title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: "The Daphne Cockwell Gallery of Canada: First Peoples" provides a look inside the culture of Canada's earliest societies: the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada. The gallery contains more than 1,000 artifacts that help to reveal the economic and social forces that have influenced Native art.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The Royal Ontario Museum holds a major but little-known collection of Northwest Coast native art and artifacts acquired by the Reverend Dr. Richard Whitfield Large at Bella Bella, British Columbia, between 1899 and 1906 known as the "R. W. Large Collection." Although the collection is one of the most important Heiltsuk collections in existence because of its unique documentation, there has never been a comprehensive study of it. Subject of the book "Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art", the collection was also part of the Kaxlaya Gvilas (Heiltsuk) exhibit put together collaboratively with the Heiltsuk Nation and the University of British Columbia.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: There is also a rotating display of contemporary Native art, an area dedicated to the works of pioneer artist Paul Kane and a theatre devoted to traditional storytelling. Just outside this gallery, the central staircase winds around the Nisga'a and Haida Crest Poles.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Sigmund Samuel Gallery of Canada" was located on the Weston Family Wing, displaying collections of early Canadian memorabilia, the majority of which is historical decorative and pictorial arts, but also included a number of historical artifacts among other things. The gallery had approximately 560 artifacts on display and covers the period from early European settlement to the beginning of the modern industrial era. The displays are split up into sections to display the strength and weaknesses of the collections reflect the French and British cultural heritage of Canada. A notable item from the museum's collection that was featured at the "Sigmund Samuel Gallery of Canada" include "The Death of General Wolfe" by Benjamin West. It closed in 2022.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The Chinese Galleries comprise four sections: the "Bishop White Gallery of Chinese Temple Art," the "Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of China," the "Matthews Family Court of Chinese Sculpture" and the "ROM Gallery of Chinese Architecture."


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Bishop White Gallery of Chinese Temple Art" gallery contains three of the world's best-preserved temple wall paintings from the Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1386) and a number of wooden sculptures depicting various bodhisattvas from the 12th to 15th centuries. Chinese temple wall paintings featured in this gallery include the "Homage to the Highest Power," a Daoist wall painting dating to c. 1300 and "Paradise of Maitreya," another Chinese wall temple painting from 1298.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Matthews Family Court of Chinese Sculpture" has a wide variety of sculptures that span 2,000 years of Chinese sculptural art. It also displays a number of smaller objects that explore the development of religions in China from the 3rd to 19th centuries AD. The gallery features several notable items from the museum's collection, including Wei Bin's Temple Bell, a ceremonial bell crafted in 1518, and the , two statues that originate from the Tang dynasty. The gallery also features one of the Yixian glazed pottery luohans, a glazed sculpture that dates to the 11th century AD.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of China" consists of approximately 2,500 objects spanning almost 7,000 years of Chinese history. The gallery is divided into five sections: the "T. T. Tsui Exhibit of Prehistory and Bronze Age"; the "Qin and Han Dynasties"; the "Michael C. K. Lo Exhibition of North, South, Sui and Tang"; "the Song, Yuan and Frontier Dynasties"; and the "Ming and Qing Dynasties." Each section focuses on a different period of Chinese history, displaying objects ranging from jade discs to pieces of furniture.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "ROM Gallery of Chinese Architecture" houses one of the largest collection of Chinese architectural artifacts outside of China and is the first gallery of Chinese architecture in North America. Artifacts held in the gallery include the Tomb of General Zu Dashou. The tomb includes an assortment of related artifacts, including the altar, stone burial mound and archway. The gallery holds some spectacular exhibits such as a reconstruction of an Imperial Palace building from Beijing's Forbidden City and a Ming-era tomb complex. It also holds ink rubbings from Ming-era steles originally located by a synagogue in Kaifeng in Henan province.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Gallery of Korea" is the only permanent gallery of Korean art in Canada, showcasing approximately 260 items from the Korean peninsula. Furniture, ceramics, metalwork, printing technology, painting and decorative arts, dating from the 3rd to 20th centuries AD, illustrate the many accomplishments to Korean culture. The influence of Buddhism on the Korean culture is portrayed with two statues, the first being a Sarira casket, which originated in India and were made to enshrine the remains of a Buddha or enlightened masters and the second of a tomb guardian.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Herman Herzog Levy Gallery" is the primary venue for East Asian exhibitions visiting the museum. The Portrait of Namjar was previously displayed in the gallery, although it was later removed and taken to storage.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The museum also formerly held the "Prince Takamado Gallery of Japan", which contained the largest collection of Japanese artworks in Canada, featuring a rotating display of ukiyo-e prints and the only tea master collection in North America. Notable pieces of Japanese art featured in the "Prince Takamado Gallery of Japan" included "Fan print with two bugaku dancers" and "Unit 88-9." The gallery was split into a number of different sections, each home to the collection of objects that the name suggests: the "Toyota Canada Inc. Exhibit of Ukiyo-e Pictures," the "Sony Exhibit of Painting," the "Canon Canada Inc. Samurai Exhibit," the "Mitsui and Co. Canada Tea Ceremony Exhibit," the "Maple Leaf Foods Exhibit of Lacquers" and the "Linamar Corporation Exhibit of Ceramics." The gallery was named in honour of the late Japanese Prince Takamado (also known as Norihito), who spent several years at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Samuel European Galleries" have over 4,600 objects on display that chronicle the development of decorative and other arts in Europe from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. The period rooms depict the development of decorative arts in Central and Western Europe by showcasing changes in style during the Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical and Victorian periods. Other specialized collections relating to Culture and Context, Judaica, Art Deco and Arms and Armour are also displayed. At the "Samuel European Galleries" is the Earl of Pembroke's Armour. Dating from 1550 to 1570, the armour was crafted for William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke. Another notable piece from the museum's European collection is the Otho tazza. The piece was one of 12 tazzas that made up the Aldobrandini Tazze, a set of Renaissance-era cups that featured the first 12 Roman emperors whose lives are described in "The Twelve Caesars."


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The "Wirth Gallery of the Middle East" explores civilizations from the Palaeolithic Age to 1900 AD found within the Fertile Crescent, which stretches from the Eastern Mediterranean and Persia (Iran) and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant (Lebanon). The over 1,000 artifacts relate to the writing, technology, spirituality, everyday life and warfare of the ancient Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. These Mesopotamian civilizations made major advances in writing, mathematics, law, medicine and religion, which are represented throughout the gallery. Pieces from the museum's collection that are featured at the "Wirth Gallery of the Middle East" include plastered human skulls made in the Levant circa 8000 BC. Another notable piece in the gallery is the Striding Lion, a wall relief from the throne room of Nebuchadnezzar II's palace in Babylon.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: In 2008, ROMCAN was created to make the ROM more accessible to a variety of communities. ROMCAN provides free general admission tickets to participating community and charitable organizations. Each year, thousands of general admission tickets are distributed to these communities. ROMCAN tries to eliminate barriers that might stand between these communities and the museum. Since 2008, ROMCAN developed into a larger community initiative that seeks to enable learning experiences for visitors and organizations. A main goal of the program is to give the museum the power to engage, share and inspire a greater diversity of visitors by trying to break through economic and social barriers. Partners include United Way of Greater Toronto, Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada, the Hospital for Sick Children and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The 2000 novel "Calculating God" by Canadian science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer is mainly set in the ROM. The novel received nominations for both the Hugo and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards in 2001. In the novel "Bugs Potter Live at Nickaninny" by Canadian children's fiction author Gordon Korman, one of the primary characters searching for the lost Naka-mee-chee (fictional) tribe was from the ROM. A large part of "Life Before Man," a novel by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood, takes place in ROM. Three of the four main characters of the novel work there. The museum is described in the novel in great detail, including the dinosaur gallery with its exhibits, contemporary to the time when the novel takes place. The novel was a finalist for the Governor General's Award.


title: Royal Ontario Museum

text: The museum was also filmed in several television shows. It was featured in "Zoboomafoo," an American-Canadian children's television series in the season 1 episode "Dinosaurs", where the Kratt brothers (Chris and Martin) were invited to see the museum's dinosaur bones. The museum appeared as itself in the Canadian police procedural television series "Flashpoint" for an episode of the third season and the Canadian historical detective series "Frankie Drake Mysteries" in the season 2 episode "The Old Switcheroo". The Crystal was featured in the pilot of American science-fiction television series "Fringe" as a company headquarters and the season 2 episode "Shiizakana" of American television series "Hannibal" as a fossil exhibit.


title: Jayabharathi

text: Jayabharathi is an Indian actress. She is a two-time recipient of the Kerala State Film Award for best actress.


title: Jayabharathi

text: Jayabharathi's first leading role was given by director P. Bhaskaran for his movie Kattukurangu in 1969. Later she became one of the most successful Malayalam film actresses and performed with such notable leading men as Prem Nazir, Madhu, Vincent, Jayan, M. G. Soman, Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth. Jayabharathi-MG Soman was a popular on-screen pair of the 1970s and early 1980s. She won the Kerala State Film Awards for her performances in various films in 1972 and "Madhavikutty" in 1973. One of her famous films was "Rathinirvedam", directed by Bharathan, in which she played a woman who fell in love with a boy younger than her.


title: Jayabharathi

text: "Rathinirvedam" is regarded as a landmark in Indian film history. It is one of the most sensuous movies of all time, and is said to have redefined the art of movie making in South India. The extremely erotic scenes performed by Jayabharathi sent heat waves across Kerala. Even when some of the intelligentsia predicted the beginning of a new era of parallel cinema, a major section of Malayalis were on the warpath saying that mainstream Malayalam cinema had degenerated to porn. But in spite of the criticism, Rathinirvedam became one of the biggest box office hits in Kerala's history. It inspires similar productions all over South India, even decades after its release.


title: Jayabharathi

text: After being trained since the age of five under Kalamandalam Natarajan, Rajaram (a student of Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai) and Vazhuvoor Samraj Pillai, Jayabharathi entered films as a teenager. Life revolved around film studios, dance rehearsals and stage performances. The actress is busy these days with her dance school "Aswathi Arts Academy", which she runs from home. She is also starting another one in Coimbatore. In 2003, Jayabharathi performed in nine temples in and around Kerala.


title: Jayabharathi

text: She was born to Malayali parents as Lakshmi Bharathi, to Shivasankaran Pillai and sharada. Malayalam actor Jayan was her first cousin.


title: Derangement

text: In combinatorial mathematics, a derangement is a permutation of the elements of a set, such that no element appears in its original position. In other words, a derangement is a permutation that has no fixed points.


title: Derangement

text: The number of derangements of a set of size "n" is known as the subfactorial of "n" or the "n-"th derangement number or "n-"th de Montmort number. Notations for subfactorials in common use include !"n," "D", "d", or "n"¡.


title: Derangement

text: For "n" > 0, the subfactorial !"n" equals the nearest integer to "n"!/"e," where "n"! denotes the factorial of "n" and "e" is Euler's number.


title: Derangement

text: The problem of counting derangements was first considered by Pierre Raymond de Montmort in 1708; he solved it in 1713, as did Nicholas Bernoulli at about the same time.


title: Derangement

text: Suppose that a professor gave a test to 4 students – A, B, C, and D – and wants to let them grade each other's tests. Of course, no student should grade their own test. How many ways could the professor hand the tests back to the students for grading, such that no student received their own test back? Out of (4!) for handing back the tests,


title: Derangement

text: there are only 9 derangements (shown in blue italics above). In every other permutation of this 4-member set, at least one student gets their own test back (shown in bold red).


title: Derangement

text: Another version of the problem arises when we ask for the number of ways "n" letters, each addressed to a different person, can be placed in "n" pre-addressed envelopes so that no letter appears in the correctly addressed envelope.


title: Derangement

text: Counting derangements of a set amounts to the "hat-check problem", in which one considers the number of ways in which "n" hats (call them "h" through "h") can be returned to "n" people ("P" through "P") such that no hat makes it back to its owner.


title: Derangement

text: Each person may receive any of the "n" − 1 hats that is not their own. Call the hat which the person "P" receives "h" and consider "h"’s owner: "P" receives either "P"'s hat, "h", or some other. Accordingly, the problem splits into two possible cases:


title: Derangement

text: For each of the "n" − 1 hats that "P" may receive, the number of ways that "P", …, "P" may all receive hats is the sum of the counts for the two cases.


title: Derangement

text: This gives us the solution to the hat-check problem: stated algebraically, the number !"n" of derangements of an "n"-element set is


title: Derangement

text: One may derive a non-recursive formula for the number of derangements of an "n"-set, as well. For formula_15 we define formula_16 to be the set of permutations of "n" objects that fix the formula_17-th object. Any intersection of a collection of "i" of these sets fixes a particular set of "i" objects and therefore contains formula_18 permutations. There are formula_19 such collections, so the inclusion–exclusion principle yields


title: Derangement

text: This is the limit of the probability that a randomly selected permutation of a large number of objects is a derangement. The probability converges to this limit extremely quickly as "n" increases, which is why !"n" is the nearest integer to "n"!/"e". The above semi-log graph shows that the derangement graph lags the permutation graph by an almost constant value.


title: Derangement

text: where formula_27 is any fixed positive integer, and formula_28 denotes the formula_17-th Bell number. Moreover, the constant implied by the big O-term does not exceed formula_30.


title: Derangement

text: The problème des rencontres asks how many permutations of a size-"n" set have exactly "k" fixed points.


title: Derangement

text: Derangements are an example of the wider field of constrained permutations. For example, the "ménage problem" asks if "n" opposite-sex couples are seated man-woman-man-woman-... around a table, how many ways can they be seated so that nobody is seated next to his or her partner?


title: Derangement

text: More formally, given sets "A" and "S", and some sets "U" and "V" of surjections "A" → "S", we often wish to know the number of pairs of functions ("f", "g") such that "f" is in "U" and "g" is in "V", and for all "a" in "A", "f"("a") ≠ "g"("a"); in other words, where for each "f" and "g", there exists a derangement φ of "S" such that "f"("a") = φ("g"("a")).


title: Derangement

text: For instance, for a word made of only two different letters, say "n" letters A and "m" letters B, the answer is, of course, 1 or 0 according to whether "n" = "m" or not, for the only way to form an anagram without fixed letters is to exchange all the "A" with "B", which is possible if and only if "n" = "m". In the general case, for a word with "n" letters "X", "n" letters "X", ..., "n" letters "X", it turns out (after a proper use of the inclusion-exclusion formula) that the answer has the form


title: Derangement

text: for a certain sequence of polynomials "P", where "P" has degree "n". But the above answer for the case "r" = 2 gives an orthogonality relation, whence the "P"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s are the Laguerre polynomials (up to a sign that is easily decided).


title: Derangement

text: It is NP-complete to determine whether a given permutation group (described by a given set of permutations that generate it) contains any derangements.


title: Al Mokawloon Al Arab SC

text: Al Mokawloon Al Arab Sporting Club (), shortly known as El Mokawloon locally, is an Egyptian sports club based in Nasr City, Cairo, and owned by the prominent constructional engineer Osman Ahmed Osman. The club was founded in 1973 by the Egyptian engineer, contractor, entrepreneur, and politician Osman Ahmed Osman as the official sporting club for his prominent, regional construction company, the Arab Contractors, arguably the biggest one in the entire Middle East at that time. The club is best known for their football team, which currently plays in the Egyptian Premier League, the highest league in the Egyptian football league system.


title: Al Mokawloon Al Arab SC

text: The club over the years have produced some of the most famous and talented players in Egypt, including Abdel Sattar Sabry, Mohamed Salah, and Mohamed Elneny.


title: Al Mokawloon Al Arab SC

text: The 1983 championship club included Joseph-Antoine Bell ("Cameroon"), Karim Abdul Razak ("Ghana") and Ishmael Dyfan ("Sierra Leone").


title: Calcutta High Court

text: The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It is located in B.B.D. Bagh, Kolkata, West Bengal. It has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The High Court building's design is based on the Cloth Hall, Ypres, in Belgium. It is the oldest high court in India.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: The Calcutta High Court is one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862, and is the oldest High Court in India. It was established as the High Court of Judicature at Fort William on 1 July 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861, which was preceded by the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William. The building structure was designed by Walter Long Bozzi Granville.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: Despite the name of the city having officially changed from Calcutta to Kolkata in 2001, the Court, as an institution retained the old name. The bill to rename it as Kolkata High Court was approved by the Union Cabinet on 5 July 2016 along with the renaming of its two other counterparts in Chennai and Mumbai. The Bill called High Courts (Alternation of Names) Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 July 2016 and is yet to be passed by both Houses of Parliament. Hence, the High Court still retains the old name.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: The seat of the Calcutta High Court is at Kolkata, capital of West Bengal. As per the Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act, 1953, the Calcutta High Court's jurisdiction was extended to cover Chandernagore (now called Chandannagar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as of 2 May 1950. The Calcutta High Court extended its Circuit Bench in Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and in Jalpaiguri, the divisional headquarters of the North Bengal region. On 7 February 2019, President Ram Nath Kovind finalised the opening of the other circuit bench in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal with the jurisdiction area within 5 districts- Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: Sir Barnes Peacock was the first Chief Justice of the High Court. He assumed the charge when the court was founded on 1 July 1862. Justice Romesh Chandra Mitra was the first Indian officiating Chief Justice and Justice Phani Bhushan Chakravartti was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of the court. The longest-serving Chief Justice was Justice Sankar Prasad Mitra.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: "For Chief Justices of the previous Supreme Court of Bengal see Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William."


title: Calcutta High Court

text: The neo-Gothic High Court building was constructed in 1872, ten years after the establishment of the court itself.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: The design, by then government architect Walter Granville, was loosely modelled on the 13th-century Cloth Hall at Ypres, Belgium.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: In 1977 another building named High Court Centenary Building or annexed building was inaugurated to reduce the pressure.


title: Calcutta High Court

text: Eden Gardens railway station is the nearest railway station, which is 650 meters away from the court. Esplanade metro station, the nearest rapid rail transit is 1.3 km away.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Ottis Dewey Whitman Jr. (January 20, 1923 – June 19, 2013), known as Slim Whitman, was an American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist known for his yodeling abilities and his use of falsetto. He claimed he had sold in excess of 120 million records, although the recorded sales figures give 70 million, during a career that spanned over seven decades, and consisted of a prolific output of over 100 albums and around 500 recorded songs, that not only consisted of country music, but also of contemporary gospel, Broadway show tunes, love songs and standards. In the 1950s, Whitman toured with Elvis Presley as the opening act.


title: Slim Whitman

text: In the 1990s and 2000s, a new generation was exposed to Whitman through his songs featured in the film "Mars Attacks!". His "Indian Love Call" (listened to by the elderly character played by veteran actress Sylvia Sidney) would kill the invading Martians by causing their heads to explode every time the record was played. This proves the key to defeating the otherwise seemingly invincible invaders. Whitman's rendition of "I Remember You" was heard in Rob Zombie's "House of 1000 Corpses".


title: Slim Whitman

text: Ottis Dewey Whitman Jr. was born in the Oak Park neighborhood of Tampa, Florida, on January 20, 1923, one of six siblings, born to Ottis Dewey Whitman (1896–1961) and Lucy Whitman ( Mahon; 1903–1987).


title: Slim Whitman

text: Growing up, he liked the country music of Jimmie Rodgers and the songs of Gene Autry, but he did not embark on a musical career of his own until the end of World War II, after he had served in the South Pacific with the United States Navy. While aboard ship he would sing and entertain members aboard. This resulted in the captain blocking his transfer to another ship—hence saving his life, as the other ship later sank with all hands lost. Whitman's early ambitions were to become either a boxer or a professional baseball player.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Whitman was a self-taught left-handed guitarist, although he was right-handed. He had lost almost all of the second finger on his left hand in an accident while working at a meat packing plant. He worked odd jobs at a Tampa shipyard while developing a musical career, eventually performing with bands such as the Variety Rhythm Boys and the Light Crust Doughboys. He was briefly nicknamed The Smiling Starduster after a stint with a group called The Stardusters. Whitman's first big break came when talent manager "Colonel" Tom Parker heard him singing on the radio and offered to represent him. After signing with RCA Records, he was billed as "the cowboy singer Slim Whitman", after Canadian singer Wilf Carter, who was known in the United States as Montana Slim. Whitman released his first single in 1948, "I'm Casting My Lasso Towards The Sky", complete with yodel. He toured and sang in a variety of venues, including the radio show "Louisiana Hayride".


title: Slim Whitman

text: At first he was unable to make a living from music, and kept a part-time job at a post office. That changed in the early 1950s after he recorded a version of the Bob Nolan hit "Love Song of the Waterfall", which made it into the country music top ten. His next single, "Indian Love Call", taken from the light operetta "Rose-Marie", was even more successful, reaching number two in the country music charts and appearing in the US pop music chart's top ten.


title: Slim Whitman

text: A yodeller, Whitman avoided country music's "down on yer luck, buried in booze" songs, preferring instead to sing laid-back romantic melodies about simple life and love. Critics dubbed his style "countrypolitan", owing to its fusion of country music and a more sophisticated crooning vocal style. Although he recorded many country and western tunes, including hits "Tumbling Tumbleweeds", "Singing Hills", and "The Cattle Call", love and romance songs like "Serenade", "Something Beautiful (to remember)", and "Keep It a Secret" figured prominently in his repertoire.


title: Slim Whitman

text: In 1955, he would have a No. 1 hit on the pop music charts in the United Kingdom with the theme song to the operetta "Rose Marie". With nineteen weeks in the charts and eleven weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, the song set a record that lasted for 36 years. In 1956 he became the first-ever country music singer to perform at the London Palladium. Soon after, Whitman was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, and in 1957, along with other musical stars, he appeared in the film musical "Jamboree". Despite this exposure, he never achieved the level of stardom in the United States that he did in Britain, where he had a number of other hits during the 1950s.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Throughout the early 1970s, he continued to record and was a guest on Wolfman Jack's television show "The Midnight Special". At the time, Whitman's recording efforts were yielding only minor hits in the US. The mid-1970s were a successful time for Whitman in the UK Albums Chart. In 1976, a compilation album, "The Very Best of Slim Whitman", was number one for six weeks, staying seventeen weeks on the chart. Another number one album followed in 1977 with "Red River Valley": four weeks at number one and fourteen weeks on the chart. Later the same year his album "Home on the Range" made number 2 on the chart and accumulated a chart stay of 13 weeks.


title: Slim Whitman

text: In 1979, Whitman produced a TV commercial to support Suffolk Marketing's release of a greatest hits compilation titled "All My Best", which went on to be the second best-selling TV-marketed record in music history (behind Peter Lemongello’s “Love ‘76” album 3 years earlier), with almost 1.5 million units sold. "Just For You", also under the Suffolk umbrella, followed in 1980, with a commercial that said Whitman, "was number one in England longer than Elvis and The Beatles." "The Best" followed in 1982, with Whitman concluding his TV marketing with "Best Loved Favorites" in 1989 and "20 Precious Memories" in 1991. "Twilight on the Trail", his final release, appeared in 2010, 55 years after his first.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Slim was voted Best International Male Vocalist at The International Country Music Awards in 1976, 1977, 1978 & 1979.


title: Slim Whitman

text: The TV albums briefly made Whitman a household name in America for the first time in his career, resulting in everything from a first-time appearance on "The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson" to Whitman being parodied in a comic skit on SCTV with him (played by Joe Flaherty) starring in the Che-like male lead in an Evita-like Broadway musical on the life of Indira Gandhi. More importantly, the TV albums gave him a brief resurgence in mainstream country music with new album releases on major labels and a few new singles on the country charts. During this time he toured Europe and Australia with moderate success.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Although once known as "America's Favorite Folk Singer", he was consistently more popular throughout Europe, and in particular the United Kingdom, than in his native America, especially with his covers of pop standards, film songs, love songs, folk tunes, and melodic gospel hymns.


title: Slim Whitman

text: His 1955 hit single "Rose Marie" spent 11 weeks at #1 on the UK Singles Chart and held the Guinness World Record for the longest consecutive number of weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart for 36 years until Bryan Adams broke the record in 1991 and was listed in British Hit Singles & Albums. In the US, his "Indian Love Call" (1952) and a reworking of the Doris Day hit "Secret Love" (1953) both reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" country chart.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Whitman had a string of top ten hits from the mid-1960s and into the 1970s and became known to a new generation of fans through television direct marketing in the 1980s. Throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century, he continued to tour extensively around the world and after several years of non-studio recording, produced a new album (his final recording), "Twilight", on the Trail released in 2010.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Whitman released his last album under contract, "Angeline" in 1984, after which he continued to tour & with his last U.K. performance being at Norwich in October 2002 & in the U.S. in September or October 2003. He released additional albums in 1988 "Magic Moments", 1989 "Best Loved Favourites", 1993 "20 Precious Memories", and 1998 "The Legendary Slim Whitman Traditional Country".


title: Slim Whitman

text: In 2010, after 8 years in production, Whitman released the album "Twilight on the Trail". He was 87 years old at the time of its release. The album featured western standards such as Gene Autry's hit "Back in the Saddle Again", and the television theme song for "The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show".


title: Slim Whitman

text: "Twilight on the Trail" was produced by his son, Byron Whitman, and featured many well-known session musicians, including long-time band member Harold Bradley.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Whitman was married to Alma Geraldine "Jerry" Crist for 67 years until her death in 2009. Jerry was born in Kansas, the daughter of church minister, A.D. Crist. She was a songwriter and embroiderer. The couple had two children, a daughter (Sharron, later Mrs. Beagle, born 1942), and a son (Byron Keith Whitman, born 1957). They also had two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Byron is a performer and music producer, has released a number of recordings, and toured and recorded with his father on numerous occasions.


title: Slim Whitman

text: From 1957 until his death, Whitman lived at his estate, Woodpecker Paradise, in Middleburg, a city located south of Orange Park, Florida, in Clay County. The biography "Mr. Songman: The Slim Whitman Story" by Kenneth L. Gibble was published in 1982.


title: Slim Whitman

text: On January 20, 2008, on what was, coincidentally, Whitman's 85th birthday, a premature obituary believed to have been started by an erroneous report was published by the "Nashville Tennessean" newspaper and later picked up virally on the newspaper's website.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Slim Whitman died of heart failure on June 19, 2013, at age 90, surrounded by family at Orange Park Medical Center in Orange Park, Florida. He is buried in the Middleburg Methodist Church Cemetery, Middleburg, Florida, next to his wife, Jerry, who died in 2009.


title: Slim Whitman

text: For his contribution to the recording industry, Slim Whitman was given the accolade of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1709 Vine Street.


title: Slim Whitman

text: Beatle George Harrison cited Whitman as an early influence: "The first person I ever saw playing a guitar was Slim Whitman, either a photo of him in a magazine or live on television. Guitars were definitely coming in." When a young Paul McCartney purchased his first guitar, the left-handed musician was unsure how to play an instrument that was manufactured and strung for a right-handed player. It was not until McCartney saw a picture of Whitman playing left-handed that he re-strung his guitar so that he too could play left-handed. American pop singer Michael Jackson cited Whitman as one of his ten favorite vocalists.


title: Slim Whitman

text: The 1996 film "Mars Attacks!" features Whitman's rendition of "Indian Love Call" as a weapon against Martian invaders (the song causes the Martians' heads to explode). In 2003, Rob Zombie used Whitman's version of "I Remember You" in his movie directorial debut in "House of 1000 Corpses".


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian Navy () is the navy branch of the Romanian Armed Forces; it operates in the Black Sea and on the Danube. It traces its history back to 1860.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian Navy was founded in 1860 as a river flotilla on the Danube. After the unification of Wallachia and Moldavia, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the ruling Domnitor of the Romanian Principalities, decided on 22 October 1860 by order no. 173 to unify the navies into a single flotilla. The navy was French-trained and organized. Officers were initially sent to Brest Naval Training Centre in France, as the Military School in Bucharest did not have a naval section. The first Commander-in-chief of the navy was Colonel . The base was first established in 1861 at Izmail, but it was later relocated in 1864 to Brăila and in 1867 to Galați. The equipment was modest at best, with 3 ships from Wallachia and 3 from Moldavia, manned by 275 sailors. The main goal of the navy was to organize, train and expand this small force.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The first seamen's training school was established in 1872 at Galați for officers, petty officers and sailors. The first acquisition of the Romanian Navy was the steamboat ""Prințul Nicolae Conache Vogoride"". The ship was purchased in 1861 and was later transformed into a warship at Meyer naval shipyard in Linz, being christened ""România"" when it was launched at Galați harbor. In 1867, the royal yacht ""Ștefan cel Mare"" (Stephen the Great) entered service. In October 1873, the "Fulgerul" gunboat, ordered by the Romanian state as the first purpose-built warship in the history of the Romanian Navy, was finished at the Toulon shipyard in France. However, the ship was unarmed, so she would be allowed passage through the Turkish straits. After arriving in Romania in April 1874, she was fitted with a Krupp cannon in a mild steel turret at the Galați shipyard. The next ship to enter service with the Romanian Navy was the spar torpedo boat in 1875. These ships represented the Romanian Flotilla during the War of Independence.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: During the War of Independence, the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish war, the Romanian Navy sailed under the Russian flag. The main task of the Romanian Flotilla Corps was to transport Russian troops, equipment and supplies across the Danube and to protect the bridges across the river by using mine barrages in key points. The main success of the war was the sinking of the Turkish river monitor ""Seyfî"" near Măcin by a group of spar torpedo boats including ""Rândunica"" and the Russian "Carevitch" and "Ksenya" crafts. Another notable success was the sinking of the Turkish river monitor ""Podgoriçe"" (Podgorica) by the Romanian coastal artillery on 7 November 1877.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: After the war, the navy transported the Romanian troops back across the Danube. The small but successful navy had demonstrated the need for a strong Danube flotilla in order to secure the southern border of Romania. Three rearmament plans were implemented: during 1883–1885, 1886–1888 and 1906–1908. These plans mainly concentrated on the Danube flotilla. In 1898, the "Flotilla Corps", as it was known until then, was organized in two sections: the Danube fleet and the Black Sea fleet. The riverine base was at Galați, while the maritime base was at Constanța, which was by then part of Romania.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian Black Sea Fleet was founded in the summer of 1890, 10 years after Romania acquired its first sea-going warship: the gunboat . The newly-created division consisted of the small protected cruiser , the training ship , the three "Smeul"-class torpedo boats, and the forementioned "Grivița".


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: On 2 July 1905, during the mutiny of the , the Romanian protected cruiser engaged the as the latter was trying to sneak into the Romanian port of Constanța. "Elisabeta" fired two warning shots, first a blank charge then an explosive charge, forcing the torpedo boat to retreat. Later that day, "Potemkin" and "Ismail" left Romanian waters. During the night of 7 July, however, "Potemkin" returned to the Romanian port, this time agreeing to surrender to the Romanian authorities in exchange for the latter giving asylum to the crew. On the noon of 8 July, Captain Negru, the commander of the port, came aboard the "Potemkin" and hoisted the Romanian flag before allowing the warship to enter the inner harbor. On 10 July, after negotiations with the Romanian Government, "Potemkin" was handed over to Imperial Russian authorities and taken to Sevastopol.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: After the War of Independence, two naval rearmament programs were proposed for the Black Sea flotilla. The 1899 program called for six coastal battleships, four destroyers and twelve torpedo boats. None of these ships were ever built, while the battleship "Potemkin" was returned 1 day after being acquired. The 1912 naval program envisioned six 3,500-ton light cruisers, twelve 1,500-ton destroyers and a submarine. Four destroyers (and allegedly a submarine) were actually ordered from Italy but were not delivered, as the Italian Navy requisitioned them in 1914. Three 340-ton coastal submarines were ordered from France in early 1917, but these were also requisitioned at the end of the year and completed for the French Navy as the "O'Byrne" class. The largest Romanian Black Sea ship was the old cruiser , laid down in 1888. The protected cruiser had guarded the mouths of the river Danube during the Second Balkan War, but she was disarmed when World War I began. Her armament was emplaced on the bank of the Danube River to protect against possible attacks by Austro-Hungarian river monitors, and she remained in Sulina for the duration of the war. The Romanian Black Sea squadron also had four old gunboats from the 1880s, which were of limited value, and three old "Năluca"-class torpedo boats, built in France. The Romanian Navy had to rely on the armed merchant ships of the state merchant marine, known as SMR ("Serviciul Maritim Român"). The steam liners "Regele Carol I", "România", "Împăratul Traian" and "Dacia" were converted into auxiliary cruisers.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Danube Flotilla was more modern, and consisted of four river monitors ("Lascăr Catargiu", , "Ion C. Brătianu" and "Alexandru Lahovari") and eight British-built torpedo boats. The four river monitors were built in 1907 at Galați. They were armed with three 12-cm cannons each. In 1918, "Mihail Kogălniceanu" was converted to a sea-going monitor. The British torpedo boats of the "Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan" class were built during 1906–1907 and weighed 50 tons each. There were also approximately six older gunboats used for border patrol and as minelayers, and other auxiliary ships used for transport or supply. The Romanian Navy had a secondary role during World War I and only had light losses. The river monitors participated in the defense of Turtucaia and later secured the flank of the Romanian and Russian defenders in Dobruja. The main success of the war was the mining of an Austro-Hungarian river monitor.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: Following the end of World War I, the Kingdom of Romania took possession of three Austro-Hungarian river monitors (renamed after the newly incorporated territories of "Ardeal", "Basarabia" and "Bucovina"), and in 1921 purchased four Italian patrol boats. These ships, together with the ones already in service, made Romania's Danube flotilla the most powerful riverine fleet in the world until World War II.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The main focus of the Romanian Navy during the interwar period was the Black Sea fleet. In 1920, two of the initial four "Aquila"-class scout cruisers (officially designated as destroyers) ordered from Italy were received. These were renamed and . Four gunboats were purchased from the French Navy: "Stihi", "Dumitrescu", "Lepri" and . Another gunboat of the same class was bought for spares. Seven torpedo boats were received as war reparations from Austria-Hungary. The torpedo boat "Fulgerul" however was lost during the trip to Romania when she capsized and sank in the Bosphorus in 1922. , and , three of these old torpedo boats, will later see service in World War II. In 1926, two additional destroyers were ordered from Italy: "Regele Ferdinand" and "Regina Maria" of the Regele Ferdinand class destroyer, together with the Romanian Navy's first submarine, , and the submarine tender . These ships were commissioned between 1930 and 1936.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The expansion of the Romanian Navy during the interwar period required more training facilities and ships. The first step towards this issue was taken in 1920, when a naval college was founded at Constanța. In 1938, the sail ship "Mircea" was built in Hamburg by the Blohm & Voss shipyard as a training vessel for the Romanian Navy. The SMR ("Serviciul Maritim Român", the Romanian state merchant marine) was also endowed with a number of new ships: the steamer "Oituz", the ex-German freighters "Ardeal", "Peleș", "Alba Iulia" and "Suceava" (all of them commissioned between 1932 and 1933), the passenger liners "Basarabia" and "Transilvania" (bought from Germany in 1938) and four new freighters from Italy just before the start of the Second World War: "Balcic", "Cavarna", "Mangalia" and "Sulina". In 1940, the SMR had 17 merchant ships with a total of over 72,000 tons of shipping.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: In 1937, a new rearmament program was proposed. The new plan envisioned a cruiser, four small destroyers, three submarines, two minelayers and ten motor torpedo boats. These warships were to be built locally at the Galați shipyard, where a new dry dock was developed.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The anti-aircraft escort minelayer was laid down at the Galați shipyard in August 1938, launched in June 1939 and commissioned during the first half of 1941. She replaced the planned cruiser as the largest warship yielded by the 1937 program. She was employed in minelaying operations as well as convoy escort missions. Her main armament consisted of 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval guns, much like the German anti-aircraft cruisers and . Her sister ship, "Cetatea Albă", was laid down in 1939, but abandoned at an early stage. Her construction was transferred to Germany and in 1940 she was completed by the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg. "Cetatea Albă" had the same standard displacement and top speed as her sister. It is not known, however, if her armament consisted of more than two 102 mm dual-purpose main guns, two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns and 135 mines. "Cetatea Albă" was likely never commissioned.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The four planned destroyers were replaced by four German M-class minesweepers. These were built locally from German materials in 1943. They were 500-ton vessels armed each with two 88 mm main guns, five anti-aircraft guns (two 37 mm and three 20 mm) and two depth-charge throwers.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: Two of the three planned submarines were laid down at the Galați shipyard in 1938, launched in May 1941 and commissioned in May 1943. The first one was , a 620-ton attack submarine armed with one 105 mm deck gun, one 37 mm anti-aircraft gun and six 533 mm torpedo tubes (4 bow and 2 stern). Her smaller sister ship, "Rechinul", was a 585-ton minelaying submarine armed with one 20 mm anti-aircraft gun, four 533 mm torpedo tubes and 40 mines. The third planned submarine was replaced by five Italian CB midget submarines, commissioned in late 1943. The two minelayers were acquired in 1941.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: Three of the ten planned motor torpedo boats were built by Vospers in the United Kingdom and acquired in 1940. They were named "Viforul", and "Vijelia". Six more MTBs, of the Power type, were built locally as the class. They were laid down in 1939 and commissioned in 1943. The planned number of MTBs was exceeded in August 1943, when seven Italian MAS were also commissioned. These were followed by four 65-ton German S-boats in August 1944, each armed with two 500 mm torpedo tubes.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: In 1941, The Royal Romanian Navy had four destroyers ("Mărășești", "Mărăști", "Regele Ferdinand" and "Regina Maria"), one submarine ("Delfinul"), two minelayers ("Amiral Murgescu" and "Cetatea Albă", also employed as a destroyer escorts), three auxiliary minelayers, three motor torpedo boats ("Viforul", "Vijelia", and ), three gunboats, fifteen small auxiliary vessels and twenty seaplanes.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: "Mărăști" had a cracked shaft and could not exceed the speed of 24 knots. As a result, "Mărăști" never ventured far from the coast. "Delfinul", the only Axis submarine present in the Black Sea in 1941, was obsolete and mechanically unreliable. By comparison, the Soviet Black Sea Fleet had a battleship, three medium cruisers, three light cruisers, three flotilla leaders, eight modern destroyers, five old destroyers, two large torpedo boats, 47 submarines and many other auxiliary and small vessels. The overwhelming superiority of the Soviet Navy forced the Royal Romanian Navy to conduct mainly defensive operations throughout the entire war and its warships rarely hazarded further east than Cape Sarych.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The two "Regele Ferdinand"-class destroyers were the most powerful surface units available to the Axis powers during the naval war in the Black Sea but were mostly used for convoy escort. The Romanian-built minelayer/destroyer escort "Amiral Murgescu" and the three auxiliary minelayers of the Romanian Navy played an important role in the defence of Constanța in 1941 and later in securing the merchant convoy routes to the Bosphorus and the supply routes to Odessa and Sevastopol. Mines were the main cause of Soviet submarine losses in the Black Sea naval war. Wartime additions to the fleet included 3 KFK naval trawlers and 3 landing craft of the MFP type.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Royal Romanian Navy was involved in the evacuation of Axis forces from Crimea in 1944. The Romanian naval commander, Rear Admiral Horia Macellariu, was awarded the German Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after "Operation 60,000", the contingency plan for the evacuation of Crimea. Until King Michael's Coup, the Romanian Navy retreated behind the protection of the coastal mine barrages and anti-aircraft defences of Constanța as the Soviet Air Force began to launch heavy air attacks. On the capitulation of Romania in August 1944, the German warships were ordered to leave Romanian harbours. However, when the Soviet minesweeper "T-410 Vzryv", accompanied by "Amiral Murgescu", was sunk by a German submarine, the Soviet Navy accused the Royal Romanian Navy of betrayal and seized all vessels using this excuse on 5 September 1944. By this late stage of the war, only one destroyer ("Regina Maria"), one leader ("Mărășești"), two gunboats ("Dumitrescu" and "Ghiculescu"), one minelayer ("Amiral Murgescu") and three motor torpedo boats were still operational. The rest of the warships were in repairs after the evacuation of Crimea and the Soviet air attacks of the preceding couple of months or had been relegated to training duties. The Soviet Navy moved all Romanian warships to Caucasian ports. They were not returned until after the war. The older vessels were received in September 1945, while the more modern ones (such as the "Regele Ferdinand class") were kept by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet until the early 1950s. A number of warships were never returned.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The largest Romanian warship loss of the entire war was the accidental sinking of the gunboat "Lepri". The gunboat ran into a Romanian mine laid by the minelayer "Aurora" near Sulina in January 1941, when hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Axis had not begun. While the Royal Romanian Navy had light losses throughout the war, the state merchant navy was practically non-existent by late 1944: every ship of the "SMR" was sunk or damaged by the Soviet Navy and Air Force because of the light Romanian and German forces in the Black Sea that were unable to provide adequate protection.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The following is a list of battles and operations of the World War II Black Sea Campaign involving the Romanian Navy:


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian Naval Forces were reorganized during the Soviet occupation of Romania as the Romanian People's Navy. Under the Romanian People’s Navy, the "Nava Majestăţii Sale" (NMS) designation (or “His/Her Majesty's Ship”) that is given to each ship under Romanian Royal Navy was abolished.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: Romanian naval forces in the Black Sea consisted of four destroyers, four torpedo boats, eight submarines, three minelayers, one submarine tender, three gunboats and one training ship.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian Navy is organized in one Frigate Flotilla and one Riverine Flotilla. Equipment includes two Type 22 frigates, one "Mărășești" class frigate, four corvettes (two Tetal-I and two Tetal-II), three Tarantul-I missile corvettes, three Osa class torpedo boats, one minelayer, four minesweepers, three "Mihail Kogălniceanu" class river patrol monitors, five Smârdan-class river monitors and other small craft and auxiliary ships.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: As of 2015, ca. 7,150 men and women serve in the Romanian Navy. The main base of the Romanian Navy is located at Constanţa. The current chief of the Romanian Navy is Rear Admiral Mihai Panait, appointed on 15 August 2020. The Commander of the Romanian Fleet is Rear Admiral Ioan Condur, and the Commander of the River Flotilla is Rear Admiral Cornel Rogozan.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian Naval Forces ordered three IAR 330 Puma Naval helicopters, with the last one being commissioned in December 2008. The helicopters are of a similar configuration to those of the Romanian Air Force, including the SOCAT upgrade package; the Navy Pumas also have flotation gear fitted under the nose and main undercarriage fairings. They are currently operated from Navy frigates for search and rescue, medevac and maritime surveillance missions.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The 307th Marine Battalion () is the coastal defence unit of the Romanian Navy. The unit was formed in the mid 1970s for the defence of the Danube Delta and Romanian Black Sea shore. It was initially located at 2 Mai village near Mangalia, but since 1975 the Marine Battalion was moved to Babadag, Tulcea County. "The 307 Marine Battalion is destined to carry out military operations in an amphibious river and lagoon environment, the security of objectives in the coastal area, the Danube Delta and the support of local authorities in case of a civil emergency." Its base is near the largest military training range in Romania.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The battalion is organized into infantry, reconnaissance, sniper, mortars, anti-tank artillery, engineers, communications, logistic and naval support units. Standard equipment includes PA md. 86 assault rifles, PM md. 64 light machine guns, Md. 66 machine guns, 60/82/120 mm mortars, AG-7 and AG-9 launchers, 76 mm Md. 82 mountain howitzers, 13 ABC-79M and 3 TABC-79M armoured personnel carriers. The 307th Marine Battalion was involved in military exercises with similar troops from United States, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Ukraine that were organized locally or abroad. Also, two companies from this unit have participated in the KFOR mission "Joint Enterprise" in 2008–09.


title: Romanian Naval Forces

text: The Romanian government plans to acquire new vessels to modernize the Romanian Naval Forces. This plan includes:


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Roots: The Next Generations is an American television miniseries based on the last seven chapters of Alex Haley's 1976 novel "". First aired on ABC in February 1979, it is a sequel to the 1977 "Roots" miniseries, tracing the lives of Kunta Kinte's descendants in Henning, Tennessee from 1882 to 1967.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: "Roots: The Next Generations" was produced with a budget of $16.6 million, nearly three times as large as that of the original. The screenplay was written by Ernest Kinoy.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: The story resumes in 1882, 12 years after the arrival of "Chicken George" Moore (Avon Long) and his family in Henning, in West Tennessee. George, elderly and showing his age, moves in with Tom Harvey (Georg Stanford Brown), one of his sons, along with Tom’s wife, Irene (Lynne Moody), and their two daughters, Elizabeth and Cynthia. Tom, a great-grandson of Kunta Kinte, has become a leader of the black community in Henning. Although he has established a working relationship with the town's white leader, Col. Frederick Warner (Henry Fonda), a former officer in the Confederate Army, race relations are strained, due in part to the new Jim Crow laws and similar influences.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Col. Warner's younger son, Jim (Richard Thomas), meets Carrie Barden (Fay Hauser), a young African-American schoolteacher and a graduate of Fisk University, a black school in Nashville (the capital of the state and in Middle Tennessee). Tom has taken the lead in hiring Carrie for the local school for the black children. Col. Warner disapproves of the relationship between Jim and Carrie, so he seeks to persuade Tom to fire Carrie or to close the school.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: After an argument between Tom and his older daughter, Elizabeth (Debbi Morgan), about his refusal to accept her suitor, John Dolan (Brian Stokes Mitchell), because he is half white, (although Irene reminds Tom that his father Chicken George is also half-white, and Tom himself is a quarter white) Tom decides to allow Carrie to continue teaching. Jim and Carrie marry in Memphis.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Col. Warner disinherits Jim (by removing him from his will), but he says that he will ensure that no harm comes to the couple from the hoodlum white element of the town. Jim, with his new bride, receives a warm welcome to the local black church.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: A year later, Chicken George dies in 1883 at age 83 (note in "Roots", George is said to have been born in 1806, which would make him 77), and the family bury his body beside that of his wife, Mathilda "Tildy", who died in 1875 at age 76.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In August 1896, 13 years later, Elizabeth, Tom's older daughter, arrives from Kansas City, Missouri, for an extended visit, amid tension between Tom and Elizabeth, due to Tom's rejection of her suitor years before.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Cynthia "Cinthy" (Bever-Leigh Banfield), Tom's younger daughter, meets Will Palmer (Stan Shaw), a hard-working young man; after a properly supervised courtship the couple marry in their church.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Andrew Warner (Marc Singer), an unemployed playboy and the older son of Col. Warner, becomes interested in politics, and he eventually opposes his father in the public arena.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While Will works for Bob Campbell (Harry Morgan) at his lumberyard, he does so in such an enthusiastic, industrious, and effective way that he attracts the attention of both Col. Warner and T.J. Calloway (John Carter), the local banker. Because of Campbell's increasing problems with alcohol and his decreasing attention to his business, and after Campbell's default on his loan from the bank, Calloway forecloses, takes over the lumberyard, sells it to Will, and finances his purchase. Thus the R. Campbell Lumber Company becomes the W.E. Palmer Lumber Company.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: By this time Jim and Carrie already have a son, named Frank "Frankie" (Marcus Chong), and they live peacefully and happily in the black community of Henning.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: However, in the atmosphere of the growing anti-black attitudes in the South during the 1890s, racial tension increases in Henning too, as several incidents demonstrate. For example, Tom suddenly becomes turned away when he again applies to register to vote, and he forcefully insists that every time since the Civil War he has voted without interference, in both Alamance County, North Carolina, and in Lauderdale County, Tennessee.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Will and Cinthy rejoice over the birth of their daughter, Bertha George, named in part in honor of Chicken George, one of her great-grandfathers.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: By September 1914, after 17 more years, telephones, electricity, and automobiles have arrived in Henning, both the town and Will Palmer's lumber company have grown, both Tom and Irene Harvey have died, as has Mrs. Warner, and Andrew Warner, the colonel's older son, now serves as a member of the US House of Representatives.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Dr. Frank Warner (E. Lamont Johnson), the son of Jim and Carrie Warner, has completed undergraduate college, medical school, an internship, and a residency, and he's about to start his medical practice. Cinthy calls him "the first colored doctor in the county".


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Will and Cynthia send their daughter Bertha (Irene Cara) to Lane College, a black school in Jackson, Tennessee.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Col. Warner, frail and confused, collapses on a street while Jim, Carrie, and Frank are present nearby. They rush to him, and Frank starts to treat him. However, Earl Crowther (Paul Koslo), the Warner chauffeur, and a gang of rednecks take charge, ignore both Jim and Frank and nudge them aside, and insult Frank, who predicts that the colonel will die before they get him to the white physician. He does indeed die.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: At the college, Bertha meets and soon falls in love with Simon Alexander Haley (Dorian Harewood), a waiter in the dining room and a son of a sharecropper, who lives and works near Savannah, Hardin County, Tennessee, about 116 miles due east of Memphis. Simon, who greatly admires Booker T. Washington, quotes to Bertha from his writings, including these words: "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges to come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than artificial forcing". Referring to Washington, Simon says, "I have formed my life in his image".


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) resurges in Henning. They burn a cross, hold a parade, and burn down the clothing store of a Jewish merchant, Mr. Goldstein (Jiří Voskovec), who has moved to Henning from Chicago, Illinois, and who returns there.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Simon leaves Lane College, and he has made plans to continue his education at the Agricultural and Technical (A&T) College of North Carolina (which later becomes renamed as the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical (A&T) State University), in Greensboro, North Carolina. He has applied to enroll in the school and has arranged to work on the campus to pay for his room and board.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: His father, Alec Haley (Hal Williams) has promised him $50 to pay for his tuition, but now he tells him that he cannot keep his promise because of the recent poor crops due to floods and boll weevils. To avoid becoming an indebted sharecropper himself, Simon works the summer as a railway porter for the Pullman Company. He works with an older porter, Dad Jones (Ossie Davis), who becomes his fatherly friend and—in one instance with another porter—his protector.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: During one trip, Simon meets and talks with a kindly and wealthy passenger, R.S.M. Boyce (James Daly), an executive of the Curtis Publishing Company, the publisher of "The Saturday Evening Post" and several other well-known magazines. They discuss Simon's plans and difficulties. When Boyce steps off the train, he hands to Simon a generous tip and one of his business cards, inviting him to inform him of his progress. When Simon leaves his position to return to school, he learns that Dad was fired for discussing unionization of the porters with a labor spy. When Simon arrives at the college, he learns that Boyce has already paid for the coming year in full for his textbooks, tuition, and room and board.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Simon and Bertha continue to keep in touch with each other, and Bertha and her parents, Will and Cynthia, travel to Simon's graduation, where he will receive his bachelor's degree in agriculture. When the family arrives at the campus, Bertha receives a message that Simon and six of his classmates have just left and enlisted in the US Army for service in the World War (the "Great War", later renamed as World War I). The young couple see each other briefly when Simon and his all-black platoon of recruits board a train to go to the next stage in his life.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: During May 1918, Simon receives his basic training in an all-black company at Camp Grant, Illinois, near Rockford, about 85 miles west-northwest of Chicago, then he, in an all-black outfit, goes to France and takes part in the fighting against the German Army of Kaiser Wilhelm II.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Before Simon goes overseas, Bertha meets Simon in Chicago for a weekend (after Elizabeth pleads Bertha's case with Will, who first has vigorously opposed such a trip but eventually allows it).


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While Simon is in the Army in France, Cousin Georgia Anderson (Lynn Hamilton), from Kansas City, visits Will and Cinthy, and she reveals that Chicken George fought with the Union Army during the Battle of Fort Pillow, due west of Henning, on the Chickasaw Bluffs, overlooking the Mississippi River. (That point implies that he survived the infamous Massacre of Fort Pillow.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In July 1918, Simon receives word in France that his father has died in a hospital in Memphis; in due time, after the end of the war, Simon returns to the U.S.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: After the Army discharges Simon, on his way back home to Henning, he and his army associates stop at the home of one of them in Knoxville, in East Tennessee. While they are there, the Knoxville Riot of 1919 (a part of the Red Summer of 1919) takes place. Earl Crowther, now an aide to Sen. Andrew Warner, goes to Knoxville to take part in the mischief, and he dies there (at the hands of one of Simon's Army associates).


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Simon arrives in Henning and receives a robust welcome, especially from Bertha, and the young couple move ahead with the plans for their wedding.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Will builds an attractive bungalow for Bertha and Simon, assuming that they will settle in Henning, but without asking about their own plans.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: On the first Sunday after the completion of the house, the wedding takes place in their church building, then everyone adjourns to the front lawn of the new home for the reception, and a number of white neighbors join them. Among them are Sen. Andy Warner and his fancy new wife, from Washington, DC, and New York City, who arrive in a Rolls-Royce open touring car with a chauffeur.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Afterward, Mr. and Mrs. Simon Haley motor away in a Ford Model T to Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York, where Simon will start working on his master's degree in agriculture.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Later, Will and Cinthy move into the bungalow. (The house still stands; it is now known as the Alex Haley House and Museum, and, as a state-owned historic site, is open to the public.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In November 1921, Simon and Bertha return to Henning to visit Will and Cinthy, and they surprise them with their three-month-old son, Alexander Murray Palmer Haley, whom Will promptly carries outside, lifts up, and ceremonially shows the Moon, in a tradition which was first portrayed in the first "Roots" series by Omoro Kinte and baby Kunta Kinte in The Gambia in West Africa in 1750 (though, in the first "Roots", the tradition was a naming ritual, where the father held the naked child to the stars, gave the child a name, and said, "behold the only thing greater than yourself.").


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Late in the summer of 1932, after 11 more years, during the Great Depression, Simon, Bertha, and their children stay temporarily in the bungalow with Will and Cynthia. At age 10, Alex (Christoff St. John, who later respelled his first name as Kristoff) has two younger brothers, George (Stevan Crutchfield), named for Chicken George, and Julius (Ticker Thompson). While working at Will's lumberyard, Simon unsuccessfully tries to show Will better methods for bookkeeping and inventory control, but Will disregards and uses him as a manual laborer.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Shortly, however, Simon receives a special-delivery letter offering him a job as a professor of agriculture at the State Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) Institute for Negroes, in Normal, Alabama. (The school later becomes renamed as the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) University; the campus and the former town of Normal, named for the normal school established there, now lie within the city limits of Huntsville.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Simon promptly and joyfully accepts his appointment, and he and his family move to Normal in their Chevrolet four-door sedan.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Not only does Prof. Haley teach his students in the classrooms and laboratories, but he also approaches the local farmers and, with little success, tells them about techniques which would enable them to replenish the soil and to produce better crops, using simple techniques, such as crop rotation. He meets Lyle Pettijohn (Robert Culp), the county agricultural agent and a son of a sharecropper in Greene County, Tennessee, so the two of them easily find mutual interests and objectives.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: However, both Simon and Pettijohn meet resistance and incite violent reprisals by the white landowners.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While Bertha is out of town with the two younger sons for the funeral, Simon and Alex spend some special time together, during which Simon says to him, "There's one thing poor people have in common no matter who they are, they have no education. Education is the key; it's the way up, the way out. That's why you must do well in school Alex, not only for yourself but to help others as well".


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In May 1933, Bertha starts to show subtle signs of a threatening illness, and those symptoms continue during a summer vacation with the aging Cynthia (Beah Richards) in Henning.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: When Simon and his family return to Normal, they find that his antagonists have broken in, damaged their home, and destroyed much of their property.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: One afternoon, Simon returns to his home and learns that Bertha has experienced a relapse in her illness, and that her condition has become serious. Minutes later, because of internal bleeding due to an undisclosed problem, Bertha dies in Simon's arms while Alex watches.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Soon, Simon drives his three sons to Henning, where the boys move into the bungalow with Cynthia and Elizabeth. On the front porch of the bungalow, Alex listens to Cynthia, Elizabeth, and sometimes Cousin Georgia, while they retell the stories about Kunta Kinte, Kizzy, Chicken George, Tom, and the others.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Shortly afterward, Grandma Cinthy shows Alex a large cross-section disc cut from the trunk of a redwood tree in California, and she explains it to him. Will has marked the annual rings of the trunk in such a way as to indicate the years when various relatives had been born, and when several major world events had occurred.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: On May 1, 1939, seven years later, at age 17, Alex (Damon Evans) arrives in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, where Simon now lives with Zeona (Diahann Carroll), his second wife, and where he now teaches agriculture at the Elizabeth City State Teachers College (a black school, later renamed as the Elizabeth City State University). Alex promptly sees that Zeona is pregnant. His academic work has become so lackluster and mediocre that he has dropped out of the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) College (another black school, later renamed as the Alcorn State University), near Lorman, Mississippi. Simon strongly encourages Alex to enlist in one of the branches of the armed forces, in the expectation that two or three years of military life will cause and allow him to gain maturity.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In August 1939, Alex enlists in the US Coast Guard in Portsmouth, Virginia, and he reports directly aboard a cutter, USCGC "Mendota" (WHEC-69), without receiving the benefit of any boot camp or other basic training. However, Percival "Scotty" Scott (John Hancock), a gruff but kindly steward's mate first-class, the leading petty officer in the wardroom area among the mess attendants and steward's mates, takes Alex in tow. Alex begins as a mess attendant, starting on the career path toward his becoming a steward's mate, one of the few ratings available to black enlisted men in either the Navy or the Coast Guard during the era of World War II (WW2). (The real USCGC "Mendota" (WHEC-69) served 1945-73.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While attending a church-sponsored dance for servicemen and local ladies, Alex meets Nan Branch (Debbie Allen), a naïve, single young woman, and they continue to meet at the church dances. On the eighth such meeting, Alex proposes marriage to Nan, and she accepts. They soon marry, then they visit Simon, Zeona, and their new baby, in Elizabeth City. Simon expresses disapproval because Alex has departed from his plan for him, and Zeona urges Simon to stop interfering.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Meanwhile, on December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacks the USA at Pearl Harbor in the Territory of Hawaii, thus drawing the US into the new war. By this time, Scotty has advanced to the rate of chief petty officer (chief steward's mate).


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: By July 1942, Alex and Chief Scott are somewhere in the South Pacific Ocean aboard USS "Murzim" (AK-95), an ammunition ship, one of several Naval vessels manned by Coast Guard crews during WW2. Scotty asks Alex why he receives so many letters, and he answers, in effect, that, if he wishes to receive letters, then he must write letters – to relatives back home. Then, at Scotty's request, Alex writes a love letter for Scotty to a girlfriend in Auckland, New Zealand, where the ship will make a port visit about two months later. The letter works so well that Scotty sets up Alex to write love letters for other shipmates for one dollar apiece. Thus, Alex enters the writing business. (The real USS "Murzim" (AK-95) served 1943-46.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While at sea, Alex receives the news that Nan has given birth to a girl, and that she has given her mother's name, Lydia, to their baby. Alex expresses his pleasure about his new fatherhood, yet he says that he had wanted to give the girl the name of Cynthia, his maternal grandmother.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: World War II ends, and both Simon and Alex start thinking about their respective plans for Alex. Simon makes a train journey to California, where he meets Alex at the Coast Guard Station on Yerba Buena Island, in the San Francisco Bay. Alex has advanced to the rate of petty officer first-class (steward's mate first-class). Simon and Alex articulate a sharp disagreement about the differences between their plans for Alex; Simon wants him to return to academia, but Alex intends to stay in the Coast Guard at least until he decides or discovers what else he should do. (Simon expresses a dream that Alex might become even a president of a university.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Alex returns to the East Coast and to Nan and Lydia, and Nan again becomes pregnant. Alex requests and gets an assignment in New York City, so that he can live and work closer to the editors there, because of his intense interest in writing and his goal to become a published author.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In November 1946, he and his family, in their Ford woodie station wagon, head northward to his next duty station, and they encounter not only racial discrimination but also frustration and disappointment while seeking a room in a motel or "auto court". Alex starts working, writing press releases in the public-relations (PR) office of the Coast Guard in Manhattan. While off-duty, he starts writing proposed articles and submitting them to magazines, but he receives only rejection slips.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Cdr. Robert Munroe (Andy Griffith), the officer in charge of the PR office, a Southerner with 30 years of experience in journalism, dismisses Alex's early writings as amateur but takes an interest in Alex, his work, and his plans, and he offers him constructive advice and guidance.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Alex continues to work hard on his writing, both on-duty and off-duty. He spends so much time on his own writing that Nan begins to complain, saying that he neglects her and their two children, Lydia (Kim Fields) and Billy (Joel Herd), by giving them so little time and attention.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While on annual leave from the Coast Guard, Alex and his family visit Cynthia, Elizabeth, and Cousin Georgia in the bungalow in Henning, and, partly with the encouragement of Grandma Cinthy, he starts to feel a need or wish to learn more about the roots of his family. (During that visit, Cinthy tells Alex that the old slice from the redwood tree has become hauled away to a dump because insects had begun reducing it to sawdust.)


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Alex continues to feel much frustration and disappointment about his lack of success in civilian commercial writing.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Alex seeks and, in 1949, receives a change of his rating from steward's mate first-class to journalist first-class, and he remains as a journalist (no longer in the wardroom area). Later, he advances to the rate of chief petty officer (chief journalist, the first chief journalist in the Coast Guard), and he continues as a chief journalist for the remainder of his 20-year military career.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: On Christmas Eve 1950, Mel Klein (Milt Kogan), an independent writer on an assignment from a magazine editor, consults Alex, to get some statistics to go into a new article about the Coast Guard, and Alex asks Mel for advice. Mel tells him about "Coronet", a small-format magazine (somewhat similar to the "Reader's Digest"), which, according to Mel, can't get enough short (600-word) human-interest stories.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In response to Mel's advice, Alex, that same night, dives into his work after hours in the office and submerges himself in his writing and rewriting – to the extent that he loses sight of his special duties to his family that special night – to take home the gifts and the tree, for which Nan and the kids have prepared a place in their apartment, and which they have awaited and anticipated.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Sometime after sunrise on Christmas Day, Alex finally arrives at their apartment – barely in time to see Nan and their children as they walk out and step into a taxicab – because Nan has decided to leave Alex and to move in with her mother in her home. Nan and Alex later divorce.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In October 1960, Simon, Alex (James Earl Jones), George (Howard Rollins), and others gather in Henning for the funeral of Aunt Lizzie. George is an attorney and a state senator (and the second black graduate of the School of Law at the University of Arkansas), Julius is an architect, and Alex is, as he describes himself, a professional writer with a respectable living. Simon implies that he does not feel as pleased with the accomplishments of Alex as he does with those of his two younger brothers.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In 1960, Alex meets Malcolm X (Al Freeman Jr.), and later he interviews him and a number of other notable people, including George Lincoln Rockwell (Marlon Brando), while writing for "Playboy" and the "Reader's Digest".


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Alex, as a co-author, writes also "The Autobiography of Malcolm X", and he finishes it several weeks before the assassination of the subject person.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While Alex makes another visit in Henning, Cousin Georgia encourages him and his curiosity about his family heritage, then Alex continues his research – to the National Archives, a private source in North Carolina, a historical society in Annapolis, the headquarters of the United Nations, and eventually to the village of Jufureh in The Gambia in West Africa. Before Alex leaves for West Africa, Simon reconciles with his son, saying that he is proud of Alex's work on "The Autobiography of Malcolm X".


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In Jufureh, Alex listens to a native griot (a tribal oral historian), who tells about a young Mandinka man, Kunta Kinte, who went out to fetch wood to make a drum and was never again seen. Thus, Alex concludes that he has truly discovered his ancestor and his history in Africa.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: As with the original, the new series again concludes with a postscript by Alex himself, who encourages viewers to explore their own genealogy, in part by interviewing their older relatives, consulting written records, and holding family reunions.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Producers Stan Margulies and David L. Wolper were initially reluctant to make a sequel to the 1977 miniseries, but later agreed to do it. Writer Ernest Kinoy then originally wrote an outline for "Roots: The Next Generations" based on the final seven chapters of Alex Haley's book "" and about 1,000 pages worth of family recollections that Alex Haley dictated into a tape recorder.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: While Haley contributed as a consultant during the production, many of the family and other events depicted were factually inaccurate or wholly fictionalized. Some glaring examples include:


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: 1. Jim Warner and Carrie Barden were in reality James Turner and Carrie White. James was not the son of a prominent Colonel, who lived in Henning and did not have a brother, who eventually became a Tennessee senator. The miniseries opens in 1883. Jim and Carrie are introduced as strangers and later get married by running off to Memphis. In reality, Jim and Carrie were married in Lauderdale County, TN on 21 Apr 1876, seven years prior to the year the miniseries begins. It is also likely that Jim was not “white” since, in 1876, Interracial marriages were illegal. Lauderdale County officials would have refused to issue a marriage license to any interracial couple seeking to marry. Jim was likely a mulatto. In fact, according to the 1891 Tennessee voter registration rolls, Jim was identified as “black”. The best evidence proving that Jim was not white is an affidavit found in his 1942 probate file in Lauderdale County signed by his widow, Carrie. In paragraph 2 of the affidavit, Carrie referred to Jim (J.B. Turner) as "colored”.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: 2. W. E. Palmer was Alex Haley’s grandfather as portrayed by Stan Shaw. He married Cynthia Murray (Harvey in the miniseries). Part V opens in late summer, 1932 with interaction between Wil Palmer and his grandson, Alex. Wil shows Alex a slice of a tree explaining that time is short for people compared to the life of a tree. Alex’s parents are living in Henning waiting for Simon to be hired by a college. Eventually Simon is hired by an Alabama College and the Haleys relocate there. After the move, Bertha learns that her father died in Henning. In reality, both Wil Palmer and Bertha Haley were dead by “late summer” 1932. Wil died on 5 Feb 1926 and Bertha died in Normal, AL on 16 Feb 1932. The scene regarding the tree slice could not have happened as portrayed since Alex was less than five years old when his grandfather died.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: 3. Part VII opens in October 1960 with the funeral of Aunt Lizzie Harvey. In reality, Elizabeth Murray died in 1952, preceded by her sister Cynthia in 1949.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: Also, in Part VII, Haley’s interview of George Lincoln Rockwell is presented as having taken place prior to the assassination of Malcolm X when, in fact, the interview occurred in April, 1966, more than a year after Malcolm X’s death.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: The producers aimed for casting high-quality actors, and basically had no trouble signing the people they wanted because of the success of the first miniseries. While Georg Stanford Brown reprises his role as Tom Harvey, James Earl Jones was selected partially due to his physical resemblance to Haley. Wanting to also participate in the miniseries, Marlon Brando called "out of the blue" and asked for a small yet memorable role; he was cast as George Lincoln Rockwell and won an Emmy Award for his performance.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: "Roots: The Next Generations" originally aired on ABC as 7 two-hour episodes for consecutive nights from February 18 to February 24, 1979.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: The miniseries was watched by an estimated 110 million viewers and averaged a 30.1 rating and 45% share of the audience.


title: Roots: The Next Generations

text: In July and September 2007, the TV One network reran the series hosted by several of the original cast including Lynne Moody, Dorian Harewood, Stan Shaw, Kristoff St. John, and Irene Cara.


title: Mike Bailey (actor)

text: Mike Bailey (born 6 April 1988) is an English former actor. He is best known for playing the role of Sid Jenkins in the first two series of the British teen drama "Skins".


title: Mike Bailey (actor)

text: In the "Skins" series 1 finale, Bailey sang a musical ensemble version of "Wild World" by Cat Stevens. He, along with the rest of the main cast of series 1 and 2, did not return for the third series.


title: Mike Bailey (actor)

text: He also appeared in the Channel 4 drama "1066: The Battle for Middle Earth" as Tofi, which was broadcast in May 2009.


title: Mike Bailey (actor)

text: In March 2012, he filmed in Birmingham "We Are the Freaks", a teen comedy directed by Justin Edgar and produced by Alex Usborne at 104 Films, which was released in 2013.


title: Mike Bailey (actor)

text: He was married on 27th June 2015. After Bailey's last project in 2017, he completed a drama degree and completed teacher training, and now works as a Secondary school drama teacher.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: The Alhambra, built by Nasrid Sultan Ibn al-Ahmar of Granada beginning AD1238, used a hydram to raise water. Through a first reservoir, filled by a channel from the Darro River, water emptied via a large vertical channel into a second reservoir beneath, creating a whirlpool that in turn propelled water through a much smaller pipe up six metres whilst most water drained into a second, slightly larger pipe.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: In 1772, John Whitehurst of Cheshire, England, invented a manually controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the "pulsation engine" and installed the first one at Oulton, Cheshire to raise water to a height of . In 1783, he installed another in Ireland. He did not patent it, and details are obscure, but it is known to have had an air vessel.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: The first self-acting ram pump was invented by the Frenchman Joseph Michel Montgolfier (best known as a co-inventor of the hot air balloon) in 1796 for raising water in his paper mill at Voiron. His friend Matthew Boulton took out a British patent on his behalf in 1797. The sons of Montgolfier obtained a British patent for an improved version in 1816, and this was acquired, together with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by Josiah Easton, a Somerset-born engineer who had just moved to London.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Easton's firm, inherited by his son James (1796–1871), grew during the nineteenth century to become one of the more important engineering manufacturers in England, with a large works at Erith, Kent. They specialised in water supply and sewerage systems worldwide, as well as land drainage projects. Eastons had a good business supplying rams for water supply purposes to large country houses, farms, and village communities. Some of their installations still survived as of 2004, one such example being at the hamlet of Toller Whelme, in Dorset. Until about 1958 when the mains water arrived, the hamlet of East Dundry just south of Bristol had three working rams – their noisy "thump" every minute or so resonated through the valley night and day: these rams served farms that needed much water for their dairy herds.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: The firm closed in 1909, but the ram business was continued by James R. Easton. In 1929, it was acquired by Green & Carter of Winchester, Hampshire, who were engaged in the manufacturing and installation of Vulcan and Vacher Rams.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: The first US patent was issued to Joseph Cerneau (or Curneau) and Stephen (Étienne) S. Hallet (1755-1825) in 1809. US interest in hydraulic rams picked up around 1840, as further patents were issued and domestic companies started offering rams for sale. Toward the end of the 19th century, interest waned as electricity and electric pumps became widely available.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Priestly's Hydraulic Ram, built in 1890 in Idaho, was a "marvelous" invention, apparently independent, which lifted water to provide irrigation. The ram survives and is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: By the end of the twentieth century, interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to the needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy conservation in developed ones. An example is Aid Foundation International in the Philippines, who won an Ashden Award for their work developing ram pumps that could be easily maintained for use in remote villages. The hydraulic ram principle has been used in some proposals for exploiting wave power, one of which was discussed as long ago as 1931 by Hanns Günther in his book "In hundert Jahren".


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Some later ram designs in the UK called compound rams were designed to pump treated water using an untreated drive water source, which overcomes some of the problems of having drinking water sourced from an open stream.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: In 1996 English engineer Frederick Philip Selwyn patented a more compact hydraulic ram pump where the waste valve used the venturi effect and was arranged concentrically around the input pipe. Initially patented as a fluid pressure amplifier due to its different design, it is currently sold as the "Papa Pump".


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Additionally to this a large scale version named the "Venturo Pump" is also being manufactured by Phil's company.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: A traditional hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste" valve sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery" check valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Priestly's Hydraulic Ram, described in detail in the 1947 Encyclopedia Britannica, has no moving parts.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: A simplified hydraulic ram is shown in Figure 2. Initially, the waste valve [4] is open (i.e. lowered) because of its own weight, and the delivery valve [5] is closed under the pressure caused by the water column from the outlet [3]. The water in the inlet pipe [1] starts to flow under the force of gravity and picks up speed and kinetic energy until the increasing drag force lifts the waste valve's weight and closes it. The momentum of the water flow in the inlet pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer that raises the pressure in the pump beyond the pressure caused by the water column pressing down from the outlet. This pressure differential now opens the delivery valve [5], and forces some water to flow into the delivery pipe [3]. Because this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows; when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve [5] closes. Meanwhile, the water hammer from the closing of the waste valve also produces a pressure pulse which propagates back up the inlet pipe to the source where it converts to a suction pulse that propagates back down the inlet pipe. This suction pulse, with the weight or spring on the valve, pulls the waste valve back open and allows the process to begin again.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: A pressure vessel [6] containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure shock when the waste valve closes, and it also improves the pumping efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the delivery pipe. Although the pump could in theory work without it, the efficiency would drop drastically and the pump would be subject to extraordinary stresses that could shorten its life considerably. One problem is that the pressurized air will gradually dissolve into the water until none remains. One solution to this problem is to have the air separated from the water by an elastic diaphragm (similar to an expansion tank); however, this solution can be problematic in developing countries where replacements are difficult to procure. Another solution is a snifting valve installed close to the drive side of the delivery valve. This automatically inhales a small amount of air each time the delivery valve shuts and the partial vacuum develops. Another solution is to insert an inner tube of a car or bicycle tire into the pressure vessel with some air in it and the valve closed. This tube is in effect the same as the diaphragm, but it is implemented with more widely available materials. The air in the tube cushions the shock of the water the same as the air in other configurations does.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: A typical energy efficiency is 60%, but up to 80% is possible. This should not be confused with the volumetric efficiency, which relates the volume of water delivered to total water taken from the source. The portion of water available at the delivery pipe will be reduced by the ratio of the delivery head to the supply head. Thus if the source is 2 meters above the ram and the water is lifted to 10 meters above the ram, only 20% of the supplied water can be available, the other 80% being spilled via the waste valve. These ratios assume 100% energy efficiency. Actual water delivered will be further reduced by the energy efficiency factor. In the above example, if the energy efficiency is 70%, the water delivered will be 70% of 20%, i.e. 14%. Assuming a 2-to-1 supply-head-to-delivery-head ratio and 70% efficiency, the delivered water would be 70% of 50%, i.e. 35%. Very high ratios of delivery to supply head usually result in lowered energy efficiency. Suppliers of rams often provide tables giving expected volume ratios based on actual tests.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Since both efficiency and reliable cycling depend on water hammer effects, the drive pipe design is important. It should be between 3 and 7 times longer than the vertical distance between the source and the ram. Commercial rams may have an input fitting designed to accommodate this optimum slope. The diameter of the supply pipe would normally match the diameter of the input fitting on the ram, which in turn is based on its pumping capacity. The drive pipe should be of constant diameter and material, and should be as straight as possible. Where bends are necessary, they should be smooth, large diameter curves. Even a large spiral is allowed, but elbows are to be avoided. PVC will work in some installations, but steel pipe is preferred, although much more expensive. If valves are used they should be a free flow type such as a ball valve or gate valve.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: The delivery pipe is much less critical since the pressure vessel prevents water hammer effects from traveling up it. Its overall design would be determined by the allowable pressure drop based on the expected flow. Typically the pipe size will be about half that of the supply pipe, but for very long runs a larger size may be indicated. PVC pipe and any necessary valves are not a problem.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: A ram newly placed into operation or which has stopped cycling should start automatically if the waste valve weight or spring pressure is adjusted correctly, but it can be restarted as follows: If the waste valve is in the raised (closed) position, it must be pushed down manually into the open position and released. If the flow is sufficient, it will then cycle at least once. If it does not continue to cycle, it must be pushed down repeatedly until it cycles continuously on its own, usually after three or four manual cycles. If the ram stops with the waste valve in the down (open) position it must be lifted manually and kept up for as long as necessary for the supply pipe to fill with water and for any air bubbles to travel up the pipe to the source. This may take some time, depending on supply pipe length and diameter. Then it can be started manually by pushing it down a few times as described above. Having a valve on the delivery pipe at the ram makes starting easier. Closing the valve until the ram starts cycling, then gradually opening it to fill the delivery pipe. If opened too quickly it will stop the cycle. Once the delivery pipe is full the valve can be left open.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: Failure to deliver sufficient water may be due to improper adjustment of the waste valve, having too little air in the pressure vessel, or simply attempting to raise the water higher than the level of which the ram is capable.


title: Hydraulic ram

text: The ram may be damaged by freezing in winter, or loss of air in the pressure vessel leading to excess stress on the ram parts. These failures will require welding or other repair methods and perhaps parts replacement.