title: Raja Ampat Islands

text: In March 2017 the cruise ship "Caledonian Sky" owned by British tour operator Noble Caledonia got caught in a low tide and ran aground in the reef. An evaluation team estimated that of the reef was destroyed, which will likely result in a compensation claim of $1.28 million – $1.92 million. A team of environmentalists and academics estimated much more substantial damage, with potential losses to Indonesia estimated at $18.6 million and a recovery time for the reef spanning decades.


title: Raja Ampat Islands

text: The main occupation for people around this area is fishing since the area is dominated by the sea. They live in a small colony of tribes that spreads around the area. Although traditional culture still strongly exists, they are very welcoming to visitors. Raja Ampat people are more similar to the surrounding Moluccan people than Papuan people although they still speak Papuan language. The Muslim proportion is much higher compared with other Papuan areas. Although it has to be noted that West Papua province as a whole have larger Muslim population because of the extensive history with the Sultanate of Tidore.


title: Raja Ampat Islands

text: Most of the islands make up the Raja Ampat Regency, a regency () forming part of Southwest Papua. It came into existence in 2004, prior to which the archipelago was part of Sorong Regency. The southern part of the island of Salawati is not part of the Raja Ampat Regency. Instead, it constitutes the Salawati Selatan and Salawati Tengah Districts of Sorong Regency.


title: Raja Ampat Islands

text: Note: (a) the Ayau Islands (including Ayau District) lie some distance to the north of Waigeo. (b) Not to be confused with Salawati Tengah District of Sorong Regency, Salawati Tengah District of Rajah Ampat Regency actually forms the southeast portion of Salawati Island.


title: Raja Ampat Islands

text: Taking account of the 2,741 people of Salawati Selatan and Salawati Tengah Districts which are administratively in Sorong Regency, the total population of the archipelago adds up to 68,146 in mid 2021.


title: Raja Ampat Islands

text: There are proposals to divide the current Raja Ampat Regency into three, with Waigeo and its surrounding small islands forming a new North Raja Ampat Regency ("Kabupaten Raja Ampat Utara"), and with Misool and Kofiau and their surrounding small islands forming a new South Raja Ampat Regency ("Kabupaten Raja Ampat Selatan"), leaving the residue of the existing Regency to cover the northern part of Salawati Island (the rest of Salawati Island still lies within Sorong Regency) and Batanta Island (which forms Selat Sagawin District).


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County (sometimes abbreviated as "Wilco") is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 609,017. Its county seat is Georgetown. The county is named for Robert McAlpin Williamson (1804?–1859), a community leader and a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County is part of the Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown metropolitan statistical area. It was included with Austin in the Best Cities to Live in for 2009 by the Milken Institute. It is on both the Edwards Plateau to the west, rocky terrain and hills, and Texas Blackland Prairies in the east, rich, fertile farming land. The two areas are roughly bisected by Interstate 35.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Much of Williamson County has been the site of human habitation for at least 11,200 years. The earliest known inhabitants of the area lived during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age), and are linked to the Clovis culture around 9,200 BC based on evidence found at Bell County's much-studied Gault Site. One of the most important discoveries in recent times is the ancient skeletal remains dubbed the "Leanderthal Lady" because of its age and proximity to Leander, Texas. It was discovered by accident by the Texas Department of Transportation workers while drilling core samples for a new highway. The site has been extensively studied for many years, and samples from this site carbon date to the Pleistocene period around 10,500 years ago. Prehistoric and Archaic "open occupation" campsites are also found throughout the county along streams and other water sources, including Brushy Creek in Round Rock and the San Gabriel River in Georgetown. Such evidence of Archaic-period inhabitants is often in the form of relics and flint tools recovered from burned rock middens. Many such sites were inundated when the San Gabriel River was dammed to create Lake Granger.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The earliest known historical Native American occupants, the Tonkawa, were a flint-working, hunting people who followed the buffalo on foot and periodically set fire to the prairie to aid them in their hunts. During the 18th century, they made the transition to a horse culture and used firearms to a limited extent. After they were crowded out by white settlement, the Comanches continued to raid settlements in the county until the 1860s. Also, small numbers of Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni, and Mayeye Indians apparently were living in the county at the time of the earliest Anglo settlements.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: On September 9 and 10, 1921, the remnants of a hurricane moved over Williamson County. The center of the storm became stationary over Thrall, a small farming town in eastern Williamson County, dropping a storm total of of rain in 36 hours. The 24-hour rainfall total ending 7 am on September 10, 1921 () at a U.S. Weather Bureau station in Thrall remains the national official 24-hour rainfall record. Thrall's rainfall was during 6 hours, during 12 hours, and during 18 hours. Eighty-seven people drowned in and near Taylor, and 93 in Williamson County. This storm caused the most deadly floods in Texas, with a total of 215 fatalities.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: On May 27, 1997, Williamson County was hit by the worst tornado outbreak in county history. The 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak caused 20 tornadoes including an F-5 (the strongest rating used for tornadoes on the Fujita scale), which remains the only F-5 to strike Williamson County. The F-5 tornado killed 27 people and completely destroyed the Double Creek Estates neighborhood in the city of Jarrell, Texas, located in far northern Williamson County. Another strong tornado, an F-3, struck Cedar Park, killing one person. Two F-2 tornadoes also struck Williamson County. The outbreak cost the county over $190 million in damages and a total of 30 fatalities.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County's fast growth rate is due in large part to its location immediately north of Austin coupled with Austin's rapid expansion northward; Austin's city limits cross into Williamson County. Most of the growth has been residential, but large employers, such as Dell's international headquarters, have also changed Williamson County from a bedroom community into a community where citizens can live and work in the same general vicinity. This has transformed the county over recent years into a dynamic, self-sustaining community with less dependency on Austin. Major retail and commercial developments began appearing from 1999 to present, including the Rivery in Georgetown, and the Premium Outlet Mall, the IKEA-area retail, and the La Frontera mixed-use center in Round Rock. Health care and higher education have also become major factors in the county's growth. Two new colleges and two new hospitals have opened since 2015. Another significant factor has been the opening of the North Loop 1 and Texas State Highway 45 toll roads, which have made Williamson County more accessible to Austin.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The area is divided into two regions by the Balcones Escarpment, which runs through the center from north to south along a line from Jarrell to Georgetown to Round Rock. The county's western half is an extension of the Western Plains and considered to be within the eastern fringes of Texas Hill Country; it has an average elevation of . It features undulating, hilly brushland with an abundance of Texas live oak, prickly pear cactus, and karst. The county's eastern half is part of the Coastal Plains and is flat to gently rolling with an average elevation of . It has dark clay and rich, fertile soils for agriculture, but is quickly being developed as the county's population continues to increase and expand out. Williamson County is drained in the center and south by the San Gabriel River, the county's only river, and in the north by creeks that run into the Lampasas and Little Rivers north of the county line.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County's eastern portion lies within the low-lying prairie areas east of the Balcones Escarpment (also known as the Balcones Fault, though it is not an active fault). It begins a piedmont, a foot-friendly fall line of slightly sloping land downward to the coastal area, an area of the Blackland Prairie consisting of rich, fertile, clay-containing soils, where the land is still used for agriculture, growing cotton and other crops and raising cattle. These prairie lands essentially run from Williamson County to the Gulf Coast, and have a rich heritage of being farmed by German, Polish, and other settlers.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: West of the escarpment is the beginning of the "upland" Texas Hill Country, characterized by rocky terrain with thin layers of soil on top of limestone. Some ranching occurs in the uplands, but mostly it has been the target of residential development because of the rolling terrain, vistas, hardwood trees, abundant wildlife, and rivers and streams (the same reason early Indians camped in the area). The Hill Country areas are characterized by their porous "vugular" (honeycombed) rock, where rainwater percolates down to replenish the Edwards Aquifer. For that reason, development restrictions are in place and several endangered species are protected by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).Interstate 35, the county's main artery, runs along the fault line dividing the two distinct regions.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge is in the Texas Hill Country northwest of Austin, including parts of western Williamson County. The refuge was formed in 1992 to conserve habitat for two endangered songbirds, the golden-cheeked warbler and the black-capped vireo, and to preserve Texas Hill Country habitat for other wildlife species. The refuge augments a similarly named preserve in Austin, the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve. The vegetation found in the Hill Country includes various oaks, elms, and Ashe juniper trees (often called "cedar" in Texas). The golden-cheeked warbler and black-capped vireo depend on different successional stages of this vegetation, and both nest in the Edwards Plateau, the warbler exclusively. Some protected areas are open to visitors, such as the Berry Springs Park.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County is home to five endangered species. Two are songbirds protected by the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve in Travis and Williamson Counties. The other three are invertebrate species found only in Williamson County, which live in the cavelike fissures on the west side of the county. Karst topography is the name for the honeycomb-type limestone formations (including caves, sinkholes, and fissures) typical of the county's limestone geology west of Interstate 35. In the 1990s, a group of concerned landowners, individuals, and real-estate developers formed the Northern Edwards Aquifer Resource Council with the goal of obtaining a USFWS 10-A permit (known as an incidental take permit) for the county by identifying and preserving sufficiently many caves with endangered species to ensure survival of the species. These species would be preserved through voluntary donations of land rather than required setbacks, grants, and other involuntary means typically enforced on landowners without an incidental take permit. The group transferred its successful work on an environmental impact statement to the county in 2002 and a county-wide 10-A permit was obtained in October 2008. Property owners are able to participate in the county's 10-A permit by applying through the WCCF.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: As of the census of 2010, 422,679 people, 152,606 households, and 111,514 families resided in the county. The population density was 373 people per square mile (144/km). The 162,773 housing units averaged 144 per square mile (55/km). The racial makeup of the county was 80.9% White, 7.1% African American, 1.3% Native American, 5.8% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 6.9% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. About 23.2% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Of the 111,514 households, 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were not families. Around 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.20.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: In the county, the age distribution was 28.7% under 18, 11.9% from 15 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34 years.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The median income for a household in the county was $60,642, and for a family was $66,208. Males had a median income of $43,471 versus $30,558 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,547. About 3.40% of families and 4.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.40% of those under age 18 and 5.90% of those age 65 or over.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The Commissioners Court is the overall governing and management body of Williamson County, and is responsible for all budgetary decisions in addition to setting the tax rate each year. Among its duties is the administration of all county business, including the building and maintenance of county roads and bridges. Commissioners' courts are governing bodies of county government in several US states, including Texas. The principal functions of the commissioners' court are legislative and executive. Although called courts, commissioners' courts generally exercise only limited judicial powers.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The commissioners' court consists of five members. The county judge presides as chairman, and is elected every four years by voters countywide. Four commissioners are elected by single-member precincts every four years.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: In recent decades, Williamson County has been a strongly Republican county. Before the 2018 elections, every federal and state elected official from the county was a Republican. Williamson County is in Texas's 31st U.S. Congressional District, which is represented by John Carter (R). It is in Texas Senate District 5, and is represented by State Senator Charles Schwertner (R). Williamson County includes three Texas House of Representatives Districts: 20, 52, and 136. District 20 is represented by Republican Terry Wilson, 52 by Democrat James Talarico, and 136 by Democrat John Bucy III.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County was once a solidly Democratic county. In 1976, it voted for President Jimmy Carter by a higher percentage (55%) than did voters in Travis County (52%). In 1980, however, the county swung dramatically to support Ronald Reagan, giving him 56% of the vote, almost equal to Carter's 1976 total. In subsequent years, the county became increasingly Republican, following a pattern similar to those of other suburban Texas counties. In 2004, President George W. Bush won 68% of the vote in Williamson County. John McCain received 55% of the vote to Barack Obama's 42% in the 2008 election. In 2012, Republican Mitt Romney defeated Obama, 59% to 38%. In 2016, Donald Trump beat Hillary Clinton, 51%-41%. However, the county narrowly swung Democratic in 2020, with Joe Biden winning a plurality over Trump, 49% to 48%.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: In recent years, Williamson County has again leaned toward the Democratic Party, with Beto O'Rourke edging out Ted Cruz in the 2018 U.S. Senate race, and James Talarico and John Bucy III both defeating Republican incumbents to win election to the State House of Representatives in districts mostly in Williamson County. However in the same 2020 election, county voters reelected Republican John Cornyn to the U.S. Senate as well as Republican John Carter to the U.S. House of Representatives.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Election turnout reflects the county's tremendous growth. In 1960, only 7,870 votes were cast, compared to 289,555 in 2020.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: One of the most significant growth factors of modern Williamson County is the location of a new Sun City community in Georgetown. Opened in June 1995, and originally named "Sun City Georgetown", Sun City Texas is a 5,300-acre (21-km) age-restricted community about west of IH-35 on Andice Road (RR 2338). It is part of the chain of Sun City communities started by Del E. Webb Construction Company (now a division of PulteGroup). Residency is restricted to persons over age 55 (at least one person in a couple has to be 55 or older) and the community is generally oriented toward retirees.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: As originally planned, the project would double the size of Georgetown's population. Sun City Texas is made up mostly of single-family dwellings, but also has duplexes. The Sun City project includes three golf courses (Legacy Hills, White Wing, and Cowan Creek). Although the community attracts residents from all over, most come from within Texas to stay close to their original homes. Vocal opposition to the project has occurred, especially at the start during the zoning process, with arguments against the size of the community, its effect on Georgetown as a family-oriented town, concerns about the costs of providing city utilities, concern about lowered city and Williamson County property taxes, which are fixed for retirees under Texas law, and the disproportionate effect of city voting.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: By and large, though, the community has been welcomed and accepted by the Georgetown populace. In the 2008 city elections, for example, two residents of Sun City were the only candidates for mayor of Georgetown. They also were both formerly elected city council members.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County was an agrarian community for most of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Cotton was the dominant crop in the area between the 1880s and the 1920s, and Williamson County was the top producer of cotton in Texas. Primarily to transport bales of cotton, the county was served by two national railroads, the International-Great Northern Railroad, which eventually merged into the Missouri Pacific, and the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad. The town of Taylor in eastern Williamson County became the primary center for cotton production, cotton ginning, and compressing cotton into bales to transport by rail.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Other agriculture activities, farming, and dairying were also a part of rural Williamson County east of the Balcones Fault, and ranching occurred to the west in the Hill Country area. Both gradually gave way to more modern business, services, and retail as the area became more urban, but cattle ranching is still a major business in some areas of the county, and cotton is still a significant crop eastward toward Hutto and Taylor.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Williamson County's largest employer was once Dell Computer in Round Rock, employing roughly 16,000 employees. Retail and health care, including St. David's Hospital, Scott & White, Seton Medical Center Williamson hospital (a level II certified trauma center), and the A&M Health Science Center are among the area's largest employers. Other than Dell, retail is the second-most significant business group in the county. The new IKEA store and Premium Outlet Mall in Round Rock, as well as those in the La Frontera mixed-use project in Round Rock are significant to the county. Wolf Ranch and The Rivery are also major retail centers in Georgetown. In addition, higher education has a large positive effect on the county with the opening of the Texas State University Campus in Round Rock and the Austin Community College campus. The Round Rock campus is the single largest campus in the ACC system, providing two-year degrees and training in the high-tech sector, nursing, and other specialties.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The current courthouse, built in 1911, is an example of Neoclassical Revival architecture. The courthouse has had a tumultuous past, surviving three major renovations and many modifications, including the demolition of its key architectural features in 1966. With the assistance of the Texas Historical Commission and preservation-minded county citizens and officials, the courthouse was returned to its original 1911 state during a major 2006–2007 renovation, once again becoming a focal point of the county.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The stars on the flag surrounding the state of Texas represent the 33 viable communities identified by Clara Stearns Scarbrough in her 1973 book, "Land of Good Water". In 1970, these communities ranged in population from 20 people in Norman's Crossing to more than 10,000 residents in Taylor. Establishing how many communities exist in Williamson County today is difficult, because the determination of "community" is subjective and without set criteria. However, in Williamson County in 2004, 11 towns had populations over 1,000 people, and seven towns had populations above 5,000.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: Areas in Granger, Hutto, Taylor, and Thrall ISDs are within Temple Junior College District. Areas in Florence ISD are within Central Texas College District. Areas in Lexington ISD are within Blinn Junior College District.


title: Williamson County, Texas

text: The newspapers that serve Williamson County include the "Round Rock Leader", "Williamson County Sun" (Georgetown), "Taylor Press", "Hutto News", "Hill Country News" (Leander), "Liberty Hill Independent", and "Tribune-Progress" (Bartlett). In 2005 "Community Impact Newspaper" was founded. The "Austin American-Statesman" also has significant coverage in Williamson County.


title: Dan McKee

text: Daniel James McKee (born June 16, 1951) is an American businessman and politician serving as the 76th governor of Rhode Island since March 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as Rhode Island's 69th lieutenant governor from 2015 to 2021.


title: Dan McKee

text: Born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, McKee received his undergraduate degree from Assumption College and his Master's degree from Harvard Kennedy School. He served on the Cumberland town council from 1992 to 1998 and as mayor of Cumberland twice, from 2000 to 2004 and from 2006 until 2014. McKee was elected lieutenant governor in 2014. When Governor Gina Raimondo resigned upon being confirmed as United States Secretary of Commerce in 2021, McKee ascended to the governorship.


title: Dan McKee

text: McKee's family has owned and operated small businesses in northern Rhode Island for over 100 years. He is a practicing Roman Catholic.


title: Dan McKee

text: After graduating from Cumberland High School, McKee received a Bachelor of Arts in education and political science from Assumption College in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1973. He earned a Master of Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School in 2005.


title: Dan McKee

text: McKee was an officer of McKee Brothers, a heating, air conditioning, and home heating oil delivery business his grandfather founded. He also ran a health and fitness business for more than 30 years.


title: Dan McKee

text: During his time on the Cumberland, Rhode Island Town Council (1992–1998), McKee was also a basketball coach, coaching groups of boys and girls at all levels, culminating in two State AAU Basketball Champions in 1998 and 2000.


title: Dan McKee

text: McKee served six terms as Cumberland's mayor. He worked with state and federal officials in the aftermath of Cumberland's historic spring flooding to minimize the damage and steered Cumberland through Rhode Island's unprecedented economic downturn.


title: Dan McKee

text: In 2008, McKee worked with mayors across the state to pass a law allowing the creation of new, regional, mayor-governed and highly autonomous public schools known as “Mayoral Academies.” In 2009 and 2010, he again helped organize mayors and education advocates to enact a new education funding policy.


title: Dan McKee

text: McKee has been a member of the board of directors of the Boys and Girls Club of Cumberland-Lincoln for over 25 years, serving as past president of the executive board and chair of the endowment committee.


title: Dan McKee

text: In 2013, McKee announced his candidacy for Rhode island lieutenant governor, defeating Secretary of State of Rhode Island Ralph Mollis and State Representative Frank Ferri in the Democratic primary. In the general election, he defeated Republican Catherine Terry Taylor, a legislative aide and speechwriter for U.S. Senators John Chafee and Lincoln Chafee, with 54.3% of the vote. He was reelected in 2018.


title: Dan McKee

text: On January 7, 2021, President-elect Joe Biden selected Rhode Island Governor Gina Raimondo as Secretary of Commerce. Since McKee was next in line of succession, he would become governor once Raimondo was confirmed by the United States Senate. She was confirmed on March 2, 2021, and submitted her resignation as governor shortly after.


title: Dan McKee

text: In February 2021, McKee began to form a COVID-19 advisory board. He had criticized the Raimondo administration over a slow COVID-19 vaccine rollout.


title: Dan McKee

text: McKee was sworn in as the 76th governor of Rhode Island on March 2, 2021. On February 22, 2022, McKee announced that he was running for reelection to a full four-year term. He won the September 13 Democratic primary, defeating four challengers in a close race. He defeated Republican nominee Ashley Kalus in the general election.


title: Dan McKee

text: McKee said his main priority was to advance COVID-19 vaccine rollout and contain the COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island. By July 4, Rhode Island had fully vaccinated over 633,000 people, representing 70% of its eligible adult population. It was the fifth state to reach that milestone. Also in July, McKee terminated the state mask mandate but extended the COVID-19 emergency declaration to August 6, citing the prevalence of the delta variant.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: Public Service Broadcasting is a London-based musical group consisting of four musicians known mainly by their stage names: J. Willgoose, Esq. on guitar, banjo, other stringed instruments, samplings and electronic musical instruments; Wrigglesworth on drums, piano and electronic musical instruments; J F Abraham on flugelhorn, bass guitar, drums and assorted other instruments including a vibraslap; and Mr B on visuals and set design for live performances. The band has toured internationally and in 2015 was announced as a nominee in the Vanguard breakthrough category of the fourth annual Progressive Music Awards, staged by "Prog" magazine, which they won.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: At first, the band consisted solely of Willgoose. He made his public debut at The Selkirk pub in Tooting, London, England in August 2009. Shortly afterwards he issued "EP One". Teaming up with Wrigglesworth on drums, the band played its first festival in September 2010, Aestival in Suffolk, and work began on a second EP, "The War Room", which was released in May 2012. Since then, the band has released four albums, "Inform-Educate-Entertain" (2013); "The Race for Space" (2015); "Every Valley" (2017); and "Bright Magic" (2021). The Race for Space was supported by two shows at the National Space Centre in Leicester celebrating the album's launch. The album charted just outside the top 10 in 11th place in the UK in its release week and reaching Number 1 in the UK Independent Charts for that week. A follow-up EP was released at the tail end of 2015 (Sputnik/Korolev) which was backed up by a UK tour, climaxing in the band's biggest headline show, a sold-out night at the O2 Academy Brixton, of which a live album was released in 2016. While writing "The War Room" the band formed a close relationship with the British Film Institute, using their material during live shows.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: On 10 March 2017, PSB released a new single titled "Progress" featuring vocals from Tracyanne Campbell from Camera Obscura with photo shoots showing the band as a three-piece with new member JF Abraham featured on promotional photos. Their third studio album, entitled "Every Valley", about the coal mining industry's rise and fall in the Welsh Valleys between the 1950s and 1980s, was released on 7 July 2017. As with "The Race for Space", the band had two album launch concerts, this time in Ebbw Vale, where the LP was recorded.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: In June 2018, PSB appeared at the BBC Music "Big Weekend", playing at the Titanic Quarter in Belfast. As part of this a series of four new pieces, based on the story of the , was debuted. These tracks were released as the EP White Star Liner on 26 October 2018.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: They performed a "specially commissioned new arrangement" of "The Race for Space" on 25 July 2019 in a late-night Prom, joined by London Contemporary Voices and the Multi-Story Orchestra, the performance being shown on BBC television the following night.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: In December 2020, Willgoose released ambient solo EP "A Wonderful Hope" under the name Late Night Final. This release on PIAS Recordings is a record which featured soundscape artist Teddy Hunter on the track "The Human Touch".


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: On 2 June 2021, PSB debuted the first single, called "People, Let’s Dance" from their fourth studio album "Bright Magic".


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: On 30 August 2022, PSB played a specially commissioned, album length, piece for Prom 58 called 'This New Noise', with the BBC Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall in London. It was commissioned to celebrate 100 years of the BBC. At the time of the performance the band said there were currently no plans to tour the piece, or to release it as a record - but they hinted that this may not be set in stone.


title: Public Service Broadcasting (band)

text: The band mostly plays instrumental music; Willgoose has said that "singing is never going to work. I'm not going to be happy with it, I'm not going to be comfortable playing it to other people." They take samples from old public information films, archive footage and propaganda material. Despite Willgoose's prior reservations about singing, he did later contribute vocals to the duet piece "You + Me" from "Every Valley", because the intended vocalist was not available.


title: Alan Coren

text: Alan Coren (27 June 1938 – 18 October 2007) was an English humourist, writer and satirist who was a regular panellist on the BBC radio quiz "The News Quiz" and a team captain on BBC television's "Call My Bluff". Coren was also a journalist, and for almost a decade was the editor of "Punch" magazine.


title: Alan Coren

text: Alan Coren was born into an Orthodox Jewish family in East Barnet, Hertfordshire, in 1938, the son of builder and plumber Samuel Coren and his wife Martha, a hairdresser. In the introduction to "Chocolate and Cuckoo Clocks: The Essential Alan Coren", Giles and Victoria Coren conclude that Samuel Coren was "an odd job man really" and had also apparently been a debt collector.


title: Alan Coren

text: Coren was educated at Osidge Primary School and East Barnet Grammar School, followed by Wadham College at the University of Oxford to which he gained a scholarship, and where he got a first in English in 1960. After taking a master's degree he studied for a doctorate in modern American literature at Yale and the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Alan Coren

text: Coren considered an academic career but instead decided to become a writer and journalist. In his later life he distanced himself from his Jewish heritage, being 'slightly embarrassed' and stating in an interview with "The Independent", 'I haven't been Jewish for years!'.


title: Alan Coren

text: He began this career by selling articles to "Punch" and was later offered a full-time job there. At this time he also wrote for "The New Yorker".


title: Alan Coren

text: In 1966, he became "Punch"s literary editor, becoming deputy editor in 1969 and editor in 1977. He remained as editor until 1987 when the circulation began to decline.


title: Alan Coren

text: During the week in which he took over the editorship, "The Jewish Chronicle" published a profile of him. His response was to rush around the office, waving a copy of the relevant edition, saying: "This is ridiculous – I haven't been Jewish for years!"


title: Alan Coren

text: When Coren left "Punch" in 1987, he became editor of "The Listener", continuing in that role until 1989.


title: Alan Coren

text: From 1972 to 1976 he wrote a humour column for the "Daily Mail". He also wrote for "The Observer", "Tatler" and "The Times".


title: Alan Coren

text: From 1984, Coren worked as a television critic for "The Mail on Sunday" until he moved as a humorous columnist to the "Sunday Express", which he left in 1996. In 1989, he began to contribute a column in "The Times", which continued for the rest of his life.


title: Alan Coren

text: Coren began his broadcasting career in 1977. He was invited to be one of the regular panellists on BBC Radio 4's new satirical quiz show, "The News Quiz". He continued on "The News Quiz" until the year he died.


title: Alan Coren

text: In 1978 he wrote "The Losers", an unsuccessful sitcom about a wrestling promoter starring Leonard Rossiter and Alfred Molina.


title: Alan Coren

text: Coren published about twenty books during his life, many of which were collections of his newspaper columns, such as "Golfing for Cats" and "The Cricklewood Diet".


title: Alan Coren

text: One of his most successful books, "The Collected Bulletins of Idi Amin" (a collection of his "Punch" articles about Amin) was rejected for publication in the United States on the grounds of racial sensitivity. These Bulletins were later made into a comedy album, "The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin" with the actor John Bird. After the Tanzanian capture of Kampala in 1979 the American journalist Art Barrett discovered a copy of Coren's book on Idi Amin's bedside table.


title: Alan Coren

text: Coren's other books include "The Dog It Was That Died" (1965), "The Sanity Inspector" (1974), "All Except The Bastard" (1978), "The Lady from Stalingrad Mansions" (1978), "Rhinestone as Big as the Ritz" (1979), "Tissues for Men" (1981), "Bumf" (1984), "Seems Like Old Times: a Year in the Life of Alan Coren" (1989), "More Like Old Times" (1990), "A Year in Cricklewood" (1991), "Toujours Cricklewood?" (1993), "Alan Coren's Sunday Best" (1993), "A Bit on the Side" (1995), "Alan Coren Omnibus" (1996), "The Cricklewood Dome" (1998), "The Cricklewood Tapestry" (2002) and "Waiting for Jeffrey" (2002). Coren's final book, "69 For One", was published late in 2007.


title: Alan Coren

text: In 1973, Coren became the Rector of the University of St Andrews, after John Cleese. He held the position until 1976.


title: Alan Coren

text: In May 2006, Coren was bitten by an insect that gave him septicaemia, which led to his developing necrotising fasciitis.


title: Alan Coren

text: Coren died from lung cancer in 2007 at his home in north London. His body was buried at Hampstead Cemetery in north London. He was survived by his wife Anne ("née" Kasriel), a consultant at Moorfields Eye Hospital, whom he married in 1963, and their two children, Giles and Victoria, who are both journalists. Coren's cousin Michael Coren, who emigrated to Canada to become a journalist, credited him with much help.


title: Alan Coren

text: An anthology of his writings, called "The Essential Alan Coren – Chocolate and Cuckoo Clocks" and edited by his children, was published on 2 October 2008.


title: Jessica Gunning

text: Jessica Gunning is an English television and theatre actress. She was educated at Holmfirth High School near Huddersfield before attending Rose Bruford College, graduating in 2007.


title: Jessica Gunning

text: Jessica began her stage career at the National Theatre in productions including "Much Ado About Nothing" and "Major Barbara". On television, she guest-starred in the "Doctor Who" episode "Partners in Crime". She also appeared in "Mutual Friends" before taking a recurring role as Angela in "" in 2009. She was also in "Life of Riley" as well as playing Branita in the TV pilot "Lizzie and Sarah", written by Julia Davis and Jessica Hynes.


title: Jessica Gunning

text: In 2012 she played the character of Orla in the BBC television series "White Heat". This was followed by a lead role as Melissa Young in BBC drama "What Remains". In 2013, Gunning also played the part of Summer in an episode of "Great Night Out" for ITV. In 2014 Jessica starred as Siân James in Golden Globe- and BAFTA-nominated film "Pride", and finished the year in "That Day We Sang", a television film written and directed by "Victoria Wood".


title: Jessica Gunning

text: She was also seen in "The Scandalous Lady W" on BBC Two and played Shirley Allerdyce in Sky Atlantic’s TV Series "Fortitude". Jessica played the character of WPC Kath Morgan in the TV Show Prime Suspect 1973, DC Sophie Carson in "In the Dark (British TV series)" and Umm Walid in Channel 4 drama "The State". In 2019 Jessica performed alongside "Cate Blanchett" at the National Theatre in "When We Have Sufficiently Tortured Each Other", written by Martin Crimp and Directed by Katie Mitchell.


title: Jessica Gunning

text: Jessica plays the character of Jan in Channel 4 comedy "Back", and can be seen as Diane Pemberley in BBC1’s "The Outlaws" created by Stephen Merchant.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: The Lamborghini V12 refers to the flagship V12 engine used by Lamborghini. Lamborghini has had two generations of V12 engines through their history, both of which were developed in-house. The first-generation Lamborghini V12 was a sixty degree (60°) V12 petrol engine designed by Lamborghini, and was the first internal combustion engine ever produced by the firm.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: It entered production in 1963 as a 3.5 litre displacing fitted on Lamborghini's first car, the Lamborghini 350GT. The engine remained in use for almost fifty years; the final version of 6.5 litre displacement was installed in the Lamborghini Murciélago. Lamborghini discontinued their first-generation V12 after the Murcielago, opting for a brand-new V12 that first saw use on the Lamborghini Aventador.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: When Ferruccio Lamborghini set out to compete with Ferrari, he contracted Giotto Bizzarrini to design the engine for his car and, according to some accounts, paid him a bonus for every horsepower over what Ferrari's V12 could produce. The finished V12, with minor improvements, went on to become the 6.5 litre powering the Lamborghini Murciélago LP 640, and completed its service for Lamborghini with the final version of the Murciélago, the Murciélago LP 670-4 SuperVeloce.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: The engine was designed from the start to be a quad cam 60 degree V12 - as an intentional snub to Ferrari's single overhead camshaft per-bank design. When the prototype was tested in 1963, it was able to produce at 9,000 (rpm), or almost per litre. Bizzarrini insisted the engine was mechanically capable of reaching at 11,000 rpm with an uprated fuel system, but the design was judged adequate, and when fitted with production carburettors, all the auxiliary systems, and detuned for road use, the engine still made .


title: Lamborghini V12

text: Over the years, this V12 engine has nearly doubled in displacement - first to , and later to . It has seen the modification of the cylinder heads to allow four valves per cylinder, the replacement of Weber carburettors with electronic fuel injection, and the re-engineering of the lubrication system from a wet to a dry sump design. However, the engine that powers the Murciélago LP 640 can trace its lineage directly to the F1-inspired design of Bizzarrini and his team more than forty years ago.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: When Automobili Lamborghini was purchased in 1998 by the German Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi AG, the V12 engine continued undergoing constant upgrades, growing its displacement from 5.7 litres (Diablo VT) to the final displacement of 6.5 litres in the Murciélago LP670-4 Superveloce.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: It took years to decide that a new engine was needed to be built from scratch, finally an all-new engine codenamed L539 having a displacement of 6.5 litres for the 2011 Aventador was developed. The new engine has a maximum power output of , is 18 kg lighter, is over-square (95mm bore, 76.4mm stroke) and has a different firing order: 1–12–4–9–2–11–6–7–3–10–5–8 instead of 1–7–4–10–2–8–6–12–3–9–5–11.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: Lamborghini made the move to Formula One in when the FIA outlawed turbocharged engines. Former Scuderia Ferrari designer / engineer Mauro Forghieri was commissioned to design and build a new, 3.5 litre V12 engine for use by the French Larrousse team in 1989. Dubbed the Lamborghini LE3512, (Lamborghini Engineering 3.5 liters 12 cylinders) the , 80° V12 engine was reported to be the best sounding engine of the new 3.5L naturally aspirated formula. Lamborghini representatives stated at the engines début race, the 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro, that they chose a lower ranked team to join Formula One (Larrousse was in its third season using Lola chassis') as it was felt at the early stage of its development the 3512 would not be able to do justice to one of the teams usually closer to the front of the grid. Also, the front running teams already had existing engine suppliers in place (McLaren with Honda, Williams with Renault, Benetton with Ford, and Ferrari who made their own V12 engines).


title: Lamborghini V12

text: The Lamborghini V12 did impress many in 1989 despite its unreliability, and the engines best result in its first year came thanks to fast but accident prone Larrousse driver Philippe Alliot when he qualified his Lola LC89 in 5th position for the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez, only 1.417 seconds slower than the V10 McLaren-Honda of pole winner Ayrton Senna. Alliot then backed up that performance by scoring the engine's first point in Formula One by finishing 6th in the race and setting the 4th fastest race lap in the process. Unfortunately, Alliot's teammate for the second half of 1989, former Ferrari driver Michele Alboreto, never came to grips with either the Lola or the Lamborghini. In his eight races for Larrousse he recorded four DNF's, two failures to pre-qualify, one failure to qualify, and a single 11th-place finish in Portugal.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: The Lamborghini V12's best finish came when Larrousse driver Aguri Suzuki finished 3rd in the infamous 1990 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka. Its time in Formula One (1989-1993) would prove to be frustrating though as poor reliability became the norm for the engine, despite being used by Grand Prix winning teams such as Lotus and Ligier who could boast driving talent such as Derek Warwick (Lotus - 1990), and Thierry Boutsen (Ligier - 1991). In a 2014 interview, Warwick said of the 3512 that it was "All noise and no go".


title: Lamborghini V12

text: In 1993 after four years in Formula One with only one significant result for the engine, Bob Lutz of Lamborghini's parent company Chrysler, did a hand-shake deal with McLaren boss Ron Dennis for the team to test the LE3512 to evaluate its potential as a race winner. McLaren made a modified version of their race car, the McLaren MP4/8 dubbed the MP4/8B, to test the engine (the test car took three months to modify to fit the longer and heavier V12). Testing was completed by triple World Champion Ayrton Senna, and future dual World Champion Mika Häkkinen at both the Silverstone Circuit in England and the Estoril circuit in Portugal. After his first drive of the car at Silverstone, Senna suggested certain changes to Forghieri (a less brutal 'top end' and a fatter mid-range), and he complied with engine power increased from to approximately and both drivers were very impressed despite the engine still being somewhat unreliable (Häkkinen reported a massive engine blow up while testing at Silverstone, though he did manage to lap the 5.226 km (3.260 mi) circuit some 1.4 seconds faster than the teams MP4/8 race car powered by a Ford V8 engine). According to reports, Senna even wanted to race the engine at the Japanese Grand Prix believing that while reliability might be a problem, at least he would be quicker than with the Ford powered race car (ironically Senna would win in both Japan and the last race in Australia with the existing MP4/8). Despite this however, Ron Dennis decided to go with Peugeot V10 engines in due to a better commercial agreement that would give long term stability to the team and at the end of the 1993 season, the Lamborghini LE3512 was retired from Grand Prix racing after the company was sold by Chrysler to an Indonesian investor group led by Tommy Suharto.


title: Lamborghini V12

text: The Lamborghini, which on all cars it powered carried the words "Chrysler powered by Lamborghini" (other than the McLaren MP4/8B which was all virgin white, though the test engines were badged as Chrysler), was one of only five V12 engines used in the naturally aspirated era from 1989–2013, the others being from Ferrari (1989-1995), Honda (1991-1992), Yamaha (1991-1992), and Porsche (1991). The only other 12 cylinder engines in Formula One during this time were disastrous efforts by Life Racing Engines with their W12 engine and Subaru who reintroduced the Flat 12 to the sport, both appearing in the first half of 1990.


title: Acquired taste

text: An acquired taste is an appreciation for something unlikely to be enjoyed by a person who has not had substantial exposure to it. It is the opposite of innate taste, which is the appreciation for things that are enjoyable by most persons without prior exposure to them.


title: Acquired taste

text: In case of food and drink, the difficulty of enjoying the product may be due to a strong odor (such as certain types of cheese, durian, hákarl, black salt, nattō, asafoetida, surströmming, or stinky tofu), taste (as in alcoholic beverages, coffee, Vegemite or Marmite, bitter teas, liquorice/salty liquorice, South Asian pickles, malt bread, unsweetened chocolate, garnatálg, rakfisk, soused herring, haggis), mouthfeel (such as sashimi and sushi featuring uncooked seafood), appearance, or association (such as eating insects or organ meat).


title: Acquired taste

text: The following items can be described as "acquired tastes", often due to combination of both unfamiliarity and intensity of taste. In principle, though, anything for which one can have a taste, can also become an acquired taste. An acquired taste is distinguished by how one comes to have the taste, not what the thing in question is.


title: Acquired taste

text: The process of acquiring a taste can involve developmental maturation, genetics (of both taste sensitivity and personality), family example, and biochemical reward properties of foods. Infants are born preferring sweet foods and rejecting sour and bitter tastes, and they develop a preference for salt at approximately 4 months. However, vegetables tend to be a favourite as they start to learn to feed themselves. Neophobia (fear of novelty) tends to vary with age in predictable, but not linear, ways. Babies just beginning to eat solid foods generally accept a wide variety of foods, toddlers and young children are relatively neophobic towards food, and older children, adults, and the elderly are often adventurous eaters with wide-ranging tastes.


title: Acquired taste

text: The general personality trait of novelty-seeking does not necessarily correlate highly with willingness to try new foods. Level of food adventurousness may explain much of the variability of food preferences observed in "supertasters". Supertasters are highly sensitive to bitter, spicy, and pungent flavours, and some avoid them and like to eat only mild, plain foods, but many supertasters who have high food adventurousness enjoy these intense flavors and seek them out. Some chemicals or combinations of chemicals in foods provide both flavor and beneficial or enjoyable effects on the body and mind and may be reinforcing, leading to an acquired taste. A study that investigated the effect of adding caffeine and theobromine (active compounds in chocolate) vs. a placebo to identically flavored drinks that participants tasted several times, yielded the development of a strong preference for the drink with the compounds.


title: Acquired taste

text: Intentionally changing one's preferences can be hard to accomplish. It usually requires a deliberate effort, acting as if one likes something in order to have the responses and feelings that will produce the desired taste. The challenge becomes one of distinguishing authentic or legitimate acquired tastes as a result of deeply considered preference changes from inauthentic ones motivated by status or conformity.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: Kedah Darul Aman Football Club () is a football club based in Alor Setar, Kedah, that competes in the Malaysia Super League. They are the only team in the history of Malaysian football to have won two trebles: in 2006–07 and 2007–08. The club is managed by Darulaman Football Club Sdn Bhd.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The football team was founded in 1924 by Tunku Yaacob ibni Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah as president, though they only had limited success until the appointment of Ahmad Basri Akil as manager in 1985. Under Ahmad Basri Akil, the club qualified for six Malaysia Cup final matches in a seven-year period between 1987 and 1993; and won two Malaysia Cup titles, one league title and one FA Cup title.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The club experienced a lean period in the 1980s and 1990s, but enjoyed a revival in the new millennium by achieving back-to-back domestic trebles under Azraai Khor. However, the club experienced a dip in performances thereafter as a result of the loss of their influential import players; including Nelson San Martín, Cornelius Huggins and Marlon James. Problems with the new management team also led to Azraai Khor's departure.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The club were relegated to the second-tier of Malaysian football, the Malaysian Premier League, after losing 3–2 in the playoff final to Sri Pahang in a penalty shootout during the 2012 Super League season. Marijo Tot was hired to replace Wan Jamak in an attempt to bring the club back to Malaysia Super League during the 2013 Premier League season, which also saw the return of former Kedah Darul Aman's talisman, Nelson San Martín. In the 2014 season the club signed Billy Mehmet, who made an immediate impact. He helped the club reach the semi-final of the Malaysia Cup, winning the first leg 3–1, but ultimately lost the second leg 5–1. Billy Mehmet ended the season as the club's top goal scorer in the Malaysia Premier League as well as the club's top goal scorer in all competitions. He was also the second highest goal scorer in all competitions at all levels in Malaysian professional football.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: Kedah Darul Aman Football Club's traditional colours are red and black, but the home kit's colours have been green and yellow since 1988. The colours were the result of the former Kedah Football Association Deputy President, Ahmad Basri Akil's request for a different set of colours for the home kit. The colours of green and yellow were chosen as they referenced the state's nickname of "Jelapang Padi" or "Paddy field".


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The current club crest were announced by Ahmad Basri Akil alongside the club's official colours of green and yellow in 1988. Green dominates the background; the side of the crest shows 11 joint bordered lines which signify the 11 districts of the Kedah state. At the centre of the crest is a ball and Allamanda flowers; as the flower is green and yellow in colour, with the team motto () written in yellow.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The club is currently based at the all-seater Darul Aman Stadium, located in Alor Setar, Kedah. It has a capacity of 32,387 seats and was opened in 1962.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The song "Biar Jasa Jadi Kenangan", once again idealised and written by Ahmad Basri Akil and famously recorded by a Malaysian musician Freddie Fernandez, is the anthem of the club, and has been sung by the crowd since 9 September 1987 after the club reached their first Malaysia Cup semi-final match since 1940. This famous song is sung by the club's fanatic fans to boost their beloved players' morale. The well-known and popular chants among the club supporters is "Pulun Kedah Pulun". It is use since late 80's as "words of spirit" during and off the game, and as the slogan among supporters. It was inspired by the idea from Abdul Rashid Fadzil, the former Head of Kedah Fan Club.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: The Penang-based Penang FC are the biggest rivals of the club. The club's fans consider their main rivalries to be with (in order) Penang, Perlis and Perak. Matches against fellow northern region sides Tambun Tulang, Kuala Muda Naza, Kedah United, Sungai Ara, PBAPP, SDMS Kepala Batas and Perak YBU have only taken place intermittently, due to the clubs often being in separate divisions.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: Northern Region Derby is the name given to football matches that involves Kedah Darul Aman and Penang. Both them are located in the north of Malaysia. Bandaraya Stadium and Darul Aman Stadium are packed by fans from both clubs during the derby matches. The match usually creates a lively atmosphere, with numerous banners unfolded before the start of the game.


title: Kedah Darul Aman F.C.

text: Although the club's main rivals mostly are from the northern region of Malaysia, especially Penang, but there is also a strong supporter of friendship with Perlis and there are good relations with the fans of and Perak "This is Utara", which means "This is the north", is a slogan which shows their good friendships among the clubs.


title: Dirty Money (2018 TV series)

text: Dirty Money is a Netflix original television series which tells stories of corporate corruption, securities fraud, and creative accounting. All six one-hour long episodes began streaming on Netflix on January 26, 2018. The show's executive producers include Oscar-winning documentary filmmaker Alex Gibney. Each episode focuses on one example of corporate corruption and includes interviews with key players in each story. A second season of the show premiered on March 11, 2020.


title: Dirty Money (2018 TV series)

text: Reaction to the series has been extremely positive. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100% of critics have given the first season a positive review based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 7.92/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Informative as it is appalling, "Dirty Money" exposes the single-mindedness of corporate greed." On Metacritic, the first season has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 6 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Brian Lowry of CNN explains the main premise that "for pro-business advocates of deregulation...offers a simple yet powerful rejoinder: Look at the terrible, unethical behavior that corporate entities try getting away with when they think nobody's looking."


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks Sports, Inc., also known as Brooks Running, is an American sports equipment company that designs and markets high-performance men's and women's sneakers, clothing, and accessories. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, Brooks products are available in 60 countries worldwide. It is a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks, founded in 1914, originally manufactured shoes for a broad range of sports. "White hot" in the mid-70s, the company faltered in the latter part of the decade, and filed for bankruptcy protection in 1981. In 2001, the product line was cut by more than 50% to focus the brand solely on running, and its concentration on performance technology was increased. Brooks Running became the top selling brand in the specialty running shoe market in 2011, and remained so through 2017 with a 25% market share.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks shoes have been named "Best Women's Running Shoe" and "Best Winter Running Shoe" by publications including "Runner's World" and "Sports Illustrated." The company has been recognized for environmental sustainability programs and technical innovation.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks Sports, Inc. was founded in 1914 by John Brooks Goldenberg, following his purchase of the Quaker Shoe Company, a manufacturer of bathing shoes and ballet slippers. Based in Philadelphia, it operated as a partnership between John Goldenberg and his brothers, Michael and Frank. By 1920, Quaker Shoes had been renamed Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Co., Inc., and its shoes were sold under the brand name Bruxshu. In addition to bathing shoes and ballet slippers, it sold a gymnasium shoe, Ironclad Gyms. The company's innovations included the 1938 introduction of orthopedic shoes for children, Pedicraft, and rubber brakes for roller skates (then known as "quick stops"), patented in 1944.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 1938, the Goldenbergs bought the Carmen Shoe Manufacturing Company in Hanover, Pennsylvania. Until 1957 a better grade leather was purchased, cut, stitched and fit in Philadelphia, while the same procedure in Hanover used lower grade materials. Both shoes were sold in Philadelphia under the Brooks name, and ranged from inexpensive to high-priced.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 1956, after a series of operational changes, John notified his brother that he would not renew their partnership agreement, and Michael discussed expanding Carmen with his nephew, Frank's son Barton. In 1957, following the dissolution of the partnership, the existence of Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Company was terminated, and Michael and Barton each acquired 50% of Carmen. In 1958, Michael purchased Barton's interest in the company, and as the sole owner, he renamed Carmen the Brooks Manufacturing Company.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 1975, Brooks worked with elite runners, including Marty Liquori, a former Olympian, to design a running shoe. The collaboration produced the Villanova, Brooks's first high-performance running shoe. It was the first running shoe to use EVA, an air-infused foam that was quickly adopted by other athletic brands. Brooks followed the Villanova with the Vantage, a running shoe constructed with a wedge to address overpronation. In 1977, based on newly developed measurements of cushioning, flexibility, and durability, the Vantage was ranked at #1 in the annual "Runner's World" running guide. Runners embraced Brooks' technology, and the demand "exploded". Towards the end of the decade Brooks was among the top three selling brands in the US. The Vanguard was another running shoe which appeared in this decade.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 1980, as a result of production issues with Brooks's manufacturing facility in Puerto Rico, defective shoes began to arrive at sporting goods stores. Nearly 30 percent of the shoes were returned, and Brooks scrapped 50,000 pairs. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and was purchased at auction by footwear manufacturer Wolverine World Wide in 1981.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 1982, stability became the top priority for runners, and Brooks introduced the Chariot, a medial post shoe that featured an angled wedge of harder-density foam in the midsole. Thicker on the inside of the shoe and tapered toward the outside, the Chariot represented a "sea change" in running-shoe design. In 1987, with Brooks for Women, it launched an anatomically adjusted line of shoes designed for women.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 1992, Brooks launched the Beast, a motion control shoe that integrated diagonal rollbar technology. In 1994, the Adrenaline GTS—an abbreviation for go-to shoe—was released. With a firmer midsole density, the Adrenaline GTS was built on a semi-curve, an accommodation for runners with a high arch and wide forefoot. The Beast became a best seller, and the Adrenaline GTS went on to become one of the best-selling running shoes of all time.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Wolverine moved Brooks away from the niche running market to a generalist athletic brand. The "class to mass" strategy was unsuccessful, and Brooks was sold to Norwegian private equity company The Rokke Group for $21 million in 1993. Brooks moved to Rokke's Seattle location following its acquisition. In 1998, Rokke sold a majority interest in Brooks to J.H. Whitney & Co., a Connecticut private equity firm.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks introduced a full-line of technical running and fitness apparel for women and men in the spring of 1997. It also expanded into the walking category with the introduction of performance walking shoes.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks's "Run Happy" tag line first appeared in print advertising in 1999. Rather than depicting running as a grueling pursuit, as competitive brands did, "Run Happy" was based on the idea that runners love running, and suggested that Brooks products allowed "runners to have the running experience they were looking for".


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 2001, Jim Weber, a former Brooks board member, was named president and CEO of the company. At the time, the company's market share was low, and bankruptcy had again become a concern. Weber cut lower-priced footwear from the Brooks product line, added an on-site lab and staff engineers, and focused the company on technical-performance running shoes. As the brand was rebuilt, its annual revenue fell to $20 million. Three years later, it was $69 million.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks was acquired by Russell Athletic in 2004. In 2006, Russell was purchased by Fruit of the Loom and Brooks became a subsidiary of Fruit of the Loom's parent company, Berkshire Hathaway. It became an independent subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway in 2011.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In the mid-2000s, Brooks introduced High Performance Green Rubber, a material it developed for outsoles that used sand rather than petroleum. It subsequently developed BioMoGo, the first biodegradable mid-sole for running shoes. It used a non-toxic, natural additive that increased the rate of biodegradation by encouraging microbes in the soil to break the material down into nutrients that could be used by plants and animals, biodegrading approximately 20 times faster than traditional soles. By using BioMoGo, Brooks estimated that it would cut more than 30 million pounds of landfill waste over a 20-year period. The BioMoGo technology was open source.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks DNA (and later Super DNA) was released in 2013. It provided customized cushioning, and adapted to the user's gender, weight and pace. Engineered from non-Newtonian liquid, it was another of Brooks's technological "firsts".


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 2011, Brooks became the leading running shoe in the specialty market. On its 100-year anniversary, with a 29% market share, Brooks revenue hit $500 million. Weber stated that based on the company's year-over-year growth, investments from Berkshire Hathaway and the support of its CEO, Warren Buffett, Brooks would become a billion dollar brand.


title: Brooks Sports

text: The Brooks Heritage Collection was launched in 2016, returning the Vanguard, the Chariot, and the Beast to the market. Only the technology was updated; the details of the original shoes, including the colorways, were replicated.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks introduced the first customized performance running shoe based on personal biomechanics in the United States in December 2017. An in-store station that combines 3D foot scanning with gait analysis and pressure mapping, it was developed in partnership with HP and Superfeet.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 2017, Brooks shoes were named Best Running Shoe (The Glycerine and the Launch, "Sports Illustrated"); Editor's Top Choice (The Adrenaline GTS 18, "Runner's World"); and Ten Best Running Shoes (The Levitate, "Men's Fitness").


title: Brooks Sports

text: Shortly after, Brooks developed the DNA Flash—their first nitrogen-injected midsole technology—and applied it to silhouettes such as the Hyperion Tempo as well as a few easy everyday running shoes. The brand worked with nitrogen injection for about three and a half years before releasing its DNA Loft V3 nitrogen-injected foam, which was introduced in the Aurora BL sneaker.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks Running has implemented environmentally conscious practices into their business and manufacturing practices. Several models of their shoes have High Performance Rubber Green (HPR Green) outsoles that are made with sand instead of petroleum. The company says that it uses recycled materials to make other parts of their shoes "whenever possible", including laces, fabrics, hangtags and packaging.


title: Brooks Sports

text: In 2014, the company partnered with Bluesign Technologies (stylized as bluesign technologies) to evaluate, manage, and eliminate priority chemicals used in the process of manufacturing apparel. Manufacturers that become Bluesign system partners are required to establish management systems for improving resource productivity, consumer safety, water emissions, air emissions, and occupational health and safety.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks is also a member of the Sustainable Apparel Coalition, a global trade organization that works to reduce the environmental and social impact of apparel and footwear products. With the some collections, Brooks offers vegan products.


title: Brooks Sports

text: Built in 2014, the Brooks headquarters meet the environmental standards of Seattle's Deep Green Pilot Program. The building captures and reuses at least 50 percent of storm water on the site and uses 75 percent less energy than a typical commercial building in the city. As of 2016, it was "one of the greenest buildings in the world".


title: Brooks Sports

text: Brooks provides paid time annually to employees to volunteer for community organizations. Among other causes, Brooks employees have supported ConservationNEXT's Seattle Backyard Collective, Habitat for Humanity, Northwest Harvest, the Seattle Ronald McDonald House and the 2018 Special Olympic Games. "Run B'Cause" product donation grants are given annually to organizations who support a "healthier, Run Happier world".


title: Brooks Sports

text: It was announced in June 2017 that Brooks Running would partner with the 2018 Special Olympics USA Games to create limited-edition co-branded running shoes and apparel, with a portion of the proceeds benefiting the games, and provide free running shoes to athletes participating in the Special Olympics Healthy Athletes Fit Feet program, which offers athletes free podiatric screenings.


title: Glossitis

text: Glossitis can mean soreness of the tongue, or more usually inflammation with depapillation of the dorsal surface of the tongue (loss of the lingual papillae), leaving a smooth and erythematous (reddened) surface, (sometimes specifically termed atrophic glossitis). In a wider sense, glossitis can mean inflammation of the tongue generally. Glossitis is often caused by nutritional deficiencies and may be painless or cause discomfort. Glossitis usually responds well to treatment if the cause is identified and corrected. Tongue soreness caused by glossitis is differentiated from burning mouth syndrome, where there is no identifiable change in the appearance of the tongue, and there are no identifiable causes.


title: Glossitis

text: Depending upon what exact meaning of the word glossitis is implied, signs and symptoms might include:


title: Glossitis

text: Depending upon the underlying cause, there may be additional signs and symptoms such as pallor, oral ulceration and angular cheilitis.


title: Glossitis

text: Iron-deficiency anemia is mainly caused by blood loss, such as may occur during menses or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This often results in a depapilled, atrophic glossitis, giving the tongue a bald and shiny appearance, along with pallor (paleness) of the lips and other mucous membranes a tendency towards recurrent oral ulceration, and cheilosis (swelling of the lips). The appearance of the tongue in iron deficiency anemia has been described as diffuse or patchy atrophy with tenderness or burning. One cause of iron deficiency anemia is sideropenic dysphagia (Plummer–Vinson or Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome) which is also characterized by esophageal webbing and dysphagia.


title: Glossitis

text: Pernicious anemia is usually caused by autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells. Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor which is required for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia and may present as glossitis. The appearance of the tongue in vitamin B12 deficiency is described as "beefy"


title: Glossitis

text: Vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine deficiency) can cause glossitis. Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can cause glossitis, along with angular cheilitis, cheilosis, peripheral neuropathy and other signs and symptoms. The glossitis in vitamin B2 deficiency is described as magenta. Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra) can cause glossitis. Vitamin B6 deficiency (pyridoxine deficiency) can cause glossitis, along with angular cheilitis, cheilosis, peripheral neuropathy and seborrheic dermatitis. Folate deficiency (vitamin B9 deficiency) can cause glossitis, along with macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, diarrhea, fatigue and possibly neurological signs. Apart from pernicious anemia discussed above, any other cause of vitamin B12 deficiency can cause glossitis, which tends to be painful, smooth and shiny.


title: Glossitis

text: Bacterial, viral or fungal infections can cause glossitis. Chronic "Candida" infections of the tongue can cause an atrophic glossitis known as median rhomboid glossitis.


title: Glossitis

text: Syphilis is now relatively rare, but the tertiary stage can cause diffuse glossitis and atrophy of lingual papillae, termed "syphilitic glossitis", "luetic glossitis" or "atrophic glossitis of tertiary syphilis". It is caused by "Treponema pallidum" and is a sexually transmitted infection.


title: Glossitis

text: Many conditions can cause glossitis via malnutrition or malabsorption, which creates the nutritional deficiencies described above, although other mechanisms may be involved in some of those conditions listed.


title: Glossitis

text: A painful tongue may be an indication of an underlying serious medical condition and nearly always merits assessment by a physician or dental surgeon.


title: Glossitis

text: Glossitis could be classified as a group of tongue diseases or gastrointestinal diseases. It may be primary, where there is no underlying cause, or secondary where it is a sign or symptom of another condition. It can be acute or chronic. Generally speaking, there are several clinical patterns of glossitis, some more common than others.


title: Glossitis

text: Atrophic glossitis, also known as bald tongue, smooth tongue, Hunter glossitis, Moeller glossitis, or Möller-Hunter glossitis, is a condition characterized by a smooth glossy tongue that is often tender/painful, caused by complete atrophy of the lingual papillae (depapillation). The dorsal tongue surface may be affected totally, or in patches, and may be associated with a burning sensation, pain and/or erythema. Atrophic glossitis is a non-specific finding, and has a great many causes, usually related to iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, B vitamin complex deficiencies, unrecognized and untreated celiac disease (which often presents without gastrointestinal symptoms), or other factors such as xerostomia (dry mouth). Although the terms Möller and Hunter glossitis were originally used to refer to specifically the glossitis that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to pernicious anemia, they are now used as synonyms for atrophic glossitis generally. In this article, the term glossitis, unless otherwise specified, refers to atrophic glossitis.


title: Glossitis

text: This condition is characterized by a persistent erythematous, rhomboidal depapillated lesion in the central area of the dorsum of the tongue, just in front of the circumvallate papillae. Median rhomboid glossitis is a type of oral candidiasis, and rarely causes any symptoms. It is treated with antifungal medication. Predisposing factors include use of corticosteroid sprays or inhalers or immunosuppression.


title: Glossitis

text: Geographic tongue, also termed benign migratory glossitis, is a common condition which usually affects the dorsal surface of the tongue. It is characterized by patches of depapillation and erythema bordered by a whitish peripheral zone. These patches give the tongue the appearance of a map, hence the name. Unlike glossitis due to nutritional deficiencies and anemia, the lesions of geographic tongue move around the tongue over time. This is because in geographic tongue, new areas of the tongue become involved with the condition whilst previously affected areas heal, giving the appearance of a moving lesion. The cause is unknown, and there is no curative treatment. Rarely are there any symptoms associated with the lesions, but occasionally a burning sensation may be present, which is exacerbated by eating hot, spicy or acidic foodstuffs. Some consider geographic tongue to be an early stage of fissured tongue, since the two conditions often occur in combination.


title: Glossitis

text: Geometric glossitis, also termed herpetic geometric glossitis, is a term used by some to refer to a chronic lesion associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I infection, in which there is a deep fissure in the midline of the tongue, which gives off multiple branches. The lesion is usually very painful, and there may be erosions present in the depths of the fissures. Similar fissured lesions which are not associated with HSV, as may occur in fissured tongue, do not tend to be painful. The name comes from the geometric pattern of the fissures which are longitudinal, crossed or branched. It is described as occurring in immunocompromized persons, e.g. who have leukemia. However, the association between herpes simplex and geometric glossitis is disputed by some due to a lack of gold standard techniques for diagnosis of intraoral herpetic lesions, and the high prevalence of asymptomatic viral shedding in immunocompromized individuals. Treatment is with systemic aciclovir.


title: Glossitis

text: Strawberry tongue, or raspberry tongue, is glossitis which manifests with hyperplastic (enlarged) fungiform papillae, giving the appearance of a strawberry. White strawberry tongue is where there is a white coating on the tongue through which the hyperplastic fungiform papillae protrude. Red strawberry tongue is where the white coating is lost and a dark red, erythematous surface is revealed, interspaced with the hyperplastic fungiform papillae. White strawberry tongue is seen in early scarlet fever (a systemic infection of group A β- hemolytic streptococci), and red strawberry tongue occurs later, after 4–5 days. Strawberry tongue is also seen in Kawasaki disease (a vasculitic disorder primarily occurring in children under 5), and toxic shock syndrome. It may mimic other types of glossitis or Vitamin B12 deficiency.


title: Glossitis

text: The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation. Treatment usually does not require hospitalization unless tongue swelling is severe. Good oral hygiene is necessary, including thorough tooth brushing at least twice a day, and flossing at least daily. Corticosteroids such as prednisone may be given to reduce the inflammation of glossitis. For mild cases, topical applications (such as a prednisone mouth rinse that is not swallowed) may be recommended to avoid the side effects of swallowed or injected corticosteroids. Antibiotics, antifungal medications, or other antimicrobials may be prescribed if the cause of glossitis is an infection. Anemia and nutritional deficiencies (such as a deficiency in niacin, riboflavin, iron, or Vitamin E) must be treated, often by dietary changes or other supplements. Avoiding irritants (such as hot or spicy foods, alcohol, and tobacco) may minimize the discomfort.


title: Glossitis

text: In some cases, tongue swelling may threaten the airway, a medical emergency that needs immediate attention.


title: Glossitis

text: One review reported overall prevalence ranges of 0.1–14.3% for geographic tongue, 1.3–9.0% for "atrophy tongue" (atrophic glossitis), and 0.0–3.35% for median rhomboid glossitis.


title: Driver (series)

text: Driver is a video game series developed by Reflections Interactive (now Ubisoft Reflections), and originally published by GT Interactive, later by Atari and now by Ubisoft. The gameplay consists of a mixture of action-adventure and driving in open world environments. Since the series began in 1999, there have been five main installments released.


title: Driver (series)

text: The first game of the "Driver" series was released for the PlayStation on 25 June 1999 in Europe and 30 June in the U.S. It was later released in 2000 for Game Boy Color in April, Windows in September, Mac in December, and iOS in December 2009. In the game, the player controls a former racecar driver turned undercover police detective named John Tanner. It featured a storyline inspired by 1960's/70's car chase movies such as "Bullitt" (1968) and "The Driver" (1978) and based in four real-life cities; Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York City. It was the best selling game of the "Driver" series and an evolution of the freedom to explore a city as brought forth in the early "Grand Theft Auto" games.


title: Driver (series)

text: The second installment in the "Driver" series was released for the PlayStation on 13 November 2000 in the U.S. by Infogrames (now known as Atari), and later ported to the Game Boy Advance on 4 October 2002 in the U.S. It featured detective John Tanner once more, along with a new partner, detective Tobias Jones, in four more real-life cities (Chicago, Havana, Las Vegas, and Rio de Janeiro). It was the first game in the series to feature 2-player modes, curved roads, and the ability to get out of the car at any time (apart from while being in a pursuit from the police) in order to steal another car on the street.


title: Driver (series)

text: The third installment in the "Driver" series was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox on 21 June 2004 in the U.S. to generally mixed or poor reviews (despite new features such as the ability to use firearms). The game takes place in Miami, Nice and Istanbul. It was subsequently followed by versions for Windows, and Game Boy Advance.


title: Driver (series)

text: The fourth game in the series, "", was released 14 March 2006 for PlayStation 2 and Xbox in the U.S., and 26 June 2007 for Windows and Wii in the U.S. Reflections intended "Parallel Lines" to "return the series to its roots" by focusing more on driving.


title: Driver (series)

text: The game differs greatly in other aspects from its predecessors, though, as the story no longer follows undercover police officer Tanner and the game takes place in only one location, New York City. The new main player's name is TK, a criminal rather than a cop. The game includes two time periods, 1978 and 2006, when the main player is sentenced to prison for 28 years and returns in 2006. The game received better reviews, but unlike "Driver 3", did not sell particularly well.


title: Driver (series)

text: "Driver 76" is a PlayStation Portable game in the "Driver" series. Set in New York City in 1976, two years before the events in the first half of "", the player takes the role of Ray, TK's friend and a supporting character from "Parallel Lines". The game was developed by Sumo Digital and Reflections, and was the first "Driver" game published by Ubisoft after they acquired Reflections. It was released on 8 May 2007 in the U.S.


title: Driver (series)

text: The fifth "Driver" game was long rumored to be in production. After several years of speculation, Ubisoft unveiled "Driver: San Francisco" at E3 2010. After several delays, it was released in September 2011 along with "Driver: Renegade 3D".


title: Driver (series)

text: The game takes place in one location, San Francisco, and follows the series protagonist, Tanner, being in a coma after suffering an accident. Thus, the player controls Tanner during his coma dream. The plot of the Wii version of "Driver: San Francisco" is completely different from the other versions, being a prequel to the events of the original "Driver".


title: Driver (series)

text: For the game, developers decided to remove the ability to get out of a car in order to steal another car on the street. Instead, they created a new mechanic called "Shift", enabling the players to shift to any car at any time, aside from a few missions.


title: Driver (series)

text: The game received generally positive reviews, getting the highest ratings in the whole series after "Driver". Like "Driver 3", it sold particularly well.


title: Driver (series)

text: A Nintendo 3DS game, "Driver: Renegade 3D" follows John Tanner trying to take down the New York City crime mobs. It was released in September 2011 at the same time as "Driver: San Francisco".


title: Driver (series)

text: A free-to-play smartphone game was released on iOS and Android in December 2014. The game, which makes use of in-app purchases, revolves solely around missions on speedboats.


title: Driver (series)

text: "Driver: Nemesis", a novel written by Alex Sharp, was published in 2010 to coincide with the release of "". The novel is a sequel to "Driver 2" and a prequel to the events of "Driver: San Francisco", taking place at some point before Hurricane Katrina. The story follows John Tanner's undercover infiltration to a crime network in New Orleans. It features several characters from the first two games and provides additional backstory for Tanner's life prior to becoming a member of law enforcement.


title: Driver (series)

text: "" (released in 2006) and "" (released in 2007) are two mobile games featuring John Tanner. "Vegas" features his exploits in Las Vegas in an attempt to exact revenge on Charles Jericho after "Driver 3", while "L.A. Undercover", set two years later, features Tanner's exploits in Los Angeles to take down the Los Angeles Mafia by working his way up the ladder.


title: Driver (series)

text: Ubisoft released "C.O.P. The Recruit" for Nintendo DS on November 3, 2009. It was originally registered under numerous names, one of which being "Driver: The Recruit".


title: Driver (series)

text: Ubisoft Montreal had been working on its own sequel in the "Driver" series at the same time that Ubisoft Reflections had been developing "Driver: San Francisco". Ubisoft Montreal's game had included some elements of hacking the driving environment to the player advantage, such as triggering street lights, as well as being able to swap from driver to driver. When "Driver: San Francisco" released in 2011, it did not do well commercially, leading to the "Driver" title in development at Ubisoft Montreal to have portions reworked into the first "Watch Dogs" game. Ubisoft Reflections subsequently helped Ubisoft Montreal in building out "Watch Dogs" for release, handling most of the driving portions of the game while Ubisoft Montreal handled the details related to on-foot missions and hacking. The game's Disrupt engine was originally intended for this "Driver" game in development.


title: Driver (series)

text: In February 2002, Impact Pictures, the production team of Paul W. S. Anderson and Jeremy Bolt, had acquired the film and TV rights to adapt the Atari video game "Driver". Screenwriters James DeMonaco, Todd Jason Harthan, and James Roday were developing a script at the time. Impact Pictures had originally intended to produce the film "Driver" to coincide with the release of the video game "Driver 3". The following November, Impact Pictures announced its plans to produce a $50 million adaptation of "Driver" after wrapping up principal photography on "". In April 2006, Rogue Pictures acquired the film rights to "Driver" from Impact Pictures and Constantin Films, the production companies responsible for the "Resident Evil" film franchise. Roger Avary replaced the original screenwriters in writing the script for "Driver", as well as directing the film.


title: Driver (series)

text: Prior to January 2007, "Driver", having a budget of $48 million, was slated to shoot at Cinespace Studios' MT28 lot in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Due to a waterfront revitalization project, the studio was forced to move and the film was put on hold. In May 2009, the movie script was leaked on the internet.


title: Driver (series)

text: On 14 September 2021, Ubisoft announced a live-action "Driver" series was coming to the Binge gaming streaming platform.


title: Cacique

text: A cacique ( ; ; feminine form: cacica) was a tribal chieftain of the Taíno people, the indigenous inhabitants at European contact of the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The term is a Spanish transliteration of the Taíno word kasike.


title: Cacique

text: Cacique was initially translated as "king" or "prince" for the Spanish. In the colonial era the conquistadors and the administrators who followed them used the word generically, to refer to any leader of practically any indigenous group they encountered in the Western Hemisphere. In Hispanic and Lusophone countries, the term also has come to mean a political boss, similar to "caudillo," exercising power in a system of caciquismo.


title: Cacique

text: The Taíno word "kasike" descends from the Taíno word kassiquan, which means "to keep house". In 1555 the word first entered the English language, defined as "prince". In Taíno culture, the "kasike" rank was hereditary and sometimes established through democratic means. As the Taínos were mostly a peaceable culture the "kasike"'s importance in the tribe was determined by the size of his clan rather than his skills in warfare. The Taíno "kasikes" also enjoyed several privileges that marked them as the elite class of Taíno society: they lived in a larger rectangular hut in the center of the village, rather than the peripheral circular huts of other villagers, and they had reserved places from which to view the "areytos" (ceremonial dances) and ceremonial ball game. Most importantly, the "kasike"'s word was law and they exercised this power to oversee a sophisticated government, finely involved with all aspects of social existence.


title: Cacique

text: The Spanish transliterated "kasike" and used the term (cacique) to refer to the local leader of essentially any indigenous group in Spanish America. Caribbean caciques who did not initially oppose the Spanish became middlemen, serving as the interface between their communities and the Spanish. Their cooperation was frequently provisional. Most of the early caciques eventually revolted, resulting in their deaths in battle or by execution. Two of the most famous of these early colonial-era caciques are Hatuey from what is now Cuba and Enriquillo on the island of Hispaniola. Both are now respective national heroes in Cuba and the Dominican Republic.


title: Cacique

text: The Spanish had more success when they drafted the leaders of the far more hierarchically-organized indigenous civilizations of Central Mexico. These Central Mexican caciques served as more effective, and loyal, intermediaries in the new system of colonial rule. The hierarchy and nomenclature of indigenous leadership usually survived within a given community and the Spaniards' designation of caciques did not usually correspond to the hereditary or likely candidate from a given system of indigenous leadership.


title: Cacique

text: As a consequence, elite indigenous men willing to cooperate with the colonial rulers replaced their rivals who had better hereditary or traditional claims on leadership. The Spanish recognized indigenous nobles as a European-style nobility, within the newly-established colonial system and a cacique's status among the colonizers (along with that of his family) was buttressed by their being permitted the Spanish noble honorifics "don" and "doña".


title: Cacique

text: As colonial middlemen, caciques were often the first to introduce European material culture to their communities. This is seen in the Spanish-style houses they built, the Spanish furnishings that filled them and the European fashions they wore everywhere. They engaged in Spanish commercial enterprises as sheep and cattle ranchers and sericulture. Many even owned Black slaves to operate these concerns. The caciques also acquired new privileges, unknown before contact. These included the right to carry swords or firearms and to ride horses or mules. Some caciques had entailed estates called cacicazgos. The records of many of these Mexican estates are held in the Mexican national archives in a section "Vínculos" ("entails"). The establishment of Spanish-style town government ("cabildos)" served as a mechanism to supplant traditional rule. Spanish manipulation of "cabildo" elections placed compliant members of the traditional, hereditary lineages on such "cabildos" town councils.


title: Cacique

text: By the late colonial era in central Mexico, the term cacique had lost any dynastic meaning, with one scholar noting that "cacique status could in some degree buttress a family's prestige, but it could no longer in itself be regarded as a rank of major authority." In a 1769 petition by a cacique family to the Viceroy of New Spain, appealing for the restoration of its privileges, the following expectations were listed: "that, the cacique should be seated separately from commoners at public functions; he was excused from serving in town government; he was exempted from tribute and other exactions; he was excused from Sunday worship and payments of the half "real;" his servants were not liable for community labor; he was exempt from incarceration for debt and his property from sequestration; he could be imprisoned for serious crime but not in the public jail; the caciques' names were to be listed among the nobles in official registers; and "all these privileges are to apply equally to the caciques' wives and widows." With Mexican independence in 1821, the last of the special privileges of colonial-era caciques were finally abolished.


title: Cacique

text: In contrast to the rest of the Spanish Colonial Americas, in the Andean region the local term "kuraka" was preferred to cacique. After conquering the Inca Empire the Spaniards administering the new Peruvian viceroyalty had allowed the "kurakas" or caciques to maintain their titles of nobility and perquisites of local rule so long as they swore fealty to the Spanish monarch.


title: Cacique

text: In 1781, the Tupac Amaru rebellion was led by a "kuraka" who claimed to be a descendant of the Inca royal line, that of the final Inca, Thupaq Amaru. At independence in 1825, Simón Bolívar abolished noble titles, but the power and prestige of the "kurakas" was already in decline following the Great Rebellion. "Kuraka" rebellions had been waged since the beginning of the Spanish colonial rule, and decades after Tupac Amaru II's 1781 uprising other insurrections such as the Tupac Katari or the Mateo Pumakawa uprisings were often the first major engagements of the South American Wars of Independence.


title: Cacique

text: An extension of the term cacique, "caciquismo" ("boss rule") can refer to a political system dominated by the power of local political bosses, the caciques. In the post-independence period in Mexico, the term retained its meaning of "indigenous" leaders, but also took on a more general usage of a "local" or "regional" leader as well. Some scholars make a distinction between "caudillos" (political strongmen) and their rule, "caudillismo", and caciques and "caciquismo". One Argentine intellectual, Carlos Octavio Bunge viewed "caciquismo" as emerging from anarchy and political disruption and then evolving into a "pacific" form of "civilized caciquismo", such as Mexico's Porfirio Díaz (r. 1876-1911). Argentine writer Fernando N.A. Cuevillas views "caciquismo" as being "nothing more than a special brand of tyrant".


title: Cacique

text: Writer Ramón Akal González views Galicia in northwest of Spain, as having remained in a continual state of strangulated growth over centuries as a result of "caciquismo" and nepotism. "Galicia still suffers from this anachronistic caste of caciques." Spanish strongman El Caudillo Francisco Franco (1892-1975) was born in Ferrol in Galicia.


title: Cacique

text: In the Philippines, the term "cacique democracy" was coined by Benedict Anderson. It has been used to describe the political system where in many parts of the country local leaders remain very strong, with almost warlord-type powers. The Philippines was a colony of Spain from the late sixteenth century until the Spanish–American War of 1898, when the United States assumed control. The U.S. administration subsequently introduced many commercial, political and administrative reforms. They were sometimes quite progressive and directed towards the modernization of government and commerce in the Philippines. However, the local traditional Filipino elites, being better educated and better connected than much of the local population, were often able to take advantage of the changes to bolster their positions.


title: Cacique

text: There is no consensus in the scholarly literature about the origins of "caciquismo". Murdo J. MacLeod suggests that the terms cacique and "caudillo" "either require further scrutiny or, perhaps, they have become so stretched by the diversity of explanations and processes packed into them that they have become somewhat empty generalizations".


title: Soda–lime glass

text: Soda–lime glass, also called soda–lime–silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Some glass bakeware is made of soda-lime glass, as opposed to the more common borosilicate glass. Soda–lime glass accounts for about 90% of manufactured glass.


title: Soda–lime glass

text: The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda, lime (in the form of (Ca(OH)), dolomite (CaMg(CO), which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (NaSO), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 °C. The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace structure material and by the glass composition. Relatively inexpensive minerals such as trona, sand, and feldspar are usually used instead of pure chemicals. Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing iron oxide. The mix of raw materials is termed batch.


title: Soda–lime glass

text: Soda–lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called flat glass, and glass for containers, called container glass. The two types differ in the application, production method (float process for windows, blowing and pressing for containers), and chemical composition. Flat glass has a higher magnesium oxide and sodium oxide content than container glass, and a lower silica, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide content. From the lower content of highly water-soluble ions (sodium and magnesium) in container glass comes its slightly higher chemical durability against water, which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.


title: Soda–lime glass

text: Soda–lime glass is relatively inexpensive, chemically stable, reasonably hard, and extremely workable. Because it can be resoftened and remelted numerous times, it is ideal for glass recycling. It is used in preference to chemically-pure silica (SiO), otherwise known as fused quartz. Whereas pure silica has excellent resistance to thermal shock, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot, its high melting temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Other substances are therefore added to simplify processing. One is the "soda", or sodium oxide (NaO), which is added in the form of sodium carbonate or related precursors. Soda lowers the glass-transition temperature. However, the soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable. To provide for better chemical durability, the "lime" is also added. This is calcium oxide (CaO), generally obtained from limestone. In addition, magnesium oxide (MgO) and alumina, which is aluminium oxide (AlO), contribute to the durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight.