title: Steve Maclin

text: On the January 20, 2022 episode of "Impact!", Maclin fought Jonathan Gresham for the ROH World Championship in a losing effort. At No Surrender, he was part of Team Impact in a 10-man tag team match against Honor No More, but failed to win after Eddie Edwards betrayed them. On March 5, at Sacrifice, Maclin interfered in Rhino's match with Edwards after hitting the former with a kendo stick. At Rebellion, he defeated Chris Sabin and Jay White in a three-way match. On the May 5 episode of "Impact!", Maclin lost against New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) talent Tomohiro Ishii. Two days later, at Under Siege, he lost to Sabin. On the Slammiversary pre-show, Maclin competed in the Reverse Battle Royal, but was eliminated by Chris Bey. On July 1, at Against All Odds, Maclin interfered in the Clockwork Orange House of Fun match by attacking Sami Callihan and helped Moose get the victory. On August 12, at Emergence, he lost against Callihan in a no disqualification match. Six days later, Maclin competed in a six-way elimination match to determine the number one contender to the Impact World Championship, which was won by Edwards. On September 23, at Victory Road, he won a three-way Barbed Wire Massacre against Callihan and Moose. At Bound for Glory, Maclin competed in the Call Your Shot Gauntlet, where the winner could choose any championship match of their choice, being the runner-up in the match after losing to the returning Bully Ray.


title: Steve Maclin

text: In 2020, Kupryk started dating fellow Impact wrestler and New Jersey native Deonna Purrazzo. On February 12, 2022, Purrazzo announced that she and Kupryk were engaged. They were married on November 10, 2022.


title: Two Feet

text: Zachary William "Bill" Dess, (born June 21, 1993), known by his stage name Two Feet, is an American singer, songwriter, and producer from New York City. He attended Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey.


title: Two Feet

text: Dess used to play locally in jazz and blues ensembles before forming Two Feet. After his single "Go Fuck Yourself" became a viral hit on SoundCloud, he signed with Republic Records. The single reached number 36 on the US Hot Rock Songs chart. His next single, "I Feel Like I'm Drowning", reached number one on the US Alternative Songs chart in 2018. On October 5, 2018, Two Feet released his debut album "A 20 Something Fuck", which featured the singles "I Feel Like I'm Drowning" and "Hurt People". On March 13, 2020, he released his second album "Pink", and on April 16, 2021, he released his third album "Max Maco Is Dead Right?". On May 13, 2022, he released his fourth album "Shape & Form".


title: Building society

text: A building society is a financial institution owned by its members as a mutual organization. Building societies offer banking and related financial services, especially savings and mortgage lending. Building societies exist in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, and used to exist in Ireland and several Commonwealth countries. They are similar to credit unions in organisation, though few enforce a common bond. However, rather than promoting thrift and offering unsecured and business loans, the purpose of a building society is to provide home mortgages to members. Borrowers and depositors are society members, setting policy and appointing directors on a one-member, one-vote basis. Building societies often provide other retail banking services, such as current accounts, credit cards and personal loans. The term "building society" first arose in the 19th century in Great Britain from cooperative savings groups.


title: Building society

text: In the United Kingdom, building societies actively compete with banks for most consumer banking services, especially mortgage lending and savings accounts, and regulations permit up to half of their lending to be funded by debt to non-members, allowing societies to access wholesale bond and money markets to fund mortgages. The world's largest building society is Britain's Nationwide Building Society. Further, in Australia, building societies also compete with retail banks and offer the full range of banking services to consumers.


title: Building society

text: Building societies as an institution began in late-18th century Birmingham – a town which was undergoing rapid economic and physical expansion driven by a multiplicity of small metalworking firms, whose many highly skilled and prosperous owners readily invested in property. Many of the early building societies were based in taverns or coffeehouses, which had become the focus for a network of clubs and societies for co-operation and the exchange of ideas among Birmingham's highly active citizenry as part of the movement known as the Midlands Enlightenment. The first building society to be established was Ketley's Building Society, founded by Richard Ketley, the landlord of the "Golden Cross" inn, in 1775. Members of Ketley's society paid a monthly subscription to a central pool of funds which was used to finance the building of houses for members, which in turn acted as collateral to attract further funding to the society, enabling further construction. By 1781 three more societies had been established in Birmingham, with a fourth in the nearby town of Dudley; and 19 more formed in Birmingham between 1782 and 1795. The first outside the English Midlands was established in Leeds in 1785.


title: Building society

text: Most of the original societies were fully "terminating", where they would be dissolved when all members had a house: the last of them, First Salisbury and District Perfect Thrift Building Society, was wound up in March 1980. In the 1830s and 1840s a new development took place with the "permanent building society", where the society continued on a rolling basis, continually taking in new members as earlier ones completed purchases, such as Leek United Building Society. The main legislative framework for the building society was the Building Societies Act 1874, with subsequent amending legislation in 1894, 1939 (see Coney Hall), and 1960.


title: Building society

text: In their heyday, there were hundreds of building societies: just about every town in the country had a building society named after that town. Over succeeding decades the number of societies has decreased, as various societies merged to form larger ones, often renaming in the process, and other societies opted for demutualisation followed by – in the great majority of cases – eventual takeover by a listed bank. Most of the existing larger building societies are the end result of the mergers of many smaller societies.


title: Building society

text: All building societies in the UK are members of the Building Societies Association. At the start of 2008, there were 59 building societies in the UK, with total assets exceeding £360 billion. The number of societies in the UK fell by four during 2008 due to a series of mergers brought about, to a large extent, by the consequences of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. With three further mergers in each of 2009 and 2010, and a demutualisation and a merger in 2011, as of 2020 there are now 44 building societies.


title: Building society

text: In the 1980s, changes to British banking laws allowed building societies to offer banking services equivalent to normal banks. The management of a number of societies still felt that they were unable to compete with the banks, and a new Building Societies Act was passed in 1986 in response to their concerns. This permitted societies to 'demutualise'. If more than 75% of members voted in favour, the building society would then become a limited company like any other. Members' mutual rights were exchanged for shares in this new company. A number of the larger societies made such proposals to their members and all were accepted. Some listed on the London Stock Exchange, while others were acquired by larger financial groups.


title: Building society

text: The process began with the demutualisation of the Abbey National Building Society in 1989. Then, from 1995 to late 1999, eight societies demutualised accounting for two-thirds of building societies assets as at 1994. Five of these societies became joint stock banks (plc), one merged with another and the other four were taken over by plcs (in two cases after the mutual had previously converted to a plc).


title: Building society

text: As mentions, demutualisation moves succeeded immediately because neither Conservative nor Labour party UK governments created a framework which put obstacles in the way of demutualisation. Political acquiescence in demutualisation was clearest in the case of the position on 'carpetbaggers', that is those who joined societies by lodging minimum amounts of £100 or so in the hope of profiting from a distribution of surplus after demutualisation. The deregulating Building Societies Act 1986 contained an anti-carpetbagger provision in the form of a two-year rule. This prescribed a qualifying period of two years before savers could participate in a residual claim. But, before the 1989 Abbey National Building Society demutualisation, the courts found against the two-year rule after legal action brought by Abbey National itself to circumvent the intent of the legislators. After this the legislation did prevent a cash distribution to members of less than two years standing, but the same result was obtained by permitting the issue of 'free' shares in the acquiring plc, saleable for cash. The Thatcher Conservative government declined to introduce amending legislation to make good the defect in the 'two-year rule'.


title: Building society

text: Building societies, like mutual life insurers, arose as people clubbed together to address a common need interest; in the case of the building societies, this was housing and members were originally both savers and borrowers. But it very quickly became clear that 'outsider' savers were needed whose motive was profit through interest on deposits. Thus permanent building societies quickly became mortgage banks and in such institutions there always existed a conflict of interest between borrowers and savers. It was the task of the movement to reconcile that conflict of interest so as to enable savers to conclude that their interests and those of borrowers were to some extent complementary rather than conflictive. Conflict of interest between savers and borrowers was never fully reconciled in the building societies but upon deregulation that reconciliation became something of a lost cause. The management of building societies apparently could expend considerable time and resources (which belonged the organisation) planning their effective capture—of as much of the assets as they could. If so, this is arguably insider dealing on a grand scale with the benefit of inside specialist knowledge of the business and resources of the firm not shared with outsiders like politicians and members (and, perhaps, regulators). Once the opportunity to claim was presented by management the savers in particular could be relied upon to seize it. There were sufficient hard-up borrowers to take the inducement offered them by management (in spite of few simple sums sufficing to demonstrate that they were probably going to end up effectively paying back the inducement).


title: Building society

text: Management promoting demutualisation also thereby met managerial objectives because the end of mutuality brought joint stock company (plc) style remuneration committee pay standards and share options. Share options for management of converting societies appear to be a powerful factor in management calculation. refers to this in the following terms:


title: Building society

text: Instead of deploying their margin advantage as a defence of mutuality, around 1980 building societies began setting mortgage rates with reference to market clearing levels. In sum they began behaving more like banks, seeking to maximise profit instead of the advantages of a mutual organisation. Thus, according to the Bank of England's :


title: Building society

text: Some of these managements ended up in dispute with their own members. Of the first major conversion of the Abbey in 1989, observed:


title: Building society

text: In the end, after a number of large demutualisations, and pressure from carpetbaggers moving from one building society to another to cream off the windfalls, most of the societies whose management wished to keep them mutual modified their rules of membership in the late 1990s. The method usually adopted were membership rules to ensure that anyone newly joining a society would, for the first few years, be unable to get any profit out of a demutualisation. With the chance of a quick profit removed, the wave of demutualisations came to an end in 2000.


title: Building society

text: One academic study found that demutualised societies' pricing behaviour on deposits and mortgages was more favourable to shareholders than to customers, with the remaining mutual building societies offering consistently better rates.


title: Building society

text: The Building Societies (Funding) and Mutual Societies (Transfers) Act 2007, known as the Butterfill Act, was passed in 2007 giving building societies greater powers to merge with other companies. These powers have been used by the Britannia in 2009 and Kent Reliance in 2011 leading to their demutualisation.


title: Building society

text: Prior to 31 December 2010, deposits with building societies of up to £50,000 per individual, per institution, were normally protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS), but Nationwide and Yorkshire building societies negotiated a temporary change to the terms of the FSCS to protect members of the societies they acquired in late 2008/early 2009. The amended terms allowed former members of multiple societies which merge into one to maintain multiple entitlements to FSCS protection until 30 September 2009 (later extended to 30 December 2010), so (for example) a member with £50,000 in each of Nationwide, Cheshire and Derbyshire at the time of the respective mergers would retain £150,000 of FSCS protection for their funds in the merged Nationwide. On 31 December 2010 the general FSCS limit for retail deposits was increased to £85,000 for banks and building societies and the transitional arrangements in respect of building society mergers came to an end.


title: Building society

text: (Total group assets of building societies) "(data from last available annual reports as of December 2016)"


title: Building society

text: Ten building societies of the United Kingdom demutualised between 1989 and 2000, either becoming a bank or being acquired by a larger bank. By 2008, every building society that floated on the stock market in the wave of demutualisations of the 1980s and 1990s had either been sold to a conventional bank, or been nationalised.


title: Building society

text: The following is an incomplete list of building societies in the United Kingdom that no longer exist independently, since they either merged with or were taken over by other organisations. They may still have an active presence on the high street (or online) as a trading name or as a distinct brand. This is typically because brands will often build up specific reputations and attract certain clientele, and this can continue to be marketed successfully.


title: Building society

text: In Australia, building societies evolved along British lines. Following the end of World War II, the terminating model was revived to fund returning servicemen's need for new houses. Hundreds were created with government seed capital, whereby the capital was returned to the government and the terminating societies retained the interest accumulated. Once all the seed funds were loaned, each terminating society could reapply for more seed capital to the point where they could re-lend their own funds and thus became a permanent society. Terminating loans were still available and used inside the permanent businesses by staff up until the 1980s because their existence was not widely known after the early 1960s. Because of strict regulations on banks, building societies flourished until the deregulation of the Australian financial industry in the 1980s. Eventually many of the smaller building societies disappeared, while some of the largest (such as St. George) officially attained the status of banks. Recent conversions have included Heritage Bank which converted from building society to bank in 2011, Hume in 2014, while Wide Bay Building Society became Auswide Bank and IMB followed suit in 2015, and Greater Building Society became Greater Bank in 2016. Building societies converting to banks are no longer required to demutualise.


title: Building society

text: A particular difference between Australian building societies and those elsewhere, is that Australian building societies are required to incorporate as limited companies.


title: Building society

text: The Building Societies Act of 1962 allowed for the registration of building societies in Eswatini. For a long time the country only had one building society. A second was registered in late 2019.


title: Building society

text: The Republic of Ireland had around 40 building societies at the mid-20th century peak. Many of these were very small and, as the Irish commercial banks began to originate residential mortgages, the small building societies ceased to be competitive. Most merged or dissolved or, in the case of First Active plc, converted into conventional banks. The last remaining building societies, EBS Building Society and Irish Nationwide Building Society, demutualised and were transferred or acquired into Bank subsidiaries in 2011 following the effects of the Irish financial crisis.


title: Building society

text: Leeds Building Society Ireland and Nationwide UK (Ireland) were Irish branches of a building societies based in the United Kingdom; both have since ceased all Irish operations.


title: Building society

text: In Jamaica, three building societies compete with commercial banks and credit unions for most consumer financial services:


title: Building society

text: In New Zealand, building societies are registered with the Registrar of Building Societies under the Building Societies Act 1965. Registration as a building society is merely a process of establishing the entity as a corporation. It is largely a formality, and easily achieved, as the capital requirement is minimal (20 members must be issued shares of not less than NZ$1,000 each, for a total minimum foundation share capital of NZ$200,000).


title: Building society

text: As regards prudential supervision, a divide exists between building societies that operate in New Zealand, on the one hand, and those that (although formally registered in New Zealand) operate offshore:


title: Building society

text: Building societies' registration details and filed documents are available in the Register of Building Societies held at the New Zealand Companies Office.


title: Building society

text: Some, including Countrywide Building Society and United Building Society, became banks in the 1980s and 1990s. Heartland Building Society (created in 2011 through a merger of Canterbury Building Society, Southern Cross Building Society, and two other financial institutions) became Heartland Bank on 17 December 2012.


title: Building society

text: In Zimbabwe, "Central Africa Building Society" (CABS) is the leading building society offering a diverse range of financial products and services that include transaction and savings accounts, mobile banking, mortgage loans, money market investments, term deposits and pay-roll loans.


title: Building society

text: Because most building societies were not direct members of the UK clearing system, it was common for them to use a roll number to identify accounts rather than to allocate a six-digit sort-code and eight-digit account number to the BACS standards.


title: Building society

text: More recently, building societies have tended to obtain sort-code and account number allocations within the clearing system, and hence the use of roll numbers has diminished. When using BACS, one needs to enter roll numbers for the reference field and the building society's generic sort code and account number would be entered in the standard BACS fields.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: Formica Laminate is a laminated composite material invented at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in the United States in 1912. Originally used to replace mica in electrical applications, it has since been manufactured for multiple applications. It has been produced by Formica Group manufacturing sites across the globe since. Formica Group are best known for the company's classic product: a heat-resistant, wipe-clean laminate of paper or textile with melamine resin.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: Formica Group, a division of the Dutch company Broadview Holdings, consists of Formica Canada, Inc., Formica Corporation, Formica de Mexico S.A. de C.V., Formica IKI Oy, Formica Limited, Formica S.A., Formica S.A.S., Formica Taiwan Corporation, Formica (Thailand) Co., Ltd., Formica (Asia) Ltd., and others.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: The mineral mica was commonly used at that time for electrical insulation. Because the new product acted as a substitute "for mica", Faber used the name "Formica" as a trademark. The word already existed as the scientific name for wood ants, from which formic acid and the derivative formaldehyde compound used in the resin were first isolated.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: Formica laminate was invented in 1912 by Daniel J. O'Conor and Herbert A. Faber, while they were working at Westinghouse, resulting in a patent filing on 1 February 1913. U.S. Patent No. 1,284,432 was granted on 12 November 1918. O'Conor and Faber originally conceived it as a substitute for mica used as electrical insulation, made of wrapped woven fabric coated with Bakelite thermosetting resin, then slit lengthwise, flattened, and cured in a press.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: Immediately afterwards, O'Conor and Faber left Westinghouse to establish a business based on the product, enlisting lawyer and banker John G. Tomlin as an investor. Tomlin provided $7,500 capital as a silent business partner. The company began operations on 2 May 1913, and was immediately successful: by September, Formica Products Company employed eighteen people trying to fill the demand for electrical parts for Bell Electric Motor, Ideal Electric, and Northwest Electric.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: After the General Bakelite Company decided to sell resin for sheet insulation only to Westinghouse, allowing the Formica company other shapes with smaller markets, they switched to a similar competitive phenolic resin, Redmanol. After patent litigation favorable to Baekeland in 1922, the Redmanol Chemical Products Company was merged with the General Bakelite Company (founded by Baekeland in 1910) and the Condensite Company (founded by J. W. Aylesworth) to form The Bakelite Corporation.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: An important application devised in the 1920s was the use of phenolic laminate fabric for gears; cut on conventional hobbing machines, the gears were tough and quiet, which was important for automotive timing gears. By 1932, the Formica Insulation Company was producing 6,000 gear blanks per day for Chevrolet and other car makers.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: In 1927, Formica Insulation Company obtained a patent on an opaque barrier sheet that allowed the use of rotogravure printing to make wood-grained or marble-surfaced laminate, the first of many innovations that were to associate the name "Formica" with decorative interior products.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: In 1938 melamine thermosetting resin was developed by American Cyanamid Company. It resisted heat, abrasion and moisture better than phenolic or urea resins and could be used to make more colors; soon after, the Formica Corporation was buying the entire output of melamine from American Cyanamid.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: During World War II, it manufactured "Pregwood" plastic-impregnated wooden aeroplane propellers and bomb parts. Post-war, engineering uses declined, ceasing in 1970 in favor of decorative laminates.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: The company was headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, for many years. After WWII, it entered the European market through a license agreement.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: In 1956, American Cyanamid acquired Formica Corp. The principal reason was to have a captive buyer for melamine, as Cyanamid was one of the largest producers. However, this was soon thwarted due to an anti-trust action by the US Department of Justice. Through a settlement agreement, Formica Corp. was required to buy a significant share of its melamine needs from competing producers.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: Cyanamid operated Formica Corp. as a fully consolidated subsidiary, rather than as an operating division, allowing it to retain the term "Formica" as a corporate name. This gave added protection to the trademark, helping to protect the word from becoming generic—which had been tried by many competitors, against whom Cyanamid gained legal injunctions—to protect this valuable trademark name. (Historically, trademarks owned by other corporations which had become generic words, such as "shredded wheat", were no longer the exclusive property of their originators. Cyanamid resolutely defended the Formica brand name.)


title: Formica (plastic)

text: Dan O'Conor, son of the inventor, continued as president of Formica Corp. after the acquisition, and was widely regarded as the next chairman of American Cyanamid. However, he was thrown from his horse during a steeplechase event, suffering a broken neck and becoming quadriplegic, ending his business career and, many executives felt, preventing Cyanamid from achieving the growth and profitability it might have.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: After a 1984 management buyout from American Cyanamid, Formica group diversified with products such as solid surfacing and metal laminates.


title: Formica (plastic)

text: From 2007 to 2019, Formica Corp. was a subsidiary of the Fletcher Building group, which purchased it from private equity investors Cerberus Capital Management, L.P. and Oaktree Capital Management, LLC. In 2018, Fletcher Building announced plans to sell Formica to Broadview Holdings (parent of Trespa) for NZD $1.226 billion (US$840 m); the sale was finalised the following year.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: In mathematics, the Laguerre polynomials, named after Edmond Laguerre (1834–1886), are solutions of Laguerre's equation:


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: which is a second-order linear differential equation. This equation has nonsingular solutions only if is a non-negative integer.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: Then they are also named generalized Laguerre polynomials, as will be done here (alternatively associated Laguerre polynomials or, rarely, Sonine polynomials, after their inventor Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin).


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The Laguerre polynomials are also used for Gaussian quadrature to numerically compute integrals of the form


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: These polynomials, usually denoted , , …, are a polynomial sequence which may be defined by the Rodrigues formula,


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The rook polynomials in combinatorics are more or less the same as Laguerre polynomials, up to elementary changes of variables. Further see the Tricomi–Carlitz polynomials.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The Laguerre polynomials arise in quantum mechanics, in the radial part of the solution of the Schrödinger equation for a one-electron atom. They also describe the static Wigner functions of oscillator systems in quantum mechanics in phase space. They further enter in the quantum mechanics of the Morse potential and of the .


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: Physicists sometimes use a definition for the Laguerre polynomials that is larger by a factor of "n"<nowiki>!</nowiki> than the definition used here. (Likewise, some physicists may use somewhat different definitions of the so-called associated Laguerre polynomials.)


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: There is a method to set Laguerre polynomials using functions which is related to binary expansion of formula_15:


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: One can also define the generalized Laguerre polynomials recursively, defining the first two polynomials as


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: Given the generating function specified above, the polynomials may be expressed in terms of a contour integral


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: where the contour circles the origin once in a counterclockwise direction without enclosing the essential singularity at 1


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The second equality follows by the following identity, valid for integer "i" and and immediate from the expression of formula_52 in terms of Charlier polynomials:


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: This points to a special case () of the formula above: for integer the generalized polynomial may be written


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: which may be compared with the equation obeyed by the "k"th derivative of the ordinary Laguerre polynomial,


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The generalized Laguerre polynomials are orthogonal over with respect to the measure with weighting function :


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: In quantum mechanics the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen-like atom is exactly solvable by separation of variables in spherical coordinates. The radial part of the wave function is a (generalized) Laguerre polynomial.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: Vibronic transitions in the Franck-Condon approximation can also be described using Laguerre polynomials.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: where the are the Hermite polynomials based on the weighting function , the so-called "physicist's version."


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: Because of this, the generalized Laguerre polynomials arise in the treatment of the quantum harmonic oscillator.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The Laguerre polynomials may be defined in terms of hypergeometric functions, specifically the confluent hypergeometric functions, as


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: This formula is a generalization of the Mehler kernel for Hermite polynomials, which can be recovered from it by using the relations between Laguerre and Hermite polynomials given above.


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: The generalized Laguerre polynomials are used to describe the quantum wavefunction for hydrogen atom orbitals. In the introductory literature on this topic, a different scaling is used for the generalized Laguerre polynomials than the scaling presented in this article. In the convention taken here, the generalized Laguerre polynomials can be expressed as


title: Laguerre polynomials

text: There is yet another convention in use, though less frequently, in the physics literature. Under this convention the Laguerre polynomials are given by


title: Code::Blocks

text: Code::Blocks is a free, open-source cross-platform IDE that supports multiple compilers including GCC, Clang and Visual C++. It is developed in C++ using wxWidgets as the GUI toolkit. Using a plugin architecture, its capabilities and features are defined by the provided plugins.


title: Code::Blocks

text: Currently, Code::Blocks is oriented towards C, C++, and Fortran. It has a custom build system and optional Make support.


title: Code::Blocks

text: Code::Blocks is being developed for Windows and Linux and has been ported to FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Solaris. The latest binary provided for macOS version is 13.12 released on 2013/12/26 (compatible with Mac OS X 10.6 and later), but more recent versions can be compiled and MacPorts supplies version 17.12.


title: Code::Blocks

text: After releasing two release candidate versions, 1.0rc1 on July 25, 2005 and 1.0rc2 on October 25, 2005, instead of making a final release, the project developers started adding many new features, with the final release being repeatedly postponed. Instead, there were nightly builds of the latest SVN version made available on a daily basis.


title: Code::Blocks

text: The first stable release was on February 28, 2008, with the version number changed to 8.02. The versioning scheme was changed to that of Ubuntu, with the major and minor number representing the year and month of the release. Version 20.03 is the latest stable release; however for the most up-to-date version the user can download the relatively stable nightly build or download the source code from SVN.


title: Code::Blocks

text: In April 2020, a critical software vulnerability was found in the Code::Blocks IDE, identified by CVE-2020-10814.


title: Code::Blocks

text: Code::Blocks supports multiple compilers, including GCC, MinGW, Digital Mars, Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++, LLVM Clang, Watcom, LCC and the Intel C++ compiler. Although the IDE was designed for the C++ language, there is some support for other languages, including Fortran and D. A plug-in system is included to support other programming languages.


title: Code::Blocks

text: The IDE features syntax highlighting and code folding (through its Scintilla editor component), C++ code completion, class browser, a hex editor and many other utilities. Opened files are organized into tabs. The code editor supports font and font size selection and personalized syntax highlighting colours.


title: Code::Blocks

text: The Code::Blocks debugger has full breakpoint support. It also allows the user to debug their program by having access to the local function symbol and argument display, user-defined watches, call stack, disassembly, custom memory dump, thread switching, CPU registers and GNU Debugger Interface.


title: Code::Blocks

text: As of version 13.12 Code::Blocks comes with a GUI designer called wxSmith. It is a derivative port of wxWidgets version 2.9.4. To make a complete wxWidgets application, the appropriate wxWidgets SDK must be installed.


title: Code::Blocks

text: Some of Code::Blocks features are targeted at users migrating from other IDE's - these include Dev-C++, Microsoft Visual C++ project import (MSVC 7 & 10), and Dev-C++ Devpak support.


title: Code::Blocks

text: Code::Blocks uses a custom build system, which stores its information in XML-based project files. It can optionally use external makefiles, which simplifies interfacing with projects using the GNU or qmake build systems.


title: Nuon Chea

text: Nuon Chea (; born Lao Kim Lorn; 7 July 1926 – 4 August 2019), also known as Long Bunruot () or Rungloet Laodi ( ), was a Cambodian communist politician and revolutionary who was the chief ideologist of the Khmer Rouge. He also briefly served as acting Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea. He was commonly known as "Brother Number Two" (), as he was second-in-command to Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, General Secretary of the Party, during the Cambodian genocide of 1975–1979. In 2014, Nuon Chea received a life sentence for crimes against humanity, alongside another top-tier Khmer Rouge leader, Khieu Samphan, and a further trial convicted him of genocide in 2018. These life sentences were merged into a single life sentence by the Trial Chamber on 16 November 2018. He died while serving his sentence in 2019.


title: Nuon Chea

text: Nuon Chea was born as Lao Kim Lorn at Voat Kor, Battambang on 7 July 1926. Nuon's father, Lao Liv, worked as a trader as well as a corn farmer, while his mother, Dos Peanh, was a tailor. An interview by a Japanese researcher in 2003 with Nuon Chea quoted that Liv was Chinese, while Peanh was the daughter of a Chinese immigrant from Shantou and his Khmer wife. In 2011, however, Chea told the Khmer Rouge Tribunal that he was only a quarter Chinese through his half-Chinese father. As a child, Nuon Chea was raised in both Chinese and Khmer customs. The family prayed at a Theravada Buddhist temple, but observed Chinese religious customs during the Lunar New Year and Qingming festival. Nuon Chea started school at seven, and was educated in Thai, French and Khmer.


title: Nuon Chea

text: In the 1940s, Nuon Chea studied at Wat Benchamabophit School and Faculty of Law, Thammasat University in Bangkok and worked part-time for the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He began his political activities in the Communist Party of Siam in Bangkok. He was elected Deputy General Secretary of the Workers Party of Kampuchea (later renamed as the Communist Party of Kampuchea) in September 1960. In Democratic Kampuchea, he was generally known as "Brother Number Two." Unlike most of the leaders of the Khmer Rouge, Chea was not educated in France.


title: Nuon Chea

text: As documented in the Soviet archives, Nuon Chea played a major role in negotiating the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970, with the intent of forcing the collapse of Lon Nol's government: "In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days." In 1970, in fact, Vietnamese forces occupied almost a quarter of the territory of Cambodia, and the zone of communist control grew several times, as power in the so-called liberated regions was given to the CPK [Khmer Rouge]. At that time relations between Pol Pot and the North Vietnamese leaders were especially warm." The North Vietnamese trusted Nuon Chea more than Pol Pot or Ieng Sary, although Chea "consistently and consciously deceived the Vietnamese principals concerning the real plans of the Khmer leadership." As a result, "Hanoi did not undertake any action to change the power pattern within the top ranks of the Communist Party to their own benefit."


title: Nuon Chea

text: As the recently proclaimed state legislature, the Kampuchean People's Representative Assembly held its first plenary session during 11–13 April 1976, Chea was elected president of its Standing Committee. He briefly held office as acting prime minister when Pol Pot resigned for one month, citing health reasons. According to Dmitry Mosyakov, "In October 1978, Hanoi still believed that 'there were two prominent party figures in Phnom Penh who sympathized with Vietnam—Nuon Chea and the former first secretary of the Eastern Zone, So Phim. Vietnamese hopes that these figures would head an uprising against Pol Pot turned out to be groundless: So Phim perished during the revolt in June 1978, while Nuon Chea, as it is known, turned out to be one of the most devoted followers of Pol Pot—he did not defect to the Vietnamese side...It is difficult to understand why until the end of 1978 it was believed in Hanoi that Nuon Chea was 'their man' in spite of the fact that all previous experience should have proved quite the contrary. Was Hanoi unaware of his permanent siding with Pol Pot, his demands that 'the Vietnamese minority should not be allowed to reside in Kampuchea', his extreme cruelty, as well as of the fact that, 'in comparison with Nuon Chea, people considered Pol Pot a paragon of kindness'?" Nuon Chea was forced to abandon his position as president of the Assembly, along with all others as the Vietnamese captured Phnom Penh in January 1979. According to prison commander Kaing Khek Iev (more commonly known as Duch), who described Chea as "the principal man for the killings," Chea "ordered me to kill all the remaining prisoners" at Tuol Sleng shortly before the regime's ouster; Chea was reportedly "furious" that Duch failed to destroy Tuol Sleng's extensive archives documenting torture and mass murder at the prison before the Vietnamese took the site.


title: Nuon Chea

text: In December 1998, Chea surrendered as part of the last remnants of Khmer Rouge resistance which was based in Pailin near the Thailand border. The government under Prime Minister Hun Sen, himself a former member of the Khmer Rouge, agreed to forsake attempts to prosecute Chea, a decision that was condemned by Western nations. American journalist Nate Thayer, the last person to interview Pol Pot, describes Nuon Chea as "probably more guilty than Pol Pot himself for the actual killings that went on while the Khmer Rouge were in power."


title: Nuon Chea

text: On 19 September 2007, 81 year old Chea was arrested at his home in Pailin and flown to the Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Phnom Penh, which charged him with war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was held continuously in detention after his arrest. In February 2008, Chea told the court that his case should be handled according to international standards. He argued that the court should delay proceedings because his Dutch lawyer, Michiel Pestman, had not yet arrived.


title: Nuon Chea

text: In May 2013, Chea told the court and the victims' families, "I feel remorseful for the crimes that were committed intentionally or unintentionally, whether or not I had known about it or not known about it." On 7 August 2014, the court convicted Chea of crimes against humanity and sentenced him to imprisonment for the remainder of his life. His lawyer immediately announced that Chea would appeal against his conviction. Chea faced a separate trial for the crime of genocide in the same court. The court found him and Khieu Samphan guilty of genocide against the Vietnamese people and the Chams on 16 November 2018. These life sentences were merged into a single life sentence by the Trial Chamber on 16 November 2018.


title: Nuon Chea

text: In his closing brief before the court, numbering some 500 pages, Chea "blamed Vietnamese agents for virtually everything that went wrong during Khmer Rouge rule." He also denied responsibility for mass killings, but this was contradicted by detailed documentation left behind by the Khmer Rouge regime itself, including bizarre "confessions" extracted under torture at Tuol Sleng and photographs of purge victims, as well as a recording made by a Cambodian journalist prior to Chea's 2007 arrest in which Chea admitted: "Believe me, if these traitors were alive, the Khmers as a people would have been finished. ... If we had shown mercy to these people, the nation would have been lost."


title: Nuon Chea

text: Nuon Chea died on 4 August 2019 at the Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital in Phnom Penh, aged 93. He had been hospitalized since 2 July for lack of blood-flow to his toe which turned black. Chea's circulation was not delivering blood properly to it. Lack of proper blood flow brought infection of his toe which eventually killed him, most likely by causing sepsis of blood and eventual multiple organs failure. His body was later brought to Sala Krau, Pailin, before cremation in accordance with Buddhist tradition.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The Volkswagen Crafter, introduced in 2006, is the largest three- to five-ton van produced and sold by the German automaker Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. The Crafter officially replaced the Volkswagen Transporter LT that was launched in 1975, although it is known as the LT3, its production plant code.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: Like the second-generation LT, the first-generation Crafter is a rebadged Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, built by Daimler AG, with a powertrain by Volkswagen. The Daimler variant has been also sold by Daimler as the Freightliner Sprinter and Dodge Sprinter. An all-electric variant, the e-Crafter, was released in 2017.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: Starting with the 2017 model year, the Crafter has been designed and built by Volkswagen, and no longer associated with the Sprinter. A version of the Crafter is also sold by MAN Truck & Bus as the MAN TGE. Its major European competitors include the Renault Master, Ford Transit, Fiat Ducato, Maxus eDeliver 9, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, Iveco Daily, and Hyundai H350.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The first-generation Crafter was built in the Mercedes-Benz Ludwigsfelde and Düsseldorf plants, the same German factories where the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter is built.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: French car designer Laurent Boulay is responsible for the frontal design of the Crafter, which takes cues from the Volkswagen Constellation.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: From launch in 2006 up to 2010, all internal combustion engines were based upon Volkswagen Group's re engineered 2.5 litre R5 TDI. This turbodiesel is an inline five-cylinder (R5) Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: It displaces , and uses what was the latest common rail fuel system, with piezoelectric actuated injectors for the cylinder-direct fuel injection. It also utilises a diesel particulate filter (DPF), allowing all engine variants to comply with Euro IV European emission standards.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The 2010 version of the 2.5 TDI CR engine was redesigned, correcting the previous problems of turbo failure. An engine update was also released under the guise of "Blue TDI", which used AdBlue – or diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) – in combination with a DPF to attain the more stringent Euro V EEV European emission standards.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The Crafter is available in three wheelbase options; , and . It is equipped with front airbags as standard, and side and curtain airbags as options, along with anti-lock braking system (ABS), load adapting electronic stability programme (ESP), anti-slip regulation (traction control) (ASR), and electronic differential lock (EDL).


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The electronic differential lock (EDL) employed by Volkswagen is not, as the name suggests, a differential lock at all. Sensors monitor both roadwheel speeds across a driven axle, and if one is rotating substantially faster than the other (i.e. slipping) the EDL system momentarily brakes it. This effectively transfers the torque to the other driven wheel which is deemed to still have grip.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The Crafter Chassis and Double Cabs models have payloads ranging from , and come in gross vehicle weights (GVW) of either 3.5 or 5.3 tonnes.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The Crafter is an ideal base vehicle for minibus conversions, and Volkswagen have a list of accredited vehicle conversion specialists.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles released a revised Crafter in April 2011. The design of the grille was changed to the current design language of the Volkswagen brand. New power trains based on the 2.0L TDI producing 80 kW/109 PS, 100 kW/136 PS and BiTDI 120 kW/163 PS with the engine revised the payload was increased by up to 10% on some models. The facelift appeared 2 years before the Sprinter on which its based got its own facelift.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: In 2011, the 2.5 litre engine was replaced by the 2.0 litre TDI, which utilises exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in conjunction with a diesel particulate filter (DPF), allowing all engine variants to comply with Euro 5b (Euro V) European emission standards, which came into force in September 2011.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: In March 2012 the Crafter 4Motion variant was released as an option with one engine BiTDI . The four wheel drive system is supplied and fitted by Austrian specialists Achleitner.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The second generation of the Volkswagen Crafter was developed entirely by Volkswagen, after the end of their collaboration with Mercedes-Benz. The new design corresponds with the current design line of Volkswagen, and comes in Startline or Trendline trim. The motorhome variant, called the Volkswagen Grand California, was first shown at the 2018 Caravan Salon Düsseldorf. The Grand California comes in two lengths; the 6.0 metre (600) and the 6.8 metre (680) and went on sale at the beginning of 2019.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The second generation Crafter is built in Września, Poland, with a new factory being built specifically for its production. Planned volume is 85,000 vehicles per year, on a 220 ha sized site (300,000 square metres under roof). The cost of the new plant was about 800 million EUR.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: In September 2016, Volkswagen unveiled the e-Crafter all electric van at the IAA Commercial Vehicles show in Hanover. The concept e-Crafter has a 43 kWh battery that delivers an estimated range of . The van payload is rated at 1,709 kg, and cargo space is listed at 11.3 cubic meters. The e-Crafter has a and electric motor, and top speed is limited to . The electric van is production ready, and retail deliveries were slated for 2017.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: At the 2017 IAA Frankfurt Motor Show, Volkswagen presented the California XXL motorhome concept, based on the Crafter. The 6.2 m long vehicle has a standing height of 2.2 m and is equipped with underfloor heating. The production version was named Grand California and the model went on sale in 2019. It is the larger version of the Volkswagen Transporter based Volkswagen California.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The second generation Crafter is also sold by MAN Truck & Bus as the MAN TGE. MAN is a brand of TRATON, which is the Volkswagen Group's heavy commercial vehicle division. The MAN TGE has a wide range of body types, with the van primarily being sold as a panel van, but also available as a tipper, dropside or crew cab variant.


title: Volkswagen Crafter

text: The all-electric MAN eTGE was unveiled in March 2018 and entered series production in July that year. It can carry up to of load. The maximum power of its permanently excited synchronous motor is , the maximum torque over the entire speed range is . The maximum speed is limited to 90 km/h, and the purchase price was around 69,500 euros in 2018.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Dawid Johannes Malan ( ; born 3 September 1987) is an English cricketer who plays internationally for England in all formats. In domestic cricket, he represents Yorkshire, having previously played for Middlesex, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Punjab Kings in the Indian Premier League.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan made his Test and Twenty20 International (T20I) debuts in 2017, and his One Day International (ODI) debuts in 2019. In 2020, his rating in the ICC Men's Player Rankings hit 915, which remains the record high in the format. He was part of the England team that won the 2022 T20 World Cup.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan plays as a left-handed top-order batsman and occasional legbreak bowler. He is one of only four Englishmen to score a T20I century.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was born in Roehampton, London. At the age of seven he and his family moved to South Africa, where he subsequently attended Paarl Boys' High School. Shortly after making his first class debut for Boland, he joined Middlesex, where he stayed for over a decade. He is also a supporter of Liverpool F.C.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan is a left-handed batsman and occasional leg-spin bowler who originally represented Boland in South Africa (2005/2006 season) and the MCC Young Cricketers in 2006. He joined Middlesex on 7 July 2006 and made his first XI debut in a Twenty20 Cup tie versus Surrey at The Oval on the same day. His father (also called Dawid) represented Western Province B, Northern Transvaal B and Teddington, as a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler, and his brother Charl played for Loughborough MCCU.


title: Dawid Malan

text: In 2007 Malan was the top run scorer in the Second XI Championship with 969 runs at 51.00. He made his first-class debut for Middlesex in June 2008, scoring 132 not out. On 8 July 2008, Malan hit the 24th century in the history of the Twenty20 Cup, compiling 103 off 54 balls in the quarter-final against the Lancashire Lightning. This made him the first player to score a century batting at number six in a T20 match and he held the record for the highest score at the position until July 2018.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan played List-A domestic cricket for Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club in the Dhaka Premier League of Bangladesh for two seasons from 2013 to 2015, contributing with both bat and ball.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was appointed as Middlesex captain across all three formats before the start of the 2018 season. He stepped down following the 2019 season and in November 2019, he signed a four-year contract to play for Yorkshire from the 2020 season. In August 2020, in the third round of matches in the 2020 Bob Willis Trophy, Malan scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket, with 219 runs.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was named in England's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their home series against South Africa in June 2017. He made 78 on his debut, on 25 June 2017, with England winning the match and Malan adjudged 'man of the match' for his batting performance. He was added to England's Test squad, ahead of the third Test against South Africa, and made his Test debut on 27 July 2017 as a number 5 batsman. In the first innings, he made 1 before being bowled out by a yorker from Kagiso Rabada; in the second innings he was dismissed for 10. He also failed to impress in his second Test, raising questions over his Test future. However, Malan kept his place for the series against the West Indies and scored his maiden Test 50, helping England to win their first day-night Test.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was selected for the winter tours to Australia and New Zealand, during the 3rd Ashes Test at the WACA in December 2017, Malan scored his first Test century: his 100 was the first century of the series from the England team. Malan continued his good form in T20Is on the tour, adding another three half-centuries in the four games he played in the Trans-Tasman Tri-Series, though this was not enough to see him keep his place in the team once rested players were recalled during the following English summer. He did retain his place for the two Tests against Pakistan and the first Test against India that summer, but was dropped after a poor run of form.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was added to England's One Day International (ODI) squad for their one-off match against Ireland on 3 May 2019. He made 24 runs on his ODI debut for England in the match, as a number of their World Cup squad were rested.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was recalled to the T20I squad for tour to New Zealand, and, on 8 November 2019 in the fourth T20I, Malan scored his first century. It was the second, and fastest, by an England batsman, coming from just 48 balls. He played in all six of England's T20Is against Pakistan and Australia in the summer of 2020, scoring 213 runs, with his performances moving him to first position in the ICC T20I batsman rankings in September 2020. His good form in the format continued on the winter tour to South Africa, where two 'Player of the Match' performances of 55 and 99 not out in the second and third T20Is saw him reach the highest ever rating (915 points) in the ICC rankings.


title: Dawid Malan

text: In March 2021, during England's tour of India, Malan became the fastest batsman to score 1,000 runs in T20Is in 24 innings.


title: Dawid Malan

text: In August 2021, Malan was recalled for the third Test of the 2021 test series against India. Malan scored 70 in the first innings. The following month, Malan was named in England's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.


title: Dawid Malan

text: In June 2022, in the opening match against the Netherlands, Malan scored his first century in ODI cricket, with 125 runs. During that same match, England would score 498 runs, the highest amount in ODI history, with Malan being a primary run scorer in that innings, along with Phil Salt, Jos Buttler and Liam Livingstone.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan played for Peshawar Zalmi in the first season of the Pakistan Super League (PSL) and continued with them the following season, in which they won the Final played in Lahore. He also played for Barisal Bulls in the fourth season of the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL)


title: Dawid Malan

text: In October 2018, Malan was named in Cape Town Blitz's squad for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament. Later the same month, he was named in the squad for the Khulna Titans team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League. In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Comilla Victorians in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League. In October 2020, he was drafted by the Jaffna Stallions for the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League.


title: Dawid Malan

text: In December 2020, Malan made his debut for the Australian Big Bash League, joining the Hobart Hurricanes.


title: Dawid Malan

text: In February 2021, Malan was bought by the Punjab Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League.


title: Dawid Malan

text: Malan was drafted by Trent Rockets for the inaugural season of The Hundred. In April 2022, he was bought by the Trent Rockets for the 2022 season of The Hundred.


The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas was held on November 3, 2020, to elect the 36 U.S. representatives from the state of Texas, one from each of the state's 36 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the U.S. Senate and various state and local elections. Primaries were held on March 3 and run-offs were held on July 14.


title: 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas

text: During the election cycle, a number of House races were considered vulnerable by Democrats and polls. However, in the wake of the election, Republicans were able to retain control over all of those seats. The Democratic-held 15th district also became unexpectedly competitive, with incumbent Representative Vicente Gonzalez attaining a narrow win over the Republican challenger. The Republican wins were attributed to President Donald Trump appearing on the ballot and his unexpectedly strong support from Latino voters, as well as the Democrats' campaigning methods.


text: Some Green Party candidates were removed from the ballot due to a failure to pay filing fees. However, in September 2020, the Texas Supreme Court rejected a Republican attempt to remove 44 Libertarian Party candidates from the November 2020 general election ballot because they failed to pay filing fees. The court ruled that the Republicans missed the state Election Code's deadline to raise such a challenge.


text: The 1st district encompasses Deep East Texas, taking in Tyler, Lufkin, Nacogdoches, Longview, and Marshall. The incumbent is Republican Louie Gohmert, who was re-elected with 72.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 2nd district is based in northern and western Houston. The incumbent is Republican Dan Crenshaw, who was elected with 52.8% of the vote in 2018.


text: No runoff was held after runoff-advanced candidate Elisa Cardnell suspended her campaign and supported Ladjevardian.


text: The 3rd district is based in the suburbs north and northeast of Dallas, encompassing a large portion of Collin County including McKinney, Plano, and Frisco, as well as Collin County's share of Dallas itself. The incumbent is Republican Van Taylor, who was elected with 54.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 4th district encompasses Northeastern Texas taking in counties along the Red River and spreading to the parts of the northeastern exurbs of the Dallas–Fort Worth metro area. The incumbent is Republican John Ratcliffe, who was elected with 75.7% of the vote in 2018.


text: President Trump nominated Ratcliffe to succeed Dan Coats as the Director of National Intelligence in February 2020. The Senate confirmed his nomination in May, and Ratcliffe resigned from the House. Republicans selected a new nominee on August 8.


text: The 5th district takes in the eastern edge of Dallas, as well as the surrounding rural areas. The incumbent is Republican Lance Gooden, who was elected with 62.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 6th district takes in parts of Arlington and rural areas south of Dallas including Ellis County. The incumbent is Republican Ron Wright, who was elected with 53.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 7th district covers western Houston and its suburbs. The incumbent is Democrat Lizzie Fletcher, who flipped the district and was elected with 52.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 8th district encompasses the suburbs and exurbs north of Houston, taking in Spring, The Woodlands, Conroe, and Huntsville. The incumbent is Republican Kevin Brady, who was re-elected with 73.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 9th district encompasses southwestern Houston. The incumbent is Democrat Al Green, who was re-elected with 89.1% of the vote in 2018, without major-party opposition.


text: The 10th district stretches from northwest Harris County to northern Austin and Pflugerville. The incumbent is Republican Michael McCaul, who was re-elected in 2018 with 51.1% of the vote to Democrat Mike Siegel's 47.8%, the closest contest McCaul had faced.


text: The 11th district is based in midwestern Texas, including Lamesa, Midland, Odessa, San Angelo, Granbury, and Brownwood. The incumbent is Republican Mike Conaway, who was re-elected with 80.1% of the vote in 2018, subsequently announced he would not seek re-election on July 31, 2019.


text: The 12th district is located in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and takes in Parker County and western Tarrant County, including parts of Fort Worth and its inner suburbs of North Richland Hills, Saginaw, and Haltom City. The incumbent is Republican Kay Granger, who was re-elected with 64.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 13th district encompasses most of the Texas Panhandle, containing the cities of Amarillo, Gainesville and Wichita Falls. The incumbent is Republican Mac Thornberry, who was re-elected with 81.5% of the vote in 2018. On September 30, 2019, Thornberry announced he would not be seeking re-election.


text: The 14th district takes in the southern and southeastern region of Greater Houston, including Galveston, Jefferson County and southern Brazoria County. The incumbent is Republican Randy Weber, who was re-elected with 59.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 15th district stretches from McAllen in the Rio Grande Valley, northward into rural counties in the Greater San Antonio area. The incumbent is Democrat Vicente Gonzalez, who was re-elected with 59.7% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 16th district is located entirely within El Paso County, taking in El Paso, Horizon City, and Anthony. The incumbent is Democrat Veronica Escobar, who was elected with 68.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 17th district covers parts of suburban north Austin stretching to rural central Texas, including Waco and Bryan-College Station. The incumbent is Republican Bill Flores, who was re-elected with 56.8% of the vote in 2018. On September 4, 2019, Flores announced that he will not be running for re-election to spend more time with his family.


text: The 18th district is based in Downtown Houston and takes in the heavily black areas of Central Houston. The incumbent is Democrat Sheila Jackson Lee, who was re-elected with 75.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 19th district encompasses rural West Texas, taking in Lubbock. The incumbent is Republican Jodey Arrington, who was re-elected with 75.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 20th district encompasses downtown San Antonio. The incumbent is Democrat Joaquin Castro, who was re-elected with 80.9% of the vote in 2018 without major-party opposition.


text: The 21st district extends from north San Antonio to central and south Austin, taking in rural parts of the Texas Hill Country. The Democratic nominee is former Texas state senator and 2014 gubernatorial nominee, Wendy Davis. Perennial candidate Arthur DiBianca was nominated by the Libertarian party convention on March 21, 2020. The incumbent is Republican Chip Roy, who was elected with 50.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 22nd district encompasses the south-central Greater Houston metropolitan area, including the southern Houston suburbs of Sugar Land, Pearland, and Webster. Incumbent Republican Pete Olson was re-elected with 51.4% of the vote in 2018, his narrowest victory ever, and announced on July 25, 2019, that he would not seek re-election.


text: The 23rd district covers southwestern Texas, including the Big Bend, the southern and western San Antonio suburbs, and the southwestern El Paso suburbs. The incumbent Republican Will Hurd, who was re-elected with 49.2% of the vote in 2018, subsequently announced he would not seek re-election on August 1, 2019.


text: The 24th district encompasses the suburbs north of Fort Worth and Dallas, including Grapevine, Carrollton, parts of Irving, and northwestern Dallas. The incumbent is Republican Kenny Marchant, who was re-elected with 50.6% of the vote in 2018. Marchant announced he would not seek re-election on August 5, 2019.


text: The 25th district runs from north Austin through rural areas of Texas Hill Country northward into southern Fort Worth suburbs. The incumbent is Republican Roger Williams, who was re-elected with 53.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 26th district is based in the northern portion of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, centering on Denton County. The incumbent is Republican Michael C. Burgess, who was re-elected with 59.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 27th district stretches across the Coastal Bend, from Corpus Christi up to Bay City. The incumbent is Republican Michael Cloud, who was re-elected with 60.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 28th district is based in the Laredo area and stretches north of the Rio Grande Valley into east San Antonio. The incumbent is Democrat Henry Cuellar, who was re-elected with 84.4% of the vote in 2018 without major-party opposition.


text: The 29th district encompasses parts of eastern Houston, taking in the heavily Latino areas of the city. The incumbent is Democrat Sylvia Garcia, who was elected with 75.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 30th district encompasses Downtown Dallas as well as South Dallas. The incumbent is Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson, who was re-elected with 91.1% of the vote in 2018 without major-party opposition.


text: The 31st district encompasses northern Austin to Temple, including Williamson and Bell counties. The incumbent is Republican John Carter, who was re-elected with 50.6% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 32nd district covers northern and eastern Dallas and its inner northern suburbs. The incumbent is Democrat Colin Allred, who flipped the district and was elected with 52.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 33rd district is located in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, encompassing Downtown Fort Worth, western Dallas, and parts of Grand Prairie and Irving. The incumbent is Democrat Marc Veasey, who was re-elected with 76.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 34th district stretches from Brownsville in the Rio Grande Valley, northward into rural counties. The incumbent is Democrat Filemon Vela, who was elected with 60.0% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 35th district connects eastern San Antonio to southeastern Austin, through the I-35 corridor. The incumbent is Democrat Lloyd Doggett, who was re-elected with 71.3% in 2018.


text: The 36th district encompasses parts of Southeast Texas, including the Clear Lake region. The incumbent is Republican Brian Babin, who was re-elected with 72.6% of the vote in 2018.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: In April 2022, a no-confidence motion against Imran Khan led to his removal as the prime minister of Pakistan. Based largely on the Westminster system of legislature, the prime minister commands confidence of the majority of the lower house of Parliament, the National Assembly of Pakistan, under clause (2A) of Article 91 of the Constitution. Numerous opposition parties joined forces to file the motion of no confidence against Imran Khan in the National Assembly. It ultimately led to the removal of Khan from office as a majority passed the motion in the Lower House.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: The decision to file a no-confidence motion against sitting prime minister Imran Khan of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) – who had held the position since the 2018 election – was taken at a summit of the opposition parties, united under the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) alliance. Speaking at a joint press conference, the then-Leader of the Opposition Shehbaz Sharif said the motion was presented because of the government's poor performance in economic and social indicators during the four years of Khan's ministry. In the leadup to the no-confidence motion, Khan's PTI also faced defections from some lawmakers within its own ranks, which emboldened the opposition's move to file the motion.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 8 March 2022, representatives of opposition parties filed the motion against Khan in the National Assembly, seeking to remove him from office, while accusing his alleged hybrid regime of poor governance, political victimisation of opponents, and mismanaging the economy and foreign policy. It is alleged that these factors also contributed to Khan's falling out with Pakistan's military establishment, which had remained a key backer of his government.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Khan claimed that he possessed a diplomatic cable dated 7 March, in which a "threat" was issued by the US government stating their desire to see Khan's ousting from office, with the stipulation that Pakistan would be "forgiven" if the motion against him succeeded. The US was allegedly unhappy with Khan's foreign policy and his visit to Russia. Khan alleged that the United States was behind a "foreign conspiracy" to oust him in a regime change, and that he had written evidence attesting to this. These allegations were denied by the US government. Imran Khan also said that he has been punished on not accepting U.S. policy after withdrawal from Afghanistan. Donald Lu, US Assistant Secretary of State for Central and South Asia evaded the question regarding his meeting with Pakistan's Ambassador to the U.S. Khan's party alleged that there is a close connection between regime changes after UN's Ukraine Resolution. Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that the U.S. has punished disobedient Imran Khan and termed that interference a shameless act. However, U.S. said that there is "absolutely no truth" in the allegations.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 3 April 2022, the motion of no confidence was unilaterally dismissed by the deputy speaker, Qasim Khan Suri, without putting the motion to a vote in the National Assembly, on grounds of "foreign interference". Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, chairman of the opposition Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), announced challenging the ruling in the Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Our lawyers are on their way to Supreme Court. We call on all institutions to protect, uphold, defend and implement the constitution of Pakistan," he wrote.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: With the motion set aside, and invoking his powers as prime minister, Khan advised president Arif Alvi to dissolve the National Assembly and called for fresh general elections, an act on which the Supreme Court took "suo moto" notice of the ensuing constitutional crisis. The development came after the opposition leaders demanded to review the “unconstitutional” ruling given by National Assembly Deputy Speaker Qasim Suri. The Supreme Court, with a 5–0 vote, ruled that the deputy speaker's ruling to dismiss the motion and the subsequent dissolution of the National Assembly were unconstitutional, thus allowing the no-confidence vote to proceed. On 10 April, the no-confidence motion passed with a majority of 174 votes (out of 342) in the National Assembly, which resulted in Khan losing the confidence of the house and ceasing to hold the office of prime minister. Thus, Khan became the first Pakistani prime minister to lose a no-confidence vote. Later, Khan called for mass rallies against his removal and the new government.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 11 April, Shehbaz Sharif was elected unopposed by the National Assembly to replace Khan as prime minister, as Khan's PTI party boycotted the vote and resigned en masse from the National Assembly. Sharif's cabinet, comprising 37 members, took oath on 19 April.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Under Article 58 of the constitution of Pakistan, a Prime Minister ceases to hold office if the majority of members of the National Assembly, equating to 172 members (out of 342), vote in favour of no-confidence. A successful vote means that cabinet would also be dissolved. When the motion is successful, a new prime minister is elected by the house, for which both the ruling party and opposition usually submit nomination papers of their chosen candidates.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: At the time of the motion of no confidence, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), the ruling party led by the prime minister, had a centrist coalition government, with 176 members on the treasury seats, while the combined number of opposition seats stood at 162. The total votes required to remove the prime minister are 172. Once a no-confidence motion is submitted, the Speaker must call the house to order within two weeks, and voting must take place on the motion within one week after the house is called in order.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: No prime minister in Pakistan has previously been removed through a motion of no-confidence. A vote of no confidence against the premier has been tabled on two occasions before. In 1989, Benazir Bhutto survived a vote of no confidence. In 2006, Shaukat Aziz also survived a motion against him when the opposition was able to muster only 136 votes, short of the required simple majority of 172.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 11 February 2022, Fazal-ur-Rehman, president of the Pakistan Democratic Movement, announced his intent to bring a vote of no confidence. The announcement came after a meeting of PDM's parliamentary parties. The opposition parties also decided to contact the incumbent government allies to convince them to join the vote of no confidence. The announcement came after the Pakistan Peoples Party, led by former president Asif Ali Zardari and his son Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, met Pakistan Muslim League (N)'s Shehbaz Sharif, who is Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly, along with his niece and daughter of three-time former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Maryam Nawaz.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: In response, the federal Minister for Information, Fawad Chaudhry, accused the opposition of corruption and termed the opposition's no-confidence move a ploy to turn attention away from corruption cases that many of the opposition leaders were facing due to the charges levied against them by the National Accountability Bureau.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: The constitution of Pakistan allows for the removal of an incumbent prime minister if a no-confidence motion gains a simple majority. If parliament is not in session, opposition parties must also requisition the Speaker of the National Assembly to summon a session; once the requisition is submitted, the speaker has a maximum of 14 days to summon the session. Once the session is in attendance, the secretary of the house will circulate the motion for the no-confidence vote, which in this instance was moved to the next working day.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Once the motion is moved, according to the rules of procedure, it cannot be voted up before three days or after seven days. The vote is conducted by an open vote by division, once the session takes place, a bell is rung to inform any parliamentarians that might be outside the assembly hall; later, the gates are closed. Those in favour of no-confidence exit the hall from one side, those not in favour exit the hall from another side; once the members of the assembly begin to leave, the counting procedure starts, everyone re-enters the hall once the hall is emptied and all members have displayed their vote by exiting the hall.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: After the vote is complete, if the no-confidence motion is successful, the speaker of the house informs the president of Pakistan in writing and secretary issues a notification to the gazette.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 9 March 2022, members of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)'s Ansar-ul-Islam, a uniform volunteer force entered Parliament Lodges. Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) maintained that force will remain inside the lodges until the no-confidence motion was passed.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 10 March 2022, Islamabad Police conducted an operation inside Parliament Lodges and arrested 19 people, including JUI-F MNAs Maulana Salahuddin Ayyubi and Muhammad Jamal ud Din for bringing Ansar-ul-Islam's workers in the Parliament Lodges.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Islamabad Inspector General of Police Muhammad Ahsan Younas suspended the officers in charge of D-Chowk under whose supervision Ansar-ul-Islam workers had entered the Parliament lodges.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Senator Kamran Murtaza along with other lawyers submitted the petition to the police station secretariat. The petition said that the policemen tortured them including Saad Rafiq, Syed Rafiullah and others, while the police did not have arrest warrants or the permission of the speaker.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: The united opposition filed a privilege motion in the National Assembly against the operation, adding that a large contingent of police had infiltrated and the members of the National Assembly were arrested, beaten and their doors smashed.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Interior Minister Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad said that JUI-F's MNA Salahuddin Ayubi was not arrested, only 20 people of the “militia” involved in creating unrest at the lodges were arrested. The interior minister maintained that "it is the job of the state, not private militia to provided security to national buildings. The militia was dissolved in 2019, what you are trying to prove to bring them into the capital; we will not spare any private militia in the capital if seen in the uniform."


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Before vote of no confidence opposition claimed that they have group of dissidents lawmakers of then ruling Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, and they could have a successful vote of no confidence even without involving government allies. However, the government denied and said that they have their lawmakers with them, and if opposition alliance will buy any of them this will be unconstitutional. This tug of war continued until dozen government lawmakers were found in Sindh House ‘sanctuary’. The Prime minister Imran Khan, claimed that MPs are bought with bags full of cash and this is an open horse-trading. However, the dissented law markers during their interaction with media denied the allegations and said that there was no money involved.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 18 March 2022, PTI protesters stormed Sindh House in Islamabad and broke through the gate. Workers protested and chanted slogans against deviant members of parliament. Protesters held Ewer and sticks in their hands. Police arrested 12 people, including two PTI members of the National Assembly, Faheem Khan and Attaullah Niazi. The PTI MNAs were later released on personal bail.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: PPP's Yousaf Raza Gillani, Raja Pervez Ashraf and PML-N's Shahid Khaqan Abbasi said that if there was a police operation on Sindh House then Prime Minister Imran Khan and Interior Minister Sheikh Rashid would be responsible for the results. PPP chairman Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said that Prime Minister Khan was trying to prove his "third power" by creating an unstable situation through the use of force.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 27 March 2022, Jamhoori Watan Party's Shahzain Bugti resigned from the federal cabinet and joined forces with the PDM. On 28 March 2022, four out of five legislators of the Balochistan Awami Party, an ally party of the PTI government, announced quitting the ruling alliance in the federal government, and joined the opposition. On 30 March 2022, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Pakistan, another key ally of the PTI-led coalition government, formally announced that it was joining the opposition ranks. Meanwhile, MQM-P members Farogh Naseem (law minister) and Syed Aminul Haque (IT & telecommunication minister) resigned from the cabinet.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: As pressure for the no-confidence vote built up, the prime minister and members of his cabinet came up with a multi-prong approach to tackle public opinion and reverse the pressure on the opposition. The government has planned massive public outreach rallies to turn public opinion in its favour; at these rallies, the prime minister tackled both domestic and foreign narratives.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Some disgruntled and dissident members of the ruling party allied themselves with the opposition; according to the known dissidents, total government assembly members to vote against their party's head is between 24 and 33. While the dissenting lawmakers have been termed as 'turncoats' for money and threatened, the government has issued them show-cause notices.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 18 March 2022, PTI workers stormed Sindh House, where most of the dissident lawmakers where staying, under the leadership of loyalist PTI lawmakers Faheem Khan and Attaullah Niazi.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: While addressing a political rally at Mailsi, Prime Minister Khan called the opposition leaders as cowards and corrupt. He then went on to say that Nawaz Sharif has faked his illness to run away from Pakistan and that it was one of his biggest mistake to let Nawaz Sharif go to London. Khan also accused Shehbaz Sharif, Nawaz Sharif's brother and the leader of the opposition, as a 'boot licker', a derogatory reference to a person who makes back channel deals with the country's powerful military establishment for power. Referring to former President Asif Ali Zardari, Khan reminded the crowd that the former president was known as "Mr. 10%", and he described the former president as the biggest illness of Pakistan. Fazal-ur-Rehman, another opposition leader who is not a member of the national assembly but is the president of the opposition alliance, was termed 'Diesel', the Prime minister joking mentioned that 'the Chief of Army Staff had asked him not to call Fazal ur Rehman 'Diesel', but he couldn't do anything since the public has named him diesel already'.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Prime Minister Khan warned the opposition to be ready to face what he will do to them, the opposition, once he defeats the vote of no confidence.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 1 March 2022, Khan met leaders of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) to discuss the political situation in the country, with the Prime Minister asking Chaudhary Shujaat Hussain to not take up the opposition's offer to join the no-confidence motion.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 9 March 2022, the prime minister met leaders of the MQM-P, at their headquarters in Karachi MQM-P's traditional stronghold. While talking to media, MQM-P leaders mentioned that the move of no confidence was not discussed and all their options were open. On 18 March, Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui, Convener of MQM-P, said in a TV interview that Khan should resign to save the PTI government.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 27 March 2022, the PTI staged a political rally at the parade ground in Islamabad, which it named the "Amar Bil Maroof rally". The rally started with a speech by KP Provincial President Pervez Khattak. Sindh President Ali Zaidi, Punjab President Shafqat Mahmood and PTI Balochistan President Qasim Suri addressed the gathering. The rally was held a day before the no-confidence motion filed against him was tabled in the National Assembly.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: In his address, Khan waved a letter to the people alleging that a conspiracy was being hatched to change his government with the money coming from abroad and some Pakistanis in this conspiracy unknowingly and some deliberately are being used. He further said: "We have known for months that there is a conspiracy against the government."


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Khan and his government alleged that the United States government threatened Pakistan with 'consequences' if the vote of no-confidence were to fail and Khan were to remain in office, and that 'all would be forgiven' if Khan were removed. After he was removed from office, Khan asked US president Joe Biden, "by indulging in a regime change conspiracy to remove a democratically elected PM of a country of over 220 million people to bring in a puppet PM, do you think you have lessened or increased the anti-American sentiment in Pakistan?" Khan claimed that Nawaz Sharif and Shehbaz Sharif, leaders of the Pakistan Muslim League (N), and Asif Ali Zardari, president of the Pakistan Peoples Party, were also part of the conspiracy.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: The basis of it was a diplomatic cable sent by Pakistan's ambassador to the US, Asad Majeed Khan, after his meeting with US State Department official Donald Lu in early March. White House Communications Director Kate Bedingfield responded to Khan's allegation of a conspiracy by saying "there is absolutely no truth to that allegation".


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: The U.S. government had supposedly been frustrated when Khan visited President Vladimir Putin in Moscow on the day of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Amid condemnation from European diplomats, Khan responded by saying to a public rally "Are we your slaves that we would do anything you say?" and claiming hypocrisy due to the same criticism not being given to India, who had also refused to condemn Russia's invasion. Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly Qasim Khan Suri would ultimately use this reason to unilaterally dismiss the motion of no confidence.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Pakistan's military, while terming the contents of the cable as containing "undiplomatic language", disagreed on whether there had been a foreign conspiracy. The military also publicly maintained that its stance on the political crisis was apolitical. The Pakistani government delivered a diplomatic démarche to the US government protesting against the alleged interference.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Russia supported Khan's claims and slammed the US for the alleged interference in Pakistan's affairs for its "own selfish purposes".


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 23 May 2022, Khan suggested that US State Department official Donald Lu be fired for interfering with Pakistan's domestic politics and "for bad manners and sheer arrogance." Khan added, "I had perfectly good relationship with the Trump administration. It's only when the Biden administration came, and it coincided with what was happening in Afghanistan. And for some reason, which I still don't know, they never got in touch with me."


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: In an address to the nation on 3 April 2022, Prime Minister Khan announced that he had advised President Arif Alvi to dissolve assemblies following the dismissal of the no-confidence motion. Hence, on the same day, the president dissolved the National Assembly on the prime minister's advice under Article 58 of the Constitution.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On the same day, the Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) took a "suo moto" of the ongoing situation and a three-member bench of the supreme court heard the case. On 7 April 2022, the dismissal of the no-confidence motion without a vote and the subsequent dissolution of the National Assembly was ruled unconstitutional by the supreme court.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: The SCP ordered that the National Assembly session be reconvened at no later than 10:30 a.m. on 9 April and may not be prorogued until the no-confidence vote is held.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Afterwards, Khan said he accepted the court's decision but urged people to come out and protest against what he called an "imported government".


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 11 April 2022, the National Assembly held an election to decide the new prime minister. The outgoing ruling party PTI initially nominated former Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi for the position. However, moments before the vote, the party staged a mass walkout of the Assembly in protest at what Qureshi claimed was an 'imported government'. Shehbaz Sharif, former Chief Minister of Punjab and brother of former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, was elected unopposed.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Imran Khan called for a mass rally, with PTI calling for nationwide protests on the night of Sunday, 10 April, following the events in the National Assembly. Large demonstrations were held at Karachi, Peshawar, Malakand, Multan, Khanewal, Khyber, Jhang, Quetta, Okara, Islamabad, Lahore and Abbottabad, while protests were also held at Bajaur, Lower Dir, Shangla, Kohistan, Mansehra, Swat, Gujrat, Faisalabad, Nowshera, Dera Ghazi Khan and Mandi Bahauddin. Tens of thousands of people attended the demonstrations. In Karachi, 20,000 people attended. The crowds consisted mostly of the youth of Pakistan. Journalist Haroon ur Rasheed stated that in total, 10 million (1 crore) people attended the protests. Overseas Pakistanis across the world also took part in demonstrations which occurred in Dubai, Sharjah, London and Melbourne.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On Twitter, "#Imported_Government_Rejected" () trended with over 8 million tweets. Similarly, data scientist meddytweets, who had previously concluded that 76% of PML-N's vice president's Twitter followers were fake, was allegedly abducted for 13 hours and questioned on the technicalities of how "#Imported_Government_Rejected" trended. On Twitter, he said that the trend was completely organic. PTI's Dr. Shahbaz Gill alleged the PTA was slowing down internet in Islamabad to censor videos of the protests.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: A smear campaign against the Pakistan Army was taken notice of on 12 April 2022 during the 79th Formation Commanders Conference, which was held at GHQ Rawalpindi under the chairmanship of Army Chief General Qamar Javed Bajwa. In the conference, formation commanders expressed confidence in the decisions of the military leadership for upholding the constitution and law and reportedly took stern notice of the propaganda campaign against the Pakistan Army in the wake of Khan's ouster following the no-confidence motion. The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) arrested six people allegedly involved in a well-organized campaign on social media against the Pakistan Army. By May 26, protests had escalated significantly, with the interior ministry authorizing the deployment of the army in the Red Zone.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: On 9 April 2022, In the National Assembly during the voting and political turmoil on the opposition's no-confidence motion against former Prime Minister Imran Khan, in this regard, BBC Urdu reported that Imran Khan had allegedly decided to sack the army chief, Qamar Javed Bajwa, in the leadup to his government's ouster. In response, the ISPR said: "The news published in BBC Urdu is totally baseless and full of lies." It added: "This general propaganda news does not mention any credible, authoritative and relevant sources and is a violation of basic journalistic ethics. And there is no truth in this fake news and it clearly appears to be part of a systematic misinformation campaign." The ISPR stated the matter was being taken up with BBC officials.


title: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

text: Additionally, the hashtag "#SurrenderBajwa" also trended with hundreds of thousands of tweets. The PTI stated that the house of Dr Arsalan Khalid, former focal person to PM Imran Khan on digital media, was raided overnight, and his family's phones and laptops were confiscated. Social media influencer Waqas Amjad tweeted that the police raided both of his homes.


title: Bobby Farrelly

text: Robert Leo Farrelly Jr. (born June 17, 1958) is an American film director, screenwriter and producer. He is one of the Farrelly brothers, alongside his brother Peter, and together are known directing and producing quirky, slightly offensive comedy films such as "Dumb and Dumber", "Shallow Hal", "Me, Myself and Irene", "There's Something About Mary", and the 2007 remake of "The Heartbreak Kid".


title: Bobby Farrelly

text: Farrelly was raised in Cumberland, Rhode Island, to Mariann, a nurse practitioner, and Dr. Robert Leo Farrelly. His grandparents were Irish immigrants, and he also has Polish ancestry. He is a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he entered the school on a hockey scholarship.


title: Bobby Farrelly

text: Bobby and his brother Peter Farrelly are known as the Farrelly brothers. They have written, directed and produced several comedy films including "Dumb and Dumber", "There's Something About Mary", "Kingpin", "Shallow Hal", "Me, Myself & Irene" and "Stuck on You", as well as "Fever Pitch", and "The Lost Son of Havana". They conceived the "Seinfeld" episode "The Virgin" (4.10)


title: Bobby Farrelly

text: In 2014, Bobby and Peter directed "Dumb and Dumber To", the sequel to their 1994 blockbuster hit "Dumb and Dumber".


title: Bobby Farrelly

text: In 2016, Bobby directed two episodes of Season 10 of the Canadian cult mockumentary TV series "Trailer Park Boys".


title: Bobby Farrelly

text: Farrelly has been married to his wife Nancy since 1990; they have two sons and a daughter. One of Farrelly's sons is transgender comedian A.B. Farrelly.


title: Adam Lazzara

text: Adam Burbank Lazzara (born September 22, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He is the lead vocalist of the rock band Taking Back Sunday. Along with singing lead vocals, Lazzara plays guitar and occasionally the harmonica.


title: Adam Lazzara

text: While recording their first six track EP, Jesse Lacey left the band to form Brand New with Brian Lane, the drummer of The Rookie Lot. Then, John Nolan half-jokingly asked his friend, Adam Lazzara from High Point, North Carolina if he would move to Long Island and play bass for the band. Within the next week, Adam had moved to Bellmore with John, and was the full-time bassist. Adam worked at guitarist Eddie Reyes' father's deli for pay. After vocalist Antonio Longo left the group, Reyes convinced Lazzara to switch to vocals. Since, Lazzara has recorded seven albums with Taking Back Sunday.


title: Adam Lazzara

text: In early 2006, Lazzara met Chauntelle Dupree, guitarist of Eisley, while on tour. They started dating and became engaged on February 14, 2007. They were to be married in March 2008, but it was announced by Dupree's father in January 2008 that the wedding had been called off and that she and Lazzara had split. One month after breaking things off with DuPree, Lazzara began dating Misha Vaagen, a local bartender who had been a family friend of the DuPrees. They were married by June 2008. and had their first child, named Keaton Ari Danger, in January 2009.


title: Adam Lazzara

text: In February 2015, Lazzara was arrested for a DWI while in Charlotte, North Carolina. He was released on a $2,500 bond.


title: Christianity in the Middle East

text: Christianity, which originated in the Middle East during the 1st century AD, is a significant minority religion within the region, characterized by the diversity of its beliefs and traditions, compared to Christianity in other parts of the Old World. Christians now make up approximately 5% of the Middle Eastern population, down from 20% in the early 20th century. Cyprus is the only Christian majority country in the Middle East, with Christians forming between 76% and 78% of the country's total population, most of them adhering to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Lebanon has the second highest proportion of Christians in the Middle East, around 40%, predominantly Maronites. Egypt has the next largest proportion of Christians (predominantly Copts), at around 10% of its total population. Copts, numbering around 10 million, constitute the single largest Christian community in the Middle East.


title: Christianity in the Middle East

text: The Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrians of northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and parts of Iran have suffered both ethnic and religious persecution for many centuries, such as the 1915 Genocide that was committed against them by the Ottoman Turks and their allies, leading many to flee and congregate in areas in the north of Iraq and northeast of Syria. The great majority of Aramaic speaking Christians are followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Ancient Church of the East, Assyrian Pentecostal Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church. In Iraq, the numbers of Christians has declined to between 300,000 and 500,000 (from 0.8 to 1.4 million before 2003 US invasion). Assyrian Christians were between 800,000 and 1.2 million before 2003. In 2014, the Chaldean and Syriac population of the Nineveh Plains in northern Iraq was scattered to Dohuk, Erbil and Jordan due to ISIS forcing the Assyrian and Syriac Christian community out of their historical homeland, but since the defeat of the Islamic State in 2017, Christians have began to slowly return.