title: University of Tübingen

text: As Tübingen has traditionally been home to one of the most prestigious law schools in Germany, alumni in the legal profession include at least 19 judges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the first female German judge at the European Court of Justice, an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice, as well as several judges at the Federal Court of Justice, the Federal Fiscal Court, and the Federal Labour Court. Notable legal scholars associated with Tübingen include Dieter Medicus, Klaus Hopt and Wolfgang Ernst.


title: University of Tübingen

text: Affiliates in the field of religious studies include many of the most influential theologians of the last centuries such as Pope Benedict XVI, Karl Barth, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Eduard Mörike, Miroslav Volv, Paul Tillich, David Strauss, Philip Melanchthon, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The 2010 Green Bay Packers season was the 92nd season overall and their 90th season in the National Football League (NFL). Although they finished with only a respectable 10–6 record, good for a second-place finish in the NFC North, the Packers never lost a game by more than four points, and never trailed by more than seven the entire season, becoming the only team since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 to accomplish this. All six of their regular season losses were by a combined 20 points. They entered the playoffs as the NFC's sixth seed. After defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 21–16 in the wild-card round, the Atlanta Falcons 48–21 in the Divisional round, and long time rivals Chicago Bears 21–14 in the NFC Championship, the team advanced to Super Bowl XLV in which they faced the AFC's 2nd seed Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers defeated the Steelers 31–25 to win their fourth Super Bowl and 13th NFL championship. The Packers became the second overall team after the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers, and the first NFC team, to win the Super Bowl as a sixth seed, as well as becoming the second NFC team to win three straight road playoff games (the 2007 New York Giants won three straight road games as a five seed).


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers offense ranked ninth in yards per game, tenth in total points, & fifth in passing yards. The defense ranked fifth in yards allowed and finished second in points allowed (240), sacks (47), and interceptions (24), while also limiting quarterbacks to a 67.2 passer rating, first in the league.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: After finishing the 2009 season with an 11–5 record, the Packers held the 23rd selection in the 2010 NFL draft. With the pick they selected Offensive tackle Bryan Bulaga from Iowa.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: On the second day of the draft, with pick 2–56 the Packers selected Defensive end Mike Neal from Purdue. The Packers then traded picks 3–86 and 4–122 to the Philadelphia Eagles for pick 3–71. With pick 3–71, the Packers selected Safety Morgan Burnett from Georgia Tech.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: On the third and final day of the draft, with pick 5–154 the Packers selected Tight end Andrew Quarless from Penn State. With their compensatory selection pick 5–169, the Packers selected Offensive guard Marshall Newhouse from Texas Christian. In the sixth round with pick 6–193, the Packers selected Running back James Starks from Buffalo. Their final selection of the draft came when the Packers selected Defensive end C. J. Wilson of East Carolina with pick 7–230.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: On May 3, the Packers signed wide receiver Shawn Gore, safety Anthony Levine and nose tackle Aleric Mullins after they attended a minicamp on a tryout basis.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers began their season at Lincoln Financial Field against the Philadelphia Eagles, who were wearing throwback uniforms commemorating the 50th anniversary of the teams' victory over the Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game. Green Bay trailed in the first quarter as Eagles kicker David Akers made a 45-yard field goal. The Packers would then take control in the second quarter as kicker Mason Crosby nailed a 49-yard field goal, followed by quarterback Aaron Rodgers completing a 6-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Donald Driver. Crosby would then end the half with a 56-yard field goal.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Eagles starting quarterback Kevin Kolb left the game with concussion at halftime, and was replaced by second-string quarterback Michael Vick for the remainder of the contest.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Philadelphia would respond in the third quarter as running back LeSean McCoy scored on a 12-yard touchdown run, yet Green Bay came right back with Rodgers finding wide receiver Greg Jennings on a 32-yard touchdown pass. The Eagles tried to rally in the fourth quarter as quarterback Michael Vick completed a 17-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jeremy Maclin, followed by a 24-yard field goal from Akers. Fortunately, the Packers' defense prevented any further progress stopping Michael Vick on a key 4th and 1 rush up the middle for no gain.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: With the win, Green Bay not only began its season at 1–0, but also got its first victory in Philadelphia since 1962.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: However, the Packers victory was not without cost. During the game, Justin Harrell injured his ACL and Ryan Grant injured his ankle. Both players were placed on injured reserve for the rest of the season.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Hoping to continue their current winning streak, the Packers returned to Lambeau Field for their home opener, an interconference duel with the Buffalo Bills. In the 1st quarter Green Bay took the early lead as kicker Mason Crosby made two field goals from 44 and 24 yards. RB Brandon Jackson added a touchdown on a 1-yard run. The Bills then answered in the 2nd quarter when RB Fred Jackson scored a touchdown on a 3-yard run. In the third quarter the Packers increased their lead when WR Donald Driver hauled in a 7-yard touchdown pass from QB Aaron Rodgers, followed by Rodgers scrambling 9 yards to the endzone for a touchdown. The Packers continued to dominate in the fourth quarter when Rodgers completed a 30-yard touchdown pass to WR James Jones.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: With the win, Green Bay improved their record to 2–0 on the season tied with the Chicago Bears for the division lead. Both the Minnesota Vikings and Detroit Lions fell to 0–2. Linebacker Clay Matthews became the first Packer and one of only eight players in NFL history to record at least 6 sacks in the first two weeks of the season.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Coming off their home win over the Bills, the Packers traveled to Soldier Field for a Week 3 Monday night duel with their hated divisional rival, the Chicago Bears. Green Bay would deliver the opening strike in the first quarter as quarterback Aaron Rodgers completed a 7-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Greg Jennings. The Packers would add onto their lead in the second quarter as kicker Mason Crosby got a 38-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Bears would close out the half, as quarterback Jay Cutler found tight end Greg Olsen on a 9-yard touchdown run. After a scoreless third quarter, Chicago took the lead in the fourth quarter as wide receiver Devin Hester returned a punt 62 yards for a touchdown. Fortunately, Green Bay came right back with a 9-yard touchdown run from Rodgers. However, the Bears' Robbie Gould scored two field goals, from 25 and 19 yards, the final points being set up by a James Jones fumble, to win the game for Chicago.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Bears, the Packers played on home ground for an NFC North rivalry match against the Lions. The Packers took the lead in the 1st quarter when QB Aaron Rodgers made a 29-yard TD pass to WR Donald Driver. The Lions replied in the 2nd quarter with QB Shaun Hill making a 23-yard TD pass to WR Calvin Johnson. The Packers started to rally with Rodgers making a 13-yard TD pass to TE Jermichael Finley and then a 17-yard TD pass to WR Greg Jennings. The Lions cut the lead as QB Shaun Hill made a 21-yard TD pass to WR Calvin Johnson. The Packers continued to progress in the 3rd quarter when CB Charles Woodson returned an interception 48 yards into the endzone for a touchdown. The Lions tried to cut the lead with four field goals by kicker Jason Hanson. He kicked a 39 and a 52-yard field goal for the rest of the 3rd quarter, and then a 49 and a 24-yard field goal in the fourth. However, the Packers defense never allowed the Lions to take the lead and the offense ran out the clock behind fullback John Kuhn.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Coming off their win over the Lions the Packers flew to FedExField for an NFC duel with the Redskins. In the first quarter the Packers took the lead as QB Aaron Rodgers completed a 5-yard TD pass to TE Donald Lee. This was followed in the 2nd quarter by kicker Mason Crosby hitting a 52-yard field goal. The Redskins replied with kicker Graham Gano getting a 26-yard field goal. Then in the third quarter Crosby made a 36-yard field goal to put the Packers up 13–3. The Redskins rallied to tie the game with QB Donovan McNabb completing a 48-yard TD pass to WR Anthony Armstrong, followed by Gano making a 45 yard-field goal. At overtime, the decision was made when Gano successfully put away a 33-yard field goal to give the Packers their second loss of this season. Donovan McNabb would finish the game with 357 passing yards and run his career record against Green Bay to 6 wins and 1 loss.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: For the second consecutive week the Packers lost by an overtime field goal, falling to 3–3 on the season.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Trying to snap a two-game losing streak, the Packers stayed at home for a Week 7 NFC North Sunday night duel with the Minnesota Vikings, as quarterback Brett Favre made his return to Lambeau Field. Green Bay delivered the opening punch in the first quarter as running back Brandon Jackson got a 1-yard touchdown run. The Vikings answered with wide receiver Percy Harvin getting a 17-yard touchdown run. In the second quarter, the Packers regained the lead as quarterback Aaron Rodgers finding tight end Andrew Quarless on a 9-yard touchdown pass. Minnesota would take the lead with running back Adrian Peterson getting a 1-yard touchdown run, followed by kicker Ryan Longwell making a 28-yard field goal.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Green Bay regained the lead in the third quarter as Rodgers hooked up with wide receiver Greg Jennings on a 14-yard touchdown pass, followed by linebacker Desmond Bishop returning an interception 32 yards for a touchdown. The Vikings answered with Favre completing a 4-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Randy Moss. Late in the 4th quarter, Favre led the Vikings to a last-minute drive to near the Packer 20 and nearly had a game-winning touchdown pass, but official review showed the receiver, Percy Harvin, did not have both feet in the end zone, therefore making the pass incomplete. The Vikings tried a game-winning pass on 4th down, but Favre's throw was high to Moss and the Packers held on to their first victory over their former QB.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: After finally beating former quarterback Brett Favre in Week 7, the Packers traveled to New Meadowlands Stadium in East Rutherford, NJ to take on the New York Jets. The Packers took a 3–0 lead on a Mason Crosby 20-yard field goal in the first quarter and held that lead until the fourth quarter. Crosby then hit two field goals in the fourth quarter (from 41 and 40 yards respectively) to seal the victory for the Packers. While Aaron Rodgers and the Packer offense sputtered against the vaunted Jet defense, Green Bay's defense excelled in stopping the NFL's second-ranked rushing offense and intercepted Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez twice.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: After winning against the New York Jets for the first time in the New York Area, the Green Bay Packers took on the lowly Dallas Cowboys. After a scoreless first quarter, the Packers offense that was limited to 9 points against the New York Jets, built a 28–0 lead before the Cowboys scored their only touchdown before the end of the first half. The Packers would score 17 more points in the second half before closing the game out 45–7 over the Dallas Cowboys. The Green Bay Packers intercepted Jon Kitna 3 times including one to Clay Matthews which would result in 62-yard touchdown, while Aaron Rodgers threw for 3 touchdowns. With the win, the Packers improved to 6–3.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: In the Packers last game ever against the Vikings with Brett Favre under center, the Packers blew out the Vikings in a 31–3 victory. Aaron Rodgers completed 22/31 passes for 301 yards, with 4 touchdown passes, no interception, and a season-high passer rating of 141.3.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Green Bay lost to Detroit for the first time in 11 games against the Lions. Also, at the end of the 1st half, Aaron Rodgers suffered a concussion and wouldn't play the next week.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers finished the 2010 regular season vs. the Chicago Bears at Lambeau Field. Going into the final Sunday of the season, the Packers needed a win or a New York Giants and a Tampa Bay Buccaneers loss to clinch the sixth and final NFC wild-card seed. The Bears, on the other hand, had the NFC North Division title and the number 2 NFC seed wrapped up, though they played their starters for the contest. Tampa defeated the New Orleans Saints in their 1 o'clock contest before the Packers game, so the Packers had to come out of the game with a win.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: During the first quarter, the Packers and Bears offenses exchanged possession with no scoring. The Bears forced a turnover with 5:58 left in the 1st when Donald Driver was stripped of the ball after an 8-yard reception and the fumble was recovered by the Bears.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: In the second quarter, the Bears put their first and only points on the board for the day when Robbie Gould successfully converted a 30-yard field goal with 4:35 left in the half. The scoring drive was highlighted with two 20+ yard passes by Jay Cutler to WR Rashied Davis and RB Matt Forte to get them into field goal range. The teams entered into halftime of the defensive contest with the Bears holding onto a slim 3–0 lead.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: After the half, the Bears started the quarter with the ball. After moving the ball into Packers territory, the Bears chose to go for it on a fourth and two at the Packers 40. Jay Cutler failed to complete a short pass to Rashied Davis and the Packers took over on downs. On the Packers' first play of the second half, Rodgers threw a deep pass intended for Greg Jennings but the pass was intercepted by CB Charles Tillman and returned to the Packers 15-yard line. The interception was challenged, but upheld. After a holding penalty and a couple of short gains by the Bears, Jay Cutler was intercepted on 3rd down in the endzone by Packers safety Charlie Peprah for a touchback.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers and Bears swapped possessions and CB Tramon Williams returned the Bears punt back to the Bears 44-yard line to set the Packers up in optimal field position. Three plays into the drive, Aaron Rodgers completed a 33-yard pass to Greg Jennings down to the Bears 1-yard line. The Packers failed to score a touchdown and settled for a 23-yard field goal attempt by Mason Crosby which was successfully converted to tie the game at 3–3.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: At the start of the fourth quarter, the Packers had possession and again got into the red zone, highlighted by two key plays, a 21-yard pass over the middle to Donald Driver and a 46-yard pass deep right to Greg Jennings that set up the Packers for a 1st and goal at the Bears 1-yard line for the second time of the game. This time though, the Packers scored a touchdown on 1st down when Aaron Rodgers completed a pass into the end zone to Donald Lee short right for his second 1-yard touchdown reception in two games to give the Packers a 10–3 lead with 12:46 remaining in the game.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: After exchanging possessions, the Bears took over with 4:49 left in the game at the Bears 2-yard line. The Bears moved the ball into Packers territory with many short passes down to the Packers 32-yard line. Needing a touchdown to tie the game, the Bears continued to pass the ball but their drive came to an end when Cutler passed deep left to Devin Hester and the pass was intercepted by Nick Collins and returned 24 yards to the Bears 35-yard line. The game marked the 16th time in the past 17 seasons that Green Bay had won its final regular-season game.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: With the interception, the Packers sealed their victory over the rival Bears, along with the 6th seed in the NFL playoffs. The Giants later won their game against the Washington Redskins, but it was all for naught due to the Packers holding tiebreakers over the Giants and Buccaneers.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Entering the postseason as the NFC's No. 6 seed, the Packers began their playoff run at Lincoln Financial Field for the NFC Wild Card game against the No. 3 Philadelphia Eagles. This was a rematch of their Week 1 win. The Packers delivered the game's opening strike in the first quarter as quarterback Aaron Rodgers found rookie tight end Tom Crabtree on a 4-yard touchdown pass. Green Bay would add onto their lead in the second quarter as Rodgers connected with wide receiver James Jones on a 9-yard touchdown pass. The Eagles answered with kicker David Akers getting a 29-yard field goal.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Philadelphia managed to cut away at their deficit in the third quarter as quarterback Michael Vick completed a 24-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jason Avant, but the Packers responded with Rodgers hooking up with running back Brandon Jackson on a 16-yard touchdown pass. The Eagles tried to rally as Vick got a 1-yard touchdown run (with a failed two-point conversion), but Green Bay's defense held on to preserve the victory as Tramon Williams intercepted a Michael Vick pass in the end zone with 36 seconds remaining.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Coming off their win over the Eagles, the Packers flew to the Georgia Dome for the NFC Divisional Round against the top-seeded Atlanta Falcons, in hopes to avenge their Week 12 loss. Aaron Rodgers had arguably the greatest game of his career. He completed 31 of 36 passes for 366 yards and 4 total touchdowns. Green Bay trailed in the first quarter as Falcons running back Michael Turner got a 12-yard touchdown run. The Packers answered in the second quarter as quarterback Aaron Rodgers found wide receiver Jordy Nelson on a 6-yard touchdown pass, but Atlanta immediately struck back as wide receiver Eric Weems returned a kickoff 102 yards for a touchdown. Green Bay took the lead with a 1-yard touchdown run from fullback John Kuhn, followed by Rodgers finding James Jones on a 20-yard touchdown, along with cornerback Tramon Williams returning an interception 70 yards for a touchdown as time expired in the first half.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers added onto their lead in the third quarter with a 7-yard touchdown run from Rodgers, followed by his 7-yard touchdown pass to Kuhn. Atlanta tried to rally in the fourth quarter as quarterback Matt Ryan completed a 6-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Roddy White, yet Green Bay closed out their dominating night with a 43-yard and a 32-yard field goal from Crosby. The Packers never once punted during the game.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Green Bay's 48 points became the franchise's single-game postseason record and the 48–21 final score is also the second largest win margin in Packers playoff history.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Coming off their win over the Falcons, the Packers flew to Soldier Field for the NFC Championship Game against their historic rival, the No. 2 seed Chicago Bears, in Round 3 of their 2010 series. This would be the second playoff meeting between the two teams, the first since falling to Chicago 33–14 in 1941.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: Green Bay delivered the game's opening strike in the first quarter with a 1-yard touchdown run from quarterback Aaron Rodgers. The Packers added onto their lead in the second quarter with a 4-yard touchdown run from rookie running back James Starks. After a scoreless third quarter, the Bears answered in the fourth quarter as running back Chester Taylor got a 1-yard touchdown run. Afterwards, Green Bay struck back with nose tackle B.J. Raji returning an interception 18 yards for a touchdown. Chicago tried to rally as quarterback Caleb Hanie completed a 35-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Earl Bennett, the Packers' defense held on to preserve the victory.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: With the win, not only did they improve their overall record to 13–6, but they advanced to Super Bowl XLV (their first appearance since Super Bowl XXXII). In the process, they became the NFC's first No. 6 seed to reach the Super Bowl. They also became the 3rd NFC wild card team to reach the Super Bowl, and the first since the New York Giants in 2008.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers also went 3–0 on the road in the postseason after going 3–5 on the road in the regular season, including losses in their last three road games.


title: 2010 Green Bay Packers season

text: The Packers 2011 Pro Bowl selections were announced on December 28. The Packers initially had five players on the Pro Bowl list. These players were WR Greg Jennings, LT Chad Clifton, OLB Clay Matthews, CB Charles Woodson and S Nick Collins. CB Tramon Williams was later added as a reserve on January 20, when Philadelphia Eagles CB Asante Samuel pulled out of the Pro Bowl due to injury. The Packers also had a first alternate in QB Aaron Rodgers and four lower alternates, NT B. J. Raji, G Josh Sitton, LB A. J. Hawk and WR Donald Driver. No Packers took part in the Pro Bowl, due to their participation in Super Bowl XLV.


title: Josephus problem

text: In computer science and mathematics, the Josephus problem (or Josephus permutation) is a theoretical problem related to a certain counting-out game.


title: Josephus problem

text: A number of people are standing in a circle waiting to be executed. Counting begins at a specified point in the circle and proceeds around the circle in a specified direction. After a specified number of people are skipped, the next person is executed. The procedure is repeated with the remaining people, starting with the next person, going in the same direction and skipping the same number of people, until only one person remains, and is freed.


title: Josephus problem

text: The problem—given the number of people, starting point, direction, and number to be skipped—is to choose the position in the initial circle to avoid execution.


title: Josephus problem

text: The problem is named after Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian living in the 1st century. According to Josephus' account of the siege of Yodfat, he and his 40 soldiers were trapped in a cave by Roman soldiers. They chose suicide over capture, and settled on a serial method of committing suicide by drawing lots. Josephus states that by luck or possibly by the hand of God, he and another man remained until the end and surrendered to the Romans rather than killing themselves. This is the story given in Book 3, Chapter 8, part 7 of Josephus' "The Jewish War" (writing of himself in the third person):


title: Josephus problem

text: The details of the mechanism used in this feat are rather vague. According to James Dowdy and Michael Mays, in 1612 Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac suggested the specific mechanism of arranging the men in a circle and counting by threes to determine the order of elimination. This story has been often repeated and the specific details vary considerably from source to source. For instance, Israel Nathan Herstein and Irving Kaplansky (1974) have Josephus and 39 comrades stand in a circle with every seventh man eliminated. A history of the problem can be found in S. L. Zabell's "Letter to the editor" of the "Fibonacci Quarterly".


title: Josephus problem

text: Josephus had an accomplice; the problem was then to find the places of the two last remaining survivors (whose conspiracy would ensure their survival). It is alleged that he placed himself and the other man in the 31st and 16th place respectively (for = 3 below).


title: Josephus problem

text: A medieval version of the Josephus problem involves 15 Turks and 15 Christians aboard a ship in a storm which will sink unless half the passengers are thrown overboard. All 30 stand in a circle and every ninth person is to be tossed into the sea. The Christians need to determine where to stand to ensure that only the Turks are tossed. In other versions the roles of Turks and Christians are interchanged.


title: Josephus problem

text: A generalization of this problem is as follows. It is supposed that every th person will be executed from a group of size , in which the th person is the survivor. If there is an addition of people to the circle, then the survivor is in the -th position if this is less than or equal to . If is the smallest value for which , then the survivor is in position .


title: Josephus problem

text: In the following, formula_1 denotes the number of people in the initial circle, and formula_2 denotes the count for each step, that is, formula_3 people are skipped and the formula_2-th is executed. The people in the circle are numbered from formula_5 to formula_1, the starting position being formula_5 and the counting being inclusive.


title: Josephus problem

text: The problem is explicitly solved when every second person will be killed (every person kills the person on their left or right), i.e. formula_8. (For the more general case formula_9, a solution is outlined below.)


title: Josephus problem

text: The solution is expressed recursively. Let formula_10 denote the position of the survivor when there are initially people (and formula_8).


title: Josephus problem

text: The second time around the circle, the new 2nd person dies, then the new 4th person, etc.; it is as though there were no first time around the circle.


title: Josephus problem

text: If the initial number of people was even, then the person in position during the second time around the circle was originally in position formula_12 (for every choice of ). Let formula_13. The person at formula_14 who will now survive was originally in position formula_15. This yields the recurrence


title: Josephus problem

text: If the initial number of people was odd, then person 1 can be thought of as dying at the end of the first time around the circle. Again, during the second time around the circle, the new 2nd person dies, then the new 4th person, etc.


title: Josephus problem

text: In this case, the person in position was originally in position formula_17. This yields the recurrence


title: Josephus problem

text: When the values are tabulated of and formula_10 a pattern emerges (, also the leftmost column of blue numbers in the figure above):


title: Josephus problem

text: This suggests that formula_10 is an increasing odd sequence that restarts with formula_21 whenever the index "n" is a power of 2.


title: Josephus problem

text: It is clear that values in the table satisfy this equation. Or it can be thought that after people are dead there are only formula_25 people and it goes to the formula_26th person. This person must be the survivor. So formula_27. Below, a proof is given by induction.


title: Josephus problem

text: If is even, then choose formula_32 and formula_33 such that formula_34 and formula_35. Note that formula_36.


title: Josephus problem

text: If is odd, then choose formula_32 and formula_33 such that formula_40 and formula_35. Note that formula_42.


title: Josephus problem

text: formula_43 is had where the second equality follows from the induction hypothesis. This completes the proof.


title: Josephus problem

text: The most elegant form of the answer involves the binary representation of size : formula_10 can be obtained by a one-bit left cyclic shift of itself. If is represented in binary as formula_47, then the solution is given by formula_48. The proof of this follows from the representation of as formula_49 or from the above expression for formula_10.


title: Josephus problem

text: Implementation: If n denotes the number of people, the safe position is given by the function formula_30, where formula_22 and formula_23.


title: Josephus problem

text: Now if the number is represented in binary format, the first bit denotes formula_25 and remaining bits will denote . For example, when , its binary representation is


title: Josephus problem

text: The easiest way to find the safe position is by using bitwise operators. In this approach, shifting the most-significant set bit of n to the least significant bit will return the safe position. Input must be a positive integer.


title: Josephus problem

text: In 1997, Lorenz Halbeisen and Norbert Hungerbühler discovered a closed-form for the case formula_55. They showed that there is a certain constant


title: Josephus problem

text: that can be computed to arbitrary precision. Given this constant, choose to be the greatest integer such that formula_57 (this will be either formula_58 or formula_59). Then, the final survivor is


title: Josephus problem

text: As an example computation, Halbeisen and Hungerbühler give formula_62 (which is actually the original formulation of Josephus' problem). They compute:


title: Josephus problem

text: Dynamic programming is used to solve this problem in the general case by performing the first step and then using the solution of the remaining problem. When the index starts from one, then the person at formula_68 shifts from the first person is in position formula_69, where n is the total number of persons. Let formula_70 denote the position of the survivor. After the formula_2-th person is killed, a circle of formula_72 remains, and the next count is started with the person whose number in the original problem was formula_73. The position of the survivor in the remaining circle would be formula_74 if counting is started at formula_5; shifting this to account for the fact that the starting point is formula_73 yields the recurrence


title: Josephus problem

text: This approach has running time formula_81, but for small formula_2 and large formula_1 there is another approach. The second approach also uses dynamic programming but has running time formula_84. It is based on considering killing "k"-th, 2"k"-th, ..., formula_85-th people as one step, then changing the numbering.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Derrius Guice ( ; born June 21, 1997) is a former American football running back. He played college football at LSU, where he was the first player in Southeastern Conference (SEC) history with three career games of 250 or more rushing yards before being drafted by the Washington Redskins in the second round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Guice appeared in just five games in two years in the NFL due to multiple knee injuries and was released in 2020 after being charged for crimes related to domestic violence. LSU disassociated itself from Guice and removed all of his statistics from their record books in 2021 amid claims that the school had mishandled accusations of sexual harassment by him during his time there.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Guice was born to parents Derek and Beulah Guice on June 21, 1997, in a poverty-stricken section of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, known as "the Bottom". On May 3, 2003, Derek was killed after being involved in a fight at a Denny's restaurant, with Guice learning of it after seeing the scene on the news. As a way to deal with his emotions and not feeling safe at home, Guice focused his life around football, with his powerful running style being described as "running angry".


title: Derrius Guice

text: Guice first attended McKinley High School. Due to his mother not liking the culture of McKinley, which she also attended, as well as his talents on the football field, Guice, along with three close friends and fellow football teammates, were given a scholarship to attend the predominantly white and affluent private school Catholic High. Guice would come home crying, Guice begged his mother to allow him to transfer back to McKinley. However, his mother said there was no way he was going to leave the scholarship behind, asking him about how many kids in their neighborhood had the same opportunity he did.


title: Derrius Guice

text: As a junior, Guice met Stephanie de la Houssaye, a white guidance counselor at the school. De la Houssaye gravitated toward the three boys, and Guice specifically, because of their struggles at the school and her ability to relate to them, as she had also grown up in poverty. Guice first befriended de la Houssaye after she had taken him home following a gang-related altercation at his house that left Guice unconscious. Over the course of his junior year, Guice began spending more time at the de la Houssaye household, eating dinner with her and her husband and children and going on vacations with them, eventually moving in with them. Catholic administrators had an issue with the close relationship, telling her to limit her guidance to school hours or she would lose her job. De la Houssaye chose to continue personally helping Guice over the job, with her stating that she never regretted the decision. Guice, when speaking about the situation while in college, claimed that the situation reminded him of the 2009 film "The Blind Side", in which another black football player is taken in by a white family due to troublesome circumstances at home.


title: Derrius Guice

text: As a senior, he rushed for 1,341 yards with 21 touchdowns. Catholic went 9–2 on the season and lost 25–23 to New Orleans Brother Martin in the LHSAA Division I quarterfinals at BREC Memorial Stadium, after Guice was stopped on a two-point conversion that would have tied the game. After his senior season, Guice played in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and was awarded the Pete Dawkins Trophy. Guice was rated by Rivals.com as a five-star recruit and was ranked as the second best high school running back at the time, behind Damien Harris. He committed to Louisiana State University (LSU) to play college football, fulfilling a promise he made to his father before his death.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Guice spent his true freshman year at LSU in 2015 as a backup to Leonard Fournette. He played in all 12 games, rushing for 436 yards on 51 carries with three touchdowns. Guice entered his sophomore season again as a backup to Fournette. He started his first career game in place of an injured Fournette during the team's second game of the season and ran for 155 yards and a touchdown on 19 carries. Against the Arkansas Razorbacks on November 12, Guice rushed for 252 yards, which was the second most in a game in school history. The total included a school-record 96-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter. Two weeks later, against Texas A&M, he set the school single-game record by rushing for 285 yards, breaking the previous mark set by Fournette earlier in the season by one yard.


title: Derrius Guice

text: He became only the fourth running back in Southeastern Conference history to record multiple 250-yard rushing performances in a career, following Bo Jackson, Herschel Walker, and Moe Williams. He was named to the Associated Press first-team All-SEC team following the regular season. Guice saw limited play in several games in the first half of his junior season due to a left leg injury. In a game against Ole Miss that season, he rushed for 276 yards, becoming the first player in SEC history with three career games of at least 250 rushing yards.


title: Derrius Guice

text: In January 2018, Guice announced that he would forego his senior year at LSU in favor of the 2018 NFL Draft. Guice attended LSU's pro day in April 2018, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Guice was projected to be a first or second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked among the best running backs of the 2018 class.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Predicted as a first round pick before the draft, Guice reportedly had his draft stock fall due to questions about his character and other incidents during the drafting process, such as an alleged verbal altercation between himself and Howie Roseman, executive of the Philadelphia Eagles. Roseman and other Eagles personnel denied it took place, with Guice stating that the incident, as well as other rumors of him being lazy, immature, and dishonest, were not true. Another issue allegedly occurred at the NFL Combine, where Guice claimed that he was asked if he liked men during an interview with a team, as well as if his mother "sells herself". The NFL later investigated the claims, but found no proof it had happened. Guice was eventually drafted in the second round, 59th overall, by the Washington Redskins. On May 10, 2018, Guice signed a four-year, 4.54 million contract with the team. In the first preseason game of his rookie year, Guice sustained a torn ACL, which ended his season.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Guice made his regular season debut in the opening game of the 2019 season against the Philadelphia Eagles. There, Guice rushed 10 times for 18 yards and caught 3 passes for 20 yards, but left the game with an injury to his right knee. The Redskins would go on to lose the game 32-27. It was later revealed that Guice had suffered a torn meniscus, requiring surgery, with him being placed on injured reserve on September 13, 2019. He was designated for return from injured reserve on October 28, 2019, and began practicing again with the team. He was activated off injured reserve on November 7.


title: Derrius Guice

text: In Week 11 against the New York Jets, Guice rushed seven times for 24 yards and caught one pass for a 45-yard touchdown in the 34–17 loss.


title: Derrius Guice

text: In Week 13 against the Carolina Panthers, Guice rushed 10 times for 129 yards and two touchdowns in the 29–21 win. The following week, he suffered an MCL sprain and was placed on injured reserve on December 10, 2019. Guice was waived by the team on August 7, 2020, following charges of domestic violence. After the charges were dropped in 2021, the NFL suspended Guice at the start of the 2021 season for six games for violating the league's personal conduct policy.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Guice was the first athlete to sign with Top Dawg Entertainment's sports division agency, a record label better known for representing musical artists such as Kendrick Lamar and Schoolboy Q. Guice is a fan of and often livestreamed video games such as the "Madden NFL" series and "Fortnite Battle Royale" during his time with Washington.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Following a visit to the Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center in June 2018, Guice set up a GoFundMe crowdfunding campaign for cancer research and raised over 21,000 within a week.


title: Derrius Guice

text: In November 2016, Guice's brother Derrick was arrested and charged with attempted second degree murder following an incident where he was the driver of two gunmen who shot at a man on his porch in Baton Rouge.


title: Derrius Guice

text: On August 7, 2020, Guice was arrested and charged with counts of strangulation, assault, battery, and destruction of property that stemmed from three separate domestic violence incidents that had taken place at his home in Loudoun County, Virginia earlier that year. The felony charge of strangulation was dropped in January 2021, and the four remaining misdemeanor charges were dropped in June 2021 following an undisclosed settlement between Guice and his former girlfriend. The arrest led to him being released by Washington. Later in August 2020, Guice was accused by two women of sexual assault that occurred during two separate instances while he was a freshman at LSU in 2016.


title: Derrius Guice

text: Soon after the rape accusations were made public, another former LSU student announced that she had filed a police report against Guice in 2016 for taking a partially nude photograph of her without her knowledge and sharing it with some of his football teammates, a felony under Louisiana law. Although the incident was reported to both LSU police and LSU's athletic department, Guice was not given any disciplinary action by the university. In March 2021, a 74-year-old woman accused Guice of sexual harassment from an incident at the Superdome in 2017. The following month, LSU announced it had disassociated itself from Guice, banning him from the athletics program indefinitely. It also removed all of Guice's statistics from its record books.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: Joshua Seymour Sasse ( ) (born 9 December 1987) is a British actor. He is known for playing Sir Galavant in ABC's "Galavant".


title: Joshua Sasse

text: Sasse was born in Westminster, England to poet Dominic Sasse and Mary Rosalind Macauley. He has an older sister, Lydia Sasse. He was raised Catholic, and has Irish, Welsh, Scottish, and Jewish ancestry.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: His maternal great-grandfather was William Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, and his maternal great-uncles were Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose and Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell. His father died when Joshua was aged 5 on PIA Flight 268, whilst he was travelling to Kathmandu; his mother subsequently remarried, and Joshua was sent to Shrewsbury School, where he discovered his love for acting.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: Sasse studied performing arts at Hurtwood House College and later at Cygnet Training Theatre in Exeter. His first major role was on the British gangster film, "The Big I Am" in 2010.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: In the mid-2010, Joshua took over the role of Sky in the West End production of "Mamma Mia!" at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: In March 2012, he was cast in a big budget horror film titled "Frankenstein's Army". In April 2013, he was cast in the TV series, "Rogue". He had a recurring role on the show which lasted for two series and 13 episodes.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: In December 2013, he was cast in Dan Fogelman's fairy tale-themed musical comedy pilot, "Galavant". The pilot was shot in London due to the UK's new tax credit for high-end television shows. He was also cast in a recurring role on Fogelman's award-winning comedy, "The Neighbors" as DJ Jazzy Jeff.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: In May 2014, "Galavant" was picked to series and premiered on 4 January 2015. The second season premiered on 3 January 2016.


title: Joshua Sasse

text: Sasse was previously either in a relationship or married to Francesca Cini with whom he has a son named Sebastian (born circa 2013). On 20 February 2016, Sasse's engagement to Australian singer Kylie Minogue was announced in the "Forthcoming Marriages" section of "The Daily Telegraph". In February 2017, Minogue confirmed the couple had ended their relationship.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: "Can't Fight This Feeling" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The song first appeared on the 1984 album "Wheels Are Turnin'". The single reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and held the top spot for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1980's "Keep on Loving You", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. "Can't Fight This Feeling" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: Cronin said that he wrote the verses years before, and had made a demo of it when he left REO Speedwagon briefly in the mid-70s. Cronin finished writing the song in Hawaii while supposedly on a break from composing for the "Wheels Are Turnin" album. According to REO Speedwagon drummer Alan Gratzer, the song is about a relationship Cronin had and it took Cronin several years to come up with all the lyrics.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: According to Cronin, the inspiration for the song was the hurt he felt when he became attracted to a woman who was part of his friend group. Cronin states that this woman was “…of course, going out with my friend, so I kept it to myself. There was a group of us who would hang out together...and she was always there. Eventually she and I were becoming friends, but there was no hanky-panky going on. The more I got to know her, the more I liked her, but I couldn't say anything about it.”


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: Cronin said that he was only able to finish the song when he "couldn't fight the feeling anymore and made the move to kind of go for it." He said he "knew those verses were something special because of the depth (of feeling). I felt for them. I couldn't force it." Cronin said that when he did express his feelings to the woman, they ended up having a great relationship, and although it didn't last they remained friends.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: Cronin described the theme of the song as being about "that moment in time where...it gets too painful to be where you are and you know you have to change...but change is hard...and you overcome that fear of change."


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: The other REO Speedwagon members referred to "Can't Fight This Feeling" as "that stupid ballad" until it became charting hit.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: "Chicago Tribune" critic Jan DeKnock said that the song "rode a pretty melody all the way to No. 1." DeKnock also said that it was "the latest in a series of ballads that have found success on the dance-dominated charts with a tried and true formula: A melody that is pretty enough for adult contemporary listeners, with instrumentation that is strong enough for rock-oriented radio stations. "Billboard" recommended the single, calling it a "midtempo rock ballad." "Rapid City Journal" writer Mike Sanborn called it one of REO Speedwagon's "best ballads." "Palm Beach Post" music writer Leslie Gray Streeter named it her 3rd greatest power ballad. "Arizona Republic" writer Andrew Means noted that the song "has a similar tone of emotional frailty [as some ballads on "Hi Infidelity"], which revives comparisons with such so-called 'corporate rock' entities as Foreigner and Journey." Streeter attributes the song's success to its combination of "frighteningly candid emotion with searing rock guitar. But Greg Kennedy of the "Red Deer Advocate" called it a "bland formula-fed composition."


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: "Austin American-Statesman" writer Drew Carr felt that the performance of REO Speedwagon keyboardist Neal Doughty was particularly effective on this song.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: Two different music videos exist for the song. Both videos have been shown at various times on VH1 Classic (now known as MTV Classic).


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: The videotaped version was produced by MTV for a special on REO Speedwagon and features the band in the studio. It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano, attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song (starting off in G major, he later decides he can sing it better in A). After Cronin exchanges some laughs with his bandmates, the original track of the song plays, with the band members miming their respective parts. It concludes with Cronin uttering the line, "That warmed the cockles of my cockles!"


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: The second more famous version, directed by John Jopson, was considered a "more professional one" and makes various references to the life-cycle and shows the band singing the song.


title: Can't Fight This Feeling

text: In 2019, English indie pop band Bastille released a cover version of the song, featuring the London Contemporary Orchestra. It was released on November 19, 2019 by Virgin EMI Records. The song was selected as the soundtrack to the 2019 John Lewis Christmas advert.


title: Erik King

text: Erik King (born April 21, 1963) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Sergeant James Doakes on Showtime's television series "Dexter". He is also known for his roles as Moses Deyell on "Oz"., and as Bobby Davidson in "Missing Persons".


title: Erik King

text: King, whose father was a policeman, attended The Duke Ellington High School of Performing Arts in Washington, DC and later Towson University, Baltimore MD.


title: Erik King

text: Early roles for King were in TV series such as "Matlock", "NYPD Blue" and "JAG". In 1990, he starred in the short-lived ABC police drama "Sunset Beat". He appeared as Moses Deyell in HBO's television series "Oz". Other episodic work includes "Malcolm In The Middle", "Charmed" and "". King appeared on "The District" as Travis Hayward, as well as CBS' "Touched by an Angel".


title: Erik King

text: King has appeared in multiple feature films, including the adventure film "National Treasure" and the thriller "Desperate Measures".


title: Erik King

text: King's prominence rose with his role as police detective James Doakes in the Showtime TV series "Dexter". He starred in 24 episodes from the pilot in 2006 to the last episode of Season 2 in 2007. For his portrayal as the main antagonist of the show, he received a Saturn Award nomination in 2008 for Best Supporting Actor on Television. He said of his role that:


title: Erik King

text: What I love about Sgt. Doakes is that when you run into a cop, a lot of them are fair, even-minded guys; but there are a lot of guys who are hard-asses and I love the fact that I get to play it.


title: 2023 Argentine general election

text: General elections are scheduled to be held in Argentina on 29 October 2023, to elect the president, members of the national congress and the governors of most provinces. Incumbent president Alberto Fernández is eligible for a second term.


title: 2023 Argentine general election

text: , the following people have declared interest or have been subjects of speculation about their potential candidacy within the previous six months.


title: 2023 Argentine general election

text: The election of the president was conducted under the ballotage system, a modified version of the two-round system. A candidate can win the presidency in a single round by either winning 45% of the vote, or if they win 40% of the vote while finishing 10 percentage points ahead of the second-place candidate. If no candidate meets either threshold, a runoff takes place between the top two candidates. Voting is compulsory for citizens between 18 and 70 years old. Suffrage was also extended to 16- and 17-year-olds, though without compulsory voting.


title: 2023 Argentine general election

text: The 257 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by proportional representation in 24 multi-member constituencies based on the provinces (plus the City of Buenos Aires). Seats are allocated using the d'Hondt method with a 3% electoral threshold. In this election, 130 of the 257 seats are up for renewal for a four-year term.


title: 2023 Argentine general election

text: The 72 members of the Senate are elected in the same 24 constituencies, with three seats in each. The party receiving the most votes in each constituency wins two seats, with the third seat awarded to the second-placed party. The 2019 elections will see one-third of Senators renewed, with eight provinces electing three Senators for a 6-year term; Buenos Aires, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, San Juan, San Luis and Santa Cruz.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The Federal Police (Bundespolizei or BPOL) is the national and principal federal law enforcement agency of the German Federal Government, being subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community ("Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat (BMI)"). The Federal Police is primarily responsible for border protection and railroad and aviation/air security. In addition, the agency is responsible, among other tasks, for the protection of federal constitutional bodies. It provides the federal alert police and GSG 9 special police unit, which can also be used to support the federated states of Germany. Ordinary police forces, meanwhile, are under the administration of the individual German states ("Bundesländer") and are known as the "Landespolizei". In addition to the Federal Police, the Federal Criminal Police Office and the German Parliament Police exist as further police authorities at the federal level.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The "Bundespolizei" was named "Bundesgrenzschutz" (BGS) ("Federal Border Guard") until 2005, which at its foundation in 1951 had a more restricted role. The then BGS incorporated the former West German Railway Police ("Bahnpolizei") (in 1992), formerly an independent force, and the East German "Transportpolizei" (in 1990). Prior to 1994, BGS members also had military combatant status due to their historical foundation and border-guard role in West Germany. In July 2005 the law renaming the BGS as the BPOL was enacted.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The "Bundespolizei" can also be used to reinforce state police if requested by a state "(Land)" government. The BPOL maintains these reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies, supplementing the capabilities of the State Operational Support Units. Several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: BPOL investigators conduct criminal investigations only within its jurisdiction; otherwise the cases are referred to the appropriate state police force or to the federal criminal investigative agency, the Federal Criminal Police ("Bundeskriminalamt", BKA).


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: In addition, the "Bundespolizei" cooperates closely with German state executive authorities, such as prosecutor's offices ("Staatsanwaltschaft") in pursuing criminal investigations.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: On the night of 13 September 2015 Germany unilaterally reintroduced border controls, under emergency provisions of the Schengen Agreement, due to the 2015 European migrant crisis overwhelming Germany's available resources, law enforcement and otherwise. The nominally temporary border controls were initially put in place just on the border with Austria, but by the following day (Monday 14 September 2015) they were being put in place at all borders with fellow EU members. The same day, Austria and other EU members who were part of the Schengen Area began to put in place their own border controls (again meant to be temporary) in response to Germany's actions.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The new German border controls are to be primarily enforced both by the various "Landespolizei" of those German states that adjoin external borders, and in particular by the "Bundespolizei".


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The BPOL national headquarters (BPOL-"Präsidium") in Potsdam performs all central control functions. Eight regional headquarters (BPOL-"Direktion") control the BPOL stations that conduct rail police and border protection missions. These areas of responsibility conform to the federal state boundaries which they did not do prior to 1 March 2008.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: These regional headquarters each have an investigation department and a mobile inspection and observation unit. Moreover, they control the 67 BPOL stations (BPOL-"Inspektion") which in turn control the "Bundespolizeireviere" or precincts located in places that require a 24-hour presence by BPOL officers.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The central school for advanced and vocational training is in Lübeck and controls the six basic training schools in Swisttal, Neustrelitz, Oerlenbach, Walsrode, Eschwege and Bamberg. It is also in charge of the Federal Police Sport School in Bad Endorf and a competitive sport project in Kienbaum near Berlin. The sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of Germany's top skiers and skaters such as Claudia Pechstein.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The "Zentrale Direktion Bundesbereitschaftspolizei" controls the mobile support and rapid reaction battalions located in Bayreuth, Deggendorf, Blumberg (near Berlin), Hünfeld, Uelzen, Duderstadt, Sankt Augustin, Bad Bergzabern, Bad Düben and Ratzeburg. The number of "Bereitschaftspolizei" companies increased in March 2008 from 28 to 29 comprising approx. 25 percent of Germany's police support units.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: In 1951 the West German government established a Federal Border Protection Force ("Bundesgrenzschutz" or BGS) composed of 10,000 men under the Federal Interior Ministry's jurisdiction. The force replaced allied military organisations such as the U.S. Constabulary then patrolling West Germany's borders. The BGS was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new German army. When West Germany did establish an army, the "Bundeswehr", BGS personnel were given the choice of staying in the BGS or joining the army. Most decided to join the army.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: In 1953, the BGS took control of the German Passport Control Service. In 1972 the Compulsory Border Guard Service was enacted by the parliament, which – in theory – is still in force, but suspended, similar to the conscription for the "Bundeswehr". In 1976, the state police grades replaced the military rank structure and BGS training was modified to closely match that of the state police forces ("Landespolizei"). The West German Railway Police ("Bahnpolizei"), formerly an independent force, and the East German "Transportpolizei" were restructured under the BGS in 1990.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: In July 2005, the BGS was renamed the "Bundespolizei" or BPOL (Federal Police) to reflect its transition to a multi-faceted federal police agency. The change also involved a shift to blue uniforms and livery for vehicles and helicopters. The German Interior Ministry reviewed the structure of the BPOL in 2007 and in March 2008 made the structure leaner to get more officers out of offices and onto patrol.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The "Bundespolizei" typically favour vehicles made by German manufacturers such as the BMW 5 Series sedans and station wagons, Volkswagen Passat, Volkswagen Golf, and Volkswagen Transporter vans. However, due to the European Union's rules on contract bidding they have less freedom to choose specific manufacturers. Today, German police forces generally lease patrol cars from a manufacturer, usually for a period of three years. "Bundespolizei" vehicles have number plates that are based on the BP XX-YYY system. BP stands for "Bundespolizei." Older vehicles may still have the BGS "BG" plates.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: The Federal Police now has been reduced to three flight amenities pattern of 94 helicopters. This is the largest civilian helicopter fleet in Germany.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: Approximately 500 working dogs are used in the Federal Police at present. Most of the dogs are German shepherds. Other dog breeds are also used such as malinois, Dutch shepherd, German wirehaired pointer, giant schnauzer, and rottweiler. They accompany their handlers on daily missions in railway facilities, at airports, at the border or in physical security. Most working dogs live with the families of their handlers. Basic and advanced training is performed under the supervision of the Federal Police Academy at the Federal Police canine schools in Bleckede (Lower Saxony) and Neuendettelsau (Bavaria) where dogs and handlers go through patrol dog and explosive detection courses.


title: Federal Police (Germany)

text: Until 2003, the federal police units had rank insignia almost identical to those used by the Schutzpolizei in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (the East German Volkspolizei had until 1990 similar rank insignia, only with a bit different number of stars for respective ranks). In 2003, the federal German police ranks and insignia were unified with those used by police units of federal lands.


title: Shah dynasty

text: The Shah dynasty (), also known as the Shahs of Gorkha or the Royal House of Gorkha, was the ruling Chaubise Thakuri dynasty ; and the founder of Gorkha Kingdom from 1559 to 1768 and later the unified Kingdom of Nepal from 1768 to 28 May 2008.


title: Shah dynasty

text: The Shah dynasty traces their historical ancestor to King of Kaski, Kulamandan Shah Khand, whose grandson Dravya Shah captured the throne of Ligligkot from Khadka kings with the help of accomplices from six resident clans of Majhkot and Ligligkot. Dravya Shah named his new kingdom Gorkha.


title: Shah dynasty

text: The Shah descendants claimed to be of Rajput origin. However, they are ranked as Thakuris. He argues that: He further contended on Shah family that:


title: Shah dynasty

text: Dravya Shah was the youngest son of Yasho Brahma Shah, Raja (King) of Lamjung and grandson of Kulamandan Shah Khad, Raja (King) of Kaski. He became the king of Gorkha with the help of accomplices namely Kaji Ganesh Pandey. He ascended the throne of Gorkha on 1559 A.D. The loose translation of the Nepali work known as the "Wright Chronicle" describes the coronation of Dravya Shah thus:


title: Shah dynasty

text: In 1743, Prithvi Narayan Shah became the ruler of Gorkha. He declared war with other principalities, defeating them one by one. In September 1768, he established the unified kingdom of Gorkha. He became the first king of large Gorkha Kingdom. He, his sons and their successors continued fighting and defeating other kingdoms and enlarging the kingdom of Gorkha. In 1814, the Anglo–Nepalese War between Gorkha and the East India Company began. By 1815, the Shah king had been thoroughly defeated. By 1816, Gorkha had lost one-third of its territory. The Shah kings continued to rule as an absolute monarch until 1846 when the political order changed from absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.


title: Shah dynasty

text: In 1846, the Rana dynasty gained power in Nepal. The Ranas became prime ministers and reduced the King's status to a figurehead position. The Ranas ruled Nepal as hereditary prime ministers though in the name of the figurehead king. In 1950, the Shah king King Tribhuvan went into exile in India. He and his family, including the crown prince Mahendra, later returned. After India became a secular state in 1950, and the remaining rajas retired, Nepal was the only remaining Hindu kingdom. In 1951, with the help of India, a popular politician common man Matrika Prasad Koirala became the prime minister of Nepal. Tribhuvan returned to Kathmandu. The Shah dynasty regained control and the prime minister, Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, resigned. King Tribhuvan ruled until 1955 and King Mahendra ruled until 1972. Mahendra's son, Birendra, became king.


title: Shah dynasty

text: In 1990, under King Birendra, Nepal became a constitutional monarchy after a mass movement from people forced Birendra Shah to restore democracy.


title: Shah dynasty

text: On 1 June 2001, some members of the Shah dynasty were murdered in the royal palace. A High Commission report concluded that the royal family was slaughtered by Crown Prince Dipendra. This remains controversial. Among the dead were the Crown Prince's father, King Birendra and his brother, Prince Nirajan. After the attack, Dipendra was in a coma and was declared king for a short time. He died a few days later. Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, Dipendra's uncle, took the throne. In February 2005, he dismissed the parliament in order to govern in his own right.


title: Shah dynasty

text: On 24 December 2007, Nepal's Provisional Parliament met. It was decided that the monarchy would be abolished in 2008 after the Constituent Assembly elections. The motion enjoyed overwhelming support in the chamber, passing by a 270-vote majority. Of the 329 sitting members of parliament, only three voted against abolishing the monarchy. It was decided that for the time being, Gyanendra would retain his title and continue residing in the Royal Palace, albeit stripped of all political power and authority.


title: Shah dynasty

text: On 28 May 2008, following scheduled elections, the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic and the monarchy was abolished, removing the Shah dynasty from power. Kul Bahadur Gurung said of the 601 member assembly, 560 voted in favour, 4 were against and 37 were absent or abstained. Following an Assemby agreement involving the Nepali Congress and both Nepalese Communist parties, (the Leninists and the much larger Maoist faction), Gyanendra stepped down.


title: Shah dynasty

text: Gyanendra vacated the palace in Kathmandu which later became a museum. Until they could find permanent accommodation, the royal couple were offered residence as commoners at the Nagarjuna Palace, a former royal summer residence. The Nagarjuna palace lies in forested hills about eight kilometres (five miles) northwest of Kathmandu.


title: Shah dynasty

text: Family tree of the all Shah kings of Nepal (not of previous Gorkha Kingdom) except Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, brother of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah:


title: Absorbance

text: Absorbance is defined as "the logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample (excluding the effects on cell walls)". Alternatively, for samples which scatter light, absorbance may be defined as "the negative logarithm of one minus absorptance, as measured on a uniform sample". The term is used in many technical areas to quantify the results of an experimental measurement. While the term has its origin in quantifying the absorption of light, it is often entangled with quantification of light which is “lost” to a detector system through other mechanisms. What these uses of the term tend to have in common is that they refer to a logarithm of the ratio of a quantity of light incident on a sample or material to that which is detected after the light has interacted with the sample.


title: Absorbance

text: The term absorption refers to the physical process of absorbing light, while absorbance does not always measure only absorption; it may measure attenuation (of transmitted radiant power) caused by absorption, as well as reflection, scattering, and other physical processes.


title: Absorbance

text: The roots of the term absorbance are in the Beer–Lambert law.  As light moves through a medium, it will become dimmer as it is being "extinguished".  Bouguer recognized that this extinction (now often called attenuation) was not linear with distance traveled through the medium, but related by what we now refer to as an exponential function.  If formula_1 is the intensity of the light at the beginning of the travel and formula_2 is the intensity of the light detected after travel of a distance formula_3, the fraction transmitted, formula_4, is given by:  formula_5, where formula_6 is called an attenuation constant (a term used in various fields where a signal is transmitted though a medium) or coefficient.  The amount of light transmitted is falling off exponentially with distance.  Taking the natural logarithm in the above equation, we get:  formula_7 . For scattering media, the constant is often divided into two parts, formula_8 , separating it into a scattering coefficient, formula_9, and an absorption coefficient, formula_10, obtaining:formula_11 .


title: Absorbance

text: If a size of a detector is very small compared to the distance traveled by the light, any light that is scattered by a particle, either in the forward or backward direction, will not strike the detector. In such case, a plot of formula_12 as a function of wavelength will yield a superposition of the effects of absorption and scatter. Because the absorption portion is more distinct and tends to ride on a background of the scatter portion, it is often used to identify and quantify the absorbing species. Consequently this is often referred to as absorption spectroscopy, and the plotted quantity is called "absorbance", symbolized as formula_13 . Some disciplines by convention use decadic absorbance rather than Napierian absorbance, resulting in: formula_14 (with the subscript 10 usually not shown).


title: Absorbance

text: Within a homogeneous medium such as a solution, there is no scattering. For this case, researched extensively by August Beer, the concentration of the absorbing species follows the same linear response as the path-length. Additionally, the contributions of individual absorbing species are additive. This is a very favorable situation, and made absorbance an absorption metric far preferable to absorption fraction (absorptance). This is the case for which the term "absorbance" was first used.


title: Absorbance

text: A common expression of the Beer's law relates the attenuation of light in a material as: formula_15 , where formula_13 is the absorbance; formula_17 is the molar attenuation coefficient or absorptivity of the attenuating species; formula_18 is the optical path length; and formula_19 is the concentration of the attenuating species.


title: Absorbance

text: For samples which scatter light, absorbance is defined as "the negative logarithm of one minus absorptance (absorption fraction: formula_20) as measured on a uniform sample". For decadic absorbance, this may be symbolized as: formula_21 . If a sample both transmits and remits light, and is not luminescent, the fraction of light absorbed (formula_20), remitted (formula_23), and transmitted (formula_4) add to 1, or: formula_25 . Note that formula_26 , and the formula may be written as: formula_27 . For a sample which does not scatter, formula_28 , and formula_29 , yielding the formula for absorbance of a material discussed below.


title: Absorbance

text: Even though this absorbance function is very useful with scattering samples, the function does not have the same desirable characteristics as it does for non-scattering samples. There is, however, a property called which may be estimated for these samples. The of a single unit thickness of material making up a scattering sample is the same as the absorbance of the same thickness of the materiel in the absence of scatter.


title: Absorbance

text: In optics, absorbance or decadic absorbance is the "common logarithm" of the ratio of incident to "transmitted" radiant power through a material, and spectral absorbance or spectral decadic absorbance is the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to "transmitted" spectral radiant power through a material. Absorbance is dimensionless, and in particular is not a length, though it is a monotonically increasing function of path length, and approaches zero as the path length approaches zero. The use of the term "optical density" for absorbance is discouraged.


title: Absorbance

text: Absorbance is a dimensionless quantity. Nevertheless, the absorbance unit or AU is commonly used in ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and its high-performance liquid chromatography applications, often in derived units such as the milli-absorbance unit (mAU) or milli-absorbance unit-minutes (mAU×min), a unit of absorbance integrated over time.


title: Absorbance

text: Spectral absorbance in frequency and spectral absorbance in wavelength of a material, denoted "A" and "A" respectively, are given by


title: Absorbance

text: Although absorbance is properly unitless, it is sometimes reported in "absorbance units", or AU. Many people, including scientific researchers, wrongly state the results from absorbance measurement experiments in terms of these made-up units.


title: Absorbance

text: Absorbance is a number that measures the "attenuation" of the transmitted radiant power in a material. Attenuation can be caused by the physical process of "absorption", but also reflection, scattering, and other physical processes. Absorbance of a material is approximately equal to its attenuance when both the absorbance is much less than 1 and the emittance of that material (not to be confused with radiant exitance or emissivity) is much less than the absorbance. Indeed,


title: Absorbance

text: If "a"("z") is uniform along the path, the attenuation is said to be a "linear attenuation", and the relation becomes


title: Absorbance

text: Sometimes the relation is given using the "molar attenuation coefficient" of the material, that is its attenuation coefficient divided by its molar concentration:


title: Absorbance

text: The amount of light transmitted through a material diminishes exponentially as it travels through the material, according to the Beer–Lambert law (A=(ε)(l)). Since the absorbance of a sample is measured as a logarithm, it is directly proportional to the thickness of the sample and to the concentration of the absorbing material in the sample. Some other measures related to absorption, such as transmittance, are measured as a simple ratio so they vary exponentially with the thickness and concentration of the material.


title: Absorbance

text: Any real measuring instrument has a limited range over which it can accurately measure absorbance. An instrument must be calibrated and checked against known standards if the readings are to be trusted. Many instruments will become non-linear (fail to follow the Beer–Lambert law) starting at approximately 2 AU (~1% transmission). It is also difficult to accurately measure very small absorbance values (below 10) with commercially available instruments for chemical analysis. In such cases, laser-based absorption techniques can be used, since they have demonstrated detection limits that supersede those obtained by conventional non-laser-based instruments by many orders of magnitude (detections have been demonstrated all the way down to 5 × 10). The theoretical best accuracy for most commercially available non-laser-based instruments is attained in the range near 1 AU. The path length or concentration should then, when possible, be adjusted to achieve readings near this range.


title: Absorbance

text: Typically, absorbance of a dissolved substance is measured using absorption spectroscopy. This involves shining a light through a solution and recording how much light and what wavelengths were transmitted onto a detector. Using this information, the wavelengths that were absorbed can be determined. First, measurements on a "blank" are taken using just the solvent for reference purposes. This is so that the absorbance of the solvent is known, and then any change in absorbance when measuring the whole solution is made by just the solute of interest. Then measurements of the solution are taken. The transmitted spectral radiant flux that makes it through the solution sample is measured and compared to the incident spectral radiant flux. As stated above, the spectral absorbance at a given wavelength is


title: Absorbance

text: A UV-Vis spectrophotometer will do all this automatically. To use this machine, solutions are placed in a small cuvette and inserted into the holder. The machine is controlled through a computer and, once it has been "blanked", automatically displays the absorbance plotted against wavelength. Getting the absorbance spectrum of a solution is useful for determining the concentration of that solution using the Beer–Lambert law and is used in HPLC.


title: Absorbance

text: Some filters, notably welding glass, are rated by shade number (SN), which is 7/3 times the absorbance plus one:


title: Absorbance

text: For example, if the filter has 0.1% transmittance (0.001 transmittance, which is 3 absorbance units), its shade number would be 8.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: Michael David d'Abo (born 1 March 1944) is an English singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of Manfred Mann from 1966 to their dissolution in 1969, and as the composer of the songs "Handbags and Gladrags" and "Build Me Up Buttercup", the latter of which was a hit for The Foundations. With Manfred Mann, d'Abo achieved six top twenty hits on the UK Singles Chart including "Semi-Detached, Suburban Mr. James", "Ha! Ha! Said The Clown" and the chart topper "Mighty Quinn".


title: Mike d'Abo

text: D'Abo was born in Betchworth, Surrey, the son of Dorothy Primrose (née Harbord) and Edward Nassau Nicolai d'Abo, a London stockbroker. The d'Abo family were landed gentry, of West Wratting, Cambridgeshire. He was educated at Wellesley House Prep School in Kent, then at Harrow School and Selwyn College, Cambridge. He is , and has eyes "that honestly seem to change from blue to brown to green, depending on the light" (Pete Goodman, music journalist). D'Abo's original intention at Cambridge was to read theology and become a priest but, faced with "everything to learn" (not least Classical Greek and Hebrew), and a disconnect between the "strange, impractical philosophy" he was being taught and his idealism about "bringing comfort to people" and spreading "understanding in the world," he "became wholly disillusioned" ("Rave", November 1966). He switched to economics, also unsuccessfully, and left Cambridge with "a first class jazz collection" but without completing his studies.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: His musical career began while he was still at Harrow School. He had minor success with a group of Old Harrovians, A Band of Angels, that had their own comic strip in a UK pop music weekly, "Fab 208". A Band of Angels did not make the big time and d'Abo later reflected on what had gone wrong for them: "We weren't right for each other. We weren't a group. They didn't want me to be too outstanding, a thing that happens naturally in most groups... Also we looked old-fashioned when we started. I knew I looked wrong but I didn't want to change, I looked like me and what I am. It is just lucky that fashion now agrees with me" ("Rave", November 1966).


title: Mike d'Abo

text: In July 1966, after leaving A Band of Angels, D’Abo joined Manfred Mann, an established chart-topping group, as a replacement for lead singer Paul Jones, who was leaving to start a solo career. Comparisons between d'Abo and Jones (whom d'Abo physically resembled) became a media preoccupation at the time of the switch, but d'Abo wasted little time dwelling upon it. "I enjoy being with the group," he told Pete Goodman. "We really do have an enormously wide range of musical tastes among us."


title: Mike d'Abo

text: D'Abo's first big hit with Manfred Mann was "Semi-Detached Suburban Mr James". It was nearly recorded with "Mr Jones" in the title before it occurred to the group that it might be interpreted as being an implied reference to Paul Jones. D'Abo first recorded the "As Is" album (with the attaching single Dylan's "Just Like a Woman"). All of the UK Fontana and US Mercury releases featured d'Abo.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: He composed and produced Chris Farlowe's "Handbags and Gladrags", a hit single (which was also notably recorded by Rod Stewart and Stereophonics and subsequently became the theme music to the BBC television show "The Office") and "The Last Goodbye". He also wrote two songs recorded by Rod Stewart on Immediate Records: "Little Miss Understood" and "So Much to Say (So Little Time)". With d'Abo fronting, Manfred Mann enjoyed numerous hits, including "Ragamuffin Man", "Ha Ha Said the Clown", "My Name is Jack" and the Dylan-penned number one hit, "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)", which they retitled as simply "Mighty Quinn". Manfred Mann subsequently disbanded in 1969.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: In 1968, he and Tony Macaulay co-wrote "Build Me Up Buttercup", which was recorded by The Foundations and sold over four million copies by April 1969, including one million discs in the United States.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: In December 1968, d'Abo played the lead in "Gulliver Travels" (subtly, not "Gulliver's Travels") at the Mermaid Theatre, Blackfriars, London and he also portrayed Herod on the original recording of "Jesus Christ Superstar". He had a short role on the original recording of "Evita". He also wrote "Loving Cup" for The Fortunes and "Mary, Won't You Warm My Bed" for Colin Blunstone. In 1970, he composed and performed the music for the Peter Sellers film, "There's a Girl in My Soup", and played John Lennon in "No One was Saved" at the Royal Court Theatre Schools scheme. D'Abo also worked with Mike Smith, the former keyboard player of the Dave Clark Five. In 1976, they released an album on the CBS (UK) label, "Smith & d'Abo".


title: Mike d'Abo

text: In 1997, d'Abo presented a programme on BBC Radio Bristol, "The Golden Years", playing music from the 1950s onwards; it broadcast on Saturdays on BBC Radio Gloucestershire. BBC Wiltshire Sound subsequently added the programme to their schedules.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: During the 1990s, he also presented "Late Night West", a popular weeknightly programme on west-of-England local radio for five nights a week, that included music, competitions, and a listener phone-in. In the late 1990s he contributed to "The Mike d'Abo Story", a documentary written by Geoff Leonard, narrated and produced by Phil Vowels, and broadcast on BBC Radio Bristol and BBC Radio Gloucestershire.


title: Mike d'Abo

text: D'abo has been married three times. His first marriage was to model Maggie London in 1967. They had two children: Ben d'Abo (born 1967) and Olivia d'Abo (born 1969). His second wife was Karen and they had one son, Bruno d'Abo. His third marriage was to Lisa Weaver in 1996, which produced twins Ella and Louis in July 2007. He is a first cousin of actress Maryam d'Abo. His sister Carol is widow of the late Conservative MP and minister Sir Nicholas Baker.


title: Jung Joon-ho

text: Jung Joon-ho (; born October 1, 1970) is a South Korean actor, who gained fame in the 2000 series, Women Like You, (왕추). His recent hits are "Last Scandal" (내 생애 마지막 스캔들) and "IRIS". Jung Jun-ho has a passionate interest in singing. In "Last Scandal" aired on MBC, Jung sang his character's theme song.


title: Jung Joon-ho

text: Jung's performance in "Last Scandal" earned him the title as one of the top excellent actors of 2008. His acting again gained recognition in 2009's hit drama, "IRIS". He was crowned as one of the excellent actors.


title: Jung Joon-ho

text: Jung Jun-ho started his acting career at 1995. He never thought of entering the entertainment industry and becoming an actor. He admitted that when he was a kid, he was shy and would cry when his teacher placed him in front of the class to sing. After enlisting in the military, he often hosted events. He began to realize his talent - acting. He joined MBC station training class at 1995. Although he worked with many famous stars like Lee Young-ae during the first few years of his acting career, the movies and series he made in the first few years did not lend him much limelight; he remained in obscurity. Feeling discouraged, he had thoughts of retiring from the entertainment industry. After all, he considered himself as an introvert. His personality might not be suitable as an actor.


title: Jung Joon-ho

text: In 2000, he landed a role in television series, Women Like You (왕추). The series propelled him to stardom. At the same year, he was cast in My Boss, My Hero. To his surprise, the movie not only received high box office record but also solidified his star power. Due to his success with his comedic role in My Boss, My Hero, he was cast in many more comedic roles in series and movies between 2002 and 2006. All of them were pretty successful. His comedic image was deeply engraved in fans' mind. However, he felt typecast and hoped for a change of image and a breakthrough in his career. He questioned himself which career route he wished to head down and which new image he wanted to develop.


title: Jung Joon-ho

text: In 2005, a director suggested him to play a villain in Another Public Enemy. His performance stunned his fans and the media. They never knew that Jung Jun-ho could play a villainous side. The positive remarks he received from his fans and media boosted his confidence in his acting. In 2008 and 2009, he gave outstanding performances in "Last Scandal" and "IRIS". He hopes to take on more exotic roles in his upcoming series and movies that will give audiences a fresh feeling every time they see him onscreen.


title: Jung Joon-ho

text: On March 25, 2011, he married MBC announcer Lee Ha-jung. They met in November 2010 when she interviewed him on the set of his drama "Queen of Reversals". They have 2 children: son Si-wook (born 2014) and daughter (born 2019).


title: Joseph Addison

text: Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 June 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright and politician. He was the eldest son of The Reverend Lancelot Addison. His name is usually remembered alongside that of his long-standing friend Richard Steele, with whom he founded "The Spectator" magazine. His simple prose style marked the end of the mannerisms and conventional classical images of the 17th century.


title: Joseph Addison

text: Addison was born in Milston, Wiltshire, but soon after his birth his father, Lancelot Addison, was appointed Dean of Lichfield and the family moved into the cathedral close. His father was a scholarly English clergyman. Joseph was educated at Charterhouse School, London, where he first met Richard Steele, and at The Queen's College, Oxford. He excelled in classics, being specially noted for his Latin verse, and became a fellow of Magdalen College.


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 1693, he addressed a poem to John Dryden, and his first major work, a book of the lives of English poets, was published in 1694. His translation of Virgil's "Georgics" was published in the same year. Dryden, Lord Somers and Charles Montague, 1st Earl of Halifax, took an interest in Addison's work and obtained for him a pension of £300 a year to enable him to travel to Europe with a view to diplomatic employment, all the time writing and studying politics.


title: Joseph Addison

text: While, in Switzerland, in 1702, he heard of the death of William III, an event which lost him his pension, as his influential contacts, Halifax and Somers, had lost their employment with the Crown.


title: Joseph Addison

text: Addison returned to England at the end of 1703. For more than a year he remained unemployed, but the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 gave him a fresh opportunity to distinguish himself. The government, specifically Lord Treasurer Godolphin, commissioned Addison to write a commemorative poem about the battle, and he produced "The Campaign", which was received with such satisfaction that he was appointed Commissioner of Appeals in Halifax's government.


title: Joseph Addison

text: His next literary venture was an account of his travels in Italy, "Remarks on several parts of Italy, &c., in the years 1701, 1702, 1703", published in 1705 by Jacob Tonson.


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 1705, with the Whigs in power, Addison was made Under-Secretary of State and accompanied Lord Halifax on a diplomatic mission to Hanover, Germany. A biography of Addison states: "In the field of his foreign responsibilities Addison's views were those of a good Whig. He had always believed that England's power depended upon her wealth, her wealth upon her commerce, and her commerce upon the freedom of the seas and the checking of the power of France and Spain."


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 1708 and 1709, Addison was a Member of Parliament for the borough of Lostwithiel. He was soon appointed secretary to the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Wharton. Under the direction of Wharton, he was an MP in the Irish House of Commons for Cavan Borough from 1709 until 1713. In 1710, he represented Malmesbury, in his home county of Wiltshire, holding the seat until his death in 1719.


title: Joseph Addison

text: He met Jonathan Swift in Ireland and remained there for a year. Later, he helped form the Kitcat Club and renewed his friendship with Richard Steele. In 1709, Steele began to publish the "Tatler", and Addison became a regular contributor. In 1711, they began "The Spectator"; its first issue appeared on 1 March 1711. This paper, which was originally a daily, was published until 20 December 1714, interrupted for a year by the publication of "The Guardian" in 1713. His last publication was "The Freeholder", a political paper, in 1715–16.


title: Joseph Addison

text: He wrote the libretto for Thomas Clayton's opera "Rosamond", which had a disastrous premiere in London in 1707. In 1713 Addison's tragedy "Cato" was produced, and was received with acclamation by both Whigs and Tories. He followed this effort with a comedic play, "The Drummer" (1716).


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 1712, Addison wrote his most famous work, "Cato, a Tragedy". Based on the last days of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, it deals with conflicts such as individual liberty versus government tyranny, Republicanism versus Monarchism, logic versus emotion, and Cato's personal struggle to retain his beliefs in the face of death. It has a prologue written by Alexander Pope and an epilogue by Samuel Garth.


title: Joseph Addison

text: The play was a success throughout the British Empire. It continued to grow in popularity, especially in America, for several generations. It is cited by some historians as a literary inspiration for the American Revolution, being known to many of the Founding Fathers. General George Washington sponsored a performance of Cato for the Continental Army during the difficult winter of 1777–78 at Valley Forge. According to John J. Miller, "no single work of literature may have been more important than "Cato"" for the leaders of the American revolution.


title: Joseph Addison

text: Scholars have identified the inspiration for several famous quotations from the American Revolution in "Cato". These include:


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 1789, Edmund Burke quoted the play in a letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont entitled "Reflections on the revolution in France", saying that the French people may yet be obliged to go through more changes and "to pass, as one of our poets says, 'through great varieties of untried being,'" before their state obtains its final form. The poet referred to is Addison and the passage quoted is from "Cato" (V.i. II): "Through what variety of untried being, through what new scenes and changes must we pass!"


title: Joseph Addison

text: Though the play has fallen from popularity and is now rarely performed, it was popular and often cited in the eighteenth century, with Cato being an example of republican virtue and liberty. John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon were inspired by the play to write an epistolary exchange entitled "Cato's Letters" (1720–1723), concerning individual rights, using the name "Cato".


title: Joseph Addison

text: The action of the play involves the forces of Cato at Utica, awaiting the attack of Caesar immediately following his victory at Thapsus (46 BC). The noble sons of Cato, Portius and Marcus, are both in love with Lucia, the daughter of Lucius, an ally of Cato. Juba, prince of Numidia, one of Cato's warriors, loves Cato's daughter Marcia. Meanwhile, Sempronius, a senator, and Syphax, a general of the Numidians, are conspiring secretly against Cato, hoping to prevent the Numidian army from supporting him. In the final act, Cato commits suicide, leaving his followers to make their peace with the approaching army of Caesaran easier task after Cato's death, since he was Caesar's most implacable enemy.


title: Joseph Addison

text: Addison wrote the popular church hymn "The Spacious Firmament on High", publishing it in "The Spectator" in 1712. It is sung either to the tune known as "London (Addison's)" by John Sheeles, written c. 1720, or to "Creation" by Joseph Haydn, 1798.


title: Joseph Addison

text: The later part of Addison's life was not without its troubles. In 1716, he married Charlotte, Dowager Countess of Warwick, after working for a time as a tutor for her son. He then lived at Bilton Hall in Warwickshire. His political career continued, and he served as Secretary of State for the Southern Department from 1717 to 1718. His political newspaper "The Freeholder" was much criticised. His wife was arrogant and imperious; his stepson, Edward Rich, was an unfriendly rake. Addison's shyness in public limited his effectiveness as a member of Parliament. He eventually fell out with Steele over the Peerage Bill.


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 1718, Addison was forced to resign as Secretary of State because of his poor health, but he remained an MP until his death at Holland House, London, on 17 June 1719 (aged 47). He was buried in Westminster Abbey. After his death, an apocryphal story circulated that Addison, on his deathbed, had sent for his wastrel stepson to witness how a Christian man meets death.


title: Joseph Addison

text: On 6 April 1808, Middletown, a town in upstate New York, was renamed Addison in his honour. Addison Road in West Kensington was also named after him.


title: Joseph Addison

text: It is as an essayist that Addison is remembered today. He began writing essays quite casually. In April 1709, his childhood friend Richard Steele started the "Tatler". Addison contributed 42 essays to the "Tatler", while Steele wrote 188. Regarding Addison's help, Steele remarked, "when I had once called him in, I could not subsist without dependence on him". The "Tatler" was discontinued on 2 January 1711. "The Spectator" began publication on 1 March of that year, and it continued – being issued daily, and achieving great popularity – until 6 December 1712. It exercised an influence over the reading public of the time, and Addison soon became the leading partner in it, contributing 274 essays out of a total of 635; Steele wrote 236. Addison also assisted Steele with "The Guardian", which began in 1713. Addison is the originator of the quote, "Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body". The quote can be found in Issue 147 of the "Tatler".


title: Joseph Addison

text: The breezy, conversational style of the essays later prompted Bishop Richard Hurd to reprove Addison for what he called an "Addisonian Termination", or preposition stranding, a grammatical construction that ends a sentence with a preposition. Alexander Pope in his 1735 "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" made Addison an object of derision, naming him "Atticus", and comparing him to an adder, "willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike".


title: Joseph Addison

text: He wrote an essay entitled "Dialogues on Medals" which was translated into French by eighteenth-century priest and journalist Simon-Jérôme Bourlet de Vauxcelles (1733–1802). His essay "Adventures of a Shilling" (1710) is a brief, early example of an it-narrative or object narrative, a genre that would become more common later in the century. He also left an incomplete work, "Of the Christian Religion".


title: Joseph Addison

text: In 2005, an Austrian banker and collector named Albin Schram died, and in a file cabinet next to his laundry room a collection of a thousand letters was found, some of them of interest to historians. Two of them were written by Joseph Addison.


title: Joseph Addison

text: The first reported on a debate in the House of Commons about a grant to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and his heirs, following the Battle of Ramillies. The letter was written on the day of the debate, probably to George Stepney.


title: Joseph Addison

text: Addison explains that the motion was opposed by Misters Annesley, Ward, Casar, and Sir William Vevian. One said that this was showing no honour to His Grace but to a posterity that he was not concern'd in. Casar ... hoped ye Duke tho he had ben Victorious over the Enemy would not think of being so over a House of Commons: wch was said in pursuance to a Motion made by some of the Craftier sort that would not oppose the proposition directly but turn it off by a Side-Wind pretending that it being a money affaire it should be refer'd to a Committee of the whole House wch in all probability would have defeated the whole affaire...


title: Joseph Addison

text: Following the Duke of Marlborough's successful campaign of 1706, the Duke and George Stepney became the first English regents of the Anglo-Dutch condominium for governing the southern Netherlands. It was Stepney who formally took possession of the principality of Mindelheim in the Duke's name on 26 May, after the Battle of Ramillies. Upon Marlborough's return to London in November, Parliament accepted the Duke's request that a grant of £5,000 'out of ye Post-Office' be made in perpetuity to his heirs.


title: Joseph Addison

text: A second letter, written to Richard Steele, was also found, concerning the "Tatler" and other matters.


title: Joseph Addison

text: I very much liked your last paper upon the Courtship that is usually paid to the fair sex. I wish you had reserved the Letter in this days paper concerning Indecencies at Church for an entire piece. It wd have made as good a one as any you have published. Your Reflections upon Almanza are very good. The letter concludes with references to impeachment proceedings against Addison's friend Henry Sacheverell ("I am much obliged to you for yor Letters relating to Sackeverell"), and the Light House petition: I am something troubled that you have not sent away ye Letters received from Ireland to my Lord Lieutenant, particularly that from Mr Forster [the Attorney General] with the Enclosed petition about the Light House, which I hope will be delivered to the House before my Return.