title: Mondragón rifle

text: The design was adopted by the Mexican Army in 1908 as the Fusil Porfirio Díaz Sistema Mondragón Modelo 1908. The same year, the Mexican government contracted with SIG for the production of 4,000 M1908 rifles, chambered in the 7×57mm Mauser Mexican service cartridge. Due to the Mexican Revolution, by 1910 only 400 rifles had been delivered by SIG. The rifle's inability to cope with the poor quality of ammunition available at the time, along with the high unit cost of SFr160 per rifle, led to the cancellation of the order by the Mexican government.


title: Mondragón rifle

text: The Mondragón Modelo 1908 was a gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt using a cylinder and piston arrangement, a design considered unusual at the time. The bolt and the locking lugs was very similar to the bolt-action rifle. A switch, located on the charging handle, would disengage the bolt from the gas system, allowing the firearm to effectively operate as a straight-pull bolt-action rifle. The Mondragón Modelo 1908 rifles were fitted with a bipod. In addition to the knife bayonet introduced with the previous rifles, Mondragón designed a spade bayonet for use with the Modelo 1908, for which he filed a patent application (No. 631,283) on June 6, 1911.


title: Mondragón rifle

text: In 1914 the German Empire bought the remainder of the M1908 model rifles produced by SIG (as many as 4000 units, depending on the total SIG production for their Mexican contract). The Germans tried to modify the rifles to chamber the 7.9×57mm S-Patrone, the service cartridge of Germany until the end of World War II), but their attempts were unsuccessful. The rifles were tested by the German Army, but they proved highly susceptible to fouling caused by mud and dirt in the trenches, a common problem even with less complex designs such as the Canadian Ross Mk III straight-pull bolt-action rifle.


title: Mondragón rifle

text: The Imperial German Flying Corps (Luftstreitkräfte) decided to adopt the rifle, where operating conditions lessened the chances of the action being fouled by mud, and issued two rifles to each aircraft's crew. The M1903 proved to be a significant improvement over the bolt-action Gewehr 98 rifles and Parabellum-Pistole pistols usually issued to crews. The M1908 rifle was re-designated as the Fl.-S.-K. 15 ("Flieger-Selbstladekarabiner, Modell 1915" - Aviator's Selfloading Carbine, Model 1915) and was issued with 30-round drum magazines. The drum magazine issued with the Fl.-S.-K. 15 was that designed and patented by Friedrich Blum, with a later 32-round version of the drum magazine ("Trommelmagazin 08") that had been designed for the 1913 Parabellum-Pistole (LP 08). The corps used the Mondragón rifle until a sufficient number of machine guns equipped with a synchronization gear became available, after which the M1908 was phased out of service and given to the navy. Very few of the Mondragón rifles survived the war, although almost all of the rifles were still in use by the Imperial German Navy when the First World War ended. The usage of the Mondragón in the German Imperial Navy would involve destroyer crews and Seabattlions Pioneers being entirely issued Mondragón and pistol carbines In Switzerland, the Mondragón self-loading rifle was modified to use the 7.5×55mm Swiss cartridge, came equipped with a 12-round magazine and a "Hülsenfangkorb" (a device to collect the ejected cartridges).


title: Mondragón rifle

text: The Mondragón rifle was also briefly installed in the World War I era two-seater aircraft, the "Häfeli DH" and the "Blériot", however it was soon replaced by fully automatic weapons.


title: Mondragón rifle

text: A few of the Mondragón rifles may have been used by Mexican soldiers during an ambush on Pancho Villa. Although some sources claim that the Mexican Army had used the rifle since 1911, two pictures from "Crónica Ilustrada Revolución Mexicana, Volume 1" on pages 100 and 159 and an article from Guns magazine suggest that the rifle was in service as early as 1910.


title: O'Ryan (singer)

text: O'Ryan Omir Browner (born February 12, 1987) is an American R&B singer. He is the younger brother of R&B singer Omarion. He released a self-titled album in 2004 which aimed at the teen pop audience.


title: O'Ryan (singer)

text: He dated American singer Jhene Aiko from 2005 to 2008. Aiko gave birth to their daughter on November 19, 2008.


title: Requirement

text: In product development and process optimization, a requirement is a singular documented physical or functional need that a particular design, product or process aims to satisfy. It is commonly used in a formal sense in engineering design, including for example in systems engineering, software engineering, or enterprise engineering. It is a broad concept that could speak to any necessary (or sometimes desired) function, attribute, capability, characteristic, or quality of a system for it to have value and utility to a customer, organization, internal user, or other stakeholder.


title: Requirement

text: Requirements can come with different levels of specificity; for example, a requirement specification or requirement "spec" (often imprecisely referred to as "the" spec/specs, but there are actually different sorts of specifications) refers to an explicit, highly objective/clear (and often quantitative) requirement (or sometimes, "set" of requirements) to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.


title: Requirement

text: A set of requirements is used as inputs into the design stages of product development. Requirements are also an important input into the verification process, since tests should trace back to specific requirements. Requirements show what elements and functions are necessary for the particular project. When iterative methods of software development or agile methods are used, the system requirements are incrementally developed in parallel with design and implementation. With the waterfall model requirements are developed before design and implementation.


title: Requirement

text: According to the "Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge®" version 2 from IIBA (BABOK), a requirement is:


title: Requirement

text: This definition is based on IEEE 610.12-1990: IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology.


title: Requirement

text: Product and process requirements are closely linked; a product requirement could be said to specify the automation required to support a process requirement while a process requirement could be said to specify the activities required to support a product requirement. For example, a maximum development cost requirement (a process requirement) may be imposed to help achieve a maximum sales price requirement (a product requirement); a requirement that the product be maintainable (a product requirement) often is addressed by imposing requirements to follow particular development styles (e.g., object-oriented programming), style-guides, or a review/inspection process (process requirements).


title: Requirement

text: Requirements are typically classified into types produced at different stages in a development progression, with the taxonomy depending on the overall model being used. For example, the following scheme was devised by the International Institute of Business Analysis in their Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (see also FURPS and Types of requirements).


title: Requirement

text: The characteristics of good requirements are variously stated by different writers, with each writer generally emphasizing the characteristics most appropriate to their general discussion or the specific technology domain being addressed. However, the following characteristics are generally acknowledged.


title: Requirement

text: There are many more attributes to consider that contribute to the quality of requirements. If requirements are subject to rules of data integrity (for example) then accuracy/correctness and validity/authorization are also worthy attributes. Traceability confirms that the requirement set satisfies the need (no more - and no less than what is required).


title: Requirement

text: To the above some add Externally Observable, that is, the requirement specifies a characteristic of the product that is externally observable or experienced by the user. Such advocates argue that requirements that specify internal architecture, design, implementation, or testing decisions are probably constraints, and should be clearly articulated in the Constraints section of the Requirements document. The contrasting view is that this perspective fails on two points. First, the perspective does not recognize that the user experience may be supported by requirements not perceivable by the user. For example, a requirement to present geocoded information to the user may be supported by a requirement for an interface with an external third party business partner. The interface will be imperceptible to the user, though the presentation of information obtained through the interface certainly would not. Second, a constraint limits design alternatives, whereas a requirement specifies design characteristics. To continue the example, a requirement selecting a web service interface is different from a constraint limiting design alternatives to methods compatible with a Single Sign-On architecture.


title: Requirement

text: All requirements should be verifiable. The most common method is by test. If this is not the case, another verification method should be used instead (e.g. analysis, demonstration, inspection, or review of design).


title: Requirement

text: Certain requirements, by their very structure, are not verifiable. These include requirements that say the system must "never" or "always" exhibit a particular property. Proper testing of these requirements would require an infinite testing cycle. Such requirements must be rewritten to be verifiable. As stated above all requirements must be verifiable.


title: Requirement

text: Non-functional requirements, which are unverifiable at the software level, must still be kept as a documentation of customer intent. However, they may be traced to process requirements that are determined to be a practical way of meeting them. For example, a non-functional requirement to be free from backdoors may be satisfied by replacing it with a process requirement to use pair programming. Other non-functional requirements will trace to other system components and be verified at that level. For example, system reliability is often verified by analysis at the system level. Avionics software with its complicated safety requirements must follow the DO-178B development process.


title: Requirement

text: Activities that lead to the derivation of the system or software requirements. Requirements engineering may involve a feasibility study or a "conceptual analysis phase" of the project and requirements elicitation (gathering, understanding, reviewing, and articulating the needs of the stakeholders) and requirements analysis, analysis (checking for consistency and completeness), specification (documenting the requirements) and validation (making sure the specified requirements are correct).


title: Requirement

text: Requirements are prone to issues of ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency. Techniques such as rigorous inspection have been shown to help deal with these issues. Ambiguities, incompleteness, and inconsistencies that can be resolved in the requirements phase typically cost orders of magnitude less to correct than when these same issues are found in later stages of product development. Requirements analysis strives to address these issues.


title: Requirement

text: There is an engineering trade off to consider between requirements which are too vague, and those which are so detailed that they


title: Requirement

text: Agile approaches evolved as a way of overcoming these problems, by baselining requirements at a high-level, and elaborating detail on a just-in-time or "last responsible moment" basis.


title: Requirement

text: Requirements are usually written as a means for communication between the different stakeholders. This means that the requirements should be easy to understand both for normal users and for developers. One common way to document a requirement is stating what the system must do. Example: 'The contractor must deliver the product no later than xyz date.' Other methods include use cases and user stories.


title: Requirement

text: Requirements generally change with time. Once defined and approved, requirements should fall under change control. For many projects, requirements are altered before the system is complete. This is partly due to the complexity of computer software and the fact that users don't know what they want before they see it. This characteristic of requirements has led to requirements management studies and practices.


title: Requirement

text: There are several competing views of what requirements are and how they should be managed and used. Two leading bodies in the industry are the IEEE and the IIBA. Both of these groups have different but similar definitions of what a requirement is.


title: Requirement

text: Many projects have succeeded with little or no agreement on requirements. Some evidence furthermore indicates that specifying requirements can decrease creativity and design performance Requirements hinder creativity and design because designers become overly preoccupied with provided information. More generally, some research suggests that software requirements are an illusion created by misrepresenting design decisions as requirements in situations where no real requirements are evident.


title: Requirement

text: Meanwhile, most agile software development methodologies question the need for rigorously describing software requirements upfront, which they consider a moving target. Instead, extreme programming for example describes requirements informally using user stories (short summaries fitting on an index card explaining one aspect of what the system should do), and considers it the developer's duty to directly ask the customer for clarification. Agile methodologies attempt to capture requirements in a series of automated acceptance tests.


title: Requirement

text: Scope creep may occur from requirements moving over time. In Requirements management the alteration of requirements is allowed but if not adequately tracked or preceding steps (business goals then user requirements) are not throttled by additional oversight or handled as a cost and potential program failure, then requirements changes are easy and likely to happen. It is easy for requirement changes to occur faster than developers are able to produce work, and the effort to go "backwards" as a result.


title: Requirement

text: There are multiple taxonomies for requirements depending on which framework one is operating under. (For example, the stated standards of IEEE, vice IIBA or U.S. DoD approaches). Differing language and processes in different venues or casual speech can cause confusion and deviation from desired process.


title: Requirement

text: A process being run by humans is subject to human flaws in governance, where convenience or desires or politics may lead to exceptions or outright subversion of the process and deviations from the textbook way the process is supposed to proceed. Examples include:


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Tansu Çiller (; born 24 May 1946) is a Turkish academic, economist and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She is Turkey's first and only female prime minister to date. As the leader of the True Path Party, she went on to concurrently serve as Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1996 and 1997.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: As a Professor of Economics, Çiller was appointed Minister of State for the economy by Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel in 1991. When Demirel was elected as President in 1993, Çiller was elected leader of the True Path Party and succeeded Demirel as Prime Minister.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Her premiership preceded over the intensifying armed conflict between the Turkish Armed Forces and the PKK, resulting in Çiller's enacting numerous reforms to national defense and implementing the Castle Plan. With a better equipped military, Çiller's government was able to persuade the United States and the European Union to register the PKK as a terrorist organization. However, Çiller was responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated against the Kurdish people by the Turkish military, security forces, and paramilitary. Several reports of international organizations of human rights documented destroying and burning Kurdish villages and towns and extrajudicial killings of Kurdish civilians perpetrated by the Turkish Armed Forces during Çiller’s regime of 1993-1996.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Shortly after winning the 1994 local elections, large-scale capital flight due to the lack of confidence in Çiller's budget deficit targets led to the Turkish lira and foreign currency reserves' almost collapsing. Amid the subsequent economic crisis and austerity measures, her government signed the EU-Turkey Customs Union in 1995. Her government was alleged to have supported the 1995 Azeri coup d'état attempt and presided over an escalation of tensions with Greece after claiming sovereignty over the Imia/Kardak islets.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Although the DYP came third in the 1995 general election, she remained as Prime Minister until Necmettin Erbakan formed a government in 1996 with Çiller becoming Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Susurluk car crash in 1996 and the subsequent Susurluk scandal revealed the relations between extra-legal organisations and Çiller's government. Revelations that she had employed individuals such as Abdullah Çatlı led to a decline in her approval ratings. Erbakan's government fell due to a coup by military memorandum and the DYP declined further in the 1999 general election. Despite coming third in the 2002 general election, Çiller's DYP won less than 10% of the vote and thus lost all parliamentary representation, which led to her resignation as party leader and departure from active politics.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Tansu was born in Istanbul; she was the only child of her father , a journalist and governor of Bilecik Province during the 1950s, and Muazzez Çiller, a Rumelian Turk from Thessaloniki.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Tansu Çiller graduated from the department of Economics at Boğaziçi University after completing her high school education at Robert College in Istanbul. After graduating from Boğaziçi, she continued her studies in the United States, where she earned graduate degrees from the University of New Hampshire and University of Connecticut with her husband , who she married in 1963. She later completed her postdoctoral studies at Yale University.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Çiller taught economics at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1978, she became a lecturer at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul and in 1983 she was appointed as professor by the same institution. She was also president of the now-defunct Istanbul Bank.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: In addition to her job at Boğaziçi, Çiller made a name for herself with her studies at TÜSİAD and her critical reports of the Motherland Party's (ANAP) economic policies. For a short time she was a consultant to Bedrettin Dalan, then Mayor of Istanbul. In December of the same year, she was elected to the administrative board of the other major center-right party, the True Path Party (DYP) and became the deputy president responsible for the economy. Çiller entered parliament as a deputy from Istanbul in the 1991 election. Çiller took credit for some DYP slogans for the election, such as "Two keys", but also generated controversy with the economic program called UDİDEM, which was not implemented by the government. DYP won the election, and formed a coalition government with the Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP). Çiller was appointed as a minister of state responsible for the economy by Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel. She was elected to the executive board of DYP and acquired the position of deputy chair.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: After the death in office of President Turgut Özal (which according to some was part of an alleged military coup), Prime Minister Demirel won the 1993 presidential election. Suddenly the important position as Prime Minister and leader of the DYP was vacant. The party found itself in a leadership crisis. Çiller was no obvious candidate, but her three challengers could not muster the political capital to compete effectively. The media and business community supported her, and her gender gave the impression that Turkey was a progressive Muslim country. She fell 11 votes shy of a majority in the first ballot for party leader. Her opponents withdrew and Çiller became the party's leader and on 25 June, the Prime Minister of the DYP-SHP coalition government (50th government of Turkey).


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Tansu Çiller continued Demirel's coalition government, but replaced most of the ministers from her own party. She was the only woman in cabinet until 1995, when a woman state minister for women and family affairs was appointed. As Prime Minister Çiller promoted a pro-military conservative populism and economic liberalism. She shifted the DYP more to the right than under her mentor Demirel. She juggled "masculine" and "feminine" styles, boasting of her "toughness" at the same time as she wanted to be the nation's mother and sister. She became a new role model for women politicians, though was accused of being authoritarian. Çiller appeared uninterested in women's issues.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Çiller played a major role in reforming Turkey's economic institutions, which are known as the and was rewarded with IMF funding.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: The Sivas and Başbağlar massacres occurred days after the beginning of her premiership. The Castle Plan (previously approved by the National Security Council) was implemented to combat the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (although elements of the strategy preceded the official plan). The Çiller government was heavily criticized for committing human rights violations during counter-terrorism operations. Çiller transformed the Turkish Army from an organization using vintage equipment from the US Army into a modern fighting force capable of countering the PKK, using hit-and-run tactics. She also convinced the U.S. government to list the PKK as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, which was later followed by the acceptance of the same by the European Union. Her overall approach to the Kurds was ambiguous, while she suggested for the Kurds an autonomy similar the one the Basques have in Spain, she retracted her statement upon pressure from the Turkish military.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: She declared in October 1993: "We know the list of businessmen and artists subjected to racketeering by the PKK and we shall be bringing their members to account." Beginning on 14 January 1994, almost a hundred people were kidnapped by commandos wearing uniforms and traveling in police vehicles and then killed somewhere along the road from Ankara to Istanbul. Abdullah Catli, a leader of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves and an organized crime figure, demanded money from people who were on "Çiller’s list", promising to get their names removed. One of his victims, Behçet Cantürk, was to pay ten million dollars, to which Casino King Ömer Lütfü Topal added a further seventeen million. However, after receiving the money, he then went on to have them kidnapped and killed, and sometimes tortured beforehand.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Her popularity also suffered when Milliyet ran an exposé of her undeclared properties in the United States. A motion to investigate Çiller's assets was rejected in the parliament. She announced that she would donate her property to the Zübeyde Hanım Şehit Mother's Foundation before the 1995 election, but never followed through with this.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: The EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement was signed in 1995 and came into effect in 1996 during Çiller's government.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: In March 1995, the 1995 Azeri coup d'état attempt took place; official reports following the 1996 Susurluk scandal suggested Çiller and others in cabinet had supported the coup attempt, which aimed to reinstall Ebulfeyz Elçibey as president.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: After the withdrawal of the Republican People's Party (CHP) from the coalition in October 1995 (the SHP had split, merged, and renamed itself) Çiller attempted to form a minority government with confidence and supply from the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), which failed in less than a month (51st government of Turkey). She agreed to form another cabinet (52nd government of Turkey) with the CHP in the lead up to 1995 general election. Çiller employed nationalist and secularist rhetoric in the party's first election with her as party chair. DYP received a resounding defeat, losing 30% of its support from 1991.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Coalition negotiations were protracted, and Çiller remained in office at the head of the DYP-CHP coalition until March 1996, when the DYP formed a unstable coalition with ANAP and the Democratic Left Party (DSP) supplying confidence, with Mesut Yılmaz becoming Prime Minister, and herself Alternate Prime Minister. Necmettin Erbakan filed suit in the Constitutional Court when the government succeeded in a vote of confidence with only a plurality, not a majority –Bülent Ecevit's DSP voted to abstain in the end. Çiller found herself boxed in from two directions: the Grand National Assembly voted to investigate allegations of corruption against her in a vote in which opposition parties –even her coalition partners– supported, and the Constitutional Court ruled that the government's vote of confidence was unconstitutional. Prime Minister Yılmaz resigned 6 June, ending the ANAYOL government.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: After the Motherland–DYP coalition collapsed in June 1996, the DYP formed a historic coalition with the Welfare Party (RP), under Necmettin Erbakan, with Çiller as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Prime Minister, and Alternate Prime Minister. This coalition was controversial, not only did an openly Islamist politician become premier, but Çiller lost credibility for joining forces with those she most criticized on the campaign trail. In an eight (Welfare and DYP members) to seven vote, the Parliamentary Investigation Commission decided that her misuse of public funds on TEDAŞ tenders had no need to be reviewed by the Constitutional Court. The coalition with Welfare has been interpreted as a "quid pro quo" for Çiller's acquittal. Nevertheless, she was reelected chairwoman in a party congress, but Hüsamettin Çindoruk resigned with several DYP deputies to form the Democrat Turkey Party (DTP).


title: Tansu Çiller

text: After the November 1996 Susurluk car crash, which resulted in a scandal that demonstrated the close ties that the government, security services, organized crime, and far-right groups had with each other, she praised Abdullah Çatlı, who died in the crash, saying: "Those who fire bullets or suffer their wounds in the name of this country, this nation, and this state will always be respectfully remembered by us." The lead a series of protests against the government for its links with organized crime groups. Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar resigned following the scandal, and was replaced by Meral Akşener.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: The Turkish Armed Forces eyed the coalition with great suspicion, but Çiller hoped that her secular credentials and strong relationship with the military could ease tensions. She positioned herself as an intermediate between the military and the Welfare Party. However by the beginning of 1997, relations between the government and the military were increasingly strained, especially after a Welfare mayor of Sincan hosted the Iranian Ambassador who gave a speech in support of Sharia Law (See ). The military subsequently displayed a show of strength by driving a tank convoy through Sincan a few days later.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: After a nine hour National Security Council meeting held on February 28, 1997, a set of demands were presented to the Refah-Yol government to combat what the military called "İrtica" (reactionarism). Çiller's relationship with the military completely broke down. She saw that the military was determined to overthrow the government, and recommended retiring the chief of staff and force commanders which was blocked by Erbakan. Çiller and Akşener were successful in replacing the Chief of National Police and getting his replacement to wiretap high ranking generals. With resignations of DYP ministers from the government and pressure from the military, Erbakan resigned, and the "post-modern coup" concluded on 30 June, 1997. DYP and others expected to form a government under Çiller, but President Demirel disregarded the rotation agreement and asked ANAP leader Yılmaz to form the new government instead. While Erbakan's fall from power condemned his political career until the end of his life, Çiller's was also effectively over. Her maneuvers, political excuses, failed policies, and scandals made her very unpopular. 35 women's organizations took her to court because she lacked feminist principles. She was also criticized for undermining democracy and threatening journalists.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: As deputy Prime Minister, Çiller declared that if Greece tried to divide Albania, it would have the Turkish Army in Athens 24 hours later.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Tansu Çiller was investigated by the Turkish Parliament on serious corruption charges and abuses of power following her period in government. Along with Mesut Yılmaz, she was later cleared of all charges mainly due to technicalities such as statute of limitations and parliamentary immunity. Near the end of 1998, the corruption files about Yılmaz and Çiller were covered up at the commissions of the Parliament in a common action staged by DYP, ANAP and DSP MPs. In the 1999 general election she presented herself as a leader of the downtrodden and the religious, pausing her campaign speeches during the prayer of Adhan, or demanding that women with their headscarves on should attend university. Her party polled at only about 12%. She was still reelected DYP's chairwoman in a party conference later that year, and became Leader of the Main Opposition with the closure of Erbakan's Virtue Party and the split in the Milli Görüş movement.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Çiller's political career came to its end when her party narrowly failed to poll above the 10% threshold in the 2002 general election, thus receiving no representation in parliament despite her role as Leader of Main Opposition for more than two years. In a press conference she announced her retirement from politics, and was succeeded by Mehmet Ağar.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: She is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Çiller attended a Justice and Development Party rally in 2018 in support of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's candidacy for that years presidential election.


title: Tansu Çiller

text: Tansu Çiller can speak English and German well, and has two children with her husband, Özer Uçuran Çiller.


title: Irreligion in China

text: China has the world's greatest irreligious population, and the Chinese government and the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is officially atheist. Despite limitations on certain forms of religious expression and assembly, religion is not banned, and religious freedom is nominally protected under the Chinese constitution. Among the general Chinese population, there are a wide variety of religious practices. The Chinese government's attitude to religion is one of skepticism and non-promotion.


title: Irreligion in China

text: According to a 2012 Gallup poll, 47% of Chinese people were convinced atheists, and a further 30% were not religious. In comparison, only 14% considered themselves to be religious. More recently, a 2015 Gallup poll found the number of convinced atheists in China to be 61%, with a further 29% saying that they are not religious compared to just 7% who are religious.


title: Irreligion in China

text: Since 1978, the constitution provides for religious freedom: "No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens because they do, or do not believe in religion" (article 36). The Chinese state officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism.


title: Irreligion in China

text: While in modern history, the Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, Communist Revolution, and the Cultural Revolution contributed significantly to the rise of irreligion and distrust of organized religion among the general populace, irreligion in its various forms, especially rationalism, secularism, and antitheism, has had a long history in China dating back millennia. The Zhou Dynasty "Classic of Poetry" contains several catechistic poems in the "Decade of Dang" questioning the authority or existence of "Shangdi". Later philosophers such as Xun Zi, Fan Zhen, Han Fei, Zhang Zai, Wang Fuzhi also criticized the religious practices prevalent during their times. Buddhism flourished in China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties Period. It was during this period that Fan Zhen wrote "Shen Mie Lun" (Simplified Chinese 神灭论, Traditional Chinese 神滅論, ""On the Annihilation of the Shen"") in reaction to Buddhist concepts of body-soul dualism, "samsara" and "karma". He wrote that the soul is merely an effect or function of the body, and that there is no soul without the body (i.e., after the destruction and death of the body). Further, he considered that cause-and-effect relationships claimed to be evidence of "karma" were merely the result of coincidence and bias. For this, he was exiled by the Emperor.


title: Irreligion in China

text: Confucianism as a state-instituted philosophy has flourished in China since the Han Dynasty, and the opportunities it offered was another fundamental origin of atheism in China. While there were periods in which Taoism and Buddhism may have been officially promoted, the status of Confucianism in Chinese society had rarely been challenged during imperial times. Extensive study of the Confucian Classics was required to pass the Imperial Civil Service Examinations, and this was the major (and often sole) means by which one could achieve prominence in society. Confucianism places particular emphasis on humanistic and this-worldly social relations, rather than on an otherworldly soteriology. This produced a cultural tendency that facilitated acceptance of modern forms of irreligion such as humanism, secularism, and atheism.


title: Irreligion in China

text: Zhu Xi, one of the most important Confucian philosophers, encouraged an agnostic tendency within Confucianism, because he believed that the Supreme Ultimate was a rational principle, and he discussed it as an intelligent and ordering will behind the universe (while stating that "Heaven and Earth have no mind of their own" and promoting their only function was to produce things. Whether this can be considered a conscious or intelligent will is clearly up to debate).


title: Irreligion in China

text: China is considered to be a nation with a long history of humanism, secularism, and this-worldly thought since the time of Confucius, who stressed "shisu" (世俗 "being in the world"). Hu Shih stated in the 1920s that "China is a country without religion and the Chinese are a people who are not bound by religious superstitions."


title: Irreligion in China

text: In the 19th century, after China's defeat in the First Opium War and in successive wars, the country succumbed to increasing domination by foreign imperialist powers. The Boxers (or the "Yihetuan") considered Christian missionaries as promoting foreign influence in China and held deep anti-Christian views. Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant missionaries and church members were massacred.


title: Irreligion in China

text: In the 1920s, the Anti-Christian Movement (非基督教运动) was an intellectual and political movement in Republican China. The May Fourth Movement for a New Culture attacked religion of all sorts, including Confucianism and Buddhism as well as Christianity, rejecting all as superstition. The various movements were also inspired by modernizing attitudes deriving from both nationalist and socialist ideologies, as well as feeding on older anti-Christian sentiment that was in large part due to repeated invasions of China by Western countries.


title: Irreligion in China

text: During the Cultural Revolution, a radical policy of anti-religion and anti-tradition was instituted. In the ensuing decade, the five major religions in China were severely suppressed. Many religious organizations were disbanded, property was confiscated or damaged, monks and nuns were sent home (or killed in violent struggle sessions).


title: Irreligion in China

text: Since the reforms of 1979, the government has liberalized religious policies to a degree, and the religious population has experienced some growth. Nevertheless, the irreligious remain the majority among all age groups in China. Local governments may even support certain local religious institutions and festivals in a bid to promote tourism. However, atheism, characterization of religions as superstition, and promotion of scientific materialism remain core tenets of the ruling CCP.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The Battle of the Kalka River (; ) was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai, and a coalition of several Rus' principalities, including Kiev and Halych, and the Cumans under Köten. They were under the joint command of Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev. The battle was fought on May 31, 1223 on the banks of the Kalka River in present-day Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, and ended in a decisive Mongol victory.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: Following the Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the subsequent collapse of the Khwarezmian Empire, a Mongol force under the command of generals Jebe and Subutai advanced into Iraq-i Ajam. Jebe requested permission from the Mongolian emperor, Genghis Khan, to continue his conquests for a few years before returning to the main army via the Caucasus. While waiting for Genghis Khan's reply, the duo set out on a raid in which they attacked the Kingdom of Georgia. Genghis Khan granted the duo permission to undertake their expedition, and after making their way through the Caucasus, they defeated a coalition of Caucasian tribes before defeating the Cumans. The Cuman Khan fled to the court of his son-in-law, Prince Mstislav the Bold of Halych, whom he convinced to help fight the Mongols. Mstislav the Bold formed an alliance of the Rus' princes including Mstislav III of Kiev.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The combined Rus' army defeated the Mongol rearguard at first. The Rus' pursued the Mongols, who were in a feigned retreat, for several days, which spread out their armies. The Mongols stopped and assumed battle formation on the banks of the Kalka River. Mstislav the Bold and his Cuman allies attacked the Mongols without waiting for the rest of the Rus' army and were defeated. In the ensuing confusion, several other Rus' princes were defeated, and Mstislav of Kiev was forced to retreat to a fortified camp. After holding for three days, he surrendered in return for a promise of safe conduct for himself and his men. Once they surrendered, however, the Mongols slaughtered them and executed Mstislav of Kiev. Mstislav the Bold escaped, and the Mongols went back to Asia, where they joined Genghis Khan.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: In 1219, in retaliation for the murders of his ambassadors, the Mongol Khan, Genghis Khan, invaded the Khwarezmian Empire. In a campaign that lasted three years, Genghis Khan and his generals destroyed the Khwarezmian armies and caused the empire to disintegrate. The Khwarezmian Sultan Ala ad-Din Muhammad succumbed to disease on an island in the Caspian Sea, leaving his son, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu landless.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: When Jebe (one of the Mongol generals pursuing Muhammad) heard of Ala ad-Din Muhammad's death, he asked Genghis Khan for a year or two to continue his conquests before returning to Mongolia via the Caucasus.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: While awaiting Genghis' reply, Jebe and Subutai (another general pursuing Muhammad) led their army of 20,000 men, with each general commanding a tumen. They left behind a trail of destruction as they moved through Persian Iraq (Iraq-i Ajam) and Azerbaijan, sacking the cities of Rey, Zanjan and Qazvin. The city of Hamadan surrendered without a struggle. Meanwhile, Özbeg, the Atabeg of Azerbaijan, saved his capital, Tabriz, and prevented his country's destruction by offering to the Mongols a large amount of money, clothing and horses, which were the Mongols' best weapons.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: From Tabriz, the Mongols advanced north and made their winter base in the Mugan Steppes. There, the army was strengthened by the arrival of Kurdish and Turcoman freebooters, who offered their services to the Mongols.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: At the same time, Jebe's and Subutai's attention had turned elsewhere. In January and February 1221, they made a reconnaissance into the Kingdom of Georgia, entering through the Kura River. The goal of the Mongols was not to conquer the country but to plunder it, and the Kurds and Turcoman freebooters were sent off in the vanguard. However, the King of Georgia, George IV Lasha, advanced with 10,000 men and drove the Mongols back near Tbilisi. The Mongols withdrew, but continued to launch counter-attacks on the Georgian army.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: In March 1221, the Mongols returned to Azerbaijan and besieged Maragheh, using prisoners as the vanguard to take the brunt of each assault on the city. By the end of the month, they had captured the city and put most of the population to death. Jebe and Subutai planned to advance south and capture Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and hold it for ransom while the Caliph was in Iraq-i Ajam with a small army. Instead, the Mongols turned once again to Hamadan. This time, however, the city's leaders failed to surrender, and its defenders inflicted many casualties upon the Mongol forces before their capture and plunder of the city.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: In late 1221, the Mongols advanced north into Georgia once again, entering through the Kura River. A 30,000 men strong Georgian—Armenian army was assembled near Tbilisi. The Mongols were also reinforced, numbering 30,000 and received further support from local Turkmen tribes. Jebe set up an ambush with 5,000 men while the main Mongol army feigned retreat. The Georgian cavalry pursued Subutai's army after defeating the Turkmen and were destroyed when Jebe closed the trap. The Georgian army suffered a heavy defeat at Khunan, and King George was mortally wounded. The Mongols proceeded to plunder southern Georgia.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: Genghis Khan eventually granted Jebe permission and with Subutai as his second-in-command, the Mongols advanced to the city of Derbent, which refused to surrender. Jebe promised to spare the city in return for the services of 10 guides to take them through the Caucasus. To warn the guides against playing any tricks, the Mongols executed one of them. The crossing of the Caucasus was costly for the Mongols, who had to abandon their siege engines and lost hundreds of men to the cold.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: After making it through the Caucasus, the Mongols were met by an alliance consisting of the Lezgians, the Alans and the Cherkesses, tribes who were living north of the Caucasus who had mustered an army of around 50,000 men. They were joined by the Cumans, a Turkic people who owned an expansive khanate stretching from Lake Balkhash to the Black Sea. The Cumans also convinced the Volga Bulgars and Khazars to join. The Cuman Khan, Koten, placed his army under the command of his brother, Yuri, and his son, Daniel. The first battle between the league and the Mongols was indecisive, but the Mongols managed to persuade the Cuman to abandon the alliance by reminding them of the Turkic-Mongol friendship and promising them a share of the booty gained from the Caucasian tribes.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: With this arrangement settled, the Mongols attacked the alliance's army and routed it. The Mongols then proceeded to attack the Cumans, who had split into two separate groups as they were returning home, destroying both armies and executing all the prisoners before sacking Astrakhan. The Mongols began pursuing the Cumans as they fled in a north-westerly direction.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The Venetians sent a delegation to the Mongols, and they concluded an alliance in which it was agreed that the Mongols would destroy any other European trading post they came across. As the Mongols pursued the Cumans, Jebe sent a detachment to Crimea, where the Republic of Genoa had trading stations. The Mongols captured and plundered the Genoese city of Soldaia. Meanwhile, Koten fled to the court of his son-in-law, Prince Mstislav the Bold of Halych. He warned Mstislav: "Today the Mongols have taken our land and tomorrow they will take yours". However, the Cumans were ignored for almost a year as the Rus had suffered from Cuman raids for decades. But when news reached Kiev that the Mongols were marching along the Dniester River, the Rus responded. Mstislav gathered an alliance of the Kievan Rus' princes including Mstislav III of Kiev and Prince Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal, who promised support. The Rus princes then began mustering their armies and going towards the rendezvous point.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The number of men present at the battle is disputed. A major factor in this is the fact that no primary sources give the number of men present at the battle, which leaves modern historians to estimate the number of men. Historian Leo de Hartog gives the size of the Rus' army as 30,000, while Richard Gabriel and Hector Hugh Munro claim that the size of the Rus' army was 80,000. De Hartog also estimates the size of the Mongol army as 20,000, while Gabriel estimates that it was around 23,000 men. However, historian John Fennell, an expert on Kievan Rus and early Russian history, and one well-versed in the primary sources, calls many of these figures into doubt, saying the numbers given in the Russian sources (there are no Mongol or Polovtsian sources, at least none that have survived, and other sources from other cultures, if they exist, are rather dubious) are formulaic or exaggerated and the chronicles contradict themselves. The information given in the Novgorod First Chronicle and the Primary Chronicle would imply a total of 11,000 soldiers for the Rus' forces, but Fennel considers even these numbers to be exaggerations. While Russian historians in the Soviet era have traditionally given estimates of around 80,000-100,000, modern Russian historians have taken a revisionist stance with a consensus settling on drastically lower numbers, with the Mongols having a numerical advantage. Russian historian D.G. Khrustalev estimated in 2013 that the Rus' army consisted of 10,000 soldiers (including mercenaries), while the Cumans brought 5,000 cavalry, for a total of 15,000. Carl Sverdrup estimates the army at 8,000, and says 30,000 and 80,000 are enormous exaggerations. The Mongols evidently believed it was a considerable force, given the extreme lengths the Mongols went to dislocate its formations.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The move by the Rus' army was detected by the Mongols, who were on the east side of the Dnieper River waiting for reinforcements from Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son, who was campaigning around the Aral Sea. Jochi, however, had become ill, which meant no reinforcements would be coming.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: At the same time, the Rus' attempted to trap the Mongols. The princes of Halych and Volhynia transported their armies south down the river, while the princes of Kiev and Chernigov advanced north up the river, and the army of Kursk advanced from the front. At the same time, the Cumans attempted to attack the Mongol army's rear. When Jebe learned of this, he sent 10 envoys to the Prince of Kiev. The envoys stated that the Mongols had no feud with the Rus and were only attacking the Cumans; they added that the Mongols were marching east, away from the Rus' cities. Mstislav of Kiev had the envoys executed, and the Mongols responded by sending another set of ambassadors, who declared war.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: When Jebe and Subutai heard of the Rus' movements, they began moving east, away from the Rus, which was the only direction in which they could move. However, they left a rearguard of 1,000 under the command of an officer, Hamabek, to report of the Rus movements and act as bait. Soon, Mstislav the Bold reached the river opposite the rearguard, and it became apparent that no prince had been appointed commander-in-chief. Thus, all the princes could act as they pleased. Eventually, Mstislav crossed the river under heavy arrow fire. When the Rus landed, however, their numbers were too great, and the Mongols were killed to the last man.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: After drawing out the Rus armies for nine days in a feigned retreat, the Mongol army turned to face their pursuers along the Kalka River (the river's location is currently unknown, but it is thought to be the Kalchik River which flows into the Sea of Azov).


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The Russian primary sources give only a very general account of the battle itself and the pursuit of the princes back across the steppe. The chronicles name which princes took part and which died, but not much more in terms of the size of armies or casualties. As to the actual battle itself, the chronicles report that the Polovtsy (Cumans) broke and ran without having fought and that their flight through the Rus’ ranks led to mass confusion and resulted in their slaughter by the Mongols.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The Mongols attacked the coalition army when most of it had crossed the Kalka River. The Mongols appear to have caught the coalition forces by surprise in a fast transition from horse archer fire to massed cavalry charges, because the coalition rout began incredibly quickly: the Rus forces bringing up the rear had not yet arrived on the battlefield by the time the front ranks were dissolving. The armies of Volhynia and Kursk made a gap in their line so that the fleeing Cumans could retreat. However, the Mongol heavy cavalry charged through the newly formed gap and also enveloped them. The army of Chernigov, which was not aware that the battle had started, was advancing when they collided head-on with the retreating Cumans. Using smoke bombs to disrupt the coalition's ability to coordinate, the Mongol cavalry took advantage of the confusion in the Chernigov line and attacked, causing the line to collapse. This, in turn, led to the death of Prince Mstislav of Chernigov.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: At the same time, the Mongol wings closed around the shattered Rus' army, cutting off its retreat. The surrounded Rus' were hit by volley after volley, accompanied by cavalry charges at any weakness in the formation. As the Mongols were carrying this annihilation out, some of the army – led by Mstislav the Bold – managed to cut their way through the Mongol ring and escape.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: Mstislav of Kiev arrived to see what remained of the Rus' army fleeing. With his contingent of 10,000 men, he retreated to his stockaded camp, on a hill by the Dnieper. The pursuing Mongol army caught up with Mstislav of Kiev's forces and started to besiege the camp.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: Mstislav of Kiev and the Kievan army managed to hold out for three days, but were eventually forced to surrender to Ploscânea. But Ploscânea deceived the Slavs and gave them to Tatars; Ploscânea initially was allied with Slavs and Cumans and was the leader of Brodnici, people from a territory of today Moldova and Romania. Once in control of the camp, the Mongols slaughtered the Kievan army including Mstislav of Kiev and several other noble prisoners.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The battle was a very costly defeat for the Rus' princes, with Richard Gabriel claiming that they lost 50,000 men, while the Mongol losses were minimal. All the engaged coalition forces were caught with their backs to the river, and thus had no feasible line of retreat. Only Mstislav the Bold was able to save some of his army. Out of the Rus' primary sources, The Primary Chronicle gives a number of 10,000 killed while the much later (and much less reliable) Nikonian Chronicle cites 60,000 killed. The "Novgorodian First Chronicle" (the most reliable), contemporary to the battle, gives no figures at all, but does say that only 1 in 10 soldiers made it back home, suggesting the number of killed was equivalent to almost the entire army. Out of the Rus' princes, the wounded Daniel of Volhynia and Mstislav the Bold managed to escape the battle. This battle was a significant defeat, given that many of the Rus principalities lost much of their armies, with the notable exception of Vladimir-Suzdal. Historian Robert Marshall describes the raid as follows: "The rest of Subutai's campaign has entered the annals of military history as one of the greatest adventures of cavalry warfare."


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: The Mongols executed Mstislav of Kiev and the Kievan nobles with the traditional Mongol caveat reserved for royalty and nobility: without shedding blood. Mstislav and his nobles were buried and suffocated under the Mongol general's victory platform at the victory feast. Meanwhile, Mstislav the Bold managed to reach the western side of the Dnieper with what remained of his army. To stop the Mongols from crossing to the western side of the Dnieper, Mstislav destroyed all the boats he could find. After the battle, the people of Rus trembled in fear of this unknown scourge who had emerged from the frontier and destroyed the flower of their army. However, the Mongols were not there to conquer, and merely marched east after plundering.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: What the Rus' feared would happen did not come to pass, as the Mongols pursued the Prince of Halych and plundered a few towns in the south before turning around. The Mongol army crossed the Volga River near modern-day Volgograd and passed through Volga Bulgaria. The Mongol army was routed by the Bulgars at the battle of Samara Bend and the remainder of the army continued marching east towards their rendezvous. The Mongols followed this up by attacking the Qanglis Cumans, who had supported their fellow Cumans in the Caucasus a year before. They fought against the Cuman army near the Ural Mountains, defeating and killing the Khan before making them pay tribute.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: Following this victory, the Mongols turned east and met Genghis Khan and the rest of the Mongol army in the steppes to the east of the Syr Darya River. Genghis Khan showed great appreciation for his generals' achievements and heaped praise on Jebe and Subutai. Jebe, however, did not survive the campaign long; he died soon afterwards. The importance of the expedition was immense. The expedition was history's longest cavalry raid, with the Mongols riding in three years. Subutai also stationed numerous spies in Rus', who provided frequent reports on what was happening in Europe and Rus'.


title: Battle of the Kalka River

text: In 1237 Subutai together with Batu led another attack, and with 120,000 men conquered the Kievan Rus'.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: Ninnila Ninnila is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by debutant Ani I. V. Sasi and produced by B. V. S. N. Prasad under the banner of Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra. The film stars Ashok Selvan (in his Telugu film debut), Ritu Varma, and Nithya Menen while Nassar and Satya play supporting roles.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: The film was released on Zee Plex on 26 February 2021 along with a Tamil dubbed version titled "Theeni".


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: Dev arrives in London to work in a restaurant. The restaurant named Amara is run by a head chef who is revered by everyone who works there. The head chef has never cooked in 15 years and judges any dish only by smell. Rajesh and Tara also work in the same restaurant. Dev who suffers from unexpected muscle spasms is a good cook too. He quickly impresses the head chef and all the others in the restaurant with his stealthy apt additions in other's dishes.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: One evening, Dev and Tara enter the restaurant's cold store for ingredients. As the cold store has a faulty door, they put on a wedge to hold it. But the wedge is accidentally removed and the door is locked. Tara is furious at Dev for his incompetence to hold the door. They are stuck inside and slowly begin to suffer from hypothermia. After some time, Dev knocks on the jammed emergency button and the door is opened. Dev pulls out Tara who has become unconscious. As the restaurant is already locked from the outside, Dev cooks hot soup to give her immediate relief. Tara likes the soup but asks him why he behaves oddly at times, moving involuntarily and speaking as if someone else is there.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: Dev replies that he had a friend named Maya since his childhood. They grew up together and always had each other's back. Since their childhood, Maya loved to eat the food made by Dev and Dev says it is to feed her tasty food that he learnt cooking. Maya died five years ago in an accident, nevertheless, he could always see her since then. While doctors say that muscle spams and insomnia are side effects of the treatment to his hallucination, Dev believes it is Maya who always interacts with him. Tara is surprised to know but starts to understand Dev.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: Tara asks Dev to teach her cooking which he obliges. When Dev asks Tara about her parents, she replies that they were separated many years ago. Her mother took her away and changed her name. Since then her father has stopped doing what he likes. Wanting to turn him back, Tara has come searching for her father. She also recalls her favourite dish of gold-crusted fish, made by her father. Dev guesses correctly that Tara is Amara, the head chef's daughter. Tara approaches Dev to share a moment but Maya pulls him back. To ease the mood, Tara plays their favourite song and dances with Dev. However, Dev suffers a cardiac arrest while dancing and is admitted to a hospital.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: The next morning, Tara addresses Maya directly. She says that Dev's life could be in danger due to overexertion and insomnia, and pleads her to leave him. Tara promises Maya to take care of him. Maya obliges. The head chef arrives to meet Dev, with gold-crusted fish which he made. Tara, who tastes the dish with Dev, gets emotional. She involuntarily calls out to her father in a whisper. The head chef who seemingly recognises his child, asks Tara to meet him in the evening.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: Tara puts Dev to sleep and crawls on to one side of his bed and sleeps like Maya used to. Visible only to Dev's eyes, Maya smiles at Dev and leaves. Maya is seen sitting on the rooftop of the hospital room where Dev and Tara sleep.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: The film marks the directorial debut of Ani I. V. Sasi, son of Malayalam film director I. V. Sasi. Although Ani initially wanted to make the film in Malayalam, Telugu film producer B. V. S. N. Prasad liked the script and agreed to produce it. Ani's friend, actress Kalyani Priyadarshan was interested to play Maya's role but he opted for Nithya Menen instead. Tamil actor Ashok Selvan makes his Telugu debut with the film. "Ninnila Ninnila" was shot in Hyderabad and London.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: The film was released in Telugu and Tamil languages on 26 February 2021 through pay-per-view model on Zee Plex. It was dubbed in Tamil and simultaneously released with the title "Theeni".


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: "Firstpost" critic Hemanth Kumar wrote, ""Ninnila Ninnila" hits the right chord as it weaves a simple story about relationships, grief, and love through cooking and a lot of food." Avinash Ramachandran of "The New Indian Express" opined that the film is not just about food but also about friendship, family, and love. ""Ninnila Ninnila" does an excellent job of elevating the simple to special, and ensures a liberal dose of smiles, guffaws, sheepish grins, and tears as we navigate the lives of Dev, Tara and Maya," he added.


title: Ninnila Ninnila

text: Sangeetha Devi in review for "The Hindu" described the film as "A romance drama where love, loss, longing and healing are forged through food". On performances she opined, "Ritu as the tough girl who is actually yearning within, Ashok as someone who hasn’t come to terms with loss and Nithya as the impish and childlike friend keep us engaged." "The Times of India" reviewer Thadhagath Pathi, rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "More than a plot per se, "Ninnila Ninnila" capitalizes on love for food and proves that it has the power to heal anything."


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: Jeong Yu-mi is a South Korean actress. She is best known for starring in "Rooftop Prince", "Six Flying Dragons", and "Partners for Justice".


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: Jeong Yu-mi made her entertainment debut in a Lotte Xylitol chewing gum commercial in 2003. After playing minor roles in several TV series and movies, she became a household name when she portrayed a gentle girlfriend in "A Thousand Days' Promise" (2011) and a scheming secretary in "Rooftop Prince" (2012).


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: Having previously appeared in the Chinese drama "Five Star Hotel" (2007), Jeong starred opposite Leon Lai and Gao Yuanyuan in the Chinese film "Nobleman's Path" (2012).


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: She was cast in the revenge manhwa-turned-TV series "City Conquest", but the project was eventually cancelled after it couldn't secure a timeslot. Instead, Jeong starred in the family drama "Wonderful Mama" (2013) in her first leading role.


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: In September 2013, she joined the season 4 cast of dating reality show "We Got Married", where she was paired with singer Jung Joon-young. She later appeared in the music video for Jung's single "The Sense of an Ending." The same year, she was cast in her first big screen leading role for the horror film "Tunnel 3D".


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: Jeong next headlined the daily drama "Mother's Garden" (2014) and period drama "More Than a Maid" (2015). She then took on a supporting role in the historical drama "Six Flying Dragons".


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: In 2016, Jung was cast as the female lead in revenge drama "The Master of Revenge". In 2017, she headlined the weekend drama "Bravo My Life".


title: Jeong Yu-mi (actress, born 1984)

text: In 2018, Jung was cast in the crime drama "Partners for Justice" as a rookie prosecutor. She next starred in the medical exorcism drama "Priest".


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: Happy End is a 2017 drama film written and directed by Michael Haneke, and starring Isabelle Huppert and Jean-Louis Trintignant, who had also played daughter and father in Haneke's 2012 film "Amour".


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Released in the United States on 22 December 2017 by Sony Pictures Classics, it was selected as the Austrian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, but was not nominated. Huppert and Trintignant were nominated for European Film Awards for Best Actress and Best Actor respectively.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: The film starts with clips secretly filmed with a smartphone by Eve Laurent, a teenager, showing her mother and overlaid with text messages from Eve saying that her mother is selfish and uncaring. Eve feeds her hamster one of the sedatives and it dies. The last clip shows Eve's mother unconscious and Eve admitting that she poisoned her too with sedatives.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: The next scene shows security camera video depicting an accident at a construction site. The site's construction firm is owned by Anne Laurent, Eve's aunt. Anne is then shown having dinner with her father, Georges Laurent, who suffers from dementia, as well as her son Pierre, who works for the construction company and has a drinking problem, her brother, Thomas Laurent, who is a surgeon, and his wife Anaïs. They all live together in a large mansion in Calais. We learn that the accident injured one of the construction workers and he will probably not survive his injuries. Eve comes to live with her father's family while her mother is in the hospital, and begins to have suspicions that her father is having an affair. One day at the beach she overhears Thomas talking on his cellphone to a woman, and she asks him if he still loves Anaïs.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: Pierre goes to an apartment building in the banlieue where he is confronted and badly beaten by a young man, who is later identified as the son of the construction worker injured in the accident. Pierre then flees the mansion and hides in an empty apartment, where he is found by Anne. They have an argument during which she asks him why he started drinking, accuses him of not taking his job in the construction firm seriously, and tells him that had he gone to the police after being beaten up, their chances in their legal dispute with the family of the construction worker would be much better. We later see her and her lawyer talking with the family, offering some money and trying to dissuade them from suing by threatening to press charges for the physical assault on Pierre by the worker's son. Pierre is later shown trying to embarrass his mother by calling one of the housemaids a "slave" in front of a large gathering during a party at the mansion.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: After Eve's mother falls into a coma as a result of the poisoning, which everyone believes was a suicide attempt, Eve is taken in by Thomas, her estranged father. She hacks into his computer and finds many e-mails and chat messages which show that he has a sadomasochistic sexual relationship with a female musician. Eve tries to commit suicide by taking the rest of the sedatives which she had pocketed. She survives and when her father asks her at her hospital bed why she did it, she confronts him with her knowledge of his affair and accuses him of not being able to love anyone, neither her mother, Anaïs, nor herself. Thomas is left speechless. A short time later, Eve's mother dies from the poisoning.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: Georges Laurent, depressed because of his dementia and frailty, had already tried to commit suicide before and is shown late at night driving off in a car which he steers directly into a tree in another suicide attempt. Now using a wheelchair due to bone fractures from the car crash, he asks his longtime barber to help obtain a gun or medication for another suicide attempt, but the barber refuses. After Eve's own attempt, Thomas asks Georges to talk to her and he asks her why she took the sedatives. When she does not answer, Georges tells her the story of how, when his wife became ill, she suffered so terribly that he finally smothered her and killed her. Eve now tells him the story of when she was a young child shortly after her father left her mother and she was sent to a youth camp where she was prescribed sedatives. She did not take the medication herself but slipped it to another girl in the camp whom she did not like. When the poisoning was detected Eve was sent home. When Georges asks her if she regrets doing it she confirms she did.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: At a large party at a beach restaurant in honour of Anne's engagement, Pierre arrives late with several refugees from the Calais Jungle in tow. When he starts presenting them to the party crowd, Anne breaks his finger to make him stop. While this is happening, Georges asks Eve to wheel him outside. Leaving the party unnoticed, he asks her to push him down a slipway toward the sea. They go to the edge of the water where he proceeds to wheel himself into the water up to his neck. As Eve starts recording her grandfather with her smartphone, the last scene of the film seen through the lens of the phone shows Georges almost fully submerged in the water just as Thomas and Anne run after him with Anne casting a shocked look back at Eve.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: In December 2015, French media reported that Michael Haneke would reunite with "Amour" actors Isabelle Huppert and Jean-Louis Trintignant for his newest project "Happy End", with the European migrant crisis potentially forming the backdrop of the film's plot. On 12 February 2016, Haneke's longtime producer Margaret Ménégoz confirmed that the project would begin filming in northern France in the summer of 2016. On 27 June 2016, "Happy End" began filming in Calais, with Mathieu Kassovitz also joining the cast. It was reported that French production company Les Films du Losange had secured distribution deals in a number of countries.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: In November 2016, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S and Latin American distribution rights to the film.


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: After the film's initial screening at the Cannes Film Festival, some critics acclaimed "Happy End" while several others "complained that Haneke [...] was retreading old ground." In a five-star review for "The Guardian", Peter Bradshaw called the film "as stark, brilliant and unforgiving as a halogen light", praising Haneke's visual composition and noting how the narrative "sometimes takes insidious little leaps forward, allowing us to register with a lurch the awful things that have been passed over." Eric Kohn of IndieWire was also highly positive, arguing that "rather than smothering the material in bad vibes, the filmmaker uses them to gradually reveal a fascinating world in which anger and resentment becomes the only weapon any of these people know how to wield." Conversely, Tim Robey wrote in "The Telegraph" that the film felt "shockingly familiar", stating, "Haneke’s style is less cumulative and more detached than ever. The film steadfastly refuses to coalesce, as thesis, thriller, winking satire on European wealth, despairing family soap opera, or any of the modes it suggests."


title: Happy End (2017 film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 70% based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 6.93/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Happy End" is far from Haneke's best work, yet it still succeeds in forcing audiences to confront—and uncomfortably consider—the dark side of human nature." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Juju Chang

text: Hyunju "Juju" Chang (born September 17, 1965) is an American television journalist for ABC News, and currently serves as an anchor of "Nightline". She previously served as a special correspondent and fill-in anchor for "Nightline," and was also the news anchor for ABC News' morning news program "Good Morning America" from 2009 to 2011.


title: Juju Chang

text: Juju Chang was born in Seoul, South Korea, to Okyong and Palki Chang and was raised in Sunnyvale, California, following her family’s emigration to the U.S. in 1969. She attended Marian A. Peterson High School for one year, but after that school was converted into a middle school, Chang graduated from Adrian C. Wilcox High School’s graduating class of 1983. At a young age, Chang was a nationally ranked swimmer.


title: Juju Chang

text: In 1987, she graduated with honors from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and communications. At Stanford, she was awarded the Edwin Cotrell Political Science Prize.


title: Juju Chang

text: Chang began work for ABC in 1984 as a desk assistant. In 1991 she became a producer and off-air reporter for "ABC World News Tonight", producing live events coverage and stories for its "American Agenda" segment. Her off-air reporting assignments included the 1991 Gulf War (during which she was based in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia) and the 1992 U.S. presidential election.


title: Juju Chang

text: For "World News Tonight", she produced a series on women's health, which won an Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award in 1995. She left "World News Tonight" in 1995 to become a reporter for KGO-TV, an ABC affiliate, in San Francisco, covering state and local news topics.


title: Juju Chang

text: After a year at KGO-TV, Chang returned to ABC News in 1996, taking up the role of correspondent for the ABC affiliate news service "NewsOne" in Washington D.C. At "NewsOne" she covered


title: Juju Chang

text: Returning to "World News Tonight" in 1998, she covered such stories as Hurricane George, the anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Her first news anchor roles came in 1999, when she hosted the early-morning newscasts of ABC News' "World News Now", an overnight news program, and "World News This Morning" where she reported on national and international news.


title: Juju Chang

text: Chang has contributed many reports to ABC's news magazine "20/20", including a piece on Tanzania's black market for albino body parts in 2009. She has produced reporting on serious news events since moving to "GMA", as well as continuing on ABC's "Nightline", where she has reported on a broad range of topics including the Heparin tainting case and the in vitro fertilization industry and has acted as host on the show's feature, "Face-Off".


title: Juju Chang

text: Chang became the first Korean American in a prominent role on a U.S. morning news television show when she joined "Good Morning America" on December 14, 2009. She contributes news stories and segments for the show, in addition to her role as news anchor.


title: Juju Chang

text: As the news anchor on "Good Morning America", Chang reported on the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010. She traveled to Haiti to cover the aftermath of the natural disaster, interviewing locals and finding relatives of a Haitian friend. She later took part in the Housatonic Valley Sprint Triathlon on September 11, 2010, to raise money for UNICEF's relief efforts in Haiti in collaboration with "Good Morning America".


title: Juju Chang

text: For a series of reports airing on "Good Morning America" from June 25, 2010, Chang traveled to Seoul, South Korea. During her visit to South Korea, she interviewed South Korean President Lee Myung-bak on the relationship between North and South Korea following the sinking of a South Korean warship.


title: Juju Chang

text: In September 2011, Chang interviewed United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon at the UN Headquarters.


title: Juju Chang

text: On March 29, 2011, it was announced that Chang would be leaving "Good Morning America" to take a full-time role on Nightline, ABC News President Ben Sherwood announced. Chang became a special correspondent and fill-in anchor. She had spent the past 15 months as the news reader for "GMA" as well as contributor to 20/20 and World News, programs she will continue to work with. On March 27, 2014, Chang was named co-anchor of Nightline, replacing Cynthia McFadden, who left ABC to join NBC News.


title: Juju Chang

text: In addition to her roles at ABC, Chang has also hosted a series for PBS. In 1999, she was the host of a seven-part television series called "The Art of Women's Health". She hosts an interactive digital show for ABC News NOW called "Moms Get Real", which aims to show the realities of modern motherhood, she also made a cameo appearance in episode 19 of the second season of ABC's hit primetime drama, Revenge.


title: Juju Chang

text: For her work in television journalism, Chang has received a number of awards. Her earliest journalistic award was an Alfred I. duPont Award in 1995 for a series on women's health produced with Peter Jennings. In addition to the duPont Award, Chang has won two Gracie Awards, one for a report on judicial activism for "NOW", a newsmagazine on PBS, and one for "Women and Science", a profile of Ben Barres, a transgender neurobiologist, for "20/20". She has won three Emmy awards for her work with ABC, including one for her role as a correspondent on ABC's live coverage of California wildfires in 2008. She has also received a Freddie award (for health and medical media) for "The Art of Women's Health", a series she hosted for PBS.


title: Juju Chang

text: Chang married Neal Shapiro on December 2, 1995. At that time, she converted to Judaism. Chang and Shapiro have three sons: Jared (b. 2000), Travis (b. 2003), and Mason (b. 2007). She is active in the Asian-American community as a founding board member of the Korean American Community Foundation and an active member of the Council on Foreign Relations. As of 2011, the family lived on the West Side of Manhattan.


title: Juju Chang

text: In 2015, Chang co-hosted the annual Spring Luncheon held by The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.


title: David Claessen

text: In 1997 Claessen met director Julie Dash. They have collaborated on four films together: including the award-winning "The Rosa Parks Story", "Love Song" (2000), "Brothers of the Borderland" (2004), and "Travel Notes of a Geechee Girl" (2016).


title: David Claessen

text: In 1986, Claessen moved to the United States where he met Whoopi Goldberg during production of a documentary entitled "Who Are They?" They married in September 1986 and divorced two years later.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Club Atlético Banfield is an Argentine sports club based in the Banfield district of Greater Buenos Aires. It was founded on 21 January 1896, by the British–origin inhabitants of that city (mostly English, and some Scots and Irish). The club is mostly known for its football teams, that currently competes in Primera División, the top division of the Argentine football league system.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 2009 Banfield obtained their first Primera División title after winning the 2009 Apertura. Banfield had previously achieved a national cup title in 1920, when the club won the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires after beating Boca Juniors 2–1. The club also won 10 titles in Second Division.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The so-called "Southern Classic" ("Clásico del Sur"), considered a modern classic in Argentine football, is contested against Lanús, and thanks to the good results of both in recent years it is also considered one of the most attractive clásicos of Primera División. They also have rivalries with Los Andes, Temperley, Talleres (RdE), Quilmes. In October 2018, with the appointment of Lucía Barbuto, the club became the first in the history of the Argentine highest division to elect a woman as president. Banfield also has a women's football section, which started in 1997 and affiliated to AFA in 2018.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Other sports practiced at the club include boxing, chess, field hockey, futsal, gymnastics, handball, roller skating, taekwondo, tennis and volleyball.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In the second half of the 1880s, many British families settled in the village of Banfield, located 14 miles south of Buenos Aires. These families, with their English-style houses and Victorian social dynamics, gave the suburbs a distinctly British profile. The history of the club began on 21 January 1896, when a group of professionals and English merchants residing in Banfield decided to found a club which they named after the village, which had been named after the railway station, established in 1873, which in turn was named after Edward Banfield, the first manager of the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway. Heading the group of founders were Daniel Kingsland and George Burton, vice president and first. Kingsland was an exporter of cattle in Britain and an accountant while Burton was a Cambridge University graduate.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The pitch was a field for grazing located two blocks north of the railway station, next to the tracks on the east side. With Kingsland as president, cricket was the major sport, leaving football relegated to the background, which explains the poor performances of the club in football championships from 1897 to 1898, where the team finished in last place even suffering some of the largest defeats ever such as a 0–10 at the hands of defunct Flores AC.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: This situation lasted until 1899, when Alfredo Goode (a football enthusiast) was named president. In 1899 Banfield won its first title, proclaiming Second Division champion over Español High School. Banfield remains the only club currently affiliated with the Argentine Football Association (AFA), that had won a title in the 19th. century.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield players were all born in Great Britain except the center half and captain James Dodds Watson, an Argentine native born in Buenos Aires. The following year (1900), as there was still no promotion, Banfield retained the Second Division championship. That time the club won the title without being defeated. Key players included the goalscorer Edward "Invincible" Potter, noted dribbler Charles Douglas Moffatt, captain Watson Dodds, and goalkeeper/president Goode.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: After that success, the club began to decline until December 1904, when Banfield was reorganized, with all of its assets liquidated to meet a hopeless bankruptcy. During those years, the figure of George Burton, another true lover of football, presided over the club until his death in 1928.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1908, the club's first team, playing in the Third Division, won the championship. In December 1910, a Banfield squad including William Peterson, Roger Jacobelli, Amador García, Carlos Lloveras, Galup Lanus and Bartholomew, amongst others, faced Racing Club in a two legged playoff for a place in the top division. The first match ended 0–0, with Racing finally winning, with a goal in extra time during the second match. In 1912, with the leadership of Captain Adolfo Pellens, Banfield won the championship for the third category thus the club ensured its return to second division. However, a restructuring of the tournament caused the first split in Argentine football, sending Banfield directly to the top category.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield performed well in the 1913 and 1914 tournaments, but when World War I began, many of the team's players, who were of British origin, were enrolled in the British Army and were sent to the battlefront in Europe. In 1919, Banfield returned to the first division after beating defunct Del Plata in the final game.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Recently promoted, Banfield was runner-up behind champion Boca Juniors. That same year, Banfield played the Buenos Aires municipal honor cup. His first match was against Almagro. The match ended 1–1, after a 30-minute stretch. In the tiebreaker, Almagro won 1–0 and Banfield was eliminated. Boca Juniors reached the semifinals against Newell's Old Boys, one of those classified by the Rosario League. And Lanús, before the other Rosario, Federal Shot. But Lanús did not get to play, because he left the Argentine Football Association. Given this, the Tournament was rescheduled, among those who had been eliminated. Banfield won the points against Estudiantes de La Plata, who did not appear and defeated Sportivo Barracas and Porteño, to reach the semifinal against Tiro Federal. In the final, the Drill beat Boca. After losing 1–0 with a goal from Marcelino Martínez in the first half. For the complement, Banfield with goals from Bernardo Pambrún and Adolfo López, turned it around to be champion.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1928, club president George Burton died. He had chaired the club for over 20 years with a paternalistic attitude, cultivating and fervently supporting the amateur spirit of sport. His death created a large vacuum of power that plunged Banfield into a constitutional crisis for a decade.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1931, a group of clubs, led by the major teams, decided to establish a professional football league in Argentina. Therefore, "Liga Argentina de Football" was created. This association ended the covert professionalism that had occurred up until then, and remained as a dissident body so the official Argentine Football Association (AFA) was still amateur.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield was invited to join the professional LAF to play its own competition (also named "Primera División"), but its leaders believed that professionalism would fail in the short term, and instead chose to continue participating in the amateur tournament. Immediately Banfield players received offers from now-professional clubs and left the team.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: With a decimated roster, Banfield participated in amateur AFA tournament until 1934, when the LAF merged to it. In 1935, Banfield joined AFA and was assigned to the Second Division. The team made poor campaigns, with less than 300 supporters per game. In 1938, Banfield finished last, being relegated to a lower division.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In late 1938, a group of members proposed to young entrepreneur Florencio Sola to take over the presidency of the club; although Banfield was in a critical situation, Sola nonetheless accepted. Taking advantage of club Estudiantil Porteño (that played in second division and had been disaffiliated from the AFA) Sola acted to prevent Banfield dropping into the Third Division. The Second Division rules stated that the six teams best placed at the end of the championship, would play a tournament ("torneo hexagonal") which winner would promote to Primera División. Banfield qualified for that tournament although it was then revealed that club's manager Alberto Torreaga had bribed two footballers of Barracas Central, which lost to Banfield 3–2. Banfield played the tournament with many players loaned from other clubs. The squad won the hexagonal, promoting to Primera División in the 4th. round.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield started the 1940 season with a renovated team, with players like Rafael Sanz, Eduardo Silvera, John Baptist Busuzzo, Alfredo De Terán, Armando Farro and others, the newspaper "El Pampero" nicknamed the team ""El Taladro"" ("The Drill"), which has remained the club's official nickname.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield's stadium (later named "Florencio Sola"), was built in 1940 in the city of Banfield. To celebrate its inauguration, a match against Independiente took place, which Banfield lost 1–0 with a goal by Arsenio Erico. In 1941, Banfield was punished with a 16-point deduction for attempted bribery, but after a great campaign, the team avoided being relegated in the last fixture, with a victory over Rosario Central.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: After the campaigns of 1942 and 1943, the squad suffered several casualties and the team was relegated in 1944. The chair was occupied by Joseph Agulla in 1945. Meanwhile, Banfield made a good campaign in Second Division, but after a constitutional crisis later that year became Remigio Sola, brother of Florencio, became president. Chaired by Sola, the club formed a solid team for 1946 season, winning the second division championship with a season record that took over forty years to be broken.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1948, Florencio Sola became president for second time. Under his command, Banfield hired many players in order to form a strong team, although the club would not made a good campaign, nearly being relegated again. In the last five fixtures of that season, a strike of professional players was declared, thus all teams put youth players on the field. Renato Cesarini was Banfield coach during that period, obtaining 9 of 10 points which allowed Banfield to remain in the main division.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1950, Banfield finished seventh in the first division championship. In 1951, with José Ildefonso Martínez and Félix Zurdo in the technical direction, Banfield occupied the first position of the table, but had to tie the breaker with Racing Club although he was ahead of the latter in goal difference and games won. He should have been the champion for the best goal difference (average goal, which was implemented shortly after), but he had to play two finals with Racing and lost in the second game by 1 to 0. The newspaper "El Pampero" baptized him as a moral champion .


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Featuring almost the same team, Banfield ranked fifth in the 1952 championship. In 1953, the key player Eliseo Mouriño was acquired by Boca Juniors, which significantly affected the team: the following year he finished last and was relegated to the second division. After seven years, Florencio Sola did not want to continue leading the club and in 1955 presidential elections were held for the first time in the history of the institution. The lists presented by the groups "Traditionalist" and "Mr. Burton ”, winning the first.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Between 1950 and 1953 they went undefeated at home for 49 consecutive games, spanning three years and 17 days. The most remarkable thing in these years was in the lower divisions, where a team was champion of sixth, fifth, fourth and reserve between 1955 and 1958, from which values such as goalscorer Luis Suárez, Oscar Calics and Ezequiel Llanos emerged.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: But even if the team finished first in the first round, this "star team" did not achieve their main objective, promotion. Starting in 1960, under the guidance of Benicio Acosta, but also with the contribution of great football knowledge, Valentín Suárez had started a process that led to promotion after a great campaign in 1962. The arrival of quality players Ediberto Righi, Norberto Raffo, Oscar López, Luis Maidana and Roberto Zárate, were complemented by local players such as Adolfo Vázquez, Oscar Llanos Ezequiel Calics and created a remarkable team that was third in 1960, second in 1961 and first in 1962. Starting in 1963, the club began a period of 16 seasons in which they remained in the First Division, except for 1973.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In the first four years, the "Drill" had excellent seasons, finishing seventh in 1963 and 1964. Slowly, the team was also renewed. This is how people like Julio San Lorenzo, Anacleto Peanno Diego Bay, Nelson López, Rubén Hugo and José Sanfilippo arrived. It was in 1967 when Banfield's performances began to wane despite the team including quality players such as Jorge Carrascosa, Rubén Flotta and José Manuel Ramos Delgado.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1972, Banfield failed to avoid relegation. Coached by Oscar López and Oscar Cavallero, Banfield was proclaimed champion of First B (second division) in 1973. Ricardo La Volpe, Hugo Mateos, Silvio Sotelo, Eduardo and Juan Alberto Taverna were some of the team's outstanding players.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: On 6 October 1974, through the National Tournament, he achieved the highest professional victory by defeating Puerto Comercial de Bahía Blanca by 13 to 1. Banfield was the first and only team to score 13 goals in a single game. It also maintains the highest goal difference, with 12, in confrontations between teams of the same category in all the AFA professional divisions.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In that same match, Juan Alberto Taverna established, with seven goals, the record for many goals scored by a player in a single match in all professionalism.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Upon returning to the First Division, over the years the performance of the Drill went from lowest to highest, reaching a peak of performance in the 1976 National Championship. With Adolfo Pedernera in the technical direction, this team had a notable forward integrated by Félix Lorenzo Orte, Roberto Sacconi, Pedro Raúl Gómez Vila, Miguel Ángel Corvo and Miguel González.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: But the joy did not last long, because after a discreet campaign in 1977 Banfuekd's performance was very poor during 1978 and after losing a relegation tiebreaker against Platense, he lost the category again.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 1985, the technical director Angel Cappa arrived at the club, who formed the base of the team that won the octagonal for promotion in 1987.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: This team was made up of experienced players (Héctor Clide Díaz, José Luis Zuttión, Félix Lorenzo Orte), youth players who emerged in the lower divisions of the club (Horacio García, Marcelo Benítez, Daniel Aquino) and two Uruguayan players should be highlighted: Miguel Robinson Hernández and Rubén Solari, who had arrived with Hebert Birriel.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield did not get off to a good start this decade, even playing in the relegation zone. The only notable moment was in the 1990–91 tournament, where the team reached the final although it could not be promoted to First. For the 1992–93 season and with Valentín Suárez again as president (having been elected in 1991 for the fifth time), Banfield appointed Carlos Babington as coach and acquired experienced players such as former River Plate goalkeeper Gabriel Puentedura, midfielder Fabio Lenguita and defender Ivar Stafuza (who had had a long tenure on Boca Juniors in the 1980s). Those footballers, plus some homegrown players such as Javier Sanguinetti (who has played the largest number of games with the club to date, with more than 450 games) and midfielder Jorge Jiménez, helped Banfield win the title and promotion to Primera División, after beating Colón de Santa Fe 5–4 on penalty shoot-out in the final.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Once the team returned to Primera, Banfield hired the duo Oscar López and Oscar Cavallero as coaches, reinforcing the squad with players such as former Ferro Carril Oeste's Oscar Acosta and the experienced goalkeeper Ángel Comizzo (who had been dismissed from River Plate by then-coach Daniel Passarella). But it was a young Javier Zanetti who would be the revelation of the team at the end of the season. Banfield made good campaigns during his first years in the top division, although the team could not repeat those good performances in successive tournaments, being finally relegated in 1997.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: That same year Banfield hired Patricio Hernández as manager, but the team could not achieve good results under his coaching. The following year, businessman Carlos Portel took office as the new president of the institution, prevailing over the other candidate, Horacio Sola (son of Florencio Sola). The club was reported to be in a critical situation, so Portel announced that the main goal would be to reduce the club's debts.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 2001, Banfield returned to the Primera División after winning promotion playoff series v Quilmes, with playmaker José Luis "Garrafa" Sánchez as the most valuable player. The team was coached by Ramón Héctor Ponce. The first years in the top division of Argentine football, the club was frequently in the relegation zone, although it achieved some historic results such as 5–0 over River Plate in the 2002 Apertura. Uruguayan Luis Garisto was the team's coach during that period.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: At the beginning of the 2003 Apertura, Julio César Falcioni was appointed as coach of the team. Falcioni promoted some players that would then be key players for the club, such as Daniel Bilos and Rodrigo Palacio. Banfield got 62 points in the 2003 Clausura, finishing third and qualifying for the international cups (2004 Copa Sudamericana and 2005 Copa Libertadores). In Copa Libertadores, Banfield qualified to the knockout stage after finishing 2nd. to UANL Tigres in its group. The team then eliminated Independiente Medellín in the Round of 16 with a 5–0 aggregate but lost in quarterfinals by River Plate. Banfield finished in 7th place in the Cup, reaching 23rd place in the FIFA Club World Ranking.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In this period, Banfield played 5 international cups in 3 years, sneaking into the top 8 teams on the continent and selling players to European clubs such as Villareal, Anderlech, Olympique de Marseille and Liverpool. These campaigns also allowed the construction of the current stalls and the Microstadium in front of the Headquarters.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In 2009, after an acceptable performance in that year's Clausura Tournament, Banfield played the Apertura, still with Falcioni as coach. The most frequent lineups were: Cristian Lucchetti, Julio Barraza, Sebastián Méndez, Víctor López, Marcelo Bustamante, Maximiliano Bustos, Walter Erviti, Marcelo Quinteros, James Rodríguez, Sebastián Fernández and Santiago Silva (who later became the top scorer of that tournament). Banfield got off to a successful start, defeating teams like 2009 Clausura tournament champion Vélez Sársfield, Newell's Old Boys and drawing 0–0 with Rosario Central.