title: Merritt Island, Florida

text: The residential areas of Merritt Island, East and West Merritt Island, are only accessible by causeway or drawbridge at all points. The island is linked by causeways, SR 520 (Merritt Island Causeway), , State Road 404 (Pineda Causeway), , State Road 405, , State Road 406, and SR 528, to the barrier island to its east and the mainland to the west. Mathers Bridge connects the southernmost area to the barrier island.


title: Merritt Island, Florida

text: The lift station near the Pineda Causeway was built to handle per day. It became overloaded after Hurricane Irma in 2017. Trucks were used to dispose of the excess which rose to daily.


title: Merritt Island, Florida

text: Merritt Island Airport is a public general aviation airport located on South Merritt Island and run by the Titusville-Cocoa (TICO) Airport Authority.


title: Vector W8

text: The Vector W8 is a sports car produced by American automobile manufacturer Vector Aeromotive Corporation from 1989 to 1993. It was designed by company founder and chief designer Gerald Wiegert while receiving refinements by Vector's head of engineering David Kostka. The W8 was the production version of the Vector W2 prototype that the company demonstrated throughout the 1980s.


title: Vector W8

text: The W8 was an improved version of the company's earlier prototype, the W2. Production was delayed after the W2 was presented to the public in 1976 due to a downturn in the world economy and insufficient financial backing. Wiegert was finally able to secure sufficient financial reserves by the late 1980s, and the company grew from one building and four employees to four buildings and 80 employees, enough to accomplish Wiegert's dream to create his ultimate sports car. The design of the W8 was inspired by the Alfa Romeo Carabo, and continued that car's futuristic, wedge-shaped, aerodynamic design. The W8 combined the design characteristics of the Carabo with references to fighter jets of the era. The company utilized the newest and most advanced aerospace materials in manufacturing the W8, and the term "Aeromotive Engineering" was used by the company when referring to the manufacturing process of the W8. Prior to production, the W8 successfully passed DOT crash tests, as well as emissions tests. The semi-aluminum monocoque chassis was epoxy bonded and riveted with an aluminum honeycomb structure floor pan, and 5,000 aircraft specification rivets were used in the car's assembly. The body was made largely of lightweight carbon fiber and Kevlar.


title: Vector W8

text: The car was based around a Rodeck aluminum resleevable racing engine featuring TRW forged pistons, Carrillo stainless-steel connecting rods, stainless-steel valves, roller rocker arms, a forged crank, a dry-sump oiling system with three separate filters and braided stainless-steel hoses, with anodized red and blue fittings. The transmission was a highly modified Turbo-Hydramatic 425 General Motors three-speed automatic that had been used in front wheel drive Oldsmobile Toronado dating back some two decades earlier. The engine had two intercooled Garrett turbochargers, and had an advertised power output of at 5,700 rpm and of torque at 4,900 rpm on 8 psi of boost pressure. Boost pressure levels were driver adjustable between 8 and 14 psi and during dyno testing at the factory, the engine recorded a maximum power output of at 14 psi of boost pressure. The W8 utilized special Michelin XGT Plus tires (255/45ZR-16 at the front, 315/40ZR-16 at the rear) bespoke to the car with wide wheels in a design made to the owner's specifications. The W8's suspension utilized double A-arms up front and De Dion tube suspension at the rear, located by four trailing arms that stretched all the way forward to the firewall. Koni adjustable shocks, with concentric springs, were used all around. Brakes were 13-inch vented discs with Alcon aluminum 4-piston calipers at the front and rear.


title: Vector W8

text: The interior was upholstered in leather and suede, along with wool carpeting and floor mats. Electrically adjustable Recaro leather seats and an air-conditioning system completed the luxurious interior. The seating position of the driver was slightly towards the center of the car for better drivability. The main dashboard display had four display modes with information about the car's status, along with buttons for adjusting the car's various functions. The dashboard display and layout were similar to fighter jets of the era. Some driving amenities were excluded, such as power-assisted steering and anti-lock brakes, to lower the curb weight. The W8 generated a skidpad acceleration of 0.97g which was considered to be the highest in its class at the time.


title: Vector W8

text: Vector claimed the W8 could reach a projected top speed of , with acceleration from achievable in a time of 3.9 seconds. According to the published tests of the W8 by "Road & Track" in its March 1991 and August 1992 issues, the W8 recorded a 0–60 mph acceleration time of 4.2 seconds. Despite not conducting a top speed test, "Road & Track" provided an estimated top speed based on the redline RPM of the W8's top gear in its 3-speed automatic transmission. Later aerodynamic testing further honed efficiency, bringing the car's drag coefficient (formula_1) down to just 0.32 prior to DOT crash testing in Ann Arbor, Michigan.


title: Vector W8

text: The W8's design included subtle changes to the body during the production run, so that the initial car off the line looked slightly different from the last. Changes included the elimination of some gills, a lower front fascia and air splitter, and adjustments of the rear wing, mirror intakes, and front grill. After the top speed testing, production Vector W8s were no longer fitted with a removable glass roof due to buffeting that occurred at extreme speeds.


title: Vector W8

text: Seventeen customer cars and two pre-production cars were produced before Vector went into receivership in 1993.


title: Vector W8

text: The AWX-3 and AWX-3R were intended to be the successors of the W8. The model designations stood for Avtech Wiegert Experimental, 3rd generation, with the R suffix meaning the roadster version. Series production of the AWX-3 never began, production of the W8 ended in 1993 after a hostile takeover by the primary shareholder, Megatech. Wiegert sued Megatech and won back the design copyrights, equipment, and remaining unsold cars. In 1995, Megatech began production of the M12 which was based on the Lamborghini Diablo and was loosely based on the design of the AWX-3.


title: Vector W8

text: In 1991, the car received negative publicity when tennis star Andre Agassi returned his for a refund after the rear carpeting burned due to an overly hot exhaust system. Agassi had insisted upon delivery before the car was fully prepared, and Vector agreed to deliver it on the condition that the car would be kept in storage and not driven until Vector adjusted the emissions to make it road legal.


title: Vector W8

text: Also in 1991 "Car and Driver" was unable to complete testing of the W8 because all three cars provided broke down in different ways. In a 2017 article, the magazine noted that the Vector W8 serves as an example of why they don't believe manufacturer's claims about a vehicle without testing it themselves and described the W8 as "vaporware".


title: Vector W8

text: In contrast to the negative "Car and Driver" article, "Road & Track" road tested the car without encountering any problems, praising nearly every aspect of the car's performance. The review concluded with: "Hats off to Gerald Wiegert and his team of dedicated engineers, and to all others with the fortitude and determination to have their dreams see the light of day."


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu () is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language mystery thriller film directed by K. Madhu, written by S. N. Swamy, and starring Mammootty, Suresh Gopi, Jagathy Sreekumar, Mukesh, and Sukumaran. The lead character, CBI officer Sethurama Iyer is inspired by a police officer named Radha Vinod Raju, Jammu and Kashmir cadre IPS Officer who in 2009 was appointed as the first chief of India's National Investigation Agency. It was the highest grossing Malayalam film at that time. Considered one of the best crime thrillers in Malayalam, it eventually developed a cult following. This is the first instalment in the "CBI" film series featuring Mammootty as Sethurama Iyer.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: It was produced by M. Mani under the banner Sunitha Productions. Sequels to the film are "Jagratha" (1989), "Sethurama Iyer CBI" (2004), "Nerariyan CBI" (2005), and "" (2022). The film was remade in Telugu as "Nyayam Kosam" with Rajasekhar and in Hindi as "Police Public" with Raaj Kumar. Oru CBI Diary Kuripp ran for a whole year (365 days) in Tamil Nadu at a time when Malayalam films did not find much of an audience in the neighbouring states.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Omana’s body is found on the grounds behind her house. It seems that she committed suicide by flinging herself from the roof of the house onto the stone pavement below. The case is being investigated by SP Prabhakara Varma IPS who is an honest police officer. He is assisted by Circle Inspector Alex. The cops interrogates Omana's husband Sunny, her father-in-law Ouseppachan, a local businessman, Ouseppachan's best friend Narayan, household servants and neighbours. Sunny admits to arguing with Omana previous night and pushing her onto their bed before leaving to drink, but swears he never hit her. He also tells Varma that Omana had attempted suicide before. Ouseppachan claims that he came home from a business trip that night, dropped off by his driver, Vasu, only to find himself locked out of the house. He decided to go around the back to where the cook's quarters were located when he stumbled upon Omana's body. Dissatisfied with inconsistent testimonies from several suspects, Police suspects foul play. However, the Regional Medical Officer reports that Omana died from head trauma at 8:00 P.M.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Omana's cousin Chacko, a constable, notices Ouseppachan commending one of the servants for something suspicious. He also finds the autopsy report suspicious and tells higher officials Varma and Alex why he has doubts about its accuracy. He informs them that it rained severely until 9:30 P.M. Omana allegedly committed suicide, and if she had died at 8:00 P.M., her corpse would have been wet, and the blood from her injury would have been mixed in with the rainwater. Alex, who is taking bribes from Ouseppachan, warns Ouseppachan to do what he can to get Varma and Chacko off the case. Sensing that Varma will cause him trouble, Ouseppachan implores his best friend, Narayanan, to call his politician friends to have Varma transferred off the case. They also managed to take Omana's cousin, Chacko off the case as well. A new cop named DYSP Devadas takes over the case, who is also being bribed by Ouseppachan, intimidates Omana's grieving family and any witnesses that may implicate Ouseppachan or Sunny. He quickly concludes the investigation by stating that Omana committed suicide.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Omana's father Thomachan and her sister Annie are determined to seek justice for Omana. take the case to the CBI with the help of Chacko. The Director of the CBI assigns Sethurama Iyer, Deputy Superintendent to head the investigation. He is assisted by CI Harry and SI Vikram. Iyer and his team commence the investigation and find evidence of political interference in the investigation, an increased amount of phone calls to Ministers and Party Leaders from Narayanan's phone number and 1000 rupees worth of cash withdrawals from Ouseppachan's bank that were never reported in the books. Iyer meets with Varma and Chacko who help him with his investigation by informing him of inconsistent testimony from suspects and the inconsistencies with the Regional Medical Examiner's autopsy report. Later, Iyer and his team bring two dummies with the same height and weight as Omana to Ouseppachan's house.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: They drop one straight down from the roof, as if it jumped, and threw the other off the roof as if someone had thrown the body. They find that Omana's body landed approximately the same place as the dummy that was thrown, and concluded that she could not have jumped that far off the roof on her own. They decide to track down Ouseppachan's driver, Vasu, who has been missing since the morning after Omana's death. Harry finds out that Vasu had given some jewellery as collateral for a loan to a local bank. Among the jewellery was a bracelet belonging to Omana. They finally find him and where he confesses that on the night of Omana's death, shortly after he got home after dropping off Ouseppachan, Narayanan came to his house and told him that Sunny had accidentally killed Omana during a domestic dispute. Narayanan and the others implored him to carry Omana's body from her bed to the roof and fling her off. It was during a moment alone with Omana's dead body that Vasu had noticed her gold bracelet and decided to steal it, before throwing her corpse off the roof.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Despite Vasu's testimony implicating Sunny as the killer, Iyer is not convinced. Sunny had left the house at 8:00 PM after hitting Omana and that would mean that she died at 8:00 PM. However, Iyer examines photographs of the crime scene and finds that Omana still bled when she was dropped off the roof some 2 hours later, and since dead bodies do not retain heat thus causing the blood to clot, she could not have died at 8 pm. Upon scrutinizing the photographs further, Iyer notices a small bloodstain on Omana's saree below the waist. Since the autopsy report stated that she sustained no injuries below the waist, Iyer is convinced that the blood was left behind by the real killer. The blood test reveals that it is O-negative, a rare blood type. Remembering that the town had imposed mandatory blood tests on all its citizens recently by the local authorities to combat malaria, Iyer goes to the Malaria Research Centre and finds that the blood type was so rare that only three people in the entire town had it.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Iyer arrives at Ouseppachan's house with a large police backup unit and places Ouseppachan under arrest for the murder of Omana. Ouseppachan vehemently denies killing her. Seeing his father being arrested for a crime he committed, a guilt-ridden Sunny confesses to Iyer that he killed Omana accidentally by hitting her too hard when they fought. Iyer tells Sunny that Omana did not die when he hit her, that she only fainted. Iyer then goes on to explain the blood on Omana's saree, which did not match her own, was left behind by the real killer. He informs them that only three people in the entire town were O-negative and one of those three people is Johny, Ouseppachan's son-in-law. Confronted with evidence for his involvement, Johny confesses that he had come to the house the night Omana had died. Finding her passed out on the bed, he attempted to rape her, but when she woke up and started screaming, he suffocated her to death. In the process, he had accidentally cut himself and left his blood on her saree.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: The lead character, CBI officer Sethurama Iyer is inspired by a police officer named Radha Vinod Raju, Jammu and Kashmir cadre IPS Officer who in 2009 was appointed as the first chief of India's National Investigation Agency. Raju's excellence while probing the Polakulam Peethambaran murder case and SI Soman murder case, when he was acting as Superintend of CBI Kochi, attracted the attention of many. Incidentally, Raju was Mammootty's senior in Maharajas College.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: Mammootty's Sethurama Iyer was initially conceived as a rough and tough Muslim character, Ali Imran, but Mammootty suggested an Iyer character to incorporate jibes of Devadas (Sukumaran) about vegetarianism and lack of Iyers to do physical work. This resulted in one of the most popular two-character confrontation scenes between Sethurama Iyer (Mammootty) and Devadas (Sukumaran). Due to its popularity, this was repeated in the sequels "Jagratha" and "Sethurama Iyer CBI". The third sequel was released 15 years after "Jagratha". By this time, Sukumaran, who had portrayed Devadas, had passed away. Thus, Sai Kumar was cast as the son of Devadas; he was required to mimic Sukumaran's style of performance.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: The film concentrates on the central investigative story only, without the songs and dances generally associated with Indian commercial films.The plot-line of the film was crafted around the real-life Polakkulam Case in which a hotel employee was murdered and dropped from the terrace to make it look like a suicide. It was also the first case where a humanoid dummy experiment was conducted in the state of Kerala to prove the murder.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: In a retrospect review, "TheNewsMinute" states that: "It is amazing how tightly made the movie is. K Madhu, the director, packs a whole lot into the film, 2 hours and 10 minutes long. It has three investigations of the same crime, the first honest one by Varma, the second by a corrupt officer called Devadas and the third by Iyer and team. In between are the past stories that make Omana a real person you empathise with and feel for. On the other side, you also see the corruption happening so casually, the money that goes from hand to hand to hush up the crimes of the rich and influential." They further state: "His character is very clearly written out. He is not the one to go sniffing for clues and chase villains on the road. He stands back and lets the provocations pass, stopping one of his juniors from jumping walls to counter attack a threat. He does not ever use a disguise, preferring to introduce himself with his real name and designation every time. To his juniors – Vikram, played by Jagathy Sreekumar, and Harry, played by Suresh Gopi – he is never too friendly, but not bossy either." They then state: "With that curious mix of everything, K Madhu set off a new trend of detective movies with "Oru CBI Diary Kurippu". Malayalam cinema had ‘CBI’ movies before, with Prem Nazir and Adoor Bhasi playing colleagues in disguise. But the Sethurama Iyer series adopted a new approach, building a narrative for you to empathise with the victim while using cinematic elements as punch lines and background music to enliven the solving of the crime. Even as the detective meant strictly business, personalised the story he went after."


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: The film was made on a shoestring budget of only 37 Lakhs". Oru CBI Diary Kurippu" was a commercial success at the box office. The film ran for more than 50 days in all release centres. The film collected 15 Lakhs in 151 days from two centers in Thiruvanthapuram. This was the first time a film ran for four weeks, regular shows in two theatres. The film collected 14 Lakhs from centers in Ernakulam.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: The film is considered one of the best investigative thrillers in Malayalam cinema. The film introduced the character of Sethurama Iyer who has now become one the most iconic characters in Malayalam cinema. The signature pose, slang and theme music of Sethurama Iyer are now iconic.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: The film is also considered a milestone in the Malayalam film industry as it was the first Malayalam film to run in Tamil Nadu for over a year. Malayalam films never performed well in Tamil Nadu; It was a time when B-grade Malayalam films were the only films that performed well in states other than Kerala.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: The success of the film spawned a series of unrelated investigative thriller films in the late 80's and early 90's. Notable films include films like: "Utharam, Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu, Mukham" etc.


title: Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

text: "Oru CBI Diary Kurippu" gave a break for Janardhanan who appeared in a comical role, Ouseppachan, until then, he was known for portraying antagonistic roles. He began appearing in more comedic roles after "Oru CBI Diary Kurippu" and would be best known for his comedic roles in the later half of his career.


title: Brunei national football team

text: The Brunei national football team (; recognized as Brunei Darussalam by FIFA), nicknamed "Tebuan" (The Wasps), is the national team of Brunei, controlled by the Football Association of Brunei Darussalam. The team was founded in 1959 and joined FIFA in 1969. In the past, they have also frequently featured in the Malaysian league and cup competitions as one of the state representative sides.


title: Brunei national football team

text: The Brunei State Football Amateur Association was formed on 15 March 1956. In 1993, the word "Amateur" was dropped, and they were known as the Brunei Football Association. Brunei's experience of international football has been more or less restricted to regional Asian competitions, such as the Southeast Asian Games and the Tiger Cup. So far, Brunei has entered the World Cup qualifiers only four times, in 1986, 2002, 2018 and 2022. On these occasions, they did not qualify for the competition. They have made five appearances in the Asian Cup qualifiers, but they have never passed the first qualification round.


title: Brunei national football team

text: Back then, Brunei entered a team to compete in the professional Malaysian league and despite competing against Malaysian clubs, Brunei had previously never made an impact. However, in 1999, they shocked everyone by lifting the Malaysia Cup.


title: Brunei national football team

text: Today there are approximately 2,500 footballers playing with Brunei's registered clubs. Footballers are mostly amateurs or semi professionals.


title: Brunei national football team

text: In September 2009, the Brunei Football Association (BAFA) was suspended due to governmental interference in its affairs, which started with a decision by the Brunei authorities to dissolve BAFA and to replace it with a new federation in December 2008. The suspension was applied with immediate effect and meant that the Brunei club DPMM were no longer permitted to play in the Singapore S-League until it was resolved.


title: Brunei national football team

text: On 19 March 2010, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed to submit to the next FIFA Congress the expulsion of the Football Association of Brunei Darussalam (BAFA) if the BAFA has not been reinstated by then, after noting that no major progress had been made since the BAFA was suspended in September 2009.


title: Brunei national football team

text: FIFA warned that unless BAFA came to FIFA's Congress on 9 June and 10 in South Africa having met the conditions for reinstatement it would be expelled.


title: Brunei national football team

text: Under new coach Mario Rivera, Brunei managed to qualify to the 2022 AFF Championship for the first time in 26 years since its inaugural edition, by defeating Timor-Leste by 6-3 on aggregate.


title: Laura Marx

text: Jenny Laura Marx (26 September 1845 – 25 November 1911) was a socialist activist. The second daughter of Karl Marx and Jenny von Westphalen, she married revolutionary writer Paul Lafargue in 1868. The two committed suicide together in 1911.


title: Laura Marx

text: Laura Marx was born in Brussels and moved with her parents to France, then Prussia, before the family settled in London in June 1849. Paul Lafargue, born in Santiago De Cuba, was a young French socialist who came to London in 1866 to work for the First International. There he became a friend of Karl Marx and got to know Marx's family, especially Laura, who fell in love with him.


title: Laura Marx

text: Lafargue and Laura married at St Pancras registry office in April 1868. During their first three-years of marriage they had three children, two boys and a girl, all of whom died in infancy. They had no other children. They spent several decades in political work together, translating Karl Marx's work into French, and spreading Marxism both in France and Spain. During most of their lives, they were financially supported by Friedrich Engels. They also inherited much of Engels' estate when he died in 1895.


title: Laura Marx

text: On 25 November 1911, the couple committed suicide together, having decided they had nothing left to give to the movement to which they had devoted their lives. Laura was 66 and Paul was 69. In their suicide letter, they explained why they committed suicide. Lafargue wrote:


title: Laura Marx

text: Healthy in body and mind, I end my life before pitiless old age which has taken from me my pleasures and joys one after another; and which has been stripping me of my physical and mental powers, can paralyse my energy and break my will, making me a burden to myself and to others.


title: Laura Marx

text: For some years I had promised myself not to live beyond 70; and I fixed the exact year for my departure from life. I prepared the method for the execution of our resolution, it was a hypodermic of cyanide acid.


title: Laura Marx

text: I die with the supreme joy of knowing that at some future time, the cause to which I have been devoted for forty-five years will triumph.


title: Laura Marx

text: Vladimir Lenin, who was one of the speakers at the funeral as representative of RSDLP, later told his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya:


title: Laura Marx

text: "If one cannot work for the Party any longer, one must be able to look truth in the face and die like the Lafargues."


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo 3DS, revealed at E3 2010. The game is the seventh installment in the "Kingdom Hearts" series and was released in Japan on March 29, 2012. It was released outside Japan on July 20, 2012, in Europe, July 26, 2012, in Australasia and July 31, 2012, in North America.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Taking place after the events of "Kingdom Hearts Re:coded", the game focuses on Sora and Riku's Mark of Mastery exam in which they have to protect parallel worlds in preparation for the return of Master Xehanort. Besides controlling the two playable characters across a single scenario, the player is able to recruit creatures known as Dream Eaters that are able to assist in fights.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The Square Enix staff decided to develop "Dream Drop Distance" after being impressed by the quality of the Nintendo 3DS. Taking advantage of the console's functions, they increased the action elements from the series based on the system previously seen in "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep". Additionally, both the gameplay and the plot are meant to give a glimpse about what the following title in the series, "Kingdom Hearts III", would be like. The game has been well received in Japan and in the US, selling over 250,000 and 180,000 units on its debuts respectively. Critics generally praised the gameplay and graphics, while criticizing aspects of the plot.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: A high-definition remaster of the game entitled Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance HD was released as part of the "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue" compilation for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows and Nintendo Switch.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game, which largely follows the action RPG and hack and slash gameplay of previous games in the series, sees players alternate between the roles of Sora and Riku. Alternating between characters is done via the 'Drop' system. During gameplay, a Drop Gauge gradually depletes over time, though it can be replenished with items. When the gauge completely empties, control will switch to the other character, though players may also opt to drop manually at any time. Drop Points, which are earned by defeating enemies and completing optional objectives, can be spent on bonuses that can be used until the next time the character drops, such as a slower Drop Gauge or increased attack or defense. The game reuses the Command Deck system from "Birth by Sleep", in which players can customize a deck filled with various actions, spells, and items that can be quickly selected. There are also several new elements added to the gameplay. Flowmotion allows players to move quickly about by performing actions such as bouncing off walls, grinding on rails and spinning around poles. Reality Shift is a system the player can use on certain objects or weakened opponents involving a touch-screen activated minigame unique to each world. These include dragging the screen to fling a target like a catapult, touching hidden words to take control of enemies, and playing a small rhythm-based game to cause fireworks to appear.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: One of the key elements of "Dream Drop Distance" is the inclusion of the Dream Eaters. Whilst they generally serve as the main enemies of the game, up to three good Dream Eaters, known as Spirits, can be recruited per character to assist them in battle. Spirits can be created by combining Dream Fragments together with an item or spell, either via experimenting with combinations or using recipes found throughout the game. Characters can also link with Spirits to perform unique attacks. Along the way, the player can care for these Spirits by petting them, feeding them items, or playing mini-games with them, which can unlock new abilities for the Spirits.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game takes place across multiple worlds based on "Pinocchio", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "", "Fantasia" and "", each having two different plots from the perspectives of Sora and Riku. These worlds need to be completed by both Sora and Riku in order to unlock new worlds and progress through the game. Upon visiting each world for the first time, each character must go through a Dive section, in which characters freefall down a tube and must clear a certain objective, such as obtaining a certain number of points, defeating a certain number of enemies in a time limit, or defeating a boss character. In this mode, Sora and Riku can attack opponents, slow down their descent, or dodge attacks. They can also pick up magic spells which give them a limited supply of magical attacks to use against enemies.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Outside of the main game, players can play an additional mode called Flick Rush, which can be played alone or with another player via wireless multiplayer. In this mode, players battle with a team of three Spirits and pit them against each other. Players fight against their opponent by flicking up cards from the touchscreen. Each card has a number value determining its attack strength, with multiple cards combining to increase the overall value. The player whose attack value is greater than their opponent's gets to attack with their Spirit. A slowly replenishing meter determines how many cards the player can send out at a time, and each Spirit has a limited number of cards that can be replenished by swapping them out with another Spirit. The first player to eliminate all of their opponent's Spirits wins the game.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: "Dream Drop Distance" follows the events of "Kingdom Hearts II" and "Kingdom Hearts Coded", though much of the game's plot is set concurrently to the original game via time travel. There are a total of seven playable worlds, most of which are based on various Disney properties, albeit in a "world submerged in sleep" due to being destroyed by the Heartless. Most of the Disney worlds introduced are entirely new, including: La Cité des Cloches (based on "The Hunchback of Notre Dame"); the Grid (""); Prankster's Paradise ("Pinocchio"), which also includes the inside of Monstro's belly from previous games; the Country of the Musketeers (""); and the Symphony of Sorcery ("Fantasia"). The other two worlds, Traverse Town and the World That Never Was, are original to the series and have both been featured in previous games. In addition, the game's opening tutorial is set on the Destiny Islands, another original world.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game features Sora and Riku as the two main characters, taking part in a test to improve their skills with their weapon, the Keyblade. For most of the game, the two are depicted as they appear in the original game while also being given new clothes. Their older selves from "Kingdom Hearts II" also appear during cutscenes, while Sora is briefly playable in this incarnation during the end credits. A younger incarnation of Xehanort, first introduced as the optional "Mysterious Figure" boss from the North American and European releases of "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", serves as the game's primary antagonist together with his two revived alter egos: his Heartless, Ansem, and his Nobody, Xemnas. Several former members of Xemnas' Organization XIII, including Lea and Ansem the Wise's apprentices, return after being restored to their human forms.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Like previous games, "Dream Drop Distance" features various Disney characters, including Mickey Mouse, who is seen in the game in three different incarnations: his original characterization in the "Kingdom Hearts" series as the king of Disney Castle; a musketeer as featured in ""; and the young apprentice of Yen Sid shown in "Fantasia". Donald Duck and Goofy make similar appearances as well. Characters hailing from their respective worlds play a small role in the main story, while Maleficent and Pete reprise their roles as antagonists, and Yen Sid as a supporting character. Unlike the other major installments, which feature an extensive cast of "Final Fantasy" characters, only a single Moogle appears from the franchise. "Dream Drop Distance" features appearances of Neku Sakuraba, Joshua, Shiki, Beat and Rhyme from "The World Ends with You", another game owned by Square Enix with characters designed by Tetsuya Nomura, marking the first time that non-Disney, non-"Final Fantasy" characters have appeared in the series.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game introduces a new type of creature called Dream Eaters, which come in two varieties—"Nightmares", which eat good dreams and create nightmares, and serve as enemies similar to the Heartless, Nobodies, and Unversed from previous games; and "Spirits", which eat nightmares and create good dreams, and also act as Sora and Riku's party members.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Anticipating Master Xehanort's return, Yen Sid puts Sora and Riku through a Mark of Mastery exam to bestow them with the power necessary to rescue their missing allies and counter Xehanort. For the exam, they are sent to worlds that remain trapped in a "sleeping" state after being destroyed by the Heartless. There, they must unlock seven keyholes to fully restore them; they are advised to create benevolent "Spirit" Dream Eaters to guide them and battle the malevolent "Nightmare" Dream Eaters that infest the sleeping worlds. Yen Sid sends Sora and Riku back in time to their homeworld's destruction, allowing them to enter the sleeping worlds. The two are separated at the start of the test, each arriving in alternate versions of the worlds. Throughout the exam, Sora and Riku encounter a gray-haired youth who is accompanied by Xemnas and Ansem, respectively, despite the latter two's previous destruction.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Upon completing the exam, Sora and Riku arrive in the World That Never Was instead of the realm of light. Revealing that he and his associates have lured Sora into a trap, the youth places Sora into a deep sleep, where Sora's heart is swallowed by darkness, but is encased within Ventus's armor for protection. Meanwhile, Riku learns he has spent the exam traveling through Sora's dreams as a Dream Eater. He escapes the dream and is confronted by the youth, who reveals himself to be Xehanort's past self, tasked by his present self with assembling thirteen incarnations of Xehanort from across time – including vessels of his fragmented heart – into a new Organization XIII. Young Xehanort battles Riku to stall out time until his future self's revival. Despite Young Xehanort losing to Riku a revived Master Xehanort appears and attempts to turn Sora into his final vessel, intending to pit his thirteen "seekers of darkness" against seven "guardians of light" to achieve his ultimate goal of recreating the χ-blade. He is foiled when Sora is rescued by his allies, including Lea, the revived human form of Axel. Xehanort and his incarnations fade back to their original time periods, assuring that both factions will inevitably clash.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Returning to Yen Sid's tower, Riku re-enters Sora's dreams and releases his heart from Ventus's Nightmare-possessed armor, saving him. Riku then arrives in a simulation of the Destiny Islands and meets a virtual copy of Ansem the Wise, who gives him research data he had left in Sora's heart to help Sora save those connected to it. After Riku returns to the realm of light and reunites with Sora, Yen Sid commends Riku for braving the realm of sleep a second time to reawaken Sora, declaring him a Keyblade Master; Lea also reveals himself to have become a Keyblade wielder, and intends to become a Master as well. Sora is undaunted by his failure and returns to the sleeping worlds, where he thanks his Dream Eater companions.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: In the game's secret ending, Yen Sid and Mickey discuss Xehanort's plan. Yen Sid reveals his intent to gather seven Keyblade wielders to prevent Xehanort from using the Princesses of Heart to forge the χ-blade. To this end, he has Riku summon Kairi to be trained as a Keyblade wielder.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game was created by the same development team that worked on "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", then part of Square Enix's 1st Production Department. Since it contained members who worked for "The World Ends with You", the group decided to use characters from said game in replacement of "Final Fantasy" characters. The decision to make a "Kingdom Hearts" game for the Nintendo 3DS was due to the positive impression the Square Enix staff had when viewing the console's quality. The console inspired Nomura to make the Dive Mode function where the character moves to different worlds without the use of a vehicle, while the Flowmotion was thought prior to deciding which console use. The game's title was used to reference its various themes, with "Dream" referencing the storyline, "Drop" for the gameplay style, and "Distance" referring to the main characters' interaction, and, while unintentionally, the system's autostereoscopic 3D effect. Although Tetsuya Nomura admitted the English used was not grammatically correct, the team still decided to use it based on the way it sounded. Development was notably shorter than the ones from previous "Kingdom Hearts" games. However, co-director Tai Yasue emphasized how the finished product resembled "Kingdom Hearts II" and "Birth by Sleep" but improved.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The team wished for the game to have more action than the previous games. Nomura noted the similarities with "Final Fantasy Versus XIII" as a result of their similar styles. The new maneuvers employed in "Dream Drop Distance" are also meant to give a glimpse about how the next game in the series, "Kingdom Hearts III", would look like. New worlds were included in the game as a result of multiple requests by fans. The switches between player characters Sora and Riku across the game are meant to contrast the style from "Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep", which allowed the player to use three characters in their own campaigns, as well as explain the word "Distance" in the title because the two characters never interact across their stories. The Free Flow system was made using data from "Birth by Sleep", which took nearly two weeks to obtain a form similar to the one from the game. The game originally intended to use returning Heartless and Nobodies as generic enemies. However, the setting gave the staff the idea of introducing new creatures, Dream Eaters, who would also join the player in fights. They were also inspired in part by "Nintendogs + Cats"—Nomura wished that his virtual dog could battle with other pets met through Streetpass and created the Dream Eaters based on this concept. They are used in the mini-game Flick Rush which originally intended to allow players to use a picture. Nomura did not approve of this idea.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: With "Kingdom Hearts Re:coded", the staff revealed that "Dream Drop Distance" would revolve around Sora's and Riku's "Mark of Mastery" exam, but were worried about how to set it. The idea of Sora going through a dream was inspired by the subtitle of "Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep" and served as a basis for the game. Sora and Riku were chosen as the playable characters in anticipation for the franchise's ending of the "Xehanort arc" as well as to represent the theme of "the light and the dark sides of hearts" which the two characters represent. The former's inclusion was also done due to the character's popularity in Japan. Nomura has stated that the themes of the game are trust and friendship, and that like "Birth by Sleep", the story is on par with that of a numbered title. As a result of the game's plot, both Sora and Riku appear in their younger forms from the first "Kingdom Hearts" game. However, to avoid misconceptions that "Dream Drop Distance" was a remake of the original game, Nomura decided to change Sora's and Riku's outfits for most of the game. Despite using two protagonists, the game primarily focuses on Riku's growth across the series. When starting production, the staff had decided to make the story as complex as possible, leading to the inclusion of several cutscenes which can be viewed by the player anytime they want. In order to make it more accessible, scenario writer Masaru Oka was in charge of the Chronicles feature, which explains events from previous games. The game's story is also meant to connect directly with "Kingdom Hearts III", although its original ending was not approved by the staff and was scrapped. Like previous titles, "Dream Drop Distance" has a secret ending that connects to "Kingdom Hearts III" although the staff found it unconventional in comparison to previous ones.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 as "Kingdom Hearts 3D Demo" for the Nintendo 3DS. It was formally unveiled though at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier event at the Toho Cinemas in Tokyo, Japan on January 18, 2011, with its first trailer along with its official name. During the game's development, Nomura explained that the games theme is trust, specifically how to trust others. In July 2011, a "Famitsu" article included an interview with Nomura in which he revealed that the game would have an unlockable secret movie. A playable demo released the same month also first featured the Dream Eaters as the player characters' partners and the game's generic enemy. A "Dengeki" issue featured another interview with Nomura, where he confirmed that he would be considering what he called an "HD Technical Test" in order to commemorate the series' tenth anniversary and to entice new players to the series. This occurred on March 3, 2012, in the form of a premiere event where footage from the game, including its full CGI introduction sequence, was showcased to celebrate the game's release.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The game was first released in Japan on March 29, 2012, and in North America and Europe on July 31, 2012, and July 20, 2012, respectively. In Australasia, it was released on July 26, 2012. A limited edition titled "Mark of Mastery" was also released in North America featuring twelve art cards, AR cards able to unlock new Dream Eaters, and a protector case for the 3DS console. While this has been noted to be the shortest gaps between the Japanese and English releases in the "Kingdom Hearts", the latter version does not include new features not seen in the former. However, the Mark of Mastery limited edition was made so that English gamers would be able to obtain bonus material that can only be obtained in Japan. The game was also included within the "Kingdom Hearts 10th Anniversary Box" package made in commemoration of the franchise's 10th anniversary. The box also included the Nintendo DS games "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" and "Kingdom Hearts Re:coded". Unlike "Kingdom Hearts", "Kingdom Hearts II" and "Birth by Sleep", there would not be an updated version of the game according to Tetsuya Nomura.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: A guidebook, , was published in Japan on May 1, 2012. Square Enix also published a light novel by Tomoko Kanemaki based on the game on June 28, 2012, under the title of "Side Sora". The second volume, titled "Side Riku", was released in Japan on September 27, 2012.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: A HD remaster of the game for the PlayStation 4, titled Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance HD, was announced in September 2015 at Tokyo Game Show to be part of the "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue" collection, which was released in January 2017. During the X019 event in London, Square Enix announced all Kingdom Hearts HD collections would release on the Xbox One in 2020.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Like in "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", the music for "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance" was a collaboration by Yoko Shimomura, Takeharu Ishimoto, and Tsuyoshi Sekito, containing musical compositions from all three. Among the songs included are tracks from "The World Ends with You", originally composed by Ishimoto, who remixed them for "Dream Drop Distance". Orchestral arrangements were provided by Kaoru Wada. The "Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance Original Soundtrack" was released in Japan on April 18, 2012.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: The Tokyo Game Show featured a playable demo which earned the game top honors as "Best 3DS RPG" in RPG Land's Tokyo Game Show Awards, following a hands-on report that praised the boss fights. RPG Site also praised the game upon its first impression, calling the demo "refreshing". Reception to the game's released trailers, demos and general information was generally positive, and the game ranked among "Famitsu's" 25 "most wanted" list in October 2011. The "Official Nintendo Magazine" listed it eighth in their "Games of 2012" feature. In an IGN poll, it ranked as the most expected Nintendo 3DS game for 2012's summer. It also won the "Most Valuable Game Award" from the "Nintendo Power" magazine.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: In its first review, "Famitsu" gave "Dream Drop Distance" a rating of 10/9/10/9, or a total of 38/40, in their March 22, 2012 issue, which made "Dream Drop Distance" the second highest rated game in the series for them, after "Kingdom Hearts II". The game debuted at the top of Media Create's sales charts, selling 213,579 copies during its first week. The release was also noted to have helped boost the sales of the Nintendo 3DS console. Although the number of pre-orders surpassed that of "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" for the Nintendo DS, the first week's sales were lower. Nevertheless, Media Create noted that this was due to the comparison between the number of units sold between the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo 3DS during the time the games were released, with the former having sold more copies than the latter. The game continued to appear in Media Create's polls for the next several weeks, selling a total of 311,688 units as of May 2012. In North America, the game sold 200,000 units during August 2012, with 180,000 regular editions and 20,000 Mark of Mastery editions.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: English publications have given "Kingdom Hearts 3D" moderately positive reviews, with lower scores than Japanese review outlets, generally praising the gameplay while criticizing the plot. It received an aggregated score of 75/100 on Metacritic. "Game Informer" writer Bryan Vore praised the new gameplay elements and, unlike other reviewers, how well the story handles the franchise's plot, especially as it was set after that of "Kingdom Hearts II", unlike many of the other newer titles in the series. Audrey Drake from IGN echoed similar comments about the gameplay, but felt that the story was sometimes not very interesting. Mark Walton from GameSpot praised the combat systems and environment design, though he wished that the game didn't force the player through the levels linearly and dismissed the plot as "labyrinth-like" with poor dialogue and confusing motivations. Bob Mackey of 1UP.com was harsher on the game than other reviewers; while he too found the plot incomprehensible, he also felt that the numerous game mechanics combined to form a confusing and frustrating system. The reviewer for GameTrailers had a different take, finding the combination of mechanics to form "the best battle system in the series to date" and was not as dismissive of the plot, though they did note that it required a lot of knowledge of previous games in the series to follow. Leah Jackson of G4 had one of the highest reviews for the game out of the major English review outlets; though she had similar praises and criticisms as other reviewers, she felt that the gameplay and graphics more than made up for the sometimes confusing plot.


title: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: In the credits of "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix", clips of "Dream Drop Distance" were shown as well as the inclusion of a secret ending related to the game, hinting at a possible additional collection. In September 2015, Square Enix announced "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue". The collection features an HD remaster of "Dream Drop Distance" as well as "Kingdom Hearts χ Back Cover", a cinematic retelling of "Kingdom Hearts χ" that reveals new parts of the series' history, and "Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage", a new game taking place after the events of the original "Birth by Sleep", told from the perspective of Aqua. It was released on January 12, 2017, in Japan and January 24, 2017, for other countries.


The 2018–19 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 12 February and ended on 1 June 2019 with the final at the Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid, Spain, to decide the champions of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League. A total of 16 teams competed in the knockout phase.


title: 2018–19 UEFA Champions League knockout phase

text: For the first time, the video assistant referee (VAR) system was used in the Champions League knockout phase.


text: Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, was played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scored more goals on aggregate over the two legs advanced to the next round. If the aggregate score was level, the away goals rule was applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advanced. If away goals were also equal, then extra time was played. The away goals rule was again applied after extra time, i.e. if there were goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score was still level, the visiting team advanced by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals were scored during extra time, the winners were decided by a penalty shoot-out. In the final, which was played as a single match, if the score was level at the end of normal time, extra time was played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if the score was still level.


text: For the quarter-finals and semi-finals, teams from the same city (e.g., Manchester City and Manchester United) were not scheduled to play at home on the same day or on consecutive days, due to logistics and crowd control. To avoid such scheduling conflict, if the two teams were drawn to play at home for the same leg, the order of legs of the tie involving the team with the lower domestic ranking in the qualifying season (e.g., Manchester United for this season) was reversed from the original draw.


text: The knockout phase involved the 16 teams which qualified as winners and runners-up of each of the eight groups in the group stage.


text: Manchester United became the first team in UEFA Champions League history to advance after losing at home by two goals or more in the first leg. Including the European Cup era, only Ajax managed this feat, winning a play-off match they forced in the 1968–69 European Cup quarter-finals against Benfica after losing 1–3 in the first leg at home and winning 3–1 in the second leg away.


text: The first legs were played on 12, 13, 19 and 20 February, and the second legs were played on 5, 6, 12 and 13 March 2019.


text: The first legs were played on 9 and 10 April, and the second legs were played on 16 and 17 April 2019.


text: The draw for the semi-finals was held on 15 March 2019, 12:00 CET (after the quarter-final draw). Both semi-finals are considered to be among the best comebacks in UEFA Champions League history.


text: The first legs were played on 30 April and 1 May, and the second legs were played on 7 and 8 May 2019.


text: In the first leg at Camp Nou, Barcelona defeated Liverpool 3–0, with goals coming from former Liverpool player Luis Suárez and a brace from Lionel Messi; Liverpool missed several chances to score.


text: Barcelona went into the second leg after a 2–0 loss to Celta Vigo in La Liga, though they had rested all of the players that started this match, with the exception of Arturo Vidal, having already won the title. Liverpool, on the other hand, were in an intense Premier League title race with Manchester City and needed a win to keep up the pressure. An 86th-minute winning goal from substitute Divock Origi helped them defeat Newcastle United 3–2 at St James' Park. Ahead of the second leg, Mohamed Salah and Roberto Firmino were ruled out for Liverpool through injury, while Barcelona's Ousmane Dembélé suffered an injury against Celta Vigo and was ruled out for the remainder of the season.


text: Liverpool started the match as the better side, as Divock Origi opened the scoring seven minutes in after Jordan Henderson's shot was saved by Marc-André ter Stegen, and the Belgian capitalised with a tap-in on the follow up. Barcelona had several chances in the first half, but Alisson of Liverpool made crucial saves to keep Liverpool in the tie. Nine minutes into the second half Georginio Wijnaldum made it 2–0 after Trent Alexander-Arnold's deflected cross came into his path and he smashed it into the net. 122 seconds later the Dutch international got his second and Liverpool's third with a header after Xherdan Shaqiri's cross. Divock Origi won the tie after Trent Alexander-Arnold took a quick corner and Origi got the fourth as he reacted quickest to the ball.


text: The match is considered to be one of the greatest comebacks in UEFA Champions League history. Liverpool's manager Jürgen Klopp described it as a "very special night", whilst Barcelona head coach Ernesto Valverde admitted that Liverpool "rolled them over". Jürgen Klopp described the match as special and unforgettable, and Valverde said: "They have been really strong, they played really well. We've got to congratulate them on the performance they put up in the tie as a whole. "It is a terrible result for our fans and for ourselves. We didn't expect a situation like this. This is what has happened to us. It is really, really unfortunate but credit is due to Liverpool." Liverpool's Virgil van Dijk added to that in saying "We always believed that we could pull of a miracle."


text: Five days later, Liverpool wrapped up their Premier League campaign with a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers, finishing with 97 points, in second place behind Manchester City who got 98 points. Liverpool's Sadio Mané and Mohamed Salah both collected the Golden Boot, also joint with Arsenal's Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang with 22 goals each.


text: The Reds then won the UEFA Champions League for the sixth time in their history, defeating Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the final.


text: Barcelona's manager Ernesto Valverde was sacked in January 2020 and many fans believe that the 4–0 loss was the catalyst for the sacking.


text: Barcelona finished up their La Liga season with a 2–0 win over Getafe at home before a 2–2 draw at Eibar on the final day. They then lost the Copa del Rey final against Valencia.


text: The final was played on 1 June 2019 at the Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid. The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws.


title: William Tolbert

text: William Richard Tolbert Jr. (13 May 1913 – 12 April 1980) was a Liberian politician who served as the 20th president of Liberia from 1971 until 1980.


title: William Tolbert

text: Tolbert was an Americo-Liberian and trained as a civil servant before entering the House of Representatives in 1943 for the True Whig Party, then the only established party in Liberia. Tolbert was elected the 23rd vice president of Liberia to William Tubman in 1952 and served in that position until he became President following Tubman's death in 1971. Tolbert's early presidency saw liberal reforms and the adoption of a Non-Alignment stance, but growing economic troubles and tensions between Americo-Liberians and indigenous Liberians led to instability.


title: William Tolbert

text: Tolbert was assassinated in the 1980 coup d'état by the People's Redemption Council led by Samuel Doe, marking the end of 133 years of Americo-Liberian rule in Liberia.


title: William Tolbert

text: Tolbert was born in Bensonville, Liberia, to William Richard Tolbert Sr. (1869-1948) and Charlotte Augusta Tolbert, nee Hoff of Cape Mount, Liberia. The Tolbert and Hoff families were Americo-Liberian families of African American descent and the Hoff family originated from Virginia. William Tolbert Sr. was the son of Daniel Frank Tolbert, a former American slave from South Carolina who emigrated to Liberia in the Liberian exodus of 1878.


title: William Tolbert

text: Daniel Frank Tolbert, the South Carolinian grandfather of William Tolbert, emigrated to Liberia aboard the barque "Azok", alongside several other black South Carolinians who sought to settle in Liberia. The Tolbert clan was one of the largest Americo-Liberian families in Liberia.


title: William Tolbert

text: He attended Bensonville Elementary School, Crummell Hall Episcopalian High School, and graduated "summa cum laude" from the University of Liberia in 1934. He married Victoria A. David, of Americo-Liberian and Vai descent, with whom he had eight children.


title: William Tolbert

text: Tolbert was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1943, and served until being elected Vice President in 1951. A Baptist minister, in 1965 he became the first African to serve as president of the Baptist World Alliance, and was also a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He became Grand Master of the Masonic Order of Liberia.


title: William Tolbert

text: Tolbert succeeded to the presidency upon the death of incumbent William Tubman in 1971. To the outside world, the peaceful transfer of power was seen as a sign of continuing political stability in Liberia, a stark contrast with the political turmoil gripping much of the rest of Africa at the time. However, Liberia was effectively a one-party state, with the national legislature and judiciary subservient to the executive branch and only limited observation of civil liberties.


title: William Tolbert

text: Upon becoming president, Tolbert initiated some liberal reforms. Though he was re-elected in 1975, his government was criticized sharply for failing to address the deep economic disparities between different sectors of the population, notably the Americo-Liberians, who had dominated the country since independence, and the various indigenous ethnic groups which constituted the majority of the population.


title: William Tolbert

text: Because Tolbert was a member of one of the most influential and affluent Americo-Liberian families, everything from cabinet appointments to economic policy was tainted with allegations of nepotism. Thanks to his father who spoke Kpelle, Tolbert was the second Liberian president, after President Stephen Allen Benson, to speak an indigenous language, and he promoted a program to bring more indigenous persons into the government.


title: William Tolbert

text: This initiative caused a good deal of chagrin among Americo-Liberians who accused Tolbert of "letting the peasants into the kitchen." Indeed, it lacked support within Tolbert's own administration. While the indigenous majority felt the change was occurring too slowly, many Americo-Liberians felt it was too rapid.


title: William Tolbert

text: Despite following Tubman's 27-year presidency, Tolbert refused to follow his predecessor's hold on office until death. He successfully worked for a constitutional amendment to bar the president from serving more than eight years in office, and in 1976 he vowed fierce opposition to members of the Legislature who sought to repeal the amendment and again permit what Tolbert called an "evil tradition". Three years later, when True Whig partisans petitioned him to seek the amendment's repeal, he replied that their statement would only encourage him in his previous position: "I will serve my country as long as I have life. I do not have to [be?] President to do so."


title: William Tolbert

text: Abandoning Tubman's strong pro-West foreign policy, Tolbert adopted one which focused on promoting Liberia's political independence. To this end, he established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and several other Eastern Bloc countries, thus adopting a more nonaligned posture.


title: William Tolbert

text: Tolbert severed Liberia's ties with Israel during the Yom Kippur War in October 1973 and spoke in favor of recognising national rights of the Palestinian people. However, Tolbert supported the United States on the Vietnam War, as had his predecessor, William Tubman. Tolbert was chairman of the Organisation of African Unity from July 1979 until he was killed in April 1980.


title: William Tolbert

text: Throughout the 1970s, the world price of rubber was depressed, putting pressure on the Liberian economy. Tolbert brought a new approach to the Liberian government's relations with foreign companies. Companies such as Firestone, which had operated for years without being audited by the government, were audited, and forced to pay millions of dollars in back taxes. Old concession agreements were renegotiated, and new concession agreements were negotiated with an emphasis on accountability of the private sector to the Liberian government.


title: William Tolbert

text: In May 1975, Liberia became a signatory to the treaty that established the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in order to create a common market in West Africa and promote regional economic integration and stability in 15 West African countries, with the intention that it would mirror the success of the European Common Market.


title: William Tolbert

text: By the late 1970s, Tolbert became increasingly open to overtures of economic assistance from Libya and Cuba. The Libyans were on the verge of starting work on a low-cost housing project in Monrovia when the project was halted by the 1980 coup d'état.


title: William Tolbert

text: Liberia had been a one-party state since 1877. However, in 1973, the country returned to a two-party system when the Progressive Alliance of Liberia, headed by Gabriel Baccus Matthews, became recognized as a legitimate opposition party.


title: William Tolbert

text: Between 1965 and 1977 over 100 murders occurred around Harper in Maryland County, many of which involved mutilation and the removal of body parts. During the 1970s Liberians in Maryland County were constantly under the threat of ritual murders. Between November 1976 and July 1977, 14 people had disappeared in the county prompting Tolbert to fire the Superintendent of Maryland County, James Daniel Anderson, for failure to report the missing people and publicly declare "Anyone who kills deliberately: The law will kill that person". Twelve suspects were eventually arrested; seven, including four government officials, were convicted and executed.


title: William Tolbert

text: In early April 1979, Tolbert's minister of agriculture, Florence Chenoweth, proposed an increase in the subsidized price of rice from $22 per 100-pound bag to $26. Chenoweth asserted that the increase would serve as an added inducement for rice farmers to continue farming instead of abandoning their farms for jobs in the cities or on the rubber plantations. Political opponents criticized the proposal as self-serving, pointing out that Chenoweth and the Tolbert family operated large rice farms and would therefore realize a tidy profit from the proposed price increase.


title: William Tolbert

text: The Progressive Alliance of Liberia called for a peaceful demonstration in Monrovia to protest the proposed price increase. On 14 April about 2,000 activists began what was planned as a peaceful march on the Executive Mansion. The protest march swelled dramatically when the protesters were joined en route by more than 10,000 "back street boys" causing the march to quickly degenerate into a disorderly mob of riot and destruction. Widespread looting ensued with damage to private property estimated at over $40 million. At least 41 demonstrators were killed by shooting. This incident set fire to the powder. During the following year, riots and demonstrations shook the country. Tolbert tried in vain to restore order by arresting the opposition leaders, but his attempts were unsuccessful and the disorder increased. Tolbert's credibility was severely damaged by the Rice Riots.


title: William Tolbert

text: In March 1980 Tolbert ordered the banning of the PAL, and had Gabriel Bacchus Matthews and the rest of the organization's leadership arrested on charges of treason.


title: William Tolbert

text: In the early hours of 12 April 1980, 17 non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Armed Forces of Liberia led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe launched a violent coup d'état; all of them were "indigenous" Liberians who later became the founding members of the People's Redemption Council, the governing body of the new regime. The group entered the Presidential palace and killed Tolbert, whose body was dumped into a mass grave together with 27 other victims of the coup. A crowd of angry Liberians gathered to shout insults and throw rocks at the bodies. Tolbert's body was later moved to a spot in Monrovia's Palm Grove Cemetery, not far from the bodies of those killed in the Rice Riots.


title: William Tolbert

text: By the end of the month, most of the cabinet members of the Tolbert administration had been put on trial in a kangaroo court and sentenced to death. Many of them were publicly executed on 22 April at a beach near the Barclay Training Center in Monrovia. Only four Tolbert cabinet heads survived the coup and its aftermath; among them was the Minister of Finance, future president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.


title: William Tolbert

text: Undisputedly, Tolbert was dead by the end of 12 April 1980, the day of the coup d’état. There are competing stories as to the time and manner of his death.


title: William Tolbert

text: Steven Ellis, in his book "Mask of Anarchy", says the President was found sleeping in his office, where the soldiers killed him, while Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's biography, "This Child Will Be Great", says Tolbert was seized and killed in his bed.


title: William Tolbert

text: Some of Tolbert's children live in New York, North Carolina and Maryland. His brother Stephen A. Tolbert served as his finance minister in the government until his death on 29 April 1975, in a plane crash. One of his sons, A. Benedict Tolbert, was killed in the aftermath of the coup: he had taken refuge in the French Embassy but was arrested by members of Doe's security force who violated diplomatic immunity, and he was reportedly thrown out of a military aircraft while being transported to a prison in Lofa County.


title: William Tolbert

text: Two of his daughters are no longer alive. Victoria Tolbert Yancy died in 1971, and Evelyn Tolbert Richardson (the wife of a government aviator) died in Westchester County, New York, United States, in 1993. His widow, former First Lady Victoria Tolbert, died in Minnesota on 8 November 1997 at the age of 81. She had moved to the United States after being released from house arrest in the aftermath of the coup. His grandson Tolbert Williams currently lives and works in the UK.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: The 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the 15th edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the biennial international men's soccer championship of the North, Central American, and Caribbean region organized by CONCACAF. The tournament was primarily hosted in the United States, with Costa Rica and Jamaica hosting double-headers in the first round of matches in groups B and C, respectively.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: The United States were the defending champions, having won the 2017 tournament. With the abolition of the FIFA Confederations Cup, the CONCACAF Cup was annulled and the Gold Cup did not qualify the winner to a major tournament for the first time since 2009.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Mexico won their eighth Gold Cup title (their eleventh CONCACAF championship) with their 1–0 victory over the United States in the final.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: The qualification system was changed and no longer divided into Central American and Caribbean zones. Among the 16 teams, six qualified directly after participating in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying Hexagonal, while the other 10 teams qualified through the 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League qualifying.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: In May 2018, CONCACAF confirmed that matches would be held in Central America and the Caribbean in addition to the United States. This was the first time that the Gold Cup was held in the Caribbean, with all previous matches having taken place in the United States, Mexico, or Canada.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: In May 2018, CONCACAF announced the fifteen venues in the United States which would host matches. Soldier Field in Chicago was announced on September 27, 2018, as the venue of the final.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: On November 26, 2018, CONCACAF announced that Costa Rica would host a double-header in the first round of matches of Group B on June 16, 2019, taking place at the Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica in San José.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: On April 2, 2019, CONCACAF announced that Jamaica would host a double-header in the first round of matches of Group C on June 17, 2019, taking place at the Independence Park in Kingston.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: On August 31, 2018, CONCACAF announced that the top four teams of the September 2018 CONCACAF Ranking Index were seeded for the group stage of the tournament:


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: The groups and full match schedule were revealed on April 10, 2019, 18:00 EDT (15:00 local time, PDT), in Los Angeles, California, United States.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: The match dates and the assignments were announced by CONCACAF on October 9, 2018. The quarter-final pairings were later amended on October 12, 2018. The top two teams from each group qualified for the quarter-finals.


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: "All match times listed are EDT (), as listed by CONCACAF. If the venue is located in a different time zone, the local time is also given."


title: 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: In the knockout stage, if a match was tied after 90 minutes, extra time was played, where a fourth substitute was allowed for each team. If still tied after extra time, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out.


title: Doug Henning

text: Douglas James Henning (May 3, 1947 – February 7, 2000) was a Canadian magician, illusionist, escape artist and politician.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning was born in the Fort Garry district of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and began practising magic at Oakenwald School in Fort Garry, later moving to Oakville, Ontario.


title: Doug Henning

text: His first experience in magic occurred when he was six years old, watching a magician on television. He asked his mother, "...what made the woman float in the air?" "Magic", his mother said. He went on to say that he still remembered that feeling and wanted to re-create that same emotion he felt.


title: Doug Henning

text: He performed his first show at the age of 14 at the birthday party of a friend and was inspired by his audience's spellbound reaction. Within a few months of placing an ad in a local newspaper, Henning launched a series of performances on local television in Toronto and as an entertainer at parties.


title: Doug Henning

text: After Henning graduated from Oakville Trafalgar High School, he stopped doing magic, not wanting to do it for a living. He felt that there were only two kinds of magicians, "...magicians for kids, and magicians for nightclub acts. I didn't want to be either kind."


title: Doug Henning

text: So, instead, he enrolled and became a student at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and studied psychology, in preparation for a medical degree. It was there that Henning met Ivan Reitman, when he appeared in the 1968 Reitman-directed production of "Li'l Abner" in the role of Lonesome Polecat.


title: Doug Henning

text: To support himself during this time, he worked at the Toronto International Airport loading and unloading crates. He found the work to be too heavy and tiring; so, with the help of a female assistant, he formed the partnership of Henning and Mars, and performed at local bars and nightclubs.


title: Doug Henning

text: On May 19, 1967, Doug's father, an Air Canada pilot, was killed during a training flight when the DC-8-54 crashed near the Ottawa airport (CYOW).


title: Doug Henning

text: After graduating with honors with a degree in science and psychology, Henning decided to take a couple of years off before entering medical school to continue with his magic. Henning and Mars successfully performed with the top entertainers in Canada and traveled from one end of the country to the other.


title: Doug Henning

text: He soon realized that he needed more theatrical training as well as the principles of magic. He applied for a grant with the Canada Council Arts Bursary in the theater division with a proposal that used the equation that magic plus theater equals art. Henning was awarded a Canada Council for the Arts grant for $4,000.


title: Doug Henning

text: After being awarded the grant for a one year study of the art of magic, he studied mime under Adrian Pecknold as well as dance with a Canadian choreographer. He sifted through magic literature in the hopes of developing an all-around magic education in manipulation and being an illusionist.


title: Doug Henning

text: He visited the Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, a private club for magicians. After an impromptu performance in the Wine Cellar, he met resident magician, guru, and fellow Canadian Dai Vernon, known as "The Professor". Since the terms of the grant required Henning to study magic, he got up the nerve later in the year to write the Professor and asked him if he could take lessons with him. Thereafter, Henning traveled to Hollywood to study with Vernon, then with another magic great, Slydini, whom he considered to be his primary teacher of magic.


title: Doug Henning

text: With the intention of returning magic to its "glory days", Henning worked to perfect his craft. Garnering financial support, he developed a live theatrical show, "Spellbound". It was there that he contacted his college friend Ivan Reitman, who directed "Spellbound". Along with music by Howard Shore and co-starring actress Jennifer Dale, Henning created a musical that combined a dramatic story and his magic.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning borrowed money for the project and spent $5,000 to build and design illusions. They set up a backer's audition in Toronto. One man found potential in the project and invested $70,000. It took so long to work out a plot around his illusions that there was time only for two dress rehearsals, neither of which was in the theater.


title: Doug Henning

text: The show opened at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, where it broke box-office records. Henning reworked the show after catching the attention of New York producers and took it to Broadway as "The Magic Show", with songs composed by Stephen Schwartz. Debuting in 1974, the show ran for four and a half years and earned Henning a Tony Award nomination.


title: Doug Henning

text: Following his Broadway success, Henning approached NBC with the idea of producing a television special. It was not until Henning suggested that he would reproduce live Harry Houdini's famous and dangerous water-torture escape—for the first time since Houdini performed it himself—that the NBC executives signed him.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning spent the next eight months reworking his stage act for TV and practicing the water-torture escape act. More than 50 million viewers tuned in for the December 1975 broadcast of "Doug Henning's World of Magic", hosted by Bill Cosby.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1977, Henning co-wrote a biography of Houdini, "Houdini: His Legend and His Magic". He created illusions for an Earth, Wind and Fire tour in 1979, and for two of singer Michael Jackson's concerts, including his 1984 Victory Tour.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1983, Henning was the producer and star of the Broadway musical "Merlin". In 1984, he began a solo show on Broadway called "Doug Henning and His World of Magic".


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1985, a set of plush toys called "Doug & Debby Henning's: Wonder Whims" were made by Panosh Place and copyrighted by Marvin Glass and Associates. There were a total of six Wonder Whim characters. Each came with an animal friend, a personalized story, and a magic kaleidoscope wand of colors and patterns.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1986, Henning sold his illusions to David Copperfield and other magicians in order to devote his time to Transcendental Meditation.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning's first "World of Magic" special aired on NBC on December 26, 1975. Henning successfully performed the water torture illusion, although he did not break Houdini's time record. Produced by famed talk show host David Susskind and sponsored by Mobil, the show ran live in the eastern United States without commercials. The event was the first of seven annual broadcasts, which eventually brought Henning seven Emmy Award nominations, including two back-to-back in 1976 and 1977 for "World of Magic".


title: Doug Henning

text: In December 1976, "Doug Henning's World of Magic II" aired, again live and with only two commercial breaks, on NBC. The theme for this show was "Fire, Water and Air" and it was hosted by actor Michael Landon, with guest star Joey Heatherton. The show included Henning vanishing an elephant and also included a segment with special guest magician Ricky Jay.


title: Doug Henning

text: On December 15, 1977, "Doug Henning's World of Magic III" aired live with guests Glen Campbell and Sandy Duncan; the hyped illusion was "Walking Through a Brick Wall".


title: Doug Henning

text: On December 14, 1978, "Doug Henning's World of Magic IV" aired with the theme "A Magical Journey Through Time"; however, due to numerous problems that occurred during the telecast, this was the last special broadcast live.


title: Doug Henning

text: On February 15, 1979, there was a broadcast of the fifth World of Magic special, which was taped at the Las Vegas Hilton.


title: Doug Henning

text: "Doug Henning's World of Magic VI", taped at Osmond Studios in Orem, Utah, was broadcast February 22, 1980, on NBC. Bill Cosby made his second appearance as special guest. Marie Osmond also appeared on the program. Several revamped versions of illusions from earlier specials appeared. The finale was an escape and reappearance featuring a huge Rube Goldberg machine.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning's last TV special was "World of Magic VII" in 1982, which featured guest Bruce Jenner and several revamped versions of illusions from earlier specials. The theme was Henning's magical house, with rooms featuring magic from the past, present and future. In the show's finale, Henning created the illusion of turning a black horse and a white horse into a zebra.


title: Doug Henning

text: At the end of each "World of Magic" performance, Henning addressed the audience with the same monologue: "Anything the mind can conceive is possible. Nothing is impossible. All you have to do is look within, and you can realize your fondest dreams. I would like to wish each one of you all of life's wonders and a joyful age of enlightenment."


title: Doug Henning

text: On December 13, 1977, Henning appeared as a guest on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". While Henning performed illusions and chatted with host Johnny Carson and his other guests, he also plugged his new book on Houdini and announced his impending marriage to Barbara De Angelis.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1979, Henning appeared on "The Crystal Gayle Special", a variety program starring singer Crystal Gayle and featuring, along with Henning, B.B. King and the Statler Brothers.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1980, Henning appeared on "The Muppet Show", where he performed several acts. He demonstrated chink-a-chink for Scooter, did a flying handkerchief trick for Kermit the Frog's nephew Robin, segmented a Muppet monster into four pieces (and put him together wrong), and performed The Metamorphosis: a bit where he swapped places with an assistant who was locked inside a trunk.


title: Doug Henning

text: In December, Henning appeared on "The Osmond Family Christmas Special", starring the popular brother/sister act Donny and Marie Osmond, as a guest with such entertainers as Peggy Fleming and Greg Evigan, at the time star of NBC's "B. J. and the Bear".


title: Doug Henning

text: On February 13, 1981, Henning made his seventh appearance on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". This show marked the first time that Henning was Carson's first guest.


title: Doug Henning

text: A version of "The Magic Show" was mounted in Toronto at the Queen Elizabeth Theatre. The purpose of this show was to film in front of a live audience of several thousand people for broadcast on CBC Television. Henning came back to the show that had made him a star, and many changes were made for this new production. Notably, most of the cast was changed, specifically the role of Cal, now performed by Didi Conn. Some script changes were made (the night club was now known as "Chez Manny" and the older, drunk magician was now named "Van Zyskin"). Some of the songs in the Broadway version were also changed (notably the risqué lyrics of Charmin's lament), or replaced totally, such as the song "Solid Silver Platform Shoes" (the once popular shoe style, by then out of fashion), which was replaced with "It's Gonna Take a Magician". The film version of the production was only aired once on Canadian television, but released on DVD decades later.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1993, he released a video for the Canada Natural Law Party, made up of excerpts from his "World of Magic" specials along with newly recorded linking dialogue detailing his philosophy of how the world's problems could be solved by meditation and yogic flying.


title: Doug Henning

text: In the mid-1980s, Henning retired from the stage and had an increasing interest in Transcendental Meditation. He received a Ph.D. in the Science of Creative Intelligence from the Maharishi University in Switzerland.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1992, Henning and Transcendental Meditation founder, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, drafted plans for a $1.5 billion-dollar project called "Maharishi Veda Land" near Niagara Falls, Ontario, that would "combine astonishing, unique visual and sensory effects, state-of-the-art 3D imagery, and ultra high-tech entertainment technology with his best original magic illusion secrets". Attractions were to include a building suspended above water and a journey into the heart of a rose, but at the time of Henning's death the project's status was uncertain.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 1992, Henning was a Natural Law Party candidate in the United Kingdom's general election, contesting the Parliamentary constituency of Blackpool South in Lancashire. As a Canadian citizen, Henning qualified as a candidate under British electoral law, which allows candidates from Commonwealth nations. He finished fourth of four candidates, polling 173 votes. He was senior vice president of the Natural Law Party of Canada ("NLPC"), and ran as the party's candidate for the former Toronto riding of Rosedale in the 1993 federal election, finishing sixth out of ten candidates.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning married Barbara De Angelis in 1977. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1981, and Henning married Debby Douillard in the Ladies' Dome in Fairfield, Iowa, in December of that year.


title: Doug Henning

text: Henning died aged 52 on February 7, 2000, at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, five months after being diagnosed with liver cancer. His ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean off Redondo Beach, California.


title: Doug Henning

text: In 2005, a handwritten letter from Henning to James Randi was placed for auction on eBay, unbeknownst to Randi. When Randi learned of it, he announced on his blog that the letter had been "stolen" from his files. A week later, Randi wrote that he "managed to have the sale stopped" and that the letter was back in his possession, but did not elaborate on further details of the controversy. Randi claimed that Henning had immersed himself so thoroughly in transcendental meditation that he "abandoned regular medical treatment for liver cancer, continued to pursue his diet of nuts and berries, and died of the disease."


title: Doug Henning

text: On June 8, 2010, it was announced that Henning would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. His "Zig Zag Girl" illusion is housed at the American Museum of Magic.


title: Doug Henning

text: A book titled "Spellbound: The Wonder-filled Life of Doug Henning", by John Harrison, was released in 2009 to good reviews.


title: Brown bread

text: Brown bread is bread made with significant amounts of whole grain flour, usually wheat, and sometimes dark-coloured ingredients such as molasses or coffee. In Canada, Ireland and South Africa, it is whole wheat bread; in the Maritimes and New England, it is bread made with molasses. In some regions of the US, brown bread is called wheat bread to complement white bread.


title: Brown bread

text: Whole wheat flours that contain raw wheat germ, instead of toasted germ, have higher levels of glutathione, and thus result in lower loaf volumes.


title: Brown bread

text: In Ireland, during the Famine, prior to 1848, brown bread was handed out to the poor. In England, brown bread was made from brown meal. Around and prior to the year 1845, brown meal was considered a less desirable grain product, and was priced accordingly. However, by 1865, due to recently discovered health benefits of bran, brown meal's London price had increased to a point often greater than that of fine flour.


title: Brown bread

text: Historically, brown meal was what remained after about 90% of the coarse, outer bran and 74% of pure endosperm or fine flour was removed from the whole grain. Using slightly different extraction numbers, brown meal, representing 20% of the whole grain, was itself composed of about 15% fine bran and 85% white flour. In 1848 it was asserted grain millers knew only of bran and endosperm, but by 1912 it was more widely known that brown meal included the germ.


title: Brown bread

text: The brown colour of whole grain breads is caused by cerealine, a discovery attributed to Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès of France. Cerealine, considered by Mouriès an active principal or ferment similar in action to diastase, came from the "cereal" layer of rectangular cells that millers considered a part of bran: later it was alternatively called the "aleurone" layer. In a statement attributed to Mouriès, if the cerealine is neutralized, white bread can be made from bran-containing flour.


title: Brown bread

text: Borodinsky bread is a slightly sweet sourdough rye bread of Russian origin, usually flavoured by caraway and coriander seeds and sweetened with molasses, which augments its already quite dark colour coming from the rye flour. It is named after the Battle of Borodino, and the (unsubstantiated, as it goes) legend says that it was invented by the widow of one of the Russian generals who died in that battle, though in reality it was probably created much later, at the end of the 19th century.


title: Brown bread

text: New England or Boston brown bread is a type of dark, slightly sweet steamed bread, usually sweetened with molasses, popular in New England. The moist bread is dark in colour and traditionally served with baked beans and franks.


title: Brown bread

text: Boston brown bread's colour comes from a mixture of flours, usually a mix of several of the following: cornmeal, rye, whole wheat, graham flour, and from the addition of sweeteners like molasses and maple syrup. Raisins are sometimes added. The batter is poured into a can, and steamed in a kettle.


title: F*ck Love

text: F*ck Love (stylised in all caps) is the debut commercial mixtape by Australian rapper and singer the Kid Laroi. It was released on 24 July 2020 by Grade A Productions and Columbia Records. Production was handled by twenty-one record producers over the course of the mixtape's four releases, including Benny Blanco, Bobby Raps, Cashmere Cat and Taz Taylor. The original tracklist features guest appearances from Lil Mosey, Corbin Smidzik, and the late Juice Wrld.


title: F*ck Love

text: According to a description by Apple Music, the record focuses on "...the messy breakdown of a destructive relationship that didn't sound too great to start with."


title: F*ck Love

text: A deluxe edition of the mixtape, titled "F*ck Love (Savage)", was released on 6 November 2020, with appearances from Machine Gun Kelly, Marshmello, Internet Money and Youngboy Never Broke Again.


title: F*ck Love

text: Another deluxe edition of the mixtape, titled "F*ck Love 3: Over You", was released on 23 July 2021, with appearances from Polo G, Stunna Gambino, Justin Bieber, G Herbo, Lil Durk, and Mustard. An expanded edition of "F*ck Love 3: Over You", titled "F*ck Love 3+: Over You", was released shortly after on 27 July 2021.


title: F*ck Love

text: "F*ck Love" received a nomination for Best Hip Hop Release at the 2020 ARIA Music Awards. It reached number one on the Australian ARIA album chart in February 2021, making the Kid Laroi the youngest Australian solo artist to reach number one on the chart.


title: F*ck Love

text: The Guilty Crown inspired cover art, which depicts Laroi and his unnamed lover in an anime styled metropolitan city, was made by anime artist Richard Ticas, and was unveiled a week ahead of the mixtape's release.


title: F*ck Love

text: The mixtape was preceded by two singles: "Go", and "Tell Me Why", with the former song featuring the late Juice Wrld, who was also the Kid Laroi's mentor before his passing. "Need You Most (So Sick)" was sent to Australian contemporary hit radio as the third single in August 2020.


title: F*ck Love

text: In Australia, "F*ck Love" debuted at number three on the ARIA chart. In its 28th week in February 2021, the album reached number one, and at 17 years, 5 months and 22 days, the Kid Laroi became the youngest Australian solo artist to hit number one on the ARIA album chart and the second male indigenous solo artist to top the chart after Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu.


title: F*ck Love

text: In the United States, "F*ck Love" debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 chart, earning 40,000 album-equivalent units (including 7,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week. The album became Laroi's first US top-ten debut. The album also accumulated at total of 49.39 million on-demand streams of the album's songs that week.


title: F*ck Love

text: Following the release of "F*ck Love (Savage)" , the project reached a new peak of number three, earning 52,000 equivalent album units.


title: F*ck Love

text: Following the release of "F*ck Love 3: Over You", the third release of the mixtape, it reached a new peak of number one on the "Billboard" 200, jumping 25 spots on the chart with 85,000 album equivalent units, becoming Laroi's first chart-topping project in the United States.


title: F*ck Love

text: A deluxe edition of the mixtape was released on 6 November 2020. Titled "F*ck Love (Savage)", it includes seven new songs, including the previously released single "So Done", as well as appearances from YoungBoy Never Broke Again, Internet Money, Marshmello, and Machine Gun Kelly. The release was accompanied with a music video for the track "Always Do". According to Triple J, the release of "F*ck Love (Savage)" is an opposite to the original mixtape; "where the original mixtape had Laroi focusing on love and loss, the new material featured here sees him coming from a different space, reflecting the personal changes he's undergone in the last year".


title: F*ck Love

text: Another deluxe edition of the mixtape was released on 23 July 2021. Titled "F*ck Love 3: Over You", it includes seven new songs, including the previously released single "Stay" alongside Justin Bieber, as well as appearances from Polo G, Stunna Gambino, G Herbo, Lil Durk, and Mustard. The release was accompanied with a music video for the track "Not Sober". As the title suggests, "Over You" has Laroi focusing on moving on from his previous relationships and beginning a new one.


title: F*ck Love

text: The expanded edition of "F*ck Love 3: Over You", named "F*ck Love 3+: Over You" featured six new tracks, was released on July 27, 2021.


title: Everytime You Go Away

text: "Everytime You Go Away" is a song written and composed by Daryl Hall. It was first recorded in 1980 by the American duo Hall & Oates but was not released as a single. A cover version of the song by Paul Young became an international hit in 1985, reaching No. 1 in the US and No. 4 in the UK.


title: Everytime You Go Away

text: The original version of "Everytime You Go Away" appeared on Hall & Oates's 1980 studio album, "Voices," although it was not released as a single. Hall & Oates also recorded it for their 1985 concert album "Live at the Apollo".


title: Everytime You Go Away

text: English singer Paul Young recorded a cover version of the song titled "Every Time You Go Away" for his studio album "The Secret of Association" in 1985. His cover features a combination of echoed piano, the Yamaha DX7's "harp" preset, the distinctive fretless bass of Pino Palladino, as well as a Coral electric sitar, and Ovation Spanish acoustic guitar which were both played by John Turnbull.


title: Everytime You Go Away

text: In March 1985, Young's version hit No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart. It was among the songs he performed at Live Aid held at Wembley Stadium in London on 13 July 1985. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 two weeks later, and was one of two top 10 hits Young had on the U.S. pop singles chart (the second being his 1990 cover of "Oh Girl" by the Chi-Lites). "Every Time You Go Away" also topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart for two weeks. The song won British Video of the Year at the 1986 Brit Awards.


title: Everytime You Go Away

text: In July 1995, Australian R&B group Kulcha released a version of the song, which peaked at 35 in Australia and 22 in New Zealand.


title: Peter Thomas (announcer)

text: Peter Addenbrooke Thomas (June 28, 1924 – April 30, 2016) was an American announcer and narrator of television programs with a career spanning more than 70 years, including shows such as "Nova" and "Forensic Files".


title: Peter Thomas (announcer)

text: Thomas was born in Pensacola, Florida to British parents John D. Thomas, originally of Swansea, Wales, and Sibyl Addenbrooke, from Mumbles, Wales, daughter of Col. Addenbrooke of the RAF. He had two younger brothers, John and David. His father, a Church of England minister in Great Britain, then Presbyterian minister in the US, and his mother, who became a schoolteacher in the US, stressed the importance of reading, education, and memorization and visualization to their son. Thomas says that his father stressed mental images as an important speaking tool. For example, he told his son if he was talking about horses he had to picture horses in his mind.


title: Peter Thomas (announcer)

text: Thomas began his career at 14 as an announcer on a local radio show. Since the station could not pay him due to his age, they arranged for the sponsor, Piper Aircraft, to give him flying lessons. Within a few years he was hosting Big Band remotes.


title: Peter Thomas (announcer)

text: With the onset of World War II, Thomas left The Stony Brook School and volunteered for the United States Army in 1943, after being offered an Armed Forces Radio deferment, and served with the First Infantry Division in five major campaigns, including the Battle of Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge. He was issued a Battle star for each of the five campaigns. He was also awarded the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, the Unit French Croix de Guerre, and Belgian Fourragère.