title: The Physician (2013 film)

text: Isfahan is betrayed by the mullahs to the Seljuks, since they want to drive the Jewish community and Ibn Sina's madrasa out of the city. Mullah soldiers then arrive to attack the hospital. Ibn Sina heads to the burning library and transfers his medical writings to Rob Cole, and also awards him the medical title 'Hakim'. Ibn Sina then stays to die in the burning library.


title: The Physician (2013 film)

text: Rob Cole, as well as others, escape through a gate the Shah has told them about while he and his men go to make a last stand against the Seljuks. Rob returns with Rebecca, as his wife, to London and establishes a hospital. The old Barber, Cole's first teacher, learns from a little boy about his former pupil's return and fame. The Barber then asks the boy to take him to see his old pupil as the film ends.


title: The Physician (2013 film)

text: The film premiered on 25 December 2013 in German theaters. It was an immediate box-office hit and earned the producers a Bogey Award for more than 1,000 visitors per copy on its opening weekend and 1 million visitors within ten days.


title: The Physician (2013 film)

text: Critics for the movie were overall positive for its visuals and interesting subjects while it is criticized for its historical inaccuracies and simplistic romanticism. Peter Debruge praised the film for being "a hearty historical epic that pits intellectual progress against the stifling influence of world religions". Ben Kingsley's acting was deemed successful in portraying the Islamic scholar Avicenna. The visuals and the scene design of the movie were appreciated. Although, the environment and costume design were approved, the historical inaccuracies were observed negatively. The movie is criticized for its "old fashioned story structure", "simplistic emotional ploys and reductive characterizations" and the script's inaccuracies; such as the altered timeline, the misdepiction of Islamic laws and organization, and the unrealistic comparison of Avicenna with his student (the protagonist).


title: Veneration

text: Veneration (; ), or veneration of saints, is the act of honoring a saint, a person who has been identified as having a high degree of sanctity or holiness. Angels are shown similar veneration in many religions. Etymologically, "to venerate" derives from the Latin verb, , meaning 'to regard with reverence and respect'. Veneration of saints is practiced, formally or informally, by adherents of some branches of all major religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Jainism.


title: Veneration

text: Within Christianity, veneration is practiced by groups such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic, and Eastern Catholic Churches, all of which have varying types of canonization or glorification procedures. In the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, veneration is shown outwardly by respectfully bowing or making the sign of the cross before a saint's icon, relics, or statue, or by going on pilgrimage to sites associated with saints. In general, veneration is not practiced by Protestants and Jehovah's Witnesses.


title: Veneration

text: Hinduism has a long tradition of veneration of saints, expressed toward various gurus and teachers of sanctity, both living and dead. Branches of Buddhism include formal liturgical worship of saints, with Mahayana Buddhism classifying degrees of sainthood.


title: Veneration

text: In Islam, veneration of saints is practiced by some of the adherents of traditional Islam (Sufis, for example), and in many parts of places like Turkey, Egypt, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Other sects, such as Wahhabists etc., abhor the practice.


title: Veneration

text: In Judaism, there is no classical or formal recognition of saints, but there is a long history of reverence shown toward biblical heroes and martyrs. Jews in some regions, for example in Morocco, have a long and widespread tradition of saint veneration.


title: Veneration

text: Both main branches of Buddhism, Theravada and Mahayana, recognize those who have achieved a high degree of enlightenment as an Arhat. Mahayana Buddhism particularly gives emphasis to the power of saints to aid ordinary people on the path to enlightenment. Those who have reached enlightenment, and have delayed their own complete enlightenment in order to help others, are called Bodhisattvas. Mahayana Buddhism has formal liturgical practices for venerating saints, along with very specific levels of sainthood. Tibetan Buddhists venerate especially holy lamas, such as the Dalai Lama, as saints.


title: Veneration

text: Veneration towards those who were considered holy began in early Christianity, with the martyrs first being given special honor. Official commemoration of saints in churches began as early as the first century. The apostle Paul mentioned saints by name in his writings. Icons depicting saints were created in the catacombs. The Orthodox church of Byzantine began official church commemoration very early and even in Rome, commemoration is documented in the third century. Over time, the honor also began to be given to those Christians who lived lives of holiness and sanctity. Various denominations venerate and determine saints in different ways, with some having a formal canonization or glorification process. It is also the first step to becoming a saint.


title: Veneration

text: Christian theologians have long adopted the terms "latria" for the type of worship due to God alone, and "dulia" and "proskynesis" for the veneration given to angels, saints, relics and icons.


title: Veneration

text: Catholic and Eastern Orthodox theologies also include the term "hyperdulia" for the types of veneration specifically paid to Mary. The Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas specifies that "hyperdulia" is the same type of veneration as "dulia", only given in a greater degree; both remain distinct from "latria".


title: Veneration

text: In Catholicism, veneration is a type of honor distinct from the true worship (veritable adoration), which is due to God alone. According to Mark Miravelle, of the Franciscan University of Steubenville, the English word "worship" has been associated with both veneration and adoration:


title: Veneration

text: As St. Thomas Aquinas once explained, adoration, which is known as latria in classical theology, is the worship and homage that is rightly offered to God alone. It is the manifestation of submission, and acknowledgement of dependence, appropriately shown towards the excellence of an uncreated divine person and to his absolute Lordship. It is the worship of the Creator that God alone deserves. Although we see in English a broader usage of the word “adoration” which may not refer to a form of worship exclusive to God—for example, when a husband says that he “adores his wife”—in general it can be maintained that adoration is the best English denotation for the worship of latria.


title: Veneration

text: Veneration, known as dulia in classical theology, is the honor and reverence appropriately due to the excellence of a created person. Excellence exhibited by created beings likewise deserves recognition and honor. We see a general example of veneration in events like the awarding of academic awards for excellence in school, or the awarding of Olympic medals for excellence in sports. There is nothing contrary to the proper adoration of God when we offer the appropriate honor and recognition that created persons deserve based on achievement in excellence.


title: Veneration

text: We must make a further clarification regarding the use of the term “worship” in relation to the categories of adoration and veneration. Historically, schools of theology have used the term “worship” as a general term which included both adoration and veneration. They would distinguish between “worship of adoration” and “worship of veneration.” The word “worship” (in a similar way to how the liturgical term “cult” is traditionally used) was not synonymous with adoration, but could be used to introduce either adoration or veneration. Hence Catholic sources will sometimes use the term “worship” not to indicate adoration, but only the worship of veneration given to Mary and the saints.


title: Veneration

text: Now, the Roman Catholic tradition has a well established philosophy for the veneration of the Virgin Mary via the field of Mariology with Pontifical schools such as the Marianum specifically devoted to this task.


title: Veneration

text: For the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, in addition to the dogma of her Divine Motherhood, the Mother of God (aka "Theotokos") was the subject of three other different dogmas:


title: Veneration

text: The special graces accorded by God to Mary motivated her title of Mediatrix of all graces to the humanity, her intercessory ability to Jesus Christ God about the believers' intentions of prayer.


title: Veneration

text: In the Catholic Church there are many different forms of veneration of saints; such as the pilgrimage to a grave; such as those of Saint Peter (Vatican), Saint Anthony of Padua (Italy), Santiago de Compostela (Spain), or Holy Sepulchre (Israel/Palestine). It is also usual to make a pilgrimage to places associated with the life of a saint; the Cave of Santo Hermano Pedro (Spain), the Cave of the Apocalypse (Greece) or the Aya Tekla Church (Turkey). Veneration of images and relics; Lord of Miracles (Peru), the Virgin of Guadalupe and Saint Jude Thaddaeu (Mexico), Holy Dexter (Hungary), Reliquary of the Three Kings (Germany), etc.


title: Veneration

text: In the Syriac Orthodox Church liturgical service, the Hail Mary is pronounced as a prefatory prayer after the Our Father, and before the priest's entrance to the chancel. The name of the Blessed Virgin Mary has also been probably used for the sanctification of altars, above the name of all other saints.


title: Veneration

text: In the Eastern Orthodox church veneration of the saints is important element of worship. Most services are closed with the words “Most holy Theotokos, save us!" and would use Troparions and Kontakions to venerate the saint of the day. This practice of venerating saints both through praise and by means of their icons is defended in St John Damascene's book "On Holy Images", and was the subject of the Second Council of Nicaea.


title: Veneration

text: In Protestant churches, veneration is sometimes considered to amount to the heresy of idolatry, and the related practice of canonization amounts to the heresy of apotheosis. Protestant theology usually denies that any real distinction between veneration and worship can be made, and claims that the practice of veneration distracts the Christian soul from its true object, the worship of God. In his "Institutes of the Christian Religion", John Calvin writes that "(t)he distinction of what is called "dulia" and "latria" was invented for the very purpose of permitting divine honours to be paid to angels and dead men with apparent impunity". Veneration is, therefore, considered a type of blasphemy by Luther and some Protestants. However, some Protestant streams, particularly Anglicanism and Lutheranism, allow the veneration of saints in a manner similar to Catholicism.


title: Veneration

text: The veneration of the memory of the holy patriarchs and prophets is recorded in the Book of Sirach: "Let us now praise men of renown, and our fathers in their generation" (44:1). "And their names continue for ever, the glory of the holy men remaining unto their children" (44:15)


title: Veneration

text: 'Once while some Israelites were burying a man, suddenly they saw a band of raiders; so they threw the man’s body into Elisha’s tomb. When the body touched Elisha’s bones, the man came to life and stood up on his feet.' (2 Kings 13:21, NIV).


title: Veneration

text: 'God did extraordinary miracles through Paul, so that even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him were taken to the sick, and their illnesses were cured and the evil spirits left them.' (Acts 19:11, 12, NIV).


title: Veneration

text: St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, and others, give accounts of miracles that occurred at the graves of St. Stephen, St. Felix of Nola, St. Gervasius, and many others, in post-Biblical times. Such miraculous events are seen as divine favor for the veneration of relics.


title: Veneration

text: Hinduism has a longstanding and living tradition of reverence toward sants (saints) and mahatmas (ascended masters), with the line often blurring between humanity and divinity in the cases of godmen and godwomen. The Bhakti movements popularized devotion to saintly figures such as , , and gurus as models showing the way to liberation.


title: Veneration

text: Islam has had a rich history of veneration of saints (often called "wali", which literally means "Friend [of God]"), which has declined in some parts of the Islamic world in the twentieth century due to the influence of the various streams of Salafism. In Sunni Islam, the veneration of saints became a very common form of religious celebration early on, and saints came to be defined in the eighth-century as a group of "special people chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work miracles." The classical Sunni scholars came to recognize and honor these individuals as venerable people who were both "loved by God and developed a close relationship of love to Him." The vast majority of saints venerated in the classical Sunni world were the Sufis, who were all Sunni mystics who belonged to one of the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law.


title: Veneration

text: Veneration of saints eventually became one of the most widespread Sunni practices for more than a millennium, before it was opposed in the twentieth century by the Salafi movement, whose various streams regard it as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium." In a manner similar to the Protestant Reformation, the specific traditional practices which Salafism has tried to curtail in both Sunni and Shia contexts include those of the veneration of saints, visiting their graves, seeking their intercession, and honoring their relics. As Christopher Taylor has remarked: "[Throughout Islamic history] a vital dimension of Islamic piety was the veneration of Muslim saints…. [due, however to] certain strains of thought within the Islamic tradition itself, particularly pronounced in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ... [some modern day] Muslims have either resisted acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or have viewed their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations."


title: Veneration

text: While orthodox and organized Judaism do not countenance the veneration of saints per se, veneration and pilgrimage to burial sites of holy Jewish leaders is an ancient part of the tradition.


title: Veneration

text: It is common for some Jews to visit the graves of many righteous Jewish leaders. The tradition is particularly strong among Moroccan Jews, and Jews of Sephardi descent, although also by some Ashkenazi Jews as well. This is particularly true in Israel, where many holy Jewish leaders are buried. The Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem and that of Maimonides in Tiberius are examples of burial sites that attract large pilgrimages in Israel. In America, the only such example is the grave site of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, at the Ohel, in the cemetery in Queens where he is buried alongside his father-in-law. During his lifetime, Schneerson himself would frequently visit the gravesite (Ohel) of his father-in-law, where he would read letters and written prayers, and then place them on the grave. Today visitors to the grave of Schneerson include Jews of Orthodox, Reform and Conservative background, as well as non-Jews. Visitors typically recite prayers of psalms and bring with them petitions of prayers written on pieces of paper which are then torn and left on the grave.


title: Veneration

text: In Jainism, it recognizes the tirthankaras, which are beings who have achieved transcendence and liberation (moksha) and are, therefore, teachers who taught the Jain path. Away from the evolution of the cosmos and the cosmic event, they do not intervene in any way in it, they serve only as examples to follow. The latter is manifested in the offering ceremonies ("Devapuja"), which constitute more of a renunciation on the part of the believer than a surrender, since the tirthankaras are totally indifferent to the affairs of men and the Jains assume that they are indifferent to them.


title: Static program analysis

text: In computer science, static program analysis (or static analysis) is the analysis of computer programs performed without executing them, in contrast with dynamic program analysis, which is performed on programs during their execution.


title: Static program analysis

text: The term is usually applied to analysis performed by an automated tool, with human analysis typically being called "program understanding", program comprehension, or code review. In the last of these, software inspection and software walkthroughs are also used. In most cases the analysis is performed on some version of a program's source code, and, in other cases, on some form of its object code.


title: Static program analysis

text: The sophistication of the analysis performed by tools varies from those that only consider the behaviour of individual statements and declarations, to those that include the complete source code of a program in their analysis. The uses of the information obtained from the analysis vary from highlighting possible coding errors (e.g., the lint tool) to formal methods that mathematically prove properties about a given program (e.g., its behaviour matches that of its specification).


title: Static program analysis

text: Software metrics and reverse engineering can be described as forms of static analysis. Deriving software metrics and static analysis are increasingly deployed together, especially in creation of embedded systems, by defining so-called "software quality objectives".


title: Static program analysis

text: A growing commercial use of static analysis is in the verification of properties of software used in safety-critical computer systems and


title: Static program analysis

text: locating potentially vulnerable code. For example, the following industries have identified the use of static code analysis as a means of improving the quality of increasingly sophisticated and complex software:


title: Static program analysis

text: A study in 2012 by VDC Research reported that 28.7% of the embedded software engineers surveyed currently use static analysis tools and 39.7% expect to use them within 2 years.


title: Static program analysis

text: A study from 2010 found that 60% of the interviewed developers in European research projects made at least use of their basic IDE built-in static analyzers. However, only about 10% employed an additional other (and perhaps more advanced) analysis tool.


title: Static program analysis

text: In the application security industry the name Static application security testing (SAST) is also used. SAST is an important part of Security Development Lifecycles (SDLs) such as the SDL defined by Microsoft and a common practice in software companies.


title: Static program analysis

text: The OMG (Object Management Group) published a study regarding the types of software analysis required for software quality measurement and assessment. This document on "How to Deliver Resilient, Secure, Efficient, and Easily Changed IT Systems in Line with CISQ Recommendations" describes three levels of software analysis.


title: Static program analysis

text: Formal methods is the term applied to the analysis of software (and computer hardware) whose results are obtained purely through the use of rigorous mathematical methods. The mathematical techniques used include denotational semantics, axiomatic semantics, operational semantics, and abstract interpretation.


title: Static program analysis

text: By a straightforward reduction to the halting problem, it is possible to prove that (for any Turing complete language), finding all possible run-time errors in an arbitrary program (or more generally any kind of violation of a specification on the final result of a program) is undecidable: there is no mechanical method that can always answer truthfully whether an arbitrary program may or may not exhibit runtime errors. This result dates from the works of Church, Gödel and Turing in the 1930s (see: Halting problem and Rice's theorem). As with many undecidable questions, one can still attempt to give useful approximate solutions.


title: Static program analysis

text: Data-driven static analysis uses large amounts of code to infer coding rules. For instance, one can use all Java open-source packages on GitHub to learn a good analysis strategy. The rule inference can use machine learning techniques. For instance, it has been shown that when one deviates too much in the way one uses an object-oriented API, it is likely to be a bug. It is also possible to learn from a large amount of past fixes and warnings.


title: Static program analysis

text: Static analyzers produce warnings. For certain types of warnings, it is possible to design and implement automated remediation techniques. For example, Logozzo and Ball have proposed automated remediations for C# "cccheck" and Etemadi and colleagues use program transformation to automatically fix SonarQube's warnings.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The "cursed soldiers" (also known as "doomed soldiers", "accursed soldiers" or "damned soldiers"; ) or "indomitable soldiers" () is a term applied to a variety of anti-Soviet and anti-communist Polish resistance movements formed in the later stages of World War II and its aftermath by members of the Polish Underground State. This all-encompassing term for a widely heterogeneous movement was introduced in the early 1990s.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The clandestine organisations continued their armed struggle against the communist regime of Poland well into the 1950s. The guerrilla warfare included an array of military attacks launched against the regime's prisons and state security offices, detention facilities for political prisoners, and concentration camps that were set up across the country. Most of the Polish anti-communist groups ceased to exist in the late 1950s, as they were hunted down by agents of the Ministry of Public Security and Soviet NKVD. The last known "cursed soldier", Józef Franczak, was killed in an ambush in 1963.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The best-known Polish anti-communist resistance organisations operating in Stalinist Poland included Freedom and Independence (Wolność i Niezawisłość, WIN), National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, NSZ), National Military Union (Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe, NZW), Konspiracyjne Wojsko Polskie (Underground Polish Army, KWP), Ruch Oporu Armii Krajowej (Home Army Resistance, ROAK), Armia Krajowa Obywatelska (Citizens' Home Army, AKO), NIE (NO, short for "Niepodległość"), Armed Forces Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj), and Wolność i Sprawiedliwość (Freedom and Justice, WiS).


title: Cursed soldiers

text: In the summer of 1944, as Soviet forces fighting against Nazi Germany advanced into Poland, the USSR set up a provisional puppet regime of Poland called the Polish Committee of National Liberation. The new regime was aware that the Polish Resistance (whose chief component was the Armia Krajowa or Home Army) and Underground State loyal to the Polish government-in-exile would have to be destroyed before they could gain complete control over Poland. Władysław Gomułka, future General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, said that "Soldiers of the Armia Krajowa (AK) are a hostile element which must be removed without mercy". Another prominent communist, Roman Zambrowski, said that the AK had to be "exterminated".


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The Armia Krajowa officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to prevent a slide into armed conflict with the Red Army and the increasing threat of civil war over Poland's sovereignty. However, many resistance units decided to continue with their struggle for Polish independence, regarding Soviet forces as new occupiers. Soviet partisans in Poland had already been ordered by Moscow on 22 June 1943 to engage Polish "Leśni" partisans in combat.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: According to Marek Jan Chodakiewicz's review of Bogdan Musial's "Sowjetische Partisanen" book, "Musial’s study suggests that the Soviets seldom attacked German military and police targets. They preferred to assault the poorly armed and trained Belarusan and Polish self-defense forces. The guerrillas torched and leveled Polish landed estates much more frequently than they blew up military transports and assaulted other hard targets." The main forces of the Red Army (Northern Group of Forces) and the NKVD began conducting operations against the Armia Krajowa (AK) during and directly after the launch of Operation Tempest, the aim of which was for the Polish resistance to seize control of cities and areas occupied by the Germans while the latter were preparing their defenses against the advancing Soviets. The Soviet leader Joseph Stalin planned to ensure that an independent Poland would never reemerge in the postwar period.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The first AK structure designed primarily to deal with the Soviet threat was NIE (short for "niepodległość" "independence", and also meaning "no"), formed in mid-1943. NIE's goal was to observe and conduct espionage while the Polish government-in-exile decided how to deal with the Soviets, rather than to engage in combat. At that time, the exiled government still believed that negotiations could result in a solution leading to Poland's post-war independence.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: On 7 May 1945, NIE was disbanded and transformed into the Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj ("Armed Forces Delegation for Homeland"). This organization lasted only until August 8, 1945, when the decision was made to disband it and to stop partisan resistance on Polish territory.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: In March 1945 a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State, who had been captured and imprisoned by the Soviet Union, took place in Moscow (the Trial of the Sixteen). The Government Delegate, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov, with the agreement of Joseph Stalin, to a conference on their eventual entry into the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They were presented with a warrant of safety, but the NKVD arrested them in Pruszków on 27 and 28 March. Leopold Okulicki, Jan Stanisław Jankowski, and Kazimierz Pużak were arrested on 27 March, and 12 more the following day. Alexander Zwierzynski had already been detained earlier. They were all taken to the Lubyanka prison in Moscow for interrogation prior to the trial. After several months of brutal interrogation and torture, they were charged with false accusations of "collaboration with Nazi Germany" and of "planning a military alliance with Nazi Germany".


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The Polish Committee of National Liberation declined jurisdiction over former AK soldiers. Consequently, for more than a year, Soviet agencies such as the NKVD dealt with the AK. By the end of the war, approximately 60,000 soldiers of the AK had been arrested, and 50,000 of them were deported to the Soviet Union's prisons and prison camps. Most of those soldiers had been captured by the Soviets during or in the aftermath of Operation Tempest when many AK units tried to cooperate with the Red Army during their nationwide uprising against the Germans.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: Other veterans were arrested when they approached the communist authorities after being promised amnesty. In 1947, the regime of the People's Republic of Poland proclaimed an amnesty for most of the wartime resistance fighters. The authorities expected around 12,000 people to give up their arms, but the total number of partisans to come out of the forests eventually reached 53,000. Many of them were arrested despite the promises of freedom. After repeated broken promises during the first few years of communist rule, former AK members refused to trust the government.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: After the Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj ("Armed Forces Delegation for Homeland") was disbanded, another post-AK resistance organisation was formed, called Wolność i Niezawisłość ("Freedom and Sovereignty"). Wolność i Niezawisłość (WiN) was most concerned with helping former AK soldiers make the transition from life as partisans to that of civilians, rather than any type of combat. Continued secrecy and conspiracy were necessary in light of the increasing persecution of AK veterans by the communist regime. WiN was, however, much in need of funds to pay for false documents and to provide resources for the partisans, many of whom had lost their homes and entire life-savings in the war. Viewed as enemies of the state, starved of resources, and with a vocal faction advocating armed resistance against the Soviets and their Polish proxies, WiN was far from efficient. A significant victory for the NKVD and the newly created Polish secret police, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (UB), came in the second half of 1945 when they convinced several leaders of WiN that they truly wanted to offer amnesty to AK members. Within a few months, intelligence gathered by the authorities led to thousands more arrests. The primary period of WiN activity lasted until 1947. The organisation finally disbanded in 1952.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The NKVD and UB used brute force and deception to eliminate the underground opposition. In the autumn of 1946, a group of 100–200 "cursed soldiers" of Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (National Armed Forces, NSZ) were lured into a trap and massacred. In 1947, Colonel Julia ("Bloody Luna") Brystiger of the Polish Ministry of Public Security proclaimed at a security briefing that: "the terrorist and political underground" had ceased to be a threatening force for the UB, although the "class enemy" at universities, offices and factories still had to be "found out and neutralised."


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The persecution of AK members was only one aspect of the reign of Stalinist terror in postwar Poland. In the period from 1944 to 1956, at least 300,000 Polish civilians were arrested. Some sources claim numbers up to two million arrested. Approximately 6,000 death sentences were issued, and the majority of them were carried out. It is probable that more than 20,000 people died in communist prisons including those executed "in the majesty of the law", such as Witold Pilecki, a hero of Auschwitz.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: A further six million Polish citizens (i.e., one out of every three adult Poles) were classified as suspected members of a 'reactionary or criminal element' and subjected to investigation by state agencies. During the Polish October of 1956, a political amnesty freed 35,000 former AK soldiers from prisons. But, some partisans remained in service, unwilling or simply unable to rejoin the civilian community. The "cursed soldier" Stanisław Marchewka "Ryba" ("The Fish") was killed in 1957, and the last AK partisan, Józef Franczak "Lalek" ("Doller"), was killed in 1963 — almost two decades after the Second World War ended. In 1967, long after the abolition of Stalinist terror, Adam Boryczka, the last member of the elite British-trained Cichociemny ("The Silent and Hidden") intelligence and support group, was finally released from prison. Until the end of the People's Republic of Poland, former AK soldiers were under constant investigation by the secret police. It was only in 1989, after the fall of communism, that the convictions of AK soldiers were finally declared invalid and annulled by Polish law.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The biggest battle in the history of the National Military Union ("Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe", NZW) took place on 6–7 May 1945, in the village of Kuryłówka in southeastern Poland. In the Battle of Kuryłówka, the partisans fought against the Soviet "2nd Border Regiment" of the NKVD, gaining a victory for the underground forces commanded by Major Franciszek Przysiężniak ("Marek"). The anti-communist fighters killed up to 70 Soviet agents. The NKVD troops retreated in haste, only to return to the village later and burn it to the ground in retaliation, destroying over 730 buildings.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: On 21 May 1945, a heavily armed AK unit led by Colonel Edward Wasilewski, attacked and destroyed the NKVD camp located in Rembertów on the eastern outskirts of Warsaw. The Soviets had incarcerated hundreds of Polish citizens there, including members of the Armia Krajowa.


title: Cursed soldiers

text: One of the biggest anti-partisan operations by the communist authorities took place from 10 to 25 June 1945, in and around the Suwałki and Augustów regions of Poland. The "Augustów roundup" () was a joint operation of the Red Army, the Soviet NKVD, and SMERSH battalions, with assistance from Polish UB and LWP units, against Armia Krajowa resistance fighters. The operation extended into the territory of occupied Lithuania. More than 2,000 suspected anti-communist Polish fighters were captured and detained in Soviet internment camps. About 600 of the "Augustów Missing" are presumed to have died in Soviet custody, their bodies buried in unknown mass graves on the present territory of Russia. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance has declared the 1945 Augustów roundup to be "the largest crime committed by the Soviets on Polish lands after World War II."


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The following list (in most part), was taken from the book "Not Only Katyń" ("Nie tylko Katyń") by Ireneusz Sewastianowicz and Stanisław Kulikowski ("Białostockie Wydawn. Prasowe", 1990); Part 10: "The Augustow Missing," compiled by the Citizen Committee for Search of Suwałki Region Inhabitants who Disappeared in July 1945 ("").


title: Cursed soldiers

text: The "cursed soldiers" served as an inspiration for numerous films, documentaries, books, stage plays, and songs and, in Poland, they have become the ultimate symbol of patriotism and heroic fight for fatherland against all odds. Notable examples include:


title: Voltes V

text: , popularly known as simply Voltes V (pronounced as "Voltes Five") is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Dōga and animated by Nippon Sunrise (formerly known as Soeisha). It is the second installment of the "Robot Romance Trilogy", which also includes "Chōdenji Robo Combattler V" and "Tōshō Daimos". It is directed by Tadao Nagahama and produced by Yoshiyuki Tomino. It aired on TV Asahi from June 1977 to March 1978.


title: Voltes V

text: "Voltes V" grew into a cultural phenomenon in the Philippines since its airing in the country in 1978, and had achieved popularity as well in Indonesia and Cuba. A live-action television series adaptation, titled "", is currently in production in the Philippines for broadcast on GMA Network.


title: Voltes V

text: One day, a massive horde of flying saucers appears out of the depths of space and launches an invasion of the planet Earth. Despite the best efforts of the world's militaries and the Earth Defense Force under the Japanese Commander Oka, simultaneous deployments of the invaders' fleets of well-armed and highly mobile flying saucers devastate key strategic targets around the world and completely overwhelm the defenders. The invaders are aliens from the imperial planet Boazan, fighting under the command of the Boazanian emperor's ruthless nephew, Prince Heinel. With their victory all but assured, the Boazanian commanders retire to Castle Heinel, a secret underground citadel constructed by their agents in preparation for their conquest, and deploy the massive bio-mechanical "Attack Beast Knight Dokugaga" to destroy humanity's last bastion of resistance.


title: Voltes V

text: Unbeknownst to the Boazanians, however, are the efforts of Japanese scientists Mitsuyo Goh and Professor Hamaguchi, who have been working alongside Oka on a plan originally created by Mitsuyo's vanished husband, Dr. Kentaro Goh. Having forced her children, Kenichi, Daijiro, and Hiyoshi, to undergo a grueling training regimen alongside the American rodeo champion Ippei Mine and Commander Oka's daughter, Megumi Oka, it is revealed that all of their efforts up to this point were secretly meant to prepare the earth for this very eventuality. The scientists take the children to a top-secret base on the hidden island of Ootorijima known as "Big Falcon", where they reveal to the five Kentaro Goh's greatest life's work and humanity's last remaining hope for survival: the Super-Electromagnetic Robot, "Voltes V". Though it takes them some time to adjust to the controls, the five are able to work together and save the EDF from total destruction by finishing off Dokugaga with their powerful Heaven Sword, or Tenkuu-ken.


title: Voltes V

text: As the series progresses, the Boazanians continue to come up with a variety of strategies to try to defeat the Earth's powerful new robot, always involving the production of a new Beast Knight based on a different animal. As the Voltes team trains to improve their teamwork and skill, they also learn more about the nature of the Boazanians and the Goh siblings' missing father. Professor Goh is revealed to have disappeared on a diplomatic mission to the planet Boazan itself, hoping to stop their invasion before it came to pass. Having been imprisoned by the Boazanian empire this entire time, he escapes from their control and attempts to return to earth with several allies, but is waylaid by a breakaway force and taken prisoner by Heinel's traitorous science officer, Zuhl. Much of the second half of the series revolves around the Goh siblings desperately searching for their father, while he in turn works to oppose the invaders in secret.


title: Voltes V

text: Aside from its technological advancement, the planet Boazan is in fact very similar to Earth, and the native Boazanians are so like humanity that the two races can even healthily interbreed. The planet is wholly governed by an oligarchic monarchy with a cruel caste system: Boazanians born with horns are highly regarded and form an aristocratic elite, while the hornless are forced into slavery and worked to death on physically demanding tasks such as mining and construction. During a succession dispute between the highly-revered Chief Science Minister La Gour, son of the late emperor's brother, and Zu Zambajil, an illegitimate son of said emperor, it was discovered that despite La Gour's noble birth, he had been born hornless and had hidden the fact with prosthetics. Taking advantage of this fact to further his own quest for power, Zambajil had La Gour imprisoned and exiled his wife Rosalia, causing him great despair. After learning that Rosalia died while he was forced to work as a common slave, La Gour joined a band of hornless dissidents and subsequently led a daring insurrection against the empire, only to be easily thwarted by their vastly superior military. With no other options available to him, La Gour was forced to escape on a flying saucer and flee across the galaxy until he found himself on the faraway planet of Earth. Upon crash-landing, he was discovered by a Japanese scientist, and they fell in love. To blend in on Earth, La Gour exchanged his name for a Japanese one: Dr. Kentaro Goh. Thus, Dr. Goh's powerful technological advancements and knowledge of the oncoming alien invasion suddenly make sense, for he was once a native of that very planet himself.


title: Voltes V

text: Knowing that Zambajil's ambition was to rule a galactic empire, Goh quickly set into motion his plans to protect the Earth from their eventual attack, and moreover, to someday finish what he started by returning to Boazan and liberating its oppressed underclass. Yet when Zambajil threatened to invade the earth unless Goh returned to work under him, Goh had no choice but to abandon his family. Refusing to work for the tyrannical ruler, Goh was once-again imprisoned and nearly executed, only to be saved by the remnants of the rebel army he had created right before his exile. It is here that he met the rebel General Dange, an aristocrat who cut off his horns to join the rebellion, and they left for their ill-fated return to Earth. Just when everyone else believes them to be dead, it is revealed that Goh and Dange have been working on the creation of a massive spaceship known as the Solar Bird, with which they hope to return to Boazan to topple its oppressive government once and for all.


title: Voltes V

text: "Voltes V" was produced by Toei Company, Ltd. with animation from Sunrise and sponsorship from Popy for the toys. During the development of Voltes V, Nagahama originally conceived the series to be a sequel to "Chōdenji Robo Combattler V" and follows the events of the series after the finale before making it into a separate series. From Nagahama's memo, the series is originally meant to be titled or . Both names are ultimately scrapped and it was renamed to "Voltes V".


title: Voltes V

text: During the time of its development, NET TV transitioned its name to TV Asahi during 1977. In a proposal from Popy in 1976, "Voltes V" was meant to have a gun-like finishing attack but Sunrise and Toei wanted the actual attack for the toys to be changed. As such, the gun was changed to a sword, which is carried over to the mech's Heaven's Blade/Laser Blade attack. At that time also in 1976, Nagahama was given creative direction on the series and used Stage combat as reference for the titular mecha's combat moves. As describing the story itself, the plot of the Goh brothers' search for their father were inspired from Taiga dramas, as explained by Shoichi Taguchi, one of the anime that inspired him for the plot was "3000 Leagues in Search of Mother" and that he wanted the heroes to search for their father instead of a mother.


title: Voltes V

text: Akinori Watanabe, the previous director of Toei's Television Business Division, was worried that the plot will be too depressing to viewers and wanted to avoid viewers crying all the time. In response to Watanabe's request, he created the rival character, Prince Heinel, who was based on one of the actors in the world-famous "Takarazuka Revue". According to Kei Iijima, one of Toei's producers, the Goh brothers and Heinel will be rivals throughout the series until the final episode, in which Heinel will be revealed to be related to them by blood but have a tragic end and redemption. He stated also that "This is because I wanted viewers to strongly elicit anger against various discriminations around them and to hate discrimination through this work and think about correcting them."


title: Voltes V

text: The final draft of the series was completed in March 1977, with the first episode was broadcast on June 4 of the same year. Shinya Sadamitsu and Yoshiyuki Tomino were brought to the staff by Nagahama for their roles as producer and art director. Kazuo Tomizawa was also brought in as one of the staff until he decided to focus more on "Invincible Super Man Zambot 3".


title: Voltes V

text: "Voltes V" was broadcast in Japan by TV Asahi from June 4, 1977 to March 25, 1978, replacing "Chōdenji Robo Combattler V" in its initial timeslot. The series' opening theme is titled by Mitsuko Horie, Koorogi '73, and Columbia Yurikago-kai with the ending theme titled by Ichiro Mizuki. The lyrics to the opening theme were written by Toei staff with music written by Asei Kobayashi, and arranged by the series' composer, Hiroshi Takada, while the lyrics to the ending theme were penned by Akira Aoi (Tadao Nagahama), with music written by Asei Kobayashi, and arranged by Hiroshi Tsutsui.


title: Voltes V

text: At the Otakon 2018 convention on August 13, 2018, Discotek Media announced that they licensed the series (with English subtitles) for its DVD and Blu-ray release in North America.


title: Voltes V

text: Telesuccess Productions (formerly known as Questor International) holds the Philippine rights to the anime series since its English dub premiered on GMA in 1978. The Telesuccess dub (English and Tagalog) was made available in Southeast Asia through video-on-demand service iflix in September 2016.


title: Voltes V

text: Another English dub, written and directed by William Ross, was produced in Tokyo, Japan by Frontier Enterprises and released in North America in 1983 by 3B Productions as "Voltus 5". It was a compilation of selected episodes (from episode 1 to 18).


title: Voltes V

text: A live-action television series adaptation, titled "", is currently in production in the Philippines for broadcast on GMA Network. The production will be licensed from the Toei Company through its Philippine licensor Telesuccess Productions, Inc. Mark A. Reyes is the director who leads the production of the series, which will involve close supervision from Toei. Riot Inc. was hired to do the special effects alongside GMA's video-graphic department.


title: Voltes V

text: During the series' run, Popy released a diecast metal toy of Voltes V. The toy was available either with the five Volt Machines sold separately or in a gift set known as the "Volt In Box". Aside from the Volt Machines combining to form Voltes V, the toy also transformed into Voltank mode (an alternate vehicle mode wherein the robot lied down face-first with the Volt Panzer and Volt Lander's wheels on the ground). This mode never appeared in the series, but was a unique feature of the toy. The boxed set was re-released in the United States in 1978 by Mattel as part of the Shogun Warriors line of imported toys. Later it was re-released in 1982 repackaged as part of Bandai's "Godaikin" line for the international market in 1983. Popy also released a Jumbo Machinder version of Voltes V. Standing at over 24 inches in height, the toy featured firing projectile fists and could transform into Voltank mode, which small children could ride on.


title: Voltes V

text: In 2006, Bandai released a newer, smaller Voltes V toy as part of their "Soul of Chogokin" line. This toy is more detailed and more poseable than its Popy diecast predecessor. In 2008, the toy was re-released as a special edition called "Respect for Volt In Box", which pays homage to the original toy in both color scheme and packaging. In addition, this version has been retooled to transform into Voltank mode.


title: Voltes V

text: In 2018, Bandai released the Soul of Chogokin Voltes V F.A. (Full Action) figure. The figure sacrifices its combination gimmick in favor of more anime-accurate proportions and dynamic articulation. In 2020, Bandai released the titular mecha under the DX Soul of Chogokin line.


title: Voltes V

text: The series itself has been included and featured in the long-running "Super Robot Wars" series of video games with its first appearance on the PlayStation game "Shin Super Robot Wars" in 1996.


title: Voltes V

text: "Voltes V" is notable for its cultural impact in several countries like Indonesia, Cuba, and the Philippines. In the case of the latter, it had a major impact in the country during the period of martial law under President Ferdinand Marcos, who banned the series along with other "violent" Japanese animated series on August 27, 1979 for their "harmful effects on children". However, popular speculation was that the series was banned because of the anime's underlying themes of rebellion and revolution. The remaining four episodes were never aired and Filipino children angered by the sudden ban have sometimes been referred to as the "Voltes V generation". After the success of the 1986 People Power Revolution, "Voltes V" was re-aired on Philippine television from 1990-2010s with a Filipino dub. In March 1999, however, Davao Oriental congressman Mayo Almario filed a bill seeking to remove "Voltes V" from the air once again, proposing to give the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) the authority to remove programming deemed too violent for children.


title: Voltes V

text: Toym Imao, a visual artist who was a child at the time the series aired, made a sculpture inspired by "Voltes V" in 2014 called "Last, Lost, Lust for Four Forgotten Episodes" as part of his series of art installations entitled "Super Robot - Suffer Reboot" that was displayed at the entrance of Palma Hall at the University of the Philippines.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: The pronunciation of "GIF", an acronym for the Graphics Interchange Format, has been disputed since the 1990s. Popularly pronounced in English as a one-syllable word, the acronym's most common pronunciations are (with a hard "g" as in "gift") and (with a soft "g" as in "gem"), differing in the phoneme represented by the letter "G". Many public figures and institutions have taken sides in the debate; Steve Wilhite, the creator of the format, gave a speech at the 2013 Webby Awards arguing that the soft "g" pronunciation is correct. Others have pointed to the term's origin from abbreviation of the hard-"g" word "graphics" to argue for the other pronunciation.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: The controversy stems partly from the fact that there is no general rule for how the letter sequence "gi" is to be pronounced; the hard "g" prevails in words such as "gift", while the soft "g" is used in others, such as "ginger". In addition, some speakers enunciate each letter in the acronym, producing . English dictionaries generally accept both main alternatives as valid, and linguistic analyses show no clear advantage for either based on the pronunciation frequencies of similar English words. The pronunciation of the acronym can also vary in languages other than English.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is an image file format developed in 1987 by Steve Wilhite at the American online service provider CompuServe. GIFs are popularly used to display short, looped animations. The acronym "GIF", commonly pronounced as a monosyllable, has a disputed pronunciation. Some individuals pronounce the word with a hard "g", as in , whereas others pronounce it with a soft "g", as in . A minority prefer to enunciate each letter of the acronym individually, creating the pronunciation .


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: Wilhite and the team who developed the file format included in the technical specifications that the acronym was to be pronounced with a soft "g". In the specifications, the team wrote that "choosy programmers choose ... 'jif, in homage to the peanut butter company Jif's advertising slogan of "choosy moms choose Jif". According to ABC News, the debate stretches as far back as 1994, with an author of an encyclopedia of image formats stating that "most people" seem to prefer the hard "g" pronunciation over his preferred soft "g".


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: In French, the acronym tends to be pronounced , with the voiced postalveolar fricative, , as in the "j" in the French or the "s" in the English "measure" or "vision", even though , which does not occur in native vocabulary, tends to be retained in English loanwords (such as "jeans"). Some languages lack English's soft and hard "g" sounds in their phonologies; Spanish and Finnish, for example, lack in their native words. In Norwegian, "GIF" is pronounced with a hard "g", , unlike native words, for which the sequence would be pronounced with a voiced palatal approximant, , like the "y" in English "yes".


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: In English, the linguistic controversy stems partly from the fact that there is no general rule for how the letter sequence "gi" is to be pronounced; the hard "g" prevails in words such as "gift", while the soft "g" is used in others, such as "ginger". In Old English, "g" would make the soft "g" sound as well as "y" consonant sound, and when the hard "g" was added, both its hard and soft variations persisted when followed by "i".


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: An analysis of 269 words by linguist Michael Dow found near-tied results on whether a hard or soft "g" was more appropriate based on other English words; the results varied somewhat depending on what parameters were used. Of the 105 words that contained "gi" somewhere in the word, 68 used the soft "g" while only 37 employed its counterpart. However, the hard "g" words were found to be significantly more common in everyday English; comparatively obscure words like "flibbertigibbet" and "tergiversate", both pronounced with a soft "g", were included in the list of 68 soft "gi" words. When the prevalence of each word was taken into account, it was found that the hard and soft "g" appeared in nearly equal frequencies in "gi" words. No clear favorite was found by only using the words that begin with "gi", nor by only using words with one syllable such as "gift" and "gin".


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: In her coverage of Dow's piece, Canadian linguist Gretchen McCulloch theorizes that since the hard and soft "g" in this context are used with near-equal frequency, when a person first encounters the word "GIF", they make a guess akin to flipping a coin by comparing it to other words they have encountered in the past. Once they have a favorite one way or the other, the notion is solidified—leading McCulloch to comment that this "probably means we'll be fighting the gif pronunciation war for generations to come".


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: A 2019 analysis by linguist Marten van der Meulen found that the most common arguments employed online over the pronunciation of "GIF" are "system" arguments, which support one side of the debate by contending that the pronunciation should flow from a consistent rule of language. One example of this would be the "system acronym" argument; this is the idea that because the letter "G" in "GIF" stands for the word "graphics", it ought to be pronounced in the acronym with the same phoneme as in the word, i.e. with a hard "g". This particular argument is sometimes accompanied by the quip that if the acronym were to be pronounced with a soft "g", the word should be pronounced likewise, as (""jraphics""). A rebuttal to this argument is that acronyms are not required to follow the pronunciations of their root words. For example, the letter "u" in the word "scuba" —an acronym for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"—is pronounced even though its deriving word, "underwater", is pronounced instead with . A similar acronym discrepancy arises with "NASA" ("National Aeronautics and Space Administration", pronounced ).


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: Another example of a "system" argument is frequency analysis, which examines how many other English words employ hard or soft "g" pronunciations in other situations, similar to Dow's analysis. After Steve Wilhite announced his opinion that the soft "g" pronunciation was the only correct form, there was significant chatter on social media and in the press on both sides of the issue. An article by Casey Chan, writing for "Gizmodo", argued that Wilhite was wrong because soft "g" words followed by "if" should be spelled with the letter "j", such as the "jiffy" in "Jiffy Lube" and "be back in a jiffy", as well as the peanut butter company Jif.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: The next most common argument found in van der Meulen's analysis was an argument that cited an authority, usually Wilhite, as the creator of the file format. After Wilhite announced his support for the soft "g" pronunciation, many recognized him as the authority on the pronunciation of the word due to his creation of its format. Wilhite is the most commonly cited authority for the pronunciation of "GIF"; 65.2 percent of surveyed arguments citing an authority favored a soft "g". Some, including Casey Chan, cited U.S. President Barack Obama in supporting the hard "g"; others cited various dictionaries, or software assistants such as Siri as authorities for "GIF" pronunciation.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: A 2014 "Mashable" poll of more than 30,000 people worldwide found that seven in ten used the hard "g". Van der Meulen's analysis found that 57.2 percent of users who offered an opinion supported the hard "g", while 31.8 percent favored the soft "g". The analysis also found that 8.2 percent of users support both pronunciations, while favoring the soft "g", and 2.8 percent favored enunciating each letter.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: An informal poll of developers on Stack Overflow showed that 65.6 percent of respondents favored the hard "g" pronunciation, while 26.3 percent used the soft "g", 6 percent sounded out every letter, and 2 percent employed a different pronunciation altogether. However, an analysis from "The Economist" argued that the disparities in the results were exaggerated by sampling bias; the article commented that while the countries where the hard "g" is used make up 45 percent of the world's population, respondents from those countries comprised 79 percent of the sample. When the populations of each country were adjusted for, the analysis found that hard "g" still led, albeit by a narrower margin of 44 percent to 32 percent for soft "g". In addition, this adjustment brought the popularity of pronouncing each letter up to 21 percent; this variation is common in Asian countries, where it is employed by half of Chinese respondents and 70 percent of South Korean respondents. Developed countries as a whole tended to favor the hard "g" pronunciation.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: "Dictionary.com" lists both the hard and soft "g" pronunciations for "GIF", indicating the latter as the primary pronunciation, while the "Cambridge Dictionary of American English" and the "Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary" offer only the hard "g" pronunciation. The online Merriam-Webster and Lexico dictionaries list both pronunciations. The 2005 edition of the "New Oxford American Dictionary" gave only the soft "g" pronunciation in its 2005 edition; the 2010 edition of the "Oxford Dictionary of English" listed both pronunciations, listing the soft "g" first. The French "Petit Robert" and "Petit Larousse" list only in their entries. In the Norwegian Academy's dictionary of the Norwegian language, the pronunciation is transcribed with a hard "g", as .


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: In May 2013, Wilhite was presented with a lifetime achievement award at the annual Webby Awards honoring excellence on the Internet. Upon accepting the award at the ceremony, Wilhite displayed a five-word slide that simply read:


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: Here, "jif" refers to the soft "g" pronunciation. Following the speech, Wilhite told "The New York Times", "The Oxford English Dictionary accepts both pronunciations. They are wrong. It is a soft "g" ... End of story."


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: The audience attending the ceremony reacted positively to the short speech, but it generated controversy online, with some commentators pushing back against Wilhite's pronunciation. Van der Meulen remarked that this "seems to be the first ever coiner of a word (or acronym, to be more specific) who gave usage advice about his own creation". More than 17,000 tweets were made in the aftermath of the speech, making "GIF" a trending topic, and more than 50 news articles were written on the incident. The "Columbia Journalism Review" remarked three years later that the debate seemed to peak with this incident. The peanut butter company Jif responded to a tweet asking how they were feeling following the speech, commenting, "We're nuts about him today." Seven years later, Jif performed a publicity stunt with GIF-hosting platform Giphy. The two companies released a joint statement, arguing that the correct pronunciation employs a hard "g" and releasing limited-time jars of peanut butter labeled "GIF" instead of "JIF".


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: In October 2013, "The New York Times" faced some light criticism on social media for an article that began with the words, "A GIF, pronounced jif, is a compressed image file format invented in 1987." The article included a link to an earlier article from the newspaper, covering Wilhite's speech and the quote he gave them. In December 2013, Alex Trebek, the host of game show "Jeopardy!", attracted media attention when the final clue of the episode referenced Wilhite's presentation and opinion on the pronunciation. Trebek read out the responses of contestants using a soft "g" when the word "GIF" appeared in the correct responses of all three contestants. In the past, Trebek had pronounced each letter individually, to remain neutral.


title: Pronunciation of GIF

text: In June 2014, Barack Obama, then President of the United States, opined that the acronym should be pronounced with a hard "g" when prompted in a conversation with David Karp, the founder of Tumblr. Miles Klee of "The Daily Dot" highlighted a Tumblr post from the White House's blog in April of the previous year, which contained a humorous infographic with the text "animated GIFs (hard 'g')".


title: OTC Markets Group

text: OTC Markets Group (previously known as Pink Sheets) is an American financial market providing price and liquidity information for almost 10,000 over-the-counter (OTC) securities. The group has its headquarters in New York City. OTC-traded securities are organized into three markets to inform investors of opportunities and risks: OTCQX, OTCQB and Pink.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The company was first established in 1913 as the National Quotation Bureau (NQB). For decades, the NQB reported quotations for both stocks and bonds, publishing the quotations in the paper-based Pink Sheets and Yellow Sheets respectively. The publications were named for the color of paper on which they were printed. NQB was owned by CCH from 1963 to 1993. In September 1999, the NQB introduced the real-time Electronic Quotation Service. The National Quotation Bureau changed its name to Pink Sheets LLC in 2000 and subsequently to Pink OTC Markets in 2008. The company eventually changed to its current name, OTC Markets Group, in 2010. Today, a network of 89 broker-dealers price and trade a wide spectrum of securities on the OTC Markets platform.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: To be quoted on the platform, companies are not required to file with the SEC, although many choose to do so. A wide range of companies are quoted on OTC Markets, including firmly established foreign firms, mostly through American depositary receipts (ADRs). In addition, many closely held, extremely small and thinly traded U.S. companies have their primary trading on the OTC Markets platform.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Many foreign issuers adhere to the listing requirements of qualified foreign stock exchanges and make their home country disclosure available in English. There are also a significant number of U.S.-based issuers who are current in their reporting to regulators such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or make available ongoing quarterly and audited annual financial reports through OTC Markets Group. Many companies in the Pink market tier of the OTC categorization system do not meet the United States' listing requirements for trading on a stock exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ. Many of these issuers do not file periodic reports or make available audited financial statements, making it very difficult for investors to find reliable, unbiased information about those companies. For these reasons the SEC views many of the lower-tier companies traded on OTC Markets as "among the most risky investments" and advises potential investors to heavily research the companies in which they plan to invest.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Securities trading on the OTCQB and higher-tiered OTCQX trading marketplaces have status of Blue Sky secondary trading exemptions in 33 states and brokers may recommend such securities to their clients like securities listed on national stock exchanges.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: OTC Markets Group designates securities in one of three markets to indicate the level of financial and corporate disclosure provided by the companies using its quotation system. Apart from the OTCQX market, which has rules that include financial requirements, the designations do not signify issuer quality or merit of any security. Designation is based on the level and timeliness of a company's disclosure and OTCQB and any of the Pink categories can include both high quality as well as speculative, distressed, or questionable companies. Strict promotion policies have been enacted to flag these companies and deny their application for trading if they engage actively in campaigns marked by misleading information or manipulative promotions.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The OTCQX and OTCQB markets are considered 'Established Public Markets' by the SEC for the purpose of determining the public market price when registering securities for resale with the SEC in equity line financings. OTC Markets Group can facilitate electronic trading with its SEC-registered Alternative Trading System known as OTC Link® ATS.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The OTCQX market includes both multinational companies seeking access to U.S. investors and domestic growth companies. To be traded on this tier, companies must undergo a qualitative review by OTC Markets Group. Companies are not required to be registered with or reporting to the SEC, but they must post financial information with OTC Markets Group. In addition, U.S. companies must be ongoing operations (i.e., no shells) and may not be in bankruptcy, while foreign issuers must meet the requirements of qualified foreign exchanges. Additional oversight of OTCQX securities is provided by requiring every issuer to be sponsored by approved third-party investment banks or law firms, called OTCQX Sponsors.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Pink is an open market that has no financial standards or reporting requirements. The stock of companies in the Pink tier are not required to be registered with the SEC. Companies in this category are further categorized by the level and timeliness of information they provide to investors and may have current, limited, or no public disclosure.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Companies submitting regular Quarterly and Annual Reports go into the Current category. This category can still include shell companies or development stage companies with little or no operations as well as companies without audited financial statements. Companies in this category must not only have Quarterly reports duly posted every three months, but most have Annual reports for at least the preceding two years on file.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Companies that have submitted information no older than six months to the OTC Markets data and news service or have made a filing on the SEC's EDGAR system in the previous six months are rated as having limited information. Companies that are unwilling or unable to meet OTC Markets' Guidelines for Providing Adequate Current Information with Quarterly and Annual Reports every three months, but which still submit information at least every six months, are in this category. These are often companies with financial reporting problems, economic distress, or in bankruptcy.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: This tier indicates companies that are unwilling or unable to provide disclosure to the public markets. Companies in this category do not make current information available via OTC Markets disclosure and news service, or if they do, the available information is older than six months. This category includes defunct companies that have ceased operations as well as "dark" companies with questionable management and market disclosure practices. Securities of publicly traded companies that are not willing to provide information to investors are considered highly risky.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: There is a public interest concern associated with the company designated as "Caveat Emptor" (Latin for "buyer beware".) This may include a spam campaign, stock promotion or known investigation of fraudulent activity committed by the company or through inside information. During a spam campaign, any stock that is not in the Current Information category will also have its quotes blocked on otcmarkets.com.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The SEC requires broker-dealers to comply with Exchange Act Rule 15c2-11 before displaying quotes on OTC securities, and requires submission of Form 211 to the FINRA OTC Compliance Unit. In 2019, amendments were proposed to 15c2-11, which had not been significantly amended since 1991.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: FINRA Rule 6500 contains rules on quoting OTC securities on the OTCBB, but the OTCBB has diminished in importance and by 2016 less than 2% of OTC trades occurred on the OTCBB, as opposed to OTC Markets. In 2014, FINRA proposed to remove Rule 6500 and eliminate the OTCBB, but withdrew the rule and in 2016 proposed to update the OTCBB to provide a backup system in case quotation is disrupted or nonexistent.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Other FINRA rules such as Rule 6432 and Rule 5250 relate to the SEC Rule 15c2-11; for example, Rule 5250 prohibits market makers from receiving compensation from issuers.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Many of the stocks traded OTC are microcap stocks, also known as penny stocks, which are known for fraudulent microcap stock fraud and penny stock scams.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: After the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002, some companies delisted and became OTC to save costs and avoid certain regulations, although OTC companies have faced pressure to improve disclosure.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB) is only a listing of securities that are also traded "over the counter" similar to the OTC Markets. The OTCBB has diminished in importance, with very little activity, but has been retained as possible last resort system in case of disruption. OTCBB companies are required to file timely reports to a U.S. regulatory agency. Almost all OTCBB companies are now quoted via OTC Markets' OTC Link ATS because its fully electronic trading platform better meets the needs of automated broker-dealers.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: Securities that are not listed on any stock exchange nor formally quoted on OTC Markets or OTCBB are considered to be in the Grey Market. Unsolicited transactions are processed independently and not centrally listed or quoted. Trades are reported to a self-regulatory organization (SRO), which then passes the data on to market data companies. The Grey Market is also called OTOTC or Other OTC.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The Compliance Analytics Product creates a security specific risk score for all OTCQX, OTCQB, Pink and Grey securities. Risk is assessed over 19 parameters including caveat emptor, shell status, penny stock status, price/volume changes and stock promotion data. Recently, the product integrated "Hot Sector" information about cannabis, cryptocurrency and blockchain.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The Promotion Data Product provides market professionals and investors with active and historical promotion data for OTCQX, OTCQB, Pink and Grey securities.


title: OTC Markets Group

text: The company calculates and licenses indices of securities that trade on one of the top two market tiers, including the OTCM QX ADR 30 Index of OTCQX-traded American depository receipts


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: General elections were held in Malta on 26 March 2022 to elect all members of the House of Representatives.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The Labour Party, which had governed Malta since 2013, won a second term in 2017 election under then-leader Joseph Muscat. Simon Busuttil, the leader of the opposition Nationalist Party, resigned after the 2017 election and was replaced by Adrian Delia. Muscat was faced with a political crisis and mass protests in 2019, after which he resigned as prime minister in January 2020. Robert Abela succeeded him as prime minister and leader of the Labour Party in January 2020, while Bernard Grech succeeded Delia later that year.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Journalists noted that the campaign was overshadowed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and that it was the "quietest in decades". Six political parties nominated their candidates for the 2022 general election. The Labour Party and its leader campaigned on investing in green urbanism and environmental issues, while the Nationalist Party pledged a one billion investment in ten new economic sectors. The AD+PD campaigned on proposals for LGBT rights, while the People's Party campaigned on increasing the minimum wage and abolishing green passes. Additionally, ABBA supported the investigation into abortion-rights activists, while Volt Malta supported the legalization of abortion. Opinion polls in the run-up to the election indicated another victory for Labour Party.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The Labour Party retained its majority in parliament, winning a third consecutive election for the first time since 1981 with 55.11% of the popular vote, the largest share since 1955, marginally surpassing the 55.04% it scored in 2017. Voter turnout was 86%. As a result of a constitutional amendment, Article 52(A), passed before the elections, twelve seats were added to the House of Representatives and were given to women from both parties, so as to limit male dominance. Abela formed his new cabinet four days after the election.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The previous election, which was held in June 2017, saw the Labour Party, which has governed the country since 2013, receive 55% of the popular vote and win 37 out of 67 seats in the House of Representatives. Despite the allegations of corruption towards Joseph Muscat, who had served as prime minister of Malta since 2013, the confidence of the government was renewed in this election. Following the election, Simon Busuttil resigned as leader of the Nationalist Party, and was replaced by Adrian Delia. Daphne Caruana Galizia, a writer and anti-corruption activist who exposed Labour Party politicians Konrad Mizzi and Keith Schembri after being named in the Panama Papers leak, was assassinated in October 2017 in a car bomb attack. The assassination eventually culminated into a political crisis that reached its peak during 2019. Subsequently, mass protests were organized between November 2019 and January 2020 in Malta and among the Maltese diaspora internationally. Muscat announced his resignation in December 2019, which took effect the following month. He remained in the House as a backbencher, but resigned in October 2020.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Robert Abela won the subsequent Labour Party leadership election, defeating Chris Fearne. He was sworn in on 13 January 2020. Abela appointed Miriam Dalli and Clyde Caruana to his new cabinet. However, after not being included in Abela's new cabinet, Deputy Labour Party leader Chris Cardona resigned and retired from politics. In October 2020, Delia lost the leadership election to Bernard Grech, who then succeeded him as leader of the parliamentary opposition. Education minister Justyne Caruana resigned in December 2021, following claims that she abused her power. Labour MP Silvio Grixti also resigned from the House that month.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: MPs are elected from 13 five-seat constituencies by single transferable vote. Candidates who pass the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota in the first round are elected, and any surplus votes transferred to the remaining candidates, who will be elected if this enables them to pass the quota. The lowest ranked candidates are then eliminated one-by-one with their preferences transferred to other candidates, who are elected as they pass the quotient, until all five seats are filled. If a party wins a majority of first preference votes but fails to achieve a parliamentary majority, they are awarded seats to ensure a one-seat majority, if they are one of only two parties to obtain seats. Despite conducting elections under a proportional ranked preferential system, Malta has a stable two-party system, with only the Labour Party and Nationalist Party having a realistic chance of forming a government. Prior to the 2017 elections, when the Democratic Party won two seats while running in a joint list with the Nationalist Party, the last time a party other than the Labour Party or the Nationalist Party won seats was in 1962.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: In 2018, the government of Malta lowered the national voting age to 16. During the last legislature a gender-corrective mechanism was introduced, with Article 52(A) of the Constitution stating that provides for up to 12 additional seats for unelected candidates from "the under-represented sex" in case one of both makes up less than 40% of the elected MPs. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, arrangements were being made for drive-through voting. After much speculation, Abela announced the election date on 20 February 2022, with the election set for 26 March. Earlier that morning, the House of Representatives was dissolved by president George Vella, upon Abela's recommendation.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The table below lists parties represented in the House of Representatives after the 2017 general election.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: During the 2017–2022 convocation, several MPs resigned; Emmanuel Mallia resigned upon his appointment as the Maltese High Commissioner for the United Kingdom. Helena Dalli resigned upon her appointment as European Commissioner. Etienne Grech resigned due to personal reasons. Edward Scicluna resigned and was appointed governor of the Central Bank of Malta upon his resignation. The race to fill his seat was won by Gavin Gulia, who however resigned almost immediately after being sworn in. Gulia's seat was filled by then Disability Commissioner Oliver Scicluna. Marthese Portelli resigned to take a post within the Malta Developers' Association. David Thake, himself a having taken a vacant seat (that of Busuttil), resigned due a tax scandal. Frederick Azzopardi died due to illness in October 2020.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The Labour Party filed 122 nominations, while the Nationalist Party filed 108 nominations. ABBA filed 29 nominations in total, while AD+PD filed 20, and the People's Party filed 15 nominations. Volt Malta only filed four nominations.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The campaign began on 21 February, and it lasted until 24 March, while the election silence occurred on 25 March. During the first week of the campaign, Nationalist Party politicians Claudio Grech, Kirsty Debono, and Clyde Puli, decided not to run, including Rachael Scicluna, a Labour politician. "The Journal" noted that the campaign was the "quietest ever", due to "uninspiring proposals" and external events that overshadowed the electoral campaign. According to journalist Julian Bonnici, it was also noted that events that caused the 2019 political crisis and 2019–2020 protests, had "exhausted the voters". Moreover, the outcome was seemed to be already given, with polls indicating another Labour Party victory, but also with the Russian invasion of Ukraine overshadowing the electoral campaign events. Although, the campaign was also termed to be free of major scandals that would influence the outcome of the vote. It was also noted that the Labour Party has spent more money on campaign than the Nationalist Party.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The Labour Party began its campaign in late February, during which the party stated its pledge to convert Floriana's St Anne Street into a public garden. In mid-March, the Labour Party released its election manifesto, which included investments in green urban areas, an extension to free child care to all, and slashing corporate tax rates. Abela primarily campaigned on environmental issues. Joseph Muscat, the former prime minister, also participated in Labour Party campaigns.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The election program of the Nationalist Party was released on 24 February, which had included 540 proposals in total. The party also pledged a one billion investment in ten new economic sectors. In March, the Nationalist Party also stated its support for creating free permits, licenses and government services for feast organizers.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: In total, the AD+PD had presented ten candidates for the election, while their campaign was titled "A green broom cleans". The party launched its campaign on 22 February, and it had campaigned on proposals regarding LGBT rights. The party also noted its support for energy independence through renewable sources.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The People's Party, a far-right party, was described by "Church Militant", a Catholic conservative organization, as "the only authentically conservative party" during the campaign period. The People's Party stated its support for increasing the minimum wage and the abolishment of green passes.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Volt Malta also presented itself for the first time ever, with two candidates covering four districts. In early March, the party stated its support for the legalization of abortion. Kass Mallia was Malta's first transgender politician to run for election. Volt Malta presented a proposal for AirMalta to become a public limited company through an initial public offering and look for North American travel markets, as well as a "Diaspora Pass" to entice the Maltese diaspora to visit Malta.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Ivan Grech Mintoff, who previously served as the chairman of Alliance of Change, formed the religious-right ABBA in 2021. In early March, the party presented several candidates that were members of the River of Love religious group. Some candidates were reported to be orientated towards the far-right. ABBA supported investigating into pro-choice activists who allegedly broke abortion laws.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Arnold Cassola ran as an independent candidate, advocating a "cleaner environment, cleaner politics, and a more conscientious society". Perennial candidate Nazzareno Bonnici threw his hat into the ring by mentioning that he will be running for elections on the "Eagle Party" ticket. During the International Women's Day, Bonnici proposed a €4,000 grant for women to get breast implants.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Voting stations were opened from 07:00 to 22:00, and in total, there were 355,075 citizens that had the right to vote in the general election. The turnout at 14:00 was reported at 44.8%, which was eight points lower than in 2017. According to the Electoral Commission of Malta, a total of 304,050 citizens voted, which made it the lowest turnout since the 1955 election. In addition to the 65 regularly elected members, two seats were awarded to the Nationalist Party to restore proportionality between votes obtained and parliamentary representation and twelve more women were appointed (six for each of the parties with elected members) to comply with the gender-corrective mechanism.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: Labour Party officials claimed victory shortly after 09:00, with a margin of more than 30,000 votes. Robert Abela was sworn in on 28 March, and a new government was formed on 30 March 2022. Bernard Grech, the leader of the Nationalist Party, conceded defeat, and stated that he would contest the Nationalist Party leadership election. He denounced the incumbent government's tax relief cheques, sent the week before the election, as ploys to influence the election. Grech submitted his nomination on May 13; the leadership election was on 27 and 28 May. Grech won 81% of the vote in the leadership election.


title: 2022 Maltese general election

text: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) noted that the election was organized "efficiently", although it noted that "its transparency was diminished by limited access to Electoral Commission activities, the lack of regulations allowing for election observation and limited oversight of and access to information on party and campaign financing".


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Elizabeth Welter Wilson (April 4, 1921 – May 9, 2015) was an American actress whose career spanned nearly 70 years, including memorable roles in film and television. In 1972 she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her role in "Sticks and Bones". Wilson was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2006.


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Wilson was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the daughter of insurance agent Henry Dunning Wilson and Marie Ethel (née Welter) Wilson. Her maternal grandfather was a wealthy German immigrant, and Wilson was raised in a large mansion. She attended the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, and then studied with Sanford Meisner at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City.


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Wilson was a versatile character actress, appearing in over 30 movies and many Broadway plays. The "Los Angeles Times" noted: "Tall and elegant, Wilson often played women who had or sought authority."


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Wilson made her Broadway debut in "Picnic" in 1953. Her stage credits include "Desk Set" (1955), "The Good Woman of Szechuan" (1970), "Sticks and Bones" (1972), "Uncle Vanya" (1973), "Threepenny Opera" (1976), "The Importance of Being Earnest" (1977), "Morning's at Seven" (1980), "You Can't Take It with You" (1983), "Ah, Wilderness!" (1988), and "A Delicate Balance" (1996).


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Wilson made her screen debut reprising her stage role in the 1955 film adaptation of "Picnic" as Christine Schoenwalder. Additional films include "Patterns" (1956), "The Goddess" (1958), "The Tunnel of Love" (1958), "A Child Is Waiting" (1963, "The Birds" (1963), "The Graduate" (1967), "Jenny" (1970), "Catch-22" (1970) "Little Murders" (1971), "The Day of the Dolphin" (1973), "Man on a Swing" (1974), "The Prisoner of Second Avenue" (1975), "9 to 5" (1980), "Grace Quigley" (1984), "Regarding Henry" (1991), "The Addams Family" (1991), and "Quiz Show" (1994). Her last film role was as Sara Delano Roosevelt in "Hyde Park on Hudson" (2012).


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: Wilson's television credits include early anthology series such as "Kraft Television Theatre", "The United States Steel Hour", and "Armstrong Circle Theatre". She was a regular on the primetime drama "East Side/West Side" and the sitcom "Doc", and she appeared in "Dark Shadows", "The Secret Storm", "Another World", "All in the Family", "Murder, She Wrote", and "". She also appeared in television movies, including "The Boys Next Door" (1996). She appeared in the miniseries "" in March 1987 as the mother of Frances Schreuder (played by Lee Remick), as well as the miniseries "Alex Haley's Queen".


title: Elizabeth Wilson

text: On May 9, 2015, at age 94, Wilson died at her home in New Haven, Connecticut. She is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with her parents.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Tywon Ronell Lawson (born November 3, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Ball Hogs of the BIG3. He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels where he won the 2009 national championship his junior year.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Lawson was selected with the 18th overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Minnesota Timberwolves and was immediately traded to the Denver Nuggets. He played six seasons for the Nuggets and later played for the Houston Rockets, Indiana Pacers, Sacramento Kings and the Washington Wizards. Lawson played three seasons in the CBA for the Shandong Golden Stars and Fujian.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Lawson attended sixth and seventh grade at Gwynn Park Middle School in Prince George's County, Maryland. In the eighth grade, he was recruited to the Newport School in Kensington, Maryland.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Lawson attended Bishop McNamara High School in Forestville, Maryland from 2003 to 2004. He later transferred to and graduated from Oak Hill Academy in Virginia, where he was a first-team "USA Today" and "Parade" All-American. He participated in the McDonald's All-American Game, Jordan Classic and the Nike Hoop Summit. During Lawson's senior year at Oak Hill Academy, he averaged 23.8 points, 9.1 assists and five steals. His highest scoring game in high school was 55 points.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Lawson began playing for the University of North Carolina Tar Heels in the 2006–07 season. In 38 games, he led the Tar Heels with 5.6 assists per game and was fourth with 10.2 points per game, during which time he helped the Tar Heels win a share of the Atlantic Coast Conference regular season title, as well as the ACC tournament. During his sophomore year, he averaged 12.7 points and 5.3 assists per game, although he saw much less playing time due to an ankle sprain that kept him out much of the season. In spite of this nagging injury, he eventually returned to help Carolina repeat as both ACC regular season and tournament champions and ultimately earn a berth to the Final Four.


title: Ty Lawson

text: He was charged with driving after drinking on June 6, 2008 by a police officer who felt that Lawson's music was too loud. He was not charged with a DWI because he was below the legal limit of .08 BAC, but still received misdemeanors due to state law prohibiting anyone under the age of 21 from driving after drinking any amount of alcohol. He was also charged for driving with a suspended license.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On the day of the deadline to withdraw from the June 16 2008 NBA draft, Lawson decided to return to North Carolina for his junior season, along with Wayne Ellington, Danny Green and All-American Tyler Hansbrough, who all spurned the NBA draft to return to UNC, leaving the starters for the 2007–08 season intact for the 2008–09 season.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Lawson was voted to the All-ACC First Team his junior year and was named the ACC Player of the Year, the first time a point guard had won the ACC's highest honor since fellow Tar Heel Phil Ford won the award in 1978. Lawson was also a consensus second-team all-American as a junior, making him eligible to have his jersey honored in the rafters of the Smith Center at the conclusion of his college career. In 2009, Lawson also won the Bob Cousy Award that honors the best collegiate point guard. During the 2009 NCAA championship game, he also set a record with 8 steals against Michigan State, giving him the most steals of any player in an NCAA championship game and helping lead the Tar Heels to a national title.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On April 23, 2009, Lawson announced his decision to forgo his senior season and enter the 2009 NBA draft.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Due to concerns of his height and his often-sprained ankle, Lawson slipped to 18th in the 2009 NBA draft, where he was drafted by the Minnesota Timberwolves. However, they had already drafted two point guards, making Lawson expendable. This gave the Denver Nuggets an opportunity to get a quality player as they traded their future draft pick to Minnesota in exchange for Lawson. Lawson served as a backup to Chauncey Billups for one and a half seasons until Billups was traded to the New York Knicks on February 22, 2011 as part of a trade which also sent star forward Carmelo Anthony to New York. On April 9, 2011, Lawson became the first player in NBA history to make his first 10 three-point attempts to start a game. He went 10-of-11 from behind three-point range and finished the game with a career-high 37 points, 7 rebounds, and 6 assists.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On August 15, 2011, Lawson signed a one-year contract with Žalgiris Kaunas. The deal included an out-clause that allowed him to return to the Denver Nuggets when the 2011 NBA lockout ended. Lawson played seven Euroleague games during his stint in Kaunas, averaging 7.4 points, 3.0 rebounds and 1.6 assists.


title: Ty Lawson

text: In 2012–13, the Nuggets finished with a franchise-best record of 57-25 and earned the third seed in the Western Conference. However, they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the Golden State Warriors. Lawson led Denver in both scoring and assists for the series with averages of 21.3 points and 8.0 assists.


title: Ty Lawson

text: In 2013–14, with Danilo Gallinari out injured with a torn ACL, Lawson led the team in points, assists and steals.


title: Ty Lawson

text: The Nuggets' 2014–15 season took a turn for the worse with their record dropping to a dismal 30-52, good for the ninth-worst win–loss record in Nuggets history, and had a coaching change mid-season with Brian Shaw being replaced by Melvin Hunt. Despite the turmoil, Lawson managed to have a solid season with 15.2 points and a career-high 9.6 assists per game. His 720 total assists broke the Nuggets' single-season assists record of 714 held by Nick Van Exel.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On July 20, 2015, the Nuggets traded Lawson and a 2017 second round draft pick to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Joey Dorsey, Nick Johnson, Kostas Papanikolaou, Pablo Prigioni, a 2016 first round draft pick, and cash considerations. He made his debut for the Rockets in the team's season opener against his former team the Denver Nuggets on October 28, recording 12 points and 6 assists as a starter in a 105–85 loss. He started in the Rockets' first 11 games of the season under coach Kevin McHale. However, after McHale was fired and J. B. Bickerstaff was named interim, Bickerstaff moved Lawson to the bench for the team's November 18 game against the Portland Trail Blazers. On December 18, he was suspended for two games by the NBA based on his guilty plea in November for driving while impaired and a lane usage violation after leaving a party in Denver in January 2015. On January 7, 2016, he was suspended for a further three games by the NBA for driving under the influence of alcohol in July 2015. On March 1, he was waived by the Rockets in a buyout agreement.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On March 7, 2016, Lawson signed with the Indiana Pacers. He made his debut for the Pacers later that night at home against the San Antonio Spurs, managing just five minutes of action before spraining his left ankle during the second quarter, which ruled him out for the rest of the game. He missed the following five games before returning to action on March 21 against the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On August 31, 2016, Lawson signed with the Sacramento Kings. On April 11, 2017, in his 551st NBA game, Lawson recorded his first career triple-double with 22 points, 12 assists and 11 rebounds in a 129–104 win over the Phoenix Suns.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On August 9, 2017, Lawson signed a one-year, $2.4 million contract with the Shandong Golden Stars of the Chinese Basketball Association. In 46 games for Shandong, he averaged 25.5 points, 4.6 rebounds, 6.5 assists and 2.2 steals per game.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On April 12, 2018, Lawson signed with the Washington Wizards for the 2018 NBA Playoffs. Lawson's Wizards debut came in game 2 of the first round series against the Toronto Raptors, where he had 14 points and 8 assists in a Wizards defeat. Washington would go on to lose in six games, with Lawson averaging 5.8 points and 3.0 assists in 19.2 minutes per game.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Ty Lawson agreed to sign with the Fujian Sturgeons of the Chinese Basketball Association for the 2019-2020 basketball season. Lawson opened the season with a loss in a 22 point, 7 assist, 5 rebound effort. On September 19, 2020, Lawson was dropped by the Fujian Sturgeons over "inappropriate" social media posts detrimental to the team.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On December 30, 2020, Lawson signed with Kolossos Rodou of the Greek Basket League. However, Lawson's transfer never materialized due to issues with his traveling visa, and on February 16, 2021, he was replaced by Glynn Watson Jr. on the Greek club's roster. On August 9, 2021, Lawson's deal with Kolossos finally came to fruition and the veteran player officially signed on for the 2021-2022 season. However, he parted ways with the team on September 27, having only appeared in one Greek Cup game against Olympiacos.


title: Ty Lawson

text: In November 2021, Lawson signed for US Monastir of the Championnat National A. On February 7, 2022, during the winter transfer window, he left Monastir after having played 14 National A games with the team. Lawson was named the MVP of Round 1 and 2 of the playoffs.


title: Ty Lawson

text: Lawson has been arrested multiple times for driving under the influence (DUI). In 2008, 20-year-old Lawson pleaded guilty to underage drinking and driving after registering a .03 blood-alcohol level during a traffic stop in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Additional charges of violating a noise ordinance and driving with a revoked or suspended license were dropped and Lawson was required only to complete 20 hours of community service.


title: Ty Lawson

text: In April 2012 in Arapahoe County, Colorado, Lawson was cited for careless driving, driving with a restricted license and permitting an unauthorized person to drive his car. Lawson was arrested in Denver on January 29, 2013 for avoiding prosecution for these offenses. He later pleaded guilty to allowing an unauthorized person to drive and the other charges were dropped.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On August 17, 2013, Lawson and his girlfriend, Ashley Pettiford, were arrested by police in Arapahoe County responding to a domestic violence call. Lawson was arrested on suspicion of committing two misdemeanors, domestic violence-related harassment and property damage. Both Lawson and Pettiford were released on $1,000 bond and charges were ultimately dropped.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On January 23, 2015, Lawson was arrested in Denver after driving almost twice the speed limit while under the influence of alcohol. In that incident, he admitted to police that he had a prior arrest for DUI in Missouri. One of the conditions of his $1,500 bond was that he not drink alcohol.


title: Ty Lawson

text: On July 14, 2015, Lawson was arrested in Los Angeles on suspicion of driving under the influence. On July 17, a Denver judge ruled that Lawson would be required to spend a month at a residential rehabilitation center before facing DUI charges in either Colorado or California.