title: Molality

text: Alternatively, one may use just the last two equations given for the compositional property of the solvent in each of the preceding sections, together with the relationships given below, to derive the remainder of properties in that set:


title: Molality

text: where "i" and "j" are subscripts representing "all" the constituents, the "n" solutes plus the solvent.


title: Molality

text: An acid mixture consists of 0.76, 0.04, and 0.20 mass fractions of 70% HNO, 49% HF, and HO, where the percentages refer to mass fractions of the bottled acids carrying a balance of HO. The first step is determining the mass fractions of the constituents:


title: Molality

text: Actually, "b" cancels out, because it is not needed. In this case, there is a more direct equation: we use it to derive the molality of HF:


title: Molality

text: Osmolality is a variation of molality that takes into account only solutes that contribute to a solution's osmotic pressure. It is measured in osmoles of the solute per kilogram of water. This unit is frequently used in medical laboratory results in place of osmolarity, because it can be measured simply by depression of the freezing point of a solution, or cryoscopy (see also: osmostat and colligative properties).


title: Molality

text: Molality appears in the expression of the apparent (molar) volume of a solute as a function of the molality "b" of that solute (and density of the solution and solvent):


title: Molality

text: For multicomponent systems the relation is slightly modified by the sum of molalities of solutes. Also a total molality and a mean apparent molar volume can be defined for the solutes together and also a mean molar mass of the solutes as if they were a single solute. In this case the first equality from above is modified with the mean molar mass M of the pseudosolute instead of the molar mass of the single solute:


title: Molality

text: The sum of products molalities - apparent molar volumes of solutes in their binary solutions equals the product between the sum of molalities of solutes and apparent molar volume in ternary or multicomponent solution.


title: Molality

text: For concentrated ionic solutions the activity coefficient of the electrolyte is split into electric and statistical components.


title: Molality

text: The statistical part includes molality b, hydration index number h, the number of ions from the dissociation and the ratio r between the apparent molar volume of the electrolyte and the molar volume of water.


title: Molality

text: The molalities of solutes b, b in a ternary solution obtained by mixing two binary aqueous solutions with different solutes (say a sugar and a salt or two different salts) are different than the initial molalities of the solutes b in their binary solutions.


title: Molality

text: The content of solvent in mass fractions w and w from each solution of masses m and m to be mixed as a function of initial molalities is calculated. Then the amount (mol) of solute from each binary solution is divided by the sum of masses of water after mixing:


title: Molality

text: The results for a ternary solution can be extended to a multicomponent solution (with more than two solutes).


title: Molality

text: The molalities of the solutes in a ternary solution can be expressed also from molalities in the binary solutions and their masses:


title: Molality

text: The masses of the solutes determined from the molalities of the solutes and the masses of water can be substituted in the expressions of the masses of solutions:


title: Molality

text: From here one can obtain the masses of water to be summed in the denominator of the molalitities of the solutes in the ternary solutions.


title: Geohash

text: Geohash is a public domain geocode system invented in 2008 by Gustavo Niemeyer which encodes a geographic location into a short string of letters and digits. Similar ideas were introduced by G.M. Morton in 1966. It is a hierarchical spatial data structure which subdivides space into buckets of grid shape, which is one of the many applications of what is known as a Z-order curve, and generally space-filling curves.


title: Geohash

text: Geohashes offer properties like arbitrary precision and the possibility of gradually removing characters from the end of the code to reduce its size (and gradually lose precision). Geohashing guarantees that the longer a shared prefix between two geohashes is, the spatially closer they are together. The reverse of this is not guaranteed, as two points can be very close but have a short or no shared prefix.


title: Geohash

text: The core part of the Geohash algorithm and the first initiative to similar solution was documented in a report of G.M. Morton in 1966, "A Computer Oriented Geodetic Data Base and a New Technique in File Sequencing". The Morton work was used for efficient implementations of Z-order curve, like in this modern (2014) Geohash-integer version (based on directly interleaving 64-bit integers), but his geocode proposal was not human-readable and was not popular.


title: Geohash

text: Apparently, in the late 2000s, G. Niemeyer still didn't know about Morton's work, and reinvented it, adding the use of base32 representation. In February 2008, together with the announcement of the system, he launched the website codice_1, which allows users to convert geographic coordinates to short URLs which uniquely identify positions on the Earth, so that referencing them in emails, forums, and websites is more convenient.


title: Geohash

text: Many variations have been developed, including OpenStreetMap's "short link" (using base64 instead of base32) in 2009, the "64-bit Geohash" in 2014, the exotic "Hilbert-Geohash" in 2016, and others.


title: Geohash

text: To obtain the Geohash, the user provides an address to be geocoded, or latitude and longitude coordinates, in a single input box (most commonly used formats for latitude and longitude pairs are accepted), and performs the request.


title: Geohash

text: Besides showing the latitude and longitude corresponding to the given Geohash, users who navigate to a Geohash at geohash.org are also presented with an embedded map, and may download a GPX file, or transfer the waypoint directly to certain GPS receivers. Links are also provided to external sites that may provide further details around the specified


title: Geohash

text: For example, the coordinate pair codice_2 (near the tip of the peninsula of Jutland, Denmark) produces a slightly shorter hash of codice_3.


title: Geohash

text: When used in a database, the structure of geohashed data has two advantages. First, data indexed by geohash will have all points for a given rectangular area in contiguous slices (the number of slices depends on the precision required and the presence of geohash "fault lines"). This is especially useful in database systems where queries on a single index are much easier or faster than multiple-index queries. Second, this index structure can be used for a quick-and-dirty proximity search: the closest points are often among the closest geohashes.


title: Geohash

text: For exact latitude and longitude translations Geohash is a "spatial index" of base 4, because it transforms the continuous latitude and longitude space coordinates into a hierarchical discrete grid, using a recurrent four-partition of the space. To be a compact code it uses base 32 and represents its values by the following alphabet, that is the "standard textual representation".


title: Geohash

text: The "Geohash alphabet" (32ghs) uses all digits 0-9 and almost all lower case letters except "a", "i", "l" and "o".


title: Geohash

text: For example, using the table above and the constant formula_1, the Geohash codice_4 can be converted to a decimal representation by ordinary positional notation:


title: Geohash

text: It is possible to build the "И-order curve" from the Z-order curve by merging neighboring cells and indexing the resulting rectangular grid by the function formula_7. The illustration shows how to obtain the grid of 32 rectangular cells from the grid of 64 square cells.


title: Geohash

text: The most important property of Geohash for humans is that it preserves "spatial hierarchy" in the "code prefixes". For example, in the "1 Geohash digit grid" illustration of 32 rectangles, above, the spatial region of the code codice_6 (rectangle of greyish blue circle at position 4,3) is preserved with prefix codice_6 in the "2 digit grid" of 1024 rectangles (scale showing codice_8 and greyish green to blue circles at grid).


title: Geohash

text: Using the hash codice_4 as an example, here is how it is decoded into a decimal latitude and longitude. The first step is decoding it from textual "base 32ghs", as showed above, to obtain the binary representation:


title: Geohash

text: This operation results in the bits codice_10 codice_11 codice_12 codice_13 codice_14. Starting to count from the left side with the digit 0 in the first position, the digits in the odd positions form the longitude code (codice_15), while the digits in the even positions form the latitude code (codice_16).


title: Geohash

text: Each binary code is then used in a series of divisions, considering one bit at a time, again from the left to the right side. For the latitude value, the interval -90 to +90 is divided by 2, producing two intervals: -90 to 0, and 0 to +90. Since the first bit is 1, the higher interval is chosen, and becomes the current interval. The procedure is repeated for all bits in the code. Finally, the latitude value is the center of the resulting interval. Longitudes are processed in an equivalent way, keeping in mind that the initial interval is -180 to +180.


title: Geohash

text: For example, in the latitude code codice_16, the first bit is 1, so we know our latitude is somewhere between 0 and 90. Without any more bits, we'd guess the latitude was 45, giving us an error of ±45. Since more bits are available, we can continue with the next bit, and each subsequent bit halves this error. This table shows the effect of each bit. At each stage, the relevant half of the range is highlighted in green; a low bit selects the lower range, a high bit selects the upper range.


title: Geohash

text: The column "mean value" shows the latitude, simply the mean value of the range. Each subsequent bit makes this value more precise.


title: Geohash

text: Geohashes can be used to find points in proximity to each other based on a common prefix. However, edge case locations close to each other but on opposite sides of the 180 degree meridian will result in Geohash codes with no common prefix (different longitudes for near physical locations). Points close to the North and South poles will have very different geohashes (different longitudes for near physical locations).


title: Geohash

text: Two close locations on either side of the Equator (or Greenwich meridian) will not have a long common prefix since they belong to different 'halves' of the world. Put simply, one location's binary latitude (or longitude) will be 011111... and the other 100000..., so they will not have a common prefix and most bits will be flipped. This can also be seen as a consequence of relying on the Z-order curve (which could more appropriately be called an N-order visit in this case) for ordering the points, as two points close by might be visited at very different times. However, two points with a long common prefix will be close by.


title: Geohash

text: In order to do a proximity search, one could compute the southwest corner (low geohash with low latitude and longitude) and northeast corner (high geohash with high latitude and longitude) of a bounding box and search for geohashes between those two. This search will retrieve all points in the z-order curve between the two corners, which can be far too many points. This method also breaks down at the 180 meridians and the poles. Solr uses a filter list of prefixes, by computing the prefixes of the nearest squares close to the geohash .


title: Geohash

text: Since a geohash (in this implementation) is based on coordinates of longitude and latitude the distance between two geohashes reflects the distance in latitude/longitude coordinates between two points, which does not translate to actual distance, see Haversine formula.


title: Geohash

text: Note that these limitations are not due to geohashing, and not due to latitude-longitude coordinates, but due to the difficulty of mapping coordinates on a sphere (non linear and with wrapping of values, similar to modulo arithmetic) to two dimensional coordinates and the difficulty of exploring a two dimensional space uniformly. The first is related to Geographical coordinate system and Map projection, and the other to Hilbert curve and z-order curve. Once a coordinate system is found that represents points linearly in distance and wraps up at the edges, and can be explored uniformly, applying geohashing to those coordinates will not suffer from the limitations above.


title: Geohash

text: While it is possible to apply geohashing to an area with a Cartesian coordinate system, it would then only apply to the area where the coordinate system applies.


title: Geohash

text: Despite those issues, there are possible workarounds, and the algorithm has been successfully used in Elasticsearch, MongoDB, HBase, Redis, and Accumulo to implement proximity searches.


title: Geohash

text: An alternative to storing Geohashes as strings in a database are Locational codes, which are also called spatial keys and similar to QuadTiles.


title: Geohash

text: In some geographical information systems and Big Data spatial databases, a Hilbert curve based indexation can be used as an alternative to Z-order curve, like in the "S2 Geometry library".


title: Geohash

text: In 2019 a front-end was designed by QA Locate in what they called GeohashPhrase to use phrases to code Geohashes for easier communication via spoken English language. There were plans to make GeohashPhrase open source.


title: Geohash

text: The Geohash algorithm was put in the public domain by its inventor in a public announcement on February 26, 2008.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: RPM Package Manager (RPM) (originally Red Hat Package Manager, now a recursive acronym) is a free and open-source package management system. The name RPM refers to the file format and the package manager program itself. RPM was intended primarily for Linux distributions; the file format is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Although it was created for use in Red Hat Linux, RPM is now used in many Linux distributions such as PCLinuxOS, Fedora, AlmaLinux, CentOS, openSUSE, OpenMandriva and Oracle Linux. It has also been ported to some other operating systems, such as Novell NetWare (as of version 6.5 SP3), IBM's AIX (as of version 4), IBM i, and ArcaOS.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: An RPM package can contain an arbitrary set of files. Most RPM files are “binary RPMs” (or BRPMs) containing the compiled version of some software. There are also “source RPMs” (or SRPMs) containing the source code used to build a binary package. These have an appropriate tag in the file header that distinguishes them from normal (B)RPMs, causing them to be extracted to /usr/src on installation. SRPMs customarily carry the file extension “.src.rpm” (.spm on file systems limited to 3 extension characters, e.g. old DOS FAT).


title: RPM Package Manager

text: For a system administrator performing software installation and maintenance, the use of package management rather than manual building has advantages such as simplicity, consistency and the ability for these processes to be automated and non-interactive. rpm uses Berkeley DB as the backend database although since 4.15 in 2019, it supports building rpm packages without Berkeley DB (codice_1).


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Packages may come from within a particular distribution (for example Red Hat Enterprise Linux) or be built for it by other parties (for example RPM Fusion for Fedora Linux). Circular dependencies among mutually dependent RPMs (so-called "dependency hell") can be problematic; in such cases a single installation command needs to specify all the relevant packages.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: RPMs are often collected centrally in one or more repositories on the internet. A site often has its own RPM repositories which may either act as local mirrors of such internet repositories or be locally maintained collections of useful RPMs.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Several front-ends to RPM ease the process of obtaining and installing RPMs from repositories and help in resolving their dependencies. These include:


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Working behind the scenes of the package manager is the RPM database, stored in . It uses Berkeley DB as its back-end. It consists of a single database () containing all of the meta information of the installed RPMs. Multiple databases are created for indexing purposes, replicating data to speed up queries. The database is used to keep track of all files that are changed and created when a user (using RPM) installs a package, thus enabling the user (via RPM) to reverse the changes and remove the package later. If the database gets corrupted (which is possible if the RPM client is killed), the index databases can be recreated with the command.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Whilst the RPM format is the same across different Linux distributions, the detailed conventions and guidelines may vary across them.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: RPMs with the extension do not depend on a particular CPU architecture. For example, these RPMs may contain graphics and text for other programs to use. They may also contain shell scripts or programs written in other interpreted programming languages such as Python.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Libraries are distributed in two separate packages for each version. One contains the precompiled code for use at run-time, while the second one contains the related development files such as headers, etc. Those packages have "-devel" appended to their name field. The system administrator should ensure that the versions of the binary and development packages match.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: The "Recipe" for creating an RPM package is a spec file. Spec files end in the ".spec" suffix and contain the package name, version, RPM revision number, steps to build, install, and clean a package, and a changelog. Multiple packages can be built from a single RPM spec file, if desired. RPM packages are created from RPM spec files using the rpmbuild tool.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Spec files are usually distributed within SRPM files, which contain the spec file packaged along with the source code.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: A typical RPM is pre-compiled software ready for direct installation. The corresponding source code can also be distributed. This is done in an SRPM, which also includes the "SPEC" file describing the software and how it is built. The SRPM also allows the user to compile, and perhaps modify, the code itself.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: A software package could contain only platform independent scripts. In such a case, the developer could provide only an SRPM, which is still an installable RPM.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: This is a special version of SRPM. It contains "SPEC" file and optionally patches, but does not include sources (usually because of license).


title: RPM Package Manager

text: , there are two versions of RPM in development: one led by the Fedora Project and Red Hat, and the other by a separate group led by a previous maintainer of RPM, a former employee of Red Hat.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: The "rpm.org" community's first major code revision was in July 2007; version 4.8 was released in January 2010, version 4.9 in March 2011, 4.10 in May 2012, 4.11 in January 2013, 4.12 in September 2014 and 4.13 in July 2015.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: This version is used by distributions such as Fedora Linux, Red Hat Enterprise Linux and derivatives, openSUSE, SUSE Linux Enterprise, Unity Linux, Mageia, OpenEmbedded, Tizen and OpenMandriva Lx (formerly Mandriva).


title: RPM Package Manager

text: Jeff Johnson, the RPM maintainer since 1999, continued development efforts together with participants from several other distributions. RPM version 5 was released in May 2007.


title: RPM Package Manager

text: This version is used by distributions such as Wind River Linux (until Wind River Linux 10), Rosa Linux, and OpenMandriva Lx (former Mandriva Linux which switched to rpm5 in 2011) and also by the OpenPKG project which provides packages for other common UNIX-platforms.


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: Crisis? What Crisis? is the fourth album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in 1975. It was recorded in Los Angeles and London – Supertramp's first album to have recording done in the US.


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: A remastered CD version of the album was released on 11 June 2002 on A&M Records. The remaster features the original artwork and credits plus lyrics to all of the songs, which the original release lacked.


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: "Record Mirror" included "Crisis? What Crisis?" on its end-of-year list for 1975, recognising the best albums of the year.


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: Having achieved commercial success with "Crime of the Century" (1974), the pressure was on for Supertramp to deliver a followup, and the record company pushed them to begin work as soon as the touring for "Crime of the Century" was finished. While touring the west coast of North America, Supertramp unintentionally gained extra time: Hodgson injured his hand, forcing the band to cancel the rest of the tour and leaving them with nothing better to do than work on the album. Despite this, the band still had no time to rehearse for the album, and much like "Indelibly Stamped" (1971), songwriters Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson had no vision for a completed album worked out. Furthermore, the band's busy touring schedule had left no time for writing songs, and so they entered A&M's Los Angeles recording studios with only leftover songs from "Crime of the Century" (or even earlier) for material. Due to shortage of material, production had to be halted at one point so that Davies and Hodgson could write two new songs, one of which was "Ain't Nobody But Me".


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: "Ultimate Classic Rock" critic Nick DeRiso suggested that the melody of "Sister Moonshine" planted the seeds for Supertramp's later song "Give a Little Bit," which became one of their biggest hits.


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: Four of the songs ("Sister Moonshine", "Another Man's Woman", "Lady", and "Just a Normal Day") were performed live before the tracks were recorded and released, as documented on the BBC recorded performance of the band playing at The Hammersmith Odeon in London in March 1975 and were included on the 2001 live release "Is Everybody Listening?".


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: Hodgson was unhappy with the album, describing it as a rushed job with none of the cohesion of "Crime of the Century". Bassist Dougie Thomson concurred: "We thought that the "Crisis" album was a little bit disjointed and the band as a whole at that time didn't really like the album."


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: Both the title and the concept of the cover were conceived by Davies, as John Helliwell recounted: "It was Rick that came up with the name "Crisis? What Crisis?" and one day, when we were sitting around Scorpio Studio, he came in with this sketch of a guy in a deck chair under an umbrella with all this chaos going on around him." It appears he was inspired by Yves Robert's "Alexandre le bienheureux". "Crisis? What Crisis?" is a line in the film "The Day of the Jackal" (1973). The phrase was used as a headline in The Sun newspaper during the Winter of Discontent in 1979 to convey a popular impression of the UK government at the time, attributed to then Prime Minister James Callaghan but denied by him. Hodgson stated that the title "came to mean more to us as a title than it did to other people because it was really a crisis album. We learnt how not to make an album, coming right off the road and going into the studio. We really didn’t enjoy making it and in the end it was kind of a patch up job." Artist Paul Wakefield returned after his work in "Crime of the Century", photographing the backgrounds at the Welsh mining valleys, which were later composited with a model shot in the studio afterwards.


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: AllMusic commended the album in its retrospective review, praising Rick Davies's keyboard work, Roger Hodgson's vocals, and John Helliwell's saxophone. They especially noted the emotionally powerful songwriting, which they felt gave the album a "warm personality and charmingly subtle mood."


title: Crisis? What Crisis?

text: The 2002 A&M Records reissue was mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, 2002. The reissue was supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel.


title: Internet radio

text: Online radio (also web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio, IP radio, Internet radio) is a digital audio service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means. It can either be used as a stand-alone device running through the Internet, or as a software running through a single computer.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio is generally used to communicate and easily spread messages through the form of talk. It is distributed through a wireless communication network connected to a switch packet network (the internet) via a disclosed source.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that typically cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional broadcast radio stations. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial) radio station or radio network, although low start-up and ongoing costs have allowed a substantial proliferation of independent Internet-only radio stations.


title: Internet radio

text: The first Internet radio service was launched in 1993. As of 2017, the most popular Internet radio platforms and applications in the world include (but are not limited to) TuneIn Radio, iHeartRadio, and Sirius XM. In the U.S., unlike over-the-air broadcast radio, an FCC license is not required to operate an Internet radio service.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world with a suitable internet connection available; one could, for example, listen to an Australian station from Europe and America. This has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Nevertheless, some major networks like TuneIn Radio, Entercom, Pandora Radio, iHeartRadio and Citadel Broadcasting (except for news/talk and sports stations) in the United States, and Chrysalis in the United Kingdom, restrict listening to in-country due to music licensing and advertising issues.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests, allowing users to pick from a multitude of different stations and genres less commonly represented on traditional radio.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio is typically listened to on a standard home PC or similar device, through an embedded player program located on the respective station's website or on a smartphone app. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a traditional radio receiver have arrived on the market.


title: Internet radio

text: Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using a lossy audio codec. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Ogg Opus, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, AAC and HE-AAC (or aacPlus). Audio data is continuously transmitted serially (streamed) over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets, then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of digital audio broadcasting.


title: Internet radio

text: A local tuner simulation program includes all the online radios that can also be heard in the air in the city.


title: Internet radio

text: In 2003, revenue from online streaming music radio was US$49 million. By 2006, that figure rose to US$500 million. A February 21, 2007 "survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research" found that "[a]s much as 19% of U.S. consumers 12 and older listen to Web-based radio stations." In other words, there were "some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, or cell-phone-based radio combined." An April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008, 13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, compared to 11 percent in 2007. Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices, which give an FM like receiver user experience.


title: Internet radio

text: In the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2012, Pandora, TuneIn Radio, iHeart Radio, and other subscription-based and free Internet radio services accounted for nearly one quarter (23 percent) of the average weekly music listening time among consumers between the ages of 13 and 35, an increase from a share of 17 percent the previous year.


title: Internet radio

text: As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, which now accounts for 24 percent of music-listening time, declined 2 percentage points. In the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share.


title: Internet radio

text: As of 2017, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older—an estimated 124 million people—said they have listened to online radio in the last month, while 36% (94 million people) have listened in the last week. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013. The average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours, 56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014. As might be expected, usage numbers are much higher for teens and younger adults, with 75% of Americans ages 12–24 listening to online radio in the last month, compared to 50% of Americans ages 25–54 and 21% of Americans 55+. The weekly figures for the same age groups were 64%, 37% and 13%, respectively. In 2015, it was recorded that 53% of Americans, or 143 million people, ages 12 and up currently listen to internet radio.


title: Internet radio

text: Some stations, such as Primordial Radio, use Internet radio as a platform as opposed to other means such as FM or DAB, as it gives greater freedom to broadcast as they see fit, without being subject to regulatory bodies such as Ofcom in the UK. For example, Ofcom has very strict rules about presenters endorsing products and product placement; being an Internet radio station they are free of this constraint.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio was pioneered by Carl Malamud. In 1993, Malamud launched "Internet Talk Radio", which was the "first computer-radio talk show, each week interviewing a computer expert". The first Internet concert was broadcast on June 24, 1993, by the band Severe Tire Damage. In March 1994, an unofficial automated rebroadcast of Irish radio news was setup as the RTE To Everywhere Project, allowing Irish people across the world daily access to radio news from home until it was rendered obsolete in 1998. In November 1994, a Rolling Stones concert was the "first major cyberspace multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened the concert by saying, "I want to say a special welcome to everyone that's, uh, climbed into the Internet tonight and, uh, has got into the M-bone. And I hope it doesn't all collapse."


title: Internet radio

text: On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA) became the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC used an FM radio connected to a system at SunSite, later known as Ibiblio, running Cornell's CU-SeeMe software. WXYC had begun test broadcasts and bandwidth testing as early as August 1994. WREK (91.1 FM, Atlanta, GA USA) started streaming on the same day using their own custom software called CyberRadio1. However, unlike WXYC, this was WREK's beta launch and the stream was not advertised until a later date.


title: Internet radio

text: On December 3, 1994, KJHK 90.7 FM, a campus radio station located in Lawrence, Kansas, at the University of Kansas, became one of the first radio stations in the world to broadcast a live and continuous stream over Internet radio. "Time" magazine said that RealAudio took "advantage of the latest advances in digital compression" and delivered "AM radio-quality sound in so-called real time." Eventually, companies such as Nullsoft and Microsoft released streaming audio players as free downloads. As the software audio players became available, "many Web-based radio stations began springing up."


title: Internet radio

text: In 1995, Scott Bourne founded NetRadio.com as the world's first Internet-only radio network. NetRadio.com was a pioneer in Internet radio. It was the first Internet-only network to be licensed by ASCAP. NetRadio eventually went on to an IPO in October 1999. Most of the current Internet radio providers followed the path that NetRadio.com carved out in digital media.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio also provided new opportunities to mix music with advocacy messages. In February 1999, Zero24-7 Web Radio was launched. It was the first internet radio station to be crowdsourced and programmed by professional broadcasters and crowdfunded by a unique partnership of people, charities and businesses. Out of Washington DC, the station mixed progressive music and green messages. It was created by BBC and WHFS veteran Mark Daley.


title: Internet radio

text: Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998, the initial public stock offering for Broadcast.com set a record at the time for the largest jump in price in stock offerings in the United States. The offering price was US$18 and the company's shares opened at US$68 on the first day of trading. The company was losing money at the time and indicated in a prospectus filed with the Securities Exchange Commission that they expected the losses to continue indefinitely. Yahoo! purchased Broadcast.com on July 20, 1999, for US$5.7 billion.


title: Internet radio

text: With the advent of streaming RealAudio over HTTP, streaming became more accessible to a number of radio shows. One such show, "TechEdge Radio" in 1997, was broadcast in three formats – live on the radio, live from a RealAudio server and streamed from the web over HTTP.In 1998, the longest running internet radio show, "The Vinyl Lounge", began netcasting from Sydney, Australia, from Australia's first Internet radio station, NetFM (www.netfm.net). In 1999, Australian telco "Telstra" launched The Basement Internet Radio Station but it was later shut down in 2003 as it was not a viable business for the company.


title: Internet radio

text: From 2000 onwards, most Internet radio stations increased their stream quality as bandwidth became more economical. Today, most stations stream between 64 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s providing near CD quality audio. As of 2017 the mobile app Radio Garden, a research project of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, was streaming approximately 8,000 radio stations to a global audience.


title: Internet radio

text: In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), one result of which is that performance royalties are to be paid for satellite radio and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and no performance royalties.


title: Internet radio

text: A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters. Some observers said that royalty rates that were being proposed were overly burdensome and intended to disadvantage independent Internet-only stations—that "while Internet giants like AOL may be able to afford the new rates, many smaller Internet radio stations will have to shut down." The Digital Media Association (DiMA) said that even large companies, like Yahoo! Music, might fail due to the proposed rates. Some observers said that some U.S.-based Internet broadcasts might be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply.


title: Internet radio

text: Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels and webcasters" that opposed the proposed royalty rates. To focus attention on the consequences of the impending rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in a "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they shut off their audio streams or streamed ambient sound, sometimes interspersed with brief public service announcements voiced, written and produced by popular voiceover artist Dave Solomon. Notable participants included Rhapsody, Live365, MTV, Pandora, Digitally Imported and SHOUTcast.


title: Internet radio

text: Some broadcasters did not participate, such as Last.fm, which had just been purchased for US$280 million by CBS Music Group. According to a Last.fm employee, they were unable to participate because participation "may compromise ongoing license negotiations."


title: Internet radio

text: SoundExchange, representing supporters of the increase in royalty rates, pointed out that the rates were flat from 1998 through 2005 (see above), without being increased to reflect cost-of-living increases. They also declared that if Internet radio is to build businesses from the product of recordings, the performers and owners of those recordings should receive fair compensation.


title: Internet radio

text: On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange came to an agreement with certain large webcasters regarding the minimum fees that were modified by the determination of the Copyright Royalty Board. While the CRB decision imposed a $500 per station or channel minimum fee for all webcasters, certain webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated a $50,000 "cap" on those fees with SoundExchange. However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over the per song, per listener fees.


title: Internet radio

text: SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allow them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate. To be eligible, a webcaster had to have revenues of less than US$1.25 million a year and stream less than 5 million "listener hours" a month (or an average of 6830 concurrent listeners). These restrictions would disqualify independent webcasters like AccuRadio, Digitally Imported, Club977 and others from participating in the offer, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate a settlement with SoundExchange.


title: Internet radio

text: An August 16, 2008 "Washington Post" article reported that although Pandora was "one of the nation's most popular Web radio services, with about 1 million listeners daily...the burgeoning company may be on the verge of collapse" due to the structuring of performance royalty payment for webcasters. "Traditional radio, by contrast, pays no such fee. Satellite radio pays a fee but at a less onerous rate, at least by some measures." The article indicated that "other Web radio outfits" may be "doomed" for the same reasons.


title: Internet radio

text: On September 30, 2008, the United States Congress passed "a bill that would put into effect any changes to the royalty rate to which [record labels and web casters] agree while lawmakers are out of session." Although royalty rates are expected to decrease, many webcasters nevertheless predict difficulties generating sufficient revenue to cover their royalty payments.


title: Internet radio

text: In January 2009, the US Copyright Royalty Board announced that "it will apply royalties to streaming net services based on revenue." Since then, websites like Pandora Radio, AccuRadio, Mog, 8tracks and recently Google Music have changed the way people discover and listen to music.


title: Internet radio

text: The Webcaster Settlement Act of 2009 expired in January 2016, ending a 10-year period in which smaller online radio stations, Live365 among them, could pay reduced royalties to labels. On January 31, 2016, webcasters who are governed by rules adopted by the Copyright Royalty Board were required to pay to SoundExchange an annual, nonrefundable minimum fee of $500 for each channel and station, the fee for services with greater than 100 stations or channels being $50,000 annually.


title: Mini Mathur

text: Mini Mathur (born 21 August 1975) is an Indian television host, actor and model. She was the host of the Indian reality singing contest "Indian Idol" for 6 seasons. Earlier, she was a VJ on MTV India where she hosted many shows. She has a bachelor degree in English Literature and an MBA in marketing from IMT Ghaziabad and recently played the lead in the Amazon original series "Mind the Malhotras" for which she received 7 best actor awards for her role as Shefali Malhotra. She hosts the Discovery School Super League on Discovery India and is the producer presenter of her travel series "Minime", the first season of which aired on TLC. She also hosted an interview show with politicians, industrialists and opinion makers called "Dilli dil se". She also was a contestant in the second season of "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" in 2007.


title: Mini Mathur

text: Mini is one of the most popular TV hosts in India. She holds a degree in English literature from Lady Sriram College and in business management from Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad.


title: Mini Mathur

text: She started her career as an advertising professional at J Walter Thompson, New Delhi through IMT Campus Placement. A chance opportunity to be the face of Ray-ban sunglasses led her to many more modelling assignments and her first game show on Indian television called "Tol mol ke Bol". Several more game and quiz shows and a travel show led her to Mumbai where she joined as a VJ, after a contest where she impersonated Simi Garewal interviewing Mamta Kulkarni.


title: Mini Mathur

text: In four years at MTV Mini hosted concerts by international artists, interviewed film and pop stars, appear on youth campuses, give advice on love, and play classic tracks. At MTV, she presented "Bombay Blush", a culture show on India that aired in the UK. She hosted 2 seasons of the show on BBC2.


title: Mini Mathur

text: She returned to mass entertainment with the first edition of the smash hit, "Indian Idol" and continued to be a favorite for 3 seasons. She took a break to have a baby. She did several shows on music thereafter. Having accumulated goodwill among musicians. Yeh shaam Mastani, an interview-based concert series. Mini then stepped into the jungles of Taman Negara in Malaysia for 2 months to host the first season of "Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao" live, the Indian edition of "I'm a celebrity, get me out of here".


title: Mini Mathur

text: She appeared as a celebrity contestant on "Jhalak Dikhlaja" Season 2. She then hosted a hardcore sports quiz show called "Sports ka Superstar" which gave her a chance to hone her sports knowledge and appear on two seasons of "Kaun Banega Crorepati" ("Who Wants to be a Millionaire") as an expert lifeline. She returned to host "Indian Idol" season 6 in 2012. She also hosted BYJU's Discovery School Super League season 1 along with Cyrus Sahukar in 2019 which aired on Discovery Channel.


title: Mini Mathur

text: She is known to harbor political aspirations. She hosts an interview show with politicians, industrialists, and opinion makers on DD, the national channel. Known for her sense of style and her love for vibrantly coloured handloom sarees, Mini appeared in many ad campaigns for Ultra doux, L'Oreal and Comfort.


title: Mini Mathur

text: Mini Mathur was born in Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family. She resides in Mumbai with her husband, film director Kabir Khan as well as her children, Vivaan and Sairah.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus "Borrelia", and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of "Borrelia burgdorferi" sensu lato. The complex currently comprises 20 accepted and 3 proposed genospecies. "B. burgdorferi" sensu stricto exists in North America and Eurasia and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme disease in North America. "Borrelia" species are Gram-negative.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "Borrelia burgdorferi" is named after the researcher Willy Burgdorfer, who first isolated the bacterium in 1982.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "Borrelia burgdorferi" is a microaerophile, requiring small amounts of oxygen in order to undergo glycolysis and survive. Like all other "Borrelia" sps., this bacterium is also gram-negative and a spirochete. Borrelia colonies are often smaller, rounded, and white with an elevated center. "B. burgdorferi" possesses flagella that allow it motility. It may be oxidase negative, but "B. burgdorferi" possesses a gene coding for superoxide dismutase. This protein inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bacterium appears able to utilize many different monosaccharides for use in energy production.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" resembles other spirochetes in that it has an outer membrane and inner membrane with a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between. It is characterized as having a flexible cell well and has cells that are long and cylindrical with them being roughly 1 micron wide. However, the outer membrane lacks lipopolysaccharide. Its shape is a flat wave. It is about 0.3 μm wide and 5 to 20 μm in length.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" is a microaerobic, motile spirochete with seven to 11 bundled perisplasmic flagella set at each end that allow the bacterium to move in low- and high-viscosity media alike, which is related to its high virulence factor.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" is a slow-growing microaerophilic spirochete with a doubling time of 24 to 48 hours.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Bacterial transformation has been utilized by researchers in order to isolate specific pathogenic genes among the "Borrelia burgdorferi". "B. burgdorferi" strains appear to be highly insufficient for use in bacterial transformation due to the large amount of DNA needed for transformation, the time it takes to produce reliable transformants, and the influence of restriction modification systems. In fact, infectivity of "B. burgdorferi" often requires the gene "pncA", which is present on a bacterial plasmid that contains the gene "bbe02" that is highly selected against during transformation. Since these genes are often paired together, infectivity is selected against in transformation, counteracting research to pinpoint particular genes that function in pathogenicity of "Borrelia burgdorferi". Despite this, some headway has been made in unraveling the mysteries of "B. burgdorferi," such as the discovery of gene "cyaB" as essential for mammalian infection.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" circulates between "Ixodes" ticks and a vertebrate host in an enzootic cycle. "B. burgdorferi" living in a tick is mainly acquired through blood meals from an infected, competent vertebrate host, but rare cases of transovarial transmission exist. Once a tick is infected, it will then transmit "B. burgdorferi" by feeding on another vertebrate to complete the cycle. Ticks can transmit "B. burgdorferi" to humans, but humans are dead-end hosts, unlikely to continue the life cycle of the spirochete. Nymphs molt into adult ticks, which usually feed on larger mammals that are not able to support the survival of "B. burgdorferi".


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is why this bacteria is so important and being studied. It is most commonly transmitted from ticks to humans. Humans act as the tick's host for this bacteria. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the "Ixodes" tick (also the vector for "Babesia" and "Anaplasma"). The infected nymphal tick transmits "B. burgdorferi" via its saliva to the human during its blood meal.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is best known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as "erythema chronicum migrans") but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" infections have been found in possible association with primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (PCDLBCLs), where a review of the primary literature has, as of 2010, noted that most of the PCBCLs examined have been 'unresponsive' to antibiotics; hence, as in the case of "Chlamydophila psittaci" association with ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), the working conclusion was that "if "B. burgdorferi" is truly associated with PCBCL, then there is wide geographic variability and other factors are probably involved".


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Stage 1 is known as the Early Localized stage and occurs approximately 3 days - 1 month after inoculation. It affects the local area around the bite and is characterized by local swelling and / or a red "bull's-eye" rash (also known as "erythema chronicum migrans") seen as an erythematous circle encircling a defined center that expands outward. It can get as large as 15 cm in diameter. Once the rash starts to subside the first symptoms can manifest as "flu-like" symptoms. At this stage, antibiotics are most efficacious to prevent further growth and symptoms of the disease before the major symptoms manifest.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Stage 2 is known as the Early Disseminated stage and occurs weeks - months after infection if left untreated. The bacteria spreads via the blood through the body to affect the organs. It often presents with general symptoms such as fever, chills, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy as well as the organ-specific symptoms. It can affect the heart causing myocarditis, as well as arrythmias such as atrioventricular blocks (which if significant enough may require the insertion of a pacemaker). It can affect the musculoskeletal system causing non-inflammatory transient arthritis and / or arthralgias. It can affect the nervous system manifesting as facial paralysis (Bell's palsy, classically bilateral), fatigue, and loss of memory.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Stage 3 is known as the Late Disseminated stage and occurs months - years after the initial infection. Effects of the 3rd stage include encephalitis or meningitis, as well as migratory arthropathies (most commonly of the knee).


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are also common tick-borne pathogens carried by the Ixodes tick that infect humans similarly to "Borrelia burgdorferi". Consequently, it is possible for an Ixodes tick to coinfect a host with either two or all other diseases. When a host is coinfected, the combined effects of the diseases act synergistically, often proving to cause worse symptoms than a single infection alone Coinfected humans tend to display a more severe manifestation of Lyme disease. In addition, they tend to acquire a wider range of secondary symptoms, such as influenza-like symptoms. More studies and research must be done to determine the synergistic effect of co-infection and its effect on the human body.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: So far, there are three factors that may contribute to the severity of the clinical manifestation of Lyme Disease. The presence of ribosomal spacers, plasmids, and the outer surface protein C (OspC) are indicators of the severity of the infection. Additionally, humans, themselves, vary in their response to the infection. The variation in response leads to different clinical manifestations and different infections to different organs.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: After the pathogen is transmitted, it will acclimate to the mammalian conditions. "Borrelia burgdorferi" will change its glycoproteins and proteases on its plasma membrane to facilitate its dissemination throughout the blood. While infecting, "B. burgdorferi" will express proteins that will interact with endothelial cells, platelets, chondrocytes, and the extracellular matrix. This interaction inhibits proper function of the infected areas, leading to the pathological manifestations of Lyme disease. In response, the host will initiate an inflammatory response to attempt to remove the infection.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "Borrelia burgdorferi", also, expresses at least seven plasminogen binding proteins for interference of factor H at the activation level. This is part of a complement system evasion strategy that leads to downstream blocking of immune response.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: In addition, "Borrelia burgdorferi" has a strategy to directly inhibit the classical pathway of complement system. A borrelial lipoprotein BBK32, expressed on the surface of "Borrelia burgdorferi", binds the initiating protease complex C1 of the classical pathway. More specifically, BBK32 interacts with C1r subunit of C1. C-terminal domain of the BBK32 protein mediates the binding. As a result, C1 is trapped in an inactive form.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: "B. burgdorferi" (B31 strain) was the third microbial genome ever sequenced, following the sequencing of both "Haemophilus influenzae" and "Mycoplasma genitalium" in 1995. Its linear chromosome contains 910,725 base pairs and 853 genes. The sequencing method used was whole genome shotgun. The sequencing project, published in "Nature" in 1997 and "Molecular Microbiology" in 2000, was conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research. Overall, "B. burgdorferi" genome oddly consists of one megabase chromosome and a variety of circular and linear plasmids ranging in size from 9 to 62 kilobases. The megabase chromosome, unlike many other eubacteria, has no relation to either the bacteria's virulence or to the host-parasite interaction. Some of the plasmids are necessary for the "B. burgdorferi" life cycle but not for propagation of the bacteria in culture.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: The genomic variations of "B. burgdorferi" contribute to varying degrees of infection and dissemination. Each genomic group has varying antigens on its membrane receptor, which are specific to the infection of the host. One such membrane receptor is the surface protein OspC. The OspC surface protein is shown to be a strong indicator of the identification of genomic classification and the degree of dissemination. Varying number of OspC loci are indications and determinants for the variations of "B." "burgdorferi". The surface protein is also on the forefront of current vaccine research for Lyme disease via "Borrelia".


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Relatively few bacteriophages are known to infect "B. burgdorferi". Several phage particles were isolated and some evidence suggested that they had an 8-kb dsDNA genome. Among the best-studied "Borrelia" phages is φBB-1, a phage with a polyhedral head and a contractile tail of 90 nm in length. φBB-1 was the first bacteriophage that provided evidence of transduction for lateral gene transfer in "Borrelia" species that cause Lyme Disease. Current research aims to use bacteriophages as way of identifying virulence factors in spirochaetes that lead to Lyme Disease.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Genetically diverse "B. burgdorferi" strains, as defined by the sequence of "ospC", are maintained within the Northeastern United States. Balancing selection may act upon "ospC" or a nearby sequence to maintain the genetic variety of "B. burgdorferi". Balancing selection is the process by which multiple versions of a gene are kept within the gene pool at unexpectedly high frequencies. Two major models that control the selection balance of "B.burgdorferi" is negative frequency-dependent selection and multiple-niche polymorphism. These models may explain how "B. burgdorferi" have diversified, and how selection may have affected the distribution of the "B. burgdorferi" variants, or the variation of specific traits of the species, in certain environments.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: In negative frequency-dependent selection, rare and uncommon variants will have a selective advantage over variants that are very common in an environment. For "B. burgdorferi", low-frequency variants will be advantageous because potential hosts will be less likely to mount an immunological response to the variant-specific OspC outer protein.


title: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Ecological niches are all of the variables in an environment, such as the resources, competitors, and responses, that contribute to the organism's fitness. Multiple-niche polymorphism states that diversity is maintained within a population due to the varying amount of possible niches and environments. Therefore, the more various niches the more likelihood of polymophrism and diversity. For "B. burgdorferi", varying vertebrae niches, such as deer and mice, can affect the overall balancing selection for variants.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Saalumarada Thimmakka, also known as Aala Marada Thimmakka, is an Indian environmentalist from the state of Karnataka, noted for her work in planting and tending to 385 banyan trees along a forty-five-kilometre stretch of highway between Hulikal and Kudur. She has also planted nearly 8000 other trees. With the support of her husband, she found solace in planting trees.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: She received no formal education and worked as a casual labourer in a nearby quarry. Her work has been honoured with the National Citizen's Award of India. Her work was recognised by the Government of India and she was conferred with Padma Shri in 2019.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: A U.S. environmental organisation based in Los Angeles and Oakland, California called "Thimmakka's Resources for Environmental Education" is named after her. Central University of Karnataka has announced an honorary doctorate for Thimmakka in the year 2020.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Thimmakka was born in Gubbi Taluk, Tumukuru District in Karnataka. She was married to Chikkaiah, a native of Hulikal village in the Magadi taluk of Ramanagara district in Karnataka. She received no formal education and worked as a casual labourer in a nearby quarry. The couple could not have children but, they had adopted a son named Surya Prakash. It is said that Thimmakka started to plant banyan trees in lieu of children. The name word "Saalumarada" ("row of trees" in the Kannada language) is how she is referred to because of her work.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Ficus (banyan) trees were aplenty near Thimmakka's village. Thimakka and her husband started grafting saplings from these trees. Ten saplings were grafted in the first year and they were planted along a distance of 5 km near the neighbouring village of Kudur. 15 saplings were planted in the second year and 20 in the third year. She used her meager resources for planting these trees. The couple used to carry four pails of water for a distance of four kilometres to water the saplings. They were also protected from grazing cattle by fencing them with thorny shrubs.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: The saplings were planted mostly during monsoon season so that sufficient rainwater would be available for them to grow. By the onset of the next monsoons, the saplings had invariably taken root. In total, 384 trees were planted, and their asset value has been assessed at around 1.5 million rupees. The management of these trees have now been taken over by the Government of Karnataka.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: The 385 banyan trees planted and nurtured by her came under threat of being chopped down for the widening of Bagepalli-Halaguru road in 2019. Thimmakka requested the Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy and Deputy Chief Minister G Parameshwara to reconsider the project. As a result, the government decided to look for alternatives to save the 70 years old trees.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Thimmakka's husband died in 1991. Today, Thimmakka is invited to many afforestation programs in India. She has also been involved in other social activity like constructing a tank to store rainwater for the annual fair held in her village. She also has a dream of constructing a hospital in her village in remembrance of her husband and a trust has been set up for this purpose. In 1999, a documentary titled "Thimmakka Mathu 284 Makkalu" was made on her work and it featured in the 2000 International Film Festival of India. She underwent a hip surgery in December 2020 and was announced to be successful.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: In 2016, Saalumarada Thimmakka was listed by British Broadcasting Corporation as one of the most influential and inspirational women of the world.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Delhi settled comedian, Vasu Ritu Primlani has been accused by Thimmakka of misusing her name. Ms. Thimmakka had filed a private complaint before the Ramanagara Judicial Magistrate First Class (JFMC) court on 9 May against a non-resident Indian, Ritu Primlani, for running the organisation named after her for at least 14 years without her consent or knowledge.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: In 2014, the High Court of Karnataka adjudicated in Ms Primlani's favour, stating that 'if all the charges against Ms Primlani were true, they still won't amount to a crime', and that this prosecution. See State of Karnataka Vs. Ritu Primlani. Ms Thimmakka had, in fact, met Ms Primlani in 2003, when Ms Primlani had made the effort to visit her, and Ms Thimmakka had stated she was 'delighted' that Ms Primlani had named an organisation after her to honour her.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Primlani had started the non-profit organisation more than a decade prior to the allegations. Thimmakka's adopted son, Umesh has claimed that the organisation misuses her name to collect donations. Ms Primlani had visited Thimmakka back in 2003 where photos were taken of her gifting Thimmakka with a saree. Now she is said to have allegedly taken Thimmakka's fingerprints, while she says Thimmakka okayed the non-profit back than in front of a judge.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Following the complaint, a policeman arrived at Alliance Francaise and Jagriti in Bangalore, venues where Ms Primlani was performing her shows, to take her into custody. Ms Primlani claims that she was taken into custody by a male policeman, after dark, which is against the law. She says that a dozen policemen had arrived at the venue though they did not disrupt her show. She claims to be harassed by Thimmakka's lawyers with written threats, which is an indication of extortion.


title: Saalumarada Thimmakka

text: Though Thimmakka herself was mostly available for comment, she mentioned her meagre pension of Rs. 400 and has been quoted "What if there is a misuse and my name is tarnished?". Thimmakka has been of ill health lately and the treatment has taken a toll on her financial situation.


title: Eve teasing

text: Eve teasing is a euphemism, primarily occurring in Indian English, used for public sexual harassment or sexual assault of women by men. The name "Eve" alludes to the Bible's creation story concerning Adam and Eve. Considered a problem related to delinquency in male youth, it is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places and catcalls, to groping.


title: Eve teasing

text: The Indian National Commission for Women has suggested that the expression serves only to trivialize the seriousness of the offence and should be replaced by a more appropriate term. They argue that, considering the semantic roots of the term in Indian English, Eve teasing refers to the temptress nature of Eve, and places the responsibility on the woman as an alluring tease.


title: Eve teasing

text: As with most forms of personal harassment, sexual harassment is notoriously difficult to prove in a legal sense as perpetrators often devise intentionally discreet ways to harass women, although Eve teasing usually occurs in public spaces and streets and on public transport. Some guidebooks to the region warn female tourists to avoid attracting the attention of these kinds of men by wearing modest, conservative clothing. However, this form of harassment has been reported by both Indian and foreign women in conservative dress.


title: Eve teasing

text: The problem first received public and media attention in India in the 1970s. In the following decades, more and more women started attending college and working independently, meaning that they were often no longer accompanied by a male escort as had been the norm in traditional society. In response, the problem grew to alarming proportions, despite this not being the case in other cultures where women come and go as they please. Soon the Indian government had to take remedial measures, both judicial and law enforcement, to curb the practice. Efforts were made to sensitise the police about the issue, and police started to round up Eve teasers. The deployment of plain-clothed female police officers for the purpose has been particularly effective. Other measures taken in various states by the police were setting up of dedicated women's helplines in various cities, police stations staffed by women, and special police cells.


title: Eve teasing

text: Also seen during this period was a marked rise in the number of women coming forward to report cases of sexual harassment, due to changing public opinion against this practice. In addition, the severity of these incidents grew as well, in some cases leading to acid throwing, which in turn led to states like Tamil Nadu making it a non-bailable offence. The number of women's organisations and those working for women's rights also increased, and during this period reports of bride burning increased. The increase in the number of violent incidents involving women meant previously lackadaisical attitudes towards women's rights had to be revised and supported by law. In the coming years, certain organisations played a key role in lobbying for the passing of legislation designed to protect women from aggressive behaviour from strangers, including 'The Delhi Prohibition of Eve-teasing Bill 1984'.


title: Eve teasing

text: The death of a female student, Sarika Shah, in Chennai in 1998, resulted in some tough laws to counter the problem in South India. After murder charges were brought, about a half-dozen reports of suicide have been attributed to pressures caused by this behaviour. In February 2009, female students from Maharaja Sayajirao University (MSU) in Vadodara assaulted four young men near the family and community sciences faculty, after the men made lewd comments about a girl student staying in SD Hall hostel.


title: Eve teasing

text: Many other cases go unreported for fear of reprisals and exposure to public shame. In some cases police let the offenders go, after public humiliation through the murga punishment. In 2008, a Delhi court ordered a 19-year-old caught making lewd remarks to passing females to distribute 500 handbills to youngsters outside schools and colleges detailing the consequences of indecent conduct.


title: Eve teasing

text: Some depictions in Indian cinema shows mild teasing as a part of flirtatious beginnings of a courtship, along with the usual accompaniment of song and dance routines, which invariably results in the heroine submitting to the hero's advances towards the end of the song. Young men tend to emulate the example depicted so flawlessly on screen; the term "roadside Romeos" even made it to film in "Roadside Romeo" (2007).


title: Eve teasing

text: It also has been frequently depicted that when a girl is teased in this way, the hero will come and beat the perpetrator up in order to protect her and 'defend her honour', such as in the Telugu films "Madhumasam", "Magadheera" and "Eega", and also the Hindi film "Wanted". Nowadays, this issue is also featured in Indian television soaps like "Savdhaan India" and "Crime Patrol".


title: Eve teasing

text: Although Indian law does not use the term "Eve teasing", victims earlier usually seek recourse through Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code, which sentences a man found guilty of making a girl or woman the target of obscene gestures, remarks, songs or recitation to a maximum jail sentence of three months. Section 292 of the IPC clearly spells out that showing pornographic or obscene pictures, books or papers to a woman or girl results in a fine of with two years' imprisonment for first offenders. In the case of a repeated offense, the offender may have a fine of with five years' imprisonment imposed. Under Section 509 of the IPC, obscene gestures, indecent body language and negative comments directed at any woman or girl or exhibiting any object which intrudes upon the privacy of a woman, carries a penalty of imprisonment for one year or a fine or both. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine.


title: Eve teasing

text: The National Commission for Women (NCW) also proposed No 9. Eve Teasing (New Legislation) 1988. The Indian Parliament has passed the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, which adds protections for female workers in most workplaces. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013.


title: Eve teasing

text: "Nirbhaya Karnataka" ("Fearless Karnataka") is a coalition of many individuals and groups including Alternative Law Forum, Blank Noise, Maraa, Samvada and Vimochana. After the rise of eve teasing cases in the 2000s, it organised several public awareness campaigns, including Take Back the Night, followed by another public art project titled, The Blank Noise Project, starting in Bangalore in 2003. A similar programme to fight eve-teasing was also hosted in Mumbai in 2008.


title: Eve teasing

text: In Delhi, one of India's most dangerous cities for women, the Department of Women and Child Development established a steering committee in 2009 to prepare the city for the Commonwealth Games to be held in 2010. In Mumbai, "Ladies Special" train compartments have been introduced to allow women to travel without the fear of being sexually harassed, for the length of the journey at least. Given that the number of women needing to travel has doubled since 1995, there is a very strong demand for these kinds of services. Today "Ladies Special" compartments are present in most local trains in big cities. The Delhi Metro also has exclusive women-only cars.


title: Eve teasing

text: Starting in 2017, the Drukpa nuns of Amitabha, known as the "Kung Fu Nuns", started teaching women's self-defence training for the Ladakh/Himalayan towns, the first class being held at Hemis Monastery. While the sisters were performing rescue work after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, they heard many stories of young women being sent away for better opportunities but ending up in sex slavery; these same small villages high in the Himalayas were also vulnerable to banditry. As part of their outreach, the nuns seek to strengthen women's safety, position and value in their communities by teaching new skills, including self-defence and vocational training.


title: Makruh

text: In Islamic terminology, something which is makruh (, transliterated: "makrooh" or "makrūh") is a disliked or offensive act (literally "detestable" or "abominable"). This is one of the five categories ("al-ahkam al-khamsa") in Islamic law – "wajib/fard" (obligatory), "Mustahabb/mandub" (recommended), "mubah" (neutral), "makruh" (disapproved), "haram" (forbidden).


title: Makruh

text: Though a "makruh" act is not "haram" (forbidden) or subject to punishment, a person who abstains from this act will be rewarded. Muslims are encouraged to avoid such actions when or as possible. It is one of the degrees of approval ("ahkam") in Islamic law.


title: Makruh

text: Acts considered "makruh" can vary between different madhhabs due to differing scholarly interpretations of the Quran and Hadith, with Hanafi scholars in particular differing from the other madhhabs in regards to classification of "makruh".


title: Makruh

text: The Hanafi school uses the "makruh tahrimi" classification on the basis that there is doubt (but not extremely significant) in the chain of narration and/or authenticity of a Hadith that provides evidence that a particular act is considered haram. All other madhhabs would consider classifying an act as haram in this case.


title: Makruh

text: Some of the examples of something considered "makruh" are the use of a great amount of water when performing ritual purifications known as the "wudu" (partial ablution, or "abdest") and "ghusl" (full ablution) or the consumption of garlic before attending the mosque or socializing with others.


title: Makruh

text: An example of a food which is considered "makruh" for Muslims of the Hanafi school is prawns (but only for the Hanafi school). There are, however, shared attitudes within the Hanafi school of whether shrimp are considered water game and are thereby "halal". Hanafis believe in refraining from it and in eating something else if possible.


title: Makruh

text: An example in regards to clothing that is considered "makruh" is wearing garments below the ankle. However, debate among scholars, particularly of the Maliki school, has led to some considering it haram while others maintain it is "makruh".


title: Makruh

text: While the wearing of silk garments and gold jewelry by men is considered haram in all other schools, the Hanafi school considers it "makruh tahrimi" due to doubt in the chain of narration and authenticity of the Hadith in which this evidence is sourced.


title: Makruh

text: Another example of "makruh tahrimi" is making an offer to buy something that has an offer already placed by another person. Similarly to the rule on men and silk garments, the Hanafi school considers it "makruh tahrimi" since the Hadith in which the evidence is found has some doubt to the chain of narration.


title: Makruh

text: Other examples of "makruh" acts in Islam include swearing, talking while taking ablutions for prayer, and slaughtering an animal for food where other animals of its kind can see it.


title: Bella Dayne

text: Bella Dayne (born 8 January 1988) is a German actress. Her credits include the television series "Plebs", "Humans" and the BBC/Netflix miniseries "", in which she portrayed Helen of Troy. In 2020 she was cast in the role of Red Spear in the Netflix original show "Cursed".


title: Bella Dayne

text: Dayne was born as Isabelle Knispel in Berlin, where she also grew up. In 2004, at the age of 16, she took part in the Miss East Germany contest.


title: Bella Dayne

text: In 2006, while still in school, she won the Miss Germany competition. Later, she moved to New York City, attending the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. Dayne has also lived in Los Angeles, where she has had three jobs. For her acting career she chose Bella Dayne as a stage name.


title: Northwestern Federal District

text: Northwestern Federal District, is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. It covers most of Northwest Russia. Its population was 13.6 million, of which 83.5% was urban, living in an area of , according to the 2010 Census. The current Envoy to the Northwestern Federal District is Alexander Gutsan, who was appointed to the post after previously serving as Deputy Prosecutor General. He replaced former Envoy Alexander Beglov, who was removed from the position and made acting Governor of Saint Petersburg.


title: Northwestern Federal District

text: The district comprises the Northern, Northwestern and Kaliningrad economic regions and eleven federal subjects:


title: Highway hypnosis

text: Highway hypnosis, also known as white line fever, is an altered mental state in which a person can drive a car, truck, or other automobile great distances, responding to external events in the expected, safe, and correct manner with no recollection of having consciously done so. In this state, the driver's conscious mind is apparently fully focused elsewhere, while seemingly still processing the information needed to drive safely. Highway hypnosis is a manifestation of the common process of automaticity.


title: Highway hypnosis

text: The concept was first described in a 1921 article that mentioned the phenomenon of "road hypnotism": driving in a trance-like state while gazing at a fixed point. A 1929 study, "Sleeping with the Eyes Open" by Walter Miles, also dealt with the subject, suggesting that it was possible for motorists to fall asleep with their eyes open and continuing to steer. The idea that the unaccountable automobile accidents could be explained by this phenomenon became popular in the 1950s. The term "highway hypnosis" was coined by G. W. Williams in 1963. Building on the theories of Ernest Hilgard (1986, 1992) that hypnosis is an altered state of awareness, some theorists hold that the consciousness can develop hypnotic dissociation. In the example of highway hypnosis, one stream of consciousness is driving the car while the other is dealing with other matters. Partial or complete amnesia related to the time spent driving under highway hypnosis can develop for the driver involved.


title: Glynnis O'Connor

text: Glynnis O'Connor (born November 19, 1956) is an American actress of television, film, radio, and theater. She first gained wide attention in the mid-1970s with leading roles in the television version of "Our Town" and in the short-lived series "Sons and Daughters". She also co-starred with Robby Benson in the films "Jeremy" in 1973 and "Ode to Billy Joe" in 1976, as well as with Jan-Michael Vincent in the film "Baby Blue Marine" in 1976.


title: Glynnis O'Connor

text: O'Connor was born in New Rochelle, New York, and is the daughter of actress Lenka Peterson and film producer Daniel Patrick O'Connor. She is married to Douglas Stern, a New York City native, and they have two daughters together, Lindsay (b. 1990) and Hana.


title: Glynnis O'Connor

text: In 1973, O'Connor sang the title song for the film "Jeremy" in which she also co-starred with Robby Benson. On January 8, 1974, she starred in the CBS Radio Mystery Theatre production of "Ring of Roses" and then co-starred with John Travolta in the 1976 made-for-television movie "The Boy in the Plastic Bubble". The same year she portrayed Bobbie Lee Hartley, co-starring again with Robby Benson, in the film "Ode to Billy Joe," a tragic romance produced and directed by Max Baer Jr.


title: Glynnis O'Connor

text: In 1984, O'Connor starred as Leola Mae Harmon in the biographical made-for-TV movie "Why Me?", about United States Air Force nurse Harmon's trauma and series of facial reconstruction surgeries after a horrifying car accident. She was also cast in 1984 in the comedy "Johnny Dangerously". In 1986, O'Connor performed in the NBC made-for-TV movie "The Deliberate Stranger".


title: Glynnis O'Connor

text: O’Connor played defense attorney Anne Paulsen in five episodes, from 1998 through 2004, on the television series "Law & Order". In 2007 she appeared in the independent feature film "P.J.", directed by Russ Emanuel.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The 2020 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that was held from August 17 to 20, 2020, at the Wisconsin Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and virtually across the United States. At the convention, delegates of the United States Democratic Party formally chose former vice president Joe Biden and Senator Kamala Harris of California as the party's nominees for president and vice president, respectively, in the 2020 United States presidential election.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Originally scheduled to be held July 13–16, 2020, at the Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee just a week before the Tokyo Summer Olympics, the convention was postponed to August 17–20, 2020, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The convention was ultimately downsized, with its location shifted to the city's Wisconsin Center and most of the convention presenting remotely from sites across the United States.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the format was substantially different from previous conventions, with the duration of each day of the convention being significantly shorter than in past conventions, and with most of the convention being held remotely from many venues across the country. While being a largely virtual convention, it was officially centered at the Wisconsin Center, which is where its production was headquartered, where its roll call was directed from, and where a limited number of speeches (primarily those by Wisconsin politicians) were staged. Both Biden and Harris made their respective speeches remotely from the Chase Center on the Riverfront in Wilmington, Delaware. Joe Biden and Kamala Harris went on to win the 2020 election, defeating the Republican party ticket of incumbent President Donald Trump, and Vice President Mike Pence.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Bids on the site for the convention were solicited for the convention by the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in late 2017. Preliminary requirements for host cities that the DNC laid out included that they should have between 17,000 and 18,000 hotel rooms (including 1,000 luxury suites) located within 30 minutes of the convention venue.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The Democratic National Committee made the bids public in the spring of 2018. Las Vegas withdrew and decided to focus on the 2020 Republican National Convention, for which its bid was subsequently defeated by Charlotte. In April 2018, the Democratic National Committee sent requests for proposals to the eight remaining cities that had expressed interest in hosting the event (Atlanta, Birmingham, Denver, Houston, Miami, Milwaukee, New York City, and San Francisco).


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: On June 20, 2018, the Democratic National Committee announced four finalists for the convention site (Denver, Houston, Miami, and Milwaukee). Immediately following the announcement, the finalist city of Denver withdrew from consideration due to apparent scheduling conflicts.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Chairman of the Democratic National Committee Tom Perez announced on March 11, 2019, that Milwaukee would host the convention.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The selection of Milwaukee made this the first Democratic National Convention to be hosted in the Midwestern United States since Chicago hosted the 1996 Democratic National Convention, and the first to be hosted in a midwestern city other than Chicago since St. Louis hosted the 1916 Democratic National Convention. This was the first major party convention held in Milwaukee. It was also the first major party convention to be held in any city in the state of Wisconsin.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Milwaukee is smaller than other metropolitan areas that had hosted recent major party conventions. Milwaukee is among the smallest metropolitan areas to have hosted a major party convention. Milwaukee's success in bidding for the convention was viewed in some circles as an upset, as the other two remaining finalist cities were not only larger metropolitan areas, but also had significant experience hosting major events such as Super Bowls.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Milwaukee's selection was seen, in part, as emphasizing party's desire to place an focus on winning Midwestern states like Wisconsin, and its desire to win back "blue wall" states in the upper Midwest and Great Lakes region. The swing states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin had been the states which the Republican ticket of Donald Trump and Mike Pence had won by the narrowest margins in the preceding 2016 election, and had these states been instead won by the 2016 Democratic ticket of Hillary Clinton and Tim Kaine, they would have delivered the Democratic ticket an electoral college victory in 2016. The 2016 election had also been the first time since the 1980s that any of these three states had voted Republican. The three aforementioned "blue wall" states were, ultimately, won by the Biden-Harris ticket in 2020.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Some sources cited DNC chairman Tom Perez's personal connections to Milwaukee as a factor that aided Milwaukee's selection. His wife had originally been from nearby Wauwatosa, they had held their wedding in Milwaukee, and their daughter was a current student at University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: On June 24, 2020, it was announced that the convention had been downsized and would be held at Milwaukee's Wisconsin Center instead of its originally planned venue, Milwaukee's Fiserv Forum. The change of location made this the first major party convention held in a convention center since the 1996 Republican National Convention, and the first Democratic convention to be held in such a venue since the 1984 Democratic National Convention.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Superdelegates are delegates to the convention who are automatically chosen by the party, rather than by the results of primaries and caucuses. While technically unpledged, in the past many of them have informally pledged themselves to a predesignated front-runner in previous elections. The superdelegate system is controversial among Democrats, and supporters of both Clinton and Sanders have called for their removal in 2020.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The Unity Reform Commission, created after the 2016 election, recommended that the number of 2020 superdelegates be drastically reduced. In July 2018, the DNC revoked the voting rights for superdelegates on the first ballot, unless a candidate has secured a majority using only pledged delegates.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The number of delegates allocated to each of the 50 states and Washington, D.C., are based on, among others, the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the 2008, 2012, and 2016 presidential elections. A fixed number of pledged delegates are allocated to each of the five U.S. territories and Democrats Abroad.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The Democratic National Committee's 2020 selection rules state that any candidate who is no longer running loses the statewide delegates they have won and those delegates are then reallocated to candidates still in the race. However, the interpretation of this rule in 2020 races might be different than the interpretation in past races. In previous elections, such as the 2008 presidential primary, candidates would suspend their candidacies rather than formally withdraw, allowing their already pledged delegates to attend the convention and pick up new ones along the way.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Before it was downsized, 50,000 people had been expected to attend the convention. 31 state delegations were to stay in 2,926 Milwaukee-area hotel rooms and 26 delegations were to stay in 2,841 hotel rooms in Lake County and Rosemont, Illinois. Another 11,000 hotel rooms were to house volunteers, members of the media, donors, and other attendees.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Milwaukee had been planning an extension of its streetcar line to be completed in advance of the convention. However, these plans faltered, and the expansion was not completed in time for the convention.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The firm Populous was named as the event architect. Populous was assigned to work in partnership with Milwaukee firm American Design Inc. In February 2020, Milwaukee-based JCP construction was awarded the contract to be the construction general contractor for the convention. Hargrove LLC was, at the same time, awarded the contract to serve as the convention's event management firm.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: In October 2019, the Host Committee announced its leadership team. The president of the Host Committee was Liz Gilbert. Leadership included a board of directors. Further leadership included co-chairs and vice chairs, as well as honorary vice-chairs. The co-chairs of the Host Committee were Milwaukee mayor Tom Barrett and Congresswoman Gwen Moore. Vice chairs included Milwaukee County executive Chris Abele, U.S. senator Tammy Baldwin, Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin Mandela Barnes, Governor of Wisconsin Tony Evers, former U.S. senator Herb Kohl. Honorary vice chairs included Milwaukee Common Council president Ashanti Hamilton and Wisconsin state treasurer Sarah Godlewski, Democratic leader for the Wisconsin State Assembly Gordon Hintz, Attorney General of Wisconsin Josh Kaul, Congressman Ron Kind, Wisconsin secretary of state Doug La Follette, Congressman Mark Pocan, and Wisconsin State Senate minority leader Jennifer Shilling. Additionally, the Host Committee's honorary finance chair was Alex Lasry, the senior vice president of the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: In early February 2020, Milwaukee 2020 Host Committee president Liz Gilbert and her chief-of-staff Adam Lonso were both fired after an investigation found that the committee's "work environment did not meet the ideals and expectations" of the organization's board (with allegations of a "toxic" work environment). Acting as interim leader of the Host Committee was Teresa Vilmain. In late February, new leadership team was announced with Raquel Filmanowicz serving as CEO and Paula Penebaker serving as COO, with both taking these positions formally on March 2, 2020.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: On April 2, 2020, it was announced that, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the convention would be delayed to August 17–20.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: As early as April 2020, the Democratic Party had been bracing for the possibility of a virtual convention. On May 12, 2020, the Democratic National Committee authorized the convention planners to research alternative methods for participants to cast votes, considering the possibility that the Democratic National Committee may decide to hold the entire convention virtually.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: On June 24, 2020, it was announced that the convention was to be downsized. The venue was shifted from the Fiserv Forum to the Wisconsin Center. But, instead of the entire convention being held in Milwaukee, it would now feature Milwaukee as merely a hub city for the major convention events. The convention was now planned to instead consist of what the DNC said would be "curated content from Milwaukee and other satellite cities, locations, and landmarks across the country". All official business will now be conducted remotely. Organizers canceled official parties and events scheduled to be held in Milwaukee before and coinciding with the convention. Delegates were asked to no longer travel to Milwaukee, and plans were now formally made to implement a system for them to cast their votes virtually.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: At the announcement of the downsizing it was declared that Biden would accept his nomination in Milwaukee. It was later announced on July 30, 2020, that his running mate would also accept her nomination in Milwaukee. However, on August 5, 2020, it was announced that Biden no longer planned to travel to Milwaukee to accept his nomination, and would instead do so from Delaware. It was also announced then that the other scheduled speakers, including Biden's running mate, will also be addressing the convention remotely. This is seen as, effectively, moving to make the convention almost entirely virtual. This was the first time that a major party presidential candidate has accepted their nomination remotely since Franklin D. Roosevelt did so in 1944.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: There were initially plans to have up to 5,000 attendees in Milwaukee. It was later further reduced to 1,000, and then 300 people, including both attendees and media granted access. Due to an order by the Milwaukee Health Department barring gatherings over 250 people, the total number of people permitted to gather at the Milwaukee convention hub was capped at that number. There were no delegates in the Wisconsin Center. While speakers were not traveling to Milwaukee, it was still planned for Chairman of the Democratic National Committee Tom Perez and Secretary of the Democratic National Committee Jason Rae (also secretary of the convention) to be in Milwaukee.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The owner of the Milwaukee Bucks and the Fiserv Forum threatened to sue the Democratic Party, which had paid only $5.5 million of the $7 million rent on the abandoned venue.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Participants at Wisconsin Center were required to self-quarantine for at least 72 hours before arriving, wear personal protective equipment, undergo daily COVID-19 testing, partake in symptom tracking through a daily questionnaire, avoid bars and restaurants, and follow Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: As is routine for a major party convention, the event had been designated a National Special Security Event. Originally, the United States Department of Justice was to provide $50 million in security, but this was decreased to $40 million.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The boundaries of the planned security footprint, in which increased security measures would be implemented, but in which individuals not attending the convention (including demonstrators) were still to be permitted, was announced in January 2020. The streets marking the boundary of the announced footprint were to be Cherry Street on the north, 10th Street on the west, Clybourn Street, and Water Street on the east. On July 24, 2020, the Milwaukee Common Council passed an ordinance that would ban a long list of items from the security footprint, including air rifles, nunchucks, drones, containers of bodily fluids, glass bottles, and coolers. On August 12, 2020, it was announced that the security footprint had been shrunk significantly. The security footprint ultimately encompassed almost only areas directly surrounding the convention center.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Fencing was erected surrounding the Wisconsin Center. Temporary flight restrictions were in place each night from 6:00 to 11:00 p.m. CDT. A ban on drones was also in place.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: Originally, the city originally budgeted to have approximately 3,000 law enforcement officers from outside the city assist the Milwaukee Police Department during the convention. This was decreased to approximately 2,000. By late July there were anticipated to be only 1,100 officers from outside the city assisting the department. However, in late July, more than 100 police agencies announced that they would be withdrawing from their contracts to provide personnel to aid in security during the convention after the Milwaukee police chief announced that their department would restrict the use of tear gas and pepper spray by law enforcement during demonstrations and protests. The Wisconsin National Guard then planned to provide hundreds of members to help with security. There had been talk of potentially limiting boat traffic on the Milwaukee River by placing a temporary stay on all bridge openings, but this security measure did not materialize.


title: 2020 Democratic National Convention

text: The official theme of the convention was "Uniting America". The Wisconsin Center was used for the convention's broadcast and production, acting as the control room and "hub" of the convention production. The convention's programming was a mix of pre-recorded segments and live broadcasts from sites across the United States. The convention organizers established a custom video control room in the exhibit hall on the third floor of the Wisconsin Center, designed to handle hundreds of feeds from across the country, in order to accommodate the remote speeches. Supplementary control rooms existed in other locations, such as in Delaware. Producer Glenn Weiss oversaw the production from a temporary control studio created for him at his personal residence.