title: Klystron

text: This beam passes through an input cavity resonator. RF energy has been fed into the input cavity at, or near, its resonant frequency, creating standing waves, which produce an oscillating voltage, which acts on the electron beam. The electric field causes the electrons to "bunch": electrons that pass through when the electric field opposes their motion are slowed, while electrons which pass through when the electric field is in the same direction are accelerated, causing the previously continuous electron beam to form bunches at the input frequency.


title: Klystron

text: The beam then passes through a "drift" tube, in which the faster electrons catch up to the slower ones, creating the "bunches", then through a "catcher" cavity.


title: Klystron

text: In the output "catcher" cavity, each bunch enters the cavity at the time in the cycle when the electric field opposes the electrons' motion, decelerating them. Thus the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to potential energy of the field, increasing the amplitude of the oscillations. The oscillations excited in the catcher cavity are coupled out through a coaxial cable or waveguide.


title: Klystron

text: To make an oscillator, the output cavity can be coupled to the input cavity(s) with a coaxial cable or waveguide. Positive feedback excites spontaneous oscillations at the resonant frequency of the cavities.


title: Klystron

text: The simplest klystron tube is the two-cavity klystron. In this tube there are two microwave cavity resonators, the "catcher" and the "buncher". When used as an amplifier, the weak microwave signal to be amplified is applied to the buncher cavity through a coaxial cable or waveguide, and the amplified signal is extracted from the catcher cavity.


title: Klystron

text: At one end of the tube is the hot cathode which produces electrons when heated by a filament. The electrons are attracted to and pass through an anode cylinder at a high positive potential; the cathode and anode act as an electron gun to produce a high velocity stream of electrons. An external electromagnet winding creates a longitudinal magnetic field along the beam axis which prevents the beam from spreading.


title: Klystron

text: The beam first passes through the "buncher" cavity resonator, through grids attached to each side. The buncher grids have an oscillating AC potential across them, produced by standing wave oscillations within the cavity, excited by the input signal at the cavity's resonant frequency applied by a coaxial cable or waveguide. The direction of the field between the grids changes twice per cycle of the input signal. Electrons entering when the entrance grid is negative and the exit grid is positive encounter an electric field in the same direction as their motion, and are accelerated by the field. Electrons entering a half-cycle later, when the polarity is opposite, encounter an electric field which opposes their motion, and are decelerated.


title: Klystron

text: Beyond the buncher grids is a space called the "drift space". This space is long enough so that the accelerated electrons catch up with electrons that were decelerated at an earlier time, forming "bunches" longitudinally along the beam axis. Its length is chosen to allow maximum bunching at the resonant frequency, and may be several feet long.


title: Klystron

text: The electrons then pass through a second cavity, called the "catcher", through a similar pair of grids on each side of the cavity. The function of the "catcher grids" is to absorb energy from the electron beam. The bunches of electrons passing through excite standing waves in the cavity, which has the same resonant frequency as the buncher cavity. Each bunch of electrons passes between the grids at a point in the cycle when the exit grid is negative with respect to the entrance grid, so the electric field in the cavity between the grids opposes the electrons motion. The electrons thus do work on the electric field, and are decelerated, their kinetic energy is converted to electric potential energy, increasing the amplitude of the oscillating electric field in the cavity. Thus the oscillating field in the catcher cavity is an amplified copy of the signal applied to the buncher cavity. The amplified signal is extracted from the catcher cavity through a coaxial cable or waveguide.


title: Klystron

text: After passing through the catcher and giving up its energy, the lower energy electron beam is absorbed by a "collector" electrode, a second anode which is kept at a small positive voltage.


title: Klystron

text: An electronic oscillator can be made from a klystron tube, by providing a feedback path from output to input by connecting the "catcher" and "buncher" cavities with a coaxial cable or waveguide. When the device is turned on, electronic noise in the cavity is amplified by the tube and fed back from the output catcher to the buncher cavity to be amplified again. Because of the high Q of the cavities, the signal quickly becomes a sine wave at the resonant frequency of the cavities.


title: Klystron

text: In all modern klystrons, the number of cavities exceeds two. Additional "buncher" cavities added between the first "buncher" and the "catcher" may be used to increase the gain of the klystron or to increase the bandwidth.


title: Klystron

text: The residual kinetic energy in the electron beam when it hits the collector electrode represents wasted energy, which is dissipated as heat, which must be removed by a cooling system. Some modern klystrons include depressed collectors, which recover energy from the beam before collecting the electrons, increasing efficiency. Multistage depressed collectors enhance the energy recovery by "sorting" the electrons in energy bins.


title: Klystron

text: The reflex klystron (also known as a Sutton tube after one of its inventors, Robert Sutton) was a low power klystron tube with a single cavity, which functioned as an oscillator. It was used as a local oscillator in some radar receivers and a modulator in microwave transmitters in the 1950s and 1960s, but is now obsolete, replaced by semiconductor microwave devices.


title: Klystron

text: In the reflex klystron the electron beam passes through a single resonant cavity. The electrons are fired into one end of the tube by an electron gun. After passing through the resonant cavity they are reflected by a negatively charged reflector electrode for another pass through the cavity, where they are then collected. The electron beam is velocity modulated when it first passes through the cavity. The formation of electron bunches takes place in the drift space between the reflector and the cavity. The voltage on the reflector must be adjusted so that the bunching is at a maximum as the electron beam re-enters the resonant cavity, thus ensuring a maximum of energy is transferred from the electron beam to the RF oscillations in the cavity. The reflector voltage may be varied slightly from the optimum value, which results in some loss of output power, but also in a variation in frequency. This effect is used to good advantage for automatic frequency control in receivers, and in frequency modulation for transmitters. The level of modulation applied for transmission is small enough that the power output essentially remains constant. At regions far from the optimum voltage, no oscillations are obtained at all.


title: Klystron

text: There are often several regions of reflector voltage where the reflex klystron will oscillate; these are referred to as modes. The electronic tuning range of the reflex klystron is usually referred to as the variation in frequency between half power points—the points in the oscillating mode where the power output is half the maximum output in the mode.


title: Klystron

text: The gyroklystron is a microwave amplifier with operation dependent on the cyclotron resonance condition. Similarly to the klystron, its operation depends on the modulation of the electron beam, but instead of axial bunching the modulation forces alter the cyclotron frequency and hence the azimuthal component of motion, resulting in phase bunches. In the output cavity, electrons which arrive at the correct decelerating phase transfer their energy to the cavity field and the amplified signal can be coupled out. The gyroklystron has cylindrical or coaxial cavities and operates with transverse electric field modes. Since the interaction depends on the resonance condition, larger cavity dimensions than a conventional klystron can be used. This allows the gyroklystron to deliver high power at very high frequencies which is challenging using conventional klystrons.


title: Klystron

text: Some klystrons have cavities that are tunable. By adjusting the frequency of individual cavities, the technician can change the operating frequency, gain, output power, or bandwidth of the amplifier. No two klystrons are exactly identical (even when comparing like part/model number klystrons). Each unit has manufacturer-supplied calibration values for its specific performance characteristics. Without this information the klystron would not be properly tunable, and hence not perform well, if at all.


title: Klystron

text: Tuning a klystron is delicate work which, if not done properly, can cause damage to equipment or injury to the technician due to the very high voltages that could be produced. The technician must be careful not to exceed the limits of the graduations, or damage to the klystron can result. Other precautions taken when tuning a klystron include using nonferrous tools. Some klystrons employ permanent magnets. If a technician uses ferrous tools (which are ferromagnetic) and comes too close to the intense magnetic fields that contain the electron beam, such a tool can be pulled into the unit by the intense magnetic force, smashing fingers, injuring the technician, or damaging the unit. Special lightweight nonmagnetic (or rather very weakly diamagnetic) tools made of beryllium alloy have been used for tuning U.S. Air Force klystrons.


title: Klystron

text: Precautions are routinely taken when transporting klystron devices in aircraft, as the intense magnetic field can interfere with magnetic navigation equipment. Special overpacks are designed to help limit this field "in the field," and thus allow such devices to be transported safely.


title: Klystron

text: The technique of amplification used in the klystron is also being applied experimentally at optical frequencies in a type of laser called the free-electron laser (FEL); these devices are called "optical klystrons". Instead of microwave cavities, these use devices called undulators. The electron beam passes through an undulator, in which a laser light beam causes bunching of the electrons. Then the beam passes through a second undulator, in which the electron bunches cause oscillation to create a second, more powerful light beam.


title: Klystron

text: The floating drift tube klystron has a single cylindrical chamber containing an electrically isolated central tube. Electrically, this is similar to the two cavity oscillator klystron with considerable feedback between the two cavities. Electrons exiting the source cavity are velocity modulated by the electric field as they travel through the drift tube and emerge at the destination chamber in bunches, delivering power to the oscillation in the cavity. This type of oscillator klystron has an advantage over the two-cavity klystron on which it is based, in that it needs only one tuning element to effect changes in frequency. The drift tube is electrically insulated from the cavity walls, and DC bias is applied separately. The DC bias on the drift tube may be adjusted to alter the transit time through it, thus allowing some electronic tuning of the oscillating frequency. The amount of tuning in this manner is not large and is normally used for frequency modulation when transmitting.


title: Klystron

text: Klystrons can produce far higher microwave power outputs than solid state microwave devices such as Gunn diodes. In modern systems, they are used from UHF (hundreds of megahertz) up to hundreds of gigahertz (as in the Extended Interaction Klystrons in the CloudSat satellite). Klystrons can be found at work in radar, satellite and wideband high-power communication (very common in television broadcasting and EHF satellite terminals), medicine (radiation oncology), and high-energy physics (particle accelerators and experimental reactors). At SLAC, for example, klystrons are routinely employed which have outputs in the range of 50 MW (pulse) and 50 kW (time-averaged) at 2856 MHz. The Arecibo Planetary Radar used two klystrons that provided a total power output of 1 MW (continuous) at 2380 MHz.


title: Klystron

text: "Popular Science"s "Best of What's New 2007" described a company, Global Resource Corporation, currently defunct, using a klystron to convert the hydrocarbons in everyday materials, automotive waste, coal, oil shale, and oil sands into natural gas and diesel fuel.


title: Funafuti

text: Funafuti is the capital of the island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 6,320 people (2017 census), and so it has more people than the rest of Tuvalu combined, with approximately 60% of the population. It consists of a narrow sweep of land between wide, encircling a large lagoon ("Te Namo") long and wide. The average depth of the Funafuti lagoon is about 20 fathoms (36.5 metres or 120 feet). With a surface area of , it is by far the largest lagoon in Tuvalu. The land area of the 33 islets around the atoll of Funafuti totals ; taken together, they constitute less than one percent of the total area of the atoll. Cargo ships can enter Funafuti's lagoon and dock at the port facilities on Fongafale.


title: Funafuti

text: The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes said to be Fongafale or Vaiaku, but, officially, the entire atoll of Funafuti is its capital, since it has a single government that is responsible for the whole atoll.


title: Funafuti

text: The largest island is Fongafale. The island houses four villages and community meeting places. The Funafuti Falekaupule is the local council, with the Kaupule as the executive of the Falekaupule. On Fongafale, the Funafuti Kaupule is responsible for approvals of the construction of houses or extension to an existing buildings on private land and the Lands Management Committee is the responsible authority in relation to lands leased by Government. The installed PV capacity in Funafuti in 2020 was 735 kW compared to 1800 kW of diesel (16% penetration).


title: Funafuti

text: Tausoa Lima Falekaupule is the traditional meeting house on Funafuti. "Tausoalima" means "hand of friendship" and "Falekaupule" means "traditional island meeting hall." There is the Vaiaku Langi Hotel, and other guesthouses as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the "Fētu'ao Lima" (Morning Star Church) of the Church of Tuvalu.


title: Funafuti

text: Other sites of interest are the remains of Japanese aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II. The airfield was constructed during World War II. It was adapted to serve as the Funafuti International Airport, which serves both as the airstrip for the flights from Fiji as well as providing a place for sporting and other recreational activities.


title: Funafuti

text: A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually at Fongafale on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008, with teams coming to Funafuti from the outer islands to compete in the games. Football in Tuvalu is played at club and national team level. The Tuvalu national football team trains at the Tuvalu Sports Ground on Funafuti and competes in the Pacific Games and South Pacific Games.


title: Funafuti

text: The Parliament of Tuvalu or "Palamene o Tuvalu" is located on Fongafale, together with the offices of the government departments and the government agencies, including the Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation, National Bank of Tuvalu, Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau, Tuvalu Meteorological Service, Tuvalu National Library and Archives and the Tuvalu Media Department that operates "Radio Tuvalu". The police service has its headquarters and the jail on Fongafale. The High Court of Tuvalu is also located on Fongafale.


title: Funafuti

text: Below is a list of the individual villages of the atoll, with each atoll's population according to the 2012 census: by islet:


title: Funafuti

text: In June 1996, the Funafuti Conservation Area was established along the western rim of the reef, encompassing six islets. It has an area of 33 km (12 square miles), containing 20 per cent of the reef area of Funafuti. The land area of the six islets in the conservation area is 8 ha (20 acres). Below is a list of the islets in the conservation area, in order from north to south, with their estimated areas in hectares:


title: Funafuti

text: The Funafuti Conservation Area is located across the lagoon from the main island of Fongafale, and is


title: Funafuti

text: There are at least 29 islets in the Funafuti atoll. The largest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three of these islets are inhabited: Fongafale (the main island) in the east, Funafala in the south, and Amatuku in the north.


title: Funafuti

text: The atoll has several passages leading into its lagoon. The degree to which they are navigable varies. The passes are listed below, in roughly clockwise order, starting in the south, with Fongafale islet. The first two islets on the list are in the southern part of the Funafuti Atoll.


title: Funafuti

text: The Funafuti atoll's lagoon ("Te Namo" in Tuvaluan) is 24.5 km (15 miles) long, north to south, and 17.5 km (10 miles) wide, east to west, and has an area of 275 km (106 sq. mi.), making it by far the largest lagoon in the nation of Tuvalu. It is about 52 metres (28 fathoms) deep in some places, but only 6 metres (3 fathoms) deep in other places (because it has several submerged rocks and reefs along its bottom, some of which are that close the surface). The deepest basin is in the northern part of the lagoon (the maximum recorded depth is 54.7 metres [30 fathoms]), while the southern part of the lagoon has a very narrow, shallow basin.


title: Funafuti

text: Funafuti has a tropical rainforest climate (Af as defined by the Köppen climate classification system). Because it experiences frequent cyclones, it is not considered to have an equatorial climate. The town has no dry season: It sees an extraordinary amount of rainfall throughout the year. Funafuti has an average of about of precipitation annually, and no month in which less than rain falls. As is common in many areas with a tropical rainforest climate, the temperature varies little during the year: Average daily temperatures hover around year-round.


title: Funafuti

text: The oral history of Funafuti is that the founding ancestor came from Samoa. The name of one of the islets, Funafala, means 'the pandanus of Funa' ("Funa" is a word meaning "chief" and is also found in the name of the atoll Funafuti).


title: Funafuti

text: The first European to visit Funafuti was Arent Schuyler de Peyster. He was an American from New York, and captain of the armed brigantine or privateer vessel "Rebecca", which was sailing under British colours. In May 1819, de Peyster passed through the southern Tuvalu waters, and sighted Funafuti. He named it Ellice's Island, after an English politician, Edward Ellice, who was the member of parliament for Coventry and the owner of the "Rebecca"s cargo.


title: Funafuti

text: In 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition, led by Charles Wilkes, visited Funafuti. The United States claimed Funafuti based on the 1856 Guano Islands Act, and maintained this claim until 1983, when a treaty of friendship, concluded in 1979, went into effect.


title: Funafuti

text: In the 1850s, John (Jack) O'Brien became the first European to settle in Tuvalu. He became a trader on Funafuti and married Salai, the daughter of Funafuti's paramount chief. with his name continuing on Funafuti. Alfred Restieaux, a native of England, lived and worked as a trader on Funafuti from July 1881 until about 1888 or 1889.


title: Funafuti

text: In 1882, members of the US Fish Commission visited Funafuti to investigate the formation of coral reefs on Pacific atolls, sailing there on the "USFC Albatross". During that visit, Harry Clifford Fassett, the captain's clerk and a photographer, took pictures of people, communities, and scenery in Funafuti.


title: Funafuti

text: In 1892, Captain Davis of provided a report describing the traders and trading activities he observed on each of the islands he visited. Davis identified Jack O'Brien as a trader on Funafuti, and O’Brien was also reported to be living on the atoll in 1896.


title: Funafuti

text: In 1894 Count Rudolph Festetics de Tolna, his wife Eila (née Haggin), and her daughter Blanche Haggin visited Funafuti aboard the yacht "Le Tolna". The Count spent several days photographing men and woman of Funafuti.


title: Funafuti

text: The population of Funafuti during the years 1860 to 1900 is estimated to have been between 280 and 300 people. The Funafuti Post Office opened around 1911.


title: Funafuti

text: During the Pacific War (World War II) the Ellice Islands were used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps 5th Defense Battalion landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942; the operation was kept secret until the Japanese discovered it for themselves on 27 March 1943.


title: Funafuti

text: On Funafuti the islanders were shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build an airfield (now Funafuti International Airport), a 76-bed hospital and the naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale islet.


title: Funafuti

text: There is a site on Funafuti called "Darwin's Drill", where boreholes were drilled in 1896, 1897 and 1898, by the Royal Society of London, as part of a scientific investigation designed to find out whether traces of shallow-water organisms could be found deep down in the coral. It was intended as a test of Charles Darwin's theory of coral atoll formation. Professor Sollas, the leader of the 1896 expedition, published a report on the study of the atoll. Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 expedition, and the leader of the 1897 expedition. Photographers on the expeditions recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti.


title: Funafuti

text: In respect of its role in testing the theory, Funafuti atoll was included by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022.


title: Funafuti

text: George Westbrook, a trader based on Funafuti, recorded a tropical cyclone that struck Funafuti on 23–24 December 1883. At the time the cyclone struck, he was the lone inhabitant of Fongafale, because Tema, a Samoan missionary, had taken everyone else to Funafala to work on erecting a church. The cyclone destroyed the buildings in Fongafale, including the church and the trading stores belonging to George Westbrook and Alfred Restieaux. Little damage occurred at Funafala, however, and the people returned to rebuild at Fongafale.


title: Funafuti

text: In 1972, Funafuti lay in the path of Cyclone Bebe during the 1972–73 South Pacific cyclone season. Bebe was a pre-season tropical cyclone that hit the Gilbert, Ellice, and Fiji island groups. The cyclone system was first spotted on 20 October. It intensified and grew in size through 22 October. At about 4 p.m. on Saturday the 21st, sea water bubbled through the coral on the airfield and rose to a height of about . Cyclone Bebe continued to ravage the area through Sunday 22 October. The Ellice Islands Colony's ship "Moanaraoi", which was in the lagoon, survived. However, three tuna boats were wrecked. Waves broke over the atoll. Five people died: two adults and a 3-month-old child were swept away by waves, and two sailors who had been in the wrecked tuna boats were drowned. Cyclone Bebe knocked down 90% of the area's houses and trees. The storm surge created a wall of coral rubble along the ocean side of Fongafale and Funafala that was about long, and was about to thick at the bottom. The storm surge also destroyed or contaminated the area's sources of fresh drinking water.


title: Funafuti

text: Four tertiary institutions on Funafuti offer technical and vocational courses: Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI), Tuvalu Atoll Science Technology Training Institute (TASTII), Australian Pacific Training Coalition (APTC) and University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre.


title: Funafuti

text: There are two junior schools, the Seventh Day Adventist Primary School and Nauti Primary School, which has a register of more than 900 pupils and is the largest primary school in Tuvalu (45 per cent of the total primary school enrolment).


title: Funafuti

text: The Church of Tuvalu operates Fetuvalu Secondary School. The University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre on Funafuti operates the Augmented Foundation Programme for sixth form students who pass their Pacific Secondary School Certificate (PSSC) so that the students can enter tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu. The Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI) is located on Amatuku motu (islet).


title: Funafuti

text: Fiji Airways, the owner of Fiji Airlines (trading as Fiji Link) operates air transport services three times per week (on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday) between Suva and Funafuti. The flights originate in Nadi, and use ATR 72-600 aircraft, which can carry up to 68 passengers.


title: Funafuti

text: In addition, Air Kiribati operates one flight a week to Funafuti, using a Bombardier Dash 8 100 series aircraft, which can carry up to 35 passengers.


title: Funafuti

text: Fongafale has port facilities and two passenger/cargo ships, "Nivaga III" and "Manu Folau", which make roundtrips between Fongafale and the outer islands about once every three or four weeks, and also travel between Suva, Fiji, and Funafuti about three or four times a year.


title: Funafuti

text: In 2015 the Japanese government donated a ship, the "Nivaga III", to Tuvalu, to replace the "Nivaga II", which had served Tuvalu since 1989.


title: Funafuti

text: Funafuti is one of the eight constituencies in Tuvalu, and elects two members of parliament. In the 2019 general election, Kausea Natano and Simon Kofe were re-elected to parliament.


title: Ned Price

text: Edward "Ned" Price (born November 22, 1982) is an American political advisor and former intelligence officer serving as spokesman for the United States Department of State since 2021. He worked at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 2006 until 2017. On February 20, 2017, Price published a controversial op-ed piece in "The Washington Post", outlining his decision to retire from the CIA rather than work in Donald Trump's administration.


title: Ned Price

text: Price grew up in Dallas, where he graduated from St. Mark's School of Texas. He was a contributing member of The ReMarker and remains involved with their annual campouts in a supervisory role. He then graduated "summa cum laude" from Georgetown University, where he studied international relations at the School of Foreign Service. He reportedly chose this field of study in anticipation of joining the CIA after graduation. He later earned a master's degree from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, where he was awarded a Public Service Fellowship and a prize for a superior thesis.


title: Ned Price

text: Early in his career, Price worked as an intelligence analyst. His focus was on the detection and disruption of possible terrorist attacks against the United States and its interests. In 2013, "Mother Jones" quoted Price defending the CIA financing research on climate change, in the face of opposition from Republican lawmakers who had described the CIA unit as "a waste of resources" and "spying on sea lions". Later in his CIA career, he was loaned to the National Security Council, serving as its spokesperson and as a Special Assistant to President Barack Obama. Price discusses his experiences working under President Obama in "West Wingers: Stories from the Dream Chasers, Change Makers, and Hope Creators Inside the Obama White House" (2018).


title: Ned Price

text: Price is a Co-Founder and previously served as Director of Policy and Communications at National Security Action, a 501 (c) (4) registered lobby group along with several former Obama national security advisors.


title: Ned Price

text: In a February 2017 "Washington Post" op-ed piece, Price described mounting concerns over Donald Trump, first when he was candidate, then prior to inauguration, and then as the sitting president. Price described his initial concern when Trump blithely dismissed the opinions of senior intelligence officials during a debate with rival candidate Hillary Clinton. Price then described how demoralized he and fellow CIA officials felt when newly inaugurated President Trump used a visit to CIA headquarters for campaign-style self-promotion. Finally, Price reflected on how Trump removed senior intelligence officials from the "principal's committee", and expressed concern that by ignoring their advice he was putting public safety at risk.


title: Ned Price

text: In his op-ed, Price had pointed out that he had loyally served in both Republican and Democratic administrations.


title: Ned Price

text: In an article published in "Politico" on July 14, 2017, Price expressed concerns related to the appointment and continued hold of a security clearance of President Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner. In the article, Price reviewed the extensive vetting that he had experienced to gain a security clearance, which lasted approximately a year, and compared that to the security clearance granted to Kushner. Discussing the disclosures of the developing information related to Kushner's apparent involvement in a Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election, Price said: "I am confident in saying that my clearance would have been immediately revoked had I, as a career CIA officer, been accused of a fraction of these activities."


title: Ned Price

text: On January 20, 2021, Price assumed office as the Spokesperson for the United States Department of State in the Biden administration; he is the first openly gay person in this post.


title: Ned Price

text: In March 2021, Price stated that the U.S. has "serious concerns" about the International Criminal Court's (ICC) investigation into war crimes committed during the 2014 War in Gaza. Price stated that the ICC has "no jurisdiction over this matter" and is "unfairly" targeting Israel, His statement is consistent with Trump's executive order 13928, which denies the jurisdiction of ICC over the United States and its allies.


title: Ned Price

text: In February 2022, Price engaged with a journalist over the Biden administration's claims about Ukraine. In the exchange, which was widely circulated, Price said that Russia was planning to stage an attack as a pretext for war; he provided no evidence to support the assertion, despite multiple questions from a veteran Associated Press reporter. On February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine after a series of attempted pretexts.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" () is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe written in 1797. The poem is a ballad in 14 stanzas.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The poem begins as an old sorcerer departs his workshop, leaving his apprentice with chores to perform. Tired of fetching water by pail, the apprentice enchants a broom to do the work for him, using magic in which he is not fully trained. The floor is soon awash with water, and the apprentice realizes that he cannot stop the broom because he does not know the magic required to do so.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The apprentice splits the broom in two with an axe, but each of the pieces becomes a whole broom that takes up a pail and continues fetching water, now at twice the speed. At this increased pace, the entire room quickly begins to flood. When all seems lost, the old sorcerer returns and quickly breaks the spell. The poem concludes with the old sorcerer's statement that only a master should invoke powerful spirits.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Goethe's is well known in the German-speaking world. The lines in which the apprentice implores the returning sorcerer to help him with the mess he created have turned into a cliché, especially the line "Die Geister, die ich rief" ("The spirits that I summoned"), a simplified version of one of Goethe's lines "Die ich rief, die Geister, / Werd' ich nun nicht los" - "The spirits that I summoned / I now cannot rid myself of again", which is often used to describe someone who summons help or allies that the individual cannot control, especially in politics.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The story of the Sorcerer's Apprentice is classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as ATU 325 (The Magician and his Pupil) or ATU 325* (The Apprentice and the Ghosts). The tale assumes two formats, mostly:


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Folklorist Stith Thompson suggested an Asian origin for the tale, supposedly India. He also remarked on the popularity of the tale, which has spread throughout Asia and Europe, to Africa and the Americas.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Hasan M. El-Shamy stated that an old form of the tale type appears in the "Tale of Setne Khamwas and Si-Osire", as the episode of a confrontation between two sorcerers. Further studies indicate that the motif of the "transformation combat" between two sorcerous characters shows great antiquity.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Some versions of the tale differ from Goethe's, and in some versions the sorcerer is angry at the apprentice and in some even expels the apprentice for causing the mess. In other versions, the sorcerer is a bit amused at the apprentice and he simply chides his apprentice about the need to be able to properly control such magic once summoned. The sorcerer's anger with the apprentice, which appears in both the Greek "Philopseudes" and the film "Fantasia", does not appear in Goethe's "Der Zauberlehrling".


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: "Lover of Lies" () is a short frame story by Lucian, written c. AD 150. The narrator, Tychiades, is visiting the house of a sick and elderly friend, Eucrates, where he has an argument about the reality of the supernatural. Eucrates and several other visitors tell various tales, intended to convince him that supernatural phenomena are real. Each story in turn is either rebutted or ridiculed by Tychiades.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Eucrates recounts a tale extremely similar to Goethe's "Zauberlehrling", which had supposedly happened to him in his youth. It is, indeed, the oldest known variation of this tale type. There are several differences:


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Similar themes (such as the power of magic or technology turning against the insufficiently wise person invoking it) are found in many traditions and works of art. Comparative mythologist Patrice Lajoye argues for a parallel between the Brythonic legend of Taliesin and a Russian fairy tale, "Le savoir magique", collected by Alexander Afanasyev with both stories being classified as ATU 325. As referenced by Joseph Jacobs in his "English Fairy Tales", Joseph Tunison (1849–1916) analysed several apocryphal medieval tales of Roman poet Virgil, including one where Virgil summons and banishes an evil entity. Scholarship acknowledges the popularity of the tale type in Yiddish folklore.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: 17th-century French author Eustace le Noble also wrote a literary variant of the tale type with "L'apprenti magicien".


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The animated 1940 Disney film "Fantasia" popularized the story from Goethe's poem, and the 1897 Paul Dukas symphonic poem based on it, in one of eight animated shorts based on classical music. In the piece, which retains the title "The Sorcerer's Apprentice", Mickey Mouse plays the apprentice, and the story follows Goethe's original closely, except that the sorcerer (Yen Sid, or "Disney" backwards) is stern and angry with his apprentice when he saves him. "Fantasia" popularized Goethe's story to a worldwide audience. The segment proved so popular that it was repeated, in its original form, in the sequel "Fantasia 2000".


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Literary adaptations of the tale include several fiction and nonfiction books, including the novel "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (1910) by Hanns Heinz Ewers, and Christopher Bulis's novel "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (1995) based on the TV series "Doctor Who". Nonfiction books with this title include "The Sorcerer's Apprentice: A Journey Through Africa" (1948) by Elspeth Huxley, and the travel book "Sorcerer's Apprentice" (1998) by Tahir Shah.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels alluded to Goethe's poem in "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), comparing modern bourgeois society to "the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells."


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" is a 1962 episode of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" featuring Brandon deWilde as mentally-troubled youth Hugo, coveting the magic wand of a kindly magician.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The poem's story is alluded to in several episodes of the fairy-tale drama "Once Upon a Time", especially in "The Apprentice" (2014). A variation of the Dukas piece also plays in certain scenes. The apprentice himself is a recurring character, while the sorcerer is shown to be Merlin.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The film "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (2010) features a scene based on Goethe's poem (and the "Fantasia" version).


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: "Top Secret Apprentice", a segment of the "Tiny Toon Adventures" episode broadcast on February 1, 1991, is a modern version of the story, with Buster Bunny messing around with Bugs Bunny's cartoon scenery machine and getting into trouble.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The "Fantasia" version appears in the video game series "Kingdom Hearts" (2002), with the sorcerer Yen Sid serving as an adviser to the heroes, teaching Mickey, Sora, and Riku the Keyblade skills needed to guard the universe from his former friend Xehanort's plan. A world based on the "Fantasia" version also appears throughout the series, serving as Yen Sid's home.


title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

text: The playing card Sorcerer's Broom from Throne of Eldraine references the story and the replicating nature of the broom.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The DLD is the name for an automobile engine family – a group of compact inline-four Diesel engines, involving development by Ford of Britain, Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance and/or PSA Group (Peugeot and Citroën), and also Mazda where it is called the MZ-CD or CiTD. The Ford of Britain/PSA and joint-venture for the production of the DLD/DV was announced in September 1998. Half of the total engine count are produced at Ford of Britain's main plant at Dagenham, England and at Ford's Chennai plant in India, the other half at PSA's Trémery plant in France.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The inline-four engines are sold under the DuraTorq TDCi name by Ford, and as the HDi by Citroën and Peugeot. and dCi engine by Renault. and Mazda also uses the Ford-made DLD engine in the Mazda2 and the Mazda3.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: Ford later added their unrelated 1.8 L DLD-418 engine to the DLD family, though it is properly part of the Ford Endura-D engine family.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The Duratorq DLD-414 (or DV4) is a 1.4 L (1398 cc) straight-4 turbo-diesel. Output is at 4500 rpm and at 2000 rpm.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The Duratorq DLD-415 (or DV5) is a 1.5 L (1499 cc) straight-4 turbo-diesel developed by Ford and PSA Group. Output is to at 3500 rpm to 3750 rpm and to at 1750 rpm.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The PSA variant has a DOHC 16-valve design, while the Ford variant has a SOHC 8-valve design. The DV5 with an intercooled variable-geometry turbocharger (for example, Garrett GT1544V), and with Diesel particulate filter is Euro 6.2 compliant.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The DLD-416 (or DV6) is a 1.6 L (1560 cc) UK-built version used by Ford, Volvo, PSA, Mini, Suzuki, Renault and Mazda.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The first DV6 has a DOHC 16-valve design, with an intercooled variable-geometry turbocharger (for example, Garrett GT1544V), and with Diesel particulate filter is Euro 5 compliant.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The Duratorq DLD-418 is a 1.8 L (1753 cc) intercooled common rail diesel engine. It is only a DLD by name, since it is completely unrelated to the 1.4/1.6 units, and is derived from Ford's own 1.8 8-valve Endura-D engine that saw service through the 1980s and 1990s. However, Ford considers it part of the DLD family, as evidenced by the official "DLD" name.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The Endura-D was heavily revised and updated with a variable-vane turbocharger and a Delphi high-pressure common rail injection system and relaunched in 2001 as the DuraTorq TDCi, with the original engine being rebadged 'DuraTorq TDDi'.


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The output of the original 2001 unit is at 3800 rpm and at 1850 rpm. In August 2002, a version appeared in the Ford Focus with reduced power, producing at 3850 rpm and at 1750 rpm. Early 2005 saw the more powerful unit's torque boosted to at 1900 rpm, with power remaining unchanged at .


title: Ford DLD engine

text: The latest versions of the DLD-418 were released with the 2007 Ford Mondeo. One has an output of at 3850 rpm and at 1800 rpm. The more powerful variant has an output of at 3700 rpm and at 1800 rpm.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: In television and radio programming, a serial is a show that has a continuing plot that unfolds in a sequential episode-by-episode fashion. Serials typically follow main story arcs that span entire television seasons or even the complete run of the series, and sometimes spinoffs, which distinguishes them from episodic television that relies on more stand-alone episodes. Worldwide, the soap opera is the most prominent form of serial dramatic programming. In the UK the serial began as a direct adaptations of well known literary works, usually consisting of a small number of episodes.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Serials rely on keeping the full nature of the story hidden and revealing elements episode by episode, to encourage spectators to tune in to every episode to follow the plot. Often these shows employ recapping segments at the beginning and cliffhangers at the end of each episode.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: The invention of recording devices such as VCRs and DVRs along with the growing popularity of streaming services has made following this type of show easier, which has resulted in increased success and popularity. Prior to the advent of DVRs, television networks shunned serials in prime time as they made broadcast programming reruns more difficult and television producers shunned them because they were tougher to go into broadcast syndication years down the road.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Serials contrast with episodic television, with plots relying on a more independent stand-alone format. Procedural drama television programs are commonly episodic, sometimes including a serial subplot.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Shorter serial programs known as telenovelas (and earlier, radionovelas), originating and often produced in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Latin America, have become popular worldwide.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: The term "serial" refers to the intrinsic property of a seriesnamely its order. In literature, the term is used as a noun to refer to a format (within a genre) by which a story is told in contiguous (typically chronological) installments in sequential issues of a single periodical publication.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: More generally, "serial" is applied in library and information science to materials "in any medium issued under the same title in a succession of discrete parts, usually numbered (or dated) and appearing at regular or irregular intervals with no predetermined conclusion."


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: The term has been used for a radio or television production with a continuously evolving, unified plot and set of characters, spread over multiple episodes. In the United States, daytime soap operas have long had a serial structure. Television mini-series also commonly come in a serial form. Starting in the mid-1970s, series with soap opera-like stories began to be aired in prime time (e.g. "Dallas", "Dynasty"). In the 1990s, shows like "The X-Files" and "The Sopranos" began to use a more serial structure, and now there are a much wider range of shows in serial form.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: movie serials of the early 20th century. With the emergence of television and subsequent decline of the movie-going audience, production of movie serials ceased due to the decreasing revenues. But the serial lived on, moving instead to the small screen and the world of Broadcast syndication television reruns.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: The television serial format as known today originated in radio, in the form of children's adventure shows and daily 15-minute programs known as "soap operas" (so-called because many of these shows were sponsored by soap companies, such as Colgate-Palmolive and Procter & Gamble). Soap operas were specifically engineered to appeal to women (with the intention of increasing sale of soap). They usually ran from Monday through Friday at the same time every day. A show called The Smith Family which ran only one night a week on WENR in Chicago during the early 1930s was credited as the "great-granddaddy of the soap operas" by radio historian Francis Chase, Jr. One of the other shows that helped pioneer the daytime soap opera/serial was "The Guiding Light", which debuted on NBC radio in 1937, and then switched to CBS Television in 1952. "The Guiding Light" final episode aired on September 18, 2009, having a total of 15,762 episodes air on CBS. Some of the characters in soap operas have been portrayed as long-suffering (a common theme even in some of today's serials along with the social and economical issues of the day).


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Children's adventure serials were more like film serials, with continuing characters involved in exploits with episodes that often ended in a cliffhanger situation; Westerns were a particularly popular format for children's serials on the radio.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: "Guiding Light" and such other daytime television program serials such as "Search for Tomorrow", "Love of Life", "The Secret Storm", "As the World Turns", "The Edge of Night", "The Doctors", "Another World", "Dark Shadows", "One Life to Live", and "All My Children" were popular in the Golden and Silver Ages of television and still are today.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Aside from the social issues, the style and presentation of these shows have changed. Whereas in the 1950s and 1960s the drama was underscored with traditional organ music, and in the 1970s and the 1980s a full orchestra provided the score, the daytime dramas of today use cutting-edged synth-driven music (in a way, music for soaps has come full-circle, from the keyboard to the keyboard).


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: The nighttime serials are a different story, though the concept is also nothing new. In the 1960s, ABC aired the first real breakthrough nighttime serial, "Peyton Place", inspired by the novel and theatrical film of the same name. After its cancellation, the format went somewhat dormant until Norman Lear produced "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman" in 1976. In 1977, ABC created another comedy soap (aptly called "Soap"). Although the show was controversial for its time (with a homosexual character among its cast roster), it was (and still is today) a cult classic.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: The success of "Dallas" popularized serial storylines on prime-time television. Its end-of-season cliffhangers, such as "Who shot J. R.?" and "Bobby in the Shower?", influenced other shows like "Dynasty" (ABC's answer to "Dallas"), "Knots Landing", "Falcon Crest", "The Colbys", "Flamingo Road", "Hotel", "The Yellow Rose", "Bare Essence", and "Berrenger's". There were some serial shows such as "Hill Street Blues" and "St. Elsewhere" that did not officially fit into this category, but were nonetheless ratings hits season after season.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: While the last of the 1980s nighttime soaps ended during the first years of the following decade, then a second wave came with series like "Beverly Hills, 90210", "Melrose Place", "Models, Inc.", "Savannah" and "Central Park West". But as the 1990s came to a close, the primetime soap as an official format gradually faded away, where it largely seems to remain as of the middle of the first decade of the 21st century in the United States.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Serialized storytelling can also be seen in other dramas. Heavily serialized dramas include " ", "Babylon 5", "The Sopranos", "Twin Peaks", "24", "Battlestar Galactica", "Breaking Bad", "Dexter", "The Wire", "The Return of the Spirit" and "Downton Abbey". Series such as "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Veronica Mars", "", "The Good Wife", and "The X-Files" fall somewhere in-between, featuring a new case each week that is solved by the end of the episode, but also having an overarching mystery that receives focus in many episodes. The more serialized its storytelling, the less likely a show is to fare well in repeats. The format places a demand on episodes to be run in order, without which story arcs stretching over many episodes may be difficult for new viewers to delve into. "Desperate Housewives" also falls into the category while each season involves a new mystery that spans an entire season (and on one occasion, half the season) while planting hints throughout the episodes until the climax in the finale.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: To a lesser extent, series such as "House" and "Fringe" may also feature ongoing story arcs, but episodes are more self-encapsulated and so the series fall into a more conventional drama category. "Fringe" has experimented with "myth-alones", a hybrid that attempts to advance the story arc in a self-contained episode.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: In addition, it has been noted that the use of cliffhangers is still prevalent in adventure shows; however, they are now typically used just before a commercial break and the viewer need only wait a few minutes to see its resolution. In addition, many series have also made extensive use of the traditional end-of-episode cliffhanger format. This is most common in season finales which often end in a cliffhanger that would only be resolved in the next season's premiere.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Over the course of its run, a show may change its focus. Matt Cherniss, executive vice president of programming at Fox says: "Sometimes early on, being a little more episodic allows more people into the room. And as the show goes on, by its nature, it might find itself becoming a little more serialized." Early in their runs, shows such as "Lost", "Buffy", "Angel", "Dollhouse" and "Torchwood" put greater emphasis on the "story-of-the-week", but over time story arcs begin to dominate. In contrast, "Alias" became more focused on standalone stories in later seasons, because of pressures by network executives.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Complex story arcs may have a negative effect on ratings by making entry more difficult for new viewers as well as confusing fans who have missed an episode. Networks see them as riskier than dramas that focus on a self-contained story of the week. Tom O'Neil of the "Los Angeles Times" notes: "They're chancy because these shows are hard to join midway through." CBS has not aired a serial drama in many years, in part because of the success of its non-serial procedurals. Marketing for "" (2022) emphasized its episodes being standalone, which cast and crew described as being similar to "".


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Scott Collins of the "Los Angeles Times" stated that "serialized storytelling ... though popular with hard-core fans and many critics, requires more dedication from viewers and has almost certainly tamped down ratings for many shows". He quoted an ad executive who states that close-ended story lines "[make] it easier for new viewers to tune in and figure out what's going on". According to Dick Wolf, serialized elements also make it more difficult for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes. "Cheers" co-creator Les Charles regrets helping to make serialization common: "[W]e may have been partly responsible for what's going on now, where if you miss the first episode or two, you are lost. You have to wait until you can get the whole thing on DVD and catch up with it. If that blood is on our hands, I feel kind of badly about it. It can be very frustrating."


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Another problem is that many fans prefer to record these shows and binge watch the whole season in one session. These viewers are not included in TV ratings as they are much less likely to watch commercials than live viewers. The move away from live viewing and toward DVR or internet-streaming services has hurt many shows' prospects because there are fewer or no commercials and they may be fast-forwarded or out-of-date.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Concerned about the toll on ratings of complex story arcs, networks sometimes ask showrunners to reduce serialization. Network executives believe that standalone episodes serve as a better jumping on point for new viewers, although this may result in a conflict with regular watchers who tend to prefer more focus on story arcs.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: "Alias" began as a more serialized show but later became more stand-alone under network pressure. During season 3 of the re-imagined "Battlestar Galactica", showrunner Ronald D. Moore was also pressured to make episodes more stand-alone. This move resulted in negative criticism from both fans and critics, and Moore revealed in the Season 3 finale podcast that the network finally accepted that standalone episodes simply do not work for the story he is trying to tell.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Moore has also stated that the network was reluctant to greenlight "Caprica" mainly because story-arc-heavy series notoriously have difficulty in picking up new viewers, as compared to a series composed of mostly standalone episodes.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: According to Todd A. Kessler, the second season of "Damages" will be less serialized in order to render the show more accessible to new viewers.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Tim Kring, creator of "Heroes", has also suggested that his show may move away from serialized storytelling: "I think the show needs to move towards [standalone episodes] in order to survive."


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Networks also discourage complex story arcs because they are less successful in reruns, and because standalone episodes can be rerun without concern for order.


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: "Entertainment Weekly" and "Chicago Tribune" have expressed concern that declining ratings may lead to a major reduction in serialized storytelling. To highlight the situation, in the 2006–2007 season, no fewer than five high-concept serials were introduced, including "Jericho", "Kidnapped", "Vanished", "The Nine", and "Drive", all of which experienced fairly quick cancellation due to low ratings. In 2010 and 2011, more high-profile, high-cost serials failed to achieve success, including "V", "The Event", and "FlashForward".


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Some reviewers have also noted that serialized dramas are at a disadvantage at major awards shows such as the Primetime Emmy Awards. Such shows generally have to submit an atypical self-contained episode in order to gain recognition. Despite this, since 2000, every winner of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series has been a Serial Drama: "The West Wing" (2000–2003), "The Sopranos" (2004, 2007), "Lost" (2005), "24" (2006), "Mad Men" (2008–2011), "Homeland" (2012), "Breaking Bad" (2013–2014), "Game of Thrones" (2015-2016, 2018-2019), "The Handmaid's Tale" (2017), and "Succession" (2020).


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: In terms of DVD sales, however, strongly serialized shows often perform better than shows which are strongly procedural. "24" (Season 6),


title: Serial (radio and television)

text: Serialized shows tend to develop a more dedicated fanbase interested in exploring the show online as well as becoming customers of additional merchandising.


title: Gregg Braden

text: Gregg Braden (born June 28, 1954) is an American New Age author, who is known for his appearances in "Ancient Aliens" and his show "Missing Links", and other publications linking science and spirituality. He became noted for his claim that the magnetic polarity of the Earth was about to reverse. Braden argued that the change in the earth's magnetic field might have effects on human DNA. He has also argued that human emotions affect DNA and that collective prayer may have healing physical effects. He has published many books through the Hay House publishing house. In 2009, his book "Fractal Time" was on the bestseller list of "The New York Times".


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs is an American supermarket chain in Southern California. The largest subsidiary of Cincinnati-based Kroger, it is the oldest such chain west of the Mississippi River. Kroger also operates stores under the Food 4 Less and Foods Co. names in California.


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs Grocery Company was founded in 1873 in Los Angeles by George Albert Ralphs and his brother, Walter Benjamin Ralphs. Ralphs teamed with S. A. Francis in 1873 to open the Ralphs & Francis store at 5th and Hill – an area which would become the Historic Core of the city in the early 20th century, but then a mostly residential area with many single-family houses. In 1875, Ralphs’ brother Walter bought out Francis’ share, and the business became the Ralphs Bros. Grocers, specializing in produce. The business boomed. In 1876 they constructed a two-story building at the southwest corner of Sixth and Spring.


title: Ralphs

text: In the 20th century, Ralphs became a grocery pioneer, offering self-service markets with checkout stands in distributed locations. The company employed notable architects in designing its stores, and the former Ralphs Grocery Store building built in 1929 in Westwood Village has been photographed by Ansel Adams, declared a Historic Cultural Monument, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the 1980s, it created a chain of hybrid supermarket/warehouse stores called The Giant, which failed, but the concept returned with the company's merger with the Food 4 Less discount chain. In 1968, Ralphs was acquired by Federated Department Stores, based in Cincinnati.


title: Ralphs

text: In 1988, Canada-based Campeau Corporation launched a $4.2 billion hostile takeover of Federated, Ralphs' parent. Ralphs would then be put up for sale, with American Stores (owner of rival chain Lucky) making an offer.


title: Ralphs

text: In 1992, Federated, now known as Macy's, Inc., sold Ralphs to a group of owners, led by Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation, after filing for bankruptcy two years earlier in 1990. In 1994, Ralphs was acquired by the Yucaipa Companies for $1.5 billion. Yucaipa owned ABC Markets, Alpha Beta, , and Cala Foods. Soon, all ABC Markets, Alpha Betas, and Boys Markets were rebranded as Ralphs. At the same time, Food 4 Less was merged with Ralphs. In 1997, Yucaipa sold Ralphs to Portland, Oregon based Fred Meyer, owner of several chains in the west. Soon, Ralphs Marketplace stores started opening in suburban areas; these stores are based on the Fred Meyer model but without apparel. At the same time, they also acquired the 57-store Hughes Family Markets chain. In October 1998, the parent company, Fred Meyer, merged with Kroger of Cincinnati, Ohio.


title: Ralphs

text: In 1999, Ralphs purchased about 30 Albertsons and Lucky stores, mostly in Northern California, as well as stores in the Central Coast region, and one store each in Bakersfield and Laguna Beach. The stores were divested as a result of the Albertsons and American Stores merger.


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs operated in Northern California until January 2006, when they announced that all but one Ralphs in northern California would close. In August 2006, the one remaining Ralphs in northern California was given a 60-day notice of closure. Also, in August 2006, Ralphs finalized plans to sell eleven (of thirteen remaining) Cala-Bell Stores to Harley DeLano, who previously ran the chain.


title: Ralphs

text: On July 20, 2007, Ralphs opened a new store on 9th and Hope Street in the South Park neighborhood of downtown Los Angeles. This was the first full-run supermarket downtown in 50 years. In 1950, Ralphs closed a store at 7th Street and Figueroa Street.


title: Ralphs

text: Today, Ralphs competes with Albertsons (including Vons) and Stater Bros. Its slogan is "Fresh Food, Low Prices." Ralphs is the current market share leader in Southern California.


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs Grocery Company has contracts with the United Food and Commercial Workers, the largest grocery union in the United States. In late 2003 and early 2004, Ralphs locked out its workers who were members of the UFCW in sympathy with competitor Vons (owned by Safeway Inc.) in Southern California, after the UFCW had declared a strike against Vons. The issues in contract negotiations included healthcare benefits and wage structure, which the supermarkets contended were necessary to reduce costs and remain competitive in the face of the rise of discount chains like Walmart. In March 2004, the strike ended with a settlement regarded as a victory for the grocery chains—new hires would be on a much lower pay scale than existing workers and receive less generous health benefits.


title: Ralphs

text: On October 16, 2006, Ralphs agreed to pay $70 million to settle felony charges that it illegally rehired locked out employees using false names and Social Security numbers during the strike. Eligible UFCW members received $50 million of the settlement and the remainder was paid in fines to the federal government.


title: Ralphs

text: The photorealist painter Robert Cottingham depicted a Ralphs supermarket in his 1968 painting "Ralph's II", which has been displayed by the Milwaukee Art Museum.


title: Ralphs

text: The Coen Brothers' 1998 film "The Big Lebowski" opens with its main character, The Dude, played by Jeff Bridges, walking through a Ralphs supermarket. Later in the film, The Dude is searched by the Malibu Chief of Police, who, upon finding his Ralphs Card, asks "Is this your only form of ID?" In a mortuary, the character Walter Sobchak complains about the high price of an urn to house the ashes of a friend. After asking the funeral director, "Is there a Ralphs around here?", the scene cuts to Walter overlooking the Pacific Ocean holding a Folgers Coffee can.


title: Ralphs

text: In the movie "Messiah of Evil", one of the main characters, Laura, follows a mysterious figure into a deserted Ralphs supermarket, where she is chased, attacked, and eaten by zombies.


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs supermarket line of generic brand products were featured prominently in the 1984 film "Repo Man"; almost all products featured were donated by the supermarket.


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs was the primary sponsor for the #11 car of Brett Bodine in the 2000–2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Series seasons.


title: Ralphs

text: A package of Ralphs green beans can be seen in a refrigerator in the closing moments of the Season 5 Episode 11 of "The Practice". This was a likely error by the prop department, since the show takes place in Boston.


title: Ralphs

text: In the podcast radio drama "Welcome to Night Vale", the chain is occasionally mentioned in the context of a "hole in the vacant lot out back of the Ralphs." This is in spite of a lack of confirmation or evidence that the town of Night Vale is located in Southern California.


title: Ralphs

text: In the 1992 film "Forever Young", when Mel Gibson's character wakes up in 1992 to discover he has been cryogenically frozen since 1939, he goes to a pay telephone to call a friend from his past, across the street from the pay phone is a Ralphs store. Later when trying to tell someone where his friend from the past lived Gibson's character says "There's a place called Ralphs there now."


title: Ralphs

text: Ralphs generic products were featured in the Suicidal Tendencies music video for ”Institutionalized”.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Barbara Ehrenreich (, ; ; August 26, 1941 – September 1, 2022) was an American author and political activist. During the 1980s and early 1990s, she was a prominent figure in the Democratic Socialists of America. She was a widely read and award-winning columnist and essayist and the author of 21 books. Ehrenreich was best known for her 2001 book "", a memoir of her three-month experiment surviving on a series of minimum wage jobs. She was a recipient of a Lannan Literary Award.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich was born to Isabelle ( Oxley) and Ben Howes Alexander in Butte, Montana, which she describes as then being "a bustling, brawling, blue collar mining town". In an interview on C-SPAN, she characterized her parents as "strong union people" with two family rules: "never cross a picket line and never vote Republican". In a talk she gave in 1999, Ehrenreich called herself a "fourth-generation atheist".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: "As a little girl", she told "The New York Times" in 1993, "I would go to school and have to decide if my parents were the evil people they were talking about, part of the Red Menace we read about in the "Weekly Reader", just because my mother was a liberal Democrat who would always talk about racial injustice." Her father was a copper miner who went to the Montana School of Mines (renamed Montana Technological University since 2018) and then to Carnegie Mellon University.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: After her father graduated from the Montana School of Mines, the family moved to Pittsburgh, New York, and Massachusetts, before settling down in Los Angeles. He eventually became a senior executive at the Gillette Corporation. Her parents later divorced.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich originally studied physics at Reed College, later changing to chemistry and graduating in 1963. Her senior thesis was entitled "Electrochemical oscillations of the silicon anode". In 1968, she started a Ph.D program for theoretical physics, but changed early on to cellular immunology and received her Ph.D at Rockefeller University.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 1970, Ehrenreich gave birth to her daughter Rosa in a public clinic in New York. "I was the only white patient at the clinic, and I found out this was the health care women got," she told "The Globe and Mail" newspaper in 1987, "They induced my labor because it was late in the evening and the doctor wanted to go home. I was enraged. The experience made me a feminist."


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: After completing her doctorate, Ehrenreich did not pursue a career in science. Instead, she worked first as an analyst with the Bureau of the Budget in New York City and with the Health Policy Advisory Center, and later as an assistant professor at the State University of New York at Old Westbury.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 1972, Ehrenreich began co-teaching a course on women and health with feminist journalist and academic Deirdre English. Through the rest of the seventies, Ehrenreich worked mostly in health-related research, advocacy and activism, including co-writing, with English, several feminist books and pamphlets on the history and politics of women's health. During this period she began speaking frequently at conferences staged by women's health centers and women's groups, by universities, and by the United States government. She also spoke regularly about socialist feminism and about feminism in general.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Throughout her career, Ehrenreich worked as a freelance writer. She is arguably best known for her non-fiction reportage, book reviews and social commentary. Her reviews have appeared in "The New York Times Book Review", "The Washington Post", "The Atlantic Monthly", "Mother Jones", "The Nation", "The New Republic", the "Los Angeles Times" Book Review supplement, "Vogue", Salon.com, "TV Guide", "Mirabella" and "American Film". Her essays, op-eds and feature articles have appeared in "Harper's Magazine", "The New York Times", "The New York Times Magazine", "Time", "The Wall Street Journal", "Life", "Mother Jones", "Ms.", "The Nation", "The New Republic", the "New Statesman", "In These Times", "The Progressive", "Working Woman", and "Z Magazine".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich served as founder, advisor or board member to a number of organizations including the National Women's Health Network, the National Abortion Rights Action League, the National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse, the Nationwide Women's Program of the American Friends Service Committee, the Brooklyn-based Association for Union Democracy, the Boehm Foundation, the Women's Committee of 100, the National Writers Union, the Progressive Media Project, FAIR's advisory committee on women in the media, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, and the Campaign for America's Future.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Between 1979 and 1981, she served as an adjunct associate professor at New York University and as a visiting professor at the University of Missouri at Columbia and at Sangamon State University (Now University of Illinois, Springfield.) She lectured at the University of California, Santa Barbara, was a writer-in-residence at the Ohio State University, Wayne Morse chair at the University of Oregon, and a teaching fellow at the graduate school of journalism at the University of California, Berkeley. She was a fellow at the New York Institute for the Humanities, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Institute for Policy Studies, and the New York-based Society of American Historians.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2000, Ehrenreich endorsed the presidential campaign of Ralph Nader; in 2004, she urged voters to support John Kerry in the swing states.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In February 2008, she expressed support for then-Senator Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2001, Ehrenreich published her seminal work, "Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America". Seeking to explore whether people can subsist on minimum wage in the United States, she worked "undercover" in a series of minimum-wage jobs, such as waitress, housekeeper, and Wal-Mart associate, and reported on her efforts to pay living expenses with the low wages paid by those jobs (an average of $7 per hour). She concluded that it was impossible to pay for food and rent without working at least two such jobs. "Nickel and Dimed" became a bestseller and a classic of social justice literature.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich founded the Economic Hardship Reporting Project with one main purpose: support immersive reporting on the working poor, in the manner of Ehrenreich's own classic book "Nickel and Dimed".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Filling in for a vacationing Thomas Friedman as a columnist with "The New York Times" in 2004, Ehrenreich wrote about how, in the fight for women's reproductive rights, "it's the women who shrink from acknowledging their own abortions who really irk me" and said that she herself "had two abortions during my all-too-fertile years".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In her 1990 book of essays, "The Worst Years of Our Lives", she wrote that "the one regret I have about my own abortions is that they cost money that might otherwise have been spent on something more pleasurable, like taking the kids to movies and theme parks."


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2006, she founded United Professionals, an organization described as "a nonprofit, non-partisan membership organization for white-collar workers, regardless of profession or employment status. We reach out to all unemployed, underemployed, and anxiously employed workers—people who bought the American dream that education and credentials could lead to a secure middle class life, but now find their lives disrupted by forces beyond their control."


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2009, she wrote "Bright-sided: How Positive Thinking Is Undermining America", which investigated the rise of the positive thinking industry in the United States. She included her own experience after being told that she had breast cancer as a starting point in the book. In this book, she brought to light various methods of what Nobel physicist Murray Gell-Mann called "quantum flapdoodle".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Beginning in 2013, Ehrenreich was an honorary co-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America. She also served on the NORML board of directors, the Institute for Policy Studies board of trustees and the editorial board of "The Nation". She has served on the editorial boards of "Social Policy", "Ms.", "Mother Jones", "Seven Days", "Lear's", "The New Press", and Culturefront, and as a contributing editor to "Harper's".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 1980, Ehrenreich shared the National Magazine Award for excellence in reporting with colleagues at "Mother Jones" magazine for the cover story "The Corporate Crime of the Century", about "what happens after the U.S. government forces a dangerous drug, pesticide or other product off the domestic market, then the manufacturer sells that same product, frequently with the direct support of the State Department, throughout the rest of the world."


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2000, she received the Sidney Hillman Award for journalism for the "Harper's" article "Nickel and Dimed," which was later published as a chapter in her book of the same title.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2002, she won a National Magazine Award for her essay "Welcome to Cancerland: A mammogram leads to a cult of pink kitsch," which describes Ehrenreich's own experience of being diagnosed with breast cancer, and describes what she calls the "breast cancer cult," which "serves as an accomplice in global poisoning – normalizing cancer, prettying it up, even presenting it, perversely, as a positive and enviable experience."


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2004, she received the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship, awarded jointly by the Puffin Foundation of New Jersey and The Nation Institute to an American who challenges the status quo "through distinctive, courageous, imaginative, socially responsible work of significance".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In 2007, she received the "Freedom from Want" Medal, awarded by the Roosevelt Institute in celebration of "those whose life's work embodies FDR's Four Freedoms".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich received a Ford Foundation award for humanistic perspectives on contemporary society (1982), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1987–88) and a grant for research and writing from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (1995). She received honorary degrees from Reed College, the State University of New York at Old Westbury, the College of Wooster in Ohio, John Jay College, UMass Lowell and La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: In November 2018, Ehrenreich received the Erasmus Prize by King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands for her work in investigative journalism.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich had one brother, Ben Alexander Jr., and one sister, Diane Alexander. When she was 35, according to the book "Always Too Soon: Voices of Support for Those Who Have Lost Both Parents", her mother died "from a likely suicide". Her father died years later from Alzheimer's disease.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich was married and divorced twice. She met her first husband, John Ehrenreich, during an anti-war activism campaign in New York City, and they married in 1966. He is a clinical psychologist, and they co-wrote several books about health policy and labor issues before divorcing in 1977. In 1983, she married Gary Stevenson, a union organizer for the Teamsters. She divorced Stevenson in 1993.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich had two children by her first husband. Her daughter Rosa, born in 1970, was named after a great-grandmother and Rosa Luxemburg. She is a Virginia-based law professor, national security and foreign policy expert and writer. Ehrenreich's son Ben, born in 1972, is a novelist and a journalist in Los Angeles.


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich was diagnosed with breast cancer shortly after the release of her book "Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America". This led to the award-winning article "Welcome to Cancerland," published in the November 2001 issue of "Harper's Magazine". The piece inspired the 2011 documentary "Pink Ribbons, Inc.".


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

text: Ehrenreich lived in Alexandria, Virginia, where she died at a hospice facility on September 1, 2022, from a stroke, six days after her 81st birthday. Her "New York Times" obituary called her an "Explorer of Prosperity's Dark Side" for her commentary of inequality in the United States.


title: Scott Storch production discography

text: The following list is a discography of production by Scott Storch, a music producer. It includes a list of songs produced, co-produced and remixed by year, artist, album and title.


title: Broadcast.com

text: Broadcast.com was an Internet radio company founded as AudioNet in September 1995 by Cameron Christopher Jaeb. Todd Wagner and Mark Cuban later led the organization and eventually sold to Yahoo! on April 1, 1999, for $5.7 billion, making it the most expensive acquisition Yahoo! has made. The service has since been discontinued.


title: Broadcast.com

text: The company was founded in 1989 as Cameron Audio Networks, named after its founder Cameron Christopher Jaeb, who received an initial investment from his father. Jaeb wanted a method for people to be able to listen to out-of-town sports games. The original idea, a shortwave radio that would receive broadcasts inside a sports venue, morphed into a handheld device that would receive customized satellite broadcasts. With the support of his father Tom, Jaeb incorporated.


title: Broadcast.com

text: Jaeb then began soliciting the rights to broadcast radio and professional sports games live on the Internet, making 80–100 calls per day.


title: Broadcast.com

text: In 1994, through a class that his girlfriend was taking, Jaeb was introduced to Todd Wagner, an attorney at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld. Wagner introduced Jaeb to Mark Cuban, who invested $10,000 in exchange for 2% of the company. Cuban wanted to listen to the basketball games of his alma mater, Indiana University. Cuban and Wagner worked out a deal whereby Jaeb would keep 10% of the company and would get a monthly salary of $2,500 but Cuban would take control of the company. The company was renamed AudioNet.com in September 1995 in conjunction with the reorganization. At first, Cuban picked up signals from KLIF (AM) in his bedroom and then streamed them on the Internet. The company grew from mainly broadcasting sporting events to broadcasting U.S. presidential nominating conventions and many other events.


title: Broadcast.com

text: In 1998, AudioNet was renamed to Broadcast.com and in July 1998, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. The stock price soared 250% on its first day of trading, a record for a newly-issued public stock. After the IPO, the company was worth $1 billion, Mark Cuban was worth $300 million, and Todd Wagner was worth $170 million.


title: Broadcast.com

text: On April 1, 1999, less than nine months after the IPO, Yahoo! announced the acquisition of Broadcast.com for $5.7 billion in stock. At the time, Broadcast.com had 570,000 users and the purchase price was $10,000 per user. Cuban sold most of his Yahoo! stock that same year, netting over $1 billion. Founder Chris Jaeb, whose stake was diluted to less than 1% of the company, received approximately $50 million from the sale.


title: Broadcast.com

text: Yahoo! shut down much of its broadcast services in 2002, and Broadcast.com has since been discontinued. Yahoo!'s high-profile purchase of Broadcast.com has since been called one of the worst Internet acquisitions.


title: Antara Mali

text: Antara Mali is an Indian actress, director, and screenwriter, who predominantly works in Hindi films, and has also acted in a Malayalam and Telugu films.


title: Antara Mali

text: Antara Mali was born in Mumbai to a well known Indian photographer Jagdish Mali. She is married to Che Kurrien, the editor of "GQ" magazine since 12 June 2009.


title: Antara Mali

text: Mali's father had a history of diabetes and other illness. On being contacted after he was reported found disoriented in the streets, Antara Mali claimed that she was not in a position to take responsibility for her parent as she was soon to become a mother.


title: Antara Mali

text: Mali gave birth to a baby girl, on 1 May 2012, at the Breach Candy hospital in Mumbai and refuses to share her personal life in public.


title: Antara Mali

text: Antara Mali made her acting debut in the 1998 film "Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge!". The film, however, flopped. The next year was released her film "Prema Katha" directed by Ram Gopal Varma. Afterwards, Varma became Mali's frequent collaborator appearing in several of his films such as "Mast" (1999), "Road" (2002), "Company" (2002) and "Darna Mana Hai" (2003). Although Mali's performances were praised by critics, most of them did not do well at the box office. Mali paid her tribute to Madhuri Dixit by playing an aspiring actress inspired by Madhuri in the 2003 film "Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon". She received a Filmfare nomination for the Best Actress in a Supporting Role for "Company".


title: Antara Mali

text: She discontinued her acting career in 2005 after her last film "Mr Ya Miss" (which she had also written and directed) was received poorly and critically panned.


title: Antara Mali

text: In 2010, she made a comeback to films with "...And Once Again" directed by Amol Palekar and since then has once again not been active in films.


title: Avenged Sevenfold discography

text: The American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold have released seven studio albums, one soundtrack album, one live album, two compilation albums, 31 singles, two video albums and 26 music videos. Formed in Huntington Beach, California in 1999, the band originally featured vocalist M. Shadows (Matthew Sanders), guitarist Zacky Vengeance (Zachary Baker), bassist Matt Wendt and drummer The Rev (James Sullivan). Synyster Gates (Brian Haner Jr.) joined as lead guitarist in 2001, just after the group released their debut album "Sounding the Seventh Trumpet" on Good Life Recordings, which was later reissued on Hopeless Records.


title: Avenged Sevenfold discography

text: After replacing Wendt with Justin Sane and later Dameon Ash, Avenged Sevenfold settled on Johnny Christ (Jonathan Seward) on bass in 2003 to record "Waking the Fallen". The album was the band's first to chart in the US, reaching the top ten of the "Billboard" 200. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The 2005 follow-up "City of Evil" only reached number 30 on the chart, but was certified platinum by the RIAA. The single "Bat Country" reached the top ten of the US "Billboard" Alternative Songs and Mainstream Rock charts, while "Beast and the Harlot" topped the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart.


title: Avenged Sevenfold discography

text: In 2007 the band released its self-titled fourth album, which was the first to reach the top five of the "Billboard" 200 when it peaked at number 4. The "All Excess" video, released earlier in the year, topped the "Billboard" Music Video Sales chart and reached number 2 on the UK Music Video Chart. "Avenged Sevenfold" was the band's final full release to feature The Rev, who died of an accidental overdose of prescription drugs and alcohol on December 28, 2009, while they were producing their next album "Nightmare". Mike Portnoy performed drums on 2010s "Nightmare", which topped the "Billboard" 200 for the first time in the band's career. Lead single "Nightmare" topped the "Billboard" Heatseekers Songs chart, while third single "So Far Away" became the band's first to top the Mainstream Rock chart. 2011's "Not Ready to Die" topped the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart.


title: Avenged Sevenfold discography

text: Arin Ilejay joined as The Rev's second replacement in 2013, performing on the band's sixth studio album "Hail to the King". The album followed "Nightmare" by topping the "Billboard" 200, as well as being the group's first release to reach number 1 on the Canadian and UK Albums Charts. "Hail to the King" and "Shepherd of Fire" both topped the Mainstream Rock chart. Brooks Wackerman replaced Ilejay in 2015, and the following year the band released "The Stage" without any prior announcement. The album reached number 4 on the "Billboard" 200 and topped the Canadian Albums Chart. Since 2017, the band has been adding to "The Stage" as part of an "evolving track listing", including cover versions of "God Only Knows" by The Beach Boys, "As Tears Go By" by The Rolling Stones and "Wish You Were Here" by Pink Floyd.


title: Avenged Sevenfold discography

text: Avenged Sevenfold released "Live at the Grammy Museum" on December 8, 2017, documenting the group's first acoustic performance at the Grammy Museum in October.


title: I Am a Cat

text: Sōseki's title, "Wagahai wa Neko de Aru", uses a very high-register phrasing more appropriate to a nobleman, conveying grandiloquence and self-importance. This is somewhat ironic, since the speaker, an anthropomorphized domestic cat, is a regular house cat of a teacher, and not of a high-ranking noble as the manner of speech suggests, an example of Sōseki's love for droll writing.


title: I Am a Cat

text: The book was first published in ten installments in the literary journal "Hototogisu". At first, Sōseki intended only to write the short story that constitutes the first chapter of "I Am a Cat". However, Takahama Kyoshi, one of the editors of "Hototogisu", persuaded Sōseki to serialize the work, which evolved stylistically as the installments progressed. Nearly all the chapters can stand alone as discrete works.


title: I Am a Cat

text: In "I Am a Cat", a supercilious, feline narrator describes the lives of an assortment of middle-class Japanese people: Mr. ("sneeze" is misspelled on purpose, but literally translated from , in the original Japanese) and family (the cat's owners), Sneaze's garrulous and irritating friend , and the young scholar with his will-he-won't-he courtship of the businessman's spoiled daughter, .


title: I Am a Cat

text: "I Am a Cat" is a frequent assignment to Japanese schoolchildren, such that the plot and style remain well-known long after publication. One effect was that the narrator's manner of speech, which was archaic even at the time of writing, became largely associated with the cat and the book. The narrator's preferred personal pronoun, "wagahai", is rarely-to-never used in "real life" in Japan, but survives in fiction thanks to the book, generally for arrogant and pompous anthropomorphized animals. For example, Bowser, the turtle-king enemy in many "Mario" series video games, uses "wagahai", as does Morgana, a cat character in "Persona 5".


title: I Am a Cat

text: The novel was first adapted into a film released in 1936. Later, prolific screenwriter Toshio Yasumi adapted the novel into a screenplay, and a second film was directed by Kon Ichikawa. It premiered in Japanese cinemas in 1975. An anime television special adaptation aired in 1982.


title: Batch processing

text: Computerized batch processing is a method of running software programs called jobs in batches automatically. While users are required to submit the jobs, no other interaction by the user is required to process the batch. Batches may automatically be run at scheduled times as well as being run contingent on the availability of computer resources.


title: Batch processing

text: The term "batch processing" originates in the traditional classification of methods of production as job production (one-off production), batch production (production of a "batch" of multiple items at once, one stage at a time), and flow production (mass production, all stages in process at once).


title: Batch processing

text: Early computers were capable of running only one program at a time. Each user had sole control of the machine for a scheduled period of time. They would arrive at the computer with program and data, often on punched paper cards and magnetic or paper tape, and would load their program, run and debug it, and carry off their output when done.


title: Batch processing

text: As computers became faster the setup and takedown time became a larger percentage of available computer time. Programs called "monitors", the forerunners of operating systems, were developed which could process a series, or "batch", of programs, often from magnetic tape prepared offline. The monitor would be loaded into the computer and run the first job of the batch. At the end of the job it would regain control and load and run the next until the batch was complete. Often the output of the batch would be written to magnetic tape and printed or punched offline. Examples of monitors were IBM's "Fortran Monitor System", SOS (Share Operating System),


title: Batch processing

text: capable of multiprogramming began to appear in the 1960s. Instead of running one batch job at a time, these systems can have multiple batch programs running at the same time in order to keep the system as busy as possible. One or more programs might be awaiting input, one actively running on the CPU, and others generating output. Instead of offline input and output, programs called spoolers read jobs from cards, disk, or remote terminals and place them in a job queue to be run. In order to prevent deadlocks the job scheduler needs to know each job's resource requirements—memory, magnetic tapes, mountable disks, etc., so various scripting languages were developed to supply this information in a structured way. Probably the most well-known is IBM's "Job Control Language" (JCL). Job schedulers select jobs to run according to a variety of criteria, including priority, memory size, etc. Remote batch is a procedure for submitting batch jobs from remote terminals, often equipped with a punch card reader and a line printer. Sometimes asymmetric multiprocessing is used to spool batch input and output for one or more large computers using an attached smaller and less-expensive system, as in the IBM System/360 Attached Support Processor.


title: Batch processing

text: The first general purpose time sharing system, Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), was compatible with batch processing. This facilitated transitioning from batch processing to interactive computing.


title: Batch processing

text: From the late 1960s onwards, interactive computing such as via text-based computer terminal interfaces (as in Unix shells or read-eval-print loops), and later graphical user interfaces became common. Non-interactive computation, both one-off jobs such as compilation, and processing of multiple items in batches, became retrospectively referred to as "batch processing", and the term "batch job" (in early use often "batch "of" jobs") became common. Early use is particularly found at the University of Michigan, around the Michigan Terminal System (MTS).


title: Batch processing

text: Although timesharing did exist, its use was not robust enough for corporate data processing; none of this was related to the earlier unit record equipment, which was human-operated.


title: Batch processing

text: Non-interactive computation remains pervasive in computing, both for general data processing and for system "housekeeping" tasks (using system software). A high-level program (executing multiple programs, with some additional "glue" logic) is today most often called a "script", and written in scripting languages, particularly shell scripts for system tasks; in IBM PC DOS and MS-DOS this is instead known as a batch file. That includes UNIX-based computers, Microsoft Windows, macOS (whose foundation is the BSD Unix kernel), and even smartphones. A running script, particularly one executed from an interactive login session, is often known as a job, but that term is used very ambiguously.


title: Batch processing

text: "There is no direct counterpart to z/OS batch processing in PC or UNIX systems. Batch jobs are typically executed at a scheduled time or on an as-needed basis. Perhaps the closest comparison is with processes run by an AT or CRON command in UNIX, although the differences are significant."


title: Batch processing

text: Batch applications are still critical in most organizations in large part because many common business processes are amenable to batch processing. While online systems can also function when manual intervention is not desired, they are not typically optimized to perform high-volume, repetitive tasks. Therefore, even new systems usually contain one or more batch applications for updating information at the end of the day, generating reports, printing documents, and other non-interactive tasks that must complete reliably within certain business deadlines.


title: Batch processing

text: Some applications are amenable to flow processing, namely those that only need data from a single input at once (not totals, for instance): start the next step for each input as it completes the previous step. In this case flow processing lowers latency for individual inputs, allowing them to be completed without waiting for the entire batch to finish. However, many applications require data from all records, notably computations such as totals. In this case the entire batch must be completed before one has a usable result: partial results are not usable.


title: Batch processing

text: Modern batch applications make use of modern batch frameworks such as Jem The Bee, Spring Batch or implementations of JSR 352 written for Java, and other frameworks for other programming languages, to provide the fault tolerance and scalability required for high-volume processing. In order to ensure high-speed processing, batch applications are often integrated with grid computing solutions to partition a batch job over a large number of processors, although there are significant programming challenges in doing so. High volume batch processing places particularly heavy demands on system and application architectures as well. Architectures that feature strong input/output performance and vertical scalability, including modern mainframe computers, tend to provide better batch performance than alternatives.


title: Batch processing

text: A "batch window" is "a period of less-intensive online activity", when the computer system is able to run batch jobs without interference from, or with, interactive online systems.


title: Batch processing

text: A bank's "end-of-day (EOD)" jobs require the concept of "cutover", where transaction and data are cut off for a particular day's batch activity ("deposits after 3 PM will be processed the next day").


title: Batch processing

text: As requirements for online systems uptime expanded to support globalization, the Internet, and other business needs, the batch window shrank and increasing emphasis was placed on techniques that would require online data to be available for a maximum amount of time.


title: Batch processing

text: The "batch size" refers to the number of work units to be processed within one batch operation. Some examples are:


title: Batch processing

text: The IBM mainframe z/OS operating system or platform has arguably the most highly refined and evolved set of batch processing facilities owing to its origins, long history, and continuing evolution. Today such systems commonly support hundreds or even thousands of concurrent online and batch tasks within a single operating system image. Technologies that aid concurrent batch and online processing include Job Control Language (JCL), scripting languages such as REXX, Job Entry Subsystem (JES2 and JES3), Workload Manager (WLM), Automatic Restart Manager (ARM), Resource Recovery Services (RRS), IBM Db2 data sharing, Parallel Sysplex, unique performance optimizations such as HiperDispatch, I/O channel architecture, and several others.


title: Batch processing

text: The Unix programs codice_1, codice_2, and codice_3 (today codice_3 is a variant of codice_2) allow for complex scheduling of jobs. Windows has a job scheduler. Most high-performance computing clusters use batch processing to maximize cluster usage.


title: Kurrent

text: German writers used both cursive styles, and Latin cursive, in parallel: location, contents, and context of the text determined which script style to use.


title: Vanity 6

text: Vanity 6 was a short lived American female vocal trio that gained popularity in the early 1980s. They were protégés of musician Prince. Led by singer Vanity, they are known for their song "Nasty Girl."