title: Mukkulathor

text: The Mukkulathors celebrate the coincident birth and death anniversary of U. Muthuramalingam Thevar (also spelled Mathuramaliga Thevar; 1908–1963) annually in October. He was a noted politician from the community and the event, known as "Thevar Jayanthi", gained the approval of the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1993, which enabled the event to obtain police protection, road closures and the like. The Mukkulathors treat Muthuramalingam Thevar as a deity () and it was from this time that the Jayanthi shifted from being a fairly minor affair to one of considerable significance. The Dalit surge since the 1980s was countered by the growth of the Jayanthi, which gave the Mukkulathors an opportunity to react against the Dalits and assert their own perceived superiority, historic status as rulers, and caste pride. Damodraran Karthikeyan, a journalist-turned-academic, notes the historic animosity between the two groups and that "The institutionalised nature of Thevar Jayanthi, through consciously created myths surrounding Mathuramaliga Thevar, his iconisation, canonisation and the construction of a social identity provides a point of entry to study the process of how political power is ritually constructed through social ceremony."


title: Mukkulathor

text: Thevars, traditionally practise a Tamil martial art variously known as "Adimurai", "chinna adi" and "varna ati". In recent years, since 1958, these have been referred to as Southern-style Kalaripayattu, although they are distinct from the ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu itself that was historically the style found in Kerala. This and other displays of aggression are prominent during Thevar Jayanthi.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: Tales of the Gold Monkey is an American adventure drama television series broadcast in prime time on Wednesday nights by ABC from September 22, 1982, until June 1, 1983. Debuting the year following the release of "Raiders of the Lost Ark", the series featured the romance of early aviation, exotic locales, and cliff-hanging action.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: Set in 1938 in the South Pacific, the series is about an ex-Flying Tigers fighter pilot named Jake Cutter (Stephen Collins). Now the operator of an air cargo delivery service based on the fictional South Seas island Bora Gora, he flies a red and white Grumman Goose called "Cutter's Goose". Jake's best friend is his mechanic Corky (Jeff MacKay), a good-hearted alcoholic with a hazy memory from heavy drinking. However, a one-eyed Jack Russell terrier named Jack, which barks once for "no" and twice for "yes" (or the opposite if it suits him) would dispute just who Jake's best friend really is. Jack wears an eye patch, but used to have a false eye made of opal with a star sapphire centre that Jake lost in a poker game—and refuses to let Jake forget it.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: Jake's love interest/U.S. government spy contact is Sarah Stickney White (Caitlin O'Heaney). She sings in the Monkey Bar as a cover for her espionage activities. The Reverend Willie Tenboom (John Calvin), a phony man of the cloth who likes to "bless" the female natives in private "prayer", is in reality a Nazi spy named Willy, with interests in both sides.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: "Bon Chance" Louie (played by Ron Moody in the pilot, Roddy McDowall in the series) is the owner of the Monkey Bar and the French magistrate for Bora Gora. Jake's nemesis is the Japanese princess Koji (Marta DuBois), a Dragon Lady type of character who has eyes for Jake. Koji's devoted bodyguard is Todo (John Fujioka), a fierce practitioner of Bushido and loyal to the princess. (Although Calvin, DuBois, and Fujioka were billed on the opening credits of each episode, they actually only appeared on a semi-regular basis in a handful of episodes.)


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: The title is derived from a gigantic mythical golden statue that is the focal point of the pilot episode, seen only by the viewer at the end of the show. The characters end their search for the statue after finding a substitute brass monkey that is kept at the Monkey Bar for the rest of the series.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: Originally, the series was to be called "Tales of the Brass Monkey", but the Heublein company had run a series of magazine ads with exactly that name about a bar in the Far East, with hints of Casablanca intrigue and references to the Kenpeitai; so, to avoid legal difficulties, the name was changed to "Gold Monkey". At the end of the pilot episode, it is revealed that the statue at the bar was actually brass and not gold. However, unknown to the characters (and revealed to viewers only just before the end credits), the island where the statue was found does contain a massive structure apparently made of solid gold that does resemble a monkey. However, a thousand years of neglect had left it covered in vegetation and debris, and it is only exposed by the same volcanic eruption that forces the characters off the island.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: As with most of creator Donald P. Bellisario's projects, links exist to his other shows. The most notable is of the character Gandy Dancer (played by William Lucking), an ace pilot treasure hunter who appears in the episodes "Legends Are Forever" and – in flashback form – in "Honor Thy Brother". Although Gandy dies in "Legends Are Forever", Bellisario liked the character enough to adapt him to the present day. The third-season episode "Two Birds of a Feather" of Bellisario's hit "Magnum, P.I." has Lucking playing the very similar character of Sam Houston Hunter, also an ace pilot. The episode, which noticeably has little appearance of Magnum or any other regular characters, acted as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off series starring Lucking. However, the series was never picked up, although Bellisario stripped down the 'adventures of an ace pilot' concept and worked it into "Airwolf" (1984–1986). Jeff MacKay had recurring roles in "Magnum, P.I.", and later "JAG" (1995–2005), and Marta DuBois played the role of Magnum's estranged wife Michelle, long-presumed dead, in a story arc that spanned most of that show's run. MacKay and Calvin both went on to play several guest roles in "Airwolf"; and McDowall, MacKay, Calvin (and stock footage of the Goose) all went on to have guest appearances on the Bellisario series "Quantum Leap" (1989–1993). Stock footage of the Goose was also used in "The A-Team" episode "The Island" (season three, episode eight) and in "Quantum Leap" Episode "Ghost Ship" (season four, episode 16). Additionally, Jake's surname, Cutter, was previously an early working title and character name for that of "Magnum", and Bellisario later reused the name "Gushie", who in "Gold Monkey" was a waiter at the Monkey Bar who used a wheelchair, for a member of the "Quantum Leap" project team.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: Although generally well received in both the United States and overseas (such as the United Kingdom, where it was broadcast on BBC One on Monday evenings), the show was not renewed for another season, mostly due to the ratings not justifying the high cost of production.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: This show was an inspiration for the Disney animated series "TaleSpin", according to series creators Jymn Magon and Mark Zaslove. It also heavily inspired the ninth season of the animated series "Archer", "Danger Island".


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: A fictional recursion occurs in "The Sultan of Swat" in which – while waiting for the Boeing 314 Pan Am Clipper – Jake is reading a book with a dustcover titled "Murder on the Footbridge", which is apparently a key plot reference from the 1941 Alfred Hitchcock movie "Suspicion".


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: Fabulous Films obtained the DVD rights for the complete series for the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. Release dates are listed below. Shout! Factory released "Tales of the Gold Monkey: The Complete Series" on Region 1 DVD on June 8, 2010.


title: Tales of the Gold Monkey

text: All three DVD sets include the same bonus features: original double-length pilot episode; the complete 20-episode series; new 36-minute 'making of' documentary with Stephen Collins (Jake Cutter), Caitlin O'Heaney (Sarah Stickney White), writer/producer Tom Greene, director Harvey Laidman; audio commentaries on five episodes; series synopsis; stills gallery; Caitlin's Original Costume gallery; artifacts gallery; 24-page collector's booklet with episode synopses. The Region 1 and 2 versions have a dedication to "the memory of the late, great Jeff MacKay" printed on the back cover.


title: William MacAskill

text: William David MacAskill (; born 24 March 1987) is a Scottish philosopher and author, along with being one of the originators of the effective altruism movement. He is an Associate Professor in Philosophy and Research Fellow at the Global Priorities Institute at the University of Oxford, and Director of the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research. MacAskill is also the co-founder of Giving What We Can, the Centre for Effective Altruism and 80,000 Hours. He is the author of the 2015 book "Doing Good Better", the 2022 book "What We Owe the Future", and co-author of the 2020 book "Moral Uncertainty."


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill was born William Crouch, in 1987, and grew up in Glasgow. MacAskill was educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School in Glasgow. At the age of 15, after learning about how many people were dying as a result of AIDS, he made the decision to work towards becoming wealthy and giving away half of his money. At the age of 18, MacAskill read Peter Singer's 1972 essay "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", which later became a guiding principle for his life.


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill earned a BA in philosophy at Jesus College, Cambridge, in 2008 followed by a BPhil at St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 2010. He went on be awarded a DPhil at St Anne's College, Oxford in 2014 (spending a year as a visiting student at Princeton University), supervised by John Broome and . He then took up a junior research fellowship at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, before taking an associate professorship at Lincoln College, Oxford.


title: William MacAskill

text: In 2009, MacAskill, along with Toby Ord, co-founded the organisation Giving What We Can to encourage people to pledge to donate 10% of their income to effective charities. He co-founded the Centre for Effective Altruism in 2011 as an umbrella organisation of Giving What We Can and 80,000 hours, which he co-founded with Benjamin Todd, to provide advice on how to use your career to do the most good in the world.


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill is Chair of the Advisor Board at the Global Priorities Institute at the University of Oxford and Director of the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research. He is an advisor to Longview Philanthropy.


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill was named in the team list of the "FTX Future Fund" that committed around $160 million in grants. However, following the bankruptcy of FTX, MacAskill and the rest of the team resigned from the FTX Future Fund.


title: William MacAskill

text: One of the main focuses of MacAskill's research has been the issue of how one ought to make decisions under normative uncertainty; this was the topic of his dissertation for his DPhil. MacAskill has published on this issue in "Ethics", "Mind", and "The Journal of Philosophy". He was named as external investigator on a December 2017 grant to the Center for Election Science from Open Philanthropy.


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill's first book, "Doing Good Better," was published in 2015. In the book, MacAskill argues that many of the ways people think about doing good achieve very little, but that by applying data and scientific reasoning to the normally sentimental world of doing good, opportunities to have a much larger positive impact can be found. The book goes on to propose that fair trade does very little to help the poorest farmers, how boycotting sweatshops makes things worse for the global poor, and why people who pursue high-income careers could do more good than charity workers by donating large portions of their wealth to effective charities i.e. earning to give. In the same year the book was published, MacAskill deemphasised earning to give saying "only a small proportion of people should earn to give long term".


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill's second book, "What We Owe the Future", makes the case for longtermism. His argument for longtermism has three parts: first, future people count morally as much as the people alive today; second, the future is immensely big since humanity may survive for a very long time; and third, the future could be very good or very bad, and our actions may affect what it will be. The book also discusses how bad the end of humanity would be, which depends on whether the future will be good or bad and whether it is morally good for happy people to be born—a key question in population ethics. He concludes that the future will likely be positive on balance.


title: William MacAskill

text: "What We Owe the Future" received coverage in "The New Yorker", "Time", and "The Bookseller". Adaptations of the book's central thesis have been published by MacAskill in "Foreign Affairs," "The New York Times","" and the BBC.


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill has appeared on "The Tim Ferriss Show", the "Making Sense" podcast with Sam Harris, and "The Ezra Klein Show" podcasts. In 2022 he appeared on "The Daily Show with Trevor Noah" to discuss his book "What We Owe the Future". In 2018, MacAskill gave a TED talk on effective altruism at the TED conference in Vancouver. MacAskill has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book "Tools of Titans".


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill (born Crouch) argues that men should consider changing their last names when they get married. He and his ex-wife changed their last name to "MacAskill", her maternal grandmother's maiden name. MacAskill and his former wife authored articles together on topics of ethical debate. They separated in 2015 and later divorced.


title: William MacAskill

text: MacAskill has experienced both anxiety and depression. Out of concern for animal welfare, he is a vegetarian. MacAskill lives in Oxford.


title: Miles McMillan

text: Miles Thomas McMillan (born June 27, 1989) is an American model, actor, and painter. In September 2016, he was named the "Daily Front Row"'s "Model of the Year" at the Fashion Media Awards.


title: Miles McMillan

text: McMillan was born and raised in La Jolla, California, where his father is a real estate developer and his mother a psychologist. He would often spend summers at his grandparents' home in Hawaii.


title: Miles McMillan

text: After graduating from La Jolla Country Day School in 2007, he moved to New York City to study fine arts and painting, and received his bachelor's degree of fine arts from NYU Steinhardt.


title: Miles McMillan

text: In the summer of his junior year in college, he was approached by a photographer to shoot for Urban Outfitters. Not signed by an agency at the time, McMillan took up the offer. During his senior year, he got picked up by an agency. This was the official beginning of his modeling career.


title: Miles McMillan

text: In 2010, McMillan made his debut in the John Varvatos show in Milan, Italy. The following year, he opened and closed for Varvatos. He also walked for Alexander McQueen, Dior Homme, Rick Owens, Yohji Yamamoto, Lanvin, Paul Smith, and others. According to McMillan's booking agent, he was the most booked male model that year.


title: Miles McMillan

text: Since then, McMillan has worked with photographers Mert and Marcus for "LOVE" magazine, Jack Pierson for "Another" magazine and "Purple" magazine, Steven Meisel for "Vogue Italia", and Patrick Demarchelier for "Vogue".


title: Miles McMillan

text: In 2016, he walked for Tom Ford's F/W 2016 show and closed Fendi in Milan. He appeared on the cover of the summer edition of the "Daily Front Row" magazine. He also appears in Tommy Hilfiger's fragrance The Girl ad campaign alongside Gigi Hadid. In late 2017, he was on the Christmas TV commercial spot for Zalando, alongside Edie Campbell.


title: Miles McMillan

text: McMillan began dating actor Zachary Quinto in the summer of 2013. In early 2015, the couple moved into a NoHo apartment in Manhattan that they purchased together. In November 2015 "Vogue" magazine called them "a power couple whose domain extends across the film, fashion, and art scene."


title: Miles McMillan

text: McMillan and Quinto also had a home in Upstate New York. McMillan used his time there to paint and take care of their two dogs, Skunk and Rocco. The relationship ended in early 2019.


title: Dental extraction

text: A dental extraction (also referred to as tooth extraction, exodontia, exodontics, or informally, tooth pulling) is the removal of teeth from the dental alveolus (socket) in the alveolar bone. Extractions are performed for a wide variety of reasons, but most commonly to remove teeth which have become unrestorable through tooth decay, periodontal disease, or dental trauma, especially when they are associated with toothache. Sometimes impacted wisdom teeth (wisdom teeth that are stuck and unable to grow normally into the mouth) cause recurrent infections of the gum (pericoronitis), and may be removed when other conservative treatments have failed (cleaning, antibiotics and operculectomy). In orthodontics, if the teeth are crowded, healthy teeth may be extracted (often bicuspids) to create space so the rest of the teeth can be straightened.


title: Dental extraction

text: Extractions could be categorized into non-surgical (simple) and surgical, depending on the type of tooth to be removed and other factors.


title: Dental extraction

text: A comprehensive history taking should be performed to find out the pain history of the tooth, patient's medical history and history of previous difficult extractions. The tooth should be assessed clinically i.e. checked visually by the dentist. Pre-extraction radiographs are not always necessary but are often taken to confirm the diagnosis and hence appropriate treatment plan. Radiographs also help in visualising the shape and size of roots which are beneficial in planning the extraction. All this information will aid the dentist in foreseeing any difficulties and hence prepare appropriately.


title: Dental extraction

text: In order to obtain permission from patient for extraction of tooth the dentist should explain; other treatment options available, what is involved in the dental extraction procedure, the potential risks of the procedure and the benefits of the procedure. The process of gaining consent should be documented in clinical notes.


title: Dental extraction

text: Before extracting a tooth, the dentist would deliver local anaesthetic to ensure the tooth and surrounding tissues are numb before they start the extraction. There are several techniques to achieve numbness of the tooth including


title: Dental extraction

text: The two most commonly used local anaesthetics in the UK are lidocaine and articaine. Prior to injection, topical anaesthetic gel or cream, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, can be applied to the gum to numb the site of the injection up to a few millimetres deep. This should reduce the discomfort felt during the injection and thus help to reduce patient anxiety.


title: Dental extraction

text: During extraction, multiple instruments are used to aid and ease the removal of the tooth whilst trying to minimally traumatise the tissues to allow for quicker healing.


title: Dental extraction

text: Extraction forceps are commonly used to remove teeth. Different shaped forceps are available depending on the type of tooth requiring removal, what side of the mouth (left or right) it is on and if it is an upper or lower tooth. The beaks of the forceps must grip onto the root of the tooth securely before pressure is applied along the long axis of the tooth towards the root.


title: Dental extraction

text: Different movements of the forceps can be employed to remove teeth. Generally, while keeping downwards pressure attempts to move the tooth towards the cheek side (buccal) and then the opposite direction (palatal or lingual) are made to loosen the tooth from its socket. For single, conical-rooted teeth such as the incisors, rotatory movements are also used. A ‘figure of eight’ movement can be used to extract lower molars.


title: Dental extraction

text: In terms of operator positioning when removing a tooth, the patient is placed more supine when extracting and upper and more upright when extracting a lower. This is to allow direct vision for the operator during the procedure. A right handed operator will stand to the front of the patient and to their right when removing any upper teeth or lower left teeth. However, they will stand behind the patient and to the right when extracting a lower right tooth.


title: Dental extraction

text: Dental elevators can be used to aid removal of teeth. Various types are available that have different shapes. Their working ends are designed to engage into the space between the tooth and bone of the socket. Rotatory movements are then made to dislodge the tooth from the socket. Another similar looking but sharper instrument that can be used is a luxator; this instrument can be used gently and with great care to cut the ligament between the tooth and its boney socket (periodontal ligament).


title: Dental extraction

text: Biting down on a piece of sterile gauze over the socket will provide firm pressure to the wound. Normally this is sufficient to stop any bleeding and will promote blood clot formation at the base of the socket.


title: Dental extraction

text: Moreover, the patient must be inhibited from eating and drinking hot food in the first 24 hours. Using straw for drinking in also prohibited due to the negative pressure it can produce which will lead to removal of a newly formed clot from the socket.


title: Dental extraction

text: The source of any bleeding can either be from soft tissues (gingiva and mucosa) or hard tissue (the bony socket). Bleeding of soft tissues can be controlled by several means including suturing the wound (stitches) and/ or using chemical agents such as tranexamic acid, ferric sulphate and silver nitrate. Bony bleeding can be arrested by using haemostatic gauze and bone wax. Other means of achieving haemostasis include electrocautery.


title: Dental extraction

text: Simple extractions are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth, usually with the patient under local anaesthetic, and require only the use of instruments to elevate and/or grasp the visible portion of the tooth. Typically the tooth is lifted using an elevator, and using dental forceps, specific tooth movements are performed (e.g. rocking the tooth back and forth) expanding the tooth socket. Once the periodontal ligament is broken and the supporting alveolar bone has been adequately widened the tooth can be removed. Typically, when teeth are removed with forceps, slow, steady pressure is applied with controlled force.


title: Dental extraction

text: Surgical extractions involve the removal of teeth that cannot be easily accessed or removed via simple extraction, for example because they have broken under the gum or because they have not erupted fully, such as an impacted wisdom tooth. Surgical extractions almost always require an incision. In a surgical extraction the dentist may elevate the soft tissues covering the tooth and bone, and may also remove some of the overlying and/or surrounding jaw bone with a drill or, less commonly, an instrument called an osteotome. Frequently, the tooth may be split into multiple pieces to facilitate its removal.


title: Dental extraction

text: Common risks after any extraction include pain, swelling, bleeding, bruising, infection, trismus (not being able to open as wide as normal) and dry socket. There are additional risks associated with the surgical extraction of wisdom teeth in particular: permanent or temporary damage to the inferior alveolar nerve +/- lingual nerve, causing permanent or temporary numbness, tingling or altered sensation to the lip, chin +/- tongue.


title: Dental extraction

text: Anticoagulants are drugs that interfere with the clotting cascade. Antiplatelets are drugs that interfere with platelet aggregation. These drugs are prescribed in certain medical conditions/situations to reduce the risk of a thromboembolic event. With this comes an increased risk of bleeding. Historically, the anticoagulant warfarin (belonging to the group of drugs called coumarins) and antiplatelets such as aspirin or clopidogrel, were prescribed commonly in these circumstances. However, whilst these drugs are still used, newer antiplatelet (e.g. ticagrelor) and anticoagulant (e.g. rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran) drugs are being used more commonly. When considering dental treatment (including dental extractions) different guidance/precautions need to be followed depending on the drug prescribed and the individual patient circumstances. The Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme (SDCEP) provides excellent guidance on this topic.


title: Dental extraction

text: Individual patient circumstances should be evaluated prior to the use of antibiotics to reduce the risks of certain post-extraction complications. There is evidence that use of antibiotics before and/or after impacted wisdom tooth extraction reduces the risk of infections by 66%, and lowers incidence of dry socket by one third. For every 19 people who are treated with an antibiotic following impacted wisdom tooth removal, one infection is prevented. Use of antibiotics does not seem to have a direct effect on manifestation of fever, swelling, or trismus seven days post-extraction. In the 2021 Cochrane review, 23 randomized control double-blinded experiments were reviewed and, after considering the biased risk associated with these studies, it was concluded that there is moderate overall evidence supporting the routine use of antibiotics in practice in order to reduce risk of infection following a third molar extraction. There are still reasonable concerns remaining regarding the possible adverse effects of indiscriminate antibiotic use in patients. There are also concerns about development of antibiotic resistance which advises against the use of prophylactic antibiotics in practice. Therefore, given that the risks of antibiotics need to be balanced against the possible side effects/adverse effects, antibiotics are not routinely prescribed before or after a dental extraction.


title: Dental extraction

text: The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), a branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), is a nerve that runs through the mandible (lower jaw) and supplies sensation to all the lower teeth, the lip and the chin. The lower teeth, and in particular the lower wisdom teeth, can therefore be in close proximity to this nerve. Damage to the inferior alveolar nerve is a risk of lower wisdom tooth removal (and other surgical procedures in the mandible). This means there is a risk of temporary or permanent numbness or altered sensation to the lip +/- chin on the side the surgery is taking place. Therefore, in order to assess this risk and inform the patient, the position of the inferior alveolar nerve in relation to a lower wisdom tooth needs to be assessed radiographically prior to extraction.


title: Dental extraction

text: The proximity of the root to the canal can be assessed radiographically and there are several factors which can indicate high risk of nerve damage:


title: Dental extraction

text: The lingual nerve can also be damaged (temporary or permanent) during surgical procedures in the mandible, in particular lower wisdom tooth removal. This would present as temporary or permanent numbness/altered sensation/altered taste to the side of tongue (side corresponding to side of surgery).


title: Dental extraction

text: Immediately following the removal of a tooth, bleeding or oozing very commonly occurs. Pressure is applied by the patient biting on a gauze swab, and a thrombus (blood clot) forms in the socket (hemostatic response). Common hemostatic measures include local pressure application with gauze, and the use of oxidized cellulose (gelfoam) and fibrin sealant. Dental practitioners usually have absorbent gauze, hemostatic packing material (oxidized cellulose, collagen sponge), and suture kit available. Sometimes 30 minutes of continuous pressure is required to fully arrest bleeding.


title: Dental extraction

text: Talking, which moves the mandible and hence removes the pressure applied on the socket, instead of keeping constant pressure, is a very common reason that bleeding might not stop. This is likened to someone with a bleeding wound on their arm, when being instructed to apply pressure, instead holds the wound intermittently every few moments.


title: Dental extraction

text: Coagulopathies (clotting disorders, "e.g." hemophilia) are sometimes discovered for the first time if a person has had no other surgical procedure in their life, but this is rare. Sometimes the blood clot can be dislodged, triggering more bleeding and formation of a new blood clot, or leading to a dry socket ("see" complications). Some oral surgeons routinely scrape the walls of a socket to encourage bleeding in the belief that this will reduce the chance of dry socket, but there is no evidence that this practice works.


title: Dental extraction

text: The most serious post extraction healing complication is that slow or halted healing caused by the adverse effects of use of bisphosphonates which can cause osteochemonecrosis of the bone.


title: Dental extraction

text: The chance of further bleeding reduces as healing progresses, and is unlikely after 24 hours. The blood clot is covered by epithelial cells which proliferate from the gingival mucosa of socket margins, taking about 10 days to fully cover the defect. In the clot, neutrophils and macrophages are involved as an inflammatory response takes place. The proliferative and synthesizing phase next occurs, characterized by proliferation of osteogenic cells from the adjacent bone marrow in the alveolar bone. Bone formation starts after about 10 days from when the tooth was extracted. After 10–12 weeks, the outline of the socket is no longer apparent on an X-ray image. Bone remodeling as the alveolus adapts to the edentulous state occurs in the longer term as the alveolar process slowly resorbs. In maxillary posterior teeth, the degree of pneumatization of the maxillary sinus may also increase as the antral floor remodels.


title: Dental extraction

text: Post-operative instructions following tooth extractions can be provided to encourage healing of the socket and prevent post-operative complications from arising. The advice listed below is usually given verbally, and can be supplemented with instructions in the written form. The combination of both methods of delivery has been found to reduce the severity of pain experienced by patients post-extraction and results in higher levels of patient satisfaction compared to verbal post-operative instructions alone.


title: Dental extraction

text: The following can be recommended to encourage healing after a tooth extraction. This advice is based on guidance applicable to the United Kingdom (UK).


title: Dental extraction

text: Many drug therapies are available for pain management after third molar extractions including NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), APAP (acetaminophen), and opioid formulations. Although each has its own pain-relieving efficacy, they also pose adverse effects. According to two doctors, Ibuprofen-APAP combinations have the greatest efficacy in pain relief and reducing inflammation along with the fewest adverse effects. Taking either of these agents alone or in combination may be contraindicated in those who have certain medical conditions. For example, taking ibuprofen or any NSAID in conjunction with warfarin (a blood thinner) may not be appropriate. Also, prolonged use of ibuprofen or APAP has gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks. There is high quality evidence that ibuprofen is superior to paracetamol in managing postoperative pain.


title: Dental extraction

text: Socket preservation or alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is a procedure to reduce bone loss after tooth extraction to preserve the dental alveolus (tooth socket) in the alveolar bone. At the time of extraction a platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membrane containing bone growth enhancing elements is placed in the wound or a graft material or scaffold is placed in the socket of the extracted tooth.


title: Dental extraction

text: Post-extraction bleeding is bleeding that occurs 8–12 hours after tooth extraction. It is normal for bleeding to occur for up to 30 minutes following the extraction. It is not uncommon for the extraction site to discharge a small amount of blood or to see saliva blood-stained for up to 8 hours.


title: Dental extraction

text: Should post-extraction bleeding occur, UK guidance recommends biting onto a piece of damp gauze for at least 20 minutes whilst sitting in an upright position. It is important that the gauze is damp, but not soaking, to avoid disrupting clot formation and consequently inducing a rebound bleed. If the socket continues to bleed, it is recommended to repeat the process with a fresh piece of damp gauze for 20 minutes again. Should both attempts fail to stem the bleed, it is advised to seek professional advice.


title: Dental extraction

text: This type of bleeding occurs during/immediately after extraction, because true haemostasis has not been achieved. It is usually controlled by conventional techniques, such as applying pressure packs or haemostatic agents onto the wound.


title: Dental extraction

text: This type of bleeding starts 2 to 3 hours after tooth extraction, as a result of cessation of vasoconstriction. Systemic intervention might be required.


title: Dental extraction

text: This type of bleeding usually begins 7 to 10 days post extraction, and is most likely due to infection destroying the blood clot or ulcerating local vessels.


title: Dental extraction

text: There is no clear evidence from clinical trials comparing the effects of different interventions for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding. In view of the lack of reliable evidence, clinicians must use their clinical experience to determine the most appropriate means of treating this condition, depending on patient-related factors.


title: Dental extraction

text: Atraumatic extraction is a novel technique for extracting teeth with minimal trauma to the bone and surrounding tissues. It is especially useful in patients who are highly susceptible to complications such as bleeding, necrosis, or jaw fracture. It can also preserve bone for subsequent implant placement. Techniques involve minimal use of forceps, which damage socket walls, relying instead on luxators, elevators and syndesmotomy.


title: Dental extraction

text: Following dental extraction, a gap is left. The options to fill this gap are commonly recorded as Bind, and the choice is made by dentist and patient based on several factors.


title: Dental extraction

text: Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. Before the discovery of antibiotics, chronic tooth infections were often linked to a variety of health problems, and therefore removal of a diseased tooth was a common treatment for various medical conditions. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican, which was used through the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century. As dental extractions can vary tremendously in difficulty, depending on the patient and the tooth, a wide variety of instruments exist to address specific situations. Rarely, tooth extraction was used as a method of torture, "e.g.", to obtain forced confessions.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: On April 17, 2013, an ammonium nitrate explosion occurred at the West Fertilizer Company storage and distribution facility in West, Texas, United States ( north of Waco), while emergency services personnel were responding to a fire at the facility. Fifteen people were killed, more than 160 were injured, and more than 150 buildings were damaged or destroyed. Investigators confirmed that ammonium nitrate was the material that exploded. On May 11, 2016, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives stated that the fire had been deliberately set. That finding has been disputed.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: West Fertilizer Company had supplied chemicals to farmers since it was founded in 1962. it was owned by Adair Grain, Inc. and employed nine workers at the facility. Adair Grain, Inc. is wholly owned by Donald Adair and his wife Wanda.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: At the time of the incident, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) had last inspected the plant in 1985. According to records obtained by the Associated Press, OSHA cited the plant for improper storage of anhydrous ammonia and fined it $30. OSHA could have fined the company as much as $1,000. OSHA also cited the plant for violations of respiratory protection standards, but did not impose a fine. OSHA officials said the facility was not on their "National Emphasis Plan" for inspections, because it was not a manufacturer, had no record of a major accident, and the Environmental Protection Agency did not consider it a major risk. After a complaint in 2006 about an ammonia smell coming from the facility, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality investigated and cited the operator for not having a permit for two storage tanks that contained anhydrous ammonia. A permit was issued once the operators brought the facility into accord with agency regulations and recommendations. Also in 2006, the EPA fined the owners $2,300 for problems that included not filing a risk management program plan on time. In June 2012, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration further fined the facility $5,250 for violations regarding anhydrous ammonia storage.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: According to an open records request by Reuters, the plant had a long history of minor thefts, presumably by people wanting to use anhydrous ammonia to make methamphetamine. The facility lacked burglar alarms, or even a fenced perimeter. It installed a surveillance system in 2009 after law enforcement recommended they do so.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: In an emergency planning report filed with the EPA in 2011, company officials said the anhydrous ammonia storage tanks did not represent a significant fire or explosion hazard. Indeed, the tanks were still intact following the nearby fire and explosion.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: According to its last filing with the EPA in late 2012, the company stated that it stored of ammonium nitrate and of anhydrous ammonia on the site. A week after the explosion, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano told Senate investigators that the company did not appear to have disclosed its ammonium nitrate stock to her department. Federal law requires that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) be notified whenever anyone has more than one ton of ammonium nitrate on hand, or if the ammonium nitrate is combined with combustible material.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The facility caught fire on Wednesday, April 17, 2013, and roughly 20 minutes after the fire was first reported to emergency dispatchers, the site exploded. At 7:50:38 p.m. CDT (00:50 UTC, April 18), as firefighters were attempting to douse the flames, it exploded with the force of 7.5-10 tons of TNT. The explosion created a crater where the site of the fertilizer plant had previously been, and resulted in 15 deaths and numerous injuries.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: After weeks of investigation, the cause of the initial fire remained unknown; authorities ruled out weather, natural causes, anhydrous ammonia, and ammonium nitrate in a rail car as possible causes. In May 2016, the ATF announced that they had determined the fire had been deliberately set. This finding is widely disputed, however; there were no named suspects or arrests made, leading to legal and forensic experts criticizing the ATF investigation.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The massive explosion obliterated the West Fertilizer Company plant and caused heavy damage and further destruction to surrounding areas. Numbers for people dead or injured varied initially.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: In addition to the obliterated plant, the damaged buildings included the public West Middle School, which sits next to the facility. A neighboring 50-unit, two-story apartment building was destroyed.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The blast damaged the nearby West Rest Haven nursing home, and many residents were evacuated. Many of the nursing home residents received cuts from flying glass, but emergency personnel on scene judged that most of these injuries were not life-threatening.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: On April 20, some residents who tried to return to their destroyed homes were turned away, because leaking gas tanks were causing small fires.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: According to the company's insurer, United States Fire Insurance of Morristown, New Jersey, the facility was only covered by $1 million in liability insurance. According to official estimates from both state and company officials, this amount did not even begin to cover the cost of damages. Furthermore, according to "The Dallas Morning News", Texas law allows fertilizer storage facilities to operate without any liability insurance at all, even when they store hazardous materials.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: West Mayor Tommy Muska told the "Waco Tribune-Herald" that as of late evening, April 17, six or seven volunteer firefighters from the city were unaccounted for. West EMS Director Dr. George Smith, himself injured, said he believed at least two emergency responders were killed.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: "We do have confirmed fatalities," Texas Department of Public Safety spokesman D.L. Wilson said at a midnight news conference on April 17. "We have a tremendous amount of injuries ... over 100 injuries at this time." Wilson did not confirm or deny an earlier report that the number of deaths could be in the range of 60 to 70. He said the blast zone was "just like the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City," comparing its effects to the Oklahoma City bombing, and that "50 to 75" homes and businesses were damaged. Sergeant William Patrick Swanton of the Waco Police Department said the operation has gone into a "search-and-rescue mode", aiming to find survivors and recover those who might be trapped in buildings. He said at least 160 people had been injured, and the firefighters who were combating the initial fire were still unaccounted for. Swanton quoted local environmental officials and emergency personnel in saying there was no risk to the community from the smoke fumes rising from the facility.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Over 100 people were reported injured in the blast, and were originally transported to a makeshift triage set up at West High School's football field. The triage site later was moved to a community center due to the football field's proximity to the still-burning facility. Hillcrest Baptist Medical Center in Waco received over 40 injured for treatment. Patients were also admitted to Waco's Providence Healthcare Network, Fort Worth's John Peter Smith Health Network, Dallas's Parkland Memorial Hospital, and Temple's Scott and White Memorial Hospital.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Authorities announced on April 19 that twelve bodies had been recovered, sixty people were missing, and at least 200 had been injured. The 12 dead included 10 first responders as well as two civilians who had volunteered to fight the fire.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Those living in and around West report that the blast felt like an earthquake. The United States Geological Survey recorded the explosion as a 2.1-magnitude tremor. The blast was heard in nearby Hillsboro, Waxahachie, DeSoto, and as far north as Arlington. Windows were blown out in Abbott, NNE of West.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Due to toxic fumes and a large number of displaced families, West Independent School District announced on its Twitter feed that all five of the district's schools would stay closed until further notice. They reopened on April 22. Nearby school districts Abbott Independent School District (ISD) and Penelope ISD also closed their schools for a day.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Waco Police indicated that they would treat the explosion site as a crime scene out of caution. The U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives announced on the morning of April 18 that it would send a national response team—including fire investigators, explosive experts, chemists, and canine units—to investigate the site. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, an independent federal agency that investigates accidents involving industrial chemicals, also dispatched a major investigation team to West to begin searching for the cause of the disaster.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Urban Search and Rescue Texas Task Force 1 and Texas Task Force 2 Urban Search and Rescue deployed on the morning of April 18 to assist in search and rescue. An incident management team from the Texas A&M Forest Service was also deployed, as was the Veterinary Emergency Team from Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Governor Perry declared McLennan County a disaster area, and on April 22, President Obama issued an Emergency Declaration, which afforded the state aid with 75% federal funding. On April 18, the Texas National Guard sent members of the 6th Civil Support Team to the area to test the air quality and assess chemical and biological hazards.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: On June 13, 2013, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) declined additional aid to the town, based in large part on the ability of the State of Texas to provide the necessary funds to rebuild.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: However, on August 2, 2013, FEMA reversed its original decision and approved a major disaster declaration for West.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The state fire marshal department said that investigators interviewed "almost 300 people," and followed 160 leads in their initial investigation.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: In May 2013, the Texas Department of Public Safety instructed the Texas Rangers and the McLennan Sheriff's Department to join the Texas Fire Marshal's Office and the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, in the criminal investigation into the explosion.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: Investigators blamed stocks of ammonium nitrate fertilizer stored in a bin inside a seed and fertilizer building on the property for the explosion but failed to identify what started the actual fire that led to the explosion.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: On April 22, 2014, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board released preliminary results of its investigation into the explosion. It found that company officials failed to safely store the chemicals in its stockpile, and that federal, state and local regulations about the handling of hazardous materials were inadequate. In a statement released alongside the report, the board's chair, Dr. Rafael Moure-Eraso, stated: "The fire and explosion at West Fertilizer was preventable. It should never have occurred. It resulted from the failure of a company to take the necessary steps to avert a preventable fire and explosion and from the inability of federal, state and local regulatory agencies to identify a serious hazard and correct it." The CSB's yearlong investigation found that 1,351 facilities across the country store ammonium nitrate, and that their many areas had no regulations to keep such facilities away from populated areas. Moure-Eraso urged new and revised regulations, stating "there is no substitute for an efficient regulatory system that ensures that all companies are operating to the same high standards. We cannot depend on voluntary compliance."


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The ATF announced on May 11, 2016, that the fire that led to the explosion was intentionally set. However, they declined to comment about any possible suspects, though a reward of $50,000 for information leading to an arrest has been offered. This finding was subsequently disputed by various other experts, who noted that the ATF's finding was based primarily on their inability to find any other cause for the initial fire. Some people complained that it delayed victims' lawsuits against the fertilizer company, gave the defendants more legal ammunition, and prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to put a hold on new chemical plant safety rules.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The Waco-McLennan County Public Health District in collaboration with the Texas Department of State Health Services carried out and completed an epidemiological study to describe the physical injuries related to the incident. The report was issued in June 2014 and the study was later published as a scientific manuscript in 2016.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: One year later, in 2014, the "Wall Street Journal" reported that fertilizer storage regulations in the U.S. were unchanged.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: In 2015, the Texas Legislature passed House Bill 942 regulating storage and inspection of ammonium nitrate and granting authority to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and local fire marshals to effect and enforce such regulation.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: At least seven lawsuits were filed against Adair Grain Inc., which owned the West Fertilizer Company facility. On October 11, 2015, a day before jury selection was to begin, parties reached a partial settlement in one case. Its terms have not been disclosed. The settlement includes the families of the three civilians killed in the fire and explosion. This is separate from the $118,300 in fines that West Fertilizer was handed for violating several rules about the handling of hazardous materials.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: In January 2018, it was reported that the city of West will receive $10.44 million in settlements with defendants in the litigation around the plant explosion, the West City Council approved the settlement, which includes funds for damages not covered by insurance or grants from state or federal agencies. The lawsuit that the settlement pertains to, was filed on behalf of the city and claimed the defendants were negligent in selling or distributing the ammonium nitrate based fertilizer, that they failed to properly warn of the dangers associated with the handling and storage of the product, and should have never sold the product to West Fertilizer.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: In 2019, the City of West dedicated the Fallen Heroes Memorial, a memorial park dedicated to the 15 deceased victims of the 2013 explosion. The memorial features a vertical stone wall with a narrative describing the event and its aftermath, and a circle of 15 stone markers (with one stone marker dedicated to each victim) arranged in a circle around a reflecting pool and fountain.


title: West Fertilizer Company explosion

text: The memorial was completed on land about 100 yards from where the fertilizer plant once stood, at a cost of approximately $300,000, most of which was covered by donations.


title: Esther Garrel

text: Esther Garrel (born 18 February 1991) is a French actress. She is most known for her roles in "17 Girls" (2011), "Jealousy" (2013), "Call Me by Your Name" (2017), and "Thirst Street" (2017).


title: Esther Garrel

text: Garrel was born in Paris, the daughter of filmmaker Philippe Garrel and actress Brigitte Sy. Her brother is actor Louis Garrel, and her grandfather is actor Maurice Garrel. Her maternal grandfather was of Sephardic Jewish descent.


title: Esther Garrel

text: Garrel made her film debut in "Wild Innocence", directed by her father. She went on to star in "17 Girls", directed by Delphine and Muriel Coulin, which had its world premiere at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, as well as "Youth", directed by Justine Malle. In 2013 Garrel starred alongside her brother in "Jealousy", directed by her father.


title: Esther Garrel

text: In 2017, Garrel co-starred in "Call Me by Your Name", directed by Luca Guadagnino, opposite Timothée Chalamet, Armie Hammer, and Michael Stuhlbarg. It had its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. She went on to star in "Thirst Street", directed by Nathan Silver, which had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 21 April 2017, and "Lover for a Day", directed by her father, and which had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2017.


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: "Going to hell in a handbasket", "going to hell in a handcart", "going to hell in a handbag", "go to hell in a bucket", "sending something to hell in a handbasket" and "something being like hell in a handbasket" are variations on an allegorical locution of unclear origin, which describes a situation headed for disaster inescapably or precipitately.


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: The origin of the phrase has been much debated. Its usage may be dated to the baskets used to catch guillotined heads in the eighteenth century. Early visualizations of the phrase might possibly be associated with religious iconography such as the stained glass windows of Fairford Church in Gloucestershire and Hieronymus Bosch's painting "The Haywain", circa 1515, which portrays a large cart of hay being drawn by "infernal beings that drag everyone to Hell".


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: In the 19th century, the phrase has been found associated with the American gold rush of the 1840s where men were lowered by hand in baskets down mining shafts to set explosives which could have deadly consequences.


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: The phrase has been used in sermons since at least 1841, as can be seen in the publication, "Short Patent Sermons": "[Those people] who would rather ride to hell in a hand-cart than walk to heaven supported by the staff of industry". Also in 1841, a mention of the phrase can be found in "The Star of Freedom": "..Sanctified hypocrites will tell you not, and that, do what you will, you are all to go to hell in a handbasket, thereby, in fact, making you mere passive creatures in this world passive to their will..."


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: In 1862, the journal "Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome: or, The History of Popery" stated: "...that noise of a Popish Plot was nothing in the world but an intrigue of the Whigs to destroy the Kings best Friends, and the Devil fetch me to Hell in a Hand basket, if I might have my will, there should not be one Fanatical Dog left alive in the three Kingdoms."


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: I. Winslow Ayer's 1865 polemic alleges, "Judge Morris of the Circuit Court of Illinois at an August meeting of Order of the Sons of Liberty said: "Thousands of our best men were prisoners in Camp Douglas, and if once at liberty would 'send abolitionists to hell in a hand basket.


title: To hell in a handbasket

text: Various versions of the phrase have appeared in the title of several published works and other media:


title: Torri Higginson

text: Sarah Victoria "Torri" Higginson (born December 6, 1969) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in the "TekWar" movies and series, and for portraying Dr. Elizabeth Weir in "Stargate SG-1" and "Stargate Atlantis" (2004–2008), Dr. Jordan Hampton in "NCIS" (2007–2009), and Commander Delaney Truffault in "Dark Matter" (2015–2017). She is also a theatre actress and has appeared in "Three Tall Women", "Weldon Rising", and "Picasso at the Lapin Agile".


title: Torri Higginson

text: Higginson was born in Burlington, Ontario and studied to become an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, United Kingdom.


title: Torri Higginson

text: In 1995, two years prior to "Stargate SG-1"s premiere, Higginson starred in the movie "Jungleground" with three other actors from the "Stargate" franchise: Peter Williams (Apophis), JR Bourne (Martouf), and Lexa Doig (Dr. Lam). Higginson took over the role of Dr. Elizabeth Weir from Jessica Steen in a guest spot on the season eight opener of "Stargate SG-1". She was then carried over as the leader of the Atlantis expedition on "Stargate Atlantis" and continued playing that role until the end of the show's third season, afterwards being reduced from a main cast member to a recurring role in the fourth season. She did not reprise the role for the show's fifth season.


title: Torri Higginson

text: In 2015, Higginson was cast in the CBC television drama series "This Life" as Natalie Lawson, a lifestyle columnist and single mother who is diagnosed with terminal cancer. The series ran for two seasons, and was ultimately cancelled on January 24, 2017. In 2016, she portrayed Dr. Kessler on the KindaTV web series "Inhuman Condition".


title: Torri Higginson

text: In February 2021 it was announced that Higginson, who had a recurring role on the CTV medical series "Transplant", was upgraded to a regular cast member for season 2 after the rights for the show were acquired by NBC.


title: Torri Higginson

text: Higginson won a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role for "The City" in 2000. In 2004, she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her performance in "Stargate Atlantis".


title: Animorphs (TV series)

text: Animorphs (also known under the promotional title AniTV) is a television adaptation made by Protocol Entertainment based on the Scholastic book series of the same name by K. A. Applegate. It was made for YTV for Season 1 and Global for Season 2 in Canada and Nickelodeon for the United States. The series was broadcast from September 15, 1998 to October 8, 1999 in the United States and Canada.


title: Animorphs (TV series)

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (when they were known as Columbia TriStar Home Video) had released twelve episodes in four VHS volumes known as "The Invasion Series", collecting episodes from the series. The first 12 episodes are only released on VHS and not re-released on DVD.


title: Animorphs (TV series)

text: Seven volumes spanning the first 20 episodes (only the first of which was identical to its U.S. counterpart) were released in Australia. The episodes were placed in chronological order. Each volume had three episodes apart from Volume 7, which had two ("Face Off", parts 1 and 2).


title: Animorphs (TV series)

text: All 26 episodes are currently available on iTunes, Vudu and Amazon Video spread across three volumes. Also, all 26 episodes were previously available on Netflix.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The Perito Moreno Glacier () is a glacier located in Los Glaciares National Park in southwest Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The ice formation, in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field located in the Andes system shared with Chile. This ice field is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The Perito Moreno Glacier, located from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Despite most of the innumerable glaciers worldwide retreating, one of the few unusual glaciers that maintains in a state of equilibrium is the Perito Moreno Glacier because it continues to accumulate mass at a rate similar to that of its loss. The reason remains debated by glaciologists.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The terminus of the Perito Moreno Glacier is wide, with an average height of above the surface of the water of Argentino Lake, in Argentina. It has a total ice depth of .


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: In 1879, the British Captain of the Chilean Navy, Juan Tomás Rogers , sighted for the first time (by a non-native) the majestic glacier which he named "Francisco Gormaz", name of the Director of the Hydrographic Office of the Chilean Navy, sponsoring organization of the discovering expedition.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Some years later, Rudolph Hauthal, attached to the Argentine Boundary Commission, met the glacier, and decided to name it "Bismarck" in honor of Prussian Chancellor.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: In 1881, the Boundary Treaty between Chile and Argentina was signed, which defined the boundaries of both countries in the Andes mountain range up to the 52nd parallel. The glacier is east of the Andes Mountains and empties into Lake Argentino, which also is under Argentine sovereignty. Before the treaty, the area was in dispute between both countries.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Finally, in 1899, after long years of research, compilation of archaeological material, and survey of the area, Argentine Lieutenant Iglesias, who was in charge of the studies for the Argentine Hydrographic Institute, named the coveted glacier Perito Moreno Glacier in homage to Mr. Francisco Pascasio Moreno.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Pressure from the weight of the ice slowly pushes the glacier over the inner fjord of Lake Argentino reaching the coast of Península de Magallanes and bisecting the lake at an area called the Brazo Rico (Rico Arm) on one side and the Canal de los Témpanos (Iceberg Channel) on the other. With no outlet, the water level on the Brazo Rico side of the lake can rise by as much as 30 meters above the level of the main body of Argentino Lake. Intermittently, the pressure produced by the height of the dammed water breaks through the ice barrier causing a spectacular rupture, sending a massive outpouring of water from the Brazo Rico section to the main body of Lake Argentino and the Santa Cruz river. As the water exits Brazo Rico, the scored shoreline is exposed, showing evidence of the height of the water build-up. This dam–ice-bridge–rupture cycle recurs naturally between once a year to less than once every decade.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The glacier advances between June and December and recedes between December and April. The formation of an ice barrier is a complex process, since there is a feedback mechanism between the glacier and the lake, which affects the oscillations of the position of the glacial front in a fairly stable way.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Different behaviors have been observed during the filling and in the processes of discharge of the water, which have been classified into three types: sudden, progressive and minor burst. In a sudden type event, the maximum discharge can reach 8000 m³ per second, while a smaller event only evacuates 123 m³.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The ruptures do not have a specific frequency. Traditionally it was estimated one every three or four years, but there have been times where they happened in shorter periods and others in which it didn't occur for many years, causing fears that the phenomenon might possibly have stopped occurring.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The ruptures occurred in the years, 1917, 1935, 1940, 1942, 1947, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1984, 1988, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013 (two events, one in January and one in December), 2016, 2018 and 2019.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Evidence from tree rings on the shorelines indicates that there were no major damming and rupture events of the Brazo Rico from about 1635 until the 20th century. The front of the glacier began to move towards the opposite bank at the end of the 19th century. In 1899 it was 750 meters from the Magallanes peninsula. In the first five years of the twentieth century it continued its progression, managing to close its arm for the first time in 1917, followed by the first break.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: In the 21st century, the events of 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2012 are classified as sudden download events.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: In 2004, the peak level of the dammed lake was 10.5 m and discharge flow peak had a value of 5000 m³ / s, finishing with matching lake levels after four days. It was estimated that 10,000 tourists watched this event. In 2006 the level difference reached by the Rico arm was 5.4 m and on 10 March, the retained water began to escape, which caused the dike to collapse on the 13th. The discharge rate rose to 5850 m³ / s, concluding the discharge period on March 14, when the levels of the Rico arm matched the rest of the lake. In the 2008 event, the discharge flow had a peak value of 8000 m³ / s, finishing with matching lake levels after about four days. At the 2012 event, the discharge flow peak had a value lower than the previous ones, 2000 m³ / s, so it took longer to evacuate the accumulated water, concluding only after 14 days.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: In the southern summer of 2013 there was an event of this type. By September 9, 2012, the front of the glacier had shortened the distance that separated it from the coast of the Magallanes peninsula to only 30 meters, which had caused the Rico arm to accumulate water, reaching a maximum level of 2.2 m on November 21, when the water managed to overcome the ice wall by opening a subglacial tunnel, beginning the discharge process. Tunnel formation was visible directly on day 26 and subsequently the tunnel collapsed. On February 4, 2013, the discharge flow reached a maximum value: 205 m³ / s. The discharge continued, albeit in a very slow way, as a result of new semi-clogging, so it was just completed, when both levels were the same, 85 days after it started. The distance between the glacier wall and the peninsula was over 100 m towards the beginning of March. At the end of December 2013 there was another event of the progressive type with similar characteristics to what had happened the previous year. The level of Lake Rico reached a difference of 3.7 m and the evacuation of the liquid lasted 65 days, reaching a maximum discharge flow of 220 m³ / s.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Occasionally, the glacial front does not completely obstruct the natural passage of water with an ice dam, but it approaches close enough to prevent water from passing freely, so without reaching elevation, an arm cut in Rico occurs. These events are classified as minor downloads.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: This is what happened in October 1996, when the Rico arm rose about a meter. At the end of that month the water pressure opened a greater passage in the walls of the glacial front and the discharge began, but slowly, since the passage had not been sufficiently open, so the maximum peak of the discharge flow occurred at the end of January with a value of 123 m³ / s, the dimensions being equalized on both sides only at the beginning of April.8 The events of 1994, 1995 and 1997 show similar behavior and magnitudes to those of 1996.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The phenomenon was presented again in 1935. At the close of 1939, due to the flooding caused by the embalmed waters, which affected numerous agricultural establishments, and without even glimpsing the economic value that from the point of view this natural event could represent tourism, the Argentine Navy Ministry launched explosives on the ice indication, unable to obtain the intended result of artificially consolidating a gap for the evacuation of water. The break occurred naturally in February of the following year. In 1952 the closure produced a flooded area of 6670 ha; It affected fields of crops and livestock, but not buildings.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: The rupture of 1966 was the one that produced one of the largest volumes of water evacuated by the Santa Cruz River, which exceeded 2000 m³ per second, measured at the Charles Fuhr capacity station.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: Due to its size and accessibility, Perito Moreno is one of the major tourist attractions in southern Patagonia and the rupture of this glacier is considered one of the most impressive natural spectacles in the world. The rupture events benefit the area by producing enormous international visibility, which translates into sources of income for the region's growing tourism development, which has its support base in the city of El Calafate. The city has an international airport, with many tour companies running daily tours.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: A large visitor centre at the site features a walking circuit which allows visitors to view the southern flank and the east-facing edge of the glacier.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: In recent years, trekking tours on the ice have gained popularity. The two standard tours are a "mini-trekking" option, consisting of a short walk of about an hour and a half, and a "big ice" version, which is usually about five hours. Tour companies generally provide crampons to customers.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: As the Zone closes to the public during the night - after 8 pm - on some occasions the ice bridge collapses without spectators, as happened in the event of March 11, 2018.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: A small glacier stonefly called Andiperla willinki inhabits the glacier. Also called "the pearl of the Andes" or "dragon of Patagonia" is a kind of plecoptera of the family Gripopterygidae that inhabits the Patagonian glaciers, in Argentina and Chile, spending its entire life on the ice. It measures approximately and feeds on bacteria that live on the ice brought by the wind.


title: Perito Moreno Glacier

text: It was found on the Upsala Glacier and described by Aubert Willink in 1956. Due to its rarity, small size, and extreme habitat, they believed it had become extinct. However, it was rediscovered in 2001 in a Torres del Paine glacier in a 20 m deep recess; on this occasion, it was named by the crew as "Patagonian dragon".


title: The Man Trap

text: "The Man Trap" is the first episode of of the American science fiction television series "". Written by George Clayton Johnson and directed by Marc Daniels, it featured design work by Wah Chang and first aired in the United States on September 8, 1966.


title: The Man Trap

text: In the episode, the crew visit an outpost on planet M-113 to conduct routine medical exams on the residents, only to be attacked by a shapeshifting alien who kills by extracting salt from the victim's body.


title: The Man Trap

text: This was the first "Star Trek" episode to air on television, although the sixth to be filmed; it was chosen as the first of the series to be broadcast by the studio due to the horror plot. "The Man Trap" placed first in the timeslot with a Nielsen rating of 25.2 for the first half-hour and 24.2 for the remainder. It aired two days earlier on Canadian network CTV.


title: The Man Trap

text: The USS "Enterprise" arrives at planet M-113 to provide supplies and medical exams for the only known inhabitants of the planet, Professor Robert Crater (Alfred Ryder) and his wife Nancy (Jeanne Bal), who operate an archaeological research station there. Captain Kirk, Chief Medical Officer Dr. Leonard McCoy, and Crewman Darnell (Michael Zaslow) transport to the surface as Kirk teases McCoy about his affection for Nancy ten years earlier. They arrive in the research station, and each of the three men sees Nancy differently: McCoy as she was when he first met her, Kirk as she should look accounting for her age, and Darnell as an attractive blonde woman whom he met on a pleasure planet. When Nancy goes out to fetch her husband, she beckons Darnell to follow her.


title: The Man Trap

text: Professor Crater is reluctant to be examined, telling Kirk that they only require salt tablets. Before McCoy can complete the examination, they hear a scream from outside. They find Darnell dead, with red ring-like mottling on his face, a plant root in his mouth, and Nancy standing over him saying she was unable to stop Darnell from tasting the plant. On board "Enterprise", Spock analyzes the plant. He confirms that it is poisonous, but that mottling is not a symptom. McCoy conducts a medical exam and, together with Spock, determines that all the salt was drained from Darnell's body. In response, Kirk transports back down to the planet with McCoy and two crewmen, Green (Bruce Watson) and Sturgeon (John Arndt). Kirk tells Professor Crater that he and his wife should stay aboard the Enterprise until they find out what killed Darnell. Crater then runs off trying to find Nancy. Nancy kills both Sturgeon and Green; their faces show the same mottling as Darnell. Nancy assumes the form of Green, and meets Kirk and McCoy. They beam back up to the ship with Sturgeon's body.


title: The Man Trap

text: "Green" roams the corridors, stalking several crew members, killing one. It shapeshifts into the form of McCoy after confirming that the real McCoy has taken a sedative to sleep. Meanwhile, Spock confirms that scans show only one person, Crater, on the planet; Kirk and Spock beam down to capture him. They find Green's body before Crater tries to frighten them away with phaser fire. After they stun him with a phaser beam, the dazed Crater reveals that the real Nancy was killed by the creature – the last member of a long-dead civilization of shape-shifters who feed on salt – a year earlier. The creature continued to take on the appearance of Nancy out of affection for Crater, and he has been feeding it, comparing it to the "now-extinct buffalo". Kirk informs "Enterprise" of the creature's intrusion, as the landing party and Crater transport back to the ship.


title: The Man Trap

text: Crater refuses to help them identify the creature, so Kirk orders the fake "McCoy" to administer truth serum. Kirk arrives in sickbay to find Crater dead and Spock injured; Spock's Vulcan blood made him incompatible with the creature's needs. Back in its "Nancy" form, the creature goes to McCoy's quarters. Kirk arrives with a phaser to provoke the creature into attacking. McCoy gets in the way, giving the creature the opportunity to attack Kirk. The creature reverts to its natural appearance and starts to feed on Kirk. McCoy opens fire with his phaser. The creature changes back into the shape of "Nancy" to plead for its life as McCoy continues firing and kills it. As "Enterprise" leaves orbit, Kirk comments to Spock that he was thinking about the buffalo.


title: The Man Trap

text: "The Man Trap" appeared in Gene Roddenberry's original pitch for "Star Trek" as the title of a show with a different plot: the crew face several apparitions that are "wish-fulfilment traps which become as real as flesh and blood"; the traps increase in subtlety until the crew struggle to differentiate between apparition and reality. Lee Erwin, who had previously worked on "The Lieutenant" with Roddenberry, was commissioned to produce a treatment; an outline featuring a salt-devouring vampire was handed in on April 8, 1966. Meanwhile, George Clayton Johnson had been assigned a storyline, tentatively titled "Chicago II", in which the crew of the "Enterprise" visit a planet where the culture was that of 1920s mob-era Chicago, which later evolved into "". Johnson was hired after story editor John D. F. Black recommended him to the producers. Johnson decided to use the 1953 science fiction novel "The Syndic" by Cyril M. Kornbluth as the basis for the story. Roddenberry felt that Johnson's treatment did not match his vision for "Star Trek", but did not want to lose him entirely, and asked him to write "The Man Trap". Erwin was paid in full for his version, and given a separate "kill fee" because it would not be used.


title: The Man Trap

text: Roddenberry wanted to see more action, so the creature's ability to create apparitions was added to the script from the original pitch. Stan Robertson at NBC suggested to Roddenberry that they might wish to get medical advice over whether the draining of a chemical from a person would kill them instantly. To find out, Roddenberry asked Kellam de Forest Research, who said that, while it had never happened in reality, a quick death would be likely. Johnson suggested that the creature in "The Man Trap" could be the last of its species. He compared its situation to the reduction in numbers of American bison. Roddenberry found the idea intriguing.


title: The Man Trap

text: Erwin was paid a further fee to terminate his contract, and Johnson wrote a first draft teleplay titled "Damsel With a Dulcimer." While writing, Johnson consulted Black, who advised him to place the creature on the "Enterprise" quickly to increase the pace of the episode. This draft was delivered on May 23, but NBC felt that hallucinations were being overused; the same plot device had appeared in the pilot episode "". Johnson wrote a further draft on May 31, which reduced the number of apparitions, and was well received by Robert H. Justman. Roddenberry and Justman made further tweaks; one was to restore the name "The Man Trap" from Erwin's original treatment, another removed a scene which introduced McCoy's apprehension when using the transporter. Johnson further edited the script, but complained about the change in name. After a second edit by Johnson, it was passed from Justman to story editor Black. While the former felt that the script still needed work, Black felt it was nearly ready. Following Black's review, Roddenberry re-wrote the script between June 16 and 21. Johnson felt this re-write had "downgrad[ed] the story."


title: The Man Trap

text: Black later said that Roddenberry removed a large part of Johnson's work, and that Johnson's original work was better than Roddenberry's edited version. Johnson was pleased with the final episode, although he was concerned that viewers might not understand "Star Trek" after watching "The Man Trap" owing to differences in characterization between this episode and the rest of the series. He admitted that he did not like Spock and was concerned that the character would not be understood after this episode. Roddenberry was pleased with Johnson's work, and offered him further writing work on "What Are Little Girls Made Of?", which had been written by Robert Bloch. Roddenberry only wanted Johnson to "polish" the script; Johnson, feeling he was unable to improve it without starting from scratch, turned down the offer, but expressed the desire to work on the show again. He later wrote a story outline titled "Rock-A-Bye Baby, or Die!" in which the "Enterprise" would have become a childlike sentient being who idolizes Kirk as its father. This was not commissioned, so "The Man Trap" was Johnson's only work on the franchise.


title: The Man Trap

text: Jeanne Bal was cast as Nancy Crater, McCoy's former love interest; the actress had previously guest-starred in "Perry Mason" and was one of the main performers in the sitcom "Love and Marriage". Alfred Ryder was well known for his numerous appearances in similar genre series such as "The Wild Wild West" and "The Outer Limits". After his appearance as Robert Crater in "The Man Trap", he appeared in the science fiction series "The Invaders".


title: The Man Trap

text: Actors playing two of the crewmen who died on screen later appeared in other episodes of "Star Trek". Michael Zaslow, seen in "The Man Trap" as Darnell, appeared in "I, Mudd", and later had a long-running role in the soap opera "Guiding Light" as Roger Thorpe. John Arndt appeared in four further episodes of the original series.


title: The Man Trap

text: All previous episodes of "Star Trek" had overrun their filming schedules, and the producers were concerned that not enough time had been allotted to each production. Marc Daniels was recruited as director of "The Man Trap"; among his varied directing credits were episodes of "I Love Lucy" for Desilu Productions. Pre-production began during the six scheduled filming days for "", but that episode ran long. Filming for "The Man Trap" commenced around 3:20 p.m. on June 22 and continued until 7:10 p.m. Several futuristic-looking salt shakers were sourced for scenes in "The Man Trap", but due to concerns that they would not be recognized, they were instead used from "The Man Trap" onward as McCoy's tools in sickbay.


title: The Man Trap

text: The first full day of filming on June 23 was predominantly shot on the set representing the bridge of the "Enterprise". Two small establishing shots were postponed until the filming of the next episode. The following day, corridor scenes were filmed, as was the climactic scene featuring the creature's death. At that point, Daniels estimated that he was only a third of a day behind schedule. After a break for the weekend, production resumed on June 27 for scenes in the botany lab, the briefing room and sickbay. One of Grace Lee Whitney's favorite sets to work on throughout the series was the lab, which was the sickbay redecorated, as she enjoyed working with George Takei. The animated plant in that scene was a hand puppet controlled from under the table, and Whitney later recalled that the operator could see right up her skirt throughout the shoot and would occasionally try to grope her using the puppet.


title: The Man Trap

text: For the sickbay scenes when Spock bleeds, Daniels decided that Vulcans should have green blood. Roddenberry disliked the idea and unsuccessfully attempted to have it corrected in post-production. By the end of the fifth day of shooting, Daniels estimated that he was now only half an hour behind schedule. Days six and seven were spent on the sets used to show the surface of M-113; while the design of the planet did not match Johnson's vision, he was pleased with it nonetheless. The ruins were constructed out of cardboard boxes covered in gunite (a spray-on, cement-like product) to give them a rocky appearance. Production wrapped on June 30, at 2:55 p.m. Bob Justman later referred to Daniels as the "savior" of the series for delivering "The Man Trap" on schedule, and when the director for "The Naked Time" dropped out, Daniels took over and shot the episode back to back with "The Man Trap" a quarter of a day faster than the schedule. By the end of the original series, Daniels had filmed more episodes than any other director.


title: The Man Trap

text: During the production of "The Man Trap", Daniels introduced a system in which actors unneeded on a shoot went to a "cast table" area to practice upcoming scenes rather than return to their dressing rooms. Producers felt that this both sped up the filming process and improved the quality of performances. The cast table system continued to be used throughout the production of the original series, even when Daniels was not directing.


title: The Man Trap

text: In post-production, Justman recommended adding an opening narration. Roddenberry agreed and wrote new lines for a Captain's log. Alexander Courage recorded the music for this episode on August 19, the same day as the "Theme from "Star Trek"", using a 25-piece orchestra. While Roddenberry liked the theme, he hated the music created specifically for "The Man Trap". The optical effects were created more quickly than usual; Howard A. Anderson, Jr. took two months, three times faster than for some episodes. The overall production costs for "The Man Trap" came in under-budget at $185,401.


title: The Man Trap

text: The producers spent some time considering the creature's appearance. Justman suggested to Gene Roddenberry that it could be some sort of "terrifying, young lady" with a similar appearance to the green skinned Orion slave girl seen in "The Cage", but blue skinned and with orange hair. While Roddenberry thought that the idea was good, he already had an agreement with NBC that it would be an animal. Johnson envisaged the creature as a refugee with "ashen skin" wearing "gunnysack clothing". Daniels had some apprehension about using a monster-of-the-week format, asking "Do you go for cheap thrills or a more intelligent approach?" He said that the crew decided to "treat everything as if it were real" in order to help the audience buy into it. It was Johnson who suggested the creature should be a shapeshifter, having used the idea in an episode of "The Twilight Zone" he wrote called "The Four of Us Are Dying".


title: The Man Trap

text: The creature was designed by Wah Chang. Dancer Sandra Gimpel wore the costume on-screen. Gimpel had previously appeared as a Talosian in "The Cage". The head of the creature costume was sculpted in clay then covered in a plaster cast. Once the cast was removed, liquid latex was applied to create a flexible single-piece mask, which was then painted. Chang added a white wig and attached glass lenses to the mask for eyes. Once Gimpel was wearing the mask, cuts were made into its wrinkles to offer the actress some limited vision while wearing it. Gloves were modified by Chang to give the fingers the appearance of tentacles with suction cups. William Ware Theiss created the rest of the costume out of a fur bodysuit.


title: The Man Trap

text: Johnson praised both Chang and Gimpel, saying that while the latter embodied the character, the design work meant that, in the final scene, it was as if the crew had to kill a "helpless dog". After filming, the costume was kept in Justman's office, becoming the first in an ever-growing number of alien costumes accumulated there. It reappeared on-screen in "The Squire of Gothos". Although referred to officially as the "M-113 creature", during production it was called the "salt sucker" and fans of the show have taken to referring to the alien as the "salt vampire".


title: The Man Trap

text: Don Lanning was part of the team working on the creature effects for the 2009 film "Star Trek". He was the key sculptor for the production, and personally revamped some of the aliens from the original series, including the salt vampire seen in "The Man Trap". He described the original design as "hokey", and said that he tried to change it to "something organic". The new version of the creature was unused in the film, which pleased Lanning. The creature did return in "Star Trek Online", a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. Rather than a single salt vampire, the 20-player PvE mission "Mine Trap" saw a Romulan colony overrun with them. A salt vampire also makes an appearance in an episode of the animated series "." In December 2019, an animated version of the creature made a brief appearance in the opening scenes of the "" episode "Ephraim and Dot".


title: The Man Trap

text: In his book "The Influence of Star Trek on Television, Film and Culture", Lincoln Geraghty wrote that episodes such as "The Man Trap" demonstrated a recurring theme within the series: the more barren the planet, the more likely that characters will be in danger. Other episodes which he said supported this view included "The Cage" and "What Are Little Girls Made Of?". Geraghty also pointed out that elsewhere in the original series, the predominant view was that alien predators such as the salt vampire were a lower life form which should be destroyed. He said that in "The Man Trap", the alternative argument is presented: that such creatures should not be killed. However, Geraghty felt that the writers tried to prevent viewers from feeling sympathy for the creature by revealing its true appearance as it died. Paula M. Block and Terry J. Erdmann also discussed the killing of the creature in their book "Star Trek: The Original Series 365", saying that it was "the right thing to do", but suggested that the nature of the death would have troubled McCoy for some time after the event although this was not shown in the series.


title: The Man Trap

text: A vampiric alien is a recurring idea in science fiction television series, such as the "Blake's 7" episode "Sand", the "Babylon 5" episode "Soul Hunter" and the television film "". The theme had already been used in written form, in Gustave Le Rouge's 1908 French science fiction work "Le Prisonnier de la Planète Mars".


title: The Man Trap

text: Block and Erdmann also discussed another part of the episode where Spock is in charge on the bridge and Uhura begins to flirt with him, calling it a "quintessential scene of the series" due to the characters' sexual interest in each other. They suggested this may have been the inspiration for the Spock/Uhura relationship introduced in the 2009 reboot film "Star Trek". Nichelle Nichols, who played Uhura, later said that she felt there were hints of an Uhura/Spock relationship in other episodes of the original series.


title: The Man Trap

text: A month prior to the premiere of "Star Trek", Desilu held a screening for NBC executives to help decide which episode to broadcast first, and several stories were considered. Executives were concerned that "Mudd's Women", one potential choice, would have reviewers discussing "space hookers"; they felt another possibility, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", contained too much exposition, even though it was filmed as a second pilot. The final choice was between "The Man Trap" and "The Naked Time". Justman felt that "The Naked Time" would make it easier for viewers to understand the characters, but later agreed with NBC's decision to show "The Man Trap" first. In the book "Inside Star Trek: The Real Story", he suggests that it was "scarier and more exploitable than the others".


title: The Man Trap

text: "The Man Trap" was the sixth episode produced. Although Roddenberry initially disagreed with NBC's decision, he and production executive Herbert Franklin Solow came to believe it was the correct choice. Shatner also disagreed with the network, feeling that "The Man Trap" was the worst episode out of those available. The episode was the first episode of "Star Trek" broadcast in the United States, on NBC on September 8, 1966. "The Man Trap" formed part of NBC's "Sneak a Peek Week", in which the network showed the premiere episodes of several new shows in prime time slots, ahead of the rival channels ABC and CBS, who were still showing repeats from the previous season. Leading into "Star Trek" was the first episode of "Tarzan" showing Ron Ely, and leading out was Richard Mulligan's "The Hero".


title: The Man Trap

text: "The Man Trap" placed first in its timeslot, with Nielsen ratings of 25.2 during the first half-hour; some 46.7 percent of all American televisions in use at the time were tuned in to the episode. In the same timeslot, "The Tammy Grimes Show" on ABC and "My Three Sons" on CBS received ratings of 14.1 and 9.4 respectively. During the second half of the episode, the rating for "The Man Trap" dropped to 24.2, with 42.2 percent of televisions tuned in. "Bewitched" on ABC increased that network's rating to 15.8, and CBS's Thursday night movie increased their rating to 10.7.


title: The Man Trap

text: The following episodes saw a drop in ratings after "The Man Trap". "Charlie X" was broadcast the following week; the studio did not want that episode to run second, but "Where No Man Has Gone Before" was the only other completed story. It placed second in the timeslot during the first half hour, with a rating of 19.1 and an overall share of 35.9 percent of viewers. It was beaten by "My Three Sons" on CBS with a rating of 19.2. During the second half hour, "Star Trek" was pushed into third with a rating of 12.3 by the Thursday night movie on CBS and the season premiere of "Bewitched", which was also the first episode of that series broadcast in color. The following week, with "Where No Man Has Gone Before", the series returned to the top place with a 19.9 rating during the first half hour, and second in the second half hour to "Bewitched". The Trendex rating report for the first few weeks of "Star Trek" saw it ranked in 33rd spot for the period with an average rating of 18.7.


title: The Man Trap

text: The episode was not the first to be broadcast in the United Kingdom, which instead premiered "Star Trek" on BBC One with "Where No Man Has Gone Before" on July 12, 1969. The episodes continued to be broadcast in a different order than they had appeared in the United States. "The Man Trap" was shown nearly three months later on October 4 as the 13th episode. This was during the period when the channel was still broadcasting only in black and white; it was not until "" on November 15 that the series was shown in color. During subsequent repeats of "Star Trek", the channel reverted to NBC's schedule and showed "The Man Trap" as the first episode. Canadian network CTV aired episodes of the first season of "Star Trek" on Tuesday nights instead of Thursdays and so ran "The Man Trap" on September 6, 1966, two days before NBC. Airing American programs early was a common practice among Canadian broadcasters in order to avoid direct competition for viewers and advertisers with American border stations airing the same program at the same time. The practice became obsolete once simultaneous substitution of commercials was permitted.


title: The Man Trap

text: A high-definition remastering of "The Man Trap", which introduced new special effects and starship exteriors as well as enhanced music and audio, was shown for the first time in the United States on September 29, 2007, in broadcast syndication. The episode was made available to over 200 local stations across the United States with the rights to broadcast "Star Trek".


title: The Man Trap

text: In 1966, "The Hollywood Reporter" said the episode was a "winner", with a lot of suspense and science fiction gadgets.


title: The Man Trap

text: In an interview published in the 1988 book "The Star Trek Interview Book", Johnson claimed that the response of critics to "The Man Trap", and the initial episodes of "Star Trek" in general, was "complete bewilderment". In previewing the broadcast of "The Man Trap", "The Daily Reporter" said that "Star Trek" had the "usual far-fetched suppositions" present in other science fiction works, but praise was given to the acting skills of Shatner and the plots of the initial episodes. The "Edwardsville Intelligencer" called the reveal of the creature in the episode "the kicker of a great sci-fi plot". "Daily Variety" columnist Jack Hellman gave the episode an unfavorable review over its "lack of meaningful cast leads", who "move around with directorial precision with only violence to provide the excitement." The weekly edition of the magazine offered a similar opinion, stating that the "Enterprise" "trudged along for a long hour with hardly any relief from violence, killing, ugly stuff and a distasteful monster".


title: The Man Trap

text: Among more recent reviews, Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an "A−" rating, describing it as "done very well" with a plot that is dark and ambiguous. Torrie Atkinson and Eugene Myers reviewed the episode in 2009 for "Tor.com", saying that it suitably introduced the characters, although certain elements of the show were not yet in place. These included the lack of the death of a redshirted character, as the crewmen who died in "The Man Trap" did not wear red shirts, along with the lack of red and yellow alerts, instead referred to as general quarters three and four in this episode. The duo added that the episode demonstrated that the series was "something special", and that it remained more culturally diverse than modern television. They gave it a rating of four out of six.


title: The Man Trap

text: Ryan Britt, also writing for "Tor.com", said that "The Man Trap" was not a good introduction to the series, but praised the screen time given to Rand, Uhura and Sulu. He added that the latter two were more interesting in this episode than they would be at any point until the start of the movie franchise. Britt said that "The Man Trap" was different than the rest of the series, and more akin to "The Twilight Zone" owing to the background of the writer. In Hollywood.com's ranking of all 79 episodes of "The Original Series", Christian Blauvelt placed "The Man Trap" as 73rd, calling the creature "incredibly pointless". It was also listed as one of the show's "cheesiest classic creatures" by "Wired" magazine in 2007; however, "Rolling Stone" magazine listed it as the tenth best villain in the franchise.


title: The Man Trap

text: "The Guardian" noted "The Man Trap" as an episode about a salt-eating shape-shifter, on the 50th anniversary of "Star Trek"'s first public broadcast in 2016.


title: The Man Trap

text: "Star Trek" news site "Trek.Report" gave the episode a ranking of 3 of 5, noting that actions of the crew were not affected by the "Prime Directive", a later addition to the franchise's canon.


title: The Man Trap

text: The first adaptation of "The Man Trap" was as a re-working into a short story by author James Blish as part of the novelization "Star Trek". This book contained seven short stories, each based on an episode of "The Original Series", and was published in January 1967. The adaptation of "The Man Trap" appeared as the third story in the book, although it was named "The Unreal McCoy". The first home media release of "The Man Trap" was on Compact Cassette from Startone Productions in 1982. A further release on LaserDisc took place in 1985, alongside "Charlie X". Further releases of all episodes of the series were made on VHS and Betamax.