title: Joanne McNally

text: Joanne McNally (born 7 May 1983) is an Irish stand-up comedian, writer and actress. She is a native of Killiney, County Dublin. McNally was the co-host of "Republic of Telly" for RTÉ and has also appeared on "The Late Late Show", "The Afternoon Show", "Ireland AM", Two Tube and The Commute for RTÉ. She has a weekly agony aunt section on RTÉ 2fm Chris and Ciara show, where she is called 'Dr. Joanne', and her own 'Mack the week' segment on the Eoghan McDermott show on RTÉ 2fm. Joanne co-hosts a podcast called "My Therapist Ghosted Me" with friend Vogue Williams.


title: Joanne McNally

text: McNally performed in her first stage show "Singlehood" in 2014 where she and seven other people stood on stage and told stories about their love lives. It was here she was spotted by comedian PJ Gallagher who brought her into stand up comedy. Joanne supported Gallagher on his stand up tour "Concussion", around Ireland in 2015, and she was then signed by Irish comedy agency Lisa Richards. McNally and Gallagher went on to write and star in a comedy show "Separated At Birth", co-written with director Una McKevitt about their adoptions. "Separated at Birth" sold out Vicar Street in May 2015 and went on a national tour around Ireland. The two were guests on "The Late Late Show" hosted by Ryan Tubridy on RTÉ One in March 2015.


title: Joanne McNally

text: McNally was cast as the new co-host of RTÉ2 satirical comedy sketch TV show "Republic of Telly" in October 2015, replacing Jennifer Maguire who left to star in the Irish comedy "Bridget & Eamon" with Bernard O'Shea. McNally quit the comedy show in June 2016.


title: Joanne McNally

text: McNally was a semi finalist in "So You Think You're Funny" and "Funny Women". She performs at comedy festivals Vodafone Comedy Festival, Cat Laughs, Galway Comedy Carnival, Body & Soul Festival, Jestfest and Bray Comedy Festival.


title: Joanne McNally

text: She wrote and performed her one-woman show "Bite Me" for the Dublin Fringe Festival, directed by Una McKevitt. The show is a dark comedy based on her experience with eating disorders. The show sold out its five night run in Dublin's Project Arts Centre and was nominated for four awards including Best Performance, Best Production and the First Fortnight Award. An excerpt from the show was re-printed in "The Irish Times" and it became the most shared online article that week. She appeared as a guest on RTÉ One's "The Tommy Tiernan Show" in January 2017 where she talked about the show. McNally will perform Bite Me at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Assembly Rooms in Scotland August 2017.


title: Joanne McNally

text: McNally was signed with UK comedy agency Off the Kerb in January 2017. She started gigging in London in February 2017. McNally co-hosts "My Therapist Ghosted Me" podcast with Vogue Williams. Joanne currently splits her time between Vogue's basement in London and Vogue's house in Howth. She will start her tour for her show "Prosecco Express" in 2022 in UK and Ireland. which includes multiple sold out dates at Vicar Street in Dublin and the London Palladium.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Tyler D'Whyte Roberts (born 12 January 1999) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Queens Park Rangers, on loan from Premier League club Leeds United, and the Wales national football team.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Roberts is an academy graduate of West Bromwich Albion and made his professional debut for the club in May 2016. Loan spells in League One with Oxford United, Shrewsbury Town and Walsall followed before he joined Leeds in January 2018. In the 2019-2020 season, Roberts was a member of the Leeds United Squad that won the EFL Championship and promotion to the Premier League under manager Marcelo Bielsa. He made his senior Wales debut in 2018, having previously represented the nation at various youth levels, and represented Wales at UEFA Euro 2020. A versatile forward, he can play as a striker, winger or as an attacking midfielder.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Born in Gloucester to UK-born parents of Jamaican and Welsh descent, Roberts moved to Birmingham aged 11. He attended Sandwell Academy in West Bromwich.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Having spotted him playing for junior side Tredworth Tigers at a Gloucester Festival, West Brom decided to sign Roberts for their academy when he was just seven years old. Having then gone on to represent the club at age group level, Roberts was named on West Brom's bench for the first time on the final day of the 2014–15 season against Arsenal. However, he did not make it on to the pitch. Following Roberts' inclusion in the squad, he was listed by "Match of the Day" magazine as one of the 20 wonder-kids to look out for in 2016. On 14 January 2016, just two days after his 17th birthday, Roberts signed his first professional contract with West Brom, putting pen to paper on a -year contract. He made his Premier League debut for the club on the final day of the 2015–16 season in a 1–1 draw with Liverpool, coming on as a second-half substitute for fellow Albion academy graduate Jonathan Leko. Shortly after coming on, Roberts was booked for a rash challenge on Liverpool captain Jordan Henderson. Upon making his debut, Roberts became only the second player born in 1999 to play in the Premier League, following on from teammate Leko who had done so the month before.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: On 28 July 2016, Roberts joined League One side Oxford United on a six-month loan deal until January 2017. He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, coming off the bench for Chris Maguire in a 1–1 draw with Chesterfield. His League Cup debut came the following week when he entered the field of play as an extra-time substitute in Oxford's 1–0 win over Birmingham. He then scored his first goal for the club, and the first professional goal of his career, in a 4–2 victory over League Two club Exeter City in the 2016–17 EFL Trophy on 30 August. On 5 November, Roberts made his FA Cup debut and scored in a 5–0 win over Merstham of the Isthmian League. A month later, on 6 December, he scored the winning penalty in a shootout against Southend United, after a 1–1 draw in the second round of the EFL Trophy.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Later that month, Oxford manager Michael Appleton lodged a request to West Brom to extend Roberts' loan until the end of the season. However, on 17 January 2017, Roberts joined fellow League One side Shrewsbury Town on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut for the club four days later, starting in a 1–0 league win over Oldham Athletic. Roberts scored his first goal for the club, and his first in league football, on 4 February when he netted the opener in a 2–1 win over Bury. On 4 April, Roberts suffered a hamstring injury in a 2–1 defeat to Millwall that saw his stint at Shrewsbury come to an end. He ended the campaign with four goals and two assists for the club as they narrowly avoided relegation.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: On 25 August 2017, Roberts left West Brom on loan once again, joining League One side Walsall for the season. The following day, he scored one goal and assisted another on debut against Bradford City, helping Walsall come from 3–0 down to earn a 3–3 draw. He went on to score five goals in 17 appearances before being recalled by West Brom at the half-way mark of the season.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Roberts' return to West Brom was short-lived, however, as the arrival of Daniel Sturridge on loan from Liverpool limited his first team chances further. As a result, on the final day of the January 2018 transfer window, he signed for Championship side Leeds United on a four-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around an initial £2.5 million potentially rising to £4 million depending on clauses. Having recovered from a minor knock which he arrived at the club with, Roberts looked set to make his debut in the middle of February. However, on 14 February, new club manager Paul Heckingbottom revealed that he had cracked his shin bone upon his return in training and would be ruled out for several weeks. He ultimately missed the remainder of the season through the injury.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: After spending several months on the sidelines, Roberts made his unofficial debut as a second-half substitute during a pre-season friendly against Southend United. His full debut followed on 14 August when he started for Leeds in an EFL Cup fixture against Bolton Wanderers. The following month, he made his league debut in a 1–1 draw with Millwall and scored his first goals for the club three days later, scoring a brace in a 3–0 victory over Preston North End. On 1 March he assisted Patrick Bamford twice in a 4–0 victory over former club West Bromwich Albion, with Roberts receiving the man of the match award playing in an attacking midfielder position.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: He was one of three players nominated for the club's Young Player Of The Season award alongside Jamie Shackleton and Jack Clarke, but lost out as Clarke won the award club's annual ceremony.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Roberts played 32 games scoring three goals in all competitions, after Leeds finished the regular season in third place after dropping out of the automatic promotion places with three games left after a defeat to 10-man Wigan Athletic on 19 April, Leeds qualified for the playoffs, however Roberts missed the final games of the season due to injury, including missing the semi-final playoffs matches versus sixth-placed Derby County, as Leeds were beaten 4–3 on aggregate over the two legs. Despite taking a 1–0 win at Pride Park, to bring into a 1–0 aggregate lead into the home leg at Elland Road, Leeds lost 4–2 in an encounter that saw both teams reduced to 10 men and Derby progress to the final against Aston Villa.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Roberts ended up missing all the 2019–20 pre-season games and the start of the new season after undergoing knee surgery during May 2019. He returned from injury against Charlton Athletic on 28 September 2019, before scoring his first goal of the season against Queens Park Rangers in a 2–0 win on 2 November 2019. However, Roberts picked up an injury against Reading on 26 November, which kept him out of the Leeds side for a month before returning from injury as a substitute in Leeds' 5–4 win against Birmingham City on 29 December 2019, but picked up a hamstring injury in the same game. The injury kept him out of the team until early February, when he returned as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 defeat at home to Wigan Athletic. On 29 February 2020, Roberts came on as a 67th-minute substitute for striker Patrick Bamford with Leeds 2–0 ahead at Hull City, before Roberts scored the last two goals of the game in his first brace of the season and his second as a Leeds player. Following the suspension of the Championship season, Roberts appeared in eight of the club's final nine games, scoring once, as they were promoted to the Premier League.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Roberts made his first appearance for Leeds in the Premier League in the first match of the season against Liverpool on 12 September 2020, coming on as a substitute in the 4–3 defeat at Anfield to the reigning champions. Roberts scored his first goal of the season against Southampton on 18 May 2021, scoring after coming on as a substitute in the 2–0 win at St Mary's.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: On 9 June 2021, Roberts signed a new three-year deal at Elland Road running until the summer of 2024.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Roberts joined Queens Park Rangers on loan for the 2022–23 season on 6 July 2022. He scored on his QPR debut in an EFL Cup tie against Charlton Athletic on 9 August 2022.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: Though he represented England, his country of birth, at schoolboy level, Roberts later decided to play for Wales instead, qualifying for selection as two of his grandparents are Welsh.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: In 2015, he captained the Wales U16 side to glory in the Victory Shield, scoring in the final against Northern Ireland. The result was Wales' first outright triumph in the competition since the 1948–49 edition. Having trained with the senior side in between, he returned to the U16 side in November the following year and was part of the squad which retained the Victory Shield title.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: In May 2017, following the conclusion of the League One season, he was included in Robert Page's squad for the 2017 Toulon Tournament. After making his debut for the side in the tournament opener against Ivory Coast, Roberts made one further appearance, against France, as Wales were eliminated in the group stage. On 1 September 2017, he made his debut for the under-21 side and scored the opening goal in a 3–0 victory over Switzerland.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: In May 2015, Roberts, along with Liverpool winger Harry Wilson, was called up by Wales manager Chris Coleman to train with the senior squad. In March 2017 he was named as a stand-by player for Wales' World Cup qualifier against the Republic of Ireland.


title: Tyler Roberts

text: He received his first full call-up in August 2018 when he was named in Ryan Giggs' squad for the nation's UEFA Nations League matches against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark. His debut followed against the former on 6 September, coming on as a second-half substitute for Gareth Bale in a 4–1 victory. The following month, on 16 October 2018, Roberts was handed his first Wales start as the Republic of Ireland were again beaten 1–0 in Dublin. In May 2021 he was selected for the Wales squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament.


title: Novalis

text: Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), pen name Novalis (), was a German polymath who was a writer, philosopher, poet, aristocrat and mystic. He is regarded as an idiosyncratic and influential figure of Jena Romanticism.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis was born into a minor aristocratic family in Electoral Saxony. He was the second of eleven children; his early household observed a strict Pietist faith. He studied law at the University of Jena, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Wittenberg. While at Jena, he published his first poem and befriended the playwright and fellow poet Friedrich Schiller. In Leipzig, he then met Friedrich Schlegel, becoming lifetime friends. Novalis completed his law degree in 1794 at the age of 22. He then worked as a legal assistant in Tennstedt immediately after graduating. There, he met Sophie von Kühn. The following year Novalis and Sophie became secretly engaged. Sophie became severely ill soon after the engagement and died just after her 15th birthday. Sophie's early death had a life-long impact on Novalis and his writing.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis enrolled at the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in 1797, where he studied a wide number of disciplines including electricity, medicine, chemistry, physics, mathematics, mineralogy and natural philosophy. He conversed with many of the formative figures of the Early Germanic Romantic period, including Goethe, Friedrich Schelling, Jean Paul and August Schlegel. After finishing his studies, Novalis served as a director of salt mines in Saxony and later in Thuringia. During this time, Novalis wrote major poetic and literary works, including "Hymns to the Night". In 1800, he began showing signs of illness, which is thought to have been either tuberculosis or cystic fibrosis, and died on 25 March 1801 at the age of 28.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis' early reputation as a romantic poet was primarily based on his literary works, which were published by his friends Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck shortly after his death, in 1802. These works include the collection of poems, "Hymns to the Night" and "Spiritual Hymns", and his unfinished novels, "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" and "The Novices at Sais". Schlegel and Tieck published only a small sample of his philosophical and scientific writings.


title: Novalis

text: The depth of Novalis' knowledge in fields like philosophy and natural science came to be more broadly appreciated with the more extensive publication of his notebooks in the twentieth century. Novalis was not only well read in his chosen disciplines; he also sought to integrate his knowledge with his art. This goal can be seen in his use of the fragment, a form that he wrote in alongside Friedrich Schlegel, and published in Schlegel's journal "Athenaeum". The fragment allowed him to synthesize poetry, philosophy, and science into a single art form that could be used to address a wide variety of topics. Just as Novalis' literary works have established his reputation as a poet, the notebooks and fragments have subsequently established his intellectual role in the formation of Early German Romanticism.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis, who was baptized as Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg, was born in 1772 at his family estate in the Electorate of Saxony, the Schloss Oberwiederstedt, in the village of Wiederstedt, which is now located in the present-day town of Arnstein. Hardenberg descended from ancient, Lower Saxon nobility. Novalis' father was Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg (1738–1814), the estate owner and a salt-mine manager. His mother was Auguste Bernhardine (née von ) (1749–1818), who was Heinrich's second wife. Novalis was the second of eleven children. Although Novalis had an aristocratic pedigree, his family was not wealthy.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis's early education was strongly influenced by Pietism. His father was a member of the Herrnhuter Unity of Brethren branch of the Moravian Church and maintained a strict pietist household. Until the age of nine, he was taught by private tutors who were trained in pietist theology; subsequently, he attended a Herrnhut school in Neudietendorf for three years.


title: Novalis

text: When he was twelve, Novalis was put under the charge of his uncle (1728-1800), Land commander of the Teutonic Order, who lived at his rural estate in . Novalis's uncle introduced him to the late Rococo world, where Novalis was exposed to enlightenment ideas as well as the contemporary literature of his time, including the works of the French Encyclopedists, Goethe, Lessing and Shakespeare. At seventeen, Novalis attended the Martin Luther Gymnasium in Eisleben, near Weissenfels where his family had moved in 1785. At the gymnasium, he learned rhetoric and ancient literature.


title: Novalis

text: Between 1790 and 1794, Novalis went to university to study law. He first attended the University of Jena. While there, he studied Immanuel Kant's philosophy under Karl Reinhold, and it was there that he first became acquainted with Fichte's philosophy. He also developed a close relationship with playwright and philosopher Schiller. Novalis attended Schiller's lectures on history and tended to Schiller when he was suffering from a particularly severe flare-up of his chronic tuberculosis. In 1791, he published his first work, a poem dedicated to Schiller, "Klagen eines Jünglings" ("Lament of a Youth"), in the magazine "Neue Teutsche Merkur", an act that was partly responsible for Novalis's father withdrawing him from Jena and looking into another university where Novalis would attend more carefully to his studies. In the following year, Novalis's younger brother, Erasmus enrolled at the University of Leipzig, and Novalis went with him to continue his legal studies. It was at this time that he met the literary critic Friedrich Schlegel, the younger brother of August. Friedrich became one of Novalis' closest lifetime friends. A year later, Novalis matriculated to the University of Wittenberg where he completed his law degree.


title: Novalis

text: After graduating from Wittenberg, Novalis moved to Tennstedt to work as an actuary for a district administrator, Cölestin August Just, who became both his friend and biographer. While working for Just in 1795, Novalis met the 12-year-old Sophie von Kühn, who at that time was considered old enough to receive suitors. He became infatuated with her on their first meeting, and the effect of this infatuation appeared to transform his personality. In 1795, two days before Sophie turned thirteen they got secretly engaged. Later that year Sophie's parents gave their consent for the two to become engaged: Novalis's brother Erasmus supported the couple, but the rest of Novalis's family resisted agreeing to the engagement due to Sophie's unclear aristocratic pedigree.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis remained intellectually active during his employment at Tennstedt. It is possible that Novalis met Fichte, as well as the poet Friedrich Hölderlin, in person while visiting Jena in 1795. Between 1795 and 1796, he created six sets of manuscripts, posthumously collected under the title "Fichte Studies", that primarily address Fichte's work but cover a range of philosophical topics. Novalis continued his philosophical studies in 1797, writing notebooks responding to the works of Kant, Frans Hemsterhuis, and Adolph Eschenmayer.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis's ongoing reflections upon Fichte's ideas, particularly those in the "Wissenschaftslehre" ("Foundations of the Science of Knowledge") formed part of the foundation for his later philosophical and literary works: Novalis focused on Fichte's argument that the concept of identity assumes a tension between self (i.e., "I") and object (i.e., "not-I"). Novalis's critique of Fichte arose from Novalis's literary commitments: Novalis suggests that the tension between self and object that Fichte asserts is actually a tension between language and imagination. Later, Novalis would take his critique further, suggesting that identity is not the separation of subject and object, but a dynamic process of equal partners in mutual communication. Novalis's viewpoint is summarized in his aphorism "Statt Nicht-Ich -- Du!" ("Instead of 'not-I', you").


title: Novalis

text: In the final months of 1795, Sophie began to suffer declining health due to a liver tumor that was thought to be caused by tuberculosis. As a result, she underwent liver surgery in Jena, which was performed without anesthesia. In January 1797, Novalis was appointed auditor to the salt works at Weissenfels. To earn a stable income for his intended marriage, he accepted the position and moved to Weissenfels to assume his duties. Sophie, on the other hand, stayed with her family. Sophie once more became extremely ill, during which time Novalis's parents finally relented and agreed to the couple's engagement. However, two days after her fifteenth birthday, Sophie died, while Novalis was still in Weissenfels. Four months later, Novalis's brother Erasmus, who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis, also died. The death of Sophie, as well as his younger brother, affected Novalis deeply. Their deaths catalyzed his more intensive commitment to poetic expression. Sophie's death also became the central inspiration for one of the few works Novalis published in his lifetime, ("Hymns to the Night").


title: Novalis

text: At the end of 1797, Novalis entered the Mining Academy of Freiberg in Saxony to become qualified as a member of the staff for the salt works at Weissenfels. His principle mentor at the academy was the geologist, Abraham Werner. While at the academy, Novalis immersed himself in a wide range of studies, including electricity, galvanism, alchemy, medicine, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and natural philosophy. He was also able to expand his intellectual social circle. On his way to Freiberg, he met Friedrich Schelling, and they later went on an art tour of Dresden together. He visited Goethe and Friedrich Schlegel's older brother, August, in Weimar and met the writer Jean Paul in Leipzig.


title: Novalis

text: In December 1798, Novalis became engaged for the second time. His fiancée was Julie von Charpentier, a daughter of Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Toussaint von Charpentier, the chair of mining studies at the University of Leipzig. Unlike his relationship with Sophie, Novalis's affection for Julie developed more gradually. He initially saw his affection for Julie as a more "earthly" passion compared to his "heavenly" passion for Sophie, though he gradually softened this distinction with time. Eventually his feelings for Julie became the subject of some of his poetry, including the "Spiritual Songs" written in the last years of his life. Novalis and Julie remained engaged until Novalis's death in 1801, and she tended him during his final illness.


title: Novalis

text: In Freiberg, he remained active with his literary work. It was at this time that he began a collection of notes for a project to unite the separate sciences into a universal whole. In this collection, "Das allgemeine Brouillon (Notes for a General Encyclopedia)", Novalis began integrating his knowledge of natural science into his literary work. This integration can be seen in an unfinished novel he composed during this time, "Die Lehrlinge zu Sais" ("The Novices at Sais"), which incorporated natural history from his studies as well as ideas from his Fichte studies into a meditation on poetry and love as keys to understanding nature. More specifically, he began thinking about how to incorporate his recently acquired knowledge of mining to his philosophical and poetic worldview. In this respect, he shared a commonality with other German authors of the Romantic age by connecting his studies in the mining industry, which was undergoing then the first steps to industrialization, with his literary work. This connection between his scientific interest in mining, philosophy and literature came to fruition later when he began composing his second unfinished novel, "Heinrich von Ofterdingen".


title: Novalis

text: Novalis also began to be noticed as a published author at this time. In 1798, Novalis's fragments appeared in the Schlegel brother's magazine, "Athenaeum". These works included ("Pollen"), ("Faith and Love or the King and the Queen"), and "Blumen" ("Flowers"). The publication of "Pollen" saw the first appearance of his pen name, "Novalis". His choice of pen name was taken from his 12th-century ancestors who named themselves , after their settlement Grossenrode, which is called in Latin. can also be interpreted as "one who cultivates new land", which connotes the metaphoric role that Novalis saw for himself. This metaphoric sense of his pen name can be seen in the epigraph of "Pollen", the first work he published as Novalis: "Friends, the soil is poor, we must scatter seed abundantly for even a moderate harvest".


title: Novalis

text: In early 1799, Novalis had completed his studies at Leipzig and returned to the management of salt mines in Weissenfels. By December, he became an assessor of the salt mines and a director, and at the end of 1800, the 28-year-old Novalis was appointed an "Amtmann" for the district of Thuringia, a position comparable to a contemporary magistrate.


title: Novalis

text: While on a trip to Jena in the summer of 1799, Novalis met Ludwig Tieck, who became one of his closest friends and greatest intellectual influences in the last two years of his life. They became part of an informal social circle that formed around the Schlegel brothers, which has been come to be known as the Jena Romantics or "Frühromantiker" ("early romantics"). The interests of the Jena Romantics extended to philosophy as well as literature and aesthetics, and has been considered as a philosophical movement in its own right. Under the influence of Tieck, Novalis studied the works of the seventeenth-century mystic, Jakob Böhme, with whom he felt a strong affinity. He also became deeply engaged with the Platonic aesthetics of Hemsterhuis, as well as the writings of the theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. Schleiermacher's work inspired Novalis to write his essay, "Christenheit oder Europe" ("Christianity or Europe"), a call to return Europe to a cultural and social unity whose interpretation continues to be a source of controversy. During this time, he also wrote his poems known as "Geistliche Lieder" ("Spiritual Songs") and began his novel "Heinrich von Ofterdingen".


title: Novalis

text: From August 1800, Novalis began to cough up blood. At the time, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. However, recent research suggests that he may have suffered from cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that may have been responsible for the early death of many of his siblings, including his brother Erasmus. After a severe hemorrhage in November, he was temporarily moved to Dresden for medical reasons. In January, he requested to be with his parents in Weissenfels. He died there on 25 March 1801 at the age of twenty-eight. He was buried in Weissenfels's "Alter Friedhof" ("Old Cemetery").


title: Novalis

text: When he died, Novalis had only published "Pollen", "Faith and Love", "Blumen", and "Hymns to the Night". Most of Novalis's writings, including his novels and philosophical works, were neither completed nor published in his lifetime. This problem continues to obscure a full appreciation of his work. His unfinished novels "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" and "The Novices at Sais" and numerous other poems and fragments were published posthumously by Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel. However, their publication of Novalis's more philosophical fragments was disorganized and incomplete. A systematic and more comprehensive collection of Novalis's fragments from his notebooks was not available until the twentieth century.


title: Novalis

text: During the nineteenth century, Novalis was primarily seen as a passionate love-struck poet who mourned the death of his beloved and yearned for the hereafter. He was known as the poet of the " blue flower", a symbol of romantic yearning from Novalis's unfinished Novel "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" that became an key emblem for German Romanticism. His fellow Jena Romantics, such as Friedrich Schlegel, Tieck, and Schleiermacher, also describe him as a poet who dreamt of a spiritual world beyond this one. Novalis's diagnosis of tuberculosis, which was known as the "white plague", contributed to his romantic reputation. Because Sophie von Kühn was also thought to have died from tuberculosis, Novalis became the poet of the blue flower who was reunited with his beloved through the death of the white plague.


title: Novalis

text: The image of Novalis as romantic poet became enormously popular. When Novalis's biography by his long-time friend August Cölestin Just was published in 1815, Just was criticized for misrepresenting Novalis's poetic nature because he had written that Novalis was also a hard-working mine inspector and magistrate. Even the literary critic Thomas Carlyle, whose essay on Novalis played a major role in introducing him to the English-speaking world and took Novalis's philosophical relationship to Fichte and Kant seriously, emphasized Novalis as a mystic poet in the style of Dante. The author and theologian George MacDonald, who translated Novalis's "Hymns to the Night" in 1897 into English, also understood him as a mystic poet.


title: Novalis

text: In the twentieth century, Novalis's writings were more thoroughly and systematically collected than previously. The availability of these works provide further evidence that his interests went beyond poetry and novels and has led to a reassessment of Novalis's literary and intellectual goals. He was deeply read in science, law, philosophy, politics and political economy and left an abundance of notes on these topics. His early work displays his ease and familiarity with these diverse fields. His later works also include topics from his professional duties. In his notebooks, Novalis also reflected on the scientific, aesthetic, and philosophical significance of his interests. In his "Notes for a Romantic Encyclopaedia", he worked out connections between the different fields he studied as he sought to integrate them into a unified worldview.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis's philosophical writings are often grounded in nature. His works explore how personal freedom and creativity emerge in the affective understanding of the world and others. He suggests that this can only be accomplished if people are not estranged from the earth. In "Pollen", Novalis writes "We are on a mission: Our calling is the cultivation of the earth", arguing that human beings come to know themselves through experiencing and enlivening nature. Novalis's personal commitment to understanding one's self and the world through nature can be seen in Novalis's unfinished novel, "Heinrich von Ofterdingen", in which he uses his knowledge of natural science derived from his work overseeing salt mining to understand the human condition. Novalis's commitment to cultivating nature has even been considered as a potential source of insight for a deeper understanding of the environmental crisis.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis's personal worldview—informed by his education, philosophy, professional knowledge, and pietistic background—has become known as "magical idealism", a name derived from Novalis's reference in his 1798 notebooks to a type of literary prophet, the "magischer Idealist" ("magical idealist"). In this worldview, philosophy and poetry are united. Magical idealism is Novalis's synthesis of the German idealism of Fichte and Schelling with the creative imagination. The goal of the creative imagination is to break down the barriers between language and world, as well as the subject and object. The "magic" is the enlivening of nature as it responds to our will.


title: Novalis

text: Another element of Novalis's magical idealism is his concept of "love". In Novalis's view, love is a sense of relationship and sympathy between all beings in the world, which is considered both the basis of magic and its goal. From one perspective, Novalis's emphasis on the term "magic" represents a challenge to what he perceived as the disenchantment that came with modern rationalistic thinking.From another perspective, however, Novalis's use of "magic" and "love" in his writing is a performative act that enacts a key aspect of his philosophical and literary goals. These words are meant to startle readers into attentiveness, making them aware of his use of the arts, particularly poetry with its metaphor and symbolism, to explore and unify various understandings of nature in his all-embracing investigations.


title: Novalis

text: Magical idealism also addresses the idea of health. Novalis derived his theory of health from the Scottish physician John Brown's system of medicine, which sees illness as a mismatch between sensory stimulation and internal state. Novalis extends this idea by suggesting that illness arises from a disharmony between the self and the world of nature. This understanding of health is immanent: the "magic" is not otherworldly, it is based on the body and mind's relationship to the environment. According to Novalis, health is maintained when we use our bodies as means to sensitively perceive the world rather than to control the world: the ideal is where the individual and the world interplay harmoniously. It has been argued that there is an anxiety in Novalis's sense of magical idealism that denies actual touch, which leads inevitably to death, and replaces it with an idea of "distant touch".


title: Novalis

text: Novalis's religious perspective remains a subject of debate. Novalis's early rearing in a Pietist household affected him through this life. The impact of his religious background on his writings are particularly clear in his two major poetic works. "Hymns to the Night" contains many Christian symbols and themes. And, Novalis's "Spiritual Songs", which were posthumously published in 1802 were incorporated into Lutheran hymnals; Novalis called the poems "Christian Songs", and they were intended to be published in the "Athenaeum" under the title "Specimens From a New Devotional Hymn Book". One of his final works, which was posthumously named "Die Christenheit oder Europa" ("Christianity or Europe") when it was first published in full in 1826, has generated a great deal of controversy regarding Novalis's religious views. This essay, which Novalis himself had simply entitled "Europa", called for European unity in Novalis's time by poetically referencing a mythical Medieval golden age when Europe was unified under the Catholic Church.


title: Novalis

text: One view of Novalis's work is that it maintains a traditional Christian outlook. Novalis's brother Karl writes that during his final illness, Novalis would read the works of the theologians Nicolaus Zinzendorf and Johann Kaspar Lavater, as well as the Bible. On the other hand, during the decades following Novalis's death, German intellectuals, such as the author Karl Hillebrand and the literary critic Hermann Theodor Hettner thought that Novalis was essentially a Catholic in his thinking. In the twentieth century, this view of Novalis has sometimes led to negative assessments of his work. "Hymns to the Night" has been described as an attempt by Novalis to use religion to avoid the challenges of modernity, and "Christianity or Europe" has been described variously as desperate prayer, a reactionary manifesto or a theocratic dream.


title: Novalis

text: Another view of Novalis's work is that it reflects a Christian mysticism. After Novalis died, the Jena Romantics wrote of him as a seer who would bring forth a new gospel: one who lived his life as one aiming toward the spiritual while looking at death as a means of overcoming human limitation in a revolutionary movement toward God. In this more romantic view, Novalis was a visionary who saw contemporary Christianity as a stage to an even higher expression of religion where earthly love rises to a heavenly love as death itself is defeated by that love. At the end of the nineteenth century, the playwright and poet Maurice Maeterlinck also described Novalis as a mystic. However, Maeterlinck acknowledged the impact of Novalis's intellectual interests on his religious views, describing Novalis as a "scientific mystic" and comparing him to the physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal.


title: Novalis

text: More recently, Novalis's religious outlook has been analysed from the point of view of his philosophical and aesthetic commitments. In this view, Novalis's religious thought was based on his attempts to reconcile Fichte's idealism, in which the sense of self arises in the distinction of subject and object, with Baruch Spinoza's naturalistic philosophy, in which all being is one substance. Novalis sought a single principle through which the division between ego and nature becomes mere appearance. As Novalis's philosophical thinking on religion developed, it became influenced by the Platonism of Hemsterhuis, as well as the Neoplatonism of Plotinus. Accordingly, Novalis aimed to synthesize naturalism and theism into a "religion of the visible cosmos". Novalis believed that individuals could obtain mystic insight, but religion can remain rational: God could be a Neoplatonic object of intellectual intuition and rational perception, the logos that structures the universe. In Novalis's view, this vision of the logos is not merely intellectual, but moral too, as Novalis states "god is virtue itself". This vision includes Novalis's idea of love, in which self and nature united in a mutually supportive existence. This understanding of Novalis's religious project is illustrated by a quote from one of his notes in his "Fichte-Studien" ("Fichte Studies"): "Spinoza ascended as far as nature- Fichte to the 'I', or the person, I ascend to the thesis of God".


title: Novalis

text: According to this Neoplatonic reading of Novalis, his religious language can be understood using the "magic wand of analogy", a phrase Novalis used in "Europe and Christianity" to clarify how he meant to use history in that essay. This use of analogy was partly inspired by Schiller, who argued that analogy allows facts to be connected into a harmonious whole, and by his relationship with Friedrich Schlegel, who sought to explore the revelations of religion through the union of philosophy and poetry. The "magic wand of analogy" allowed Novalis to use metaphor, analogy and symbolism to bring together the arts, science, and philosophy in his search for truth. This view of Novalis's writing suggests that his literary language must be read carefully. His metaphors and images- even in works like "Hymns to the Night"- are not only mystical utterances, they also express philosophical arguments. Read in this perspective, a work like Novalis's "Christianity or Europe" is not a call to return to a lost golden age. Rather, it is an argument in poetic language, phrased in the mode of a myth, for a cosmopolitan vision of a unity that brings together past and future, ideal and real, to engage the listener in an unfinished historical process.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis is best known as a German Romantic poet. His two sets of poems, "Hymns to the Night" and "Spiritual Songs" are considered his major lyrical achievements. "Hymns to the Night" were begun in 1797 after the death of Sophie von Kühn. About eight months after they were completed, a revised edition of the poems was published in the "Athenaeum". The "Spiritual Songs", which were written in 1799, were posthumously published in 1802. Novalis called the poems "Christian Songs", and they were intended to be entitled "Specimens From a New Devotional Hymn Book". After his death many of the poems were incorporated into Lutheran hymn-books. Novalis also wrote a number of other occasional poems, which can be found in his collected works. Translations of poems into English include:


title: Novalis

text: Novalis wrote two unfinished novel fragments, "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" and "Die Lehrlinge zu Sais (The Novices at Sais)", both of which were published posthumously by Tieck and Schlegel in 1802. The novels both aim to describe a universal world harmony with the help of poetry. "The Novices at Sais" contains the fairy tale "Hyacinth and Rose Petal". "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" is the work in which Novalis introduced the image of the "blue flower". "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" was conceived as a response to Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship", a work that Novalis had read with enthusiasm but judged as being highly unpoetical. He disliked Goethe making the economical victorious over the poetic in the narrative, so Novalis focused on making "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" triumphantly poetic. Both of Novalis's novels also reflect human experience through metaphors related to his studies in natural history from Freiburg. Translations of Novels into English include:


title: Novalis

text: Together with Friedrich Schlegel, Novalis developed the fragment as a literary artform in German. For Schlegel, the fragment served as a literary vehicle that mediated apparent oppositions. Its model was the fragment from classical sculpture, whose part evoked the whole, or whose finitude evoked infinite possibility, via the imagination. The use of the fragment allowed Novalis to easily express himself on any issue of intellectual life he wanted to address, and it served as a means of expressing Schlegel's ideal of a universal "progressive universal poesy", that fused "poetry and prose into an art that expressed the totality of both art and nature". This genre particularly suited Novalis as it allowed him to express himself in a way that kept both philosophy and poetry in a continuous relationship. His first major use of the fragment as a literary form, "Pollen", was published in the "Athenaeum" in 1798. English translations include:


title: Novalis

text: During his lifetime, Novalis wrote two works on political themes, "Faith and Love or the King and the Queen" and his speech "Europa", which was posthumously named "Christianity or Europe". In addition to their political focus, both works share a common theme of poetically arguing for the importance of "faith and love" to achieve human and communal unification. Because these works poetically address political concerns, their meaning continues to be the subject of disagreement. Their interpretations have ranged from being seen as reactionary manifestos celebrating hierarchies to utopian dreams of human solidarity.


title: Novalis

text: "Faith and Love or the King and the Queen" was published in "Yearbooks of the Prussian Monarchy" in 1798 just after King Wilhelm Frederick III and his popular wife Queen Louise ascended to the throne of Prussia. In this work, Novalis addresses the king and queen, emphasizing their importance as role models for creating an enduring state of interconnectedness both on the individual and collective level. Though a substantial portion of the essay was published, Frederick Wilhelm III censored the publication of additional installments as he felt it held the monarchy to impossibly high standards. The work is also notable in that Novalis extensively used the literary fragment to make his points.


title: Novalis

text: "Europa" was written and originally delivered to a private group of friends in 1799. It was intended for the "Athenaeum"; after it was presented, Schlegel decided not to publish it. It was not published in full until 1826. It is a poetical, cultural-historical speech with a focus on a political utopia with regard to the Middle Ages. In this text Novalis tries to develop a new Europe which is based on a new poetical Christendom which shall lead to unity and freedom. He got the inspiration for this text from a book written by Schleiermacher, "Über die Religion" ("On Religion"). The work was a response to the French Revolution and its implications for the French enlightenment, which Novalis saw as catastrophic. It anticipated the growing German and Romantic critiques of the then-current enlightenment ideologies in the search for a new European spirituality and unity.


title: Novalis

text: Below are some available English translations, as well as two excerpts that illustrate how "Europa" has variously been interpreted.


title: Novalis

text: Additional works that have been translated into English are listed below. Most of the works reflect Novalis's more philosophical and scientific sides, most of which were not systematically collected, published, and translated until the 20th century. Their publication has called for a reassessment of Novalis and his role as a thinker as well as an artist.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis' works were originally issued in two volumes by his friends Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel (2 vols. 1802; a third volume was added in 1846). Editions of Novalis' collected works have since been compiled by C. Meisner and Bruno Wille (1898), by Ernst Heilborn (3 vols., 1901), and by J. Minor (4 vols., 1907). "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" was published separately by J. Schmidt in 1876. The most current version of Novalis's collected works, a German-language, six-volume edition of Novalis works "Historische-Kritische Ausgabe - Novalis Schriften" (HKA), is edited by Richard Samuel, Hans-Joachim Mähl & Gerhard Schulz. It is published by Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1960–2006.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis's "Correspondence" was edited by J. M. Raich in 1880. See R. Haym "Die romantische Schule" (Berlin, 1870); A. Schubart, "Novalis' Leben, Dichten und Denken" (1887); C. Busse, "Novalis' Lyrik" (1898); J. Bing, "Friedrich von Hardenberg" (Hamburg, 1899), E. Heilborn, "Friedrich von Hardenberg" (Berlin, 1901).


title: Novalis

text: The political philosopher Karl Marx's metaphorical argument that religion was the opium of the people was prefigured by Novalis's statement in "Pollen" where he describes "philistines" with the following analogy, "Their so-called religion works just like an opiate: stimulating, sedating, stilling pain through innervation".


title: Novalis

text: The musical composer Richard Wagner's libretto for the opera "Tristan und Isolde" contains strong allusions to Novalis' symbolic language, especially the dichotomy between the Night and the Day that animates his "Hymns to the Night."


title: Novalis

text: The literary critic Walter Pater includes Novalis's quote, ""Philosophiren ist dephlegmatisiren, vivificiren"" ("to philosophize is to throw off apathy, to become revived") in his conclusion to "Studies in the History of the Renaissance".


title: Novalis

text: The esotericist and philosopher Rudolf Steiner spoke in various lectures (now published) about Novalis and his influence on anthroposophy.


title: Novalis

text: The literary critic, philosopher and photographer's Franz Roh term "magischer Realismus" that he coined in his 1925 book "Nach-Expressionismus, Magischer Realismus: Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei" ("Post-expressionism, Magic Realism: Problems in Recent European Painting") may have been inspired by Novalis's term "magischer Realist".


title: Novalis

text: The 20th-century philosopher Martin Heidegger uses a Novalis fragment, "Philosophy is really homesickness, an urge to be at home everywhere" in the opening pages of "The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics."


title: Novalis

text: The author Hermann Hesse's writing was influenced by Novalis' poetry, and Hesse's last full-length novel "Glasperlenspiel" ("The Glass Bead Game") contains a passage that appears to restate one of the fragments in Novalis's "Pollen".


title: Novalis

text: The artist and activist Joseph Beuys's aphorism "Everyone is an artist" was inspired by Novalis, who wrote "Every person should be an artist" in "Faith and Love or the King and the Queen".


title: Novalis

text: The krautrock band Novalis took their name from Novalis and used his poems for lyrics on their albums.


title: Novalis

text: Novalis records, which are produced by AVC Audio Visual Communications AG, Switzerland, was named in tribute to Novalis's writings.


title: Novalis

text: The avant-garde filmmaker Stan Brakhage made the short film "First Hymn to the Night – Novalis" in 1994. The film, which visually incorporates the text of Novalis's poem, was issued on Blu-ray and DVD in an anthology of Brakhage's films by Criterion Collection.


title: Novalis

text: The artist and animator Chris Powell created the award-winning animated film "Novalis". The title character is a robot named after Novalis.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Monster Hunter Generations is an action role-playing game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo 3DS. Announced in May 2015, the game was released in Japan as "Monster Hunter X" in November 2015 and internationally in July 2016. Like other titles in the "Monster Hunter" series, players undertake quests that involve hunting large dangerous creatures, either solo or in multiplayer. Major additions in this installment include special attacks, new combat styles, and the ability to play as Felynes who have traditionally only appeared as a companion to the player. Although it retains the core gameplay of previous mainline entries, "Monster Hunter Generations" is considered a spinoff title according to the developers. An expanded version of the game, titled Monster Hunter XX, was announced in October 2016, and was released exclusively in Japan in March 2017. An HD port of the expanded rerelease for the Nintendo Switch, titled Monster Hunter Generations Ultimate, was released in Japan in August 2017 followed by a worldwide release in August 2018. The game has sold more than units worldwide, .


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: "Monster Hunter Generations" features gameplay similar to past titles in the series. The player assumes the role of a hunter who embarks on quests to hunt dangerous creatures. A hunter's abilities are determined by the type of armor and weapons that they wear on a quest, as the hunter otherwise has no intrinsic attributes that affect gameplay. All fourteen weapon types from "Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate", ranging from swords, hammers, bows, guns, and lances, are included in "Monster Hunter Generations", in addition to the new Prowler mode which allows the player to take the role of a Felyne, a sentient cat-like species. Each weapon has different sets of moves and abilities that can be employed while in the field. Armors grant defensive bonuses to physical and elemental damage and can boost specific skills and attack types through base attributes and the addition of special decoration gems and talismans. To make a more powerful hunter that can survive against more dangerous creatures, the player takes materials carved from monsters (either slain or captured via traps), as well as materials gathered from the various fields and purchased in village stores, to craft new armor or to craft and upgrade weapons. Defeating more powerful creatures enables even more potent equipment to be crafted, thus creating a gameplay progress through the game's loot system. New in "Generations" is the ability to transform armor pieces into new gear similar to weapon upgrade paths by upgrading it with materials from broad categories, like bones or ores, and having the ability to upgrade a weapon directly to a more advanced version without the intermediate upgrade steps.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: "Monster Hunter Generations" features new special moves known as Hunting Arts. These moves require the player to wait for the moves to charge up during the course of a hunt before they can be activated. Once ready, the player can activate them at any time, after which they have to wait for them to charge up again before a second use. The Arts have different effects such as dealing massive damage, providing buffs, or healing allies. The game also introduces a system called "Hunting Styles". This system adds different attack styles for a weapon. Each weapon type in the game will have four distinct forms. The Guild Style is a balanced and basic style akin to combat in previous games of the series. The Striker Style is less technical but emphasises the use of Hunting Arts letting the player set up three special attacks. The Aerial Style specialises in mid-air attacks allowing players to use monsters as a platform which they can propel themselves off. The Adept Style gives players an opportunity to perform powerful counterattacks after successfully evading a monster's attack. Visually, the game's combat has been described as flashier than previous titles.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: The game will have four new signature monsters along with a number of past flagship monsters. Included are what are known as Deviant Monsters, previous monsters from other games in the series that have been said to have mutated and evolved into more powerful forms, which on defeat will yield spoils of combat that can be used to craft high-level equipment. The game features four villages which are non-combat areas for getting quests and communicating with non-player characters. Three villages return from previous titles, and a new village called Bherna has been added. The game includes an improved resource gathering system; resource points on the various areas will have more items that can be acquired before they are exhausted and the player only has to hold down a controller button to continue to collect items instead of pressing the button each time, and once per mission, the player can call a Felyne messenger to take one inventory's worth of goods back to a village to store.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Planning for "Monster Hunter Generations" began during the development of "Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate". The game's Japanese title—"Monster Hunter X", pronounced as "Monster Hunter Cross"—originated from the idea of crossing old and new elements of the series in the game. Series executive producer Ryozo Tsujimoto saw that since it had been more than ten years since the beginning of the franchise, they wanted to celebrate the occasion, putting the idea of the game as "a festival feeling, a special event". Game producer, Shintaro Kojima, noted that "the letter X looks like it divides the given space into four… so four hunting styles, four large main monsters, four villages. They’re all crossing." The four flagship monsters featured in this title are Astalos, Gammoth, Mizutsune, and Glavenus.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Originally, Capcom considered adding a new weapon type for "Monster Hunter Generations". This would have required a lot of development work, so instead they opted to focus on the concept of a player's "attachment to the weapon". The developers noted how players would develop their own approach to combat, which inspired the idea of the hunting skills and arts as these would further give each player to craft a hunter to their unique play style. However, they still needed to balance the strength and effectiveness of these new arts and skills so that "Generations" would remain fundamentally a game that required the player to read a monster's actions and make the right moves at the right time, and would keep the animation mechanics found in the main series games. Several features—underwater combat, guild quests, and frenzied monsters—from past titles are omitted in "Monster Hunter Generations". Tsujimoto said that this was to emphasize the unique elements of the new title.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: As with "Monster Hunter 4", "Generations" includes a number of quests that help to orient a player to the various gameplay systems within the game; this includes special quest lines for each weapon type to help accustom the player to that weapon and its strategies. The Prowler-Felyne hunter choice was aimed specifically for new players of the series, but also to give veteran players a new way to experience the title. With the Prowler mode, it helps to emphasise the need to watch the monsters and read their tell before making a move and gaining the opportunity for a counterattack.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: While the period between the Japanese release of "Monster Hunter 4" and "Generations" was nearly annual, the producers state they have no expectations to make "Monster Hunter" an annual series. They found the response from Western audiences with these two games overwhelming, and are working to make the localization process easier to reduce the time between the Japanese and Western releases, and would like to eventually see a simultaneous release in these regions in the future.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: "Monster Hunter Generations" was first announced in Japan under the title "Monster Hunter X" in May 2015 with a planned release later that year, during a Nintendo Direct presentation. A demo of the game was released digitally in Japan on November 19, 2015, via the Nintendo eShop. The demo features three quests involving different monsters. The game was subsequently released for Nintendo 3DS in Japan on November 28, 2015. Alongside the game's Japanese launch, Nintendo released "Monster Hunter X"-themed faceplates for the New Nintendo 3DS, and a limited-edition "Monster Hunter X"-themed New Nintendo 3DS XL featuring the game's logo and four signature monsters.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: For North America and Europe, the game was released as "Monster Hunter Generations" on July 15, 2016, along with a limited-edition New Nintendo 3DS XL similar to the Japanese release. The demo version was made available in Europe on June 15, 2016, and in North America on June 30, 2016. Players that transfer their "Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate" saves into "Monster Hunter Generations" receive an in-game armor set for their Palico.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Similar to previous "Monster Hunter" games, the player can obtain armor sets, weapons and clothing themed to other Capcom games and other third-party titles. "Generations" includes such themes based on Amaterasu from "Ōkami", Chun-Li and Blanka from "Street Fighter", Arthur from "Ghosts 'n Goblins", Strider Hiryu from "Strider", Link from "", and Fox McCloud from the "Star Fox" series. Such costumes are obtained by completing quests that are offered as free downloadable content.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: An expanded version of the game, "Monster Hunter XX", was announced in October 2016. It was released in Japan on March 18, 2017. More downloadable content based on other games was made available for this version shortly after release. Newly represented games include "" and the "Ace Attorney" series, as well as more content based on Ōkami and Strider. Japanese singer Daigo was also represented in the game. The expansion also featured a collaboration with "Sailor Moon" as part of the 25th anniversary celebration of the franchise. The Felyne cat companion resembles Luna and wields Sailor Moon's Cutie Moon Rod weapon.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: On May 26, 2017, it was announced that the game would be ported to the Nintendo Switch under the Japanese title of "Monster Hunter XX: Nintendo Switch Ver.", and it was released on August 25, 2017. Save data from "Monster Hunter X" is able to be transferred to this version of the game, while progress can also be swapped between the 3DS and Switch versions of "XX". Like "Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate" before it, "XX" features cross-platform multiplayer. Capcom stated during the June Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 event that at the time it had no plans to localize the Switch version of "Monster Hunter XX" for Western audiences, though they did announce "" to come to personal computers and other consoles. This later changed, as the title was released for Western markets as "Monster Hunter Generations Ultimate" on August 28, 2018. "Ultimate" allows players to transfer saved games from the 3DS "Generations" games.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Following the 2015 Tokyo Game Show, the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association named "Monster Hunter Generations" as one of ten winners for the "Future Division" Award.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Prior to the game's launch, Capcom expected to sell 2.5 million copies of "Monster Hunter Generations" by March 2016. The game sold over 1.5 million units in its first two days, and , the game has sold over 3 million copies. Japanese sales tracker, Media Create reported that "Monster Hunter Generations" sold through over 91% of its retail stock in its first week. Total software sales in Japan during the week of the game's launch were the highest recorded so far in 2015, with "Monster Hunter Generations" contributing over 75% of sales. The launch also led to a rise in total hardware sales, with sales of the New Nintendo 3DS XL increasing by over 360% from the previous week.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: According to the NPD Group, "Monster Hunter Generations" was the best selling game in July 2016 in North America, and, alongside renewed interest in "Pokémon" games resulting from "Pokémon Go", helped to boost 3DS sales over all other consoles and 80% better than 3DS sales the previous year.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: Capcom reported that "Monster Hunter Generations" had exceeded 4.1 million units sold worldwide by September 2016, with sales in Western countries described as "solid". As of September 2017, "Monster Hunter X/Generations" has sold 4.3million units for the 3DS.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: "Monster Hunter XX" sold 1.7 million copies by April 2017. As of September 2017, "Monster Hunter XX" has sold 1.8million units for the 3DS. The Switch version sold 84,377 copies in its first week in Japan, debuting at number1 in the charts, selling 48.9% of its initial shipment. As of November 6, 2017, shipments of the Switch version exceeded 350,000 units in Japan.


title: Monster Hunter Generations

text: As of December 2018, the total sales for "Monster Hunter XX" reached 3 million units worldwide. , "Generations" had sold units for the 3DS while "Generations Ultimate" has sold units for the Switch and 3DS, for a total of units sold across all versions.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation. The word "proteinogenic" means "protein creating". Throughout known life, there are 22 genetically encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids, 20 in the standard genetic code and an additional 2 (selenocysteine and pyrrolysine) that can be incorporated by special translation mechanisms.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: In contrast, non-proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are either not incorporated into proteins (like GABA, -DOPA, or triiodothyronine), misincorporated in place of a genetically encoded amino acid, or not produced directly and in isolation by standard cellular machinery (like hydroxyproline). The latter often results from post-translational modification of proteins. Some non-proteinogenic amino acids are incorporated into nonribosomal peptides which are synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes can incorporate selenocysteine into their proteins via a nucleotide sequence known as a SECIS element, which directs the cell to translate a nearby UGA codon as selenocysteine (UGA is normally a stop codon). In some methanogenic prokaryotes, the UAG codon (normally a stop codon) can also be translated to pyrrolysine.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: In eukaryotes, there are only 21 proteinogenic amino acids, the 20 of the standard genetic code, plus selenocysteine. Humans can synthesize 12 of these from each other or from other molecules of intermediary metabolism. The other nine must be consumed (usually as their protein derivatives), and so they are called essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine (i.e. H, I, L, K, M, F, T, W, V).


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: The proteinogenic amino acids have been found to be related to the set of amino acids that can be recognized by ribozyme autoaminoacylation systems. Thus, non-proteinogenic amino acids would have been excluded by the contingent evolutionary success of nucleotide-based life forms. Other reasons have been offered to explain why certain specific non-proteinogenic amino acids are not generally incorporated into proteins; for example, ornithine and homoserine cyclize against the peptide backbone and fragment the protein with relatively short half-lives, while others are toxic because they can be mistakenly incorporated into proteins, such as the arginine analog canavanine.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: The evolutionary selection of certain proteinogenic amino acids from the primordial soup has been suggested to be because of their better incorporation into a polypeptide chain as opposed to non-proteinogenic amino acids.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: The following illustrates the structures and abbreviations of the 21 amino acids that are directly encoded for protein synthesis by the genetic code of eukaryotes. The structures given below are standard chemical structures, not the typical zwitterion forms that exist in aqueous solutions.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: Following is a table listing the one-letter symbols, the three-letter symbols, and the chemical properties of the side chains of the standard amino acids. The masses listed are based on weighted averages of the elemental isotopes at their natural abundances. Forming a peptide bond results in elimination of a molecule of water. Therefore, the protein's mass is equal to the mass of amino acids the protein is composed of minus 18.01524 Da per peptide bond.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: §: Values for Asp, Cys, Glu, His, Lys & Tyr were determined using the amino acid residue placed centrally in an alanine pentapeptide. The value for Arg is from Pace "et al." (2009). The value for Sec is from Byun & Kang (2011).


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: Note: The pKa value of an amino-acid residue in a small peptide is typically slightly different when it is inside a protein. Protein pKa calculations are sometimes used to calculate the change in the pKa value of an amino-acid residue in this situation.


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: In mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins, knowledge of the masses of the residues is useful. The mass of the peptide or protein is the sum of the residue masses plus the mass of water (Monoisotopic mass = 18.01056 Da; average mass = 18.0153 Da). The residue masses are calculated from the tabulated chemical formulas and atomic weights. In mass spectrometry, ions may also include one or more protons (Monoisotopic mass = 1.00728 Da; average mass* = 1.0074 Da). *Protons cannot have an average mass, this confusingly infers to Deuterons as a valid isotope, but they should be a different species (see Hydron (chemistry))


title: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: The table below lists the abundance of amino acids in "E.coli" cells and the metabolic cost (ATP) for synthesis of the amino acids. Negative numbers indicate the metabolic processes are energy favorable and do not cost net ATP of the cell. The abundance of amino acids includes amino acids in free form and in polymerization form (proteins).


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Phillip Leslie Wilcher (born 16 March 1958) is an Australian pianist and classical music composer who was a founding member of the children's music group the Wiggles. When Wilcher published his first work, "Daybreak", at the age of 14, he was one of the youngest classical composers in Australia.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Wilcher has published over 100 piano-related works and has performed both solo and with ensembles. Rita Crews for "The Studio Quarterly Magazine" described his style as "free-flowing, with an underlying romantic character, one in which melodic line and lyricism are all-important elements". His music has been broadcast by radio stations ABC-FM and 2MBS-FM – the latter has aired two documentaries, "Wilcher and the French Connection" and "Wilcher's World".


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Phillip Leslie Wilcher was born to Naomi Joy Thompson (8 April 1929 – 21 June 2005) and Leslie James Wilcher (born 16 January 1923), a World War II veteran. Wilcher grew up in Camperdown. As of 2004, he resided in Concord and owns no cell phone, watch, or car: "My entire life since I was a boy was writing music and that has overshadowed everything. I would be happy living in an oversized cardboard box with a piano and a blank sheet of manuscript paper".


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Wilcher started piano lessons at the age of eight; his first teachers were Gladys Woodward and Jean Teasel. His interest in composing music began at an early age, before his teens. At the age of 14, Wilcher published his first piano composition, "Daybreak", with the Sydney-based music company, J. Albert & Son, making him the then-youngest published composer in Australia. The track was later recorded in 2006 by John Martin on his CD, "Ancient Rivers".


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: It was around that time Richard Gill awarded Wilcher a prize in the City of Sydney Eisteddfod for a work titled ‘Autumn Mists.’ Wilcher had entered it along with four other pieces, a Barcarolle, a Rhapsody, an Etude (which Gill praised as a “noble effort” that “rivaled Chopin’s Etude Opus 10 No. 4 in its ideas and difficulty”) and a smaller study he likened to the Opus 110 by Brahms, in both style and difficulty. In his autobiography 'Thinking Allowed' Wilcher recalls: "He was very kind to me, and encouraged me to continue on, suggesting – even foretelling – that mine was a name worth remembering."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: For seven years, after he published "Daybreak", Wilcher was a student of composer and musicologist, Franz Holford, who was an editor at J. Albert & Son; he later composed music with Holford for over twenty years. One of the many highlights during Wilcher’s student years with Holford was a meeting with Fernando Germani who was organist of the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome during the reign of Pope Pius X11. Germani was visiting with Holford at his home in the Sydney suburb of Hunters Hill where the young Wilcher played for him Chopin’s Mazurka in Bb minor, Op. 24 No. 4. At the end of his performance, Germani was so moved by what he had heard he shed a tear. Wilcher's piano piece, "Autumn Rain", was published when he was 17, by J. Albert & Son. He also studied with classical musicians Neta Maughan and Elpis Liossatos, and began a thirty-year association with composer Miriam Hyde. Hyde is quoted as saying of Wilcher: "I find great satisfaction in the fact that we - Australia - have one composer who can succeed in a medium of sensitivity in spite of the ugliness and violence predominating in so many countries." In 1976 Wilcher became an assistant editor for J. Albert & Son's Classical/Educational Division. These were formative years for Wilcher, not only because of his work in the classical/educational department but the world of pop/rock music as well. Through his work at Alberts, Wilcher came to know Vanda and Young, Bon Scott from AC/DC and particularly, Marc Hunter of Dragon. Wilcher on Marc Hunter: "At that time, I had no idea who he [Marc Hunter] was! Neither did he elaborate much on himself. We just spoke as if we were friends and true to his word, whenever he was at Alberts to record, he would always visit with me, and talk about music. Marc was a gentleman through and through and nothing short of stylish. After leaving Alberts in 1979, I never really saw him again, but my memory of him was such that when decades later he died, I cried. I will still shed a tear for him from time to time. He was a good man; someone I will never forget."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: During the 1980s he worked for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). According to Wilcher's autobiography, it was while working at the ABC Wilcher came into contact with American Pulitzer-Prize winning composer Ned Rorem, who was to prove a major influence upon Wilcher's way of thinking, and how he considered creativity one's primary purpose for being. As Rorem had once written Wilcher: "The meaning of Life is to seek Life's meaning." Although musically they are of different worlds, Wilcher considers Rorem a mentor. The two shared a correspondence spanning over 30 years. Rorem to Wilcher: "Meanwhile, get your work done, there are too few people who know (as you and I know) what they want to do and how to do it."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Also in the 1980s, Wilcher developed a kinship with the friends and family of American pianist, Liberace, visiting them many times in Las Vegas. On his return to Australia after first visiting the US in May 1989, where he played for a celebration honouring Liberace's birthday at the Desert Inn, Wilcher received a letter of appreciation dated 6 July 1989 from Vince Fronza, who had read the eulogy at Liberace's funeral two years earlier. Fronza to Wilcher" "We managed a visit to Lee's (Liberace's) grave, and I touched that part of the mausoleum where his body is, spoke softly telling him of meeting you, and that we know he arranged it."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In the late 1980s, Wilcher began working in the Macquarie University early childhood music program. During his years of employment at Macquarie University’s Institute of Early Childhood, Wilcher was invited by music lecturer Emily App to conduct a guest-tutorial/master class, centred around the art of Music and music-making for children. Emily App wrote of Wilcher's class: “Students were amazed. I think it took their level of thinking about music to greater heights.” Likewise, the Dean, Alan Rice commented: “The enthusiasm of the master class and the student was very encouraging and a tribute to your commitment and expertise. It is only occasionally that we experience these peaks in our daily activities.”


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: During this time, Wilcher met Anthony Field, former member of the Australian rock group the Cockroaches, who was studying child development. According to Wilcher, Field asked him to help them record their self-titled debut album. Wilcher claims that he "contributed the most musically to the debut album", composing 75% of the music. The album included another piece he had composed at 14, "Summer Dance", which appeared on the album as "Archie's Theme". Wilcher was nicknamed Archie due to his admiration of Liberace. He performed in two of the group's videos, "Get Ready to Wiggle" and "Dorothy the Dinosaur".


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In 1992, Wilcher left the Wiggles. Their spokesperson, Dianna O'Neill, claims that he submitted a letter of resignation because he wanted to continue composing classical music. It was not until 26 November 1992, that Wilcher signed a Consumer Affairs Statement of Change in Persons Document - Registration No: M09577-8 - sent him by Jeff Fatt. Jeff Fatt gives the release date as 6 July 1992, but due to house renovations he was involved in at that time, and despite repeated requests from Wilcher to Fatt, Fatt did not forward the document for signing to Wilcher until 26 November 1992.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: According to fellow founding member Greg Page, "Archie had considerable input into the arrangement of some songs on that first CD ... he is quite a musical genius ... However ... the musical direction of the Wiggles was changing". Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) awarded the band members, including Wilcher, with gold and platinum certificates for the album. In two letters dated 21 April and 24 May 1995, to ABC Enterprises, Wilcher addressed certain concerns about his involvement with The Wiggles. Wilcher claims he was advised by Jeremy Fabinyi to write a letter of resignation so to officially release him from incurring any expenses for albums subsequent to the debut album. It had nothing to do with Wilcher leaving the group as a composer/writer for which he claims he had a verbal agreement.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In 1993, Wilcher published a lesson plan for early childhood activities, "A Musical Offering". The Australian composer and music educator, Dulcie Holland remarked: “Phillip Wilcher’s 'A Musical Offering' is an ingenious and imaginative approach to music. Through rhythm and rhyme, movement and sound, the very young person is gently introduced to music as an enjoyable activity. This will provide a wonderful foundation for a lifetime of musical experience and richness.” Holland would later set Wilcher's poem 'Sounds and Silence' from 'A Musical Offering' for women's choir. It was premiered by the Faye Dumont Singers and later published by EMI. Further praise for Wilcher's "A Musical Offering" came from principal Early Childhood lecturers Rosemary Harle: “It is refreshing to find Phillip Wilcher composing quality music for this very special market. A Musical Offering is so very appropriate for the young and commendable for its originality and captivating melodies.” and Laurie Le Claire, who wrote: “I am delighted with this music. It will appeal to children of all ages, and will challenge them in exciting ways. Phillip has a keen sense of the developing musical perceptions of children.”


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In 2000, for reasons not entirely clear, the Wiggles had not only rerecorded their first album, but also renamed it "Wiggle Time" and removed all of his compositions. In 2005, when the Wiggles had become Australia's most successful children's act, he seemed to criticise the Wiggles in the press, but he has since stated that reporters had misrepresented him and that he chose to remain silent in the aftermath of their articles.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Phillip Wilcher's has composed over 100 works for solo piano, pieces for soloist and piano as well as chamber ensembles. His music was described by "The Sydney Morning Herald"s Steve Dow as "an eclectic mix of classical and flim-flam". Wilcher's compositions are influenced by Chopin and J.S. Bach, and some of his works are notable for their use of Eastern scales, such as his "Six Etudes", which uses Chinese and Japanese scales. He has composed music for pianist Aaron McMillan, and for musician and former ABC broadcaster, news reader and journalist, Clive Robertson. He has also set poetry by American librettist Jack Larson to music. In 2007, he composed "1791", a work honouring Mozart on the anniversary of his death, which was performed by oboist Rachel Tolmie, and the Bourbaki String Ensemble conducted by David Angell. It appeared on a compilation album, "Into His Countenance" (2008), which featured various artists performing Wilcher's compositions.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: His works have been included on several other CDs released by Jade Music and Wirripang. Pianist Jeanell Carrigan has recorded six CDs of his compositions, two for Publications by Wirripang. Carrigan, on the transportive nature of Wilcher's music, remarked: "Whether he wishes to transport the listener to a cafe in Paris or to the top of a mountain in Java, his skilful use of harmony, rhythm and tempi creates the perfect atmosphere." Rita Crews, in a review of Carrigan's album "Shimmer" (2004) for "The Studio Quarterly Magazine", described Wilcher's style as "free-flowing, with an underlying romantic character, one in which melodic line and lyricism are all-important elements". 2MBS-FM's Mike Smith found it was of "a more openly romantic nature than in his earlier" work and he was "reminded of Rachmaninov, Albeniz and even Brahms".


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: As well as composing, Wilcher has performed both solo and with ensembles. This has included playing three times for the Liberace Foundation in Las Vegas. Of Wilcher's Las Vegas performance honouring Liberace's birthday at the Liberace Museum on 16 May 1992, the Liberace Club of Las Vegas had this to say in the Liberace Museum Newsletter: “The 1992 Liberace Club of Las Vegas reunion pinnacled with the magnificent performance of a very talented young man from Australia. Seated behind Liberace’s sparkling grand piano in the Tivoli Lounge, Phillip Wilcher performed a beautiful repertoire of musical selections in a tribute to Liberace. His brilliant piano artistry favoured the audience with classical as well as popular musical pieces. His artistic sensitivity was also evident when he performed two of his own compositions, “Chopiniana”, a piece written for an 80th birthday celebration of a leading Australian composer, and “Consolation”, a beautiful melody depicting a peaceful serenity."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: His music has been broadcast by radio stations, ABC-FM and 2MBS-FM – the latter has aired two documentaries on his music, "Wilcher and the French Connection" and "Wilcher's World". He has had an active public speaking career, and is an elected life member of Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and a board member of the "Australian Music Teacher Magazine", for which he has written articles on Chopin, Brahms, Ravel, and music education. For two years, spanning 2005-2007, Wilcher's music was used as part of the soundtrack to the Australian soap opera, Neighbours.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In 2011, on learning of the death of Benjamin Daniel Breedlove who was an American YouTuber from Texas, Wilcher wrote a piece of music for string quartet titled "Remembered On Waking". The piece was performed and recorded by the Linden Quartet on Wilcher's album "Heaven-Haven", published by Wirripang. "Heaven-Haven" was released in 2014. The music was performed by the Linden String Quartet. During production of the CD, Wilcher saw press reports about the fatal attack of 18-year-old Sydney resident Thomas Kelly; Wilcher was unable to separate the sorrow he felt for Kelly and his family from the sentiment he was trying to convey through his music. He eventually dedicated the project to Kelly and announced that proceeds from the album would benefit the Thomas Kelly Youth Foundation.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Wilcher's 2017 album, "The Voice of Love", is dedicated to Rosemary Eather, the host of the Australian children's television show, "Good Morning!!!" and friend to the composer and featured solo piano and piano and cello pieces. In 2021, Dr. Jeannine Baker, University of Wollongong, Australia wrote a report titled "Women in Early Australian Television Production as part of a Media Studies Grant project. Dr. Jeannine Baker writes: "This research inspired composer Philip Wilcher to donate his personal correspondence with Rosemary Eather to the National Film and Sound Archive NFSA (Canberra), correspondence which began when he was a child in the 1970s and lasted for decades. This valuable addition to the collection provides a rare example of both sides of the relationship between a female television personality and her audience." The performers on "The Voice of Love", were Jeanell Carrigan (piano) and Minah Choe (cello). For the 2019 release of "Spellbound", they were joined by Goetz Richter (violin). Pieces for various combinations of piano, violin and cello appear on the disc, with Wilcher's demanding "Four Scherzi" as a framing device. Brennan Keats, head of Wirripang publishing, contributed some insightful thoughts about Wilcher in the liner notes: "Phillip Wilcher is a man 'spellbound' by a profound spirituality that he rationalises with a natural philosophy that transcends most who live in the superficial world that confronts us today. There is a depth in him expressed by gentleness, kindness and demonstrated by the great love he exudes. All this is tempered by discipline, precision, delicacy and firmness of touch that only the truest, yet finest of musicians can expound. Of all the discs that he has produced, this is the most aptly named, in that it summarises a composer, musician and writer of integrity, and one of those rare beings who rises above all he encounters and yet remains very much one of us."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Also in 2017, soprano, Ayse Goknur Shanal premiered two songs written for her by Wilcher at the Sydney Opera House, “In the Nape of a Dream” and “Spirit Song”, which was specifically written at the request of Goknur Shanal for inclusion in her 'Songs for Refugees' concert.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: “The idea for this concert was a seed I have been watering since September 2015 when I saw the image of the Syrian toddler with the tiny jeans shorts and red t-shirt washed up on the Turkish shores. It broke me,” Goknur Shanal revealed. Together with cellist Kenichi Mizushima and pianist Harry Collins, this monumental evening, was organised by the grassroots network, Mums 4 Refugees, with the proceeds being donated to the charitable law firm, Human Rights for All, which represents refugee cases, on pro bono basis. "The concert include[d] works by, Massenet, Puccini, Giordano, as well as the world premiere of Spirit, written by Australian composer, Phillip Wilcher." (Sydney Opera House press release).


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: More recently, Wilcher has published a number of books, including an autobiography, titled 'Thinking Allowed'. He has written a full-scale piano recital for the virtuoso pianist Simon Tedeschi, and his music has attracted the attention of, and been performed by pianists overseas, notably Gerhard Eckle, Eduardo Fernandez, Lemuel Grave, Adam Jackson, and Emanuel Rimoldi.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Simon Tedeschi said of Wilcher's work: 'Phillip Wilcher's music dreamily evokes another time, another place. It has a searching quality that conjures up images of the great Romantic composers. Phillip wrote a recital for me, which I hope to present soon. Included in that are the ‘Etudes Tedeschi’ which have all the flavour and technical imagination of similar great works in the piano repertoire. I am proud to watch the evolution of this musician and composer who I count as a great personal friend."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Other musicians who have performed and recorded Wilcher’s works include John Martin (piano), Rachel Tolmie (oboist), Marina Marsden (violinist), Justine Marsden (violist), Elizabeth Neville (cellist), Emily Long (violinist), Melissa Doecke (flautist), Martin Cooke (singer), Neil Fissenden (flautist), David Wickham (pianist), Minah Choe (cellist).


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Wilcher continues to compose and release music, with his most recent release, Spellbound coming in 2019. Writing for the Music Teachers Association of Australia's "The Studio" journal, reviewer Marlicia Travis had this to say about the "Spellbound" CD:


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In 2020, Wilcher was commissioned by Kim Radock to write a piano piece in memory of his mother, pianist Shirley Paton. The piece, titled "When eyes first saw, thy beauty was as this ..." was published by Wirripang. Subsequent to the commission and under the auspices of the Music Teacher's Association of Australia (MTA) the "Shirley Paton Memorial Scholarship" was founded, one criteria of the scholarship being that any pianist entering the competition is obliged to play Wilcher's piece. In 2022, Wilcher was awarded″ Third Prize for his composition, "Rhapsody To The Memory of Richard Addinsell", in the 7th Vienna International Music Competition, conferred by the Franz Schubert Conservatorium. Also in 2022, Wilcher was awarded 3rd place diplomas in the Franz Schubert Conservatorium's "4th World Championship for Composition" Competition for his compositions "A Force Of Nature", "Into His Countenance" and "Piano Trio."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: For the past 12 years, Wilcher has been a full-time carer for his father, who at 99 years of age is battling dementia. It is a different fight to the one he fought during World War II as a private in the Australian Military Services, 18th Australian Field Academy. Wilcher himself has said that he needs to remember his father's history more often, particularly during those times his thought processes appear impeded; to "show his compassion through patience" even more. "I am not feeling too good tonight. My head is driving me half crazy, but I suppose it will wear off during my sleep; anyway, I hope so ..." (Leslie James Wilcher in a letter to his wife, Naomi Joy Wilcher).


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: More recently, the highly esteemed American composer/pianist/educator, Matthew Bridgham, dedicated the song-cycle "Seasons of Seizing" to Wilcher and Wilcher's father. Bridgham worked closely with a local poet and English professor Liz Whiteacre to create the song-cycle expressing a certain intimacy with temporal lobe epilepsy. Matthew Bridgham: "In summer 2021, I worked with poet Liz Whiteacre (English Professor at the University of Indianapolis) to develop a series of poems based on my experience living with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE). Liz is very skilled at giving a voice to people with disabilities and has done a remarkable job notating my testimonies and crafting them into a beautiful set of ten poems." "Seasons for Seizing" will receive its world-premiere performance at Yale University in November 2022.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: On October 11, 1997, at 39 years of age, Wilcher was admitted to Concord Repatriation Hospital following a five day history of progressively increasing altered behaviour. A summary of events as listed by Dr. M. G. Roxanas, who treated Wilcher at the time, touches upon accelerated speech patterns and "flights of ideas", mentioning anyone and everything from a Liberace concert Wilcher had attended as a child with his mother, jumping to other topics appropriate to his life including recent Wiggles-related articles, published while Wilcher was at hospital. A diagnosis of Mania was made and Wilcher was treated with Stelazine 5mgs nocte, Valium 5mgs nocte. After several weeks of treatment, Wilcher returned home and to normal employment.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: On March 20, 2002, Dr Roxanas wrote Wilcher in light of his achievements: "I was thrilled that you are now receiving recognition and furthermore that mental illness is no barrier to a normal lifestyle. I am glad to hear that you are keeping well and I hope that international recognition will also come to you. Please let me know of your progress in life."


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: In May of 2003, Wilcher was assaulted not far from his home. Three youths wielding a plank of wood with rusty nails in it, beat him about his head and body. Wilcher sustained many injuries including an arterial bleed and a dislocated shoulder. He was near death on admittance to hospital in the early hours of Sunday morning, May 11, 2003. Wilcher pressed no charges, choosing forgiveness his sole/souls means of recovery, both for himself and for his assailants. Following the attack on him, he penned a letter in Concord's local Courier newspaper offering his concern for, and forgiveness to his assailants


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: According to Wilcher's autobiography "Thinking Allowed", on 10 March 1991, after being encouraged by Anthony Field to pursue the Catholic faith, Wilcher was baptised at the Mount St. Francis Friary, Kellyville, New South Wales. Fr Max Balabanski was the priest presiding. Anthony Field was sworn in as Wilcher's godfather, and Field's mother Marie was sworn in as his godmother. Also in attendance were Paul and John Field, after which a luncheon was held in the Field's family home. Wilcher is of no fixed denomination today, but acknowledges the importance of the teachings of Christ in his life.


title: Phillip Wilcher

text: Where Wilcher himself draws direct alignment between the writing of his music and creativity at the source, it was the late Raymond Smullyan who heard a correlation between Wilcher's music and the religious or philosophical traditions of the East. Says Wilcher: I first came into contact with Raymond via YouTube after he had commented favourably on my music. Later, he invited me to submit a chapter about myself for the book "In Their Own Words" (The Piano Society 2009 Lulu Press) which he was editing with Peter Bispham : "I wish to compliment Taoism and Zen Buddhism by saying that I see a certain similarity between them and your music."


title: Piledriver (sex position)

text: The piledriver is a sexual position. Named after the downward motion of an actual pile driver, the position is executed by the receiving partner lying supine bent into a front bend in a pose similar to the yoga plow pose, bottom up, with legs bent over head, while the inserting partner stands above and inserts a penis or other object downwards into the receptive partner's vagina or anus.


title: Piledriver (sex position)

text: Though the position is quite strenuous for both participants, it is particularly so for the receptive partner, who is severely constrained by the front bend.


title: Araneus diadematus

text: The spider species Araneus diadematus is commonly called the European garden spider, diadem spider, orangie, cross spider, and crowned orb weaver. It is sometimes called the pumpkin spider, although this name is also used for a different species, "Araneus marmoreus". It is an orb-weaver spider found in Europe, where it is native, and North America, where it is introduced.


title: Araneus diadematus

text: "A. diadematus" has a holarctic distribution throughout Europe and across North America, from southern Canada to Mexico, and from British Columbia to Newfoundland.


title: Araneus diadematus

text: Individual spiders' colourings can range from extremely light yellow to very dark grey, but all "A. diadematus" spiders have mottled white markings across the dorsal abdomen, with four or more segments forming a cross. The markings are formed in cells filled with guanine, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism.


title: Araneus diadematus

text: Adult females range in length from , while males range from . Occasionally, the female will eat the male directly after mating. (See video below.)


title: Araneus diadematus

text: The legs of orb-weaver spiders are specialized for spinning orb webs. The webs are built by the larger females, which hang head down in the center of the web or remain hidden in nearby foliage, with one claw hooked to a signal line connected to the main orb, waiting for a disturbance to signal the arrival of prey. Prey is then quickly bitten and wrapped in silk to be stored for later consumption. The initial bite serves to paralyze the prey and minimize the danger of the spider herself being stung or bitten, and the enzymes thus injected serve to begin liquefaction of the prey's internal structures.


title: Araneus diadematus

text: Alongside the use of the web to capture other prey, the spiders are also cannibals and prey on each other, but this only happens just before, during, or just after sexual activity. They attack based on their size, sexual experience, and hunger levels.


title: Araneus diadematus

text: "A. diadematus" is a reclusive creature and only bites humans if cornered or otherwise provoked. It responds to a disturbance by vibrating rapidly in its web until it becomes a blur, a reaction that is assumed to confuse potential predators.


title: Roger Birnbaum

text: Roger Birnbaum (born November 14, 1950) is an American film producer who owns the company Spyglass Media Group, and was co-CEO and co-chairman of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His two greatest box office hits as producer have been "Rush Hour 2" and "The Tourist" which grossed US$347,325,802 and US$278,346,189 worldwide respectively. In 2016, he produced "The Magnificent Seven".


title: Roger Birnbaum

text: Birnbaum was born to a Jewish family in Teaneck, New Jersey, the son of Arlene (née Steinlauf) and Norman Birnbaum. His father was a World War II veteran who went into the embroidery business with his father after the war, and used his profits in 1967 to build the Stonehenge, a residential building in New Jersey. Birnbaum graduated from Teaneck High School in 1968 and attended the University of Denver.


title: Roger Birnbaum

text: Birnbaum started out in the music industry at Arista Records working under Clive Davis. A&M Records brought him out to Hollywood becoming its West Coast A&R executive, where he switch over to film. While working at film, he was appointed president of Fair Dinkum Productions, which was headed by Henry Winkler, who supervised "Young Sherlock Holmes" and "The Sure Thing". He worked at United Artists, Guber-Peters Co. (president in 1989) then 20th Century Fox. He was president of production at 20th Century Fox by 1992.


title: Roger Birnbaum

text: Caravan Pictures was founded by Birnbaum and Joe Roth as a production company at Disney in 1992 to fill the Disney Studios' then-yearly 50 to 60 production and distribution slots. Birnbaum previously left Caravan at the prompting of then Disney studio chief Joe Roth as Disney was cutting its yearly production output and shutting down Caravan. In August 1998, Birnbaum with Gary Barber, former vice chairman and COO of Morgan Creek Productions founded Spyglass Entertainment.