title: Corruption in Russia

text: In 2012, the government adopted a new law requiring public servants and employees of state organisations to disclose their source of funds and both their and their families’ acquisitions of property, including real estate, securities, stock, and vehicles. The legislation has also, for the first time, defined conflict of interest in connection to public officials and extended anti-corruption legislation to the military. The last modification to the Federal Anti-Corruption Law No. 273 was made in December 2012 and it was implemented on 1 January 2013. By upgrading the Anti-Corruption Law with Article 13.3, Russia has made a significant step towards strengthening the framework of its anti-corruption legislation, aligning it with the best practices recognized on the international level, such as the 2010 UK Bribery Act and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. This articles 13.3 of the Anti-corruption Law requires organizations to develop and implement anti-corruption measures such as (i) appointing a specific department or an official to be responsible for preventing corruption and related offences; (ii) cooperating with enforcement authorities; (iii) developing and implementing standards and procedures for ethical business practices; (iv) establishing an ethical code of conduct for personnel; (v) preventing and resolving conflicts of interest; and (vi) preventing the filing of false or off-the-record reports and the use of forged documents. Russia also joined the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 2012 and has the G20 Presidency in 2013, where fighting corruption is one of three main issues on the agenda. Companies should therefore actively ensure that they stay compliant with the new amendment to the Anti-Corruption Law.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: Corruption has an obvious connection with money laundering as the stolen assets of a corrupt public official are useless unless they are placed, layered, and integrated into the global financial network. The proceeds of corruption may be laundered in jurisdictions without strict anti-money laundering measures and in countries with strict banking secrecy. This is the reason why the "de-offshorization" policy endorsed by President Putin in 2012 and 2013 (after the Cyprus Affaire) is often considered to be a new anti-corruption measure. The government's recent initiatives for gradually strengthening control over financial operations of organisations and citizens have been the subject of The Russian Federal Financial Monitoring Service ("Rosfinmonitoring"). A law was passed on 30 June 2013, which introduced legal amendments aimed at increasing the transparency of currency transactions and strengthening anti-money laundering measures in Russia. The law increases control over financial operations of businesses and citizens.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: The most important amendments for businesses are those that modify the regulation of banking activity. The amendments considerably affect credit organizations, which would most likely be required to amend their internal anti-money laundering policies and procedures for the identification of customers. They allow the bankers to demand disclosure of the transaction purpose from the client. However, doing so can impede the conduct of business, including potential delay in payments.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: Russian President Vladimir Putin approved a new national anti-corruption plan for the period from 2014 to 2015. The president ordered executive and legislative authorities by 1 July 2014 to make relevant amendments to their anti-corruption plans and to ensure control over their execution. A relevant order was included in the National Plan to Counter Corruption for 2014–2015.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: Anti-Corruption Foundation is a nonprofit organization based in Moscow established in 2011 by activist and politician Alexey Navalny. Its main goal is to investigate and to expose corruption cases among high-ranking Russian government officials, which they have been successfully doing for the last few years.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: Navalny has frequently publicized problems with the corrupt apparatus loyal to Putin. Him and the Anti-Corruption Foundation have a large Russian social media presence, which, along with the general lack of interest in social media involvement from the Russian Government, brings this part of the Russian opposition a considerable following among the younger and more educated Russian population.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: This nongovernmental organization throughout its existence has carried out several investigations and has presented different reports with regard to the involvement of high-level officials in corruption. However, these materials have been neglected by the criminal justice system and have only been taken into account in order to discredit this organization.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: In 2019, the Anti-Corruption Foundation was recognized by a Russian court as a foreign agent. In 2021, a trial was launched to recognize the organization as extremist and to liquidate it.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: Transparency International Russia's report from 2012 shows a variety of activities that give citizens a chance to monitor corruption. It collaborated with the Youth Human Rights movement on a large-scale campaign in 20 cities to check police officers' identification tags. This is a proactive exercise to stop petty corruption. If an officer can be identified, he or she is less likely to ask for a bribe. Transparency International Russia also monitors the income statements of Russian public officials with the help of students and publishes the results and monitored the use of 600 million rubles (US$19 million) of public funds to socially oriented NGOs, and found several cases of conflict of interests. It provided analysis and recommendations on making this process more transparent and accountable. the NGO works cooperatively with all individuals and groups, with for-profit and not-for-profit corporations and organisations, and with bodies committed to the fight against corruption. It undertakes professional analysis and papers on corruption-related issues trying to explain the reasons of the spread of corruption, its political and social implications and trying to analyse the possible scenarios for the future.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: On 9 December 2014 Novosti agency reported that the head of the National Anti-Corruption Committee Kirill Kabanov admitted on air that a third of Russian officials were corrupt. As of 2015, Russian officials are periodically accused of spending on luxury cars, mansions or clothes worth significantly more than their declared income.


title: Corruption in Russia

text: A 2018 study of state corruption in Russia during the 1750s–1830s found that "as far as we could tell on the basis of our sample of records, the volume of resources extracted from the population through ‘routine’ corruption appears to have been surprisingly low." The authors write, "every little interaction with state officials involved paying a fee to the clerks, and such fees, although technically illegal, were so common and commonly accepted as to be entered in the account books alongside other operational expenses. On the other hand, these ‘routine’ payments were really quite small, especially if apportioned on a per capita basis among the entire commune ... Such fees appear to have been largely customary in nature, a part of the traditional economy of gift-giving, demonstrating respect, and maintaining informal relationships (‘good disposition’). Yet, even such a low level of per capita extraction would have allowed key district officials to amass significant amounts, at a very minimum tripling their salaries."


title: Corruption in Russia

text: The Russian Prosecutor General Office reported that of the persons convicted for corruption in 2017, the number of law enforcement functionaries and parliamentaries (nearly 2,200 persons) constituted over 11%.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The 1975 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1975 season. The 72nd edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox and the National League (NL) champion Cincinnati Reds. The Reds won the series, four games to three. In 2003, ESPN ranked it the second-greatest World Series ever played, trailing only the series, while in 2020, Sam Miller of ESPN named it the best World Series ever.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The Reds, at the height of their Big Red Machine dynasty, recorded a franchise-high 108 victories in 1975 and won the NL West division by 20 games over the Los Angeles Dodgers, then defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates, three games to none, in the NL Championship Series. The Red Sox won the AL East division by games over the Baltimore Orioles, then defeated the three-time defending World Series champion Oakland Athletics, three games to none, in the AL Championship Series. The sixth game of the World Series was a 12-inning classic at Boston's Fenway Park, which culminated with a walk-off home run by Carlton Fisk to extend the series to seven games. The Reds rallied from an 0-3 deficit to win the seventh and deciding game of the series on a ninth-inning single by Joe Morgan.


title: 1975 World Series

text: It was Cincinnati's third World Series appearance in six years, losing in 1970 to Baltimore and in 1972 to Oakland. It was the first of back-to-back championships for the Reds. For the Red Sox, the 1975 World Series was their first World Series appearance since losing to St. Louis in seven games in 1967. It would be 11 more years until Boston returned to the World Series in 1986, in which they suffered another seven-game loss, this time to the New York Mets.


title: 1975 World Series

text: This was the fourth time in five years that a seven-game World Series winner (following Pittsburgh in 1971, and Oakland in 1972 and 1973) was outscored.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Ace pitchers Luis Tiant and Don Gullett were locked in a scoreless duel until the seventh inning. Tiant led off with a single and later scored Boston's first run on a single by Carl Yastrzemski. Then the floodgates opened: Reds reliever Clay Carroll walked Carlton Fisk to force in a run, Rico Petrocelli slapped a two-run single, Rick Burleson had an RBI single, and Cecil Cooper ended the scoring with a sacrifice fly. Tiant finished with a five-hitter against a team that had scored an MLB high 840 runs during the regular season.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Game 2 proved to be a very pivotal game as the Reds were on the brink of being down two games before rallying for victory in the ninth inning. Red Sox starter Bill Lee held the Reds to four hits and a run through eight innings. Johnny Bench led off the ninth with a double to right field. Lee was then replaced by right-handed closer Dick Drago. Bench moved to third on a groundout by Tony Pérez. After George Foster popped out for the second out, Dave Concepción hit a clutch single up the middle that Boston second baseman Denny Doyle fielded behind second base, but had no play at first as Bench scored to tie the game. After Concepcion stole second base, Ken Griffey hit a double into left-center field scoring Concepcion with the game-winner. Rawly Eastwick retired the Sox in the ninth to get the win and even the series.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The Reds' only other run scored in the fourth when Joe Morgan walked, went to third on a Bench single, and scored on a Pérez force out.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The Red Sox sandwiched the Reds' run with single tallies of their own in the first inning on an RBI single by Carlton Fisk, and in the sixth on an RBI single by Rico Petrocelli.


title: 1975 World Series

text: At home, the Reds prevailed in another squeaker in a game that featured the first major controversy of the series that involved the umpires.


title: 1975 World Series

text: For nine innings, the game was a homer-fest as each team put three over the wall. Fisk put the Sox on the board in the second with a homer off Reds starter Gary Nolan. The Reds countered by taking a 2–1 lead in the fourth when Tony Pérez walked and Johnny Bench hit a two-run shot off Sox starter Rick Wise. The Reds then chased Wise in the fifth when Dave Concepción and César Gerónimo hit back-to-back home runs. Pete Rose followed with a one-out triple and scored on Joe Morgan's sacrifice fly to give the Reds a 5–1 lead. The Sox scratched back in the sixth when Reds reliever Pat Darcy issued consecutive walks to Carl Yastrzemski and Fisk, wild-pitched Yastrzemski to third, and then gave up a sacrifice fly to Fred Lynn. In the seventh, former Cincinnati Red Bernie Carbo closed the gap to 5–3 with a pinch-hit homer off Clay Carroll. In the top of the ninth, with Reds closer Eastwick on the mound, Rico Petrocelli singled and Evans hit the game-tying home run, sending the game into extra innings.


title: 1975 World Series

text: After the Red Sox failed to score in the tenth, the Reds sent the bottom of the order to lead off the bottom of the tenth. Cesar Geronimo led off with a single off Jim Willoughby. Reds manager Sparky Anderson then sent pinch-hitter Ed Armbrister up to sacrifice in place of reliever Rawly Eastwick. Armbrister's bunt bounced high near the plate toward the first-base line. Boston catcher Carlton Fisk was quick to pounce on the ball in front of the plate as Armbrister was slow to get out of the box. He hesitated before running and appeared to collide with (or at least impede) Fisk as he was retrieving the ball. Fisk's hurried throw to second base to force out Geronimo sailed over shortstop Rick Burleson into center field as Geronimo went to third base and Armbrister to second. Fisk and Boston manager Darrell Johnson argued that Armbrister should have been ruled out for interference, but home plate umpire Larry Barnett ruled otherwise. The play stood and the Reds had the potential winning run on third with no outs. Willoughby then intentionally walked Pete Rose to load the bases and set up a force play at any base. Johnson then brought in left-hander Roger Moret, to face Ken Griffey, but Anderson countered with right-handed hitting Merv Rettenmund. Rettenmund struck out for out No. 1, but Joe Morgan knocked in Geronimo with the game-winner by hitting a deep fly to center over a drawn in outfield.


title: 1975 World Series

text: With the Reds leading the series 2–1, Luis Tiant pitched his second complete game win of the Series. More importantly, this win forced the Reds to win at least one of two games at Fenway Park to win the Series.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The Reds struck first off Tiant in the first on RBI doubles by Ken Griffey and Johnny Bench. The Sox, however, would get all the runs they needed in the fourth. Dwight Evans tied the game with a two-run triple, then Rick Burleson put the Sox ahead by doubling in Evans off Reds starter Fred Norman. Tiant, continuing his surprising hitting, singled Burleson to third. Burleson then scored on a Tony Pérez error on a ball hit by Juan Beníquez, while Tiant went to second. Carl Yastrzemski drove in Tiant with a single for what would turn out to be the winning run.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The Reds were able to counter with two runs in their half of the fourth on an RBI double by Dave Concepción and an RBI triple by César Gerónimo. The Reds had a shot at winning the game in the bottom of the ninth when, with two on and one out, Ken Griffey sent a deep drive into left-center that Fred Lynn made an over the shoulder catch. Joe Morgan then popped out to first on Tiant's 163rd pitch of the game. Boston's win tied the series at two games apiece and guaranteed a return to Fenway.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Reds' lefty Don Gullett pitched like an ace as the Reds won their final home game in Game 5 to put Cincinnati on the brink of their first World Series championship in 35 years. Cincinnati first baseman and cleanup hitter Tony Pérez broke out of an 0–for–15 World Series slump with a pair of home runs while driving in four runs off Boston starter Reggie Cleveland. Pete Rose contributed an RBI double and Dave Concepción hit a sacrifice fly for the other Reds runs, while Gullett pitched innings, limiting the powerful Boston lineup to five hits. Reds closer Rawly Eastwick came on to strike out Boston third baseman Rico Petrocelli for the game's final out.


title: 1975 World Series

text: With a travel day followed by three days of heavy rain in Boston, both pitching staffs got four days of rest. Red Sox manager Darrell Johnson was afforded the luxury of having his top two starting pitchers, Luis Tiant and Bill Lee, available for Games 6 and 7, respectively, while the Reds were able to have their ace, Don Gullett, available for a potential Game 7 after pitching a gem in Game 5.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Boston's Fred Lynn opened the scoring in the first with a two-out, three-run homer off Reds starter Gary Nolan. Meanwhile, Tiant breezed through the first four innings, holding the Reds scoreless. The Reds finally broke through in the fifth. With Ed Armbrister on third and Pete Rose on first, Ken Griffey tripled to deep center field on a ball that Lynn just missed making a leaping catch against the wall. He suffered a rib injury, but remained in the game; Lynn told moderator Bob Costas during MLB Network's "Top 20 games in the last 50 years" that, for a short time, he was barely conscious and couldn't feel his legs. Johnny Bench singled Griffey home to tie the game at 3–3.


title: 1975 World Series

text: With two outs in the seventh, George Foster put the Reds ahead with a two-run double high off the center field wall. In the top of the eighth, César Gerónimo led off and hit the first pitch down the right-field line for a home run to chase Tiant and give the Reds a 6–3 lead.


title: 1975 World Series

text: In the bottom of the eighth, Reds reliever Pedro Borbón gave up an infield single off his leg to Lynn, and then walked Rico Petrocelli to bring the tying run to the plate. Rawly Eastwick replaced Borbón, struck out Dwight Evans, and retired Rick Burleson on a line-out to left. Bernie Carbo was called on to bat for reliever Roger Moret. Sparky Anderson was on the top step of the dugout, ready to call in left-hander Will McEnaney to pitch to the left-hand hitting Carbo. Anderson said later that he was concerned that the Sox would call on right-handed Juan Beníquez to pinch hit for Carbo if he made the move. Carbo looked overmatched by Eastwick, missing on a swing for a 2–2 count; he fouled off two more pitches late, the latter just barely fought off to avoid a strikeout. On the next pitch, Carbo tied the game with a three-run home run to center field.


title: 1975 World Series

text: As Carbo approached third base on his home run trot, Carbo yelled out to former teammate Rose, "Hey, Pete, don't you wish you were that strong?" To which Rose replied, "This is fun."


title: 1975 World Series

text: In the bottom of the ninth, the Red Sox appeared poised to win. Denny Doyle walked on four pitches and went to third on a Carl Yastrzemski single; McEnaney, the Reds' seventh pitcher, replaced Eastwick and intentionally walked Carlton Fisk, loading the bases with no outs to face the left-handed hitting Lynn. He flied out to Foster in foul territory in left; Doyle tagged up and attempted to score but was thrown out as Bench caught the ball on a bounce and made a sweeping tag from fair territory to nip him just before his hand touched the plate. With runners at first and third, McEnaney retired Petrocelli with a ground ball to end the jam.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Rose led off the top of the 11th and was awarded first base after a pitch lightly grazed him. Griffey bunted, but Fisk's throw forced out Rose at second base. Joe Morgan hit a deep drive to right off Dick Drago that looked to be for extra bases. Evans made a leaping catch near the visitors bullpen in deep right to rob Morgan and doubled-up Griffey at first.


title: 1975 World Series

text: In the top of the 12th, Boston's Rick Wise caught Gerónimo looking with two men on to end the threat. In the bottom of the inning, Pat Darcy, the Reds' eighth pitcher, remained in the game after retiring the previous six batters in order. As the game passed four hours, Fisk led off; with a 1–0 count, he lifted a sinker down the left-field line and the ball struck the foul pole well above the Green Monster. In what has now become an iconic baseball film highlight, NBC's left-field game camera (in the scoreboard) caught Fisk wildly waving his arms to his right after hitting the ball and watching its path while drifting down the first base line, as if he was trying to coax the ball to "stay fair." The ball indeed stayed fair and the Red Sox had tied the Series. (The cameraman in the scoreboard was supposed to follow the flight of the ball but was distracted by a nearby rat and ended up capturing Fisk instead.) The was the last home run hit by a catcher in extra inning until the 2022 World Series by J.T. Realmuto.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The game was scoreless until the third inning when Reds starter Don Gullett experienced control problems. After giving up an RBI single to Carl Yastrzemski, Gullett walked Carlton Fisk to load the bases. He then walked Rico Petrocelli and Dwight Evans to force in two more runs before striking out Rick Burleson for the final out. Gullett pitched a scoreless fourth before being relieved by Jack Billingham. The Reds bullpen pitched five scoreless innings to give the offense a chance to rally.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Boston starter Bill Lee was again sharp, as he shut out the Reds through five innings. In the sixth, with Pete Rose on first base and one out, Johnny Bench hit a routine grounder that appeared would be an inning-ending double play. Shortstop Burleson fielded the grounder and under-handed the ball to Denny Doyle covering second base to force Rose out at second. But as Doyle pivoted to make a throw to first base, Rose slid high and hard into Doyle to force an errant throw that sailed into the Boston dugout preventing the double play as Bench moved onto second base. On a 1–0 count, Lee threw a blooper pitch to Tony Pérez who slammed the ball over the Green Monster and onto Lansdowne Street for a two-run home run, his third home run in the final three Series games, to draw the Reds to within 3–2.


title: 1975 World Series

text: The Reds tied it in the seventh when Ken Griffey walked, stole second, and scored on a two-out single to centerfield by Rose.


title: 1975 World Series

text: In the ninth, Griffey led off with a walk, was sacrificed to second by César Gerónimo, and went to third on a groundout by Dan Driessen. Boston left-handed reliever Jim Burton then walked Rose to set up a forceout, but Joe Morgan reached down and blooped a low breaking ball into center field to score Griffey with the go-ahead run. It was the second time in the series Rose was intentionally walked prior to Morgan driving in the game-winning run. Morgan, the 1975 National League MVP, also knocked in the game-winner in Game 3.


title: 1975 World Series

text: Will McEnaney retired the Sox in order, with Yastrzemski flying out to center fielder Geronimo to end the game, clinching a World Series championship that had eluded the Reds for 34 years, and extending the Curse of the Bambino to 57 years. It would not be broken until 2004, after the Red Sox went 86 years without a championship.


title: 1975 World Series

text: For the fourth time in five years, the Series went a full seven games and the champions were outscored.


title: 1975 World Series

text: NBC broadcast the Series on television and radio, with Curt Gowdy and Joe Garagiola alternating play-by-play on both media along with local team announcers Dick Stockton and Ned Martin (Red Sox) and Marty Brennaman (Reds). Tony Kubek provided color commentary on the telecasts.


title: 1975 World Series

text: This was the final World Series play-by-play assignment for Gowdy, who had been NBC's lead baseball announcer since 1966. Garagiola took over full-time as the network's primary play-by-play voice for baseball the following season. It was the only World Series broadcast for Stockton (who became a prominent national sportscaster for CBS, Fox, and TNT) and for Martin.


title: 1975 World Series

text: This was also the final Series broadcast for NBC Radio, which had retained exclusive rights to the event since 1957. CBS Radio would become the exclusive national radio network for MLB beginning the following season.


title: 1975 World Series

text: This is the earliest World Series telecast for which all games survive today in their entirety. Portions of many previous Series telecasts also survive, but the general practice of the networks in the past was to reuse old tapes to save money and space. All subsequent World Series telecasts since this one also have had all their games preserved.


title: Triangular prism

text: In geometry, a triangular prism is a three-sided prism; it is a polyhedron made of a triangular base, a translated copy, and 3 faces joining corresponding sides. A right triangular prism has rectangular sides, otherwise it is "oblique". A uniform triangular prism is a right triangular prism with equilateral bases, and square sides.


title: Triangular prism

text: Equivalently, it is a polyhedron of which two faces are parallel, while the surface normals of the other three are in the same plane (which is not necessarily parallel to the base planes). These three faces are parallelograms. All cross-sections parallel to the base faces are the same triangle.


title: Triangular prism

text: A right triangular prism is semiregular or, more generally, a uniform polyhedron if the base faces are equilateral triangles, and the other three faces are squares. It can be seen as a truncated trigonal hosohedron, represented by Schläfli symbol t{2,3}. Alternately it can be seen as the Cartesian product of a triangle and a line segment, and represented by the product, The dual of a triangular prism is a triangular bipyramid.


title: Triangular prism

text: The symmetry group of a right 3-sided prism with triangular base is "D" of order 12. The rotation group is "D" of order 6. The symmetry group does not contain inversion.


title: Triangular prism

text: The volume of any prism is the product of the area of the base and the distance between the two bases. In this case the base is a triangle so we simply need to compute the area of the triangle and multiply this by the length of the prism:


title: Triangular prism

text: where is the length of one side of the triangle, is the length of an altitude drawn to that side, and is the distance between the triangular faces.


title: Triangular prism

text: The volume of a truncated triangular prism with base area "A" and the three heights "h", "h", and "h" is determined by


title: Triangular prism

text: There are two full D symmetry facetings of a "triangular prism", both with 6 isosceles triangle faces, one keeping the original top and bottom triangles, and one the original squares. Two lower C symmetry facetings have one base triangle, 3 lateral crossed square faces, and 3 isosceles triangle lateral faces.


title: Triangular prism

text: This polyhedron is topologically related as a part of sequence of uniform truncated polyhedra with vertex configurations (3.2n.2n), and [n,3] Coxeter group symmetry.


title: Triangular prism

text: This polyhedron is topologically related as a part of sequence of cantellated polyhedra with vertex figure (3.4.n.4), and continues as tilings of the hyperbolic plane. These vertex-transitive figures have (*n32) reflectional symmetry.


title: Triangular prism

text: The triangular prism is first in a dimensional series of semiregular polytopes. Each progressive uniform polytope is constructed vertex figure of the previous polytope. Thorold Gosset identified this series in 1900 as containing all regular polytope facets, containing all simplexes and orthoplexes (equilateral triangles and squares in the case of the triangular prism). In Coxeter's notation the triangular prism is given the symbol −1.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point () is a city located in southern Orange County, California, United States. The population was 33,107 at the 2020 census. It has one of the few harbors along the Orange County coast, and with ready access via State Route 1, it is a popular local destination for surfing.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The city was named after the headland of Dana Point, which was in turn named after Richard Henry Dana, Jr., author of "Two Years Before the Mast", which included a description of the area. Dana described the locale, including neighboring San Juan Capistrano, as "the only romantic spot on the coast". This area is designated California Historical Landmark #189.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point was a popular port for ships involved with the hide trade with nearby Mission San Juan Capistrano. Trading reached its peak in the 1830s and 1840s. In 1818, Argentine sailor Hippolyte de Bouchard anchored there while conducting his raid on the mission. Richard Henry Dana then visited the area in 1835 while serving aboard the sailing brig "Pilgrim" on her voyage along the California coastline.


title: Dana Point, California

text: In 1923, "Los Angeles Times" publisher Harry Chandler and General M. H. Sherman, director of the Pacific Electric Railway Company, created a major real estate group to develop the Hollywood Hills. Sidney H. Woodruff, already a prominent Los Angeles homebuilder, was hired to lead the project.


title: Dana Point, California

text: In 1926, Woodruff, Chandler, and Sherman created the Dana Point Syndicate. They invited other investors, company presidents, movie producers, and real estate investors to join them in purchasing of land, some of which includes the "Headlands" of today. Promising tree-lined and paved streets, electricity, telephones, sidewalks, water mains, storm drains, sewers, and other amenities, Woodruff built 35 homes and a number of commercial buildings.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Most of these "Woodruff" houses are concentrated in the Dana Point historic core, also called "Lantern Village" (currently about 12,000 residents). The streets are named after different colored lanterns—Street of the Violet Lantern, Blue Lantern, etc.—because colored lanterns were used by ships 200 years ago to advertise their fares when in the Dana Point natural harbor. His crowning structure was to be the Dana Point Inn, a Mediterranean-like resort hotel on the cliffs overlooking the harbor. After a celebratory groundbreaking in 1930, a three-story foundation was poured and a shaft was dug for an elevator to transport hotel guests to and from the beach. The economic downturn of the Great Depression caused construction to halt, however. Although Woodruff continuously sought financial support through the years, this project was abandoned in 1939. Subsequently, he sold the remaining holdings of the Dana Point Syndicate. Thirty-four of the original Woodruff residences are still occupied.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The harbor, built in the 1960s and dedicated on July 31, 1971, is home to a marina, shops, and restaurants, and is a point of departure for the Catalina Express, a transportation service to and from the City of Avalon on Catalina Island. The entire harbor of Dana Point, including the Embarcadero Marina shops and restaurants, is set for complete demolition and redevelopment. The current vintage nautical style is being abandoned for a Tech Minimalist concept using metal roofs as well as Minimalist landscaping.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Although Richard Henry Dana, Jr., author of "Two Years Before the Mast", described the anchorage as poor, it is now a developed harbor and had a replica of his ship, the "Pilgrim". The "Pilgrim" was used as a classroom by the Ocean Institute until it sank in 2020.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Strands at Headlands is a luxury housing development built on land that was originally part of the Chandler Family holdings. For decades the land facing the beach was home to the Dana Strand Beach and Tennis Club, a mobile home community that closed in the late 1980s. For years, access to the Strands beach was limited to hiking down a dirt trail where the mobile homes had stood. The Strands parcel included the actual headlands and bluff of Dana Point as well and was one of the last large coast properties available for development along the Orange County Coast. During the course of a ten-year approval process, the original high-density plan, which included a large multi-story hotel on the bluff top and hundreds of houses and multi-family units, was reduced in scope to just over 100 home sites. As part of negotiations with the California Coastal Commission, the developer agreed to turn the bluff into a nature preserve and build over $11 million worth of public improvements to provide easier access to Strands Beach. The improvements include stairs, restrooms, a beach-front sidewalk and a funicular to transport visitors from the parking lot to the beach. After extensive infrastructure construction, lots were offered for sale in the fall of 2006. Lots in the development are rectangular with modern houses commonly priced above $10,000,000. The development has provided much easier access to the beach below and has allowed surfers and other beach visitors to access the beach quickly and easily. Strands Homeowners, through a Mello-Roos assessment, pay for the upkeep of the beach improvements.


title: Dana Point, California

text: In 1928, a corporate entity of the American industrial giant Edward Doheny, who had built his fortune in oil production in Southern California and Mexico, purchased a number of lots in Capistrano Beach. Doheny's son, Ned, formed a development company, the Capistrano Beach Company, which included his wife's twin brothers, Clark and Warren Smith, and Luther Eldridge, a contractor, to build a community of Spanish style houses. According to Dana Point historians Baum and Burnes,* Eldridge favored two dominant characteristics in his homes, a typically Spanish roofline and the use of large ceiling beams in the main rooms of the houses. The roofline, covered with red ceramic tiles, incorporated a low-pitched gable, spreading out to one short and one long roof. The ceiling beams were decorated with stenciled artwork painted by artist Alex Meston. Eldridge was able to complete the original Doheny family house on the bluffs, four houses on the beach, and 18 other homes scattered throughout the area before tragedy struck the ambitious project. Edward Doheny was preparing for his criminal trial for bribery in the Teapot Dome Scandal, and on February 16, 1929, Ned Doheny and Hugh Plunkett, his friend and secretary, who were to testify in the trial, were killed in a murder that still remains unsolved. In 1931, as a memorial to Ned, Petroleum Securities Company, Doheny's family-owned business, made a gift of to the State of California, which is now Doheny State Beach. The unimproved Capistrano Beach properties passed back to Edward Doheny, and, upon his death in 1935, to his wife and heirs. By 1944, all of the properties had been sold to private parties.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Doheny family also funded the building of what was then called St. Edward's Chapel in Capistrano Beach. The chapel soon grew, received canonical status as a parish, and moved to its current bluff-top location in Dana Point, overlooking Doheny State Beach.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Richard Henry Dana (the author of "Two Years Before the Mast") considered the high bluffs and sheltered coves of this area of Southern California to be the most beautiful spot on the California coast. Pioneering surfers agreed as they surfed the many beach breaks along the coast. Dana Point had a notable surfing history, and was home to many of the first companies that produced products for surfing. Hobie Alter opened the world's first retail surf shop in Dana Point in 1954. Many surf publications such as the "Surfer's Journal" and "Surfer Magazine" were formed and headquartered in Dana Point. Bruce Brown produced the iconic surfer film "Endless Summer" in Dana Point.


title: Dana Point, California

text: "Killer Dana" was a legendary surf break off Dana Point. The surf break was notorious because it came out of deep water and broke close to the rocks that lined the beach. The Killer Dana wave was destroyed when the Dana Point Harbor was built in 1966. A breakwater now cuts right through the heart of the once epic surf spot. In 1997, the surf group The Chantays recorded an instrumental track named "Killer Dana".


title: Dana Point, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (77.96%) is water.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Dana Point headlands are a prominent feature in Orange County geography and after years of controversy, are currently being developed as a 118-house gated community, however of the site is open to the public and features a nature center and walking trails exhibiting "lost" plants of the Southern California coast. Views on a clear day extend to Catalina Island and La Jolla in San Diego County.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The city is located 59 miles southeast of Los Angeles, and 65 miles northwest of San Diego. Dana Point is bordered by San Clemente to the southeast, San Juan Capistrano to the northeast, Laguna Beach to the northwest, and Laguna Niguel to the north.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point enjoys a mild climate with temperatures that tend to average around the 70s. The warmest month of the year is August with an average maximum temperature of . The coldest month is December with an average maximum temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Frost is extremely rare, allowing for a year-round growing season. Annual rainfall (with almost all of it falling between November and March) is about 12 inches but is highly variable from year to year.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The 2020 United States Census reported a population of 33,107. The racial makeup was 83.9% White, 2.1% African American, 3.9% Asian, and 16.3% Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Dana Point had a population of 33,351. The population density was . The racial makeup of Dana Point was 28,701 (86.1%) White (76.4% Non-Hispanic White), 294 (0.9%) African American, 229 (0.7%) Native American, 1,064 (3.2%) Asian, 37 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 1,952 (5.9%) from other races, and 1,074 (3.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5,662 persons (17.0%).


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Census reported that 33,110 people (99.3% of the population) lived in households, 160 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 81 (0.2%) were institutionalized.


title: Dana Point, California

text: There were 14,182 households, out of which 3,459 (24.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,902 (48.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,232 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 645 (4.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 780 (5.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 137 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 4,012 households (28.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,406 (9.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33. There were 8,779 families (61.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.85.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The population was spread out, with 5,959 people (17.9%) under the age of 18, 2,522 people (7.6%) aged 18 to 24, 8,261 people (24.8%) aged 25 to 44, 10,927 people (32.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,682 people (17.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.


title: Dana Point, California

text: There were 15,938 housing units at an average density of , of which 8,314 (58.6%) were owner-occupied, and 5,868 (41.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.0%. 19,419 people (58.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 13,691 people (41.1%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Dana Point, California

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Dana Point had a median household income of $80,938, with 8.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Dana Point, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 35,110 people, 14,456 households, and 9,280 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,290.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,041.6/km). There were 15,682 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 87.3% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.9% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. 15.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Dana Point, California

text: There were 14,456 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Dana Point, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $63,043, and the median income for a family was $73,373 (these figures had risen to $81,665 and $97,826 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $52,159 versus $38,902 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,938. About 3.4% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Dana Point, California

text: In 2010 Dana Point had a population of 33,351. The median age was 44.8 years. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 76.4% non-Hispanic white, 0.9% black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% non-Hispanic of some other race, 3.2% reporting two or more races and 17.0% Hispanic or Latino. Mexicans made up 13.2% of the population.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point has held a Festival of Whales since 1972. This celebration is held over two weekends in March.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Tall Ships Festival is held in September. It is considered the largest annual gathering of its kind on the West Coast of the United States.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point has hosted the Dana Point Concours d'Elegance since 2008. The event is located on the Monarch Beach Golf Links and supports various charities.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Dana Point Grand Prix is an annual criterium bike race overlooking Dana Point Harbor. The course winds its way through downtown Dana Point into Heritage Park and the adjoining residential community with ocean views for participants and spectators before finishing on a long straightaway on PCH.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Dana Point Chamber of Commerce hosts the annual Turkey Trot, which includes a 5K, 10K and Kids’ Gobble Wobble race for ages 5–12, which was voted as a top destination for Thanksgiving by Fodor's Magazine. This event attracts more than 10,000 runners throughout the country and another 5,000 family and friends.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Dana Point Symphony presents classical music concerts with a 50-piece orchestra and local and international soloists.


title: Dana Point, California

text: One of a few known specimens of the megamouth shark was caught off Dana Point in 1990. Visitors can visit the Ocean Institute at the harbor below the point and the tidal pools located nearby for a close-up view of marine life during low tide. With the kelp beds located just offshore, Dana Point is a popular destination for snorkelers, fisherman, and spearfishers. Juvenile great white sharks sometimes congregate in the area, but are rarely a threat to humans, mostly feeding on fish. The high cliffs at Dana Point are popular for scanning the horizon for whales, dolphins and other marine life.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point was trademarked as the Dolphin and Whale Watching Capital of the World® in 2019 and Dana Point was named a Whale Heritage Site in 2021. Prior to Dana Point's designation, this certification was shared with only three other locations in the world and is defined as an outstanding location where cetaceans (whales and dolphins) are embraced through the cultural, economic, social, and political lives of associated communities, and where people and cetaceans coexist in an authentic and respectful way.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The city council has five council members, who are elected by area by registered voters of the city. Council members each serve four-year staggered terms. Dana Point has a two-term-limit for elected officials. Annually, the city council appoints a mayor and a mayor pro tem from its own membership to serve a one-year term. The mayor presides over city council meetings, represents the city council at various business and ceremonial events, and executes all city ordinances, resolutions, and contracts. The mayor pro tem performs these duties in the absence of the mayor. As a legislative body, the city council is responsible for the enactment of local laws (ordinances), the adoption of the annual city budget and capital improvement program, and the review and adoption of proposed policies, agreements, contracts, and other city business items.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Since its incorporation as a city, Dana Point has voted for the Republican candidate in every presidential and gubernatorial election as of 2020. According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Dana Point has 21,844 registered voters. Of those, 9,308 (42.61%) are registered Republicans, 5,758 (26.36%) are registered Democrats, and 5,681 (26.01%) have declined to state a political party/are independents.


title: Dana Point, California

text: NOTE: The totals listed for the 2003 governor's special election are the aggregate totals for all Republican candidates, all Democratic candidates, and all Independent candidates. Individually, Arnold Schwarzenegger received 8,862 votes, Cruz Bustamante received 1,907 votes, Tom McClintock received 1,838 votes, and Peter Uberroth received 50 votes.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The city is served by Capistrano Unified School District. It includes Dana Hills High School, one of the oldest high schools in the area, which opened in 1972. The cross country program at Dana Hills High School won California state titles in 1988, 2007, 2008, and 2009.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Fire protection in Dana Point is provided by the Orange County Fire Authority with ambulance service by Doctor's Ambulance. Law enforcement is provided by the Orange County Sheriff's Department.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Year-round marine safety services are provided by (U.S. Ocean Safety Lifeguards) now called O C lifeguards, on the county beaches, and California state lifeguards on the state beaches.


title: Dana Point, California

text: Dana Point is served by two newspapers, the Dana Point News (owned by the Orange County Register) and the Dana Point Times. Both papers run once weekly.


title: Dana Point, California

text: The Laguna Niguel-Dana Point Patch is an online-only news website that also serves Dana Point along with its neighbor, Laguna Niguel.


title: Crevasse

text: A crevasse is a deep crack, that forms in a glacier or ice sheet that can be a few inches across to over 40 feet. Crevasses form as a result of the movement and resulting stress associated with the shear stress generated when two semi-rigid pieces above a plastic substrate have different rates of movement. The resulting intensity of the shear stress causes a breakage along the faces.


title: Crevasse

text: Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations. These walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's stratigraphy. Crevasse size often depends upon the amount of liquid water present in the glacier. A crevasse may be as deep as 45 metres and as wide as 20 metres.


title: Crevasse

text: A crevasse may be covered, but not necessarily filled, by a snow bridge made of the previous years' accumulation and snow drifts. The result is that crevasses are rendered invisible, and thus potentially lethal to anyone attempting to navigate their way across a glacier. Occasionally a snow bridge over an old crevasse may begin to sag, providing some landscape relief, but this cannot be relied upon. Groups planning to travel on a glacier with hidden crevasses must be trained to move as a rope team and have proper equipment.


title: Crevasse

text: The presence of water in a crevasse can significantly increase its penetration. Water-filled crevasses may reach the bottom of glaciers or ice sheets and provide a direct hydrologic connection between the surface, where significant summer melting occurs, and the bed of the glacier, where additional water may moisten and lubricate the bed and accelerate ice flow.


title: John Spinks (musician)

text: John Frederick Spinks (28 November 1953 − 9 July 2014) was an English songwriter and musician. He was best known as the guitarist and songwriter for The Outfield.


title: John Spinks (musician)

text: John Spinks was born on the East End of London in November 1953. Spinks, Tony Lewis, and Alan Jackman first played together in the 1970s band Sirius B. After rehearsing for six months, the group disbanded due to the advent of punk rock. In the 1980s, Spinks recorded several demos under the name Baseball Boys, a name chosen because it closely resembled a gang called The Baseball Furies from the film "The Warriors". "Just to be outrageous, I put what I felt was a stupid name on the demos," said Spinks, "and the people I took them to said, `Sounds great. Can we see the band?` And there wasn't really a band." Spinks joined together with Lewis and Jackman to perform as Baseball Boys, and then changed their named to The Outfield in 1984. Their debut album, "Play Deep", became a multiplatinum-selling smash upon release in 1985. Spinks wrote the band's biggest hit, "Your Love", which reached the top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1986. The Outfield went on hiatus in the 1990s but reconvened to record "Replay" in 2011.


title: John Spinks (musician)

text: Spinks died on 9 July 2014, aged 60, after having liver cancer for years. He was survived by his wife Jean Spinks and two children, Lee and Paul. Spinks and the band wrote new material shortly before his death, but it is unclear whether it will be released.


title: Harris Corporation

text: Harris Corporation was an American technology company, defense contractor, and information technology services provider that produced wireless equipment, tactical radios, electronic systems, night vision equipment and both terrestrial and spaceborne antennas for use in the government, defense and commercial sectors. They specialized in surveillance solutions, microwave weaponry, and electronic warfare. In 2019, it merged with L3 Technologies to form L3Harris Technologies.


title: Harris Corporation

text: Headquartered in Melbourne, Florida, the company had approximately $7 billion of annual revenue. It was the largest private-sector employer in Brevard County, Florida (approximately 6,000). From 1988 to 1999, the company was the parent of Intersil, under the name Harris Semiconductor.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 2016, Harris was named one of the top hundred federal contractors by "Defense News". In January 2015, "Wired" Magazine ranked Harris Corporation—tied with U.S. Marshals Service—as the number two threat to privacy and communications on the Internet.


title: Harris Corporation

text: The "Harris Automatic Press Company" was founded by Alfred S. Harris in Niles, Ohio, in 1895. The company spent the next 60 years developing lithographic processes and printing presses before acquiring typesetting company Intertype Corporation.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1957, Harris acquired Gates Radio, a producer of broadcast transmitters and associated electronics gear, but kept the Gates brand name alive by putting the Gates sticker on the back of numerous transmitters that were labeled Harris on the front panels.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1959, they acquired microwave technology company PRD Electronics, also headquartered in Brooklyn, New York.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1967, they merged with Radiation Incorporated (formed in 1950) of Melbourne, Florida, a developer of antenna, integrated circuit and modem technology used in the space race. The company headquarters was moved from Cleveland to Melbourne in 1978.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1969, Harris Corporation acquired RF Communications and Farinon Electric Corporation, furthering its microwave assets. The printing operations were sold off in 1983 and became part of manroland Goss in 2018.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1974, Harris acquired Datacraft Corporation, which led to the formation of the Harris Computer Systems Division. The division made a line of minicomputers for the real-time systems market. In 1994, the division was spun out into the independent Harris Computer Systems Corporation.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1979, Harris formed a semiconductor joint venture Matra Harris Semiconductors (MHS), from which Harris withdrew in 1989. After further changes MHS was taken over by Atmel.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1988, Harris acquired GE's semiconductor business, which at this time, also incorporated the Intersil and RCA semiconductor businesses. These were combined with Harris' existing semiconductor businesses.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1996, Harris Corporation formed a joint venture with Shenzhen Telecom Company to produce and sell Harris' digital microwave radios and integrate them with other systems.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In November 1998, Harris sold its commercial and standard military logic (semiconductor) product lines to Texas Instruments, which included the HC/HCT, CD4000, AC/ACT and FCT product families. Harris retained production of the Radiation Hardened versions of these products.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 1999, Harris spun off their remaining semiconductor business as an independent company, under the Intersil name.


title: Harris Corporation

text: Harris Corporation developed a Hand Held Computer for use during the address canvassing portion of the 2010 United States Census. Secured access via a fingerprint swipe guaranteed that only the verified user had access to the unit. A GPS capacity was integral to the daily address management and the transfer of information that was gathered. Of major importance was the security and integrity of the personal and private information of the populace.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In January 2011, Harris re-opened its Calgary, Alberta avionics operation, Harris Canada Inc.. The expanded facility's operations include among others the support of the work to be completed under the company's six-year, $273 million (CAD) services contract with the Government of Canada for the CF-18 Avionics Optimized Weapon System Support (OWSS) program.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In December 2012, Harris Corporation sold its broadcast equipment operations to the Gores Group which operated as Harris Broadcast and is now GatesAir. Harris received $225M for the transaction, exactly half of what it paid seven years earlier for Leitch Technology, its final acquisition for the Broadcast division.


title: Harris Corporation

text: On May 29, 2015, the purchase of competitor Exelis Inc. was finalized, almost doubling the size of the original company.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In July 2015, Harris Corporation sold its healthcare division, Harris Healthcare Solutions, to NantHealth.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In January 2017, Harris sold off its government IT services division to Veritas Capital for $690 million. After being acquired by Veritas, this business was renamed Peraton.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In October 2018 Harris announced an all-stock "merger of equals" with New York-based L3 Technologies, to be closed (subject to approvals) in mid-2019. The new company, called L3 Harris Technologies, Inc., is based in Melbourne, Florida.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 2019, Elbit Systems of America, the American division of the Israeli Elbit Systems, agreed to purchase Harris's night vision product line for $350 million, contingent on the completion of Harris's merger with L3. Federal regulations had required that Harris divest its night vision business as L3 already had its own night vision business and merger between the two companies would effectively eliminate competition in the industry. That purchase closed in September 2019, and Harris Night Vision was subsequently renamed Elbit Systems of America - Night Vision.


title: Harris Corporation

text: The Harris Communication Systems segment served markets in tactical and airborne radios, night vision technology and defense and public safety networks.


title: Harris Corporation

text: The Harris Electronic Systems segment provided products and services in electronic warfare, air traffic management, avionics, wireless technology, C4I, undersea systems and aerostructures.


title: Harris Corporation

text: Electronic Systems (ES) division provided the "ALQ-214" radio frequency jamming equipment for the U.S. Navy's F/A-18 Hornet aircraft. The ALQ-214 was originally developed by Exelis ES, which Harris acquired in 2015. ES is also a provider of components in the avionics package and targeting systems for the U.S. Navy's F/A-18 and EA-18 Growlers.


title: Harris Corporation

text: The Harris Space and Intelligence Systems segment, formed when Harris purchased Exelis, provides capabilities in Earth observation, weather, geospatial monitoring, space protection and intelligence, including sensors and payloads, ground processing and information analytics.


title: Harris Corporation

text: Harris Corporation produced multiple cell-site simulator products, such as the StingRay and Hailstorm phone trackers (see table below); These masquerade as legitimate cellphone towers duping mobile devices to connect to them instead of real cellular networks, so all wireless voice and data traffic originating in a given area are intercepted by the systems, enabling Stingray operators to conduct mass surveillance and triangulate the position of mobile devices.


title: Harris Corporation

text: Originally developed for the U.S. Navy and later used in the global "war on terror" outside the US, they have increasingly been used by US police agencies. More than six U.S. federal agencies use these platforms, including the FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) says at least 53 law enforcement agencies in 21 states, use this or similar devices.


title: Harris Corporation

text: These platforms are controversial as they surveil communications of all mobile devices in their vicinity, including those of individuals not suspected of any crimes. Harris have been criticized by civil rights advocates for requiring local municipalities, police and state governments to enter into non-disclosure agreements (NDA) and to conceal usage of these platforms from citizens and the courts. Such NDA may violate public record and open access laws. The ACLU, Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed two successful civil lawsuits over denied Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and violations of the public records laws of Florida.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In September 2014, as a result of successful litigation, ACLU received documents and emails between Harris Corporation and the Federal Communications Commission relating to FCC approval of Harris' surveillance systems. ACLU then sent a letter to FCC stating, in their view, Harris misled FCC Office of Engineering and Technology staff during the regulatory review process by falsely claiming the systems were only used in emergency situations and not criminal investigations.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 2006, Harris employees directly conducted wireless surveillance using StingRay units on behalf of the Palm Bay Police Department—where Harris has a campus—in response to a bomb threat against a middle school. The search was conducted without a warrant or judicial oversight.


title: Harris Corporation

text: In 2015, Santa Clara County withdrew from contract negotiations with Harris for StingRay units, noting the reason was the onerous restrictions imposed by Harris on what could be released under public records requests.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Ira David Wood III (born November 19, 1947) is an American actor, author, singer, theater director and playwright. He is the Executive Director of Theatre in the Park, a community theatre company in Raleigh, North Carolina. Wood is the father of actress Evan Rachel Wood.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Wood was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and was raised in the town of Enfield, in Halifax County, North Carolina. He became Enfield's first Eagle Scout. He is a son of Bettie Lee (Winstead), a nurse, and Ira David Wood, Jr. He is a graduate of The North Carolina School of the Arts, having attended between 1965 and 1970. His first wife is Sara Lynn Moore (born March 6, 1958), an actress, director and acting coach. They were divorced in August 2002, and he is currently married to Ashley Mattox Wood. His sister, Carol Winstead Wood, is a former production designer. Two of his three children, Evan Rachel Wood and Ira David Wood IV, are actors. His youngest son, Thomas Miller Wood, was born in July 2012.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Wood mainly works in live theatre, but he has also made appearances in a few motion pictures and on television. He has also been a guest artist on numerous occasions with the North Carolina Symphony, and he has also appeared with Andre Watts and the National Symphony Orchestra at The Kennedy Center.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: He is founder and currently executive director of Theatre In The Park, located in Pullen Park, Raleigh, NC. He has served in that capacity since 1972.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: He wrote and directed the Opening Ceremonies for the U.S. Olympic Festival in 1987 – the largest single athletic event in the history of North Carolina.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: He did extensive work in developing a chronology of the John F. Kennedy assassination in preparation for a theatrical production; this work appeared partially in "Murder in Dealey Plaza"; he is also listed as a contributing writer for the book. On September 28, 2011, just prior to the 50th anniversary of the death of Kennedy, Wood's original "JFK Assassination Chronology" was updated and released as an e-Book edited by Bernard Wilds.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: In 2013, Wood became Artistic Director for the North Carolina outdoor drama "The Lost Colony", winning a Tony award for Excellence in Theater. He still serves in that capacity during the summer months.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Wood is best known for conceiving, producing, directing, and headlining (as Scrooge) a popular musical comedy adaptation of "A Christmas Carol" that has been performed annually in Raleigh—and, more recently, in nearby Durham—since 1974. His is acknowledged as one of the earliest adaptations of the venerable Christmas classic for the theatre and one of the first adaptations of any type that featured a comic element.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Raleigh newspaper "the News & Observer" has called it "one of the most successful shows in North Carolina theater history". The production has enjoyed three international tours and has been seen by a total audience of more than two million people.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Wood will retire from the role of Scrooge following the show's 50th anniversary run in 2023, but will continue to serve as the show's director. His son Ira David Wood IV will assume the role full time. The two have been splitting performances in the role for the past few years.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: Wood has been awarded two "Medal of Arts" awards for artistic achievement on two occasions (the only individual twice honored), as presented by the Raleigh Arts Commission. He is a recipient of "The Order of the Long Leaf Pine" by the State of North Carolina. The Babcock Foundation of South Carolina presented him with their "Builder of Bridges" award.


title: Ira David Wood III

text: The City of Compiegne, France and the City of Columbia, South Carolina have awarded him "honorary citizenship."


title: Ira David Wood III

text: In 2004, the performance venue of Theatre in the Park in Raleigh was named "The Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre", in recognition of his decades of work in local theatre.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: Sex surrogates, sometimes referred to as surrogate partners, are practitioners trained in addressing issues of intimacy and sexuality. A surrogate partner works in collaboration with a sex therapist to meet the goals of their client. This triadic model is used to dually support the client: the client engages in experiential exercises and builds a relationship with their surrogate partner while processing and integrating their experiences with their therapist or clinician.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The modality in which surrogate partners work is called Surrogate Partner Therapy. This modality is used to address obstacles to physical and emotional intimacy that a client is unable to resolve through traditional therapy and requires the involvement of a partner. Clients’ presenting issues have commonly included sexual dysfunctions, lack of healthy intimate experiences, or traumatic history.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: Masters and Johnson introduced the practice in their book "Human Sexual Inadequacy", published in 1970. They believed that people could learn about sexual intimacy only by experiencing it. In their research, subjects that were partnered used these partners to aid in a series of exercises designed to help overcome sexual dysfunction. Unpartnered subjects were paired with "surrogates" who would take the place of a partner, work under the direction of a trained therapist, and act as a form of mentor for the client. In their research, all of the surrogates were women who were assigned to work with single men. Today, most surrogates are women, but a few are men.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The practice of Surrogate Partner Therapy reached its peak in the early 1980s with a few hundred surrogate partners practicing in the U.S. Since then, Surrogate Partner Therapy's popularity declined but reentered social consciousness after the 2012 film "The Sessions", which depicts one surrogate partner's work with a disabled man. As of 2014, those practicing Surrogate Partner Therapy were still very few in number.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: There are people who have experienced a change in sexual lifestyle due to an acquired disability (accident, paralysis, disease, trauma), and a surrogate can help them explore and develop sexual potential. The causes of sexual concerns are numerous and the methods a surrogate might use to help improve a client's sexual life are varied.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The course of this therapy involves continued communication with both the therapist and the Surrogate Partner. The therapist is responsible for addressing the client's concerns and helping them explore ways to overcome their sexual problems through talk therapy. If the therapist and client deem it necessary that they need additional assistance, they can explore the option of working with a Sexual Surrogate Partner. Therapists are limited only to talk therapy, which is why a Surrogate Partner can be beneficial in helping address the client's concerns through exposure therapy, with no limitations of touch. The therapist is responsible for relaying critical information and treatment goals to the Surrogate Partner for the meeting with the client, so that they may fully address their concerns during the interaction. The therapist, surrogate partner, and client work together to create their course of a treatment plan, the interaction between the client and the Surrogate Partner is essentially for the client to practice what they've learned with their therapist through talk therapy.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The first step in Surrogate Partner Therapy is for the surrogate to verbally create an emotional connection and bond with the client, to create a safe environment and address any boundaries and expectations. During this step, the surrogate and client can get to know each other as individuals and create a meaningful relationship. This first step is essential in making the client feel comfortable in pursuing this new type of therapy and laying a good foundation for practicing emotional intimacy.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The next step involves exploring the client's sexuality. This step can involve physical touch and nudity to help the client overcome their sexual concerns, but would not involve sexual arousal or interaction between one another. In this step, the surrogate can work on exercises with the client to feel comfortable in their own body and next to someone else's body, this can involve hugging, or cuddling.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The fourth step is closure, to close out the therapy once all parties are satisfied with the results.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: Since sexual problems are often psychological rather than physical, communication plays a key role in the therapeutic process between a patient and the surrogate partner, as well as between the surrogate partner and the therapist.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: Surrogate partners offer therapeutic exercises to help the patient. These may include, but are not limited to relaxation techniques, sensate focusing, communication, establishing healthy body image, teaching social skills, sex education, as well as sensual and some sexual touching. Surrogate partner therapy begins with a meeting between the client, therapist, and surrogate partner in which the goals of the client are discussed and the scope/duration of the therapy are established. Throughout the process, communication between surrogate partner-client, client-therapist, and surrogate partner-therapist is maintained.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: Some couples attend surrogate partner therapy sessions together, while some people (either single or in a couple) attend them alone. The surrogate engages in education and often intimate physical contact and/or sexual activity with clients to achieve a therapeutic goal. Some surrogates work at counseling centers, while others have their own offices.


title: Sexual surrogate

text: The 2003 Salon.com article "I was a middle-aged virgin", by Michael Castleman, discusses a middle-aged American virgin (Roger Andrews) and his therapy with the sex surrogate Vena Blanchard.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Dark Horse is the fifth studio album by English rock musician George Harrison. It was released on Apple Records in December 1974 as the follow-up to "Living in the Material World". Although keenly anticipated on release, "Dark Horse" is associated with the controversial North American tour that Harrison staged with Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar in November and December that year. This was the first US tour by a member of the Beatles since 1966, and the public's nostalgia for the band, together with Harrison contracting laryngitis during rehearsals and choosing to feature Shankar so heavily in the programme, resulted in scathing concert reviews from some influential music critics.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison wrote and recorded "Dark Horse" during an extended period of upheaval in his personal life. The songs focus on Harrison's split with his first wife, Pattie Boyd, and his temporary withdrawal from the spiritual certainties of his previous work. Throughout this time, he dedicated much of his energy to setting up Dark Horse Records and working with the label's first signings, Shankar and the group Splinter, at the expense of his own music. Author Simon Leng refers to the album as "a musical soap opera, cataloguing rock-life antics, marital strife, lost friendships, and self-doubt".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: "Dark Horse" features an array of guest musicians – including Tom Scott, Billy Preston, Willie Weeks, Andy Newmark, Jim Keltner, Ringo Starr, Gary Wright and Ron Wood. It showed Harrison moving towards the funk and soul music genres, and produced the hit singles "Dark Horse" and "Ding Dong, Ding Dong". Further to the criticism of his demeanour during the tour, the album was not well received by the majority of critics at the time. It peaked at number 4 on "Billboard"s albums chart in the US and placed inside the top ten in some European countries, but became Harrison's first post-Beatles solo album not to chart in Britain. The cover was designed by Tom Wilkes and consists of a school photograph from Harrison's time at the Liverpool Institute superimposed onto a Himalayan landscape. The album was reissued in remastered form in 2014 as part of the "Apple Years 1968–75" Harrison box set.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: George Harrison's third studio album since the Beatles' break-up came at the end of what he describes in his 1980 autobiography, "I, Me, Mine", as "a bad domestic year". From the middle of 1973, with his marriage to Pattie Boyd all but over, Harrison immersed himself in his work, particularly on helping the two acts he would eventually sign to his new record label, Dark Horse Records − Ravi Shankar and a hitherto unknown group called Splinter. Business issues related to the Beatles' company Apple Corps were also coming to a head during 1973–74. Harrison, John Lennon and Ringo Starr became embroiled in litigation with former manager Allen Klein, whose removal from Apple helped to conclude the suit launched by Paul McCartney in December 1970 to dissolve the band as a legal partnership. The simultaneous winding down of Apple Corps' subsidiaries left several music and film projects in jeopardy. Having decided to form his own label, Harrison now sought a record company to distribute Shankar's "Shankar Family & Friends" album, most of which was recorded in California in April 1973, and Splinter's debut, "The Place I Love". Another venture that was affected was the feature film "Little Malcolm". As executive producer of this Apple Films project, Harrison was working to seal a distribution deal in Europe.<ref name="Simmons/Mojo">Michael Simmons, "Cry for a Shadow", "Mojo", November 2011, p. 85.</ref>


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Compounding the pressure, Harrison was drinking heavily and had returned to his drug-taking ways of the 1960s. In "I, Me, Mine", he refers to this as "the naughty period, 1973–74". Wounded by Harrison's frequent infidelities, Boyd had an affair with Ron Wood of the Faces before eventually leaving Harrison for his friend Eric Clapton in July 1974. Both of these dalliances receive attention on "Dark Horse", which author Simon Leng likens to a "musical soap opera". For his part, Harrison had taken up with Starr's wife, Maureen Starkey, and with Wood's wife Krissy. In November 1973, Wood encouraged press speculation about Harrison's marriage by stating that "my romance with Patti is definitely on"; over the following year, rumours circulated about Harrison's dalliance with Starkey and the UK tabloids became aware of his affair with model Kathy Simmons, a former girlfriend of Wood's bandmate Rod Stewart. Shortly before "Dark Horse"s release, Harrison avoided reporters' questions regarding his private life with a suggestion that people wait for the new album, saying, "It's like "Peyton Place"."<ref name="Moore/NME">Anne Moore, "George Harrison on Tour – Press Conference Q&A", "Valley Advocate", 13 November 1974; available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required; retrieved 15 July 2012).</ref>


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: In January 1974, Harrison escaped his domestic problems by visiting India for two months. He attended a ceremony for the opening of Shankar's new home in Benares, where they forged a plan for Harrison to sponsor an Indian classical-music concert tour of Europe, known as Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India, and for Harrison and Shankar to then tour North America together at the end of the year. Featuring up to eighteen musicians on a wide range of traditional Indian instruments, the Music Festival from India was the realisation of a long-held dream for Harrison. As with his dedication to Splinter's career, however, it distracted him from focusing on his own album.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: By May, Harrison had agreed distribution terms with A&M Records and was able to formally launch Dark Horse Records. He remained contracted to Apple as a solo artist, like the other former Beatles, until January 1976. After announcing the staging of the Music Festival from India in September, Harrison confirmed that he planned to tour North America during November and December, to promote the new record label. Despite his stated aversion to performing live, he thereby became the first member of the Beatles to tour the United States and Canada since the group's 1966 visit. Since the band and its individual members were still widely revered in the US, this resulted in considerable expectations and additional pressure on Harrison.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: According to author Ian Inglis, Harrison's approach to "Dark Horse" was informed by a combination of despondency over the disarray and infidelities that characterised his personal life, and confusion at the criticism his 1973 album "Living in the Material World" received from some reviewers. In Britain especially, these critics objected to the spiritual discipline espoused by Harrison and the album's pious message. Although the lyrics to "Dark Horse" invite interpretation as a response to his detractors or to Boyd, Harrison said he wrote the song in reference to gossip about someone who carries out clandestine sexual relationships.<ref name="Freeman/RockAroundTheWorld">Alan Freeman (host), "Interview with George Harrison", "Rock Around the World", show 61, 5 October 1975.</ref> In addition to supplying the name for his record company, the title references Harrison's emergence as the dark horse among the Beatles, particularly in his unexpected ascendancy as a solo artist to surpass Lennon and McCartney.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison conveyed his feelings on his and Boyd's inevitable split in "So Sad", which he began writing in 1972 and first recorded for "Living in the Material World". Leng considers the song to be the antithesis of Harrison's 1969 composition "Here Comes the Sun" in its use of stark winter imagery, reflecting "the temporary death of George's Krishna dream". Harrison's inspiration for "Ding Dong, Ding Dong" came from inscriptions at his Friar Park home, a legacy of the property's original owner, the eccentric Victorian lawyer and horticulturalist Frank Crisp. Harrison said that the song's exhortation to ring out the "old" and the "false", and instead ring in the "new" and the "true", was a message everybody "in a rut" should apply to their lives when celebrating New Year.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: He wrote "Simply Shady" during his stay in India. In a marked departure from the spiritual certainties of Harrison's previous work as a solo artist, the lyrics address the karmic consequences of his wayward behaviour and detail his reliance on drugs and alcohol. By contrast, his and Shankar's visit to the Hindu holy city of Vrindavan inspired the devotional "It Is 'He' (Jai Sri Krishna)". Reflecting Harrison's re-engagement with chanting, the song originated from the bhajan he and his companions sang for five hours during their tour of the city's temples.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: His musical association with Wood led them to co-write "Far East Man", a rumination on friendship, which the pair first recorded for Wood's debut solo album, "I've Got My Own Album to Do". Re-recorded by Harrison for "Dark Horse", the song was his first foray into 1970s soul music. "Māya Love" also reflected Harrison's move towards contemporary R&B, particularly funk. Informed by his relationship with Boyd, the lyrics ponder the illusory nature of love within the Hindu concept of maya. Like "Māya Love", "Hari's on Tour (Express)" was a showcase for Harrison's slide guitar playing. A rare instrumental in the artist's post-Beatles catalogue, its title referenced the upcoming tour and Hari Georgeson, one of several pseudonyms Harrison used on other artists' recordings.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Given Harrison's comment that the album resembled a TV soap opera, musicologist Thomas MacFarlane likens "Dark Horse" to a "drama in two acts". The first act opens with the "Hari's on Tour" instrumental, he writes, before giving way to a run of intriguing "mood pieces" in "Simply Shady", "So Sad" and a reinterpretation of the Everly Brothers' "Bye Bye, Love". Harrison rewrote the latter song to address Boyd's eloping with Clapton. The new lyrics include the lines "There goes our lady, with a-you-know-who / I hope she's happy, old Clapper too", and Harrison's claim that he "threw them both out". "I Don't Care Anymore", a non-album B-side from this period, is a lighthearted song in which Harrison expresses lust for a married woman. The composition blends jug band, skiffle and country influences.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison began work on "Dark Horse" in November 1973, midway through the extended sessions for "The Place I Love". Recording took place at his 16-track home studio, FPSHOT, in Henley-on-Thames. As on "Living in the Material World", Harrison produced the album himself and Phil McDonald again served as recording engineer.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: The other musicians playing on the sessions were Starr, Klaus Voormann, Jim Keltner and Gary Wright. They taped the basic tracks for "Ding Dong, Ding Dong", which Harrison envisioned as a Christmas/New Year hit song, and an early version of "Dark Horse". Authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter write that because the line-up on "So Sad" includes pianist Nicky Hopkins, along with Starr and Keltner, the basic track possibly originates from the "Material World" sessions. Harrison had since given "So Sad" to his near-neighbour Alvin Lee to record for the latter's album "On the Road to Freedom". Harrison played on the session, which took place in August, as did Wood.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison did minimal recording of his own over the first half of 1974. Keen to ensure the best musicianship for Splinter's debut, he worked tirelessly on "The Place I Love" and had Wright, Voormann, Lee and Keltner contribute to some of the recordings. When trying to place the Dark Horse projects with a distributor, he sent the basic tracks for "Ding Dong" and "Dark Horse", along with rough mixes of some Splinter and Shankar songs, to Asylum Records boss David Geffen in Los Angeles, telling Geffen he would see him in March. Harrison, Lee and Wood all subsequently added lead-guitar parts to "Ding Dong", as Harrison sought to build up the layers of instrumentation on the song and re-create his former collaborator Phil Spector's signature Wall of Sound. "So Sad" also received a considerable amount of overdubbing, creating what Leng terms a "harrowing encounter" as Harrison expresses his "great despair" at the end of his relationship with Boyd.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Leng finds an uncharacteristic spontaneity in Harrison's work ethic on "Dark Horse", as his home and recording base were one and the same. In Leng's view, the discipline of working to a schedule "flew out the ornate windows", as did the artist's usual painstaking approach to his music. After attending Joni Mitchell's concert at the New Victoria Theatre in London on 20 April 1974, Harrison was much impressed with her jazz-rock backing band, the L.A. Express, led by saxophonist and flautist Tom Scott, and invited them to Friar Park the following day. Although it was only ended to be a social visit, Harrison and the five musicians recorded the basic tracks for "Hari's on Tour (Express)", which became the opening number on the album and the Harrison–Shankar tour, and "Simply Shady". According to Leng, "Hari's on Tour" shows Harrison wanting to be "one of the boys", as a guitarist in a working band, and far from the spiritual songwriter of "Material World".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: The L.A. Express continued their tour with Mitchell the next day. Having formed a rapport with Harrison after they had worked together on "Shankar Family & Friends" in 1973, Scott subsequently returned to Friar Park and overdubbed horn parts onto "Ding Dong" and the two new tracks. Scott later told journalist Michael Gross that he was the first Western musician that Harrison approached to join him on the upcoming tour.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Between May and August, Harrison signed the distribution agreement between Dark Horse Records and A&M in Paris and opened offices for the label in Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam. Although "Little Malcolm" was tied up in the litigation surrounding Apple, the film was eligible for entry in film festivals; that summer, it won a Silver Bear award at the Berlin Film Festival, in June, and went on to win a gold medal at the Atlanta Film Festival. Through their regular phone calls to discuss the new record label, Harrison formed a bond with Olivia Trinidad Arias, who worked in the marketing department at A&M in Los Angeles. Harrison later credited Arias, whom he subsequently married, with saving him from the downward emotional spiral represented in "Dark Horse" songs such as "Simply Shady".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: In August, Harrison holidayed in Spain with Kathy Simmons before abruptly ending their relationship to fly to Los Angeles and make arrangements for the tour. He returned to England at the end of the month for publicity work with Splinter. One of the members of Splinter marvelled at Harrison's ability to work for "24 hours straight" in the studio but they were also concerned about how gaunt-looking he had become.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Further sessions for the album took place in August and September. Harrison recorded with four American musicians who formed part of his tour band: Billy Preston, his former Apple artist, on keyboards; Scott, who served as band leader on the tour; and the rhythm section of Andy Newmark and Willie Weeks, both of whom Harrison had met while working on Ron Wood's album in July. Newmark recalled that he and Weeks were "completely thrilled" to be invited to play on "Dark Horse". He said that Harrison was an easygoing leader who trusted his musicians' instincts and allowed them the freedom to "do our thing".<ref name="Snow/Mojo">Mat Snow, "George Harrison: Quiet Storm", "Mojo", November 2014, pp. 72–73.</ref>


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison taped "Far East Man", "Māya Love" and "His Name Is Legs (Ladies and Gentlemen)" with this group. A tribute to comedian "Legs" Larry Smith, the latter track was left unfinished until the following year, when Harrison completed it for inclusion on "Extra Texture (Read All About It)". Preston, Weeks and Newmark also played on "It Is 'He' (Jai Sri Krishna)", and Preston and Weeks contributed to some of the songs on "The Place I Love". Around this time, Shankar arrived in London with his Music Festival from India orchestra; for three weeks, they rehearsed and recorded at Friar Park. Harrison produced their eponymous studio album, which Dark Horse released in 1976. According to Arias, he continued to work on "Dark Horse" at night and would wake up to the sound of the orchestra rehearsing in the morning.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: On 23 September, Harrison introduced Shankar on stage at London's Royal Albert Hall for the Music Festival's debut performance, before accompanying them on a short tour of Europe. At this point, Harrison still had much of his album to complete, and rehearsals for the North American tour were due to begin in Los Angeles in October. Before leaving for the US, Harrison recorded an interview with BBC Radio 1 DJ Alan Freeman in which he performed "Dark Horse", a snippet of "Far East Man", and "I Don't Care Anymore" on acoustic guitar. The interview was broadcast on 6 December in the UK but delayed until September 1975 in the US, where it was used to promote "Extra Texture".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: According to the master tape information, Harrison recorded "Bye Bye, Love" at FPSHOT in October; Scott said he did this alone one night after all the other musicians had left. In addition to engineering the recording, Harrison added a variety of instruments to his acoustic guitar track, including Moog synthesizer, drums, electric pianos and several electric-guitar parts.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Rehearsals for the tour began on 15 October. Using A&M Studios in Hollywood as his base, Harrison rehearsed with the tour band on a sound stage at the studio complex. Along with Scott, Preston, Weeks and Newmark, the band included L.A. Express guitarist Robben Ford, Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh horn players Jim Horn and Chuck Findley, and jazz percussionist Emil Richards. Keltner also participated, on drums, but he would not join the tour until late in November. Aside from the Harrison material, selections by Preston and Scott were rehearsed for their spots in the show, since, as at the Bangladesh benefits in 1971, Harrison was keen for other artists to have their moment centre-stage. In a fusion of musical cultures, Harrison, Scott and Richards rehearsed with Shankar's orchestra for some of the Indian-music pieces, and all the musicians, Western and Indian, came together for the "Shankar Family & Friends" tracks "I Am Missing You" and "Dispute & Violence".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison was already experiencing a throat condition before arriving in Los Angeles; in Arias's description, his voice became more hoarse as the year wore on. Since industry convention dictated that an artist have new commercial product to promote when touring the US, he was obligated to complete "Dark Horse". Outside of the daytime rehearsals, Harrison finished off the songs recorded in England, and mixed the album. Horn and Findley overdubbed flutes, and Richards wobble board onto "It Is 'He. Madinger and Easter suggest that much of the vocals on "Dark Horse" were taped at this point – a situation that resulted in Harrison overworking and then blowing his voice in the middle of the tour rehearsals. He was diagnosed with laryngitis. Harrison recorded "I Don't Care Anymore" solo on acoustic guitar, introducing it as an intended B-side.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Although he had intended to finish the version of "Dark Horse" taped at Friar Park, Harrison decided to re-record the song with the tour band, live on the sound stage at A&M Studios. The session took place on either 30 or 31 October, with Norm Kinney as engineer. Leng writes of this performance of "Dark Horse": "Anyone wondering what Harrison's voice sounded like on the Dark Horse Tour need look no further: this track was cut only days before the first date in Vancouver. Although the band sounded good, his voice was in shreds ..." MacFarlane says that the song's new arrangement incorporates folk and jazz influences, and likens this musical fusion to Joni Mitchell's work.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Harrison later admitted he was "knackered" by the time he arrived in Los Angeles, having taken on too much over the previous year. He also recalled that his business manager, Denis O'Brien, had to force him out of the studio, to ensure he caught the plane for the opening show of the tour, on 2 November.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: The LP's gatefold cover design was credited to Tom Wilkes and includes photography by Terry Doran, a long-time friend of the Beatles and Harrison's original estate manager at Friar Park. In a 1987 interview, Harrison said the concept and initial design for the front cover was his own work. The cover image partly recalls that of the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" album, and reflected Harrison's admiration for Terry Gilliam's animation in "Monty Python's Flying Circus".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: The cover shows a 1956 Liverpool Institute high-school photograph superimposed on a watercolour painting, which Wilkes created in response to Harrison's request for an Indian effect. The photo sits inside a lotus flower and is surrounded by a dream-like Himalayan landscape that extends to the horizon. At the top of the image, the Indian yogi Mahavatar Babaji floats in the sky, representing Krishna. As the founding yogi of the Hindu Nath tradition, Babaji introduced Kriya Yoga, which is said to destroy bad karma brought about by past deeds. In the Liverpool Institute photo, a thirteen-year-old Harrison is pictured in the centre of the top row, his face tinted blue; school teachers appear dressed in long-sleeve tops bearing superimposed record-company logos or other symbols. Harrison said he gave the unapproving headmaster the bull's-eye Capitol logo<ref name="White/Musician">Timothy White, "George Harrison: Reconsidered", "Musician", November 1987, p. 59.</ref> whereas the art teacher, who Harrison liked, received the Om symbol. Wilkes and Harrison disagreed over the inclusion of the Babaji image, which the designer disliked and reduced in size for the LP's initial pressing.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: The artwork also reflects Harrison's connection with nature, anticipating his later self-identification as a gardener rather than a musician. The inner gatefold spread contains a tinted photo of Harrison and comedian Peter Sellers walking beside a lake at Friar Park. Around the edges of the photo, text asks the "Wanderer through this Garden's ways" to "Be kindly" and refrain from casting "Revengeful stones" if "perchance an Imperfection thou hast found"; the verse concludes: "The Gardener toiled to make his Garden fair, Most for thy Pleasure." A speech balloon emanating from Sellers reads, "Well, Leo! What say we promenade through the park?" This line was taken from the 1968 Mel Brooks film "The Producers", a favourite of Sellers and Harrison.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: On the back cover, Harrison is pictured sitting on a garden bench, the back timbers of which appear to be carved with his name and the album title. Similar to Harrison's attire in the outdoor scenes of the "Ding Dong, Ding Dong" video clip, Leng refers to his appearance as resembling the Jethro Tull character "Aqualung". Doran's photo, given the same orange hue as the one inside the gatefold, was also used on some European picture sleeves for the "Ding Dong" and "Dark Horse" singles around this time.<ref name="Doggett/RC">Peter Doggett, "George Harrison: The Apple Years 1968–75", "Record Collector", April 2001, p. 39.</ref> Along the bottom of the cover image sits an Om symbol and Harrison's usual "All glories to Sri Krishna" dedication.


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: "Dark Horse"s inner sleeve notes were handwritten by Harrison on a plane at the start of the tour. Along with the first Harrison-album credit for FPSHOT, his purple pen records various in-jokes while listing the many contributing musicians. He included Boyd and Clapton's names next to "Bye Bye, Love", leading to the incorrect assumption that they had contributed to the track. That song's title is juxtaposed with the words "Hello Los Angeles", while "OHLIVERE" was a reference to Arias. The latter is also included among the title track's musician credits – her contribution being "Trinidad Blissed Out". Under "Ding Dong", Harrison credited Wood's guest appearance to "Ron Would If You Let Him", while Sir Frank Crisp is listed as having provided "Spirit".


title: Dark Horse (George Harrison album)

text: Arias's face, in a photo taken by tour photographer Henry Grossman, appeared on the record's side-two face label. A corresponding picture of Harrison appeared on side one. Combined with the sequencing of "Bye Bye, Love" on side one and "Ding Dong" as the opening track on side two, this juxtaposition gave the impression that Harrison's was farewelling Boyd and ushering in Arias.