design with a retractable roof, and has configurations for football, rugby, athletics and cricket. The stadium served as the main venue of the 2015 Southeast Asian Games, and has hosted matches of the AFF Championship in 2014, 2018 and 2021.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: In 2007, the Singapore government accepted bids for a project to build a new National Stadium and an accompanying sports and recreation district around the stadium (including an aquatics centre). Alpine Mayreder proposed a design inspired by Munich's Allianz Arena, Singapore Gold proposed a design known as "Premier Park" (which would have featured a retractable roof usable as a projection screen), while the Singapore Sports Hub Consortium (SSHC) proposed a design known as the "Cool Dome", a ventilated, horseshoe-inspired stadium with a retractable roof.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: On 19 January 2008, the government named SSHC as its preferred bidder for the Sports Hub project and stadium, with construction slated to be completed by 2011. Minister of Community Development, Youth and Sports Vivian Balakrishnan stated that the SSHC proposal was the "strongest in offering a comprehensive sporting calendar", and "displayed significant strengths in programming, team culture and partnership, functionality and layout".


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: Construction of the stadium began in 2010 due to the delays caused by the 2008 financial crisis and soaring construction costs. By September 2011, the pilling and the foundation of the stadium was completed and construction on the steelworks of the stadium fixed roof started. In July 2013, the installation of the stadium final primary steel 'runway truss' for the roof was completed marking the completion of the steelworks on the National Stadium's fixed roof in preparation for installation of the retractable roof. The stadium was set to be completed in April 2014. In February 2014, Sports Hub CEO Philippe Collin Delavaud announced that it would miss the deadline, and not open until June 2014.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The stadium's first sporting event was the inaugural World Club 10s rugby tens tournament in June 2014.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The stadium features a , -tall steel dome with a retractable roof, which was stated to be the largest dome structure in the world. Due to Singapore's tropical climate, the stadium's roof is designed to reflect sunlight in order to insulate its interior, while natural airflow is used to cool spectator areas with less energy usage than a venue of comparable size.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The stadium has configurations for football, rugby, athletics, and cricket. In its football and rugby configuration, the lowest tier of seating can be moved forward (covering the running track) to provide a more intimate experience. It takes approximately 48 hours to reconfigure seating arrangements to suit an upcoming event.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The stadium initially used Desso GrassMaster—which consists of natural grass interwoven with synthetic fibres—as its playing surface. After experiencing issues with the pitch's quality (which culminated in the New Zealand All Blacks cancelling a rugby match at the stadium during a November 2014 tour due to safety concerns), in May 2015 the GrassMaster surface was replaced by Eclipse Stabilised Turf—a similar hybrid surface produced by Australian company HG Turf.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: Singapore Sports Hub CEO Oon Jin Teik stated that the stadium's unique microclimate had posed additional challenges in maintaining the GrassMaster pitch.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The stadium is located above the underground Stadium MRT station on the Circle Line. Trains arrive every five to six minutes during off-peak hours, and two to three minutes during peak hours and event days. Other MRT stations nearby are Kallang MRT station which can be accessed using a sheltered walkway, and Mountbatten MRT station. The upcoming Tanjong Rhu MRT station will complement the existing stations once completed in 2024.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: Bus stops are located around the Sports Hub complex along Stadium Walk, Stadium Boulevard and Nicoll Highway, with buses serving nearby districts and the city. Taxi stands are also conveniently available near the National Stadium, Singapore Indoor Stadium and Leisure Park Kallang.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The stadium was one of the venues of the 2015 Southeast Asian Games, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, and football.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The first football match held at the stadium is a friendly match between Singapore Selection XI and Juventus in August 2014. The friendly match between Brazil and Japan in October 2014 was the first sell-out crowd of 55,000 at the stadium. It also hosted the 2014 AFF Suzuki Cup in November 2014. It is the venue of all the matches of the 2015 Barclays Asia Trophy that is held in Singapore.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: In 2018, as a participant in the 2018 AFF Championship, Singapore played two matches at the stadium for the group stages as the home team.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: On 15 July 2022, the stadium served as the venue for the Standard Chartered Singapore Trophy 2022 pre-season friendly between Premier League clubs Liverpool and Crystal Palace with 50,217 fans in attendance.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: On 9 August 2016, the new National Stadium hosted Singapore's National Day Parade (NDP). The event had been frequently held at the old National Stadium in the past, and had been temporarily held at The Float at Marina Bay–a temporary venue on Marina Bay built to host outdoor sports and cultural events while the new National Stadium was being constructed. The design of the stadium resulted in limitations and modifications to the event, including the traditional military flypast and fireworks being obstructed by the stadium's dome, armoured military vehicles being unable to drive on the stadium's tracks, and the Red Lions being unable to parachute into the dome due to safety concerns. The parade thus incorporated different features, such as light shows (including a segment featuring models of Singaporean landmarks illuminated with projection mapping effects), large "puppets", and other artistic presentations.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: The event faced mixed reception for its increased costs over the event held at The Float. Under the contract between the Sports Hub and Singapore Government, NDP organisers were allowed 45 days of free annual usage of the venue. However, technicians and performers reported that the time frame needed to be extended to 80 days, to which the Sports Hub requested an additional $26 million but was reportedly reduced to $10 million.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: In October 2017, it was announced that The Float would be redeveloped as a permanent venue known as NS Square, and serve as the primary venue for the NDP when not held at The Padang every five years. The decision raised questions over whether the costs of renting the stadium would diminish the legacy that the former National Stadium had as a site for community events. Contrarily, it was argued that not hosting the NDP at the new National Stadium would free up its schedule for major international sporting events, especially during the summer months. Bids to host the Asia Masters Athletics Championships and the Merlion Cup at the stadium had also previously been stalled by costs demanded by the facility. With the construction of NS Square expected to begin in 2023 and last through 2026, organisers stated that the 2024 NDP could return to the new National Stadium.


title: National Stadium, Singapore

text: In May 2019, the National Stadium hosted the Celebration of Hope, a three-day evangelistic event led by Rennis Ponniah.


title: Jim Risch

text: James Elroy Risch ( ; born May 3, 1943) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Idaho since 2009. A member of the Republican Party, he served as lieutenant governor of Idaho under governors Dirk Kempthorne and Butch Otter and as the 31st governor of Idaho from 2006 to 2007.


title: Jim Risch

text: Raised in Milwaukee, Risch moved to Idaho in the early 1960s. After graduating from the University of Idaho, he received a B.S. degree in forestry in 1965 and earned a J.D. in 1968. Afterwards he taught criminal law at Boise State University, and in 1970 was elected as Ada County prosecuting attorney. In 1974, he was elected to the Idaho Senate, where he represented the 21st legislative district from 1974 to 1988. In 1995 Risch was appointed by governor Phil Batt to represent the 18th legislative district; he held the position until 2002.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch ran for lieutenant governor of Idaho in 2002, defeating incumbent Jack Riggs in the primary. He served under governor Dirk Kempthorne from 2003 to 2006. Following Kempthorne's resignation to become the United States Secretary of the Interior, Risch became the 31st governor of Idaho, a position he held from May 2006 to January 2007. He chose not to run for governor in the 2006 gubernatorial election and instead ran for reelection as lieutenant governor. After winning the nomination, he served under governor Butch Otter from 2007 to 2009.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch ran for the U.S. Senate to replace the seat held by the retiring Larry Craig in the 2008 election. He won the open in seat in the election, defeating Democrat Larry LaRocco. Risch was reelected to a second term in 2014 and a third in 2020.


title: Jim Risch

text: Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Risch is the son of Helen B. (née Levi) and Elroy A. Risch, a lineman for Wisconsin Bell. His father is of German descent and his mother is of Irish, Scottish, and English ancestry. Risch attended the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 1961 to 1963 and then transferred to the University of Idaho in Moscow, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He obtained a B.S. degree in forestry in 1965, and continued his education at the university's College of Law. He served on the Law Review and the College of Law Advisory Committee before receiving a J.D. degree in 1968.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch entered politics in 1970 in Boise at age 27, winning election as Ada County Prosecuting Attorney. While serving in this capacity, he taught undergraduate classes in criminal justice at Boise State College and served as the president of the state's prosecuting attorneys' association. Concurrent with his service in the Idaho Senate, Risch became a millionaire as one of Idaho's most successful trial lawyers.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch was first elected to the Idaho Senate from Ada County in 1974. He entered the state senate leadership in 1976, serving as majority leader and later as president pro tempore.


title: Jim Risch

text: In a dramatic upset, Risch was defeated for reelection in 1988 by Democratic political newcomer and Boise attorney Mike Burkett. As of mid-2006, it remains Idaho's most expensive legislative contest.


title: Jim Risch

text: In the second political defeat of his career, Risch lost the 1994 primary election for a state Senate seat to Roger Madsen. Risch returned to the state senate in 1995, as an appointee of Governor Phil Batt, who had named Madsen as the state commerce department's director.


title: Jim Risch

text: In January 2001, Risch had his eye on the lieutenant governor's seat vacated by Butch Otter, who resigned after being elected to Congress, but Governor Dirk Kempthorne appointed state Senator Jack Riggs of Coeur d'Alene to the post instead. The next year, Risch defeated Riggs in the Republican primary and won the general election, spending $360,000 of his own money on the campaign.


title: Jim Risch

text: On May 26, 2006, Risch became governor of Idaho when Kempthorne resigned to become U.S. secretary of the interior. Risch appointed Mark Ricks to serve as his lieutenant governor. Risch served out the remaining seven months of Kempthorne's term, which ended in January 2007.


title: Jim Risch

text: In August 2006, Risch called a special session of the Idaho Legislature to consider his proposed property tax reform bill, the Property Tax Relief Act of 2006.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch was expected to enter the 2006 Republican gubernatorial primary to succeed Kempthorne, who was completing his second term at this time of his federal appointment. But Otter had already announced his candidacy for the position in December 2004 and gained a significant head start in campaigning and fundraising. In November 2005, Risch announced his intention to seek election again as lieutenant governor.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch was unopposed for the 2006 Republican nomination for lieutenant governor and defeated former Democratic U.S. representative Larry LaRocco in the general election. Risch's term as governor ended in January 2007 and he returned to the role of lieutenant governor. He resigned as lieutenant governor to take his seat in the Senate on January 3, 2009. Otter named state Senator Brad Little of Emmett as Risch's successor.


title: Jim Risch

text: On August 31, 2007, the Associated Press reported that Governor Otter might appoint Risch to the United States Senate to succeed the embattled Larry Craig. On September 1, the "Idaho Statesman" reported that Otter's spokesman denied Risch had been selected and that Otter had "made no decision and he is not leaning toward anybody." On October 9, Risch announced that he would run for the Senate seat. In May 2008, Risch was nominated as the Republican candidate for U.S. Senate. In the general election he defeated former Democratic Congressman Larry LaRocco with 58% of the vote.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch won the Republican primary with 79.9% of the vote and defeated attorney Nels Mitchell in the general election with 65.3% of the vote.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch was unopposed in the 2020 Republican primary. He defeated Democratic nominee Paulette Jordan in the general election with 62% of the vote.


title: Jim Risch

text: Risch was one of four freshmen Republican senators in the 111th Congress of 2009, with Mike Johanns of Nebraska, George LeMieux of Florida and Scott Brown of Massachusetts. Republican Senator Mike Crapo of Idaho called Risch "results-oriented".


title: Jim Risch

text: In 2017, Risch was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Donald Trump urging him to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.


title: Jim Risch

text: On August 11, 2017, in an interview on "PBS Newshour", Risch endorsed Trump's threatening North Korea with military destruction in the event that country launched missiles at Guam.


title: Jim Risch

text: On March 22, 2018, the day before a potential federal government shutdown, Risch threatened to block a government spending bill because it included changing the name of the White Clouds Wilderness protected area to honor a deceased political rival, former Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus. Risch ultimately acquiesced.


title: Jim Risch

text: In January 2019, Risch joined Marco Rubio, Cory Gardner, and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell in introducing legislation that would impose sanctions on the government of President of Syria Bashar al-Assad and bolster American cooperation with Israel and Jordan.