title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City was chosen as county seat for Sutter County in 1854. The same year, however, voters decided that Nicolaus would be a better location, and the county seat was moved there. County voters returned to their first choice of Yuba City two years later, in 1856, and it has remained the county seat since.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City saw its first major influx of population after World War II, pushing residential areas west and south from the city's original center. Orchards were turned into residential areas as new homes were built for people migrating to the city.


title: Yuba City, California

text: In December 1955, a series of storms dropped torrential rain throughout northern California. The deluge caused all the rivers in the region to overflow their banks and to break through levees. The Christmas Eve levee break at Yuba City was particularly disastrous, with 38 people losing their lives, and heavy damage occurring in the downtown section. According to Dick Brandt, manager of the Yuba County airport in 1955, between 550 and 600 Sutter County residents were rescued from the floodwater by helicopter.


title: Yuba City, California

text: On March 14, 1961, a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrying nuclear weapons, flying near Yuba City, encountered a pressurization problem, and had to drop to a lower altitude. Because of this, more fuel than expected was used, and the aircraft ran out of fuel. It crashed before meeting with a tanker aircraft. The pilot gave the bailout command, and the crew egressed at 10,000 ft, except for the pilot, who ejected at 4,000 ft, while avoiding a populated area. The aircraft was destroyed. The weapons, two Mark 39 (3.8 megatons each) thermonuclear bombs (identified from declassified Department of Energy films and photographs) were destroyed on impact though no explosion took place, and there was no release of radioactive material as a result.


title: Yuba City, California

text: On May 21, 1976, a school bus carrying members of the Yuba City High School's choir to a performance at Miramonte High School in Orinda, California plunged 28 feet off the exit ramp on I-680 at Marina Vista Road in Martinez, California. Twenty-seven students and one adult chaperone died and twenty-three students were seriously injured.


title: Yuba City, California

text: On February 24, 1978, five young men from Yuba City, Gary Dale Mathias, Jack Madruga, Jackie Huett, Theodore (Ted) Weiher and William Sterling, aged between 24 and 32 years, disappeared under mysterious circumstances. They went to a basketball game in Chico and on their way back drove up to a mountain road away from the main road back to Yuba, where their car had been found later, undamaged and with enough gas to drive back to Yuba City.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Four of the men were later found in and near a trailer on June 4 of the same year. Ted Weiher was found inside the trailer, starved, covered in blankets. Inside the trailer there was enough food to supply all five men for about a year, and enough paper and wood to light a fire, but nothing was used this way. The corpses and bones of three of the other men were found outside the trailer, but Gary Mathias was never found.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City has been home to a significant Muslim population, including Pakistani Americans descended from 1902 immigrants. In 1994 the Muslim community completed a mosque that cost an estimated $1.8 million and many hours of donated work. Soon after, the mosque was destroyed by an act of arson, the first time that a mosque was destroyed in the United States. Eventually the mosque was rebuilt with help of Sikhs, Mormons, Christians, and other groups. The story is told in the 2012 documentary "An American Mosque".


title: Yuba City, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The total area is 0.53% water.


title: Yuba City, California

text: The Yuba City area is located north of Sacramento and situated in the Sacramento Valley. It is home to the Sutter Buttes, the smallest mountain range in the world. The Feather River borders the city to the east and the area is sometimes referred to as the "Feather River Valley", which divides the city from its neighbor Marysville.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City has a hot-summer mediterranean climate ("Csa" according to the Köppen climate classification system) which consists of cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. On average, January is the coolest and wettest month, and July is the hottest and driest. During the wet season from mid-October to mid-April, Yuba City sees frequent rain and is usually under the tule fog. Snow is rare in the valley, but cold waves from the north may bring some light snow and ice. Spring is wet in the beginning but becomes drier and warmer as summer months approach. May has some rain, but usually from thunderstorms rather than from winter storms. Rain is rare from June to September. The Delta Breeze, which comes from the Bay Area on summer nights, helps cool temperatures and adds humidity. At times the Delta Breeze is strong enough to bring coastal fog inland to the Sacramento Valley. Autumn starts out warm but becomes cooler, wetter, and foggier as the season progresses.


title: Yuba City, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Yuba City had a population of 64,925. The population density was . The racial makeup of Yuba City was 37,382 (57.6%) White, 1,591 (2.5%) African American, 909 (1.4%) Native American, 11,190 (17.2%) Asian, 228 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 9,772 (15.1%) from other races, and 3,853 (5.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18,413 persons (28.4%).


title: Yuba City, California

text: The Census reported that 64,345 people (99.1% of the population) lived in households, 125 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 455 (0.7%) were institutionalized.


title: Yuba City, California

text: There were 21,550 households, out of which 9,012 (41.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 11,277 (52.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,969 (13.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,412 (6.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,436 (6.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 118 (0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 4,753 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals, and 1,960 (9.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99. There were 15,658 families (72.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.49.


title: Yuba City, California

text: The population was spread out, with 18,314 people (28.2%) under the age of 18, 6,630 people (10.2%) aged 18 to 24, 17,575 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 14,810 people (22.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,596 people (11.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.


title: Yuba City, California

text: There were 23,174 housing units at an average density of , of which 12,266 (56.9%) were owner-occupied, and 9,284 (43.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.1%. 36,525 people (56.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 27,820 people (42.8%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Yuba City, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 36,758 people (60,507 as of January 1, 2006), 13,290 households, and 8,944 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 13,912 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 67.0% White, 2.8% African American, 1.7% Native American, 6.4% Asian American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 14.4% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. 12.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The European population in Yuba City was 0.5% Romanian, 0.3% Italian, and 1.6% German.


title: Yuba City, California

text: There were 13,290 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were "non-families." 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.28.


title: Yuba City, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.


title: Yuba City, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $32,858, and the median income for a family was $39,381. Males had a median income of $34,303 versus $23,410 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,928. 18.1% of the population and 14.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.8% of those under the age of 18 and 9.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Yuba City, California

text: The city is served by two highways. California State Route 20 is the major east–west route, running to Marysville to the east, and Williams to the west. California State Route 99 travels south toward Sacramento, and north to Chico.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City is home to the largest dried fruit processing plant in the world, Sunsweet Growers Incorporated. In 1988 Yuba City was home to the California Prune Festival. In 2001 the name was changed to the California Dried Plum Festival and in early 2003 directors announced the end of the festival's 15-year run in the Yuba–Sutter area. This was primarily due to rise in costs, difficulty in securing sponsors, and competition from other festivals.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Being a small town, retail and healthcare make up the largest sectors of the economy. Some other notable employers include the Geweke Auto Group, Hilbers Incorporated, SharpeSoft, Jaeger Construction, Ardent Mills (formerly Andean Naturals) and Nordic Industries, Inc.


title: Yuba City, California

text: According to the city's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City is known for its sizeable Sikh community. The Sikh population in the Yuba–Sutter area has grown to be one of the largest in the United States and one of the largest Sikh populations outside of the Punjab state of India. Each year on the first Sunday of November, Sikhs from the United States, Canada, India, the United Kingdom and throughout the world attend the Sikh parade in Yuba City, which commemorates the receipt by Sikhs of their Holy scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, in 1708. The parade features floats and a procession of parade participants. The 2005 parade drew an estimated 56,000 people while the 2007 parade was estimated to draw between 75,000 and 85,000 people of both Sikh and non-Sikh background. In 2008, an estimated 80,000 people came out for the event which is now considered one of the largest gatherings in Northern California. In 2012, the parade participants rose to an estimated number of 150,000 people.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City participated in the California Swan Festival, which had been held from 2013 to 2016, November 13–15, with the events centered in adjacent Marysville’s Caltrans Building.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City also elected the first Sikh American Mayor in the United States, Kash Gill, and Preet Didbal, the first Sikh American woman Mayor in the United States.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Public schools are part of the Yuba City Unified School District. The three high schools in the district are Yuba City High School, River Valley High School, and Albert Powell Continuation High School. Faith Christian High School and Adventist Christian School (http://www.acselementary.org) are private christian schools located in Yuba City. The Yuba City Charter School is K-12. Twin Rivers Charter is a K-8. St. Isidore Catholic School is a PK-8 parochial school under the auspices of St. Isidore Catholic Church.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Yuba City is in the Yuba Community College District and is served by Yuba Community College in neighboring Marysville.


title: Yuba City, California

text: The main newspaper for Yuba City area is the "Appeal-Democrat". The newspaper is printed in Marysville, but serves the entire Yuba–Sutter area. "The Sacramento Bee" is also widely sold and read in Yuba City.


title: Yuba City, California

text: Although KKCY 103.1, KUBA 1600 AM and 98.1 FM, KETQ-LP 93Q, KKCY-HD2 95.5, KCYC-LP, KOBO, and KRYC-LP are the only radio stations within the city, there is a broadcasting nearby.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Rebecca Rose Lobo-Rushin (born October 6, 1973) is an American television basketball analyst and former women's basketball player in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) from 1997 to 2003. Lobo, at 6'4", played the center position for much of her career. Lobo played college basketball at the University of Connecticut, where she was a member of the team that won the 1995 national championship, going 35–0 on the season in the process. Lobo was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010. In April 2017, she was announced as one of the members of the 2017 class of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, alongside Tracy McGrady and Muffet McGraw.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Lobo was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the youngest daughter of RuthAnn (née McLaughlin) and Dennis Joseph Lobo. Her father is of Cuban descent, while her mother was of German and Irish heritage. Lobo was raised a Catholic. Her brother Jason played basketball at Dartmouth College and her sister Rachel played basketball at Salem State College. Lobo's mother and father were both teachers; in addition, her father coached both basketball and track and field. Raised in Southwick, Massachusetts, Lobo was the state scoring record-holder with 2,740 points in her high school career for Southwick-Tolland Regional High School in Massachusetts. She held this record for 18 years until it was eclipsed by Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir of the new Leadership Charter School in Springfield on January 26, 2009.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: More than 100 colleges recruited Lobo, but she chose the University of Connecticut due to proximity and her belief in its academic excellence. She helped lead the Huskies to the 1995 National Championship with an undefeated 35–0 record. In her senior year, Lobo was the unanimous national player of the year, winning the 1995 Naismith College Player of the Year award, the Wade Trophy, the AP Player of the Year award, the USBWA Player of the Year award, the Honda Sports Award for basketball, and the WBCA Player of the Year award. Lobo was awarded the prestigious Honda-Broderick Cup for 1994–95, presented to the athlete "most deserving of recognition as the Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year". She was a member of the inaugural class of inductees to the University of Connecticut women's basketball "Huskies of Honor" recognition program. Lobo was named the 1995 Sportswoman of the Year (in the team category) by the Women's Sports Foundation. Lobo was the first player in the Big East Conference ever to earn first team all American honors for both basketball and academics.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Lobo was named to the USA U18 team (then called the Junior World Championship Qualifying Team) in 1992. The team competed in Guanajuato, Mexico in August 1992. The team won their first four games, then lost 80–70 to Brazil, finishing with the silver medal for the event, but qualifying for the 1993 world games. Lobo averaged 6.8 points per game during the event.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Lobo continued with the team to the 1993 U19 World Championship (then called the Junior World Championship). The team won five games and lost two, but that left them in seventh place. Lobo averaged 7.7 points per game and recorded six blocks, highest on the team.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: In 1995 Lobo passed through tryouts to join the national team, which later became the US team for the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, GA. Though her minutes on the floor were few, Lobo shared in the gold medal.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: In 1997, the WNBA was formed and enjoyed its inaugural season, and Lobo was assigned to the New York Liberty during the league's first player allocations on January 22, 1997. The first season the Liberty fell to the Houston Comets in the WNBA Finals. Lobo suffered a setback in 1999, tearing her left anterior cruciate ligament and her meniscus in the first game of the season. In 1999, she was selected to the inaugural WNBA All Star team but could not play because of the injury. In 2002, she was traded to the Houston Comets in exchange for Houston's second-round selection (26th overall) in the 2002 WNBA draft. The next season she was traded to the Connecticut Sun, where she retired in 2003. Lobo also played two seasons in the National Women's Basketball league with the Springfield Spirit 2002 through 2003.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: At the induction ceremony, Lobo was introduced by her college coach, Geno Auriemma who praised her for her "impact on the court and off the court" as "one of the founders [of the WNBA]", and "as a representative of our university, [and] as a member of the board of trustees".


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Today, Lobo is a reporter and color analyst for ESPN with a focus on women's college basketball and WNBA games.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: In 1996, Lobo and her late mother, Ruth Ann Lobo, collaborated on a book entitled "The Home Team", which dealt with Ruth Ann's battle with breast cancer. They also founded the RuthAnn and Rebecca Lobo Scholarship, which offers a scholarship to the UConn School of Allied Health for Hispanic students. Lobo was the 1996 spokesperson for the Lee National Denim Day fund raiser which raises millions of dollars for breast cancer research and education.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Starting in 2000, Lobo served as national spokesperson and backer for Body1.com, a consumer-targeted network of sites providing interactive content-rich information on medical technologies that treat ailments and diseases specific to body parts. Due to her recurring problems with a torn anterior cruciate ligament, (ACL), she campaigned to raise awareness of knee injury risks in women. Lobo shared her story with others suffering from the same type of injury and strongly advocated for patient self-education via the Internet.


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: On April 12, 2003, Lobo changed her last name to Lobo-Rushin after marrying "Sports Illustrated" writer Steve Rushin at the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts. They have four children (three daughters and one son).


title: Rebecca Lobo

text: Lobo and Rushin host a weekly podcast called the "Ball & Chain Podcast". They discuss current events, sports and family life. They published the first episode on October 23, 2017.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Commodore was an early title and later a rank in the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard and the Confederate States Navy, and also has been a rank in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps) and its ancestor organizations. For over two centuries, the designation has been given varying levels of authority and formality.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Today, it is no longer a specific rank within active-duty or reserve forces or in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps or NOAA Corps, but it remains in use as an "honorary title" within the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard for those senior captains (pay grade O-6) in command of operational organizations composed of multiple independent subordinate naval units (e.g., multiple independent ships or aviation squadrons).


title: Commodore (United States)

text: However, "commodore" is a rank that is actively used to this day in the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the civilian volunteer branch of the Coast Guard, for the ranks of District Commodore, Vice National Commodore, and National Commodore.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Use of the term "commodore" dates from 1775 in the then–Continental Navy, the predecessor of the modern U.S. Navy, when it was established (but not used) as a courtesy title reserved for captains in command of a fleet or squadron.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The first U.S. naval officer to become a commodore was John Barry, a senior officer of the Navy, appointed in 1794 after the former Continental Navy was reorganized into what would become the current U.S. Navy.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Because the U.S. Congress was originally unwilling to authorize more than four officer ranks in the navy (captain, master commandant, lieutenant, and midshipman) until 1862, considerable importance was attached to the title of commodore. Captain Isaac Hull, chafing at not being able to progress further in rank, wrote in 1814 that, if no admirals were to be authorized, something should be done to prevent, "...every midshipman that has command of a gunboat on a separate station taking upon himself the name of Commodore".


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Like its Royal Navy counterpart at the time, the U.S. Navy commodore was not a higher rank, but a temporary assignment for navy officers, as Herman Melville wrote in his 1850 novel, "White-Jacket".


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Eventually the title of commodore was defined more strictly, and was reserved for captains so designated by the Navy Department, although the practice of retaining the title for life added some confusion.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: In 1857, Congress established the grade of flag officer. This generic title was intended "to promote the efficiency of the Navy", but differed little from the previous practice. The first flag officer appointed was Charles Stewart, who was appointed as "Senior Flag Officer" in 1857. The Act to Further Promote the Efficiency of the Navy, passed on December 21, 1861, gave the president the authority to appoint squadron commanders with the "rank and title" of flag officer. On January 3, 1862 Charles H. Bell, William W. McKean, Louis Goldsborough and Samuel Dupont were promoted to Flag Officer, followed by David Farragut on January 17, 1862.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Because of the acute need for officers at the beginning of the American Civil War, naval tradition was ignored and commodore became for the first time a permanent commissioned rank in the U.S. Navy. Eighteen commodores were authorized on July 16, 1862. The rank title also lost its "line command" status when, in 1863, the chiefs of the bureaus of Medicine and Surgery, Provisions and Clothing, Steam Engineering, and Construction and Repair were all given the rank of commodore.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The rank of commodore continued in the Navy until March 3, 1899, when "An Act To reorganize and increase the efficiency and the personnel of the Navy and Marine Corps" redefined the list of officers on the active list and did not include the rank of commodore, effectively disestablishing the rank for active line officer, but not on the retirement list.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: According to "Laws Relating to the Navy, 1919", the step was taken, "…on account of international relationships, the consideration of which caused the Navy Department to regard the complications confronting it as inimical to the honor and dignity of this nation, because of the adverse effect upon its high ranking representatives in their association with foreign officers". In short, U.S. Navy commodores were not being treated as flag officers by other navies, or given the respect that the Navy Department thought was their due.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: As it would have been expensive to increase the pay of all the former commodores to the level of rear admirals, the U.S. Congress at the time specified that the lower half of the rear admiral list have pay equal to brigadier generals of the U.S. Army. If there were an odd number of rear admirals, the lower half of the list was to be the larger. All rear admirals lower half and full rear admirals, were considered equal to major generals, flew a blue flag with the requisite number of stars instead of a broad pennant, and were entitled to a 13-gun salute. The U.S. Supreme Court later held that the rank of commodore had been removed from the U.S. Navy, leaving it without a rank equivalent to brigadier general. This act disgruntled all the brigadier generals, who could now be outranked by officers who were their juniors in terms of service. This was a point of inter-service controversy for many years, especially after 1916, when the U.S. Army made its brigadier generals equivalent to rear admirals (lower half). Thus the two-star rank of rear admiral was now equal to that of major general.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: During the huge expansion of the U.S. Navy during World War II, the Department of the Navy was concerned that the appointment of more flag officers would create a glut of admirals whenever peacetime was achieved. However, some Navy and Coast Guard captains, although not yet selected for rear admiral (lower half), were holding commands of significantly higher responsibility than they had earlier and this needed to be recognized. The COMINCH of the U.S. Navy and Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral (later Fleet Admiral) Ernest J. King, proposed bringing back the older rank of "commodore" for these officers. President Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed, making the suggestion that the title be revived.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: As a result, the one-star officer rank for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard was re-established in April 1943 with the title of "commodore". In actual practice, some officers on admiral's staffs were also promoted to the rank of commodore. By the end of the War in the Pacific in August 1945, there were over 100 commodores in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard. With respect to the U.S. Coast Guard, it should be understood that during World War II, the much-expanded Coast Guard was transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of the Navy and was involved in combat operations in both anti-submarine warfare and amphibious warfare, thousands of miles away from home, and not just in its usual role of defending the coasts of the United States, detaining smugglers, lifesaving, and search and rescue operations.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: After World War II, and with the rapid drawdown in size of both the Navy and the Coast Guard, very few of the wartime commodores were ever promoted to rear admiral. All promotions to commodore ceased in 1947, and nearly all of the commodores who had held the one-star rank had either been promoted to rear admiral or had retired from the Navy by 1950. According to the 1949 edition of the Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Navy, updated to January 1, 1949, the last two commodores on active duty were Tully Shelley (b. 1892) and Antoine O. Rabideau (b. 1884). Shelley retired in July 1949 and was promoted on retirement to rear admiral retroactive to April 3, 1945. Rabideau apparently died sometime in 1970, and his headstone shows him to have held the rank of rear admiral.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: However, as the Cold War evolved, the Navy began to rebound from its immediate post-World War II reductions. This expanding Navy saw growth in several mission areas, and the reintroduction and designation of senior captains in command of units comprising multiple ships (e.g., "flotillas"), multiple aviation squadrons or other similar organizations became increasingly commonplace, leading to increased use of the title of commodore for those senior captains occupying these highly responsible positions.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, following years of objections and complaints by the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Marine Corps, efforts were begun to reinstate commodore as an official rank in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard with a pay grade of O-7, replacing "rear admiral (lower half)", which were Navy and Coast Guard flag officers who were paid at the one-star rank of an O-7 and carried the relative seniority of a one-star officer, but who, due to the elimination of the rank of commodore at the end of World War II, wore the same two-star rank insignia as a full, or "upper half," rear admiral, an O-8.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: In 1982, the rank of commodore was finally and officially reintroduced in the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard as the O-7 rank. The one-star officer's rank and insignia for Navy and Coast Guard officers was thence re-established with the initial title of commodore admiral.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: In 1983, following numerous objections by USN officers to the Chief of Naval Operations and USCG officers to the Commandant of the Coast Guard that this new title was unwieldy and confusing, the rank of "commodore admiral" was simplified to "commodore".


title: Commodore (United States)

text: However, this action still failed to stem the confusion and the objections of senior officers in the naval services. This was because the U.S. Navy had long assigned the title (although not the rank) of commodore to selected captains holding major operational sea-going commands. Since at least the late 1940s, "commodore" had been used as a "position title" for senior navy captains who commanded air groups and air wings (other than those officers commanding carrier air groups/carrier air wings, who were historically known and referred to as "CAGs"), destroyer squadrons, submarine squadrons, amphibious squadrons, patrol boat flotillas, patrol hydrofoil missile ship squadrons, special warfare groups, construction regiments, and other large seagoing commands. The U.S. Coast Guard had never previously used the title.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Later in 1983, the one-star U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard admiral rank was changed back to its original O-7 pay grade title of "rear admiral" with the discriminator in seniority and protocol purposes of "Rear admiral (lower half)," and a rank title abbreviation of RDML versus the O-8 rank title abbreviation of RADM.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: From then on, commodore has remained a title for U.S. Navy captains in command of more than a single unit (other than captains commanding carrier air wings, who retained their traditional title of "CAG") and all U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard one-star admirals were subsequently referred to as rear admiral. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard rear admirals (lower half), continued to wear the single star for collar insignia and applicable shoulder insignia (i.e., flight suits, jackets, etc.), a single silver star on top of solid gold background shoulder board insignia, and a single broad gold sleeve stripe insignia for dress blue uniforms (service dress blue, full dress blue and dinner dress blue) of all USN and USCG flag officers in pay grade O-7, and for the service dress white and full dress white uniforms of female USN flag officers in pay grade O-7.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The term "commodore" again reverted to that of an honorary title versus an actual rank for the limited number of captains in command of multiple units.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The U.S. Navy no longer maintains a "rank" of commodore, but the term has survived as an "honorary title". Modern-day commodores are senior captains in the U.S. Navy holding major operational command of functional or "type" air wings or air groups (exclusive of carrier air wings) such as strike fighter wings, electronic attack wings, patrol and reconnaissance wings, airborne early warning wings, strategic communications wings, various helicopter wings, training air wings, or tactical air control groups; destroyer squadrons; submarine squadrons; amphibious squadrons; mine countermeasures squadrons; riverine squadrons; coastal warfare groups and squadrons; special warfare (SEAL) groups; explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) groups; logistics task forces; and naval construction regiments.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: With the exception of the naval construction regiments that are commanded by senior captains of the U.S. Navy's Civil Engineer Corps, all other commodores are senior captains who are warfare-qualified unrestricted line (URL) officers in that combat specialty (e.g., naval aviators and naval flight officers commanding "functional" or "type" air wings or air groups, surface warfare officers commanding destroyer or littoral combat ship squadrons, submarine warfare officers commanding submarine squadrons, SEAL officers commanding special warfare groups, etc.).


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Such officers employ the term "commander" in their organizational command title, this in keeping with the naval tradition of officers commanding a single ship, unit or installation being referred to as a "commanding officer" or "CO", while those captains and flag officers commanding multiple ships, multiple aviation squadrons, multiple air wings, task forces, fleets, etc., being known as a "commander" (but not to be confused with the USN / USCG "rank" of commander). With the exception of commanders of carrier air wings, captains in this latter category are referred to, both orally and in correspondence, as "commodore", but continue to wear the rank insignia of a captain. Captains in command of carrier air wings continue to use the traditional title of "CAG" which dates from when these units were known as carrier air groups.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: While technically not flag officers, captains holding a commodore billet are authorized a blue and white broad pennant, also known as a "command pennant", which is normally flown from their headquarters facilities ashore and/or from ships on which they are embarked when they are the senior officer present afloat (SOPA). Depending on the type of aircraft, it may also be displayed as a plate or decal when embarked on that aircraft, or painted on one of the aircraft in one of their subordinate squadrons that also displays their name on the fuselage. This swallow-tailed pennant has a white field bounded by two horizontal blue stripes, with the numerical designation or the initials of the command title in blue centered on the white field.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: In the U.S. Navy, commodore billets are considered to be O-6 "major command" assignments for Captains, on par with the commanding officers of major combatant vessels (e.g., aircraft carrier, battleship, guided missile cruiser), commanders of carrier air wings, and commanding officers of major shore installations (e.g., naval air station, naval station, naval base, naval support activity, etc.). In the other U.S. armed services, the level and scope of responsibility of a USN Captain in a commodore billet is equivalent to that of the Commanding Officer of a Marine Regiment, Marine Aircraft Group (MAG) or Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) in the U.S. Marine Corps, a wing commander in the U.S. Air Force (even when the USN command is designated as a "Group"), or a brigade commander or O-6 level post commander/installation commander in the U.S. Army.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The U.S. Coast Guard presently designates the USCG captain commanding those U.S. Coast Guard cutters and other afloat and ashore USCG units comprising Patrol Forces Southwest Asia (PATFORSWA) as a "commodore". PATFORSWA is headquartered at Naval Support Activity Bahrain in Manama, Bahrain and its primary area of responsibility is the Persian Gulf, as well as other areas coinciding with that of United States Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT). It is currently the only commodore billet in the U.S. Coast Guard and this usage mirrors the USN's use of the title "commodore".


title: Commodore (United States)

text: In the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary variants of "commodore" are used as position titles for high level leadership positions (e.g. National Commodore, Deputy National Commodore, District Commodore etc.). While auxiliarists do not hold ranks "per se", and it is not usual to address an auxiliarist by position title, these very senior members do use "Commodore" (abbreviated "COMO") as a form of address (e.g. Commodore John Smith; or COMO John Smith). The National Commodore wears insignia similar to that of a Coast Guard vice admiral (three stars), the Vice National Commodore and the four Deputy National Commodores wear insignia similar to that of a rear admiral upper half (two stars), and the eight Assistant National Commodores and each District Commodore wear insignia similar to that of a rear admiral lower half (one star). There also several Deputy Assistant National Commodores but these members wear insignia similar to that of a Coast Guard captain and are not addressed as "Commodore."


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The Coast Guard Auxiliary also occasionally bestows the title of "Honorary Commodore" as a mark of high esteem. Recipients of this honor include actor and Coast Guard veteran Lloyd Bridges (who was an active member of the Auxiliary and served as its national celebrity spokesman in the 1970s) and television personality Al Roker (who produced the documentary series Coast Guard Alaska).


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The United States Maritime Service uses the rank of commodore for their one-star flag officers, with the two-star rank being simply designated as "rear admiral". The rank is usually given to the president of one of the seven federal and state maritime academies who had not attained flag rank during his/her active duty naval career.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Civilian yacht clubs, yachting associations and fellowships with formal hierarchical structures, began to use the title "commodore" in countries around the world for their presidents in the early twentieth century along with "vice commodore" in the same manner as "vice president,"and "rear-commodore" and "port captain' or "international bridge member" in the same manner as board members.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Commodores, Vice-Commodores and Rear-Commodores are also known as civilian Flag officers because they have an Epaulettes, Regalia and Maritime flags with designated symbols and number of stars for their ranks. Many of the clubs that are more than a century old, such as the Los Angeles Yacht Club have formal ceremonies, where Commodores from more than 100 surrounding yacht clubs, flag officers of the US Navy and Coast Guard attend a ceremony at the beginning of the year. The ceremony includes a bagpipe entrance, a presentation of the country flag by commissioned officers of the country's navy and a cannon shot upon the raising of each individual officer's flags on a flag staff, (also known as Flagpoles) for each flag officer (Commodore, Vice Commodore, Rear Commodore) as their term of office officially begins. Sometimes a trumpet fanfare is also include for special occasions like ribbon cutting in 2019 for the 50th Transpacific Yacht Race. Salutes are given to Commodores for special ceremonies, including Opening Days of the Racing Season.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The athletic teams of Vanderbilt University of the Southeastern Conference use "Commodore" as their mascot, the nickname of the university's founder and namesake Cornelius Vanderbilt.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: Gulf Coast State College in Panama City, Florida, also uses the Commodore mascot for its sports teams.


title: Commodore (United States)

text: The state of Rhode Island has a group of select individuals, appointed by the governor, known as Rhode Island Commodores. Rhode Island Commodores function as ambassadors for the state and promote its economy and attractions. It is similar to the title Kentucky Colonel but less commonly awarded.


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: "Wonderful Life" is a song by the English singer Black from his 1987 album "Wonderful Life". The song was released twice as a single and was successful the second time, becoming a top ten hit in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the UK. Black, who wrote the song while broke, commented: "I was really being ironic... Most people took it at face value."


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: First released in 1986 by Ugly Man Records, it initially peaked at no. 72 on the UK Singles Chart. The label and Vearncombe then decided to re-release the song with a new record company, A&M Records after the success of "Sweetest Smile" and the single reached a higher peak of no. 8 on the chart in August 1987.


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: In a contemporary review in "Smash Hits", Vici McDonald called it a "wonderful record sentimental without being slushy". She went on: "It's heartening to see someone who a) isn't particularly handsome, b) has a spook-name (i.e. Colin Vearncombe), c) has no discernible 'image' and d) writes slightly odd lyrics, get into the charts purely on the strength of their music, which in this case is very strong indeed."


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: The song was described by AllMusic as a "seductive, bittersweet ballad". "The Daily Telegraph" said: "Its oddly uplifting lyrics... combined with Black's melancholy croon created, as one critic observed, 'luxuriantly melodic pop that sounds something like a male version of Sade'."


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: The music video, shot in black and white, was filmed around the English seaside resort of Southport, Merseyside, as well as Wallasey near Black's hometown of Liverpool, and features New Brighton Lighthouse and promenade. The video includes the Looping Star rollercoaster, a ride at Pleasureland at the time, as well as The Galleon fairground ride, the shrimping boat, local shops and residents. It was directed by Gerard de Thame, husband of television presenter Rachel de Thame, and won an award at the New York Film Festival in 1988.


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: Dutch singer Mathilde Santing recorded her own cover version of "Wonderful Life" on her 1999 album "To Others to One". It was released as a maxi single and was used in a television advertisement for Interpolis, a Dutch insurance company, in 2005. In addition to the album "To Others to One", it is also on the albums "20 jaar hits 1981–2001 (Muziek 20 Daagse 2001)" and "100 Love Songs [2008]".


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: British singer Tina Cousins covered "Wonderful" for her second studio album, "Mastermind" (2005). She recorded it at Charlton Farm Studios in Bath, England. This version, produced by Louie Nicastro and Tom Maddicott, was released in Australia on 30 May 2005 and reached number 17 on the country's ARIA Singles Chart the following month. In the United Kingdom, following a digital release in late November 2005, the cover debuted and peaked at number 58 on the UK Singles Chart on 4 December 2005. The song also charted in Finland, reaching number 17 on the Finnish Singles Chart.


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: In 2011, the song featured on the Christmas album "Funny Looking Angels" by Smith & Burrows, a collaboration between Tom Smith (Editors) and Andy Burrows (We Are Scientists and ex-Razorlight).


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: In 2012, German reggae fusion band Seeed released a cover of the song on their eponymous fourth studio album.


title: Wonderful Life (Black song)

text: A version by Katie Melua was originally included on the BBC Radio 2's "Sounds of the 80s" compilation album, and was subsequently released as a single in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital and The Children's Hospital Charity.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Clockwork Angels is the nineteenth and final studio album by Canadian rock band Rush, released on June 12, 2012, on Roadrunner Records. During the band's year-and-a-half break following its Snakes & Arrows Tour, the group decided to write a new studio album. The album was recorded in April 2010 at Blackbird Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, and from October to December 2011 at Revolution Recording in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Two songs that would eventually appear on the album, "Caravan" and "BU2B," were released to radio stations and made available as a digital download on June 1, 2010. Following the release of the two songs, the band embarked on the Time Machine Tour, with "Caravan" and "BU2B" included in the set list. "Clockwork Angels" was completed following this tour. The album's second single, "Headlong Flight," was released April 19, 2012. The album's third single, "The Wreckers," was released July 25, 2012. On February 20, 2013, "The Anarchist" was released as the fourth and final single. A 10" picture disc single of the song "The Garden" was released as part of the 2013 Record Store Day Black Friday sale, limited to 3,000 copies.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: The album debuted at No. 1 in Canada and at No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The album won the award for Rock Album of the Year at the 2013 Juno Awards.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: At the end of the band's Snakes & Arrows Tour in July 2008, the group took a year-and-a-half long break, during which Rush released the live albums "Snakes & Arrows Live" (2008) and the compilation "Working Men" (2009). The band reconvened in Los Angeles in December 2009 to discuss what projects they wanted to undertake in the coming year. Among their options were to start a new studio album and to undergo a major tour; as Neil Peart later wrote: "Fools that we are, we ended up doing both." The idea of an album with a back story as opposed to a collection of different songs became an attractive one to the group, for which Peart detailed one set in a fictional world with a suite of songs telling a story. Rush had worked on new material as early as February 2009, but Alex Lifeson denied a speculation that they were set to make a concept album at that time.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Rush adopted the band's usual songwriting methods which involved Geddy Lee and Lifeson working on music at their home studios in Toronto while Peart worked alone from his California home on the lyrics. The group had encouraged one another to become more spontaneous with their solos in live performance which became a primary element while writing new music for "Clockwork Angels". Lifeson had to consciously hold himself back from layering guitar tracks as he wanted to emphasize the "basic rockiness of the songs" and resorted to greater use of double tracking. The sessions were productive; in March 2010, Lee said: "Just about a month and a half ago we had no songs. And now we've been writing and now we've got about six songs that we just love" and Lifeson predicted a spring 2011 release.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: After some weeks into the writing Peart had developed his story further, leading to the band's agreement to adapt it into a concept album while having each track make its own statement. Rush had previously recorded conceptual songs throughout their career, but had yet to commit to a full album concept. Lee was apprehensive towards the idea at first as he wanted the group to move forward in direction and not adopt something typical of fellow progressive rock bands of the 1970s. "Music Radar" wrote that despite the story-based theme, the album fails to get weighed down by the plot. In a change of pace, Peart wrote the lyrics to "Clockwork Angels" on a blank canvas without using any preconceived ideas that he had written down. Early in January 2010, Peart had written some ideas and sent them to Lee and Lifeson, who then paired the words to the pieces of music that they had come up with. Peart was influenced to devise a story and lyrics set in a dystopian steampunk-inspired world "lit only by fire", named after the same-titled book on the history of the Middle Ages by William Manchester and "driven by steam, intricate clockworks, and alchemy". He had incorporated elements of ancient tradition with Tarot cards on "Vapor Trails" (2002) and the ancient Hindi game Leela on "Snakes & Arrows" and wanted to bring in alchemy for "Clockwork Angels". Peart wrote a lyrical "chapter" for each of the album's twelve tracks, representing the mood or atmosphere of each track with its own symbol as depicted in the artwork. The plot is based on various sources such as "Candide" by Voltaire "with nods to" the novel "The Sot-Weed Factor" (1960) by John Barth and writers Michael Ondaatje, Joseph Conrad, Robertson Davies, Herbert Gold, Daphne du Maurier, and Cormac McCarthy, and early Spanish explorers in the American Southwest for the Seven Cities of Gold myth.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Development paused in April 2010 when Rush announced the band's Time Machine Tour which was initially set to run from June to October of that year. The tour saw Rush perform two new songs that they had written for "Clockwork Angels" entitled "Caravan" and "BU2B". They had also written "The Garden" and "The Anarchist" at that point. With the first half of the Time Machine Tour finished, Lee and Lifeson resumed to write the rest of the album in early 2011, but the sessions had not produced strong enough results barring from some "furious jams" that became the basis of "Carnies" and "Headlong Flight". There was also difficulty in matching Peart's lyrics to the new music which resulted in many rewrites, some on the day of recording via e-mail. Lifeson later complimented Peart: "Neil came through – he never complained."


title: Clockwork Angels

text: In August 2010, Lifeson remarked that the album was turning out to be very musically diverse. In particular, Lifeson referred to the nearly finished title track "Clockwork Angels" as an "epic song" and a "multi-parted piece," described as "very dynamic." Peart said of the still in-work album in May 2011, "I intend it to be my highest achievement lyrically and drumming-wise." When the final writing sessions began in late 2011, Lee and Lifeson decided to swap instruments at one particular meeting. The result was what became "The Wreckers."


title: Clockwork Angels

text: "Clockwork Angels" contains string arrangements composed of six violins and two cellos. During the album tour, concert sound mixer Brad Madix faced gain-before-feedback challenges when amplifying the strings for a large audience: "I'd worked with strings in the past, but it was always either in a very quiet setting with minimal sound reinforcement or the violins were strictly electric. On Rush's Clockwork Angels Tour, the band definitely meant for the strings to be featured and acoustic."


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Though the band's 1976 and 1978 albums "2112" and "Hemispheres" are often referred to as concept albums, "Clockwork Angels" is the band's only true concept album as the album features a continuous theme with the lyrics telling a story that runs from beginning to end. "Caress of Steel", "2112" and "Hemispheres" all feature a sidelong suite that tells a story. However, the lyrics of the other songs on those three albums have very little if anything to do with those stories.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Rush recorded "Clockwork Angels" in two phases. The first took place in April 2010 at Blackbird Studios in Nashville, Tennessee with Nick Raskulinecz returning as co-producer following his work on "Snakes & Arrows" (2007). The tracks "Caravan" and "BU2B" were recorded during this time and mixing was completed by Richard Chycki at the Sound Kitchen in Franklin, Tennessee. The band's initial plan was to return to the studio at the conclusion of the Time Machine Tour in October 2010 and have the album finished for a 2011 release. However, they decided to extend the tour with dates from March to July 2011, thus pushing back the release of "Clockwork Angels". That August, the band announced their deal with Roadrunner Records in partnership with their domestic label Anthem Records to handle their international distribution, marking the end of their time with Atlantic Records which began with "Presto" (1989).


title: Clockwork Angels

text: The second phase of recording took place at Revolution Recording in Toronto between October and December 2011. The strings were recorded at Ocean Way Recording in Los Angeles in January 2012.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: On his personal website, Peart revealed that he took a new approach in writing and recording his drum tracks for the album: "I played through each song just a few times on my own, checking out patterns and fills that might work, then called in Booujzhe. He stood in the room with me, facing my drums, with a music stand and a single drumstick—he was my conductor, and I was his orchestra ... I would attack the drums, responding to his enthusiasm, and his suggestions between takes, and together we would hammer out the basic architecture of the part. His baton would conduct me into choruses, half-time bridges, and double-time outros and so on—so I didn't have to worry about their durations. No counting, and no endless repetition."


title: Clockwork Angels

text: On February 9, 2012, science fiction novelist Kevin J. Anderson, a long time friend of Neil Peart, announced that he would be writing a novelization of "Clockwork Angels". He also revealed information about the album's concept:


title: Clockwork Angels

text: Released on September 4, 2012, the novel was followed by a loose sequel titled "Clockwork Lives", which was published on September 15, 2015, followed by a Graphic novel in 2018.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: The album's front cover, designed by Rush's longtime collaborator Hugh Syme, depicts a clock marked with alchemical symbols instead of numbers. It displays the time as 9:12, which in 24-hour time is 21:12, a reference to the band's fourth studio album, "2112" (1976). 9:12 is also unintentionally a reference to Peart’s birthday, September 12 or 9/12.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: "Clockwork Angels" was released on June 8, 2012 in Australia, followed by the United States and Canada on June 12 and in Europe on June 13. British magazine "Classic Rock" released a limited edition fan pack containing the album and 132-page magazine on June 11.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: The single "Caravan" was released June 1, 2010 to radio stations and made available for digital download at this time along with "BU2B". The second single, "Headlong Flight", was released to radio stations and for online streaming on April 19, 2012.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: The album debuted at No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200 with sales of 103,000 units the first week. In Canada, the album debuted at No. 1 with sales of 20,000 units. By June 20, over 40,000 copies of the "Classic Rock" fan pack had been sold. Had this release been eligible for the UK Albums Chart, the album would have debuted at No. 1. As more people bought the fan pack than the album alone, the latter debuted at No. 76 in the UK before it reached its peak at No. 21.


title: Clockwork Angels

text: "Clockwork Angels" holds a score of 74 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews, which indicates "generally favourable reviews". "Classic Rock" scored the album a 9/10 and called it Rush's best release in 30 years. Jamie Thompson of "The Guardian" wrote in his review that "those who worship at the temple of Rush will be in raptures; for those who remain agnostic, there may well be enough here to justify a leap of faith." "Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles" editor-in-chief Martin Popoff gave the album a perfect 10/10 and said of it, "one can't deny that there's more purpose and focus here than on any Rush album ever".


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha (), also known as Parshva () and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 "Tirthankaras" (supreme preacher of dharma) of Jainism. He is the only Tirthankara who gained the title of "Kalīkālkalpataru (Kalpavriksha in this "Kali Yuga")."


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha is one of the earliest "Tirthankaras" who are acknowledged as historical figures. He was the earliest exponent of Karma philosophy in recorded history. The Jain sources place him between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE whereas historians consider that he lived in the 8th or 7th century BCE.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira. He was the spiritual successor of 22nd tirthankara Neminatha. He is popularly seen as a propagator and reviver of Jainism. Parshvanatha attained moksha on Mount Sammeda (Madhuban, Jharkhand) popular as Parasnath hill in the Ganges basin, an important Jain pilgrimage site. His iconography is notable for the serpent hood over his head, and his worship often includes Dharanendra and Padmavati (Jainism's serpent Devtā and Devī).


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha was born in Benaras (Varanasi), India. Renouncing worldly life, he founded an ascetic community. Texts of the two major Jain sects (Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras) differ on the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira, and this is a foundation of the dispute between the two sects. The Digambaras believe that there was no difference between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira.


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to the Śvētāmbaras, Mahavira expanded Parshvanatha's first four restraints with his ideas on "ahimsa" (non-violence) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy). Parshvanatha did not require celibacy, and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments. Śvētāmbara texts, such as section 2.15 of the Acharanga Sutra, say that Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshvanatha (linking Mahavira to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jain mendicant tradition).


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha is the earliest Jain "tirthankara" who is generally acknowledged as a historical figure. According to Paul Dundas, Jain texts such as section 31 of "Isibhasiyam" provide circumstantial evidence that he lived in ancient India. Historians such as Hermann Jacobi have accepted him as a historical figure because his "Chaturyama Dharma" (Four Vows) are mentioned in Buddhist texts. In the "Manorathapurani," a Buddhist commentary on the Anguttara Nikaya, Vappa, the Buddha's uncle, was a follower of Parsvanatha tradition.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Despite the accepted historicity, some historical claims such as the link between him and Mahavira, whether Mahavira renounced in the ascetic tradition of Parshvanatha and other biographical details have led to different scholarly conclusions.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha's biography with Jain texts saying that he preceded Mahavira by 273 years and that he lived 100 years. Mahavira is dated to in the Jain tradition, and Parshvanatha is dated to . According to Dundas, historians outside the Jain tradition date Mahavira as contemporaneous with the Buddha in the 5th century BCE and, based on the 273-year gap, date Parshvanatha to the 8th or 7th century BCE.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Doubts about Parshvanatha's historicity are also supported by the oldest Jain texts, which present Mahavira with sporadic mentions of ancient ascetics and teachers without specific names (such as sections 1.4.1 and 1.6.3 of the "Acaranga Sutra"). The earliest layer of Jain literature on cosmology and universal history pivots around two "jinas": the Adinatha (Rishabhanatha) and Mahavira. Stories of Parshvanatha and Neminatha appear in later Jain texts, with the "Kalpa Sūtra" the first known text. or depth, and the brief descriptions of the "tirthankaras" are largely modeled on Mahavira. The "Kalpa Sūtra" is the most ancient known Jain text with the 24 "tirthankaras", but it lists 20; three, including Parshvanatha, have brief descriptions compared with Mahavira. Early archaeological finds, such as the statues and reliefs near Mathura, lack iconography such as lions and serpents.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Two of the early bronze images of Parshvanatha can be found on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya and Patna Museum dating back to second century BCE to first century CE. A first century BCE Ayagapata is in State Museum Lucknow containing the image of Parshvanatha. A seventh century CE statue was found in the Asthal Bohar village of Rohtak, Haryana.


title: Parshvanatha

text: He was born on the eleventh day of the dark half of the Hindu month of Pausha to King Ashwasena and Queen Vamadevi of Varanasi. Parshvanatha belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty. Before his birth, Jain texts state that he ruled as the god Indra in the 13th heaven of Jain cosmology. While Parshvanatha was in his mother's womb, gods performed the "garbha-kalyana" (enlivened the fetus). His mother dreamt fourteen auspicious dreams, an indicator in Jain tradition that a "tirthankara" was about to be born. According to the Jain texts, the thrones of the Indras shook when he was born and the Indras came down to earth to celebrate his "janma-kalyanaka" (his auspicious birth).


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha was born with blue-black skin. A strong, handsome boy, he played with the gods of water, hills and trees. At the age of eight, Parshvanatha began practicing the twelve basic duties of the adult Jain householder. He lived as a prince and soldier in Varanasi.


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to the Digambara school, Parshvanatha never married; Śvētāmbara texts say that he married Prabhavati, the daughter of Prasenajit (king of Kusasthala). Heinrich Zimmer translated a Jain text that sixteen-year-old Parshvanatha refused to marry when his father told him to do so; he began meditating instead, because the "soul is its only friend".


title: Parshvanatha

text: At age 30, on the 11th day of the moon's waxing in the month of Pausha (December–January), Parshvanatha renounced the world to become a monk. He removed his clothes and hair, and began fasting strictly. Parshvanatha meditated for 84 days before he attained omniscience under a dhaataki tree near Benares. His meditation period included asceticism and strict vows. Parshvanatha's practices included careful movement, measured speech, guarded desires, mental restraint and physical activity, essential in Jain tradition to renounce the ego. According to the Jain texts, lions and fawns played around him during his asceticism.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where Parshvanatha attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). According to Vividha Tirtha Kalpa, Kamath in an attempt to obstruct Parshvanatha from achieving "Kevala Jnana" caused continuous rain. Parshvanatha was immersed in water up to his neck and to protect him the serpent god Dharanendra held a canopy of thousand hoods over his head and the goddess Padmavati coiled herself around his body. Ahichchhatra Jain temples are built to commemorate Parshvanatha attaining Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka. On the 14th day of the moon's waning cycle in the month of Chaitra (March–April), Parshvanatha attained omniscience. Heavenly beings built him a samavasarana (preaching hall), so he could share his knowledge with his followers.


title: Parshvanatha

text: After preaching for 70 years, Parshvanatha attained moksha at Shikharji on Parasnath hill at the age of 100 on Shravana Shukla Saptami according to Lunar Calendar. His death is considered "moksha" (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) in Jain tradition and celebrated as Moksha Saptami. This day is celebrated on large scale at Parasnath tonk of the mountain, in northern Jharkhand, part of the Parasnath Range by offering Nirvana Laddu (Sugar balls) and reciting of Nirvana Kanda. Parshvanatha has been called "" (beloved of the people) by Jains.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Jain mythology contains legends about Parshvanatha's human and animal rebirths and the maturing of his soul towards inner harmony in a manner similar to legends found in other Indian religions. His rebirths include:


title: Parshvanatha

text: King Aravinda, after the death of his minister's son, renounced his throne and led an ascetic life. When an angry Vajraghosha approached Aravinda, the ascetic saw that the elephant was the reborn Marubhuti. Aravinda asked the elephant to give up "sinful acts, remove his demerits from the past, realize that injuring other beings is the greatest sin, and begin practicing the vows". The elephant realized his error, became calm, and bowed at Aravinda's feet. When Vajraghosha went to a river one day to drink, the serpent Kamath bit him. He died peacefully this time, however, without distressing thoughts.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Agnivega was reborn as a god with a life of "twenty-two oceans of years", and the serpent went to the sixth hell. The soul of Marubhuti-Vajraghosa-Sasiprabha-Agnivega was reborn as Parshvanatha. He saved serpents from torture and death during that life; the serpent god Dharanendra and the goddess Padmavati protected him, and are part of Parshvanatha's iconography.


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to the "Kalpa Sūtra" (a Śvētāmbara text), Parshvanatha had 164,000 śrāvakas (male lay followers), 327,000 śrāvikās (female lay followers), 16,000 "sādhus" (monks) and 38,000 "Sadhvis or aryikas" (nuns). According to Śvētāmbara tradition, he had eight ganadharas (chief monks): Śubhadatta, Āryaghoṣa, Vasiṣṭha, Brahmacāri, Soma, Śrīdhara, Vīrabhadra and Yaśas. After his death, the Śvētāmbara believe that Śubhadatta became head of the monastic order and was succeeded by Haridatta, Āryasamudra and Keśī.


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to Digambara tradition (including the "Avasyaka niryukti"), Parshvanatha had 10 ganadharas and Svayambhu was their leader. Śvētāmbara texts such as the "Samavayanga" and "Kalpa Sūtras" cite Pushpakula as the chief "aryika" of his female followers, but the Digambara "Tiloyapannati" text identifies her as Suloka or Sulocana. Parshvanatha's "nirgrantha" (without bonds) monastic tradition was influential in ancient India, with Mahavira's parents part of it as lay householders who supported the ascetics.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Texts of the two major Jain sects (Digambara and Śvētāmbara) have different views of Parshvanatha and Mahavira's teachings, which underlie disputes between the sects. Digambaras maintain that no difference exists between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira. According to the Śvētāmbaras, Mahavira expanded the scope of Parshvanatha's first four restraints with his ideas on "ahimsa" (non-violence) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy) to the practice of asceticism. Parshvanatha did not require celibacy, and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments. Śvētāmbara texts such as section 2.15 of the Acharanga Sutra say that Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshvanatha, linking Mahavira to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jain mendicant tradition.


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to the Śvētāmbara tradition, Parshvanatha and the ascetic community he founded exercised a fourfold restraint; Mahavira stipulated five great vows for his ascetic initiation. This difference and its reason have often been discussed in Śvētāmbara texts.


title: Parshvanatha

text: The "Uttardhyayana Sutra" (a Śvētāmbara text) describes Keśin Dālbhya as a follower of Parshvanatha and Indrabhuti Gautama as a disciple of Mahavira and discusses which doctrine is true: the fourfold restraint or the five great vows. Gautama says that there are outward differences, and these differences are "because the moral and intellectual capabilities of the followers of the ford-makers have differed".


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to Wendy Doniger, Parshvanatha allowed monks to wear clothes; Mahavira recommended nude asceticism, a practice which has been a significant difference between the Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions.


title: Parshvanatha

text: According to the Śvētāmbara texts, Parshvanatha's four restraints were "ahimsa", "aparigraha" (non-possession), "asteya" (non-stealing) and "satya" (non-lying). Ancient Buddhist texts (such as the Samaññaphala Sutta) which mention Jain ideas and Mahavira cite the four restraints, rather than the five vows of later Jain texts. This has led scholars such as Hermann Jacobi to say that when Mahavira and the Buddha met, the Buddhists knew only about the four restraints of the Parshvanatha tradition. Further scholarship suggests a more-complex situation, because some of the earliest Jain literature (such as section 1.8.1 of the Acharanga Sutra) connects Mahavira with three restraints: non-violence, non-lying and non-possession.


title: Parshvanatha

text: The "less than five vows" view of Śvētāmbara texts is not accepted by the Digambaras, a tradition whose canonical texts have been lost and who do not accept Śvētāmbara texts as canonical. Digambaras have a sizable literature, however, which explains their disagreement with Śvētāmbara interpretations. Prafulla Modi rejects the theory of differences between Parshvanatha's and Mahavira's teachings. Champat Rai Jain writes that Śvētāmbara texts insist on celibacy for their monks (the fifth vow in Mahavira's teachings), and there must not have been a difference between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Padmanabh Jaini writes that the Digambaras interpret "fourfold" as referring "not to four specific vows", but to "four modalities" (which were adapted by Mahavira into five vows). Western and some Indian scholarship "has been essentially Śvētāmbara scholarship", and has largely ignored Digambara literature related to the controversy about Parshvanatha's and Mahavira's teachings. Paul Dundas writes that medieval Jain literature, such as that by the 9th-century Silanka, suggests that the practices of "not using another's property without their explicit permission" and celibacy were interpreted as part of non-possession.


title: Parshvanatha

text: The "Kalpa Sūtra" contains biographies of the "tirthankaras" Parshvanatha and Mahavira. Uvasagharam Stotra is an ode to Parshvanatha which was written by Bhadrabahu. Jinasena's "Mahapurāṇa" includes "Ādi purāṇa" and "Uttarapurana". It was completed by Jinasena's 8th-century disciple, Gunabhadra. "Ādi purāṇa" describes the lives of Rishabhanatha, Bahubali and Bharata. "Parshvabhyudaya" by Jinsena is a narration of the life of Parshvanatha. "Bhayahara Stotra" composed by Acharya Manatunga, 7th century, is an adoration of Parshvanatha. "Sankhesvara Stotram" is hymn to Parshvanatha compiled by Mahopadhyaya Yashovijaya.


title: Parshvanatha

text: "Pasanaha-chairu" is a hagiography of Parshvanatha composed by Shridhara in 1132 AD. "Parshvanatha bhavantara" is a kirtan (devotion song), compiled by Gangadas in 1690 AD, which narrates life of previous nine births. The medieval forty-four verse hymn "Kalyanamandira stotra", composed by Digambar kumudachandra, is a praise to Parshvanatha is popular among both Digambar and Śvētāmbara. "Parshvanatha charite" is a poem composed by Shantikirt Muni in 1730 AD, this poem narrates the seven siddhis of Parshvanatha.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Guru Gobind Singh wrote a biography of Parshvanatha in the 17th-century Paranath Avtar, part of the "Dasam Granth".


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha is a popular "tirthankara" who is worshiped ("bhakti") with Rishabhanatha, Shantinatha, Neminatha and Mahavira. He is believed to have the power to remove obstacles and save devotees. In Shvetambara tradition, there are 108 prominent idols of Parshvanath idols these idols derive their name from a geographical region, such as Shankheshwar Parshvanath and Panchasara Parshvanath.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella. Parshvanatha's snake emblem is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier. His iconography is usually accompanied by Dharnendra and Padmavati, Jainism's snake god and goddess.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to Parshvanatha; it is also found above the icons of Suparshvanatha, the seventh of the 24 "tirthankaras", but with a small difference. Suparshvanatha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Parshvanatha icons. Statues of both "tirthankaras" with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries. Earliest images of Parshvanatha having seven snakes over his head date back to first century BCE.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Archeological sites and medieval Parshvantha iconography found in temples and caves include scenes and "yaksha". Digambara and Śvētāmbara iconography differs; Śvētāmbara art shows Parshvanatha with a serpent hood and a Ganesha-like "yaksha", and Digambara art depicts him with serpent hood and Dhranendra. According to Umakant Premanand Shah, Hindu gods (such as Ganesha) as "yaksha" and Indra as serving Parshvanatha, assigned them to a subordinate position.


title: Parshvanatha

text: The "Parsvanatha ayagapata", a circa 15 CE ayagapata excavated from Kankali Tila, is a tablet of homage dedicated to Parshvanatha. The table represents Parshvanatha in the center surrounded by a bunches of lotus. Parshvanatha is depicted in dhyāna mudrā with ankle crossed in lotus position seated on a pedestal with a seven-hooded sesha hood above his head and shrivatsa on the chest.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Parshvanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount Parasnath of Jharkhand, for example, which is believed to have been a place where 20 out of 24 Tirthankaras achieved nirvana, along with Parshvanatha. Shankheshwar Parshvanath in northern Gujarat, along with Mount Shatrunjaya is considered the holiest shrine among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka. The replicas of Parshvanath temples are popular among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka, for example, Godiji is located in Sindh has a replica in Mumbai. According to Jain belief, worshipping these local replication idols allow them to directly worship to the original idol. Parshvanath is prayed to obtain various desires, especially tantric rites, is therefore also known as Chintamani (wish fulfilling gem) and a tantric diagram called 'Chintamani yantra' is also worship.


title: Parshvanatha

text: Important Parshvanatha temple complexes include: Shikharji (Sammet Sikhar) in Jharkhand, Mirpur Jain Temple, Kanakagiri Jain tirth, Panchasara Jain temple, Humcha Jain temples, Ahi Kshetra, Kallil Temple, Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Pateriaji, Nainagiri, Kundadri, Bijoliaji, Jirawala, Gajpanth, Andeshwar Parshwanath, Bada Gaon, and Akkana Basadi.


title: 2021–22 Fulham F.C. season

text: The 2021–22 season was Fulham's 124th season in existence and their first season back in the Championship, following relegation from the Premier League the previous season. Alongside the Championship, the club reached the fourth round of the FA Cup, and the third round of the EFL Cup. The season covers the period from July 2021 to 30 June 2022.


title: 2021–22 Fulham F.C. season

text: On 19 April 2022, Fulham secured promotion back to the Premier League following a 3–0 home win over Preston North End. With a 7–0 win over Luton Town on 2 May, Fulham were confirmed as champions.


title: 2021–22 Fulham F.C. season

text: During pre-season, head coach Scott Parker left the club by mutual consent. Later, he was appointed as new AFC Bournemouth head coach following the sacking of Jonathan Woodgate. Two days later, Portuguese football manager Marco Silva was appointed to replace him as head coach on a three-year deal.


title: 2021–22 Fulham F.C. season

text: "The Whites" announced a pre-season friendly against Millwall F.C. as well as Charlton Athletic as part of their preparations for the new season.


title: 2021–22 Fulham F.C. season

text: Fulham were drawn away to Bristol City and Manchester City, in the third and fourth rounds respectively.


title: 2021–22 Fulham F.C. season

text: Fulham entered the competition in the second round stage and were drawn away to Birmingham City and at home to Leeds United in the third round.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Aa Ab Laut Chalen (translation: "Come, Let's Go Back") is a 1999 Indian Hindi language romantic drama directed by Rishi Kapoor, making his directorial debut and also remains the only film he had directed in his career. The film's script was written by Sachin Bhowmick and Rumi Jaffery. The film premiered in India and the United States on 22 January 1999. It starred Rajesh Khanna, Akshaye Khanna, and Aishwarya Rai and was the last production of R. K. Films.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Rohan Khanna is a jobless graduate living in India with his mother. Ranjit, a former neighbour who now runs a hotel in America with his American wife, suggests that Rohan should move to America and Rohan eagerly accepts. His mother disapproves because his father Balraj abandoned the family to move to America, where he died.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: At the airport in New York, Rohan befriends Sardar Khan, a Pakistani taxi driver. Sardar drops Rohan at Ranjit's hotel. Rohan discovers that Ranjit and his wife mistreat his parents and use the hotel for prostitution. Rohan confronts Ranjit about this and is told to leave.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Sardar rooms with another cab driver, a Punjabi man from India, Iqbal Singh, and they offer Rohan a place to stay and a job. While working, Rohan meets a young Indian woman, Pooja. They become friends and eventually fall in love.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Rohan asks Pooja to move in with him. Sardar Khan helps the couple to find jobs, but they don't pay well. Despite his hard work, Rohan has earned little money and has only four months left on his visa. On the advice of friends, Rohan decides to obtain citizenship by engaging in a green card marriage. Rohan and Pooja meet the seductive and wealthy Loveleen, who agrees to the false marriage. After the marriage, Rohan becomes completely wrapped up in Loveleen, abandoning his friends and Pooja to move into Loveleen's mansion.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Pooja finds a job as a caretaker for a rich Indian man, Balraj, who is elderly and very ill. Unbeknownst to her, Balraj is Rohan's father and is not dead after all. Balraj has a son, Karan, who is spoiled and arrogant. Karan is often intimidated by Vikram, an associate of a dangerous drug dealer Marco who uses him as a courier to ship drugs in and around America in exchange for paying off his debts for his luxuries. Balraj starts to think of Pooja as a daughter and asks her to consider marrying Karan. Karan looks this as an opportunity to get more money from his father so that he can pay off Marco's debts.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Rohan gets tired of Loveleen, realizing he is in love with Pooja. He goes back to his friends, who tell him where to find her. He begs for her forgiveness and asks her to return to India to marry him. Pooja agrees, and Rohan gives her a locket with a picture of his mother. Pooja tells this to Balraj, who encourages her, without realizing that Rohan is his son.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Karan has become interested in Pooja and tries to intimidate her into marrying him. After a confrontation with him, her locket breaks. Balraj is surprised to find his wife's photo when he looks inside. When Pooja explains that Rohan gave it to her, Balraj realizes that Rohan must be his son. He fears that Rohan might hate him, so he does not tell Pooja.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: After hearing from Pooja that Rohan is struggling to make ends meet, Balraj asks Pooja to call Rohan to interview at his company. A grateful Rohan is offered a well-paying career and cash bonuses from the generous Balraj. Rohan uses his newfound wealth to pay for the care of Ranjit's parents. He also has Ranjit and his wife arrested for illegally possessing Ranjit's parents' passports and for their prostitution activities.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: After some time, Pooja and Rohan decide to return to India. Before they leave, Balraj confesses to Rohan that he is his estranged father and explains why he never returned. Rohan is angry at first, but after his mother forgives Balraj over the phone, Rohan decides to as well. Karan gets to know about it and decides to retaliate by physically attacking him only to be interrupted by Rohan who has taken his father's side. Balraj disowns Karan and hands over majority of his wealth to him. Balraj, Rohan and Pooja decided to head back to India. At the airport, they are surprised to see Karan along with the NYPD officer Jack Patel who has turned a new leaf by getting Marco and his gang arrested and is officially pardoned by the law. Karan discards his wealthy status and also joins them to India, thus reuniting a broken family.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: The music of this movie was composed by Nadeem–Shravan and the lyrics were written by Sameer. It was released on the label Saregama. The soundtrack was quite popular upon its release. All songs were popular among the masses.


title: Aa Ab Laut Chalen

text: Rediff noted "Maybe Rishi Kapoor was bowing to RK tradition, maybe he was trying to follow his heart, but he just has to get back to the drawing board and seriously plan that next venture".


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Mark Madsen (born 23 September 1984) is a Danish professional mixed martial artist and former Greco-Roman wrestler. As a mixed martial artist, he currently competes in the lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: As a wrestler, Madsen won the 2016 Summer Olympic Games silver medal in the 75 kg class and was a five-time World Championship medalist.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen, who started wrestling at age of six, made his official debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he lost to Russia's Varteres Samurgashev in the first preliminary round of men's Greco-Roman 74 kg, with a technical score of 1–7, and a classification score of 1–3.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, Madsen was defeated by another Russian wrestler Roman Vlasov, in the second round of the men's Greco-Roman 74 kg category. Because his opponent advanced further until the final round, Madsen qualified for the repechage bout, where he scored four points and defeated France's Christophe Guénot. In the bronze medal match, Madsen was unable to score enough points in the first two periods, and lost to Lithuania's Aleksandr Kazakevič, finishing only in fifth position.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Few months after the games, Madsen has signed a contract with European MMA, with sights on having his first fight inside the MMA cage by February 2013.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: In the 2016 Summer Olympics at Rio, Madsen won silver in men's Greco-Roman 75 kg, losing the final match against Roman Vlasov, who previously beat him in the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen competed in two professional bouts in 2013 and 2014 but because he was receiving salary from the Danish Wrestling Federation for his commitment, Madsen was subsequently essentially forbidden to compete in mixed martial arts. Due to his retirement from wrestling, he was allowed to start training and competing in mixed martial arts.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: After amassing four straight professional victories in the regional circuit, Madsen signed with Cage Warriors. Madsen made his promotional debut against Alexandre Bordin at Cage Warriors Academy's inaugural event on September 23, 2018. The fight was largely contested on the ground, leading Madsen to a unanimous decision victory by dominant grappling.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: After the bout with Bordin, Madsen has been training at Xtreme Couture in Las Vegas. Madsen headlined Cage Warriors Academy Denmark2 against Mathew Bonner on December 15, 2018 and won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen made his Cage Warriors debut against Thibaud Larchet at Cage Warriors 103 on March 9, 2019. Madsen won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen faced Danish boxer Patrick Nielsen in an MMA bout at Olympian Fight Night1 on June 8, 2019. Madsen won the fight in the first round via rear-naked choke.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen made his promotional debut against Danillo Belluardo on September 28, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 18. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: After recovering from shoulder injury and staph infection, Madsen returned to face Austin Hubbard on March 7, 2020 at UFC 248. He used his superior wrestling to win the fight by unanimous decision despite suffering a broken jaw during the course of the bout.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen faced Clay Guida on August 21, 2021 in the co-main event in . He won the fight via split decision.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen was scheduled to face Vinc Pichel on February 12, 2022 at UFC 271. However, they were pushed back to April 9, 2022 at UFC 273 due to unknown reasons. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Mark Madsen (fighter)

text: Madsen was scheduled to face Drakkar Klose on October 29, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 213. However, Klose pulled out in mid-October due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury. He was replaced by Grant Dawson. In turn, the bout was moved to UFC Fight Night 214 on November 5, 2022. At the weigh-ins, Dawson weighed in at 157.5 pounds, one and a half pounds over the lightweight non-title fight limit. His bout is expected to proceed at catchweight and he will be fined 30% of his individual purse, which will go to Madsen. He lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the third round.


title: George Karlaftis

text: George Karlaftis (; ; born April 3, 2001) is a Greek-born professional American football defensive end for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Athens and grew up as a multi-sport athlete playing football, track and field, basketball, and water polo, the latter of which he played with the Greek national team.


title: George Karlaftis

text: Karlaftis and his family moved to the United States when he was 13. He played college football at Purdue, where he won all-Big Ten honors before being drafted by the Chiefs in the first round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: George Karlaftis

text: Karlaftis was born in Athens, Greece. His father Μathiós "Matthew" Karlaftis grew up as an all-around athlete in Greece and later earned a degree in civil engineering at the University of Miami before pursuing a doctorate at Purdue University. His mother Amy, who had grown up near Purdue in West Lafayette, Indiana, met Matthew while she was a freshman. After marrying, they settled in Athens. While Amy spoke English to the couple's four children at home, they were otherwise brought up in Greek culture.


title: George Karlaftis

text: Matthew died of a heart attack in 2014 while on the island of Kos where he was to deliver a speech at an engineering conference there. Following his death, Amy and her children moved back to West Lafayette, where George Karlaftis began attending West Lafayette High School. He was enlisted in the school's football team and had 41 sacks during his high school career. He also competed in track and field for the school, including winning back-to-back state championships in shot put. He played in the 2019 U.S. Army All-American Game, where he was named the Defensive Player of the Year. He graduated early from high school and enrolled at Purdue in January 2019.


title: George Karlaftis

text: As a true freshman at Purdue in 2019, Karlaftis started all 12 games, recording 54 tackles and 7.5 sacks. He only played in three games as a sophomore in 2020 due to a positive COVID-19 result, finishing the year with four tackles and two sacks. Karlaftis declared for the 2022 NFL Draft following the 2021 season in which he recorded 4.5 sacks.


title: George Karlaftis

text: Karlaftis was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round (30th overall) of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: George Karlaftis

text: Karlaftis was once a youth member of the Greece men's national water polo team. His father, Matthew, was a javelin thrower for the University of Miami's track and field team and also tried playing on their football team before suffering a severe skull injury during his first practice with them. His brother, Yanni, won a youth world championship in judo at 11 and joined the Boilermakers as an outside linebacker in 2021.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: The PP-19 Vityaz (also known as the PP-19-01 “Vityaz-SN”) is a 9×19mm Parabellum submachine gun developed in 2004 by Russian small arms manufacturer Izhmash. It is based on the AK-74 and offers a high degree of parts commonality with the AK-74. The gun is directly developed from the PP-19 Bizon. "Vityaz" (витязь) is Russian for "knight".


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: The PP-19 Vityaz is a selective fire submachine gun that uses a simple closed bolt, straight blowback method of operation. As such, it has no gas system and the internal components have been modified accordingly. The bolt carrier with integral charging handle is similar to AK-family, however the piston rod and rotary bolt were removed and a weight on the bolt extends into the previous gas tube. The return spring and guide rod are almost identical to those of the AK-family.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: The PP-19 Vityaz has a four-groove barrel with a 240 mm (1:9 in) right-hand rifling pitch. It is chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge and will also fire the new high-pressure armour-piercing 7N31 round that can penetrate soft body armour. The gun is fed from a 30-round box magazine and comes with a fastening device that joins two magazines together. Its muzzle brake has three small rectangular ports on each side that serve to reduce muzzle rise, however their main purpose is to protect the muzzle from damage. It can be equipped with a detachable sound suppressor.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: The PP-19 Vityaz shares the same trigger and safety mechanisms as the AK-74 rifle. The selector lever is placed on the right side of the receiver, above the trigger, and has three settings: the uppermost "safe" setting disables the trigger and physically blocks the charging handle; the middle position (marked "АВ") enables fully automatic fire and the lowest position ("ОД") activates the semi-automatic function of the trigger. It utilises the AKS-74 shoulder stock, which folds to the left side of the receiver. The pistol grip is identical to the grip of the AK-100 series and is made of a black fiberglass-reinforced polyamide. The forearm has attachment points for laser target designator, tactical flashlight and fore grip.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: The PP-19 Vityaz is provided with two types of rail system for mounting various optical or collimator sights. A Picatinny rail on top of the receiver or a dove-tail side rail, and it also has the standard AK-type front and rear sights.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: PPK-20 is a further modernisation of the PP-19 Vityaz, developed and manufactured by Kalashnikov Concern. The PPK-20 uses the AK-19 stock as well as being issued with AK-9 style handguards and a new suppressor.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: The Saiga-9 is a semi-automatic pistol-caliber carbine version of the PP-19 Vityaz with 345 mm barrel sold on the Russian civilian market by Kalashnikov.


title: PP-19 Vityaz

text: In the United States, Kalashnikov USA (not associated with the Kalashnikov Concern) manufactures an barrel clone called the KP-9, and a barrel clone called the KR-9.


title: Saaremaa

text: Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring . The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island and west of Muhu island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago. The capital of the island is Kuressaare, which in January 2018 had 13,276 inhabitants. The whole island had a recorded population in January 2020 of 31,435.


title: Saaremaa

text: In old Scandinavian sources, Saaremaa is called "Eysysla" and in the Icelandic Sagas "Eysýsla" (Old Norse: ), meaning "the district (land) of island". The island is called "Saaremaa" in Estonian, and in Finnish "Saarenmaa"—literally "isle land" or "island land", i.e. the same as the Scandinavian name for the island.


title: Saaremaa

text: The old Scandinavian name is also the origin of the island's name in Danish "Øsel", German and Swedish "Ösel", Gutnish "Oysl", and in Latin, "Osilia". In Latvian, the island is called "Sāmsala", which possibly means "the island of Saami". Saaremaa may have been the historic Ultima Thule.


title: Saaremaa

text: According to archaeological finds, the territory of Saaremaa has been inhabited from at least 5000 BCE. Nordic Iron Age ship burials, dated to AD 700–750, have been found in Sõrve Peninsula. Sagas talk about numerous skirmishes between islanders and Vikings. Saaremaa was and the home of notorious pirates, sometimes called the Eastern Vikings. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia describes a fleet of sixteen ships and five hundred Osilians ravaging the area that is now southern Sweden, then belonging to Denmark.


title: Saaremaa

text: Probably around 1000, Gunnar Hámundarson from Iceland took part in a Viking raid at Eysýsla (Saaremaa). There he obtained his famous atgeir, by taking it from a man named Hallgrímur. Njáls saga tells the following:


title: Saaremaa

text: The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia describes a fleet of sixteen ships and five hundred pirates from Saaremaa ravaging the area that is now southern Sweden, then belonging to Denmark. The XIVth book of Gesta Danorum, Saxo Grammaticus describes a subsequent battle on Öland in 1170 in which the Danish king Valdemar I mobilized his entire fleet to curb the incursions of pirates from "Couronia" (Courland) and Saaremaa.


title: Saaremaa

text: Perhaps the most renowned raid by the inhabitants of Saaremaa occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna (other candidates as raiders are Karelians and Curonians). Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. Archaeological excavations have not verified the traditions of destruction of the town. Normal life in Sigtuna continued until town started to slowly lose its importance during 13th century due to navigability problems caused by post-glacial rebound.


title: Saaremaa

text: In 1227, Saaremaa was conquered by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword during the Livonian Crusade but the resistance of the local inhabitants remained strong. The crusaders founded the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek there. When the Order was defeated by the Lithuanian army in the Battle of Saule in 1236, the Saaremaa islanders rebelled. The conflict was ended by a treaty that was signed by the Osilians and the Master of the Order. In the following year, the Sword-Brothers were absorbed into the Teutonic Order. As the crusaders' hold on Saaremaa got stronger, Christianity also became more established on the island, and to this day Saaremaa has a unique set of medieval churches in Kaarma, Karja, Kihelkonna, Muhu, Pöide, Püha and Valjala churches. The crusader's fortress Kuressaare Castle, known in German as Schloss Arensburg, was built by the Teutonic Order for the bishops of Ösel-Wiek (Estonian: Saare-Lääne). Construction began in 1380 and it is one of the most well-preserved medieval castles in Estonia and bears testimony to the late Medieval Age.


title: Saaremaa

text: During the 14th–16th centuries, and possibly earlier, local inhabitants started to expand across the Baltic Sea into surrounding areas thus establishing villages at Livonian coast.


title: Saaremaa

text: Most of Saaremaa was ruled directly by the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, while some parts were enfeoffed to the Livonian Order. In 1559, the bishopric and Saaremaa were sold to Denmark, becoming part of Danish Estonia. From 1570 until 1645 the entire island was under Danish possession.


title: Saaremaa

text: In 1645, Saaremaa was ceded from Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Brömsebro. In 1721, along with the rest of Livonia, Saaremaa (then known by its Swedish name of Ösel) was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Nystad, becoming a part of the Governorate of Livonia.


title: Saaremaa

text: In 1840 the first spa opened in Kuressaare (then known as Arensburg), and the town experienced renaissance and became a resort for Russians and Baltic Germans.


title: Saaremaa

text: In World War I, the Estonian islands were conquered by Imperial German Army in October 1917 (Operation Albion) and remained occupied by Germans until the end of hostilities in November 1918. Thereafter Saaremaa became part of the newly independent Republic of Estonia. Most of the local Baltic German population of the island was resettled to Germany following the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. During World War II, the island was first occupied by the Soviet Red Army in June 1940 and, along with the rest of Estonian territory, formally annexed into the Stalinist USSR in August 1940. The island was then invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 (Operation Beowulf). German troops were expelled and the island was reoccupied by the Soviet Red Army in the Moonzund Landing Operation in October and November 1944. In 1946, the Soviet military authorities declared Saaremaa a restricted zone closed to all non-local civilians, i.e., mainland Estonians and foreigners. It remained a restricted area until 1989. Estonia regained independence in August 1991.