title: British Rail Class 170

text: These are the first Class 170s on the Wales & Borders franchise and they are initially being used on services between Cardiff / Bridgend and Ebbw Vale, and services between Maesteg and Cheltenham/Gloucester. On 12 December 2019, three-car unit 170202 worked TfW Rail's first Class 170 passenger services (between Bridgend and Ebbw Vale Town via Cardiff Central) and the units started to enter service in multiple quantities on 16 December 2019 with 5 units (three three-car and two two-car) running in passenger service on that day. All units had entered service by April 2020 when three-car unit 170206 was the last to enter service.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: These were originally due to stay with TfW for the duration of the franchise, however following a revision of TfW’s long-term rolling stock strategy, all are to transfer to East Midlands Railway.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: From late 2006 to 2016, First TransPennine Express operated nine Class 170s, used on the Manchester Piccadilly to Hull route. Originally Class 185s were set to operate the route but a combination of weight-restriction problems on the Selby to Hull Line, chronic overcrowding on several of the company's services and the government reducing the amount of money available to First TransPennine Express for new trains resulted in Class 170s coming into service.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: First TransPennine Express received eight Turbostars from South West Trains, 170301–308 at the end of 2006 and the start of 2007, as well as 170399 from Central Trains in November 2007, which was renumbered 170309.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: From September 2009, two Class 170s were used Sundays to Thursdays on the Cleethorpes–Manchester Airport service.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The units were maintained by Bombardier Crofton. The 170s have since been fully refurbished to include CCTV, power sockets throughout, replacement carpets and seat covers and the removal / declassification of one of the two first-class sections, providing more seats. The work was carried out by Transys at Clacton-on-Sea.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: However, in March 2014 it was revealed that the nine Turbostars would move to Chiltern Railways. MP Stephen Hammond revealed on 12 March 2014 that all the Class 170/3s would remain with First TransPennine Express until the May 2015 timetable change, when Chiltern would take five of the 170s with the remaining four remaining with First TransPennine Express until the end of the franchise in March 2016 later changed to 8 July 2016. Upon delivery, the Class 170s were modified in Brush Traction to allow them to be used with Chiltern's existing units, and were subsequently reclassified as Class 168/3s. Today, the unit numbers are 168321–168329.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: However it was confirmed in November 2018 that TransPennine Express would be hiring one Class 170 per day from Northern to run services on the Manchester/Leeds and Huddersfield local services to allow more Class 185s to be used on other busier services until the new Nova Fleets arrive in 2019. This arrangement ended in May 2019 when Northern’s subleased Class 185 units returned to TPE.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Hull Trains began its to Hull services in September 2000 using Turbostars, initially with four sets on short-term lease from Anglia Railways. In 2004, it received four of its own three-car Class 170/3 units, and returned the original units to Anglia.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In 2005, following its acquisition by FirstGroup, Hull Trains received four new Class 222/1 "Pioneer" units and transferred the Turbostars to its sister company First ScotRail.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Midland Mainline (MML) was the first operator to order Turbostars, the first being delivered in November 1998 and entering service in May 1999. The Class 170/1 units were built immediately after the Class 168/0 units were built for Chiltern Railways. MML ordered a fleet of 17 two-car Class 170 units, although the first ten were subsequently made up of three cars each instead. These were numbered 170101–117. The units were introduced on stopping services from London St Pancras to , and . They were also used on summer Saturday services from London to , which later became a year-round service with summer extension to . Class 170s were also used on direct services between London St Pancras and , these services ended upon the replacement of the Class 170s with new Class 222 "Meridian" units due to weight restrictions on the Derwent Valley line to Matlock.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In 2004, Midland Mainline introduced new Class 222 "Meridian" units, which started to replace the "Turbostars". As a result, the fleet was transferred to sister company Central Trains. Ten units (170101–170110) are three-car units, and the remaining seven units (170111–170117) are two-car units. As with the three spot-hire units from Porterbrook, these 17 units had first-class accommodation, which was declassified.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Central Trains operated a fleet of 53 Class 170 units from various subclasses. In 1999, Central received its first batch of twenty-three two-car Class 170/5 and ten three-car Class 170/6 units. These were used to replace Class 156 units on various longer-distance services.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: From late 2004, Central also took three Class 170/3 on lease from Porterbrook. Units 170397–8 are three-car units and 170399 is a two-car unit. All three of these units contained first-class accommodation, which was declassified (allowing standard-class use throughout the train), as first class travel was not provided on Central Trains services. The two three-car units' interiors were of Central Trains style, except the MML-style first class, and the two-car unit had a South West Trains interior. After the Central Trains franchise ended, the two three-car units (170397 and 170398) remained with the new operator, CrossCountry. The one two-car unit was returned to Porterbrook, which subsequently leased it to First TransPennine Express who renumbered the unit to 170309.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: All Class 170 units in service with Central were used on a variety of services (mostly long-distance) including Birmingham–Stansted Airport, Nottingham–Cardiff and Birmingham–Leicester. Class 170 units have been replaced by Class 350 "Desiro" units on to services.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: When Central Trains lost its franchise in 2007, 23 of Central Trains' units (17 two-coach and six three-coach) were transferred to London Midland, which took over the West Midlands franchise and continued to use Class 170s for services on the Chase Line, Birmingham to Hereford via Bromsgrove Line and Shrewsbury services. 29 out of the remaining 30 units (including the ex-Midland Mainline units and two out of the three spot hire units) were transferred to CrossCountry, which took over the Cardiff-Birmingham-Nottingham and Birmingham-Leicester-Stansted Airport services.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: One of Central Trains' 170s (170399) went to First TransPennine Express and was subsequently renumbered 170309; East Midlands Trains did not receive any, despite taking over the previously Class-170-operated Liverpool-to-Norwich route. This route is now operated by refurbished units.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Anglia Railways ordered two batches of Turbostars. The first batch of eight three-car Class 170/2 units were built between 1999 and 2000 for London Liverpool Street to Ipswich, Norwich, Lowestoft and Bury St. Edmunds services. These supplemented the existing Class 86 locomotive-hauled trains from London to Norwich. Four of these units were later hired to Hull Trains from 2002–2004, before that company acquired its own Turbostars.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Other units, including the spot-hire set 170399, were used on Anglia's short-lived Norwich to Basingstoke 'London Crosslink' service. In 2002, Anglia introduced a new Cambridge to Norwich direct service, and acquired four two-car units dedicated to working these services.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In 2004, the Greater Anglia franchise was won by National Express subsidiary One, rebranded as National Express East Anglia in 2008, and passed onto Abellio Greater Anglia in 2012. Since then, two-car Turbostars have been used for the Cambridge to Norwich route, and also on new through services including Cambridge (via Ipswich), Bury St Edmunds (via Ipswich), Peterborough (via Ipswich) and Lowestoft (via Ipswich and East Suffolk Line or Ipswich and Norwich) - London Liverpool Street via Ipswich, although with a new timetable all Class 170 London services ended in December 2010, in favour of connecting branch line trains with GEML expresses.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The three-car trains used to include a buffet and larger first-class area, but because more seating was needed, the buffet area has been removed and the number of first-class seats reduced.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In late 2019, these units were displaced by Class 755s and transferred to Transport for Wales by February 2020.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: South West Trains (SWT) acquired a fleet of eight two-car Class 170/3 units in 2000 (later to nine units supplemented by ex-Southern 170392), to supplement its existing Class 159 fleet. Units operated on London Waterloo to , to , Southampton local services, and occasionally on services to Exeter St Davids, though this was not a regular route for these units, as they do not feature end gangways, making it difficult to provide trolley services, and they lacked selective door opening for the short platforms at stations on the route west of Salisbury. All but one of these units were transferred to First TransPennine Express at the end of 2006, in exchange for some Class 158 Express Sprinters. Unit 170392 was transferred back to its original intended operator Southern and has since been reclassified and renumbered from 170392 to 171730.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Southern obtained six two-car Class 170/7 units, along with six four-car Class 171/8 units, in 2003 to replace its slam-door Class 205 and Class 207 units on services on the Marshlink Line and Oxted Line to Uckfield.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Southern later fitted these units with the Dellner type coupler used on its Class 171s, reclassifying its two-car units as Class 171/7, replacing the standard BSI coupler fitted to Class 170s. This was done to allow them to couple to Class 377s in an emergency.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Southern later acquired 170392 from South West Trains, which became its tenth for-car, 171730. This unit had already carried Southern livery, being ordered as an add-on to a Southern order to save costs, and was delivered accordingly in Southern livery as 170727. It was renumbered and reliveried at Ashford Chart Leacon Works before entering traffic.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: At the end of the First ScotRail franchise in March 2015, 170416 to 170424 were returned to Eversholt Rail Group. The first five units then remained on hire to Abellio ScotRail via a sublease arrangement until March 2020, while 170421 to 170424 moved to Wolverton Works in April 2015. They were overhauled and converted to Class 171s intended for Southern. Following issues with the conversion and reliability issues, the remaining units were then handed back to Eversholt Rail Group where they were then re-leased to East Midlands Railway. Two became two-car 171/2s and two four-car Class 171/4s. All four were returned to Eversholt in 2022 and leased to East Midlands Railway. Having been reformed back into their original three-carriage formations, the first three were transferred in September 2022. They will be converted back to Class 170s and resume their original identities, while the fourth will remain on sublease to Govia Thameslink Railway.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The 23 West Midlands Trains Class 170 units are in the process of moving to East Midlands Railway as they are replaced by new Class 196.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef Karga is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise who appears in the Disney+ television series "The Mandalorian". He is a leader of the Bounty Hunters' Guild, and provides the show's title character with the bounty that leads him to meet Grogu, an alien infant also known as "The Child". Greef serves as both an ally and adversary to the Mandalorian at different points in the first season, and returns as an ally in the second season.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef Karga was created by Jon Favreau, the creator and showrunner of "The Mandalorian". The character was originally planned only to appear in a handful of episodes, but Favreau and the writers liked the character so much that the part was expanded. Greef is portrayed by Carl Weathers, whom Favreau knew through the Directors Guild of America. Weathers accepted the part under the condition that he could direct future episodes of "The Mandalorian"; Weathers directed the episode "", which was Greef's first appearance in the show's second season.


title: Greef Karga

text: Elements of the character's background have deliberately been kept mysterious, though it was revealed in the that he was previously a disgraced government official, and Weathers said his backstory will be further developed in the second season. Weathers performs his own stunts for "The Mandalorian". He has described the role as "one of the greatest things that's happened in all of the years that I've been in entertainment". Greef has received generally positive feedback from fans and reviewers. For his performance in the second season, Weathers was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef Karga is a leader of the Bounty Hunters' Guild, an organization that regulates the activities of bounty hunters, assigns bounties to specific individuals, and ensures its members follow the guild's rules. Little of Greef's backstory has been revealed as of the end of the first season, but in the , it is revealed he was previously a government official with the title "magistrate" before losing the position in disgrace. Carl Weathers, the actor who portrays Greef, has said additional backstory details will be provided in the show's second season.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef first appears in the series premiere, "", where he operates out of a bar on the planet Nevarro. He is first seen when the Mandalorian collects payment from him for several bounties he collected. Greef then informs the Mandalorian about a lucrative job from a mysterious man known only as "The Client", who insists on meeting with the Mandalorian face to face. This job turns out to be a bounty against Grogu, aka "The Child", a young alien of the same unnamed species as Yoda.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef next appears in "", during which he informs the Mandalorian to bring the captured Grogu directly to the Client. The Mandalorian does so, only to later rescue Grogu back from the Client, who is an agent of the Galactic Empire. This is a violation of the Bounty Hunters' Guild code, so Greef organizes a group of bounty hunters to confront the Mandalorian and get Grogu back. A massive gunfight ensues, in which most of Greef's bounty hunters are killed when the Mandalorian receives assistance from a group of fellow Mandalorian warriors. Greef himself escapes and confronts the Mandalorian at his ship, the "Razor Crest", but the Mandalorian shoots him off his boarding ramp before flying away. Greef only survives because he had two ingots of beskar, a rare steel which the Client provided as payment for the Grogu's bounty, inside his vest pocket where he was shot.


title: Greef Karga

text: The season's penultimate episode, "", opens with the Mandalorian receiving a message from Greef, who proposes that if the Mandalorian helps eliminate the Imperial presence on Nevarro, Greef will ensure the Bounty Hunters' Guild no longer seeks out the Mandalorian or Grogu. The offer is a trap, and Greef plans to ambush and kill the Mandalorian and return Grogu to the Client. Nevertheless, the Mandalorian accepts Greef's offer, bringing along with him Cara Dune, Kuiil, and IG-11 to assist in the mission. During their voyage, the party is attacked by pterodactyl-like creatures, and Greef receives a poisonous slash that would have been fatal, but Grogu uses the Force to heal him. Greef is so moved that he has a change of heart and informs the others about the trap. They devise a new plan in which they leave Grogu behind, bring the Mandalorian to the Imperials as if he is a prisoner, and then attempt to eliminate them.


title: Greef Karga

text: The plan goes wrong, resulting in the trio becoming pinned down inside a bar by Imperial officer Moff Gideon and his stormtroopers. At the start of the first-season finale "Chapter 8: Redemption", the group engages in a brief gunfight with the stormtroopers after the IG-11 arrives with Grogu to provide assistance. The group escapes the building via the sewer system, where they travel to a hidden Mandalorian convert and find most of the warriors there have already been killed by the Empire. The Mandalorian initially blames Greef for this, believing the Bounty Hunters' Guild responsible, until a fellow Mandalorian leader known as the Armorer persuades him otherwise. The group then flees on a droid-controlled floating barge on a river of lava. Greef is present when IG-11 sacrifices himself to eliminate a large number of stormtroopers to ensure the group's escape, and he survives an attack by Moff Gideon in a TIE fighter, which the Mandalorian repels. Afterward, Greef decides to stay behind on Nevarro and rebuild the Bounty Hunters' Guild, and he invites Cara Dune to work as his enforcer, which she accepts.


title: Greef Karga

text: The character was confirmed to return in the second season of "The Mandalorian" ahead of its premiere. Greef appears in "", the first episode in the show directed by Carl Weathers. Now the magistrate of Nevarro, he worked to eliminate all Imperial forces on the planet, aided by Cara as his marshal and an unnamed Mythrol as his assistant. When the Mandalorian and Grogu return to Nevarro for repairs to the "Razor Crest", they reunite with Greef and Cara, who present to them some of the changes made to the place, before inviting the former to join them on a raid on the last Imperial base on the planet in exchange for the repairs. The base turns out to have more than just a skeleton crew, as the group find numerous stormtroopers patrolling its corridors. They deactivate the lava cooling system, so that the natural lava flows will destroy the base. During their escape, the group find scientists and vats of what appear to be cloned bodies. The scientists attempt to destroy the evidence, but before they can do so, the Mythrol uncovers a recording from Dr. Pershing that reveals he had been transfusing Grogu's blood, which has a high 'M-count' into test subjects. Stormtroopers soon swarm the team and they are forced to escape before the lava overheats and destroys the base.


title: Greef Karga

text: The Mandalorian flies from the base to retrieve his ship, using his jetpack, whilst Greef, Cara and Mythrol steal a stormtrooper transport. A chase ensues between the transport, driven by Cara, and scout troopers riding speeder bikes. Greef kills the last scout trooper, but TIE fighters launched from the base chase after them, disabling the transport's cannon. The base soon explodes due to the overheating of the lava. As the TIE fighters close in on Greef, Cara and Mythrol, the "Razor Crest" appears and destroys the Imperials. After the Mandalorian receives the promised repairs to his ship and departs from Nevarro once again with Grogu, Greef is visited by New Republic pilots, who invite him to help stop whatever the Empire is planning.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef Karga has a gruff personality, and a no-nonsense approach to business. He projects a calm and confident demeanor, and is motivated largely by financial profit, but is also fair in his dealings. He is loyal to his allies to some degree, but can also be duplicitous and shifting in his allegiances, as seen by the way in which he repeatedly switches between friend and adversary to the Mandalorian. Anthony Breznican of "Vanity Fair" felt Greef simultaneously protected and manipulated the Mandalorian at times, and that Mandalorian did not fully trust him as a result. Weathers has described his character as "a combination of a used car salesman and a puppeteer". KGO-TV writers Janet Davies and Marsha Jordan described Greef as a "shadowy underworld figure". Weathers said the character has "something that you can't quite trust", but also said he is "definitely not amoral". Greef is a mysterious character, and Weathers has said it was a conscious decision by the writers to keep aspects of his history and motivations cryptic: "There's some real strong indications that give you some idea of who he is, but we never let on completely." Greef has a very theatrical and sometimes over-the-top personality, enjoys action and the company of bounty hunters, over whom he exerts strict control through his leadership role in the Bounty Hunters' Guild. Although normally self-assured and confident, Greef does act cautiously and sometimes even fearfully in some situations, such as his interaction with the Client.


title: Greef Karga

text: The character of Greef Karga was created by Jon Favreau, the creator and showrunner of "The Mandalorian". He was originally planned to make a brief appearance in the series, but Favreau and the series writers found that they liked the character so much that they expanded his part and gave him a larger role. Greef Karga was first publicly unveiled during the "Star Wars" Celebration convention in Chicago on April 14, 2019, along with the character Cara Dune. The event also featured teaser footage featuring Greef, a still photo of the character, and included a panel discussion with Weathers and Gina Carano, the actress who portrays Cara, discussing their characters. A full finished scene of Greef offering a bounty to the Mandalorian was also screened. It was the first time Weathers had seen finalized footage from the show, after which he said: "How can you not react to that? It's beautiful hearing the fans react to it."


title: Greef Karga

text: During the panel, Weathers said of his character: "He's kind of the head of this guild of bounty hunters. There seems to be a lot of kind of nefarious people." Some publications misspelled Karga's named after the event, with Anthony Gramuglia of "Comic Book Resources" calling him "Greif Marda", and "Variety" writer Jordan Moreau misspelling the last name as "Carga". Further footage of the character was included in the first trailer of "The Mandalorian". which debuted at the D23 convention on August 23, 2019. According to Adrienne Tyler of "Screen Rant", some viewers mistook images of Greef Carga in the trailer for Lando Calrissian, a "Star Wars" character who dates back to the original "Star Wars" trilogy. On October 28, a character poster of "The Mandalorian" solely featuring Greef Karga was released.


title: Greef Karga

text: Jon Favreau, who offered the part to Weathers, was a fan of the actor and had previously met Weathers through their mutual membership in the Directors Guild of America; Favreau began courting him for "The Mandalorian" early in the process of preparing for the series. Weathers said Favreau "did sort of a slow roll on me", describing the project to him and impressing the actor with his passion for the show. Weathers met with Favreau to discuss the Greef Karga character, with Favreau showing him concept art from the series, which Weathers described as "magnificent" and "some of the most beautiful artwork". He was also impressed with Dave Filoni, the executive director for "The Mandalorian", saying of him and Favreau: "We're in really good hands." Weathers agreed to accept the part if he could have the opportunity to direct future episodes of "The Mandalorian" if it was renewed for a second season, to which Favreau agreed. Although Weathers originally signed on for only a few episodes, the character was later expanded and the role grew larger than what he initially accepted. Favreau said: "We really did rope him in."


title: Greef Karga

text: Upon first reading the part, Weathers said Greef Karga reminded him of film director, screenwriter, and actor John Huston, particularly his performance in the film "Chinatown" (1974). He felt there was a theatricality and "larger than life" quality to the character, and he deliberately performed some of his lines in a showy and melodramatic way as a result. Weathers' casting was first announced on December 12, 2018, though rumors had been had been discussed on the "Making Star Wars" podcast and other Internet sites two months prior to the formal announcement. Weathers called "The Mandalorian" one of the "most exciting projects" of his career, saying: "Being a part of this is one of the greatest things that's happened in all of the years that I've been in entertainment." He said he was very impressed by the quality of writing in the scripts, and that he particularly enjoyed his character's shifting allegiances and unpredictable about-faces: "It's much more interesting to play someone who is not all of one thing, not one-dimensional. ... Certainly with Greef, you have to really keep your eye on him."


title: Greef Karga

text: Weathers said he knew little about Greef Karga's backstory before playing the character, and that he did not want to know it because he felt the mystery helped him convey a sense of ambiguity. Regarding Greef's history, Weathers said, "I didn't ask it. I didn't care. I didn't want to know." However, he also added: "If I had to guess, he was going through some dark times. He was doing maybe some pretty dark stuff." Weathers is slated to direct an episode of "The Mandalorian" in the second season. He will be the second cast member of "The Mandalorian" to also direct an episode, after IG-11 actor Taika Waititi.


title: Greef Karga

text: There was a great deal of secrecy surrounding the filming of "The Mandalorian", and Weathers was not allowed to divulge any details about the series. In the early months, he was not even allowed reveal that he was appearing in the show. He joked: "I had to cut my finger and sign in blood that I would say nothing about it." The actor said his time filming "The Mandalorian" has been a positive experience, describing it as: "a liberating experience when you have so many smart, talented, collaborative, good-hearted, caring people around you on a daily basis". Weathers performed his own stunts for "The Mandalorian". He said he has pushed for diversity in the casting of "The Mandalorian", not only based upon race but also such factors as height, age, and physical appearance: "I want to see anything that we have experienced in the world to be in that universe, because they're disparate creatures coming from every part of the universe. So why wouldn't they be there?" After filming each episode, Weathers liked to watch footage and study what the director and actors brought to each individual scene.


title: Greef Karga

text: Weathers said he particularly enjoyed working with director Deborah Chow during filming of "Chapter 3: The Sin", because she had planned what she wanted to do for the episode very precisely and meticulously in advance. He said this took a lot of pressure off of him and the rest of the cast, giving them more freedom and helping ensure their own choices were in sync with hers. Weathers' action sequences in "Chapter 3: The Sin" took a particularly long time to film due of the many elements involved in the shootout scene. In Greef Karga's scenes with the Client, played by German film director Werner Herzog, Weathers deliberately made Greef less confident and commanding than normal in order to convey that the Client was a dangerous character. He was a great admirer of Herzog, referring to him as "maestro" on the set of "The Mandalorian", and the two had extensive conversations with each other about Herzog's past films and his relationship with actor Klaus Kinski.


title: Greef Karga

text: Greef Karga has received generally positive feedback from fans and reviewers. "Screen Rant" ranked him sixth on a list of the best characters from the first season of "The Mandalorian", as well as on a separate list of the most interesting characters from the season. "Vulture" writer Keith Phipps praised the character, writing "Just the way he says 'Mando!' is a delight", a reference to the Mandalorian's nickname. Kevin Pantoja of "Screen Rant" complimented Weathers' performance, who he said is "always awesome". Fans particularly enjoyed Greef's line "Do the magic hand thing!", which he says to Grogu in the season finale while trying to encourage him to use the Force against their enemies. Nobelle Borines of "Epicstream" called it his "most iconic line" of the season. After the first season concluded, Weathers thanked his fans for their support, writing: "Your enjoyment and appreciation for the work done by the creators, directors, cast and crew fills us all with pride. Until fall of 2020, 'Do the magic hand thing, baby'!" Greef Karga's costume was ranked tenth on a "Screen Rant" list of the ten best costumes in the first season of "The Mandalorian".


title: Greef Karga

text: A Funko Pop figurine of Greef Karga was announced on December 31, 2019. Lego produced a minfigure of Greef Karga, included in the 2020 set 75292, the "Razor Crest".


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: The Woodsman is a 2004 American drama film directed and co-written (with Steven Fechter) by Nicole Kassell, based on Fechter's play of the same name. The film stars Kevin Bacon as a convicted child molester who must adjust to life after prison. Its name refers to the woodsman from the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood who kills the wolf to save the titular child.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: Walter, a convicted child molester, returns home to Philadelphia after serving 12 years in prison. His friends and family have abandoned him, with the exception of his brother-in-law, Carlos. Walter's apartment is just across the street from an elementary school—an obvious source of temptation. He gets a job at a local lumber mill and meets Vicki, one of the few women working there. After sleeping with Vicki, Walter tells her that he molested little girls, but rationalizes his crimes by saying "I didn't hurt them." Vicki is clearly shocked and disturbed by this new information, but before she can consider how to respond, Walter tells her to leave his apartment.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: Walter receives frequent visits from a verbally abusive police officer named Lucas, who makes it clear that he is waiting to catch Walter reoffending. Watching the school, Walter sees a man offering candy to little boys. He realizes that this man, whom he nicknames "Candy", is another child molester. Walter also meets an apparently lonely young girl named Robin who is a birdwatcher. Walter sees Candy abduct a boy, but does not report this to the police. Walter's life takes a further downturn when a suspicious coworker, Mary-Kay, learns of his conviction. She prints out his police record and posts it on the bulletin board at the mill for everybody to see. Some of the employees attack Walter, but Vicki and the boss of the mill come to his defense.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: Ostracized and frustrated, Walter leaves his workplace and goes to the park. Vicki, fearing the worst, begins to search for him. Walter ends up meeting with Robin at the park. As they talk, he begins to succumb to his desires and invites Robin to sit on his lap. She politely refuses, but then begins to confide in him. As she starts to cry, Walter realizes that she is being molested by her father. In her anguish, and sensing a similarity between her father and Walter, she offers to sit on Walter's lap, wanting his approval. Walter finally understands the pain he caused his victims, and tells Robin to go home; as she leaves, she gives him a hug. On his way home, he sees Candy dropping off a young boy near the school at night. In a fit of rage and self-hatred, Walter beats Candy up. He then goes to Vicki's home, and she accepts him.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: Soon after, Lucas visits Walter's apartment as Walter is packing to move in with Vicki and tells him that a man was beaten across the street the night before, and asks if he knows anything about it. Walter denies any knowledge, but Lucas knows better. He reveals that the boy gave a very good description of the assailant, which fits Walter. He also reveals that "Candy" is wanted in Virginia for raping a young boy. Lucas decides not to charge Walter with the assault.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: With Carlos' help, Walter is reunited with his sister, whom he has not seen in years. However, she refuses to forgive him and leaves. In a voice-over discussion in which his therapist tells him that eventual forgiveness may take years, Walter replies that he understands and accepts her anger, and expresses optimism for his own future.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: After seeing Steven Fechter's stage play "The Woodsman" as a film school student, Nicole Kassell became determined to adapt it into a film. Kassell and Fechter adapted the screenplay together, making it a "less talky, more internalized character study of a haunted man struggling to build a normal life." Lee Daniels, who was a producer on the Oscar-winning film "Monster's Ball", came on board as a producer. Kevin Bacon, besides starring in the film, was one of the producers as well. For research, Kassell interviewed sex offenders and therapists who worked with them.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: "The Woodsman" was shot in Philadelphia, which is the hometown of cast members Bacon and Eve, as well as the birthplace of director Kassell and producer Daniels.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: The film was well-received critically, with Bacon's performance in particular drawing praise. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 88% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 133 reviews with an average rating of 7.30/10 with the consensus "Kevin Bacon's performance as a child molester who is trying to start fresh has drawn raves from critics, who have praised "The Woodsman" as compelling, creepy, complex and well-crafted." The film has a score of 72 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews. It was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize award at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, won the Jury Special Prize at the Deauville Film Festival, and was a featured film at the 2005 Traverse City Film Festival.


title: The Woodsman (2004 film)

text: The film's release in the United States was limited, reaching a peak of 84 theaters. Despite being advertised in cinemas in the UK for several months, the film had a very limited release in the UK due to its controversial subject matter. Its gross in the United States was $1,576,231, while its worldwide gross totaled $4,678,405. In an interview with "The New York Times" in 2010, actor Colin Firth named Bacon's performance the Best of the Decade.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Operation Bodyguard was the code name for a World War II deception strategy employed by the Allied states before the 1944 invasion of northwest Europe. Bodyguard set out an overall stratagem for misleading the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht as to the time and place of the invasion. Planning for Bodyguard was started in 1943 by the London Controlling Section, a department of the war cabinet. They produced a draft strategy, referred to as Plan Jael, which was presented to leaders at the Tehran Conference in late November and, despite scepticism due to the failure of earlier deception strategy, approved on 6 December 1943.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Bodyguard was a strategy under which all deception planners would operate. The overall aim was to lead the Germans to believe that an invasion of northwest Europe would come later than was planned and to expect attacks elsewhere, including the Pas-de-Calais, the Balkans, southern France, Norway and Soviet attacks in Bulgaria and northern Norway. The key part of the strategy was to attempt to hide the amount of troop buildup in Southern England, by developing threats across the European theatre, and to emphasise an Allied focus on major bombing campaigns.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The main stratagem was not an operational approach; instead it set out the overall themes for each subordinate operation to support. Deception planners in England and Cairo developed a number of operational implementations (of which the most significant was Operation Fortitude which developed a threat to Pas-de-Calais).


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: In June 1944 the Allied forces successfully landed and established a beachhead in Normandy. Later evidence demonstrated that German intelligence had believed significant parts of the deceptions, particularly the order of battle of the armies in Southern England. Following the invasion, Hitler delayed redeploying forces from Calais and other regions to defend Normandy for nearly seven weeks (the original plan had specified 14 days). Evidence suggests that the threat against Pas-de-Calais, and to a lesser extent Norway and Southern Europe, contributed to this decision.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: During World War II, prior to "Bodyguard", the Allies made extensive use of deception and developed many new techniques and theories. The main protagonists at this time were 'A' Force, set up in 1940 under Dudley Clarke, and the London Controlling Section, chartered in 1942 under the control of John Bevan. German coastal defences were stretched thin in 1944, as they prepared to defend all of the coast of northwest Europe. The Allies had already employed deception operations against the Germans, aided by the capture of all of the German agents in the United Kingdom and the systematic decryption of German Enigma communications. Once Normandy had been chosen as the site of the invasion, it was decided to attempt to deceive the Germans into thinking it was a diversion and that the true invasion was to be elsewhere.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: At that stage of the war, Allied and German intelligence operations were heavily mismatched. Through the signals work at Bletchley Park, many of the German lines of communication were compromised since intercepts, codenamed Ultra, gave the Allies insights into how effectively their deceptions were operating. In Europe, the Allies had good intelligence from resistance movements and aerial reconnaissance. By comparison, most of the German spies sent into Britain had been caught or had handed themselves in and turned into double agents (under the XX System). Some of the compromised agents were so trusted that by 1944, German intelligence had stopped sending new infiltrators. Within the German command structure internal politics, suspicion and mismanagement meant intelligence gathering had only limited effectiveness.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: By 1943, Hitler was defending the entire western coast of Europe, with no clear knowledge of where an Allied invasion might land. His tactic was to defend the entire length and to rely on reinforcements to respond to any landings quickly. In France the Germans deployed two Army Groups. One of them, Army Group B, was deployed to protect the coastline; the Fifteenth Army covering the Pas-de-Calais region and the Seventh Army in Normandy. Following a decision to defer the invasion, Operation Overlord, until 1944, the Allies conducted a series of deceptions intended to threaten invasion in Norway and France. Bodyguard was preceded in late 1943 by Operation Cockade, which was intended to confuse the German high command as to Allied intentions and to draw them into air battles across the Channel. In that respect, Cockade was not a success, with German forces barely responding even as a fake invasion force crossed the channel and turned back some distance from its "target".


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Planning for "Bodyguard" began even before Operation Cockade was fully under way, following the decision that Normandy would be the site of the coming invasion. The departments responsible for deception, 'A' Force, COSSAC's Ops (B) and the London Controlling Section, began to address the problem of achieving tactical surprise for "Overlord". They produced a paper, entitled "First Thoughts", on 14 July 1943 that outlined many of the concepts that would later form the "Bodyguard" plan. However, since "Cockade" concluded with limited success, most of the Allied high command were sceptical that any new deception would work.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: In August, Colonel John Henry Bevan, head of the London Controlling Section, presented a draft plan. Codenamed Jael, a reference to the Old Testament heroine who killed an enemy commander by deception, it would have attempted to deceive the Germans into thinking that the Allies had delayed the invasion for a further year but instead concentrated on the Balkan theatre and on air bombardment of Germany through 1944. The plan had a mixed reception in the Allied High command, and in October, a decision on the draft was deferred until after the Tehran Conference, a month later.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Meanwhile, COSSAC had been working on its own deception strategy, "Appendix Y" of Operation Overlord plan. The plan, also known as Torrent, had originated in early September at COSSAC and started life as a feint invasion of the Calais region shortly before D-Day and eventually, after the failure of a similar scheme during "Cockade", transformed into a plan to divert attention from troops building up in the south-west of England. The early ideas, which later became Operation Bodyguard, recognised that the Germans would expect an invasion. Instead, the core of the plan suggested misleading the Germans as to the exact time and location of the invasion and keeping them on the back foot once it had landed.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: In November and December 1943, the Allied leaders met twice, first in Cairo (23–27 November) and then in Tehran (28 November–1 December), to decide on strategy for the following year. Bevan attended the conference and received his final orders on 6 December. Furnished with the final details of "Overlord", Bevan returned to London to complete the draft. The deception strategy, now codenamed "Bodyguard", was approved on Christmas Day 1943. The new name had been chosen based on a comment by Winston Churchill to Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference: "In wartime, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies".


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Operation Bodyguard aimed to deceive the enemy as to the timing, weight and direction of the prospective Allied invasion in France. It had three main goals: to make the Pas-de-Calais appear to be the main invasion target, to mask the actual date and time of the assault and to keep German reinforcements in Pas-de-Calais (and other parts of Europe) for at least 14 days after landing.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: "Bodyguard" set out a detailed scenario that the deceivers would attempt to "sell" to the Germans. It included Allied belief in air bombardment as an effective way of winning the war, with the 1944 focus on building bomber fleets. It then specified invasions across the entire European coastline: in Norway, France and the Mediterranean. In January, planners began to fill in the details of "Bodyguard", producing the various sub-operations to cover each of the invasions and misdirection.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The task fell to two main departments. 'A' Force, under Dudley Clarke, which had been successful early on, once again took charge of the Mediterranean region. In Europe, however, responsibility shifted away from the LCS, which took on a coordination role. Prior to Dwight Eisenhower's appointment as Supreme Commander, all planning for "Overlord" fell to the Chief of Staff to the Supreme Commander Allied Forces (COSSAC), Frederick E. Morgan. Under his regime, the deception department, Ops (B), had received limited resources and left most of the planning so far to the London Controlling section. With Eisenhower's arrival, Ops (B) expanded and Dudley Clarke's deputy from 'A' Force, Noel Wild, was placed in control. With the new resources, the department put together the largest single segment of "Bodyguard", Operation Fortitude.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: "Bodyguard" focused on obfuscating the impending Normandy landings, planned for spring/summer 1944, and so the main effort was focused around the Western front. The planners created Fortitude, building on elements of the earlier Cockade, which encapsulated an entire fictional Allied invasion plan against targets in France and Norway. Its main undertaking was, through the various deception techniques, to overstate the size of the Allied forces in Britain through early 1944, enabling them to threaten multiple targets at once.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Under the Fortitude "story", the Allies intended to invade both Norway and Pas-de-Calais. Using similar techniques to the 1943 Cockade operation (fictional field armies, faked operations, and false "leaked" information) the intention was to increase the apparent size of the Allied forces to make such a large-scale attack seem possible. To allow the plan to stay manageable it was divided into two main sections, each with numerous sub-plans; Fortitude North and South.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Fortitude North was aimed at German forces in Scandinavia and based around the fictional British Fourth Army, based in Edinburgh. The Fourth Army had first been activated the previous year, as part of Cockade to threaten Norway and tie down the enemy divisions stationed there. The Allies created the illusion of the army via fake radio traffic (Operation Skye) and leaks through double agents.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Fortitude South employed similar deception in the south of England, threatening an invasion at Pas-de-Calais by the fictional 1st U.S. Army Group (FUSAG) led by U.S. General George Patton. France was the crux of the "Bodyguard" plan: with Calais as the most logical choice for an invasion, the Allied high command had to mislead the German defences in a very small geographical area. The Pas-de-Calais offered advantages over the chosen invasion site, such as the shortest crossing of the English Channel and the quickest route into Germany. Having a high regard for Patton, German command, particularly Rommel, took steps to heavily fortify that area of coastline. The Allies decided to amplify this belief of a Calais landing.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: General Bernard Montgomery, commanding the Allied landing forces, knew that the crucial aspect of any invasion was the ability to grow a beachhead into a full front. He also had only limited divisions at his command, 37 compared to around 60 German formations. Fortitude South's main aims were to give the impression of a much larger invasion force (the FUSAG) in the South-East of England, to achieve tactical surprise in the Normandy landings and, once the invasion had occurred, to mislead the Germans into thinking it was a diversionary tactic with Calais the real objective.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: While Fortitude represented the major thrust of "Bodyguard" in support of the Normandy landings, several smaller plans added to the overall picture of confusion. On the Western Front, the largest of them was Operation Ironside. Intercepted communications during January 1944 indicated German high command feared the possibility of landings along the Bay of Biscay, particularly near Bordeaux. The next month, it ordered anti-invasion exercises to be carried out in the region. To play on those fears, the Allies instigated Operation Ironside.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The plot for Ironside was that two divisions sailing from the United Kingdom would land on the Garonne estuary ten days after D-Day. After a beachhead had been established, a further six divisions would arrive directly from the United States. The force would then capture Bordeaux before it linked up with the supposed Operation Vendetta another deception operation, forces in the south of France.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Ironside was implemented entirely via double agents: "Tate", "Bronx" and "Garbo". The Twenty Committee, in charge of anti-espionage and deception operations of British military intelligence, feared the plausibility of the story and so did not promote it too heavily through their agents. Messages sent to their German handlers included elements of uncertainty. That, combined with the fact that Bordeaux was an implausible target (the landing site was far outside the range of fighter cover from the United Kingdom), meant that the Germans took very little notice of the rumours and even went as far as to identify it as a probable deception. However, the Abwehr continued to send questions to their agents related to the landings until early June, and after D-Day, the Germans continued to maintain a state of readiness in the region.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: One recurring theme for "Bodyguard" was the use of political deception. Bevan had concerns over the impact that physical and wireless deception could have. In early 1944, he proposed a wholly political ploy, Operation Graffham, as a way to bolster elements of "Bodyguard". Ronald Wingate extended those ideas to create the larger Operation Royal Flush a few months later.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Despite not gaining much traction with the targeted governments, Graffham still influenced the thinking of German commanders and pushed them towards accepting other aspects of "Bodyguard".


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Royal Flush was, however, less successful, with a report by the Abwehr identifying the targeted countries as "outspoken deception centres". It was the last political overture attempted as part of "Bodyguard".


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Graffham's political target was Sweden, and its main aim was to support the goals of Fortitude North. It was intended to imply that the Allies were building political ties with Sweden in preparation for an upcoming invasion of Norway. The operation involved meetings between several British and Swedish officials as well as the purchase of Norwegian securities and the use of the Double-Cross System to spread false rumours. Sweden maintained a neutral stance during the war, and if its government believed in an imminent Allied invasion of Norway, that would filter through to German intelligence.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Planning for the operation began in February 1944, Bevan was concerned that Fortitude North was not sufficient in creating a threat against Norway and so he proposed Graffham as an additional measure. In contrast to the other aspects of "Bodyguard", the operation was planned and executed by the British, with no American involvement.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Graffham was envisioned as an extension of existing pressure the Allies were placing on Sweden to end its neutral stance, one example being the requests to end the export of ball bearings, an important component in military hardware, to Germany. By increasing that pressure with additional false requests, Bevan hoped to convince the Germans further that Sweden was preparing to join the Allies.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The impact of Graffham was minimal. The Swedish government agreed to few of the concessions requested during the meetings, and few high-level officials were convinced that the Allies would invade Norway. Overall, the influence of Graffham and Fortitude North on German strategy in Scandinavia is disputed.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: "Royal Flush" was proposed and planned by the LCS's Ronald Wingate in April 1944. Building on the approach of Graffham, he hoped to support other "Bodyguard" deceptions in the Western and Mediterranean theatres by making political overtures to Sweden, Spain and Turkey. The operation continued Graffham's work in Sweden by having ambassadors from the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union demand for the Germans to be denied access to the country after an Allied invasion of Norway.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Overall control of "Bodyguard" came out of London, local implementation of the Mediterranean portions was left to 'A' Force. By then, Clarke had split the group into several sections, between Egypt and Italy, with responsibility for strategic or tactical deception. From the outset, "Bodyguard" focused on the Fortitude threat being developed on the Western Front. Deceptions that were planned in the Mediterranean were intended to tie down forces by creating threats to that appeared to have just enough realism.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: In late 1943, the Allies had opened a front in Italy, and after the 1944 Normandy landings, focus returned to the Mediterranean as a second front was debated. Eventually, deceptions had to be realigned to the Allies' new invasion plans since they, at first, threatened the very place that the earlier operations had suggested as a target.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Zeppelin was the Mediterranean equivalent of Fortitude. It was intended to tie down German forces in the area by threatening landings in the Balkans, particularly Crete or Romania. 'A' Force used similar tactics as before by simulating the existence of the Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth Armies in Egypt via exercises and radio traffic. Although German high command believed that the forces were real, only three under-strength divisions were actually in the area.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Copperhead was a small decoy operation within the scope of "Bodyguard" that was suggested by Clarke and planned by 'A' Force. The deception, undertaken just prior to D-Day, was intended to mislead German intelligence as to the whereabouts of Bernard Montgomery. It was theorised that as a well-known battle commander, if Montgomery were outside England, that would signal to the Germans that an invasion was not imminent.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The actor M.E. Clifton James, who bore a strong resemblance to the general, made public appearances in Gibraltar and North Africa. The Allies hoped it would indicate a forthcoming invasion via the Mediterranean.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The operation is not known to have made a significant impact. According to captured enemy generals, German intelligence believed that it was Montgomery but still guessed that it was a feint.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Elements of the "Bodyguard" plan were in operation on 6 June 1944 in support of Operation Neptune (the amphibious assault of Normandy). Elaborate naval deceptions (Operations Glimmer, Taxable and Big Drum) were undertaken in the English Channel. Small ships and aircraft simulated invasion fleets lying off Pas-de-Calais, Cap d'Antifer and the western flank of the real invasion force. At the same time Operation Titanic involved the RAF dropping fake paratroopers to the east and west of the Normandy landings.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Juan Pujol García, a Spanish double agent working for British intelligence (code named "Garbo") in high standing with the Germans, transmitted information about the Allied invasion plan with a further warning that the Normandy invasion was a diversion. This information was transmitted at the behest of the British High Command in order to increase his credibility to the Germans and was done at a time when it was too late to fortify Normandy.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Following the landings, some small tactical deceptions were used to add further confusion. Operation Paradise (I–V) established a number of decoy exits and staging areas around the Normandy beaches to draw German attacks.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The "Bodyguard" deceptions were implemented in several ways, including double agents, radio traffic and visual deception. Once planning for each stage had been completed, various operational units were tasked with carrying out the deceptions. In some cases this could be specialist formations, such as R Force, but in other cases it fell to regular units.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: A large part of the various "Bodyguard" operations involved the use of double agents. The British "Double Cross" anti-espionage operation had proven very successful from the outset of the war. The LCS was able to use double agents to send back misleading information about Allied invasion plans.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: By contrast, Allied intelligence was very good. Ultra, signals intelligence from decrypted German radio transmission, confirmed to planners that the German high command believed in the "Bodyguard" deceptions and gave them the enemy's order of battle.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: The practice of using mock tanks and other military hardware had been developed during the North Africa campaign, especially in Operation Bertram for the attack at El Alamein.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: For "Bodyguard", the Allies put less reliance in those forms of deception since they believed that the German ability to directly reconnoitre England was limited. Some mock hardware was, however, created, particularly dummy landing craft that were stockpiled in the supposed FUSAG staging area.


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: Operation Bodyguard is regarded as a tactical success, delaying the Fifteenth Army in the Pas-de-Calais for seven weeks thus allowing the Allies to build a beachhead and ultimately win the Battle of Normandy. In his memoirs, General Omar Bradley called "Bodyguard" the "single biggest hoax of the war".


title: Operation Bodyguard

text: In his 2004 book, "The Deceivers", Thaddeus Holt attributes the success of "Fortitude" to the trial run of "Cockade" in 1943: ""FORTITUDE" in 1944 could not have run as smoothly as it did if the London Controlling Section and its fellows had not gone through the exercise of "COCKADE" in the year before."


title: Charnel house

text: A charnel house is a vault or building where human skeletal remains are stored. They are often built near churches for depositing bones that are unearthed while digging graves. The term can also be used more generally as a description of a place filled with death and destruction.


title: Charnel house

text: The term is borrowed from Middle French "charnel", from Late Latin "carnāle" ("graveyard"), from Latin "carnālis" ("of the flesh").


title: Charnel house

text: In countries where ground suitable for burial was scarce, corpses would be interred for approximately five years following death, thereby allowing decomposition to occur. After this, the remains would be exhumed and moved to an ossuary or charnel house, thereby allowing the original burial place to be reused. In modern times, the use of charnel houses is a characteristic of cultures living in rocky or arid places, such as the Cyclades archipelago and other Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.


title: Charnel house

text: Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai is famous for having a working charnel house. Saint Catherine's was founded by Justinian in the early 6th century, on the site of an older monastery founded about 313 AD and named for Helena of Constantinople. The monastery comprises the whole Autonomous Church of Sinai, under the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The site lies at the foot of Mount Sinai where Jews, Christians, and Moslems believe Moses received the Ten Commandments.


title: Charnel house

text: Since the Sinai is an inhospitable place, the brethren of St. Catherine's have struggled to eke out a subsistence-level existence. The difficulty in establishing a large cemetery in the rocky ground notwithstanding, relics are also gathered for temporal and spiritual reasons: a reminder to the monks of their impending death and fate in the hereafter. The Archbishop of Saint Catherine's is commonly the Abbot as well. After death, he is afforded the dignity of a special niche within the "Skull-House".


title: Charnel house

text: A charnel house is also a structure commonly seen in some Native American societies of the Eastern United States. Major examples are the Hopewell cultures and Mississippian cultures. These houses were used specifically for mortuary services and, although they required many more resources to build and maintain than a crypt, they were widely used. They offered privacy and shelter as well as enough workspace for mortuary proceedings. These proceedings included cremation (in the included crematorium) as well as defleshing of the body before the cremation. Once the houses had served their purpose, they were burned to the ground and covered by earth, creating a sort of burial mound. Anthropologist William F. Romain in "Mysteries of the Hopewell" notes that these charnel houses were built in the form of a square, and their diagonals could be aligned to the direction of maximum and minimum moon-sets both north and south.


title: Charnel house

text: Charnel houses do not appear to have been common in England. The earliest reference found to a charnel house was in the parish of St Mary-at-Hill in London, during the sixteenth century. Few other charnel houses are attested in the seventeenth century, usually within overcrowded urban contexts.


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: Raja ( King) is a 1995 Indian Hindi-language action romantic drama film directed and co-produced by Indra Kumar and starring Madhuri Dixit and Sanjay Kapoor. Paresh Rawal, Mukesh Khanna, Dalip Tahil, Rita Bhaduri and Himani Shivpuri appear in supporting roles. The film was released on 2 June 1995.


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: The success of the film was attributed to Dixit for her performance, earning her the Screen Award for Best Actress. At the 41st Filmfare Awards, the film received 11 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Kumar), Best Actress (Dixit), Best Supporting Actor (Rawal) and Best Supporting Actress (Bhaduri).


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: Garewal brothers Rana Mahendra and Vishwa are good friends with the rich Birju Patangwala, and fix their 9 year-old sister Madhu's marriage with Birju's 10 year-old brother Raja; both become friends. As Birju loses all wealth in a fire at his factory, Rana and Vishwa break the marriage. Shocked, Birju becomes mad and is electrocuted by accident. He stays in the city outskirts with Raja caring for him by doing petty jobs.


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: Grown-up, Madhu meets and falls in love with Raja, who reveals they saw them in their childhood, and their love deepens. Vishwa and Rana are determined to keep them away. Rana pretends to accept him and invites Birju to stay with him, getting one of their assistants dressed up like Birju. The assistant enters Madhu's room at night, trying to rape her. She duly screams Birju is trying to rape her. The assistant quickly escapes; the room is dimly lit before Madhu can see his face.


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: Raja returns, and is asked to believe Madhu or Birju. He believes Birju and breaks up with Madhu. Later, Raja gets hold of the assistant and extracts a confession. But he gets critically injured in an accident. Rana's wife Sumitra tells the truth to Madhu. Shocked that her own brothers set up her rape, Madhu leaves to go to Raja. Rana realises his mistakes and begs forgiveness. But Vishwa attacks them. Raja comes and saves them, marrying Madhu in front of everybody. Vishwa too feels sorry for his deeds. Raja and Madhu forgive all only if they bless their marriage.


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: The songs were composed by Nadeem-Shravan, while the lyrics were penned by Sameer. The album went on to become the second most sold Bollywood album of 1995. Nadeem-Shravan, for this album also received the Special Award London (UK).


title: Raja (1995 film)

text: The song "Nazrein Mili Dil Dhadka" was inspired from Sealed with a kiss Brian Hyland version copied from the soundtrack of the 1961 Rock Hudson movie, "Come September". And the same tune was in 1967 film "Humraaz". Starting tune of "Akhiyan Milaoon" was copied from Bangladeshi song "Ami Tomay Bhalobashi" from "Andha Prem" (1993), composed by Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul.


title: Lake Nicaragua

text: Lake Nicaragua or Cocibolca or Granada (, , or ) is a freshwater lake in Nicaragua. Of tectonic origin and with an area of , it is the largest lake in Central America, the 19th largest lake in the world (by area) and the tenth largest in the Americas, slightly smaller than Lake Titicaca. With an elevation of above sea level, the lake reaches a depth of . It is intermittently joined by the Tipitapa River to Lake Managua.


title: Lake Nicaragua

text: The lake drains to the Caribbean Sea via the San Juan River, historically making the lakeside city of Granada an Atlantic port, although Granada (as well as the entire lake) is closer to the Pacific Ocean geographically. The Pacific is near enough to be seen from the mountains of Ometepe (an island in the lake). The lake has a history of Caribbean pirates who assaulted Granada on three occasions. Before construction of the Panama Canal, a stagecoach line owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company connected the lake with the Pacific across the low hills of the narrow Isthmus of Rivas. Plans were made to take advantage of this route to build an interoceanic canal, the Nicaragua Canal, but the Panama Canal was built instead. In order to quell competition with the Panama Canal, the U.S. secured all rights to a canal along this route in the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty of 1916. However, since this treaty was mutually rescinded by the United States and Nicaragua in 1970, the idea of another canal in Nicaragua still periodically resurfaced, such as the Ecocanal proposal. In 2014, the government of Nicaragua offered a 50-year concession to the Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company (HKND) to build a canal across Nicaragua at a cost of US$40 billion, with construction beginning in December 2014 and completing in 2019. Protests against the ecological and social effects of the canal as well as questions about financing have led to doubts about the project.


title: Lake Nicaragua

text: Lake Nicaragua, despite being a freshwater lake, has sawfish, tarpon, and sharks. Initially, scientists thought the sharks in the lake were an endemic species, the Lake Nicaragua shark ("Carcharhinus nicaraguensis"). In 1961, following comparisons of specimens, it was synonymized with the widespread bull shark ("C. leucas"), a species also known for entering freshwater elsewhere around the world. It had been presumed that the sharks were trapped within the lake, but this was found to be incorrect in the late 1960s, when it was discovered that they were able to jump along the rapids of the San Juan River — which connects Lake Nicaragua with the Caribbean Sea — almost like salmon. As evidence of these movements, bull sharks tagged inside the lake have later been caught in the open ocean (and vice versa), with some taking as little as 7–11 days to complete the journey. Numerous other species of fish live in the lake, including at least 16 cichlids that are endemic to the general region. None of these are strictly endemic to Lake Nicaragua, although "Amphilophus labiatus" is native only to Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua. A non-native cichlid, a tilapia, is used widely in aquaculture within the lake. Owing to the large amount of waste they produce, and the risk of introducing diseases to which the native fish species have no resistance, they are potentially a serious threat to the lake's ecosystem.


title: Lake Nicaragua

text: The nation's largest source of freshwater, Nicaraguans call it or (literally "Sweet Sea"; in Spanish, "freshwater" is ). The lake has sizeable waves driven by the easterly winds blowing west to the Pacific Ocean. The lake holds Ometepe and Zapatera, which are both volcanic islands, as well as the archipelago of the Solentiname Islands. The lake has a reputation for periodically powerful storms.


title: Lake Nicaragua

text: In the past 37 years, considerable concern has been expressed about the ecological condition of Lake Nicaragua. In 1981 the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) conducted an environmental assessment study and found that half of the water sources sampled were seriously polluted by sewage. It was found that 32 tons (70,000 pounds) of raw sewage were being released into Lake Nicaragua daily. Industry located along the lake's shore had been dumping effluent for an extended period of time. Pennwalt Chemical Corporation was found to be the worst polluter. Nicaragua's economic situation has hampered the building of treatment facilities nationwide (see: Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua).


title: Lake Nicaragua

text: The country's worst drought in 32 years took its toll on the lake in 2014; the Nicaraguan government recommended citizens to raise and eat iguanas over chickens to reduce water consumption. Also, plans for the Nicaragua Canal through the lake could lead to saltwater and other contamination during construction and operation of the canal.


title: The Crocodile Hunter

text: The Crocodile Hunter is a wildlife documentary television series that was hosted by Steve Irwin and his wife, Terri. The show became a popular franchise due to Irwin's unconventional approach to wildlife. It spawned a number of separate projects, including the feature film "" and two television spinoffs: "Croc Files" and "The Crocodile Hunter Diaries".


title: The Crocodile Hunter

text: The series was presented on Animal Planet, becoming the network's highest-rated series at the time, and was in international syndication on networks worldwide. The series aired 64 episodes during five seasons, from 1997 to 2004, two years before Irwin’s death, with a pilot episode in 1996 and 13 specials into 2007.


title: The Crocodile Hunter

text: With a nearly 11-year run, the series is the second longest-running program of any Discovery Communications network, behind "MythBusters".


title: Simon (game)

text: Simon is an electronic game of short-term memory skill invented by Ralph H. Baer and Howard J. Morrison, working for toy design firm Marvin Glass and Associates, with software programming by Lenny Cope. The device creates a series of tones and lights and requires a user to repeat the sequence. If the user succeeds, the series becomes progressively longer and more complex. Once the user fails or the time limit runs out, the game is over. The original version was manufactured and distributed by Milton Bradley and later by Hasbro after it took over Milton Bradley. Much of the assembly language code was written by Charles Kapps, who taught computer science at Temple University and also wrote one of the first books on the theory of computer programming. "Simon" was launched in 1978 at Studio 54 in New York City and was an immediate success, becoming a pop culture symbol of the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Simon (game)

text: Ralph H. Baer and Howard J. Morrison were introduced to Atari's arcade game "Touch Me" at the Music Operators of America (MOA) trade show in 1976. Baer said of the product, "Nice gameplay. Terrible execution. Visually boring. Miserable, rasping sounds." The prototype built by Baer used the low-cost Texas Instruments TMS 1000 microcontroller chip, which was in many games of the 1970s. Lenny Cope, who was one of Ralph H. Baer's partners, programmed the core of the game, titled "Follow Me" at the time. Baer developed the tones of the game, inspired by the notes of a bugle. When they pitched the demo, an 8-by-8-inch console, to the Milton Bradley Company the name of the game was changed to "Simon". Simon debuted in 1978 at a retail price of $24.95 () and became one of the top-selling toys that Christmas shopping season. : "Microcomputer controlled game", was granted in 1980. Milton Bradley soon capitalized on the original with both the smaller-sized "Pocket Simon" and the expanded, eight-button "Super Simon".


title: Simon (game)

text: Many variants of "Simon" have been made since Hasbro acquired Milton Bradley in the 1980s, building on the possibilities offered by advances in technology. The original "Super Simon" was reinvented in 2003 as a hexagonal unit with six buttons, which was only released in Europe. 2000 saw "Simon Squared" (or "Simon"), a unit with the four traditional buttons on one side, and a set of eight smaller buttons on the other. In 2004, Hasbro released the "Simon Stix". The game features two electronic sticks (modeled after drumsticks), an emphasis on the musical part of the game, and features four levels of play.


title: Simon (game)

text: In 2005, Hasbro released "Simon Trickster" (also known as "Simon Tricks" in Europe and in the UK, and as "Simon Genius" in Brazil), which features four game modes, in a similar fashion to another Hasbro game, "Bop It", and colored lenses instead of buttons. "Simon Classic" mode plays up to 35 tones (notes). "Simon Bounce" is similar to "Simon Classic", but instead the colors of the lenses change. "Simon Surprise" is one of the most difficult games in the unit. Every lens becomes the same color and the player has to memorize the location. "Simon Rewind" requires the player to memorize the sequence backwards. During each game, the player is paid a compliment after a certain number of tones is completed. On reaching five and eleven tones, the computer will randomly choose "Awesome!", "Nice!", "Sweet!" or "Respect!". On reaching 18 tones, the game will play a victory melody three times. On reaching the ultimate 35 tones, the game will play the victory melody again and will say "Respect!". If the player fails to memorize the pattern or fails to press the right color within the time limit, the game will play a crashing sound and the game will say "Later!".


title: Simon (game)

text: In 2011, Hasbro introduced "Simon Flash". In this version, the game is played with four cube-shaped electronic modules that the player must move around depending on the game mode.


title: Simon (game)

text: In 2013, Hasbro reinvented Simon once again with "Simon Swipe". The game was demonstrated at the New York Toy Fair 2014 and released that summer. The game is a circular unit that looks like a steering wheel. It has been extended from four buttons to eight touchscreen buttons, which are flattened out on the unit. The game features four game modes, called "Levels" (the main game), "Classic", "Party" and "Extreme". The player has to go through all sixteen levels to beat the game. "Classic", "Party" and "Extreme" levels focus on one pattern getting longer and longer until the player is out. A smaller version of the game, called "Simon Micro Series", was introduced in the fall of 2014. This version has only two game modes called "Solo" and "Pass It" and features 14 levels and four buttons. There is also a version of" Simon" created by Basic Fun known as the "Touch Simon". This version has an LCD screen and plays melodies at specific parts of the game.


title: Simon (game)

text: In 2016, Hasbro launched the follow-up to "Simon Swipe" with "Simon Air". The game was announced at a Hasbro press conference before the 2016 New York Toy Fair. This version of "Simon" uses motion sensors, similar to those in Mattel's "Loopz" line of games. The game has three game modes: "Solo", "Classic" and "Multiplayer". A button-pressing version of Simon was also released in the US, with an aesthetic recalling that of the 1970s and 1980s models. Recently, Hasbro has released "Simon Optix", a headset game with a motion sensor technology similar to "Simon Air".


title: Simon (game)

text: The device has four colored buttons, each producing a particular tone when it is pressed or activated by the device. A round in the game consists of the device lighting up one or more buttons in a random order, after which the player must reproduce that order by pressing the buttons. As the game progresses, the number of buttons to be pressed increases. (This is only one of the games on the device; there are actually other games on the original.)


title: Simon (game)

text: "Simon" is named after the simple children's game of Simon Says, but the gameplay is based on Atari's unpopular "Touch Me" arcade game from 1974. Simon differs from "Touch Me" in that the "Touch Me" buttons were all of the same color (black) and the sounds it produced were harsh and grating.


title: Simon (game)

text: "Simon"'s tones, on the other hand, were designed to always be harmonic, no matter the sequence, and consisted of an A major triad in second inversion, resembling a trumpet fanfare:


title: Simon (game)

text: "Simon" was later re-released by Milton Bradley – now owned by Hasbro – in its original circular form, though with a translucent case rather than plain black. It was also sold as a two-sided "Simon Squared" version, with the reverse side having eight buttons for head-to-head play, and as a keychain (officially licensed by Fun4All) with simplified gameplay (only having Game 1, Difficulty 4 available). Other variations of the original game, no longer produced, include "Pocket Simon" and the eight-button "Super Simon", both from 1980. Nelsonic released an official wristwatch version of "Simon".


title: Simon (game)

text: Later versions of the game included a pocket version of the original game in a smaller, yellow, oval-shaped case. Another iteration, "Simon Trickster", plays the original game as well as variations in which the colors shift around from button to button ("Simon Bounce"), the buttons have no colors at all ("Simon Surprise") and the player must repeat the sequence backwards ("Simon Rewind"). A pocket version of "Simon Trickster" was also produced.


title: Simon (game)

text: The swiping sounds are presented with sliding between notes. The bigger the slide, the bigger the swipe will be. The exact notes and sound effects were also used for a smaller version called "Simon Micro Series". The sounds were then recreated for "Simon Air" and "Simon Optix".


title: Simon (game)

text: As a popular game, "Simon" inspired many imitators and knockoffs. Atari released a handheld version of "Touch Me" in 1978, with multicolored buttons and pleasant musical tones. Though named for the older arcade game, the handheld "Touch Me" contained "Simon"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s three game variations and four difficulty levels, albeit with limits of 8, 16, 32 and 99 instead of 8, 14, 20 and 31. Even its button layout mirrored that of "Simon" (though upside-down), with blue in the upper left, yellow in the upper right, red in the lower left and green in the lower right. Its only unique features were an LED score display, similar to that of its arcade counterpart, and its small size, similar to that of a pocket calculator.


title: Simon (game)

text: Some versions of the game have tones that play as long as the button is depressed, but others have a constant sound duration. Some versions feature audio themes, such as animals (cat/dog/pig/cow), xylophone, football and space sounds, some of which make the game easier to play. Some versions also have a sound on/off setting, which can make the game harder with only visual cues.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: The 40th Golden Raspberry Awards, or Razzies, was an awards ceremony that honored the worst the film industry had to offer in 2019. The awards are based on votes from members of the Golden Raspberry Foundation. The nominees were announced on February 8, 2020, one day prior to the 92nd Academy Awards. The ceremony, the date of which was later announced to be March 14, 2020, was ultimately cancelled amid the concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic. The organizers announced the ceremony's winners online on March 16, 2020. No nominees were announced for the "Worst of the Decade Awards", despite being the tradition for the final ceremony of the decade.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: The ballot itself was heavily criticized for overlooking critically panned films while nominating limitedly distributed pictures. For instance, "The Fanatic" was nominated in the main categories despite the award's official website posting that the film was eligible for the Barry L. Bumstead special award, who is given to limited distributed films.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: There was also criticism for the pre-nomination of James McAvoy's well-received performance in the otherwise poorly received film "Glass". His performance ended up not being nominated. Bruce Willis's performance was criticized for being nominated in the Worst Supporting Actor category despite it having been a main role.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: The critically panned "Dark Phoenix", despite two nominations for Worst Supporting Actress and Worst Prequel, Remake, Sequel or Rip-off, was criticized for overlooking the film in other categories, such as Worst Picture, Worst Screenplay, and Worst Director for Simon Kinberg in his directorial debut.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: The Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property nominations were also heavily criticized. WhatCulture criticized the nominations, saying that "It feels as though voters just wanted to nominate "Joker" for the enormous social media publicity it would generate, and then shaped a dubious awards category around it. "Dragged Across Concrete" is an even weirder pick, though, both because of its low-budget nature and the fact that there's not that much carnage in it. Michael Bay's "6 Underground" is clearly a far worthier nominee than either of those films, given how much obvious human collateral damage is racked up amid the chaotic action sequences."


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: In June 2019, Comedy Dynamics (a company founded by Brian Volk-Weiss) announced that it would produce the awards ceremony. Also, it was to be broadcast live on a "Comedy Dynamics Network", which would have marked the first time a Golden Raspberry ceremony was watched by public through a live telecast.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: The unusual scheduling of the 92nd Academy Awards (usually held towards the end of February) on February 9 affected the 2020 edition of the Golden Raspberry Awards. The organizers announced the nominees on February 8, 2020, one day prior to the AMPAS event. The organizers later announced that the year's Razzie ceremony would be held on March 14; it would have been the second ceremony held after the Academy Awards, spurning the tradition of announcing the winners on the eve of the Oscars ceremony.


title: 40th Golden Raspberry Awards

text: Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the ceremony was going to go on as scheduled. The organizers later ultimately announced that the ceremony was cancelled, citing bans on mass gatherings that were enacted by local authorities in the wake of the outbreak. The organizers eventually announced winners online on March 16, 2020, through their website and their YouTube channel.


title: Phat kaphrao

text: Phat kaphrao (, ; ), also spelled "pad krapow", "kaprao", is one of the most popular Thai à la carte dishes.


title: Phat kaphrao

text: By some accounts, "phat kaphrao" was included as part of Prime Minister Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram's Thai cultural mandates during WWII. "Phat kaphrao", as well as "pad thai", were one of the promoted dishes in local Thai food contests.


title: Phat kaphrao

text: Some of the first four survivors of the Tham Luang cave rescue asked for "phat kaphrao" as their first proper meal after two weeks of being trapped inside the cave.


title: Phat kaphrao

text: "Phat kaphrao" consists of meat such as pork, chicken, beef, and seafood stir fried with Thai holy basil and garlic. It is served with rice and topped up (optional) with fried eggs or "khai dao" (). The main seasonings are soy sauce, Thai fish sauce, oyster sauce (optional), cane sugar, and bird's eye chili.


title: Phat kaphrao

text: Over time, "phat kaphrao" has evolved with the addition of other ingredients such as Chinese century eggs and Thai local vegetables, namely asparagus beans, baby corns, onions, carrots, cowpeas, banana peppers, mushrooms, Chinese kales, bamboo shoots and coconut shoots. However, adding vegetables in "phat kaphrao" is also seen as an effort to reduce the cost of meat and increase profit margins on the part of food vendors.


title: Jorhat

text: Jorhat ("jor" means twin and "hat" means market) means two hats or mandis - "Masorhaat" and "Sowkihat" which existed on the opposite banks of the Bhugdoi river.


title: Jorhat

text: Jorhat was the last capital of the Ahom Kingdom, as a planned town under royal patronage. It is often spelt as "Jorehaut" during the British reign. In 1794, the Ahom King Gaurinath Singha shifted the capital from Sivasagar, erstwhile Rangpur to Jorhat. Many tanks were built around the capital city by the Ahom royalty such as Rajmao Pukhuri or Borpukhuri, Buragohain Pukhuri, Bolia Gohain Pukhuri, Kotoki Pukhuri and Mitha Pukhuri. This town was a flourishing and commercial metropolis but was destroyed by a series of Burmese invasion of Assam between 1817 and the arrival of the British force in 1824 under the stewardship of David Scott and Captain Richard.


title: Jorhat

text: From the very first decade of the British rule, revolutionaries like Gomdhar Konwar, Dhananjay Borgohain, Jeuram Dihingia Baruah , and Peuli Phukan emerged. The British system of administration came into vogue in the year 1839 with an established Police Thana. During the great Sepoy Mutiny, Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua were publicly hanged here in 1858.


title: Jorhat

text: In 1885, a narrow-gauge railway, Jorehaut Provincial Railway, became operational. In time, this contributed to the rapid growth of the tea industry.


title: Jorhat

text: The municipality covers an area of , has 19 wards with a population of about 1.53 lakhs at present, with for master plan area. The district spreads over and had a population of 870,000 according to a 1991 census. Population density at that time was . The sex ratio is 913 (913 females per 1000 males).


title: Jorhat

text: Jorhat Municipal Board (covering the out growth area) had a population of 1,26,736 as of the 2011 census.


title: Jorhat

text: The average literacy rate of Jorhat in 2011 was 91.39%. Gender-wise, male and female literacy were 93.63% and 88.99% respectively, which is one of the highest in the state. The total literates in Jorhat were 182,600 of which male and female were 96,806 and 85,794 respectively.


title: Jorhat

text: Hindus were 87.49% of the population, while Muslims were 10.50% and Christians 0.62% of the population respectively.


title: Jorhat

text: Assamese is the predominant language and is spoken by 70.08% of the population, while Bengali was spoken by 12.27%. Hindi (11.60%) and Bhojpuri (1.01%) are spoken by migrants from the Gangetic plains, such as traders and labourers. Other small languages in the city include Marwari, Sadri, Santali, Sora and Odia which in total are spoken by 5.04% of the population.


title: Jorhat

text: Jorhat has contributed in the fields of arts, culture and tradition of the contemporary Assamese society. In 1896, Jorhat Theatre was established to perform cultural activities and dramas by some renowned people of the town. The Chandrakanta Handique Bhawan, the headquarters of Asam Sahitya Sabha was established in 1926. Jorhat has produced creative writers, historians and journalists. Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, the first Assamese to win India's highest literature award, the Jnanpith Award, was from Jorhat.


title: Jorhat

text: The daily newspapers which have Jorhat editions include "Dainik Janambhumi", "Amar Asom", "Dainik Agradoot" and "Asomiya Khabar" in Assamese, the "Purbanchal Prohori" in Hindi and "The Telegraph" in English. "The Eastern Clarion" was the first English daily published in the city, but it was ceased. Apart from the dailies, weekly newspapers including "Saptahik Janambhumi" are also published in Jorhat. "City Guide of Jorhat" was the first yellow pages, published in July 1987. The first online yellow pages of "Jorhatmycity" was initiated in January 2013. Jorhat has a radio broadcast station of All India Radio (AIR) located in the outskirts of the city at Garmur.


title: Jorhat

text: The District & Sessions Judge Upper Assam District Jorhat was created on 15 November 1948 and has been made permanent w.e.f the 1 April 1953. The first roll of honor of District & Sessions Judge of Assam Valley, Upper Assam Districts, Jorhat District was Mr. S.K Das, MA, BL. Presently, the territorial jurisdiction of the District is extended over 2(two) sub-divisions namely Majuli Sub-Division and Titabar Sub-Division. Altogether, the District & Sessions Judge and the Chief Judicial Magistrate comprise 15 courts manned by Judicial Officers of various grades. The District & Sessions Judge together with the Chief Judicial Magistrate Court Complex, Jorhat is situated in the heart of the city. The Present District & Sessions Judge as the head of the establishment is Shri Mridul Kumar Kalita. The present Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jorhat, the head of all the Criminal Courts is Sri Vijay Kumar Singh.


title: Jorhat

text: Jorhat Airport (JRH), commonly known as Rowriah Airport, is located at Rowriah, which is within the city itself, approximately from the city centre. The airport has daily flights connectivity operated by IndiGo to Kolkata, New Delhi and Guwahati. It is controlled by the Airports Authority of India.


title: Jorhat

text: The first rail connectivity of Jorhat began in the British era. In 1885, Jorehaut Provincial Railway, a narrow-gauge railway services became operational and it contributed to the growth of the tea industry in Upper Assam.


title: Jorhat

text: Jorhat is served by Jorhat Town railway station which lies on the Furkating-Jorhat-Mariani branch line of Tinsukia railway division. Mariani Junction railway station, the major railway junction of the district is about from Jorhat. It falls in the Lumding-Dibrugarh section and is well connected to all the large cities of the country by long-distance express trains.


title: Jorhat

text: The Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT) of Jorhat is at Kotokipukhuri, Tarajan. It provides connectivity to elsewhere in the state and the Northeast with regular buses from ASTC and private operators. Auto-rickshaws, local cabs and rickshaws are the main mode of public transport within the city.


title: Jorhat

text: The "Neamati multimodal waterways terminal" on Brahmaputra National Waterway 2 in Jorhat district is part of the Bharatmala and Sagarmala projects. There are 19 National Waterways for the Northeast connectivity.


title: Jorhat

text: It has hosted many Ranji Trophy matches. The historic football tournament ATPA Shield held every year in this venue since 1955. Professional football club Jorhat Town Club uses the stadium as their home ground. Apart from cricket and football, facilities of other sports like badminton, tennis, swimming are also available near the stadium.


title: Jorhat

text: Bharatiya Janata Party's Topon Kumar Gogoi the current Member of Parliament serving the 17th Lok Sabha from Jorhat, Assam. While Hitendra Nath Goswami of BJP is the incumbent MLA from Jorhat assembly constituency.


title: James Herbert

text: James John Herbert, OBE (8 April 1943 – 20 March 2013) was an English horror writer. A full-time writer, he also designed his own book covers and publicity. His books have sold 54 million copies worldwide, and have been translated into 34 languages, including Chinese and Russian.


title: James Herbert

text: Born in London, Herbert was the son of Herbert Herbert, a stall-holder at London's Brick Lane Market. He attended a Catholic school in Bethnal Green called Our Lady of the Assumption, then at 11 won a scholarship to St Aloysius Grammar School in Highgate. He left school at 15 and studied at Hornsey College of Art, joining the art department of John Collings, a small advertising agency. He left the agency to join Charles Barker Advertising where he worked as art director and then group head.


title: James Herbert

text: Herbert lived in Woodmancote, near Henfield in West Sussex. He had two brothers: Peter, a retired market trader and John, an insurance broker. Herbert would write his drafts in longhand on "jumbo pads". In 1979 Herbert had to pay damages when it was ruled that he had based part of his novel "The Spear" on the work of another writer, "The Spear of Destiny" by Trevor Ravenscroft. In 2010 Herbert was honoured with the World Horror Convention Grand Master Award, presented to him by Stephen King. Later in the same year, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours, presented by Prince Charles.


title: James Herbert

text: On 20 March 2013, Herbert died suddenly at his home in Sussex at the age of 69. No cause of death was given but a spokeswoman for the publisher said that he had not been ill. He is survived by his wife, Eileen, and three daughters. His estate was valued at £8.3 million.


title: James Herbert

text: His first two books, "The Rats" and "The Fog", were disaster novels with man-eating giant black rats in the first and an accidentally released chemical weapon in the second. The first print run of "The Rats" (100,000 copies) sold out in three weeks. Herbert wrote three sequels to "The Rats": "Lair", which deals with a second outbreak of the mutant black rats, this time in the countryside around Epping Forest rather than in the first book's London slums; in "Domain", a nuclear war means that the rats have become the dominant species in a devastated city; the third sequel, the graphic novel "The City", is an adventure set in the post-nuclear future.


title: James Herbert

text: With his third novel, the ghost story "The Survivor", Herbert used supernatural horror rather than the science fiction horror of his first two books. In "Shrine", he explored his Roman Catholic heritage with the story of an apparent miracle which turns out to be something much more sinister. "Haunted", the story of a sceptical paranormal investigator taunted by malicious ghosts, began life as a screenplay for the BBC, though this was not the screenplay used in the eventual film version. Its sequels were "The Ghosts of Sleath" and "Ash". Others of Herbert's books, such as "Moon", "Sepulchre" and "Portent", are structured as thrillers and include espionage and detective story elements along with the supernatural.


title: James Herbert

text: "The Jonah" is in large part of the story of a police investigation, albeit by a policeman whose life is overshadowed by a supernatural presence. "The Spear" deals with a neo-Nazi cult in Britain and an international conspiracy which includes a right-wing US general and an arms dealer.


title: James Herbert

text: "'48" is an alternative history novel set in 1948 in which the Second World War ended with the release of a devastating plague by the defeated Hitler and, like "The Spear", features British characters who sympathise with the Nazis. "Others" narrates the story of a physically deformed private detective. Herbert had previously tackled the theme of reincarnation in his fourth novel, "Fluke", the fantasy story of a dog who somehow remembers his previous life as a human being. Rumbo, one of the characters from "Fluke" also turns up in "The Magic Cottage". "Once..." includes another reference to the character of Rumbo (along with an in-joke of elven folk having names of reversed titles of Herbert's previous novels; 'Hanoj', 'Niamod', 'Noom', etc.).


title: James Herbert

text: "Nobody True" continues the theme of life after death, being narrated by a ghost whose investigation of his own death results in the destruction of his illusions about his life. Herbert described "Creed" as his "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein". The character Joe Creed is a cynical, sleazy paparazzo who is drawn into a plot involving fed-up and underappreciated monsters.


title: James Herbert

text: The novel "The Secret of Crickley Hall", originally scheduled for release in April 2006, was eventually released in October. A long novel about a haunted country house in England, it examined the relationship between religious zealotry and child abuse. One of the characters in this novel is named after a real person, who won the honour by having the winning bid in the 2004 BBC Radio 2 "Children in Need" Auction. Various biographical and critical pieces by and about Herbert have been collected in "James Herbert: By Horror Haunted", edited by Stephen Jones, and also in "James Herbert – Devil in the Dark", written by Craig Cabell.


title: James Herbert

text: Herbert released a new novel virtually every year from 1974 to 1988, wrote six novels during the 1990s and released three new works in the 2000s. "I am very insecure about being a writer", he stated in the book "Faces of Fear". "I don't understand why I am so successful. And the longer I stay that way, the better it's going to be, because that's what keeps me on the edge, striving if you like."


title: James Herbert

text: Herbert's final novel has an eerie political edge. "Ash" imagines Princess Diana and her secret son as well as Lord Lucan, Colonel Gaddafi and Robert Maxwell living together in a Scottish castle.


title: James Herbert

text: He was the subject of a "This is Your Life" programme in 1995, when he was surprised by Michael Aspel at the London Dungeon.


title: James Herbert

text: "Herbert was by no means literary, but his work had a raw urgency," said Stephen King. "His best novels, "The Rats" and "The Fog", had the effect of Mike Tyson in his championship days: no finesse, all crude power. Those books were best sellers because many readers (including me) were too horrified to put them down."


title: James Herbert

text: "There are few things I would like to do less than lie under a cloudy night sky while someone read aloud the more vivid passages of "Moon,"" Andrew Postman wrote in "The New York Times Book Review." "In the thriller genre, do recommendations come any higher?"


title: Khalil Kain

text: Khalil Kain is an American actor, film producer and rapper best known for his role as Raheem Porter in the 1992 crime thriller film "Juice" and as the second Darnell Wilkes on the UPN/CW sitcom "Girlfriends" (2001–2008). He is also known for his role as Patrick Peet in the 2001 horror film "Bones".