title: Hurricane Ike

text: Hurricane Ike also brought many health issues to the victims. Damages from the homes and the environment helped create these issues amongst the public. Following the disaster, communities were challenged to provide the correct medical treatment in emergency rooms and other medical facilities. It developed stress restricting victims their basic health services. Orange County had an 88.5 percent capacity loss of intermediate care facilities reducing its overall capacity. By late October five hospitals that usually served the areas that were impacted by the hurricane stayed closed while only one hospital continued to operate but with a limit of patients.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: The need for mental health services increased after the disaster especially for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Most individuals will not progress to constant behavioral or mental health problems, but the World Health Organization estimates between five and ten percent of victims will have more long-term issues. Telephone interviews and mental health diagnoses were ordered randomly to households concerning the effects of Hurricane Ike. Post-disaster mental health occurrences were 5.9 percent for post-traumatic stress disorder, 4.5 percent for major depressive episode, and 9.9 percent for general anxiety disorder. A Galveston Bay Recovery Study (GBRS) was a survey distributed through a random stratified cluster sampling of victims in the Galveston Bay area for research on traumatic stress and disaster exposure. When surveyed victims were asked how they felt and what they experienced after the hurricane there was an immediate emotional response to fear of the loss of property, employment, displacement, and damages. Children were targeted for physical abuse by parents and guardians because of loss of property and employment. Results of post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, dysfunctions, and disabilities were reported when asked how stressful their lives have been since Hurricane Ike. There was an increase of impairments, interference with social activities and health behaviors such as eating poorly, smoking more, and restlessness. Development of these mental health problems was due to the lack of sufficient clean clothing, electricity, food, money, transportation, or water for at least one week.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: Victims and workers face numerous residential and occupational hazards during the process of repairing their homes or community. An exposure to hazardous materials through the process created health threats of diseases, air contamination, smoke inhalation, and lead poisoning. As disaster victims return to their damaged homes children were exposed to the debris and other hazards, developing a risk of injury. After the hurricane because of power outages individuals and family misused portable generators causing carbon monoxide poisoning. Eighty-two percent to 87 percent of carbon monoxide were caused by the improper use of generators. The Texas Department of State Health Services issued that gasoline generators should not be used indoors. Fifty-four people were reported by the Texas poison centers to have storm-related carbon monoxide exposure. The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society and The Center for Disease Control reported 15 people had to undergo hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning. Symptoms from exposure were headaches, nausea, and vomiting with the majority of the treated cases under the age of eighteen.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: Hurricane Ike forced the Houston Astros and the Chicago Cubs to play out their 3-game set in Milwaukee at Miller Park. Ike also forced the postponement of the second-week NFL game between the Houston Texans and the Baltimore Ravens. The game was later made up in Houston after repairs were made to Reliant Stadium on November 9, 2008. It also forced the NCAA football game on September 13 between the Houston Cougars and the Air Force Falcons to be moved from Robertson Stadium in Houston to Gerald Ford Stadium in Dallas. Ike also forced the postponement of a Texas Longhorns game in Austin, Texas due to increased evacuee traffic in the city's shelters. The Sam Houston Bearkats football game with Prairie View A&M was also canceled. Tickets for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) WrestleMania XXV were originally scheduled to go on sale September 20, 2008, but it was postponed due to the effect of Ike on the state of Texas until November 8, 2008.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: There were a number of relief efforts set up to help those caught up in Ike, including one set up by Portlight and Weather Underground. Most of them raised at least $10,000 to help out. The Portlight/Weather Underground effort created some initial controversy springing from the unexpected overwhelming response to requests for assistance.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: Portlight delivered over $500,000 worth of equipment to people with disabilities and outlying communities that were impacted by Hurricane Ike. They also delivered pizza to the residents of the hard-hit Bolivar peninsula and helped provide a Christmas party for residents of Bridge City, Texas.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: Direct Relief, an emergency response organization, provided over $1.1 million in hurricane emergency aid as of September 20, 2008. The organization sent shipments that contained medicines, and hygienic supplies.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: Hurricane Ike's winds, surge, and giant waves tossed storage tanks and punctured pipelines. However, operators in the Gulf of Mexico (ranging from major integrated producers like BP and Shell to small privately owned independents) shut in operations in advance of Ike's approach as a precautionary measure. As a result of these shut-ins, US oil production dropped from to in the immediate aftermath of the hurricane. By late November, production was restored to pre-Ike levels. Despite the hurricane, only of crude oil split into the Gulf of Mexico and the marshes, bayous and bays of Louisiana and Texas over a coastline distance of . Much of the spillage occurred in the High Island area of Galveston County, Texas, where storm surge rose over a low-lying oilfield and flooded the marshy area around several producing wells, beam pumps and storage tanks. During the days both before and after the storm, companies, and residents reported around 448 releases of gas, oil and other substances into the environment in Louisiana and Texas. The hardest hit places were industrial centres near Houston and Port Arthur, Texas, as well as oil production facilities off Louisiana's coast.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: The Coast Guard, with the Environmental Protection Agency and state agencies, has responded to more than 3,000 pollution reports associated with the storm and its surge along the upper Texas coast. Most callers complain about abandoned propane tanks, paint cans and other hazardous materials containers turning up in marshes, backyards, and other places.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: On March 6, 2009, a 159,000-ton Norwegian tanker, SKS Satilla, collided with jackup drilling rig Ensco 74, operated by Valaris plc, which had been missing after Ike struck. The tanker's double hull prevented an oil spill at the site, 65 miles south of Galveston, which is 115 miles west of the original position of the rig. Four drilling rigs, including Ensco 74, were damaged by Ike, but Ensco 74 was the only missing rig. At least 52 oil platforms were damaged by Ike.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: Because of the tremendous damage, number of deaths, and people left missing, the name Ike was officially retired on April 22, 2009, by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never be used again for an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with "Isaias" for the 2014 season. "Isaias", however, was not used in 2014. Instead, it was used in 2020 for the first time.


title: Hurricane Ike

text: A commission was established by Rick Perry, the Texas Governor, following the hurricane to investigate preparing for and mitigating future disasters. A proposal has been put forth to build an "Ike Dike", a massive levee system which would protect the Galveston Bay, and the important industrial facilities which line the coast and the ship channel, from a future, potentially more destructive storm. The proposal has gained widespread support from a variety of business interests. , it is currently only at the conceptual stage.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: Hitman: Contracts is a 2004 stealth video game developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is the third installment in the "Hitman" video game series, and serves as both a remake of "" and sequel to "", incorporating gameplay elements introduced in the latter into missions from the first game, which have been remastered with enhanced graphics. The game also includes several new missions, which serve as flashbacks experienced by the player character, the cloned assassin Agent 47, after being almost killed on a botched job.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: "Hitman: Contracts" was met with generally positive reviews; praise was directed at the improved gameplay elements, graphics, soundtrack, darker tone and atmosphere, while criticism was reserved for the lack of significant improvements and the familiarity with the previous two games. As of April 2009, the game has sold around 2 million copies. High-definition ports of "Contracts", "Silent Assassin", and the sequel "" were released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in January 2013 as the "Hitman HD Trilogy".


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: In "Hitman: Contracts", players control Agent 47 from a third-person perspective, who is sent to various locations across the globe to assassinate specific targets. A wide array of weapons can be used, from kitchen knives, assault rifles and handguns to belt-fed machine guns. While stealth and subterfuge is encouraged, the game allows the player to take a more violent approach and gunfight their way to their mission goals. As players progress through the game, they can collect the various armaments found in the levels, allowing them to be used in future missions. Aside from the more straightforward ways of killing targets such as gunplay and strangulation, several missions allow the player more subtle ways to eliminate hits, such as judicious use of poison, or arranging "accidents" like a heat-induced heart attack inside a sauna.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: Players are rated on their performance based on several factors; key among which are the number of shots fired, non-player characters (NPCs) killed (and whether they were armed adversaries or innocents), and the number of times the guards are alerted. The lowest rank is "Mass Murderer", which is awarded to players who kill large numbers of NPCs in the pursuit of their target and do not use stealth. The highest rank is "Silent Assassin", which is earned when the player accomplishes their mission without being detected, and generally without killing anyone other than the intended target(s).


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: "Contracts" continues the trend of context sensitive actions, which means that one button is used in multiple situations for multiple uses. For example, when the player is near a door, the context sensitive button will allow the player to perform door-relevant actions such as keyhole-peeking, lock picking, or if allowed, simply opening it. When the player is near an unconscious or dead NPC, the same button will allow the ability to either acquire the person's outfit, or drag the body to an area where it will not be found by guards.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: Along with the context sensitive button, the "Suspicion Meter" returns as well; this meter informs players of how close they are to blowing their respective cover. Actions like excess running indoors, brandishing weapons openly, residing in restricted areas, or sneaking can raise suspicion. Proximity will also usually raise the meter. If the "Suspicion Meter" fills, guards will open fire on sight of the player and the current cover becomes useless. If the guards discover a fallen body, or if an unconscious person wakes and alerts them, the "Suspicion Meter" will raise much faster than it would otherwise.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: Disguises can be either found in the environment or taken from the bodies of male NPCs. Depending on the disguise, the player can then access areas restricted to most individuals in a level. These disguises can be seen through by guards, as stated above; e.g. if guards in a level are all wielding shotguns, a player dressed as a guard but not similarly equipped will draw more suspicion. Also, certain behaviors (like picking locks) will cause guards to see through a disguise as well.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: On March 17, 2004, around one year after the events of "Silent Assassin", Agent 47 is shot and critically wounded while carrying out a mission in Paris for his employers, the International Contracts Agency (ICA). Returning to his hotel room, he reflects on his past, beginning with his escape from Romanian special forces after killing his creator, Dr. Otto Ort-Meyer, at his own facility. 47 then recalls various contracts he carried out over the years, including the assassination of two fetishists who had kidnapped a client's daughter in Romania; the killing of a black marketeer in Kamchatka selling weapons to terrorists, and the destruction of their weapon labs aboard a submarine; the murder of a corrupt nobleman and his son in the United Kingdom; the assassination of a biker crime lord in Rotterdam; and the killings of three of his five genetic "fathers", namely gunrunner Arkadij Jegorov, who the bikers were doing business with in Rotterdam, terrorist Frantz Fuchs at a hotel in Budapest, and Triad boss Lee Hong in Hong Kong.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: During this time, an ICA doctor arrives and performs emergency surgery on 47 before he can bleed out, but officers from the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) storm the hotel to capture 47. While the ICA doctor is forced to flee without dressing the wound, 47 reagains his strength and prepares to deal with the officers, before recalling the briefing for his current contract. He remembers that he had taken out two of the three targets he had been sent to eliminate (an event later addressed in ""), all of whom were involved in a child prostitution ring in Eastern Europe. He also recalls that the third target, corrupt GIGN officer Albert Fournier, survived 47's attempt on his life after being tipped off to his presence, and was responsible for his injury.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: As the GIGN prepares to storm his room, which is slowly being filled with tear gas, 47 escapes from the hotel, intending to complete his contract. Upon reaching the streets, he finds and kills Fournier, before escaping to the Charles de Gaulle Airport. Boarding a plane that is leaving the country, 47 is reunited with his handler Diana Burnwood, who confirms his suspicion that someone knew about the contract and warns him that the ICA is being targeted by the same group. 47 agrees to handle the matter and takes possession of a file which names the group as the Franchise, an enemy of the ICA that seeks to undermine them and gain control of governments worldwide.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: "Hitman: Contracts Original Soundtrack" was composed by Jesper Kyd and released in 2004. The score features the same Latin choral arrangements as in all the other scores; however, they are heavily sampled and mixed into the dark electronic soundscape. As summed up by Kyd, "First of all it is a much darker score. "Hitman 2" was an epic story that kind of spanned all over the world. This one, although there are different locations, it's not one big epic story. It's a lot of darker, psychological small stories mixed together, so the score follows the darker aspect of Hitman and his career." The score was awarded the title of "Best Original Music" at the 2005 BAFTA Games Awards.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: "Hitman: Contracts" received mostly positive reviews. Critics praised the improved gameplay elements, graphics, soundtrack, darker tone and atmosphere, while criticism was directed towards the familiarity and the lack of significant changes and additions from the previous game.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: Although GameSpot's Greg Kasavin liked that some of the missions from "" are featured here with graphical enhancements, he did feel it was a "cheap move." Kasavin also criticised the normal difficulty in the game; he felt it was too easy and that players can take the 'Mass Murderer' route with little to no consequences.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: Payton Cook, writing for PowerSteam, described the overall gameplay positively, giving negative critique only for price point.


title: Hitman: Contracts

text: The third "Hitman" game was originally meant to be the final game of a trilogy, but due to time pressure from IO Interactive's then publisher, Eidos, IOI split into two teams to work on "Hitman: Contracts" and "" at the same time, with "Hitman: Contracts" being a smaller game containing remastered levels from "" in addition to new levels. "Hitman: Contracts" was developed on a tight schedule to release two years after "".


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: Scott Van Pelt (born ) is an American sportscaster and sports talk show host. He co-anchored the 11 p.m. edition of "SportsCenter" on ESPN, served as the co-host of "SVP & Russillo" alongside Ryen Russillo on ESPN Radio, and hosts various golf events for the network. In June 2015, Van Pelt left his radio show to become a solo anchor for a midnight edition of "SportsCenter".


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: Van Pelt was born in Brookeville, Maryland, and grew up in the Washington, D.C., area. He attended Flower Valley Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland. He graduated from Sherwood High School in Sandy Spring, Maryland, and from the University of Maryland in 1988 where he studied radio/television and film. He is a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: Van Pelt began his career in sportscasting in 1990 at WTTG-TV, a FOX affiliate in Washington, D.C. From 1995 to 2000, Van Pelt worked for the Golf Channel, where he was a studio host for some of the network's signature programs. He left the channel in 2001 to join ESPN, where he serves as a presenter for "SportsCenter" and is one of the network's top golf correspondents, covering major tournaments such as the Masters Tournament. After acquiring the cable rights to the tournament, Van Pelt also appeared on ESPN's coverage of The Open Championship. He also is a prominent personality for ESPN Radio, where he was the co-host of "Tirico and Van Pelt" alongside Mike Tirico before the program was canceled and replaced with Van Pelt's own three-hour program, "The Scott Van Pelt Show", in 2009. The show was renamed "SVP & Russillo" in October 2012. He is a studio presenter for the ESPN Network's Friday night College Football on ESPN.


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: Van Pelt has also appeared as a commentator in golf video games, alongside Kelly Tilghman on EA Sports' "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10" and "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11" and in a comedic turn in "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Zombie Ninja Pro-Am".


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: In 2012, Van Pelt made the decision to stay with ESPN. In May 2015, the network announced Van Pelt would leave the radio show SVP & Russillo to become a solo anchor for a midnight edition of "SportsCenter", which began in late summer 2015. The midnight show covers sports events from the day, but includes additional commentary from Van Pelt and some popular elements from the radio show.


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: Van Pelt's family includes his parents, Cathie Mathis and Sam, as well as his grandfather, Lorenzo, who immigrated to the US from Italy and lived in Brooklyn.


title: Scott Van Pelt

text: Having grown up in Maryland and graduated from College Park, Van Pelt is a fan of the Maryland Terrapins, Washington Commanders, Washington Capitals, Baltimore Orioles and the Washington Wizards.


title: Louis Philippe (brand)

text: Louis Philippe is a premium brand of men's apparel originating from India. It is a subsidiary of Madura Fashion & Lifestyle and the company also provides various quality designs under the guidance of Deepanshu Ranka and Saksham Jain. It is division of the Indian conglomerate Aditya Birla Group, and was founded in 1989. Named after Louis Philippe, King of France from 1830 to 1848, the brand is one of the largest apparel brands in India, as of 2018.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: The 1987 NFL season was the 68th regular season of the National Football League. This season featured games predominantly played by replacement players, as the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) players were on strike from weeks four to six with week three being cancelled in its entirety. This remains the last NFL season in which regular-season games were impacted by a labor conflict (as well as the last season when non-union players were used as strike-breaking competitors).


title: 1987 NFL season

text: The season ended with Super Bowl XXII, with the Washington Redskins defeating the Denver Broncos, 42–10, at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego. The Broncos suffered their second consecutive Super Bowl defeat.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: The 1987 NFL Draft was held from April 28 to 29, 1987, at New York City's Marriott Marquis. With the first pick, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected quarterback Vinny Testaverde from the University of Miami.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: Chuck Heberling retired during the 1987 off-season. He joined the NFL in 1965 as a line judge before being promoted to referee in 1972. Games that he officiated include the Hail Mary Game and The Drive. Fred Silva, who was a swing official in 1986, was given his own crew again.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: A 24-day players' strike was called after Week 2. The games that were scheduled for the third week of the season were cancelled, reducing the 16-game season to 15, but the games for Weeks 4, 5 and 6 were played with replacement players. The NFLPA actually ended the strike before the Week 6 slate of games, but the NFL owners' unanimously nixed their return that week because the union had missed an owner-mandated deadline that week to be eligible to return, and would have to wait until Week 7 to resume playing. Approximately 15% of the NFLPA’s players chose to cross picket lines to play during the strike; prominent players who did so included New York Jets defensive end Mark Gastineau, Dallas Cowboys defensive tackle Randy White, San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana, 49ers running back Roger Craig, New England Patriots quarterback Doug Flutie and Seattle Seahawks wide receiver Steve Largent. The replacement players were mostly those left out of work by the recent folding of the Canadian Football League’s Montreal Alouettes and the 1986 dissolution of the United States Football League, as well as others who had been preseason cuts, had long left professional football or were other assorted oddities (such as cinematographer Todd Schlopy, who, despite never playing professional football before or after the strike, served as placekicker for his hometown Buffalo Bills for three games). The replacement players, called to play on short notice and having little chance to gel as teammates, were widely treated with scorn by the press and general public, including name-calling, public shaming and accusations of being scabs. The games played by these replacement players were regarded with even less legitimacy – attendance plummeted to under 10,000 fans at many of the games in smaller markets and cities with strong union presence, including a low of 4,074 for the lone replacement game played in Philadelphia) — but nonetheless were counted as regular NFL games. Final television revenues were down by about 20%, a smaller drop than the networks had expected. The defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants went 0–3 in replacement games, ultimately costing them a chance to make the playoffs and to repeat their championship. The final replacement game was a Monday Night Football matchup on October 19, 1987, with the Washington Redskins at the Dallas Cowboys. Along with the Philadelphia Eagles, the Redskins were the only other NFL team not to have any players cross the picket line and were surprising 13–7 victors over the Cowboys who had plenty of big name players cross the picket line.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: The 2017 film "Year of the Scab", which aired as part of the ESPN series "30 for 30", documented the story of the replacement players who crossed the picket line to play for the Redskins. A fictionalized account based on the 1987 strike formed the basis of the 2000 film "The Replacements".


title: 1987 NFL season

text: A series of National Football League pre-season exhibition games that were held at sites outside the United States, the only American Bowl game in 1987 was held at London’s Wembley Stadium.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: The Miami Dolphins began playing at their new home, Joe Robbie Stadium, moving from the Miami Orange Bowl. This was also the Cardinals' final season at Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis; the team relocated to Tempe, Arizona, the following season.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: The eight-year old ESPN cable network signed a three-year deal to become the first cable television broadcaster of the league, broadcasting a series of Sunday night games during the second half of the season. Its program "ESPN Sunday Night NFL" (subsequently rebranded as "ESPN Sunday Night Football") debuted on November 8, 1987. The league also mandated that each ESPN game must air via broadcast syndication to an over-the-air station in the markets of the participating teams. ESPN also debuted "NFL Primetime", featuring scores, highlights, and analysis of the Sunday afternoon games; the program served as a pregame show during those weeks of " Sunday Night Football".


title: 1987 NFL season

text: In addition, ABC, CBS, and NBC each signed three-year contracts to renew their rights to broadcast "Monday Night Football", the NFC package, and the AFC package, respectively.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: ABC returned to a three-man booth, hiring Dan Dierdorf from CBS to join Al Michaels and Frank Gifford. ESPN's initial broadcast team consisted of Mike Patrick on play-by-play, with Roy Firestone and a weekly "guest color commentator". "NFL Primetime" included host Chris Berman, and analysts Tom Jackson and Pete Axthelm. NBC renamed its pregame show "NFL Live!" Gayle Sierens then made history as the first woman to do play-by-play for an NFL regular season game, calling NBC's telecast of the December 27 game between the Seattle Seahawks and the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: 1987 NFL season

text: CBS fired "Jimmy the Greek" Snyder on January 16, 1988, a few days before the NFC Championship Game, after he made several questionable comments about African Americans during an interview with Ed Hotaling, producer-reporter for Washington, D.C. NBC station WRC-TV.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: Psycho IV: The Beginning is a 1990 American made-for-television slasher film directed by Mick Garris, and starring Anthony Perkins, Henry Thomas, Olivia Hussey, Warren Frost, Donna Mitchell, and CCH Pounder. It serves as both the third sequel and a prequel to Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho", focusing on the early life of Norman Bates. It includes both events after "Psycho III" while focusing on flashbacks of events that took place prior to the original film. It is the fourth and final film in the original "Psycho" franchise, and Perkins' final appearance in the series before his death in 1992.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: The film was written by Joseph Stefano, who also wrote the screenplay of the original film. The musical score was composed by Graeme Revell and the title theme music by Bernard Herrmann from the original film was used. "Psycho IV: The Beginning" premiered on Showtime on November 10, 1990 as part of a "Psycho" retrospective hosted by Janet Leigh.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: A once-again rehabilitated Norman Bates is now married to a psychiatrist named Connie and is expecting a child. Norman secretly fears that the child will inherit his mental illness. One evening, he hears radio talk show host Fran Ambrose discussing the topic of matricide with her guest Dr. Richmond, Norman's former psychologist. Norman calls into the radio show, using the alias "Ed", to tell his story.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: Norman's narrative is seen as a series of flashbacks set in the 1940s and 1950s, some slightly out of order. When Norman is six years old, his father dies, leaving him in the care of his mother, Norma. Over the years, Norma (who is implied to suffer from schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder) dominates her son, brutally beating him for even the smallest infraction, throwing him out in the rain when naked, teaching him that sex is sinful, dressing him up as a girl, and smearing lipstick on his face as punishment for getting an erection during incestuous foreplay (that Norma herself initiated). She forces him to urinate like a female by instructing him to squat over a pitcher. She also takes her frustration out on Norman when business at the motel fails due to the new interstate routing potential customers away from their location.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: The two live in contented isolation until, in 1949, she becomes engaged to a brutish man named Chet Rudolph who openly bullies Norman. Driven over the edge with jealousy and sick of Chet's constant abuse, Norman kills both of them by serving them poisoned iced tea. He disposes of Chet's body before stealing and preserving his mother's corpse. He develops a split personality in which he "becomes" his mother to suppress the guilt of murdering her; whenever this personality takes over, it drives him to dress in his mother's clothes, put on a wig, and talk to himself in her voice. As "Mother", he murders two local women who try to seduce him during their stay at the motel. After these and other killings, Norman appears to have no recollection of committing the murders himself and believes "Mother" is alone responsible.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: In the present day, Dr. Richmond realizes "Ed" is Norman and tries to convince Ambrose to trace the calls. Richmond's worries are dismissed. Norman fears he will go insane and kill again. He tells Fran that Connie got pregnant against his wishes and that he does not want to create another "monster". He then tells Fran he realizes that his mother is dead, but he fears that his mother may repossess him and kill Connie "with my own hands, just like the first time".


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: Norman takes his wife to his mother's house with the thought of killing her and her unborn baby. Connie reminds Norman that it was his own choice to go insane and do the things he did, reassuring Norman that their child will not be a monster with their guidance. He realizes the truth to having freedom of choice, and he drops his knife. Finally, Norman impulsively sets fire to the house where all his unhappiness began. As he tries to escape the flames, he hallucinates that he sees his victims, his mother and eventually himself preserving her corpse. Norman barely flees the burning house alive.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: He and Connie leave the next day. Norman happily proclaims, "I'm free", indicating that his mother will never again haunt his mind and drive him insane. Then, the wooden cellar doors of the house close on a rocking chair that continues to rock, at which point "Mother" screams for Norman to release her before the screen cuts to black and the sound of a baby crying is heard.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: "Psycho IV: The Beginning" was filmed at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando, Florida from June 4 to July 1, 1990. The facade of the Bates Motel and the Bates mansion were re-created at the theme park. The production was originally to be filmed before the opening of the park but due to delays and the studio's desire to have a high-profile production on the lot, the film was shot while the park was open. This led to tourists being able to watch the filming of several scenes at the motel and house on the back lot. Anthony Perkins wanted Noel Black, who directed him in "Pretty Poison", to direct the film, and he even came up with a pitch for the film along with "Psycho III"s screenwriter, Charles Edward Pogue. Since "Psycho III" was a critical and financial failure, Universal rejected their idea and Mick Garris was brought in. Joseph Stefano, the screenwriter of the original film, was brought back to write the fourth film. He had disliked the first two "Psycho" sequels, feeling that they were too commercial and catered to the conventions of slasher films. In an interview, Stefano stated: "Gearing up for "Psycho IV", I decided to ignore the two sequels – like the business in "II" about Norman's mother".


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: Actress Olivia Hussey was directly offered the role of Mrs. Bates. It was the intention of writer Joseph Stefano to make her at a young age as attractive as Norman had been in the first film. When Henry Thomas was cast as the young Norman Bates, Perkins wanted to meet with him and discuss the role. Thomas commented in the documentary "The Psycho Legacy": "Looking back on it now, he knew he had to have this conversation with me but I don't think that he was really into it. He just gave me a few broad strokes and told me to play the character real, that was it". During filming, Perkins was diagnosed with HIV and had to receive treatment during production. Director Mick Garris has stated in numerous interviews that he had some creative control issues with Perkins: "He would get into long, drawn-out discussions in front of the crew, testing his director, making sure choices were not made 'because it looks good' and seeing how deep the understanding of the story and process were. He could be very forceful, just shy of bullying, but also really appreciated helpful direction. I would have to say he was the most difficult and challenging actor I've ever worked with, but he ended up going on and on about how happy he was with the film. That was gratifying".


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: The film was met with mixed reviews when first broadcast on Showtime. Henry Stewart of "L Magazine" said: "Garris evinces high-grade professionalism, but his comic-book approximations of real emotions—like desire, madness and murderlust—feel empty. Hitchcock this most certainly ain't". Some reviewers received the film with greater optimism. Ninjadixon.com stated: "This is a good TV movie, way better than its reputation, and continues the tradition of great acting in the series". Cultreviews.com said: "The film is shot well, the fire sequence, by Rodney Charters, is particularly stunning. The only real trouble with this film is the bad writing, which, considering that it was the baby of the scriptwriter of the original, Joseph Stefano, is very disappointing indeed". Matt Poirier of Directtovideoconnoisseur.com wrote: "This was a pretty unmemorable movie. It tried to make references to the original, like one where Perkins cuts his thumb, and the blood going into the drain mimics the blood in the famous shower scene. Way too obvious and pretty obnoxious". Despite some negative reviews, the film received high Nielsen ratings with around 10 million viewers watching the premiere. Two years after the film was released, it was nominated for a Saturn award for Best Genre Television Series.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: Although Stefano did not immediately disclose his decision to ignore the two sequels (thus ignoring the character of Norman's aunt Emma Spool), horror fiction writer and critic Robert Price has noted that ""Psycho IV" seems to be intended as a direct sequel to the original "Psycho", with no reference to "Psycho II" or "III". Norman may have been healed and released from his first confinement, not from the confinement that takes place at the end of "Psycho III"". Horror writer James Futch regards this as a defect, complaining that the film "ignores much of the "Psycho" mythology".


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: "Psycho IV: The Beginning" was released on VHS and Laserdisc by MCA Universal Home Video in 1991. It was later re-issued on VHS by GoodTimes Home Video, under license from Universal Studios Home Video in 1998.


title: Psycho IV: The Beginning

text: The film was released on DVD in Region 1 as part of a triple feature package with "Psycho II" and "Psycho III" on August 14, 2007 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. Universal has also released some four-title Region 2 packages that include the 1960 original. A single-disc Region 2 version of "Psycho IV" (titled "Psychose: L'origine") was released in France in 2007 by Aventi Distribution.


title: Lovely Day

text: "Lovely Day" is a song by American soul and R&B singer Bill Withers. Written by Withers and Skip Scarborough, it was released on December 21, 1977, and appears on Withers's 1977 album, "Menagerie".


title: Lovely Day

text: The song is notable for Withers's sustained note towards the end, which, at 18 seconds long, is one of the longest ever recorded on an American pop song. It was listed at No. 402 on Rolling Stone's "Top 500 Best Songs of All Time" in 2021.


title: Lovely Day

text: Released as a single in late 1977, "Lovely Day" peaked at number 6 on the "Billboard" R&B chart and at number 30 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the US in early 1978. It also made the Top 10 in the United Kingdom, where the song reached number 7 on the British single chart.


title: Lovely Day

text: "Lovely Day" has been re-released as a single in the United Kingdom at least twice since the song's first chart run; in 1987 the original version charted again at number 92, while a remix done by Ben Liebrand, named the "Sunshine Mix", made the British Top 10 in 1988, rising to number 4. This remix resulted in renewed enthusiasm for the Withers original, which incurred a surge in airplay into the early 1990s and came to firmly overshadow the radio presence of Liebrand's version. Public interest was again piqued in 1995, when "Lovely Day" was used in adverts for Tetley tea, again in 1999 for a Gap commercial directed by Hype Williams, and yet again in 2020 in ads for Good Morning Football on NFL Network, Allstate insurance TV commercial, as well as an ad for Pandora Jewelers. On January 20, 2021, the song was performed by Demi Lovato, with backing vocals from Lin-Manuel Miranda and several frontline healthcare workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic, as a part of the entertainment broadcast entitled "Celebrating America" following the inauguration of President Joe Biden.


title: Lovely Day

text: Producer Clarence McDonald also arranged the original 1977 version of the song and played keyboards. Guitars were played by Ray Parker Jr., Jerry Knight played bass, and Russ Kunkel played drums.


title: Lovely Day

text: Toward the end of the song Withers holds a note for 18 seconds, the longest of any Top 40 hit in the United States.


title: Lovely Day

text: This is believed to be the second-longest note in UK chart history; Morten Harket of A-ha's 20-second note in "Summer Moved On" (2000) is the longest. Some claim Freddy Curci of the band Sheriff holds the final falsetto note of "When I'm with You", a minor U.S. hit in 1983 which later became a number one song in 1989, for about 20 seconds, although his voice seems to transform into a sound effect, created in the studio.


title: Lovely Day

text: "Lovely Day" has been covered and sampled numerous times since Withers' original recording. Among the most notable is one by British pop group Central Line, appearing on their 1983 album "Choice"; this version reached number 81 on the UK Singles Chart. UK band Alt-J covered the song on their 2014 album This Is All Yours as a bonus track.


title: Lovely Day

text: The song was covered by The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M. and was included on the to the 1992 film "The Bodyguard". This mostly rap version was titled "It's Gonna Be a Lovely Day". It reached number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and number 44 on the "Billboard" R&B chart, in addition to spending three weeks atop the US "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart in December 1992 and January 1993. This version also reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Lovely Day

text: Music writer James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary, "It's not the first time in recent years that the Bill Withers classic has had a chart outing, a remixed version having made the Top 10 in September 1988. The new version, however, is as far removed from this as can be and may just have enough novelty value not to be detracted by the cries of Sacrilege from the purists." Charles Aaron for "Spin" said, "Clivilles & Cole's effortlessly escapist, double 12-inch extravaganza of house gimmicks is worth its price on packaging alone (the jacket could inspire a master's thesis). "Movin' the Crowd Club Mix" reintroduces Seduction's Michelle Visage, who boasts a breathy, offhand rhyme style, as if she's kickin' it in a fitting room at Bloomingdale's. The sample codes are less than fresh — Deee-Lite's "What Is Love?", Soul II Soul's "Get a Life", and a horn blast from Sly's "You Can Make It If You Try" — but together, they construct quite a club ethos."


title: Lovely Day

text: A music video was made to promote the single and was published on YouTube in February 2014. It has amassed over 1,7 million views as of September 2021.


title: Will Proctor

text: William Proctor is a former starting quarterback for the Clemson Tigers at Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference in NCAA Division I-A, and for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. He attended Trinity Preparatory School. In 2003 at Clemson, as third-string QB, he saw the field in four games at wide receiver. He was the backup of Charlie Whitehurst until the 20062007 season. In his first start at Clemson, he recorded 232 yards of total offense against the Duke Blue Devils in 2005. In the 2006-2007 regular season, Proctor completed 60% of passes.


title: Will Proctor

text: Proctor was playing as a backup quarterback for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League for the 2007 CFL season and was released in the 2008 pre-season. He was then signed by the Calgary Stampeders in October, 2008.


title: Will Proctor

text: In 2008, Proctor dressed for one regular-season game and both playoff contests for the Stamps. He won the Grey Cup with the Stampeders in 2008. In June 2009, Stampeders head coach/general manager John Hufnagel announced that Proctor has retired from football.


title: Will Proctor

text: Proctor married "Fox & Friends" host Ainsley Earhardt in 2012. He filed for divorce from Earhardt on October 10, 2018.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: Dorothy Caroline Atkinson (born 1966) is an English actress and singer. She has appeared in several plays by playwright Alan Ayckbourn and in films by Mike Leigh, including "Topsy-Turvy", "All or Nothing", and "Mr. Turner", which premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, and for which she was nominated for the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: An April 2021 announcement stated that Atkinson would be joining the cast of the second season of "All Creatures Great and Small" as Diana Brompton.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: Atkinson is from Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. Her father was a bursar for a school in Nottinghamshire and she has one sister. Her nickname is "Dot". She is married to actor Martin Savage and they have one son.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: Atkinson made her Broadway debut in the 2010 production of "Brief Encounter", playing three roles (Dolly/Hermione/Beryl). This production was conceived originally with the Kneehigh Theatre Company (of which she is a member) and she stayed with the show when it moved to New York.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: In 2009 Atkinson played Vera in "Just Between Ourselves" by Alan Ayckbourn at Northampton's Royal & Derngate Theatre. In 2006 she played Nora in "Epitaph for George Dillon" at the Comedy Theatre and in 2007 the Woman in "A Matter of Life and Death" at the National Theatre.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: In 2003 she played Marie in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of "Beauty and the Beast" by Laurence Boswell.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: She has performed many shows at the Stephen Joseph Theatre with Alan Ayckbourn, including "The Boy Who Fell Into a Book", in which she originated the role of the Queen in 1998.


title: Dorothy Atkinson

text: In 2002, Atkinson was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Eden End" as Lillian, by the Barclays Theatre Awards, an award recognising regional British theatre.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: A three-day border conflict between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan began on 28 April 2021. The clashes stemmed from a long-running dispute over a water supply facility near the village of Kök-Tash. Tajik media raised some concern over military drills in Batken prior to the conflict.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: On 28 April, forces of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan on the Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border between Kök-Tash and Khojai A'lo, started the clashes, resulting in four deaths and dozens of injuries. The initial clashes were fought with fists and thrown stones, but quickly escalated to gunfire, with reports of heavy weaponry. The following day clashes resumed, with reported incidents in the Kyrgyz village of Kok-Terek and some other villages in the Batken and Leylek Districts, and with at least 41 people killed from both sides and roughly 10,000 people evacuated. The same day the foreign ministers of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan agreed to a ceasefire at the border. On 30 April, Tajikistan acknowledged the ceasefire in a statement published by its state information service. The ceasefire was broken twice by Tajiks during the conflict, however, including the night of 29 April.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: On 1 May, the President of Kyrgyzstan Sadyr Japarov signed a decree that declares a two-day nationwide mourning, accusing Tajikistan of building-up troops and military equipment on the border. The Kyrgyz side also accused Tajik forces of opening fire on Kyrgyz vehicles in the area, while a Tajik spokesman speaking from Dushanbe said that the country was sticking to the ceasefire and pull-out of troops. Musurmanbek Tursumatov, representative of the regional administrator of the Batken Region, said that Tajik forces had blocked the Osh-Batken-Isfana road to Vorukh despite the ceasefire coming into effect. That same day both countries also agreed to a new ceasefire following minor new border clashes, which includes withdrawing troops from the border. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov urged both countries to honor the new agreement.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: On 2 May, around 33,388 civilians in Kyrgyzstan were evacuated from the Batken Region near the border. The Kyrgyz Ministry of the Interior and Tajikistan report that the situation at the border is stable and calm. Nonetheless, an unexploded air-to-land rocket was later discovered at a house near the border in Batken.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: On 3 May, both countries completed the withdrawal of troops from the border. The President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon also ordered that all residential buildings destroyed in Chorku are restored. On 6 May, the Ministry of Emergency Situations reports that 136 houses and 84 facilities in the Batken region have been destroyed. On 10 May, citizens in the Batken region returned home for the first time since evacuating the region. On 18 May, officials in both countries announced that they had agreed to joint security controls along disputed border.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: On 9 July, despite the ceasefire, a clash between Tajik and Kyrgyz border guards killed one Kyrgyz serviceman. According to the Kyrgyz side, their patrol unit on horseback was fired upon by the Tajiks in Leylek.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: During the four-day conflict, at least 55 people were confirmed killed: 36 died in Kyrgyzstan and 19 in Tajikistan. At least 163 people were wounded in Kyrgyzstan. More than 33,000 people had been evacuated from the area where fighting was taking place.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: The Kyrgyz Ministry of Health and Social Development stated that overall both military and civilian were killed in the clashes. It also stated that most of the dead and wounded were civilians. Some of the civilian deaths occurred when Kyrgyz villagers fled their homes in panic under Tajik mortar fire. Among the killed were a sixth-grader girl and her mother, who, according to Kyrgyz reports, were shot. On 3 May, the death toll for Kyrgyzstan reached to 36 after a 4-year-old boy named Abidin Tursunbaev was killed. Tajikistan also admitted that there are deaths on their side in clashes. On 4 May, the number of Tajiks killed at the border increased to 19, including eight border guards and one OMON (special police unit) officer. On 5 May, the death toll during the clashes reached to 55. On 27 January 2022, clashes resumed that resulted in the deaths of 2 people, further adding to the number of casualties.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: On 30 April 2021, Human Rights Watch reported that armed Tajiks in civilian clothing had burned down all 17 houses in the Kyrgyz village of Kok-Terek, and 135 houses in Marksat, Arka, International and other 2 villages were destroyed and burnt by Tajik military. The local unprotected population was under mortar and artillery fire. Leilek District. The Kyrgyz authorities also stated that a school was burned. On 2 May, the Kyrgyzstan Interior Ministry launched 11 criminal probe investigations into the events on the border. On 3 May, the prosecutor general's office of Tajikistan launched a criminal investigation into servicemen and citizens of Kyrgyzstan for "unleashing an aggressive war". The Kyrgyz Prosecutor General's Office filed a case on the crime against the peace on 30 April and accused the Tajikistan Armed Forces of invading the country and seizing their sovereign territory.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: The European Union welcomed the ceasefire agreement reached on 30 April, and expressed regret over the violence, as well as sympathy to those who had lost relatives or friends.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: The Secretary-General of the Turkic Council Baghdad Amreyev stated that "... the Turkic Council calls on the parties to continue exercising caution and take joint measures to stabilize the situation by refraining from any actions that may lead to further escalation of tension", and added it will continue maintaining its close contact with the "Government of brotherly Kyrgyzstan", a founding member of the Turkic Council.


title: 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes

text: Kyrgyzstanis in Germany and the United Kingdom organized rallies and protests at Tajikistani embassies. Additionally, citizens living in San Francisco protested in support of Batken and call for international institutions to bring President Rahmon to justice.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The Trump peace plan, officially titled "Peace to Prosperity: A Vision to Improve the Lives of the Palestinian and Israeli People", was a proposal by the Trump administration to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. President Donald Trump formally unveiled the plan in a White House press conference alongside Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 28 January 2020. The plan had been delayed by two years and previously rejected by the Palestinians, who were not invited to the meeting.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan was authored by a team led by Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor Jared Kushner. Both the West Bank settlers' Yesha Council and the Palestinian leadership rejected the plan, the former because it envisaged a Palestinian state, and the latter arguing that it was too biased in favor of Israel. The plan is divided into two parts, an economic portion and a political portion. On 22 June 2019, the Trump administration released the economic portion of the plan, titled "Peace to Prosperity". The political portion was released in late January 2020.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan had been characterized as requiring too few concessions from the Israelis and imposing too harsh requirements on the Palestinians. Reactions among congressional Democrats were mixed, and all the leading Democratic 2020 presidential candidates denounced it as a "smokescreen" for annexation. Proposed benefits to the Palestinians from the plan are contingent on Israel and the United States subsequently agreeing that a list of conditions have been implemented, including total demilitarization, abandonment of international legal action against Israel and the United States and compliance "with all the other terms and conditions" of the 180-page plan. Many of these conditions have been denounced by opponents of the plan as "impossible" or "fantastic." The plan proposed a series of Palestinian enclaves surrounded by an enlarged Israel, and rejected a Palestinian capital in East Jerusalem proper, proposing instead a Palestinian capital on the outskirts of the city. The proposed areas for the Palestinian capital have been described as "grim neighborhoods" and are separated from Jerusalem proper by the Israeli West Bank barrier. Many Israeli settlers have expressed discontent and concern with the plan's security assurances.


title: Trump peace plan

text: During the press conference announcing the plan, Netanyahu announced that the Israeli government would immediately annex the Jordan Valley and West Bank settlements while committing not to create new settlements in areas left to the Palestinians for at least four years. U.S. Ambassador to Israel David M. Friedman claimed that the Trump administration had given permission for an immediate annexation, stating that "Israel does not have to wait at all" and "we will recognize it". The Likud spokesman tweeted that Israeli sovereignty over settlements would be declared on the following Sunday. The Trump administration clarified that no such green light for annexation had been given; Trump later explained that "I got angry and I stopped it because that was really going too far".


title: Trump peace plan

text: The Trump Peace Plan is called by its proponents "the deal of the century," phrasing used by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in a joint press conference with Donald Trump announcing the plan. Critics of the proposal were quick to ring changes on the term. The Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas reacted immediately with a riposte that it was the "slap of the century". The secretary general of the Palestine Liberation Organization Saeb Erekat tweeted that it would be known as the "fraud of the century". "The Economist" called it the "steal of the century". In the aftermath of Israel walking back its initial pledge of "immediate annexation", a "Haaretz" commentator wrote of the "joke of the century".


title: Trump peace plan

text: The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population. The proposal was subsequently endorsed by the League of Nations as part of partitioning of the Ottoman lands. In 1917, Jews constituted less than 8% of the population; by 1947, due mainly to subsequent immigration, they comprised about 33% of the inhabitants, though owning just 7% of the land. That year the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan, which allotted 56% of the land to 30% of the population that was Jewish, although the majority of allocated land was the Negev desert. The Palestinian leadership and the Arab nations rejected the plan, resulting in the 1947–1949 Palestine war. By the war's end, Israel controlled 78% of Mandatory Palestine, and much of the local Arab populace had either been expelled or fled.


title: Trump peace plan

text: According to the IDF, Palestinians constitute the majority of the population in the area Israel now controls (Israel, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank). Both Clinton's and the subsequent Trump plan confine most of that majority to an area less than a quarter of the land.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The West Bank and Gaza, occupied since 1948 by Jordan and Egypt, respectively, were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. Shortly after the 1967 war Israel began building settlements in the land, in violation of international law.


title: Trump peace plan

text: In 1974, a UN resolution on the "Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine" called for "two States, Israel and Palestine … side by side within secure and recognized borders" together with "a just resolution of the refugee question in conformity with UN resolution 194".<ref name="A/RES/3236 (XXIX)"></ref>


title: Trump peace plan

text: Following the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Palestinians gained limited autonomy in a scattered mosaic of small areas in the West Bank. There followed a cycle of negotiations, suspension, mediation, restart of negotiations and suspension again. A number of agreements were reached, until the Oslo process ended after the failure of the Camp David Summit in 2000 and the outbreak of the Second Intifada.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Section 2 of the plan gives an "Overview of United Nations efforts" and notes that close to 700 UNGA (non-legally binding) and over 100 UNSC (legally binding) resolutions have not brought about peace. The plan says that critical recommendations are disputed both as to their meaning and legal effect and have enabled political leaders to avoid addressing the complexities of the conflict rather than allowing a realistic path to peace. Of these resolutions, Dubuisson says that they have affirmed the Palestinian right to self-determination, that territory claimed by Palestine is under belligerent occupation, that Israeli settlements are illegal and that the annexation of East Jerusalem was illegal. Dubuisson also stated that Israel is under an obligation to withdraw from the territories it occupied, that all states in the region have a right to secure and recognized borders and that Palestinians who became refugees during the conflict have a right of return or to fair compensation. Section 21 of the plan stipulates that a final agreement will be proposed in a new UN Security Council resolution and a new United Nations General Assembly resolution.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Palestine has been recognized as a state by 138 UN members, and has had the status of UN non-member observer state since 2012. Israel, the United States and most Western countries do not recognize Palestine as a state. The United Nations use the terms "Palestine", "State of Palestine", and "occupied Palestinian territory" (oPt or OPT) interchangeably depending on context. Specifically the term "occupied Palestinian territory" refers as a whole to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967. References to land or territory refer to land claimed by the State of Palestine. Dubuisson asserts that UN resolutions "establish all the principles that should guide the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict" and that the Trump plan does not apply, or even mention, any of these principles deferring instead to Israel's security concerns and the recognition of its "valid legal and historical claims". Nickolay Mladenov, the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process since 2015, points out the dangers inherent in the current situation stating "There is no Middle East peace process".


title: Trump peace plan

text: Development of the plan began in November 2017, led by Kushner, chief negotiator Jason Greenblatt, deputy national security adviser Dina Powell, and ambassador David Friedman. Kushner, a property developer married to Trump's daughter Ivanka, had no prior experience of diplomacy, asked the parties not to talk about history, and reportedly never discussed his plan with the Palestinians. According to Peter Beinart of Jewish Currents, "another key participant in drafting the proposal was David Friedman, who became Trump's ambassador to Israel after representing his bankrupt casinos." He reportedly had close ties to the Israeli settlers in the occupied West Bank, compared Jewish American critics of Israel to collaborators with Nazism and was skeptical about the idea that Palestinians should have a state.


title: Trump peace plan

text: In December 2017, following through on a campaign promise and a 1995 U.S. law, Trump recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital. A key member of Trump's team, the Arabist Dina Powell, left the team "on good terms" two days after the announcement. The move was condemned by Arab countries, and Palestinians broke off contacts with the Trump administration, though maintaining intelligence cooperation with the CIA. Trump reacted by ending both bilateral aid for Palestinians and contributions for UNRWA, citing the PA's refusal to take part in the administration's peace initiative. The United States also shut down the Palestinian diplomatic office in Washington.


title: Trump peace plan

text: In February 2019, Kushner and his personal adviser Berkowitz flew to Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Saudi Arabia in order to unveil their closely guarded plan. Qatari Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Lolwah Al Khater gave no indication that the meeting had provided much detail regarding the political plan. Jason Greenblatt, who played an important role in Trump's 25 March 2019 recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel, was thereafter shunned by the Palestinian authority. In the Palestinian view, Friedman, throughout his two years of engagement, acted as Israel's spokesman, a country he would never criticize, while he would frequently lambast the Palestinian side on his Twitter account. In April 2019, Greenblatt said that plan does not call for a confederation model or for a transfer of land from Egypt's Sinai Peninsula to the Palestinians. When asked in June 2019, Greenblatt said that the Trump plan "will include a resolution to all of the core issues, including the refugee issue, and will also focus on Israel's security concerns". In November 2019, the United States abandoned its four-decade-old position that Jewish settlements in the West Bank were inconsistent with international law.


title: Trump peace plan

text: To sway Trump, whose initial impression in 2017 was that Netanyahu did not want peace, Netanyahu, tried to convince Trump that it was the Palestinians who were hostile to peace, and adopted metaphors related to Trump's interests. The Palestinians wanted to draw the border as close to Tel Aviv as the George Washington Bridge was to the Trump Tower, and an enduring peace was as probable as “a hole-in-one through a brick wall”. According to Israel Kasnett of the Jewish News Syndicate, the U.S. policy changes between 2017 and 2019 are described by "Mideast experts and Israel advocates" as a paradigm shift. Jane Kinninmont, writing for "Haaretz", asserts that the "all new" economic peace approach has been tried before and doesn't work. When the plan emerged, Yehuda Shaul argued that, far from being an 'unconventional approach' that broke with tradition, the proposals were actually remarkably similar to the details set forth both in the Drobles Plan, written for the World Zionist Organization, and published over 40 years earlier, in 1979, entitled "Master Plan for the Development of Settlements in Judea and Samaria, 1979–1983", and key elements of the earlier Allon Plan. The aim of the Drobles' plan was to ensure Jewish settlement in the Palestinian territories, while blocking the possibility that a Palestinian state could ever emerge.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Former United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has said that on May 22, 2017, Benjamin Netanyahu showed Donald Trump a fake and altered video of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas calling for the killing of children. This was at a time when Trump was considering if Israel was the obstacle to peace. Netanyahu had showed Trump the fake video to change his position in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.


title: Trump peace plan

text: In late June 2019, the "economic plan" was unveiled at a U.S.-led "Peace to Prosperity" conference in Manama, Bahrain. The Palestinian leadership boycotted the entire event. According to Bess Levin, writing for "Vanity Fair", the whole conference was 'panned by experts', citing one who described it as "the Monty Python sketch of Israeli-Palestinian peace initiatives".


title: Trump peace plan

text: In September 2019, Jared Kushner and Jason Greenblatt finalized the "political plan", access to which was restricted to only Kushner, Greenblatt, Friedman and Kushner's former employee and aide Avi Berkowitz. Greenblatt resigned in September 2019, realizing, according to Martin Indyk, that the plan had no future. He was replaced by Berkowitz, a young lawyer who worked for Kushner's companies and whom, like Kushner, was raised as an Orthodox Jew with deep ties to Israel.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The economic portion of the plan, consisting of two pamphlets of 40 and 96 pages each that are filled with financial tables and economic projections, was published by the Trump administration on 22 June 2019. It was presented by Kushner during the workshop in Manama, Bahrain on June 25–26. The political portion of the plan was rolled out on 28 January 2020. The timing of roll-out showed a contrast between the Trump impeachment trial and the Israeli five weeks from the announcement of the plan. The U.S. government insisted that revealing the plan now was not designed to distract from impeachment, but was rather a reaction to political realities in Israel. Amid intense partisanship, Israel has had three elections in less than a year (April 2019 to March 2020), and may yet have a fourth. Prior to the 2020 Israeli legislative election Israel had the April 2019 Israeli legislative election, with Netanyahu facilitating the formation of the Union of the Right-Wing Parties by uniting the Jewish Home party with the far-right Otzma Yehudit party. Otzma is widely characterized as racist and traces its origins to the extremist Kahanist movement. Immediately prior to the September elections, on 10 September 2019, Netanyahu pledged to annex part of the West Bank on the border with Jordan and promised to apply "Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea" if re-elected.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The stated purpose of the Trump peace plan is to outline the terms of an agreement, to be signed by both parties, to end the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians and clear all claims made by both parties to the conflict. The authors of the proposal envisage that the achievement of such a solution would endow Palestinians with the right of self-governance while denying them any powers that might constitute a threat to Israel. The successful solution will direct flights between the State of Israel and its neighbors. The Trump administration stated that it would break with the worn paradigms of past approaches to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, removing two core issues by implementing two measures in 2017 and 2019, that suggested the United States' redefinition of the parameters for definitively resolving the conflict in large part espoused Israeli positions. These were (1) recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital on 6 December 2017 and (2) on 18 November 2019 stating that Jewish settlements in the West Bank were consistent with international law. As a visible signal of its break with the past, the United States opened its embassy in the building of the U.S. consulate's compound in Jerusalem's southern neighborhood of Arnona at the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Kushner has likened the plan to the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western European economies after World War II. Fifty billion dollars are envisioned for the PA. The Economic Vision's empowerment by "doing tourism" was perceived as challenged by the Israel and Egypt's 12-year blockade of the Hamas-controlled territory, and 52-year-long occupation of the West Bank.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) accused the United States of trying to sell a "mirage of economic prosperity" that would in reality "only perpetuate the Palestinians' captivity". Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh criticized the Arab leaders attending the conference, saying "The (Palestinian) people, who have been fighting for one hundred years, did not commission anyone to concede or to bargain. Jerusalem is ours, the land is ours, and everything is ours." Regarding the controversy over cultural heritage of Palestinian people, Kushner said that critics of the Trump peace plan must "divorce [themselves] from all of the history."


title: Trump peace plan

text: The Trump plan was presented as the best option regarding possible future developments by Kushner who stated "The Palestinian leadership have to ask themselves a question: Do they want to have a state? Do they want to have a better life? If they do, we have created a framework for them to have it, and we're going to treat them in a very respectful manner. If they don't, then they're going to screw up another opportunity like they've screwed up every other opportunity that they've ever had in their existence." Kushner said that the peace proposal will not include the phrase "two-state solution", saying "If you say 'two-state', it means one thing to the Israelis, it means one thing to the Palestinians. We said, 'You know, let's just not say it. Let's just say, let's work on the details of what this means.'" A top-ranking Saudi diplomat stated that the plan includes a "clear path leading to complete Palestinian independence." Robert Malley, director of the International Crisis Group and a leading Middle East expert in former U.S. administrations, stated: "Strip away the domestic and Israeli political considerations that determined the timing of the plan's release, and the message to the Palestinians, boiled down to its essence, is: You've lost, get over it."


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan itself places no conditions on Israel with regard to proposals to "annex parts of the West Bank". The Jerusalem Post cited a 26 January letter obtained by them in August 2022, "In exchange for Israel implementing these policies and formally adopting detailed territorial plans not inconsistent with the Conceptual Map attached to my Vision – the United States will recognize Israeli sovereignty in those areas of the West Bank that my vision contemplates as being part of Israel." On 29 January 2020, Prime Minister Netanyahu said he was planning to proceed with annexing 30% of the West Bank at a vote on 1 February 2020. The meeting was never scheduled, as the U.S. message shifted on their position on annexation. On 29 January, the U.S. ambassador to Israel stated that before any annexation of the West Bank or the Jordan Valley took place, the Trump administration "wants to form a joint committee with Israel to discuss the issue" and that "it is impossible to know how long this process will take…we need to ensure the annexation matches the map in our plan." The next day, January 30, Kushner said Washington wants Israel to wait until after its 2 March election before making any moves towards settlement annexation in the West Bank.


title: Trump peace plan

text: On 2 February 2020, Netanyahu's cabinet canceled a meeting to vote on the annexation of 30% of the West Bank after receiving mixed signals from the United States. On 4 February 2020, Israeli settler leader David Elhayani, the chairman of the Yesha Council, said "Kushner took a knife and put it in Netanyahu's back." The settler leader said a senior U.S. official told them that if the Palestinians did not agree to the plan within 48 hours, Israel would be permitted to annex more than 30 percent of the West Bank. Responding to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announcing on 8 February that his government had begun to draw up maps of land in the occupied West Bank, in accordance with U.S. President Donald Trump's proposed peace plan, Ambassador Friedman indicated that "Any unilateral action in advance of the completion of the committee process endangers the plan and American recognition." On 15 February, the membership of the committee was announced. It includes Friedman, his policy adviser Aryeh Lightstone, and Scott Leith, a National Security Council expert on Israel. Israeli members include Tourism Minister Yariv Levin and Israeli Ambassador Ron Dermer. No deadline for the conclusion of deliberations has been set.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Following inconclusive Israeli elections, a new emergency unity government agreement was concluded on 20 April between the two alliances led by Netanyahu and Benny Gantz, the "Likud bloc" and the "Blue and White bloc", respectively. The agreement included clauses in respect of the contemplated annex of the West Bank:


title: Trump peace plan

text: Axios cite a "senior U.S. official" as saying that any Israeli annexations must come "in the context of an offer to the Palestinians to achieve statehood based upon specific terms, conditions, territorial dimensions and generous economic support." and that "We are prepared to recognize Israeli actions to extend Israeli sovereignty over areas of the West Bank in the context of the Government of Israel agreeing to negotiate with the Palestinians along the lines set forth in President Trump's vision."


title: Trump peace plan

text: On April 30, reacting to the agreement, representatives of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Finland and the EU envoy registered a formal protest. The envoys also demanded a freeze on government plans to allow construction in the Givat Hamatos neighborhood in East Jerusalem.


title: Trump peace plan

text: On 18 May 2020, the EU issued a statement congratulating the new Israeli government but which noted "with grave concern the provision—to be submitted for approval by the Israeli cabinet—on the annexation of parts of occupied Palestinian territories, as stated by the Prime Minister when presenting his government to the Knesset on 17 May and as envisaged in the coalition agreement signed earlier. We strongly urge Israel to refrain from any unilateral decision that would lead to the annexation of any occupied Palestinian territory and would be, as such, contrary to International Law."


title: Trump peace plan

text: At a video meeting of the United Nations Security Council on 20 May 2020, UN Middle East envoy Nickolay Mladenov said that Israel must abandon its threat to annex parts of the occupied West Bank, saying such a plan would be a serious violation of international law that would "close the door to a renewal of negotiations." European Union representatives expressed concern about the intent of the new Israeli government to annex parts of the West Bank and the Jordan Valley, saying it would be a violation of international law while Danny Danon, for Israel, said that "Any decision on the topic of sovereignty will be made solely by the Israeli government with coordination with the American administration."


title: Trump peace plan

text: At a press conference on 9 June 2020, Mohammed Shtayyeh, the Palestinian prime minister, said "We submitted a counter-proposal to the Quartet a few days ago," which proposed the creation of a "sovereign Palestinian state, independent and demilitarised", with "minor modifications of borders where necessary", as well as exchanges of land equal "in size and volume and in value—one to one".


title: Trump peace plan

text: At a video meeting of the United Nations Security Council on 24 June 2020 UN secretary general, António Guterres, called on the Israeli government "to abandon its annexation plans" describing the proposed annex as a "watershed moment" that will constitute a "most serious violation of international law" that if implemented would "grievously harm the prospect of a two-state solution and undercut the possibilities of a renewal of negotiations". The call was reiterated by seven European nations (Belgium, Britain, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland and Norway) in a joint statement warning that annexation would "severely undermine" prospects for resuming the Middle East peace process and that "Under international law, annexation would have consequences for our close relationship with Israel and would not be recognized by us,". Subsequently, repeating his call, Guterres announced that the UN is still unable to convene the Middle East Quartet to discuss the potential annex. For its part the Trump administration are in discussions about the planned annex without reaching any conclusion. U.S. lawmakers are split on party lines with more than 185 House Democrats signing a letter opposing annexation.


title: Trump peace plan

text: On June 29, 2020, it was revealed that Netanyahu's coalition partner Benny Gantz would not accept the proposed July 1, 2020 deadline to start annexing the West Bank. Gantz also announced that he would prefer that the Israeli government deal with the COVID-19 pandemic first. Despite not serving as Prime Minister, it was reported that Gantz's objection cast doubt on when a new deadline could be set. The same day, U.S. sources confirmed that West Bank annexation would not start by the planned July 1 deadline as well.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan puts the Palestinians on probation, establishing a set of conditions they must meet and adopting Netanyahu's view that a shrunken Palestinian entity will be a state in name only; Israel will control of its borders, air space, electro-magnetic spectrum, foreign policy and security; it proposes a State of Palestine with a capital on the outskirts of East Jerusalem which will not be established up to four years into the execution of the plan. The plan would be conditional on Palestinians taking steps to become self-governing. However, the sovereignty the State of Palestine would possess is disputed. Many argue the Trump plan creates a Palestinian state with only limited sovereignty, while others argue the state would not have even limited sovereignty. Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu said the proposal gives Palestinians a chance to achieve "conditional, limited sovereignty". "The Jerusalem Post" argues sovereignty of Palestine would be limited as Israel would retain full security control. Israel would also control Palestine's borders and airspace. The Palestinians must:


title: Trump peace plan

text: After these and every other step laid out by the Trump plan have been taken successfully, the plan would reach its final stage, consisting in the recognition of the State of Palestine, an entity so defined that Aaron David Miller calls it a 'faux state'. Israel and the United States stated that the following conditions (see: § Recognition Criteria) "must be determined to have occurred by the State of Israel and the United States, jointly". On 29 January 2020, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said Jerusalem was "not for sale; All our rights are not for sale and are not for bargain." Hamas rejected the deal on the grounds that it aspired to "liquidate the Palestinian national project." Thousands of Palestinian protesters held a "day of rage" in the Gaza Strip. On 1 February 2020, Reuters (Cairo) reported that President Trump requested to speak to Abbas by phone but Abbas said no, and that President Trump wanted to send him a letter...but Abbas refused it. The Palestinian Authority subsequently declared the cutting all ties with the United States and Israel including security relations, although this never took place. On 3 February 2020, lead Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat said "What is left to negotiate? When I said these issues must be negotiated between us and Israel directly, Kushner responded by calling me a failed negotiator, unable to negotiate. He negotiated on my behalf because he knows better than I do what is best for me. This is the art of dictation, arrogance, and blackmail."


title: Trump peace plan

text: The Trump plan sets forth criteria that Palestinians must meet before a Palestinian state is allowed to form. Whether Palestinians have met this criteria will be determined by Israel and the United States. If at any time Israel decides the Palestinians are not meeting the criteria, the Trump plan gives Israel the right to retake military control. According to U.S. diplomat Ilan Goldenburg, this would allow Israel to determine when to end the occupation.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan recognizes Palestinian rights to roughly 70% of the West Bank. The plan called for land swaps, but dismissed the idea of "1-to-1 land swaps", arguing Palestinians would not receive 100 percent of pre-1967 territory, but provided for territory that would be "reasonably comparable" to pre-1967 territory. In exchange for Israel annexing parts of the West Bank, the plan raises the possibility of stripping the 350,000 Israeli Arab citizens of 10 towns in the Israel Triangle zone, such as Tayibe, Kafr Qasim and Qalansawe, of their Israeli citizenship by transferring their area to a future state of Palestine. Palestinians would be given parts of the Negev Desert, connected through small land corridors to Gaza. The Trump plan gives Palestinians less territory than previous proposals.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan recognizes an Israeli right to the entire Jordan Valley. Israel regards the valley as militarily strategic. Palestinians regard the valley as important for agriculture. The valley also allows Palestinians access to the River Jordan, which irrigates 80,000 hectares of agricultural land in the West Bank; giving Israel the valley would allow it to divert that water for its own use. According to Saree Makdisi, the plan would not allow Palestine to control its water resources.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Within the West Bank, approximately 97% of Palestinians would be incorporated into contiguous Palestinian territory and 97% of Israelis into contiguous Israeli territory.


title: Trump peace plan

text: On 3 February 2020, Trump plan raised the possibility that 11 Arab border towns, part of Israel's 21% Arab minority, become relocated [moved to] a future Palestinian state. Residents fear losing their ties to the land. When asked, David Friedman denied that Arab residents in Israel would lose citizenship.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The implementation of the plan is conditional, being subject to the "Gaza Criteria" and would only proceed if the governance of the Gaza Strip, at present administered by Hamas, were transferred back either to the Palestinian Authority or another Palestinian entity Israel approves of. The technical feasibility of such a transformation of Gaza governance is not clear. According to these conditions, Hamas, the PIJ, and all other militias and organizations in Gaza which Israel classifies as "terrorist" would have to be disarmed. Gaza would be fully demilitarized. Hamas itself would be required to commit itself to making peace with the State of Israel by adopting the Quartet Principles, which include unambiguously and explicitly recognizing the State of Israel, committing to nonviolence, and accepting previous agreements and obligations between the parties.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The State of Israel will be responsible for security at all international crossings into the State of Palestine. The State of Israel will continue to maintain control over the airspace and the electromagnetic spectrum, the Israeli Navy will have the right to block prohibited weapons and weapon-making materials from entering the State of Palestine.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The State of Palestine will not have the right to forge intelligence or security agreements with any state or organization that adversely affect the State of Israel's security, as determined by the State of Israel.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan affirms Israel has a right to the entirety of "undivided Jerusalem", recognizing it as Israel's capital.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan does accept a Palestinian capital for a future State of Palestine to be located outside, and east and north of, the Israeli West Bank barrier, in that part of East Jerusalem encompassing Kafr 'Aqab, and the eastern refugee camp of Shuafat and Abu Dis. Martin Indyk described the Palestinian portion as "only a sliver of East Jerusalem". It would bear whatever name Palestinians decide to call it, perhaps al Quds. According to Dubuisson, designating such a site as Jerusalem involves a 'semantic game', a fragmented entity across several neighborhoods that are miles apart from each other, separated by Israeli communities and major roads, and share little in common. Abu Dis is variously described as a 'decrepit, lawless enclave' or a grim neighbourhood, with 'a single main street and higgledy-piggledy alleys shooting off at strange angles' abutting a hulking concrete separation barrier, on the other side of which lies Jerusalem and its distant Holy Sites. Shuafat refugee camp has been described as a 'gang-ridden slum'.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan puts the Haram al Sharif/Temple Mount, including Al-Aqsa mosque, under Israeli sovereignty. While in one part it states that the status quo there will be maintained, elsewhere it appears to envisage major changes to the status quo by permitting non-Muslims, including Jews and Christians, to pray there. That would break with the status quo, one which Benjamin Netanyahu reaffirmed in 2015. The plan rejects Palestinian claims to "Haram al-Sharif", instead keeping it under Jordanian custodianship. The plans gives Israel the task of safeguarding the Holy Sites and guaranteeing freedom of worship.


title: Trump peace plan

text: In February 2020, it was announced that the land Trump's plan slates in Atarot for a special world-class tourist zone in the future Palestinian state for Muslim tourists to Jerusalem would be earmarked for a new Israeli settlement spanning 310 acres—all of the remaining land between the West Bank Barrier and Atarot's Industrial zone—with a projected 6,000 to 9,000 housing units. Private individuals owning parts of the area are predominantly Palestinians, but the plan seemingly foresees relocating areas without seeking the owners' consent. It would be the first Jewish settlement in East Jerusalem since 1991, when Har Homa was established.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Under the Trump plan, there would be no right of return for Palestinian refugees from the wars of 1948 and 1967 into Israel. The return of any Palestinian refugees would be subject to Israel's giving its approval. Were the deal signed, the assistance of UNRWA to the Palestinian population would be terminated.


title: Trump peace plan

text: In the two decades that followed Israel's founding, some 800,000 Jews left the Arab World (300,000 in the very first few years), many as the result of hostilities and persecution; the majority of these immigrated to Israel. Some view the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries as analogous to the 1948 Palestinian exodus, emphasizing "push factors" like discrimination and violence, while other emphasize "pull factors" and consider them willing immigrants.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan proposes a $50 billion investment fund for 179 infrastructure and business projects, to be administered by a "multilateral development bank", with investments protected by "accountability, transparency, anti-corruption, and conditionality safeguards." The administration envisions the plan being funded mostly by Arab states and wealthy private investors. Spending is divided into $26 billion in loans, $13.5 billion in grants, and $11 billion in private investment.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The majority of the $50 billion would be spent in the West Bank and Gaza, with $9 billion to be spent in Egypt, $7 billion in Jordan, and $6.3 billion in Lebanon. The proposal includes a number of specific projects, including construction of a travel corridor that would cross Israel to link the West Bank and Gaza with a highway and possibly a rail line, vast expansion of border crossings, power plant upgrades, infrastructure improvements to boost tourism, career counseling and job placement service, re-building and modernizing Palestinian hospitals and health clinics, upgrading cargo terminals and building special access roads to reduce the time and costs of cross-border trade and travel, creation of a modern database to register land ownership, improving the potable water supply and waste water treatment, and establishing a new Palestinian university in the global top 150.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan advocates a free market including greater protection of property rights and a "pro-growth tax structure".


title: Trump peace plan

text: The plan's stated goals include creating more than a million jobs, more than doubling the Palestinian GDP, and cutting the poverty rate by 50%. It also aims to bring down the unemployment from 31% down to single digits, and to increase Palestinian exports as a percentage of GDP from 17% to 40%. The plan also aims to increase female labor force participation rate from 20% to 35%, reduce infant mortality from 18 to 9 per 1,000 births, and increase average life expectancy from 74 to 80 years.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The State of Palestine's security criteria has to be acceptable to the State of Israel; not (less) stringent than the metrics used by either Jordan or Egypt (whichever is stricter) with respect shall be obeyed. The State of Palestine's counterterrorism system must encompass all elements of counterterrorism.


title: Trump peace plan

text: Israel would undertake to release Palestinian prisoners and detainees held under administrative detention in Israeli prisons. The proposal states that all released prisoners would assume citizenship in a future State of Palestine. At the same time, Israel states that it would not release prisoners falling in any one of the following categories:


title: Trump peace plan

text: On 3 February 2020, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, rejected the plan and "calls on all member states not to engage with this plan or to cooperate with the U.S. administration in implementing it in any form."


title: Trump peace plan

text: According to "Christianity Today", the reaction in the Christian world was mixed. The plan was criticised by many Middle Eastern Christians, including by Christians at Nazareth Evangelical College, Gaza Baptist Church, Presbyterian Church of Aleppo and the Arab Baptist Theological Seminary in Beirut. The plan was praised by Christians at Christians United for Israel and Beeson Divinity School in Alabama.


title: Trump peace plan

text: The reaction among American Jewish groups was mixed: J Street criticised the plan while AIPAC praised it.


title: Trump peace plan

text: On 23 February 2020, Pope Francis said at a meeting of bishops from all countries in the Mediterranean basin "Nor can we overlook the still unresolved conflict between Israelis and Palestinians, with the danger of inequitable solutions and, hence, a prelude to new crises."


title: Trump peace plan

text: In an open letter published by "The Guardian", fifty former European prime ministers and foreign ministers condemned the plan, saying it would create an apartheid-like situation in occupied Palestinian territory. According to Nathan Thrall, Middle East analyst for the International Crisis Group, both Clinton's and the subsequent Trump plan confine a Palestinian majority to an area less than a quarter of Mandate Palestine. For Rashid Khalidi, rather than being a new deal for the 21st century, Trump's plan follows a much older colonial pattern set long ago by Great Britain and pursued by the United States.


title: World Giving Index

text: The World Giving Index (WGI) is an annual report published by the Charities Aid Foundation, using data gathered by Gallup, and ranks over 140 countries in the world according to how charitable they are. The aim of the World Giving Index is to provide insight into the scope and nature of giving around the world.


title: World Giving Index

text: The first edition was released in September 2010. The most recent edition was published in October 2022, with Indonesia, Kenya and the United States of America ranking as the top three. Australia, New Zealand, Myanmar, Sierra Leone, Canada, Zambia, and Ukraine making up the rest of the top ten.


title: World Giving Index

text: This report is primarily based upon data from the Gallup World Poll, which is an ongoing research project carried out in more than 140 countries that together represent around 95% of the world's adult population (around 5 billion people).


title: World Giving Index

text: In most countries surveyed, 1,000 questionnaires are completed by a representative sample of individuals living across the country. The coverage area is the entire country, including rural areas. The sampling frame represents the entire civilian, non-institutionalized, aged 15 and older population of the entire country. In some large countries such as China and Russia, samples of at least 2,000 are collected, while in a small number of countries, the poll covers 500 to 1,000 people but still features a representative sample. The survey is not conducted in a limited number of instances, including where the safety of interviewing staff is threatened, scarcely populated islands in some countries, and areas that interviewers can reach only by foot, animal, or small boat.


title: World Giving Index

text: In all, over 150,000 people were interviewed by Gallup in 2014, and samples are probability-based. Surveys are carried out by telephone or face-to-face depending on the country's telephone coverage.


title: World Giving Index

text: There is of course a margin of error (the amount of random sampling error) in the results for each country, which is calculated by Gallup around a proportion at the 95% confidence level (the level of confidence that the results are a true reflection of the whole population). The maximum margin of error is calculated assuming a reported percentage of 50% and takes into account the design effect.


title: World Giving Index

text: Gallup asked people which of the following three charitable acts they had undertaken in the past month:


title: World Giving Index

text: The Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa hailed the results of the Index where Sri Lanka came in 8th. President Rajapaksa said it captured "the reality of our caring and sharing society".


title: World Giving Index

text: The President of Taiwan, Ma Ying-jeou described the results as "unfair" and stated that Taiwan had transformed itself from an "importer of love to an exporter of love".


title: World Giving Index

text: Australian Parliamentary Secretary for Social Inclusion and the Voluntary Sector and Senator for New South Wales, Dr Ursula Stephens said, "I see each day the enormous efforts of our country's five million volunteers and witness the generosity of the millions of Australians whose donations make the work of our non-profit organizations possible. So, this result on the World Giving Index is confirmation of what we already know – we are a country of generous people who are quick to lend a helping hand in times of need."


title: World Giving Index

text: The Community and Voluntary Sector Minister in New Zealand, Tariana Turia, said, "The report shows that New Zealanders are particularly generous when it comes to giving money and helping strangers, but also in terms of volunteering. As a nation we must celebrate our generosity and make sure that our decisions and our actions bolster it even further."


title: Andy Farrell

text: Andrew David Farrell, (born 30 May 1975) is former rugby league and later rugby union player and a former coach for the England national rugby team. He is the current head coach for Ireland, beginning after the 2019 Rugby World Cup. He is the father of England rugby union player Owen Farrell.


title: Andy Farrell

text: A dual-code international, Farrell was a goal-kicking in rugby league. He captained Great Britain, and his club, Wigan Warriors. Farrell made 34 appearances for Great Britain and represented England in two World Cups. He won six Championships and four Challenge Cups with Wigan, as well as numerous individual awards between 1991 and 2004.


title: Andy Farrell

text: In rugby union, he played for Saracens from 2005 to 2009 and won eight caps for England, including playing in the 2007 World Cup. After retiring as a player, Farrell continued in rugby union as a coach, working as an assistant coach with Saracens and Munster, as well as England, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He took the Irish Rugby Union team to a 2–1 series victory against New Zealand in 2022.


title: Andy Farrell

text: Farrell was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester and first played rugby league at age 10 at a summer camp run by Graeme West, Wigan Warriors' captain at the time. Farrell is of Irish descent. After developing with local club Orrell St James, he made his first-team début for his hometown club Wigan at the age of 16 in 32–8 victory over Keighley in the 1991–92 Regal Trophy match at Central Park, Wigan on Sunday 24 November 1991. Also that year his son Owen Farrell was born, who also went on to become a professional rugby union player.


title: Andy Farrell

text: Farrell became the youngest player to win a Challenge Cup Final in 1993 when at 17 years and 11 months he came on as a substitute against Widnes. He then became a full international by the age of 18, making his début against New Zealand later in 1993.