title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: The policies on agrarian reform under the Ramos administration focused on accelerating the direct land transfer and non-land transfer through adopting more rational, fair and inexpensive settlements. It encouraged landowners to invest in rural-based industries that are connected to agriculture. It made an amendment to Section 63 of CARL to increase the fund of this project to 100 billion. Salaries of workers and members of DAR board were increased to motivate them for more successful results as well.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: The target land to be given to farmer beneficiaries under this Administration was 3.4 million hectares, 4.7 million or 60 percent of which was successfully distributed. It achieved more than double the output of the Aquino administration. It focused on “less contentious landholdings and acquisition modes,” where they chose to work with autonomous NGOs and peasant organizations. However, controversies were unavoidable as they encountered landlords openly harassing peasants with guns and forcing them out of the lands.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: This administration focused on fast tracking land acquisition and distribution. It wanted to reduce uncertainties in land market in rural places to help farmers’ efficiency and private investment to grow. It encouraged joint ventures, corporative, contact farming and other marketing arrangements to protect the status of stakeholders and promotion of agri-industrialization. They also improved the databases of the implementing agencies of DAR and DENR to fully record and update the lands covered. Estrada highlighted that there was a need to conceptualize new approaches in doing things to build a new social agreement where producers, government and private sectors work with a common goal.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: The program encountered some problems such as strong landowners' resistance. Tenants also complained on the limited amount of fund allocation provided by the government for the project. It aimed to complete 7.8 million hectares by 2004. Since President Estrada lasted only 2.5 years as president, the total beneficiaries of CARP was only 0.18 million or 10 percent.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms, known also as CARPER or CARPer, (Republic Act 9700) is the amendatory law that extends again the deadline of distributing agricultural lands to farmers for five years. It also amends other provisions stated in CARP.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: In December 2008, the budget for CARP expired and there remained 1.2 million hectares of agricultural land waiting to be acquired and distributed to farmers. CARPER was signed into law on August 7, 2009, by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and was set to expire on June 30, 2014. However the program of distributing lands to farmer-beneficiaries continued even after June 2014. Section 30 of RA 9700 or CARPER law states that cases on the matter which are still pending “shall be allowed to proceed to its finality and be executed even beyond such date.”


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: Beneficiaries of CARPER are landless farmers, including agricultural lessees, tenants, as well as regular, seasonal and other farmworkers. In a certain landholding, the qualified beneficiaries who are tenants and regular farmworkers will receive 3 hectares each before distributing the remaining land to the other qualified beneficiaries like seasonal farmworks and other farmworkers (Section 22 of CARL). The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) identifies and screens potential beneficiaries and validates their qualifications. Beneficiaries must be least 15 years old, be a resident of the barangay where the land holding is located, and own no more than 3 hectares of agricultural land.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: The CARPER law has bias for organized farmers to be beneficiaries because the Congress believes that the success rate of organized farmers is high and can make their awarded lands productive.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: In 2003, 15 years into the program, studies funded by the United Nations Development Programme, Asian Development Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, European Union, and the Philippine Government had shown that poverty incidence among program beneficiaries declined from 47.6 to 45.2 percent, while increasing among their non-participating counterparts from 55.1 to 56.4 percent.


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: The Official Gazette released an update on the accomplishments in the field of agrarian reform as of June 30, 2014."As of December 31, 2013, the government has acquired and distributed 6.9 million hectares of land, equivalent to 88% of the


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: total land subject to CARP." Of this area, the Aquino administration has distributed a total of 751,514 hectares, or 45% of the total landholdings to be distributed to the farmer beneficiaries left under this administration. From


title: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

text: 338,732 hectares.In 2014 – 2016, Department of Agrarian Reform still needs to acquire 771,795 hectares (187,686 hectares in 2014; 198,631 hectares in 2015; and 385,478 hectares in 2016). The Department of Environment and Nation Resources still needs to acquire 134,857 hectares — a total of 906,652 hectares.


title: Ruslaan Mumtaz

text: Ruslaan Mumtaz (born 2 August 1982) is an Indian film and television actor. He made his Bollywood debut in 2007 with "". In 2013, he made his television debut with the role of Dhruv in "Kehta Hai Dil Jee Le Zara". In 2019, he appeared in Season 3 of the web series "A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend" as Sam, a genius coder responsible for creating the world's most advanced artificially intelligent simulated humanoid assistant.


title: Kunal Singh

text: Kunal Singh (29 September 1976 – 7 February 2008), known professionally as Kunal, was an Indian actor who mainly appeared in Tamil films. He is best known for his romantic role in Kathir's "Kadhalar Dhinam" (1999), which is Kunal's debut super-hit film.


title: Kunal Singh

text: Kunal was born on 1976 in Haryana, India. He was introduced in Kathir's 1999 romantic Tamil film "Kadhalar Dhinam", alongside Sonali Bendre, a popular Bollywood actress that time. He played a young student who falls in love with Bendre's character over the internet. After the relative success of "Kadhalar Dhinam", Kunal appeared in a series of Tamil films like "Paarvai Ondre Pothume" (2001) and "Punnagai Desam" (2002). Those films were relatively successful.


title: Kunal Singh

text: Then, he appeared in many flops like "Pesadha Kannum Pesume", "Enge Enadhu Kavithai" and "Unarchigal". Several of his later films were started and then shelved, like Nava's "Nilavinilae" opposite Vijayalakshmi, "Kimu Kipi" opposite Susan, and Rithik's "Kadhalithal Anandam", which would have featured him alongside Livingston and Kausalya. Moreover, two films which he had signed opposite actress Sherin Shringar, Jai Adithya's "Kadhal Thiruda" and Nanda's "Thodu", were shot and unreleased.


title: Kunal Singh

text: When he was unable to find roles as an actor, he served as assistant editor for several films and turned to producing. His last film release in Tamil was "Nanbanin Kadhali", which released in 2007.


title: Kunal Singh

text: On 7 February 2008, Kunal was found hanging from the ceiling in his Mumbai apartment by actress Lavina Bhatia. The apparent suicide was challenged by his father Rajendra Singh who claimed that the body showed signs of suspicious bruising. Bhatia was detained by police in connection with his death, but she was later released after the police could not prove a motive. The police were unable to prove that anyone was present in Kunal's apartment at the time of his death and ruled out Bhatia as a suspect; furthermore, Kunal had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists several months earlier. At the time of his death, Kunal was working on a Hindi film, "Yogi", which was being produced by his newly formed production company Balagiri. The case was referred to CBI and Prof T D Dogra of All India Institute of Medical Sciences. He examined the scene of crime along with CBI and opined in favor of suicide.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: On April 15, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a FedEx Ground facility in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Nine people were killed, including the gunman, 19 year-old former employee Brandon Scott Hole, who committed suicide. Seven others were injured, including four by gunfire. It was the worst mass shooting in the history of Indiana.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: The FedEx facility where the shooting occurred is located in the southwestern part of the city, near Indianapolis International Airport. The building is equipped with metal detectors and security turnstiles at its entrance requiring the employees to scan their FedEx badges. There were at least 100 people in the facility at the time of the shooting, and many of them were changing shifts or on lunch breaks.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: Hole drove to the facility, arriving during a shift change. He first went into the building and spoke with security, then he returned to his vehicle. According to Indianapolis police, Hole began firing at employees in the parking lot with a rifle shortly after exiting his vehicle again. He then proceeded to the facility's entrance, where he resumed shooting. The shooting lasted less than four minutes. A witness reported hearing him yelling but could not understand what he was saying. According to other witnesses, people inside the facility were unable to contact help due to the company's no-phone policy.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: Officers with the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department responded to the scene shortly after 11:00p.m. local time. Hole had killed himself inside the facility before they arrived. An audio recording of the police dispatch for the scene of the shooting indicated that Hole was found with two rifles.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: There were nine fatalities in the shooting, including Hole. Their ages ranged from 19 to 74 years old. Four victims were found dead outside the facility, and another four were found dead inside. Four of the victims were Sikhs. According to the local police chief, about 90% of workers at the facility were members of the local Sikh community. Four other people were taken to the hospital, including one who was in critical condition; all of them suffered gunshot wounds. A fifth person sought treatment in another county, while two others were treated at the scene and released.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: Police identified the gunman as Brandon Scott Hole (August 20, 2001 — April 15, 2021), a 19-year-old Indianapolis resident who had been employed at the FedEx facility from August to October 2020; he was fired for failing to return to work. After the shooting, authorities conducted a search of his home and seized evidence, including electronics. An investigation of archived content from Hole's deleted Facebook accounts did not reveal any potential motives but the investigation revealed that he was a "", a fan of the animated series "". Less than an hour before the shooting, Hole posted to his Facebook account: "I hope that I can be with in the afterlife, my life has no meaning without her. If there's no afterlife and she isn't real then my life never mattered anyway." After an investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) eventually concluded that the mass shooting was "an act of suicidal murder" intended to "demonstrate his masculinity and capability while fulfilling a final desire to experience killing people."


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: Hole had been diagnosed with several behavioral disorders starting in the fourth grade and had undergone behavioral therapy sessions for them. His behavior in childhood deteriorated to a point where police had to be called to the home on at least two occasions, and where he could not attend school and graduate. As a teenager, he became suicidal and physically abusive towards his mother. In March 2020, Hole's mother contacted the local authorities and warned them about her son's intent to die by suicide by cop and his purchase of a shotgun the day before, prompting an investigation to be opened. Police responded to the home and took him to a hospital. While being placed in handcuffs, an anxious Hole instructed the officers to turn off his computer, since he did not want anyone to see what was on it. An officer went upstairs to seize the shotgun and observed what he identified as white supremacist websites on Hole's computer in the process. Hole was placed in an "immediate detention mental health temporary hold" by the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department, but he was released after less than two hours. In April 2020, the FBI questioned Hole about the websites. The investigation was later closed due to insufficient evidence of any criminal violation or a racially motivated extremist ideology held by Hole, though the shotgun was not returned to him.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: According to the police, Hole used two AR-15 style rifles in the shooting, and both of them were legally purchased from a licensed gun store in July and September 2020. Under Indiana's red flag law, Hole could have been prevented from making firearm purchases for at least six months after his temporary mental health detainment if a hearing had been scheduled with a judge fourteen days after the seizure of his shotgun. However, Marion County prosecutors decided to not schedule such a hearing, believing authorities had already achieved the law's objective since Hole's family did not want the seized shotgun back. Prosecutor Ryan Mears also said that if his office had proceeded with the hearing and lost, given Hole had been treated by medical professionals but not prescribed any medication, they would have been forced to return the shotgun to him. The police did not reveal where Hole had bought the rifles used in the shooting, instead saying the investigation was still ongoing.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: On April 16, President Joe Biden ordered flags to be flown at half-staff. He and Vice President Kamala Harris released statements expressing their condolences with the victims' families. Later, during a press conference with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga, Biden decried the recent string of mass shootings in the United States as a "national embarrassment" and called on Congress to ban military-style assault weapons and large-capacity ammunition magazines. On April 18, Hole's family apologized to the victims' families for his actions. On April 20, Governor Eric Holcomb announced his intention to restore full funding for mental health services and bolster it over the next two years. Democratic state politicians made calls to review and strengthen the red flag law, but this was put on hold after the 2021 legislative session ended on April 22.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: Indian Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar said the incident was deeply shocking and offered all possible assistance, as some of the victims were of Indian origin. Since four of the victims were members of the Sikh community and Hole had browsed white supremacist websites in the past, the Sikh Coalition, a Sikh-American advocacy group, called on authorities to investigate whether bias played a role in the shooting.


title: Indianapolis FedEx shooting

text: Following the shooting, attention was directed at Indiana's red flag law for its requirements to prohibit someone from owning a firearm, which were not carried out when authorities seized a shotgun from Hole; this allowed him to purchase the guns he used in the shooting. The Indiana Fraternal Order of Police criticized Marion County Prosecutor Ryan Mears for sidestepping the process and "[failing] to do his part", while Mears criticized the red flag law for having too many "loopholes". FedEx's no-phone policy, which seemed to prevent people from contacting employees at the facility during the shooting, was also scrutinized.


title: Tongan castaways

text: The Tongan castaways were a group of six Tongan teenage boys who shipwrecked on the uninhabited island of Ata in 1965 and lived there for 15 months until their rescue. The boys ran away from their boarding school on the island of Tongatapu, stealing a boat in their escape. After a storm wrecked the boat, they drifted to the abandoned, remote island of Ata. Long thought dead, they were discovered and rescued in September 1966 by Australian fishermen.


title: Tongan castaways

text: The six boys were aged between 15 and 17: Luke Veikoso, Fatai Latu, Sione Fataua, Tevita Siola'a, Kolo Fekitoa, and Mano Totau. In June 1965 the boys ran away from their strict Catholic boarding school, St. Andrew's College, in Nukualofa on Tongatapu. They had stolen a boat on short notice and with little preparation. After they anchored for the night (approximately north of Tongatapu), a storm broke their anchor rope. The boat's sail and rudder were destroyed quickly by the wild winds. Over the next eight days, they drifted for almost generally southwest, bailing water from their disintegrating boat until they sighted Ata; at that point, they abandoned their ship and swam to shore over the next 36 hours, using planks salvaged from the wreck.


title: Tongan castaways

text: Mano was the first to reach land; weak from hunger and dehydration, he could not stand but called out that he had safely reached shore, and the rest followed him. After escaping the sea, the boys dug a cave by hand and hunted seabirds for meat, blood, and eggs.


title: Tongan castaways

text: Initially, they were desperate for food and water, but their situation improved after three months when they discovered the ruins of the village of Kolomaile in the island's volcanic crater, following a two-day climb. They revived the remnants of 19th century habitation, surviving on feral chickens, wild taro, and bananas; they captured rainwater for drinking in hollowed-out tree trunks.They drank blood from seabirds when they did not have enough water. The boys divided up the labour, teaming up in pairs to work garden, kitchen, and guard duty. The two eldest served as leaders: one spiritual, the other practical; Stephen (who would go on to become an engineer) managed to start a fire using two sticks, which the boys kept burning continuously for more than a year while marooned.


title: Tongan castaways

text: At night, they sang and played a makeshift guitar to keep their spirits up, composing five songs during their exile. Once, they attempted to sail away on a raft they made, but it broke up approximately offshore, and they were forced to return. The breakup of their raft was fortunate in retrospect, as the boys believed they were in Samoa and had started sailing south into the open ocean.


title: Tongan castaways

text: On 11 September 1966, the Australian fishing boat "Just David", captained by Peter Warner, approached Ata after Warner noticed patches of burned grass on the island's cliffsides. Warner, moonlighting as a fisherman operating out of Tasmania, was sailing near Ata while returning home.


title: Tongan castaways

text: After spotting the unkempt, naked boys through binoculars, "Just David" approached cautiously, as Warner had been told that serious criminals were sometimes marooned on remote islands. When the ship was close enough, Stephen dove in and swam to the boat, explaining himself in English.


title: Tongan castaways

text: To verify their story, Warner radioed their names to Nukualofa and after a 20-minute wait, was told, "You found them! These boys have been given up for dead. Funerals have been held. If it's them, this is a miracle!"


title: Tongan castaways

text: After an enormous celebration, the group was hired by Warner to crew a lobster boat. During the feasts, the families of the castaway boys promised to teach Warner the secrets of how and where to fish for the Pacific spiny lobster, and Warner was given a royal concession to trap the spiny lobster in Tongan waters as a reward for rescuing the group, befriending King Tāufaāhau Tupou IV.


title: Tongan castaways

text: Warner learned the boys had been incarcerated for theft when they did not show up to a party he was holding to honour them. Warner then arranged with Channel 7 in Sydney to film their story; he used (USD $203) from the sale of the rights to compensate the stolen boat's owner for its loss, and in return, the owner dropped the charges.


title: Tongan castaways

text: The Channel 7 television crew sailed with Warner and the boys back to Ata to film a re-enactment of their story, "The Castaways", which was broadcast in October 1966. Only one copy of the 1966 documentary survives today; it is available on YouTube.


title: Tongan castaways

text: In 2015 Spanish explorer Alvaro Cerezo spent 10 days on Ata island with Kolo Fekitoa, one of the castaways (by then in his mid-60s). The two men lived there alone and survived on coconuts, fish, and seabirds, exactly as the boys did back in 1965. In summer 2020, Cerezo released a documentary of his experience with Kolo and a book detailing the 15-month ordeal of the castaways.


title: Tongan castaways

text: In 2020, historian Rutger Bregman wrote about the castaways' civilized experiences in his book "Humankind: A hopeful history", as a rebuttal example to the fictional story, "The Lord of the Flies", where a group of castaway boys on a deserted island descended into savagery. In addition, the film studio New Regency acquired the film rights for the boys' experience for a possible feature film.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Edwin Orlando Díaz Laboy (born March 22, 1994) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Seattle Mariners.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Within two months of his MLB debut, Díaz broke the Mariners' record for consecutive strikeouts and was named the team's closer. After saving 19 games, he finished fifth in the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year voting. In 2018, he recorded 57 saves to lead the American League, was an All-Star, and was named AL Reliever of the Year. The Mariners traded him to the Mets after the season, where he earned his second All-Star honor during the 2022 season.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz grew up in the Naguabo neighborhood in Naguabo, Puerto Rico. He started playing baseball around age 7, playing mostly as a center fielder. While growing up in Puerto Rico, Díaz played as an outfielder during his youth along players like Carlos Correa and José Berríos. At the insistence of his father, he reluctantly tried pitching as a teenager.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: The Seattle Mariners selected Díaz in the third round, with the 98th overall pick, of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft out of Caguas Military Academy in Caguas, Puerto Rico. He made his professional debut that season for the Arizona League Mariners. In nine games (one start) he went 2–1 with a 5.21 earned run average (ERA) with 20 strikeouts in 19 innings. In 2013, he pitched for the Pulaski Mariners. In 13 starts, he went 5–2 with a 1.43 ERA and 79 strikeouts over 69 innings. Prior to the 2014 season, Díaz was named the Mariners fifth best prospect by Baseball America. He spent the season with the Clinton LumberKings and was co-selected the organization's minor league Starting Pitcher of the Year along Jordan Pries.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: In 2015, Díaz played for the Bakersfield Blaze and Jackson Generals. That year, he won the recognition of minor league Starting Pitcher of the Year for the second consecutive season. Díaz started 2016 with Jackson as a starting pitcher and was moved to the bullpen after six starts.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz was called up to the major leagues for the first time on June 4, 2016. Between June 28 and July 3, he recorded ten consecutive outs via strikeout, tying a franchise record set in 1997. On July 6, 2016, Díaz broke the record with his 11th consecutive out via strikeout. Between July 19 and 22, 2016, he recorded 8 consecutive strikeouts, tying him for second place with four different American League pitchers (Doug Fister set the AL record, with 9, on September 27, 2012).


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On August 1, 2016, Díaz replaced Steve Cishek as the Mariners' closer. He recorded the first save of his career the following day, in a 5–4 win over the Boston Red Sox, in which he struck out the side. By reaching his 50th strikeout in only 25 and a third innings, Díaz became the first pitcher to do so in at least 123 years.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Owning a 2.25 ERA, 36 saves, and 76 strikeouts in 48 innings, Díaz was named to the 2018 All-Star Game, his first All-Star appearance. Díaz became the holder of the Seattle Mariners Club Record for saves before the All-Star Break, finishing with 36 saves before the break. The previous club record was 29 saves by Kazuhiro Sasaki in the 2001 season. In the All-Star Game, Díaz was the winning pitcher even though he also had a blown save in the process as the NL team tied the game in the 9th inning. He ended up with two strikeouts and two earned runs including a home run in one inning pitched. Díaz received the AL Reliever of the Month Award for April, June, and July. On August 10, Díaz recorded his 44th save, thus breaking the record for most saves by a Puerto Rican MLB player. Roberto Hernández had 43 in 1999.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: With a win on August 12 against the Houston Astros, the Mariners were 26–0 when Díaz was handed a one-run lead. In those games Díaz had 24 saves, a 0.68 ERA, 26.1 IP, 13 H, 2 ER, 5 BB, and 49 strikeouts. Also, with the save on August 12 (his 46th of the season), Díaz became the first pitcher to record four saves in a single series since 2004 as Seattle completed a four-game sweep of the Astros. Díaz's 24 saves when entering a game with a one-run lead broke the record for most in a season, which had been 23, set by Francisco Rodríguez for the Angels of Anaheim in 2008. His save number 46 of the season was part of 27 straight saves; he had a 0.39 ERA in games that he had saved in the 2018 season. On August 24, Díaz notched his 49th save of the season, setting a Mariners single-season record when he closed out a 6–3 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks. The previous Mariners franchise single-season saves record was 48, by Fernando Rodney in the 2014 season. On August 25, 2018 Díaz became the youngest pitcher to collect 50 saves in a season when he closed a 4–3 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks. The 50 saves meant that Seattle manager Scott Servais had to follow through on a bet and get a haircut like that of Díaz. Díaz, who usually keeps the ball after each of his saves, gave Saturday's to Servais in honor of the bet.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On October 27, Díaz was awarded the AL Reliever of the Year award. He finished the 2018 season with 57 saves (leading the major leagues) and 65 games finished to go with a 1.96 ERA, 124 strikeouts, and a 0.79 WHIP in innings.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On December 3, 2018, the Mariners traded Díaz, Robinson Canó, and $20 million to the New York Mets for Jay Bruce, Jarred Kelenic, Anthony Swarzak, Gerson Bautista, and Justin Dunn. He recorded his first save as a Met on Opening Day against the Washington Nationals.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: In the first half of the 2019 season, Díaz surrendered more than twice as many hits per nine innings as in the 2018 season and his ERA+ dropped from 210 in 2018 to 74 in the first half of the 2019 campaign. Writing for "Deadspin", David Roth described Díaz's downturn as "arguably the most dramatic and most surprising" of any player's collapse to that point in the 2019 MLB season.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On September 26, 2019, Díaz allowed his 15th ninth-inning home run of the season, the most 9th innings home runs given up by a single pitcher in a single season in Major League history. He finished the season with 58 innings pitched, 26 saves, and an ERA of 5.59.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Díaz converted six of ten save opportunities and recorded a 1.75 ERA with 50 strikeouts and 14 walks in innings.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On April 29, 2022, Díaz pitched in relief in a combined no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies, pitching the final inning and earning the save. On June 12, he struck out five batters. Díaz earned NL Reliever of the Month honors in June, allowing one run in innings, converting all five save opportunities and allowing a 0.93 WHIP.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On July 10, 2022, Díaz was named an All-Star for the second time in his career. He entered the All-Star break with 20 saves in 23 save opportunities and a 1.69 ERA. He struck out 75 of the 145 batters he faced in the first half of the season. Díaz closed out the ninth inning of a 1–0 win versus Philadelphia on August 13 to earn his 200th career save, the sixth active player to do so. He issued two walks during that outing, ending a streak of 50 batters faced without a walk.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On November 9, 2022, Díaz signed a 5-year contract with the Mets worth $102 million, the most valuable contract ever signed by a relief pitcher.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: On December 6, 2022, Díaz was named the 2022 Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year. He also made the All-MLB First Team.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz played as a relief pitcher, more specifically as a closer for the Puerto Rican national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic where he won a silver medal. He had 2 saves at the tournament: one against Dominican Republic and another against United States, both in the second round. In the semifinal game against the Netherlands, he won the game as Puerto Rico scored in the bottom of the 11th inning for a 4–3 win.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz throws three pitches. His most common pitch is a hard four-seam fastball that has averaged in his first three seasons in MLB. His other pitches are a slider at an average and a changeup at an average of .


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz has been a strikeout pitcher in his MLB career, compiling an average of 14.4 strikeouts per nine innings pitched through the 2021 season.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: In the offseason, Díaz spends time in his native Daguao in the Naguabo Municipality in Puerto Rico, where most of his family lives.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz has organized baseball clinics for the children in his hometown as part of his Edwin Díaz Baseball Academy. Robinson Canó and Martín Maldonado have attended these clinics.


title: Edwin Díaz

text: Díaz's brother, Alexis Díaz, is a professional baseball player who currently pitches for the Cincinnati Reds. Alexis' first save, on May 17, 2022, made them the third set of brothers to both earn a save on one day.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, around 20 carbon units in length. Eicosanoids are a sub-category of oxylipins, i.e. oxidized fatty acids of diverse carbon units in length, and are distinguished from other oxylipins by their overwhelming importance as cell signaling molecules. Eicosanoids function in diverse physiological systems and pathological processes such as: mounting or inhibiting inflammation, allergy, fever and other immune responses; regulating the abortion of pregnancy and normal childbirth; contributing to the perception of pain; regulating cell growth; controlling blood pressure; and modulating the regional flow of blood to tissues. In performing these roles, eicosanoids most often act as autocrine signaling agents to impact their cells of origin or as paracrine signaling agents to impact cells in the proximity of their cells of origin. Eicosanoids may also act as endocrine agents to control the function of distant cells.


title: Eicosanoid

text: There are multiple subfamilies of eicosanoids, including most prominently the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins, and eoxins. For each subfamily, there is the potential to have at least 4 separate series of metabolites, two series derived from ω-6 PUFAs (arachidonic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids), one series derived from the ω-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and one series derived from the ω-9 PUFA (mead acid). This subfamily distinction is important. Mammals, including humans, are unable to convert ω-6 into ω-3 PUFA. In consequence, tissue levels of the ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs and their corresponding eicosanoid metabolites link directly to the amount of dietary ω-6 versus ω-3 PUFAs consumed. Since certain of the ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA series of metabolites have almost diametrically opposing physiological and pathological activities, it has often been suggested that the deleterious consequences associated with the consumption of ω-6 PUFA-rich diets reflects excessive production and activities of ω-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids, while the beneficial effects associated with the consumption of ω-3 PUFA-rich diets reflect the excessive production and activities of ω-3 PUFA-derived eicosanoids. In this view, the opposing effects of ω-6 PUFA-derived and ω-3 PUFA-derived eicosanoids on key target cells underlie the detrimental and beneficial effects of ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA-rich diets on inflammation and allergy reactions, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer growth, and a host of other processes.


title: Eicosanoid

text: "Eicosanoid" ("eicosa-", Greek for "twenty"; "see icosahedron") is the collective term for straight-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of 20 carbon units in length that have been metabolized or otherwise converted to oxygen-containing products. The PUFA precursors to the eicosanoids include:


title: Eicosanoid

text: The stereochemistry of the eicosanoid products formed may differ among the pathways. For prostaglandins, this is often indicated by Greek letters (e.g. PGF versus PGF). For hydroperoxy and hydroxy eicosanoids an "S" or "R" designates the chirality of their substituents (e.g. 5"S"-hydroxy-eicosateteraenoic acid [also termed 5("S")-, 5S-hydroxy-, and 5(S)-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid] is given the trivial names of 5"S"-HETE, 5("S")-HETE, 5S-HETE, or 5(S)-HETE). Since eicosanoid-forming enzymes commonly make "S" isomer products either with marked preference or essentially exclusively, the use of "S"/"R" designations has often been dropped (e.g. 5"S"-HETE is 5-HETE). Nonetheless, certain eicosanoid-forming pathways do form R isomers and their "S" versus "R" isomeric products can exhibit dramatically different biological activities. Failing to specify "S"/"R" isomers can be misleading. Here, all hydroperoxy and hydroxy substituents have the "S" configuration unless noted otherwise.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes, eoxins and prostanoids are sometimes termed "classic eicosanoids"


title: Eicosanoid

text: In contrast to the classic eicosanoids, several other classes of PUFA metabolites have been termed 'novel', 'eicosanoid-like' or 'nonclassic eicosanoids'. These included the following classes:


title: Eicosanoid

text: Metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid to HEPEs, leukotrienes, prostanoids, and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids as well as the metabolism of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid to prostanoids and mead acid to 5(S)-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid (5-HETrE), 5-oxo-6,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (5-oxo-ETrE), LTA3, and LTC3 involve the same enzymatic pathways that make their arachidonic acid-derived analogs.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Eicosanoids typically are not stored within cells but rather synthesized as required. They derive from the fatty acids that make up the cell membrane and nuclear membrane. These fatty acids must be released from their membrane sites and then metabolized initially to products which most often are further metabolized through various pathways to make the large array of products we recognize as bioactive eicosanoids.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Eicosanoid biosynthesis begins when a cell is activated by mechanical trauma, ischemia, other physical perturbations, attack by pathogens, or stimuli made by nearby cells, tissues, or pathogens such as chemotactic factors, cytokines, growth factors, and even certain eicosanoids. The activated cells then mobilize enzymes, termed phospholipase A's (PLAs), capable of releasing ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids from membrane storage. These fatty acids are bound in ester linkage to the SN2 position of membrane phospholipids; PLAs act as esterases to release the fatty acid. There are several classes of PLAs with type IV cytosolic PLAs (cPLAs) appearing to be responsible for releasing the fatty acids under many conditions of cell activation. The cPLAs act specifically on phospholipids that contain AA, EPA or GPLA at their SN2 position. cPLA may also release the lysophospholipid that becomes platelet-activating factor.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Next, the free fatty acid is oxygenated along any of several pathways; see the "Pathways" table. The eicosanoid pathways ("via" lipoxygenase or COX) add molecular oxygen (O). Although the fatty acid is symmetric, the resulting eicosanoids are chiral; the oxidations proceed with high stereoselectivity (enzymatic oxidations are considered practically stereospecific).


title: Eicosanoid

text: Four families of enzymes initiate or contribute to the initiation of the catalysis of fatty acids to eicosanoids:


title: Eicosanoid

text: Two different enzymes may act in series on a PUFA to form more complex metabolites. For example, ALOX5 acts with ALOX12 or aspirin-treated COX-2 to metabolize arachidonic acid to lipoxins and with cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(s), bacterial cytochrome P450 (in infected tissues), or aspirin-treated COX2 to metabolize eicosapentaenoic acid to the E series resolvins (RvEs) (see Specialized pro-resolving mediators). When this occurs with enzymes located in different cell types and involves the transfer of one enzyme's product to a cell which uses the second enzyme to make the final product it is referred to as transcellular metabolism or transcellular biosynthesis.


title: Eicosanoid

text: There are elaborate mechanisms to prevent unwanted oxidation. COX, the lipoxygenases, and the phospholipases are tightly controlled—there are at least eight proteins activated to coordinate generation of leukotrienes. Several of these exist in multiple isoforms.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Oxidation by either COX or lipoxygenase releases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the initial products in eicosanoid generation are themselves highly reactive peroxides. LTA can form adducts with tissue DNA. Other reactions of lipoxygenases generate cellular damage; murine models implicate 15-lipoxygenase in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The enzymes that are biosynthetic for eicosanoids (e.g., glutathione-S-transferases, epoxide hydrolases, and carrier proteins) belong to families whose functions are involved largely with cellular detoxification.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Both COX1 and COX2 (also termed prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-1 (PTGS1) and PTGS2, respectively) metabolize arachidonic acid by adding molecular O between carbons 9 and 11 to form an endoperoxide bridge between these two carbons, adding molecular O to carbon 15 to yield a 15-hydroperoxy product, creating a carbon-carbon bond between carbons 8 and 12 to create a cyclopentane ring in the middle of the fatty acid, and in the process making PGG2, a product that has two fewer double bonds than arachidonic acid. The 15-hydroperoxy residue of PGG2 is then reduced to a 15-hydroxyl residue thereby forming PGH2. PGH2 is the parent prostanoid to all other prostanoids. It is metabolized by (see diagram in Prostanoids: a) the Prostaglandin E synthase pathway in which any one of three isozymes, PTGES, PTGES2, or PTGES3, convert PGH2 to PGE2 (subsequent products of this pathway include PGA2 and PGB2 (see Prostanoid#Biosynthesis); b) PGF synthase which converts PGH2 to PGF2α; c) Prostaglandin D2 synthase which converts PGH2 to PGD2 (subsequent products in this pathway include 15-dPGJ2 (see Cyclopentenone prostaglandin); d) thromboxane synthase which converts PGH2 to TXA2 (subsequent products in this pathway include TXB2); and e) Prostacyclin synthase which converts PGH2 to PGI2 (subsequent products in this pathway include 6-keto-PGFα. These pathways have been shown or in some cases presumed to metabolize eicosapentaenoic acid to eicosanoid analogs of the sited products that have three rather than two double bonds and therefore contain the number 3 in place of 2 attached to their names (e.g. PGE3 instead of PGE2).


title: Eicosanoid

text: The PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 products formed in the pathways just cited can undergo a spontaneous dehydration reaction to form PGA2, PGA1, and PGJ2, respectively; PGJ2 may then undergo a spontaneous isomerization followed by a dehydration reaction to form in series Δ12-PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2.


title: Eicosanoid

text: PGH2 has a 5-carbon ring bridged by molecular oxygen. Its derived PGS have lost this oxygen bridge and contain a single, unsaturated 5-carbon ring with the exception of thromboxane A2 which possesses a 6-member ring consisting of one oxygen and 5 carbon atoms. The 5-carbon ring of prostacyclin is conjoined to a second ring consisting of 4 carbon and one oxygen atom. And, the 5 member ring of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins possesses an unsaturated bond in a conjugated system with a carbonyl group that causes these PGs to form bonds with a diverse range of bioactive proteins (for more see the diagrams at Prostanoid).


title: Eicosanoid

text: The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO or ALOX5) converts arachidonic acid into 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), which may be released and rapidly reduced to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) by ubiquitous cellular glutathione-dependent peroxidases. Alternately, ALOX5 uses its LTA synthase activity to act convert 5-HPETE to leukotriene A (LTA). LTA4 is then metabolized either to LTB by Leukotriene A4 hydrolase or Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) by either LTC4 synthase or microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 (MGST2). Either of the latter two enzymes act to attach the sulfur of cysteine's thio- (i.e. SH) group in the tripeptide glutamate-cysteine-glycine to carbon 6 of LTA4 thereby forming LTC4. After release from its parent cell, the glutamate and glycine residues of LTC4 are removed step-wise by gamma-glutamyltransferase and a dipeptidase to form sequentially LTD4 and LTE4. The decision to form LTB4 versus LTC4 depends on the relative content of LTA4 hydrolase versus LTC4 synthase (or glutathione S-transferase in cells; Eosinophils, mast cells, and alveolar macrophages possess relatively high levels of LTC4 synthase and accordingly form LTC4 rather than or to a far greater extent than LTB4. 5-LOX may also work in series with cytochrome P450 oxygenases or aspirin-treated COX2 to form Resolvins RvE1, RvE2, and 18S-RvE1 (see Specialized pro-resolving mediators#EPA-derived resolvins).


title: Eicosanoid

text: The enzyme arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO or ALOX12) metabolizes arachidonic acid to the "S" stereoisomer of 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) which is rapidly reduced by cellular peroxidases to the "S" stereoisomer of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) or further metabolized to hepoxilins (Hx) such as HxA3 and HxB.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The enzymes 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1 or ALOX15) and 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LO-2, ALOX15B) metabolize arachidonic acid to the "S" stereoisomer of 15-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HPETE) which is rapidly reduced by cellular peroxidases to the "S" stereoisomer of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE). The 15-lipoxygenases (particularly ALOX15) may also act in series with 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, or aspirin-treated COX2 to form the lipoxins and epi-lipoxins or with P450 oxygenases or aspirin-treated COX2


title: Eicosanoid

text: A subset of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) microsome-bound ω-hydroxylases (see 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by an omega oxidation reaction.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, and CYP2S1 metabolize arachidonic acid to the non-classic Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by converting one of the fatty acid's double bonds to its epoxide to form one or more of the following EETs, 14,15-ETE, 11,12-EET, 8,9-ETE, and 4,5-ETE. 14,15-EET and 11,12-EET are the major EETs produced by mammalian, including human, tissues. The same CYPs but also CYP4A1, CYP4F8, and CYP4F12 metabolize eicosapentaenoic acid to five epoxide epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) viz., 17,18-EEQ, 14,15-EEQ, 11,12-EEQ. 8,9-EEQ, and 5,6-EEQ (see epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid).


title: Eicosanoid

text: The following table lists a sampling of the major eicosanoids that possess clinically relevant biological activity, the cellular receptors (see Cell surface receptor) that they stimulate or, where noted, antagonize to attain this activity, some of the major functions which they regulate (either promote or inhibit) in humans and mouse models, and some of their relevancies to human diseases.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Many of the prostanoids are known to mediate local symptoms of inflammation: vasoconstriction or vasodilation, coagulation, pain, and fever. Inhibition of COX-1 and/or the inducible COX-2 isoforms, is the hallmark of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), such as aspirin. Prostanoids also activate the PPAR members of the steroid/thyroid family of nuclear hormone receptors, and directly influence gene transcription.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Prostanoids have numerous other relevancies to clinical medicine as evidence by their use, the use of their more stable pharmacological analogs, of the use of their receptor antagonists as indicated in the following chart.


title: Eicosanoid

text: PGA1, PGA2, PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, and 15-deox-Δ12,14-PGJ2 exhibit a wide range of anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving actions in diverse animal models. They therefore appear to function in a manner similar to Specialized pro-resolving mediators although one of their mechanisms of action, forming covalent bonds with key signaling proteins, differs from those of the specialized pro-resolving mediators.


title: Eicosanoid

text: As indicated in their individual Wikipedia pages, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (which, like 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, acts through the OXER1 receptor), 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid show numerous activities in animal and human cells as well as in animal models that are related to, for example, inflammation, allergic reactions, cancer cell growth, blood flow to tissues, and/or blood pressure. However, their function and relevancy to human physiology and pathology have not as yet been shown.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The three cysteinyl leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are potent bronchoconstrictors, increasers of vascular permeability in postcapillary venules, and stimulators of mucus secretion that are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic subjects exposed to specific allergens. They play a pathophysiological role in diverse types of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Drugs that block their activation of the CYSLTR1 receptor viz., montelukast, zafirlukast, and pranlukast, are used clinically as maintenance treatment for allergen-induced asthma and rhinitis; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced asthma and rhinitis (see Aspirin-induced asthma); exercise- and cold-air induced asthma (see Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction); and childhood sleep apnea due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (see Acquired non-inflammatory myopathy#Diet and Trauma Induced Myopathy). When combined with antihistamine drug therapy, they also appear useful for treating urticarial diseases such as hives.


title: Eicosanoid

text: LxA4, LxB4, 15-epi-LxA4, and 15-epi-LXB4, like other members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators) class of eicosanoids, possess anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving activity. In a randomized controlled trial, AT-LXA4 and a comparatively stable analog of LXB4, 15"R/S"-methyl-LXB4, reduced the severity of eczema in a study of 60 infants and, in another study, inhaled LXA4 decreased LTC4-initiated bronchoprovocation in patients with asthma.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The eoxins (EXC4, EXD4, EXE5) are newly described. They stimulate vascular permeability in an ex vivo human vascular endothelial model system, and in a small study of 32 volunteers EXC4 production by eosinophils isolated from severe and aspirin-intolerant asthmatics was greater than that from healthy volunteers and mild asthmatic patients; these findings have been suggested to indicate that the eoxins have pro-inflammatory actions and therefore potentially involved in various allergic reactions. Production of eoxins by Reed-Sternburg cells has also led to suggestion that they are involve in Hodgkins disease. However, the clinical significance of eoxins has not yet been demonstrated.


title: Eicosanoid

text: RvE1, 18S-RvE1, RvE2, and RvE3, like other members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators) class of eicosanoids, possess anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving activity. A synthetic analog of RvE1 is in clinical phase III testing (see Phases of clinical research) for the treatment of the inflammation-based dry eye syndrome; along with this study, other clinical trials (NCT01639846, NCT01675570, NCT00799552 and NCT02329743) using an RvE1 analogue to treat various ocular conditions are underway. RvE1 is also in clinical development studies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and hearing loss.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid that are analogs of their arachidonic acid-derived prostanoid, HETE, and LT counterparts include: the 3-series prostanoids (e.g. PGE3, PGD3, PGF3α, PGI3, and TXA3), the hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (e.g. 5-HEPE, 12-HEPE, 15-HEPE, and 20-HEPE), and the 5-series LTs (e.g. LTB5, LTC5, LTD5, and LTE5). Many of the 3-series prostanoids, the hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids, and the 5-series LT have been shown or thought to be weaker stimulators of their target cells and tissues than their arachidonic acid-derived analogs. They are proposed to reduce the actions of their aracidonate-derived analogs by replacing their production with weaker analogs. Eicosapentaenoic acid-derived counterparts of the Eoxins have not been described.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The epoxy eicostrienoic acids (or EETs)—and, presumably, the epoxy eicosatetraenoic acids—have vasodilating actions on heart, kidney, and other blood vessels as well as on the kidney's reabsorption of sodium and water, and act to reduce blood pressure and ischemic and other injuries to the heart, brain, and other tissues; they may also act to reduce inflammation, promote the growth and metastasis of certain tumors, promote the growth of new blood vessels, in the central nervous system regulate the release of neuropeptide hormones, and in the peripheral nervous system inhibit or reduce pain perception.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 ω-6) sits at the head of the "arachidonic acid cascade" – more than twenty eicosanoid-mediated signaling paths controlling a wide array of cellular functions, especially those regulating inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system.


title: Eicosanoid

text: In the inflammatory response, two other groups of dietary fatty acids form cascades that parallel and compete with the arachidonic acid cascade. EPA (20:5 ω-3) provides the most important competing cascade. DGLA (20:3 ω-6) provides a third, less prominent cascade. These two parallel cascades soften the inflammatory effects of AA and its products. Low dietary intake of these less-inflammatory fatty acids, especially the ω-3s, has been linked to several inflammation-related diseases, and perhaps some mental illnesses.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The U.S. National Institutes of Health and the National Library of Medicine state that there is 'A' level evidence that increased dietary ω-3 improves outcomes in hypertriglyceridemia, secondary cardiovascular disease prevention, and hypertension.


title: Eicosanoid

text: There is 'B' level evidence ('good scientific evidence') for increased dietary ω-3 in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and protection from ciclosporin toxicity in organ transplant patients.


title: Eicosanoid

text: They also note more preliminary evidence showing that dietary ω-3 can ease symptoms in several psychiatric disorders.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Besides the influence on eicosanoids, dietary polyunsaturated fats modulate immune response through three other molecular mechanisms. They


title: Eicosanoid

text: (b) change cytokine biosynthesis; and (c) directly activate gene transcription. Of these, the action on eicosanoids is the best explored.


title: Eicosanoid

text: In general, the eicosanoids derived from AA promote inflammation, and those from EPA and from GLA ("via" DGLA) are less inflammatory, or inactive, or even anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving.


title: Eicosanoid

text: The figure shows the ω-3 and -6 synthesis chains, along with the major eicosanoids from AA, EPA, and DGLA.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Dietary ω-3 and GLA counter the inflammatory effects of AA's eicosanoids in three ways, along the eicosanoid pathways:


title: Eicosanoid

text: Since antiquity, the cardinal signs of inflammation have been known as: calor (warmth), dolor (pain), tumor (swelling), and rubor (redness). The eicosanoids are involved with each of these signs.


title: Eicosanoid

text: "Redness"—An insect's sting will trigger the classic inflammatory response. Short acting vasoconstrictors — TXA—are released quickly after the injury. The site may momentarily turn pale. Then TXA mediates the release of the vasodilators PGE and LTB. The blood vessels engorge and the injury reddens.<br>


title: Eicosanoid

text: "Swelling"—LTB makes the blood vessels more permeable. Plasma leaks out into the connective tissues, and they swell. The process also loses pro-inflammatory cytokines.<br>


title: Eicosanoid

text: "Pain"—The cytokines increase COX-2 activity. This elevates levels of PGE, sensitizing pain neurons.<br>


title: Eicosanoid

text: "Heat"—PGE is also a potent pyretic agent. Aspirin and NSAIDS—drugs that block the COX pathways and stop prostanoid synthesis—limit fever or the heat of localized inflammation.


title: Eicosanoid

text: In 1930, gynecologist Raphael Kurzrok and pharmacologist Charles Leib characterized prostaglandin as a component of semen.


title: Eicosanoid

text: Between 1929 and 1932, Burr and Burr showed that restricting fat from animal's diets led to a deficiency disease, and first described the essential fatty acids.


title: Eicosanoid

text: In 1964, Bergström and Samuelsson linked these observations when they showed that the "classical" eicosanoids were derived from arachidonic acid, which had earlier been considered to be one of the essential fatty acids.


title: Eicosanoid

text: In 1971, Vane showed that aspirin and similar drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Von Euler received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1970, which


title: Italian sausage

text: In North America, Italian sausage ("salsiccia" in Italian) most often refers to a style of pork sausage. The sausage is often noted for being seasoned with fennel as the primary seasoning. In Italy, however, a wide variety of sausages are made, many of which are quite different from the aforementioned product.


title: Italian sausage

text: The most common varieties marketed as "Italian sausage" in supermarkets are hot, sweet, and mild. The main difference between hot and mild is the addition of hot red pepper flakes to the spice mix of the former. The difference between mild and sweet is the addition of sweet basil in the latter.


title: Italian sausage

text: In Australia, a variety of mild "salsiccia fresca" (literally meaning "fresh sausage") seasoned primarily with fennel is sold as "Italian sausage".


title: Italian sausage

text: Initially known as "lucanica", the first evidence of the sausage dates back to the 1st century BC, when the Roman historian Marcus Terentius Varro described stuffing spiced and salted meat into pig intestines, as follows: "They call lucanica a minced meat stuffed into a casing, because our soldiers learned how to prepare it". Confirmation of the birth in Basilicata are also the writings of Cicero and Martial that mention Lucania as the birthplace of the sausage.


title: WWE Evolution

text: WWE Evolution was a women's professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, NXT, and NXT UK brand divisions. The event took place on October 28, 2018, at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. It was the first and currently only WWE PPV to consist solely of women's matches.


title: WWE Evolution

text: The main card consisted of seven matches. Three of WWE's then-four women's championships were defended on the main card; the fourth was defended in a dark match before the show. It also featured the final of the 2018 Mae Young Classic tournament. In the main event, Ronda Rousey defeated Nikki Bella by submission to retain the Raw Women's Championship. In the penultimate match, Becky Lynch defeated Charlotte Flair in a Last Woman Standing match to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship. In other prominent matches, Toni Storm defeated Io Shirai to win the 2018 Mae Young Classic, and Shayna Baszler defeated Kairi Sane to become the first two-time NXT Women's Champion.


title: WWE Evolution

text: On the July 23, 2018, episode of "Monday Night Raw", WWE executive Stephanie McMahon announced that for the first time, WWE would hold an all-women's pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event, which was titled Evolution. It was scheduled to take place on October 28, 2018, at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, replacing the previously planned Clash of Champions. WWE Hall of Famers Lita, Trish Stratus, and Beth Phoenix were advertised as taking part in the event. It was also announced that the event would host the final of the 2018 Mae Young Classic and that all four of WWE's women's championships at the time would be defended; however, the NXT UK Women's Championship match was later removed from the main card and occurred as a dark match before the show.


title: WWE Evolution

text: WWE's executive vice president of talent, live events and creative Triple H explained that WWE's female performers "deserve[d] the opportunity" for a prominent showcase, and that it "was simply the right time for this to happen." He denied that the event was intended to be as a counterpoint for Crown Jewel—a subsequent pay-per-view days later in Saudi Arabia that, per the country's women's rights policies, would not include WWE's female performers at the time.


title: WWE Evolution

text: The card consisted of seven matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches, with results predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, NXT, and NXT UK brands. Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw", "SmackDown Live", and "NXT".


title: WWE Evolution

text: On August 18, a match between Alexa Bliss and Trish Stratus was scheduled for Evolution. Then, on September 3, a match between Lita and Mickie James was scheduled for the event; the two last faced each other back in 2006 at Survivor Series where James won the original WWE Women's Championship from Lita in the latter's retirement match. On the October 8 episode of "Raw", a confrontation between the four women occurred. It was then revealed that instead of the two singles matches, Bliss and James would face Stratus and Lita in a tag team match at Evolution. On October 26, however, Alicia Fox replaced Bliss due to injury, but it was revealed that she would be in James and Fox's corner for the match.


title: WWE Evolution

text: At , Kairi Sane defeated Shayna Baszler to win the NXT Women's Championship. On the September 26 episode of "NXT", a rematch between the two for the title was scheduled for Evolution.


title: WWE Evolution

text: At SummerSlam, Ronda Rousey won the Raw Women's Championship. Following her win, The Bella Twins (Nikki and Brie Bella) celebrated with the new champion. At Super Show-Down, it was announced that a title defense for Rousey was scheduled for Evolution. At that same event, Rousey and The Bella Twins teamed up to defeat The Riott Squad (Ruby Riott, Liv Morgan, and Sarah Logan). On the following episode of "Raw", Rousey and The Bella Twins defeated The Riott Squad in a rematch. Following the match, however, The Bella Twins attacked Rousey, turning heel. A title match between Rousey and Nikki was then scheduled for Evolution.


title: WWE Evolution

text: At SummerSlam, Charlotte Flair defeated Becky Lynch and defending champion Carmella in a triple threat match to become a two-time SmackDown Women's Champion by pinning Lynch. Following the match, Lynch attacked Flair, turning heel. Lynch then defeated Flair to win the championship at Hell in a Cell. A rematch occurred at Super Show-Down where Flair won by disqualification after Lynch attacked her with the title belt, thus Lynch retained. The two faced each other in a rematch on the following episode of "SmackDown", however, it ended in a double countout, resulting in Lynch retaining again. SmackDown General Manager Paige then announced that the two would have another rematch for the SmackDown Women's Championship at Evolution in a last woman standing match, the first in WWE.


title: WWE Evolution

text: On the October 15 episode of "Raw", it was announced that a battle royal for a women's championship match would also take place at Evolution with various competitors announced to take part, including WWE legends and Hall of Famers.


title: WWE Evolution

text: On the October 22 edition of "Raw", it was announced that The Riott Squad would face off against the team of Sasha Banks, Bayley and Natalya.


title: WWE Evolution

text: Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, a dark match took place in which Rhea Ripley defeated Dakota Kai to retain the NXT UK Women's Championship.


title: WWE Evolution

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with Alicia Fox and Mickie James (with Alexa Bliss) facing Lita and Trish Stratus. In the end, Lita performed a "Litasault" on both James and Fox, and Stratus performed a "Chick Kick" on James to win the match.


title: WWE Evolution

text: Next was the 20-woman Battle Royal which started with various WWE legends eliminating both of The IIconics (Peyton Royce and Billie Kay) and reuniting against current women. In the end, thinking that she won the match, Zelina Vega, who had not actually been eliminated, began celebrating, not realizing that neither Nia Jax or Ember Moon were eliminated. After Jax eliminated Vega by throwing her at Tamina, who was already eliminated and was standing at ringside, Jax eliminated Moon to earn a future opportunity at the Raw Women's Championship.


title: WWE Evolution

text: After that, Toni Storm fought Io Shirai in the tournament final of the 2018 Mae Young Classic. Shirai performed a dropkick on Storm from the top rope, followed by a moonsault at ringside. In the end, Storm countered a Moonsault by raising her knees and performed the "Storm Zero" on Shirai to win the match and the trophy. After the match, an elated Storm was congratulated by Triple H, Stephanie McMahon, and Sara Amato.


title: WWE Evolution

text: In the fourth match, Natalya teamed up with Bayley and Sasha Banks to face The Riott Squad (Liv Morgan, Ruby Riott, and Sarah Logan). In the climax, Natalya applied a double sharpshooter on Riott and Logan, only for Morgan to perform the "201 Facebreaker" on Natalya for a near-fall. Natalya then performed a powerbomb on Morgan, followed by a diving elbow drop from Bayley and a frog splash from Banks for the victory.


title: WWE Evolution

text: Next, Kairi Sane defended the NXT Women's Championship against Shayna Baszler. At the conclusion of the match, as Sane attempted to perform an "Insane Elbow", Baszler rolled out of the ring. Sane then performed a diving crossbody into Baszler and threw Baszler at her fellow and former MMA Four Horsewomen, Marina Shafir and Jessamyn Duke, who were at ringside. In the end, Duke and Shafir distracted Sane which led to Baszler applying the "Kirifuda Clutch". Sane passed out thus Baszler won by technical submission and became the first two-time NXT Women's Champion.


title: WWE Evolution

text: In the penultimate match, Becky Lynch defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Charlotte Flair in a Last Woman Standing match. Lynch attacked Flair with a kendo stick and a chair. Lynch attempted a "Bexploder Suplex" on Flair, however, Flair countered and delivered a back suplex to Lynch directly onto a pile of chairs. Flair performed a senton following a moonsault on Lynch through a table. Flair applied the "Figure-Eight Leglock" on Lynch whose leg was wrapped around a ladder, however, Lynch was able to escape by attacking Flair with a steel chair. In the end, after leaping off the ladder and putting Flair through the German announce table with a leg drop, Lynch performed a powerbomb on Flair from the top rope through another table. Flair was unable to make it to her feet before the 10-count, thus Lynch retained.


title: WWE Evolution

text: In the main event, Ronda Rousey defended the Raw Women's Championship against Nikki Bella (accompanied by Brie Bella). During the match, Nikki dominated Rousey for a majority of the match. On the outside of the ring, Brie shoved Rousey into the ring post whilst the referee was distracted. Nikki performed the "Rack Attack 2.0" for a near-fall. Rousey attempted a "Piper's Pit" on Nikki, only for Brie to interfere. Rousey then performed the modified Samoan Drop on both Nikki and Brie for a near-fall. In the climax, Rousey forced Nikki to submit to the armbar, thus Rousey retained the title.


title: WWE Evolution

text: On the October 29 edition of "Raw", it was announced that Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey would face off against SmackDown Women's Champion Becky Lynch at Survivor Series as part of the annual interbrand competition. Later that same evening, Nia Jax defeated Ember Moon after a distraction by Tamina, leading to a staredown between Tamina and Jax. After defeating Moon in a rematch the following week, Jax joined Tamina in attacking Moon, turning Jax into a villainess and establishing an alliance with Tamina. At Survivor Series, Jax was victorious for Team Raw as the lone survivor in the women's elimination match after pushing her teammate, Sasha Banks, into Asuka. On the November 19 episode of "Raw", Jax's Raw Women's Championship match was confirmed to happen at .


title: WWE Evolution

text: After losing to Becky Lynch at Evolution, Charlotte Flair received an offer from SmackDown General Manager Paige on the October 30 episode of "SmackDown Live", being asked to captain Team SmackDown in the women's elimination match, only for Charlotte to turn down the offer. Charlotte instead became Lynch's replacement in a match against Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey at the event, as Lynch suffered a legit injury just days prior to Survivor Series.


title: WWE Evolution

text: On the November 7 episode of "NXT", it was announced that Kairi Sane would be invoking her rematch clause and would face NXT Women's Champion Shayna Baszler in a two-out-of-three-falls match at .


title: WWE Evolution

text: In a conference call for June 2021's event, Triple H was questioned on if WWE would ever hold another all-female event. He said it was possible, "but it's not a must-have at the moment." He also found it odd that people thought that doing more all-female events would mean equality for the women's division, but cited the contradiction in that WWE would be criticized if they would run an all-male event; essentially, separate does not mean equal. He also responded to something that former WWE wrestler Mickie James had said in regards to the National Wrestling Alliance's August 2021 all-female event, EmPowerrr, in which James served as an executive producer. James had said that she wanted the best female wrestlers in the world on the event regardless of contractual issues. Triple H said that from a business standpoint, that did not make sense and also gave his own opinion, stating that if female wrestlers wanted to face the best in the world, they should come to WWE. Before James' release from WWE in April 2021, she had pushed for the company to produce another all-female event as well as an all-female brand, but said she was "cut off at every opportunity." A WWE official told her that "women's wrestling doesn't make money" and that Evolution was the company's "lowest-rated pay-per-view ever in the history of WWE pay-per-views." Former WWE wrestler Maria Kanellis also stated that former Head of WWE Talent Relations, Mark Carano, informed her that there would not be another all-female event. Other WWE female performers, notably Sasha Banks, have also campaigned for another all-female event.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: UAAP Season 84 was the 2021–22 athletic year of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP). The Season 84 theme was "Fully Alive, Champions for Life" and the season's host was the De La Salle University. With the limitations brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, UAAP Season 84 only held men's basketball, men's and women's 3×3 basketball, women's volleyball, men's beach volleyball, cheerdance, taekwondo poomsae; and men's and women's chess tournaments as its events for the season. UST was declared UAAP general champion based on eight sporting events. Only the men's basketball, women's volleyball, and cheerdance were televised. The opening ceremony of Season 84 was presented virtually.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: A new logo for the UAAP, selected from among the entries of a design competition, was unveiled during the opening ceremony for this season.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The season held its opening ceremony last March 26, 2022 at the SM Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay City. For Season 84, all basketball games were played in only one venue, the SM Mall of Asia Arena, unlike in previous seasons, games were played in 2 or 3 venues.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: UAAP Season 84 started with the men's basketball tournament on March 26, 2022, and was held in a full "bubble" set-up during the first four playing dates of the first round, meaning no fans were allowed inside the playing venue. However, on April 5. 2022, which was the fifth playing date of the basketball tournament, the UAAP opened its doors to fans at the Mall of Asia Arena. Ticket selling started on April 2, 2022.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: Team staff and players were kept in their bubble setups, which necessitated closing off the patron and ringside areas to fans. Only lower box, upper box, and general admission tickets were offered to the public, and students were given discounts for the latter two sections. The league required all players to be fully vaccinated to be able to play. Booster shots were not required. Two shots were sufficient to meet the fully vaccinated requirement. Basic health and safety protocols were enforced in the venue, such as mask-wearing and social distancing. Fans were also not allowed to eat inside the event bowl, instead, the concourses outside were designated as eating areas.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The women's indoor volleyball tournament kicked off on May 5, 2022, and ran concurrently with other sports like beach volleyball, 3×3 basketball, taekwondo poomsae, and chess.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP capped Season 84 with four more events in the final week of May and the first week of June. The league announced the schedule of the remaining events in a press conference during the Cheerdance Competition on May 22, 2022,


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP men's beach volleyball made its comeback after three years on May 27, 28, and 29 and on June 3, 4, and 5 at SM Sands By the Bay in Pasay City. Poomsae was staged on May 31 at Mall of Asia Arena. The UAAP went out of town for the 3×3 competition in Calatagan, Batangas on June 2 and 3. The chess tournament was held from June 1 to 5 at the Far Eastern University campus in Manila.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP had a successful return in the pandemic era, completing the Season 84 men's basketball tournament capped by a dramatic championship finish by the University of the Philippines dethroning Ateneo in Game 3 of the Finals best of three series. The Cheerdance Competition also returned on Sunday, May 22, 2022, with FEU claiming the crown for the first time in 13 years. In the UAAP Season 84 poomsae tournament held on May 31, 2022, at the Coral Way of SM Mall of Asia Arena, the UST Tiger Jins won gold in the men's, women's, and mixed team divisions to end La Salle's two-season reign. The University of Santo Tomas ruled the UAAP Season 84 3×3 men's basketball tournament on Friday, June 3, 2022, at CaSoBe resort in Calatagan Batangas. The University of Santo Tomas ruled the UAAP men's beach volleyball tournament for the third straight season following a 28–26, 21-15 conquest of National University Sunday, June 5, 2022, at Sands SM By The Bay.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The women's volleyball tournament also finished its first round of elimination on May 19, 2022, and resumed after a one-week break by starting the second round of elimination. The elimination round ended on June 9. NU, La Salle, UST and Ateneo were the top 4 teams after the elimination round. NU swept the elimination round with a 14–0 win-loss record and qualified outright for the Finals. La Salle, UST and Ateneo qualified to the stepladder semi finals of the tournament. Fourth-seeded Ateneo eliminated third-seeded UST in the first phase of the stepladder semis played on June 14, 2022, at SM MOA. Ateneo swept UST in 3 sets (3-0). With this win, Ateneo moved up the ladder and played second-seeded La Salle in the second phase of the stepladder semis on June 16, 2022. La Salle had a twice-to-beat advantage being the second-seeded team. La Salle ended Ateneo's cinderella run in the semifinals with a 3–0 sweep of Ateneo. La Salle moved on to the best-of three series Finals to battle NU for the championship. NU won game 1 of the Finals with La Salle at the Mall of Asia Arena on June 18, 2022.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: Rookies of the derailed Season 82 were all eligible for the Rookie of the Year Award in the UAAP Season 84 women's volleyball tournament. Season 82 was not counted as a playing year of the player"s 5-year eligibility.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP provisionally changed its rule on the number of players in the basketball and volleyball rosters due to COVID-19 positive cases. Each team submitted a 16-player roster for basketball and 14-player roster for volleyball plus four reserves. Any of the four reserves may be elevated to the regular lineup only to replace a player in the regular line-up who is COVID positive and for no other reason, including injury. The four reserves did not give up a year of eligibility if they have not been elevated. If a reserve is elevated and plays no more than three games, the season is not be counted against his years of eligibility.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: UAAP also announced that the league amended one of its player eligibility rules temporarily. Players who were 26 years old were allowed to play for their universities provided they did not turn 27 before the May cutoff, were still enrolled and had a playing year left. Previously, the league only allowed players up to the age of 25 to play. This rule will be reverted to normal by Season 85.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The tournament started on March 26, 2022. Basketball games were played four times a day and three times a week. The reason behind the quick tournament was to prevent the student-athletes from being holed up in a bubble for too long. The men's basketball still followed the same format: A double-round group stage, semi-finals (final four), and best-of-three finals. All teams played in each of the play dates. This means that they played three times a week starting on March 26. The games were played every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday with tip-offs at 11 a.m., 1, 4 and 7 p.m. However, the playing days of the Final Four games will run on a Wednesday, Friday and Sunday schedule instead of the elimination round schedule of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP basketball season ended on May 13 or before the PBA plans its next draft. This allowed outgoing UAAP players to apply for the PBA draft without jeopardizing their varsity eligibility.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP Season 84 women's volleyball tournament started on May 5, 2022, under a closed-circuit setup at the Mall of Asia Arena, unlike the men's basketball tournament where it was a bubble setup.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: Similar to the men's basketball tournament, however, the UAAP provisionally changed its rule on the number of players on the volleyball roster due to the still COVID-19 situation. Each team submitted a 14-woman roster plus four reserves. Any of the four reserves may be elevated to the regular lineup only to replace a player in the 14-man roster who is COVID positive and for no other reason, including injury. The four reserves did not give up a year of eligibility if they were not been elevated. If a reserve is elevated and played no more than three games, the season is not counted against his years of eligibility.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The UAAP Season 84 cheerdance competition was held on May 22, 2022, at the Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay. Cheerdance competition is an exhibition event. Points for the overall championship are not awarded to the participating schools.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: The general champion is determined by a point system. The system gives 15 points to the champion team of a UAAP event, 12 to the runner-up, and 10 to the third placer. The following points: 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 are given to the rest of the participating teams according to their order of finish.


title: UAAP Season 84

text: In 2020, after canceling UAAP Season 83, the UAAP announced a new media rights deal with Cignal TV. The contract runs until 2029. In September 2021, both parties announced the creation of UAAP Varsity Channel, a high definition TV channel initially airing best UAAP games, and eventually live games and repeats. Just prior this season's opening, both parties announced that live UAAP games would be aired on One Sports free-to-air channel, UAAP Varsity Channel on pay TV, and Cignal Play on over-the-top streaming. In Cignal TV's coverage, courtside reporters are now called "correspondents," and several personalities openly associated with UAAP member schools are including in the TV coverage. Personalities who covered the UAAP in the ABS-CBN broadcast were also included. In May 2022, international viewers can now watch UAAP games through streaming site iWantTFC after ABS-CBN made a partnership deal with Cignal.


title: One Right Now

text: "One Right Now" is a song by American rapper and singer Post Malone and Canadian singer the Weeknd. It was released through Republic Records on November 5, 2021, as the lead single from Malone's fourth studio album, "Twelve Carat Toothache" (2022). The artists wrote the song with Billy Walsh and producers Louis Bell, Brian Lee, and Andrew Bolooki. "One Right Now" is a synth-pop song that is set in the key of D major.


title: One Right Now

text: On November 2, 2021, Post Malone and the Weeknd posted a 7-second snippet of the song titled "PM&TW-ORN-Update.5.nonhyped.w1.mp3" on their Instagram accounts. The post received over 150,000 likes in just an hour. While it was initially unknown what the title of the song was going to be, Malone's manager Dre London revealed that the collaboration would be titled "One Right Now". The song marks the first time the artists appeared on a song together.


title: One Right Now

text: Based on the teaser, the sound was described as "a synthy midtempo club track". It sees the two "harmonizing over an upbeat instrumental". Writing for "Billboard", Starr Bowenbank referred to the instrumental as a "poppy synth beat". Alex Zidel of "HotNewHipHop" predicted that the song will "dominate the radio for the remainder of the year, and likely well into next". For the radio, The Weeknd decided to replace his lyric censors from the official clean version with newly recorded lyrics, which are "You think it's so easy messin' with my feelings" and "You probably slap all my enemies". But Post Malone preferred to leave his lyric censors as they are. They both sang "That you told me that he fucked you on" twice, separate then together, and tying to Post Malone's record label, it was also left censored.


title: One Right Now

text: The music video for "One Right Now", directed by Tanu Muino, was released on November 15, 2021. In the video, Malone and the Weeknd engage in a shootout with each other's teams, and concludes with them shooting each other at the same time.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Pigeon racing is the sport of releasing specially trained homing pigeons, which then return to their homes over a carefully measured distance. The time it takes the animal to cover the specified distance is measured and the bird's rate of travel is calculated and compared with all of the other pigeons in the race to determine which animal returned at the highest speed.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Pigeon racing requires a specific breed of pigeon bred for the sport, the Racing Homer. Competing pigeons are specially trained and conditioned for races that vary in distance from approximately to . Despite these lengths, races can be won and lost by seconds, so many different timing and measuring devices have been developed. The traditional timing method involves rubber rings being placed into a specially designed clock, whereas a newer development uses RFID tags to record arrival time.


title: Pigeon racing

text: While there is no definite proof, there are compelling reasons to think the sport of racing pigeons may go back at least as far as 220 AD. Furthermore, it is recorded in the Mishnah that pigeon racers are forbidden from bearing witness. The sport achieved a great deal of popularity in Belgium in the mid-19th century. The pigeon fanciers of Belgium were so taken with the hobby that they began to develop pigeons specially cultivated for fast flight and long endurance called "Voyageurs". From Belgium the modern version of the sport and the "Voyageurs" which the Flemish fanciers developed spread to most parts of the world. Once quite popular, the sport has experienced a downturn in participants in some parts of the world in recent years, possibly due to the rising cost of living, ageing fanciers, and a severe lack of public interest. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by pigeons is also a reason why some people are leaving the sport.


title: Pigeon racing

text: One recent development in the sport of pigeon racing is "one loft racing", where birds are raced against each other under the same training regimen, from the same location. The principle being to find the best individual race bird irrespective of the race trainer. This will determine which bird is then the most successful.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Pigeons are the oldest domesticated bird. The predecessors of modern-day racing pigeons were pigeons bred for their homing ability, primarily to carry messages. "Pigeon posts" have been established all over the world and while mainly used in the military, some are still in service today. Modern pigeon racing originated in Belgium in the mid 19th century. Racing pigeons were first developed in Belgium and England at the same time. They are the result of crossing of a number of other breeds, primarily the Smerle, French Cumulet, English Carrier, Dragoon, and the Horseman (now lost). From the high-flying Cumulet, the Homer received its endurance and its ability to fly for hours on end without tiring. From the Carrier, it inherited the ability to find its way home from great distances.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The sport was aided by several new technologies of the era. The advent of the railroad permitted pigeons to be sent to distant release points quickly and at modest cost. In addition, the creation of mass-produced, sophisticated timing clocks brought accurate and secure timing to the sport. These clocks were designed with special compartments where an entry band, removed from the returning race bird was placed. When struck, the clock recorded the time and also placed the band in a compartment that could only be opened by race officials.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The importance of homing pigeons in the centuries before electronic communications, such as the telegraph and telephone, is seldom recognised. However, the Reuters News Agency, the world's largest information provider, began as a pigeon service carrying closing stock prices between Belgium and Germany, basically between the western and eastern terminus of the telegraph in Europe.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The most expensive pigeon ever sold was "New Kim" which was purchased for $US1.9 million by a bidder from China in November 2020.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Pigeon racing has been described as the "sport with a single starting gate and a thousand finish lines." In short, competing birds are taken from their lofts and must race home. The time taken and distance are recorded and the fastest bird is declared the winner. Races are generally between and in distance. In the United States flights of up to have been recorded.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Provided it survives the many hazards associated with racing, a single pigeon could compete from about six months of age and still be in competition at over ten years of age. Such feats are uncommon, however, and the average racing career rarely exceeds three years. Hazards can also come from weather conditions on the day of the race. Pigeons can become grounded and disoriented, and therefore not finish the race.


title: Pigeon racing

text: In the early days of racing, paint was used to identify birds for owners. Belgium then developed a ⅛-inch brass leg band, that was sent to racers in America to use. Since then, to compete in a race, it must wear a permanent, unique numbered ring or band that is placed on its leg at about five days old. For a race to be conducted, the competing pigeons must be entered into the race, usually at the organisation's clubhouse, and taken away from their home to be released at a predetermined time and location. The distance between the bird's home loft and the race point is carefully measured by GPS and the time taken by the bird to return is measured using one of the two acceptable timing methods. Sometimes in some leagues, there are two divisions: one for the young birds (usually yearlings in their first year of competition) and another for older birds.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The traditional method of timing racing pigeons involves rubber rings with unique identification numbers and a specially designed pigeon racing clock. The ring is attached around the bird's leg before being sent to race. The serial number is recorded, the clock is set and sealed, and the bird carries the ring home.


title: Pigeon racing

text: When the first bird returns, its trainer removes the ring and places it in a slot in the clock. The time that the ring was placed in the clock is recorded as the official time that the competing bird arrived home. From this time stamp an average speed is measured and a winner of the race can be found.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The latest development and preferred method for timing racing pigeons is the Electronic Timing System. The bird's arrival is recorded automatically. When using an electronic system, the pigeon fancier does not even have to be at the loft to clock the birds as they return. Birds are fitted with a band that has a tiny RFID chip in it which can be read when the bird comes home. At the home loft the electronic scanning records the pigeons' arrival. The pad or antenna is placed at the entry point to the loft entrance and as the pigeon crosses it the electronic band is scanned. The clock is attached to the antennas. The serial number of the transponder ring is recorded along with the time of arrival. This is very similar to transponder timing systems used in human races.


title: Pigeon racing

text: In February 2008 the members of the Penygraog Homing Society Racing Pigeon Club in Wales won an award to fund a new electronic timing device. The club was able to obtain the device thanks to funding from the All Wales award initiative. Club secretary John Williams said: "The electronic timer certainly makes it a lot easier for us".


title: Pigeon racing

text: With the advent of electronic timing system recording birds’ arrival has never been easier. The ETS technology is developing year on year and it is taking over the pigeon world, changing it and making it fit for today's conditions. As a result of this new way of registering a bird's arrival, several loft management software packages have been developed in the last 10 years to help fanciers with record keeping, producing pigeon pedigrees, publishing race results or keeping track of treatment and vaccination records.


title: Pigeon racing

text: One-loft racing originated from local futurity races. Futurity races are when the birds race home from the racing station to their homes. The difference between regular racing and futurity races is futurity races has prize money involved. Usually, the prize is used for a bragging right more so than to win the money. The process of racing could be a bit complicated as handlers of their racing pigeons compete with one another. Some handlers could be better than some when it comes down to racing. Therefore, one-loft racing was created. One-loft racing is the process of training birds bred by many different breeders in the same loft, under the same trainer and in the same conditions (as opposed to trainer against trainer in their own lofts and usually with their own birds). It is thought to be the fairest method of proving which bloodline or breeder is best and usually provides the highest amount of prize money. Pigeons are recorded by electronic timing systems scanning the birds as they enter the home loft with winners decided by as little as 100th of a second. The birds are all taken to the same release point and they return to the same home loft, so therefore it is the fastest bird to complete the journey from A to B. One-loft racing is now becoming very popular all around the world with fanciers able to compare their bloodlines on an equal basis against the best breeders.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Racing pigeons are housed together in a specially designed dovecote or loft. From about four weeks of age until the end of its racing career, the racing loft is the pigeon's home and is where it returns to on race day.


title: Pigeon racing

text: After 22 to 28 days in the nest (depending on the owner's preference) the young birds are removed and placed in a section of a large loft or in a smaller loft built for the purpose. After a few days of learning how to locate the water and eating by themselves they are allowed to wander out of the loft and peck around in the garden, while doing this they are constantly observing their surroundings and becoming familiar with them. At about age six to seven weeks the birds will begin taking off, flying in very small circles around their loft and owner's house. As their confidence grows they gradually wander farther and farther from home until they are out of sight and can remain so for as much as two hours before returning. When a few trainers fly their pigeons in the same area, these flying "batches" (as flocks of pigeons are called) can number in the thousands. It does not, however, help them much in relation to finding their home from long distances away, a fundamental of pigeon racing. As confident flyers, the young pigeons are taken on progressively longer 'training tosses', driven a distance away from their home and released. This method of training is a way to condition the birds mentally and physically to prepare them for the races. This practice of loft flying and tossing continues throughout a pigeon's career to keep their homing instincts sharp.


title: Pigeon racing

text: One of the most popular training systems is widowhood. This system uses the birds' desire to reproduce as motivation to try to give the bird a sense of urgency on race day. The use of widowhood is usually begun by first allowing the racer to raise a baby in their nest box. After the baby is weaned the hen is removed and often the nestbox is closed off, from then on the only time these birds are allowed to see their mate or enter the nest box is upon returning from training or a race. This conditioning is one of the key elements in a lot of racing programmes.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Due to advancements in technology researchers have been able to use small Global Positioning Systems to track the flight paths that their birds follow.


title: Pigeon racing

text: As pigeon racing takes place over great distances in the sky, instead of on a racetrack, there are many hazards that could befall a pigeon during racing as well as training. The main hazard encountered by racing pigeons is predation by birds of prey. The killing of valuable pigeons by wild predators has led to some pigeon fanciers being suspected and prosecuted of killing birds of prey such as falcons.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Another hazard that racing pigeons encounter is flying into objects they sometimes cannot see, mostly when flying at high speeds or in darker weather conditions. The most common obstructions are electricity pylons or TV aerials. Pigeon fanciers will often have one of their pigeons return home with wounds or missing feathers from the belly or flanks region.


title: Pigeon racing

text: It is thought that racing pigeons rely on the Earth's magnetic field to find their way home. Some speculation has surfaced indicating that mobile phone towers may be interrupting the birds' navigation, although no published research has investigated this theory.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Pigeons are sexually mature at about six months of age. However, fanciers will often wait until the pigeon is at least a few months older before breeding. A hen bird will usually only lay two eggs in a clutch, laid every other day, after which incubation begins. The incubation period is 17 days. Pigeon breeders are careful in selecting birds to pair together so as to continue improving the breed and gain a competitive edge. It is this selective breeding that has given rise to the racing pigeons of today, capable of finding their way home from over away and flying at speeds in excess of with a tail wind but average on a calm day. Hens are often capable of laying upwards of 12 eggs per year, and squabs usually leave the nest at approximately three to four weeks of age.


title: Pigeon racing

text: Doping in pigeon racing is the practice of giving performance-enhancing drugs to avian racers. The drugs are used to produce similar effects to those found in human athletes, building up muscle tissue and opening the respiratory tracts. In addition, corticosteroids can be used to delay moulting, allowing a bird to race late into a season.


title: Pigeon racing

text: In October 2013, blood samples from twenty Belgian pigeons were sent by the Pigeon Fanciers Association to South Africa for testing. This was the result of an exchange visit by the association to the National Horseracing Authority of Southern Africa. While tests in Belgium had not found traces of any drugs the South African laboratory discovered that six samples contained unusual substances. Five samples were found to include traces of acetaminophen (paracetamol), a widely used over-the-counter analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). The sixth sample was erroneously reported in the press as having shown indications of cocaine use, but the lab reported that it was indications of caffeine usage. As the samples were sent anonymously no action could be taken against the owners of any of the birds.


title: Pigeon racing

text: In 2001 a series of raids across 80 homes led to the confiscation of large quantities of illegal performance-enhancers. Currently, all race winners are tested and over 100 samples were collected and tested in 2013.


title: Pigeon racing

text: In 1995 the Belgian Ministry of Health mandated drug testing in order to protect the welfare of the birds. The sport's governing body was looking at the possibility of implementing new anti-doping rules for the sport prior to the commencement of the 2014 season.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The "Brazilian Pigeon Racing Grandprix" is the biggest pigeon race in South America. The Sergipe's Pigeon Racing Association and the government from Aracaju organise this event.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The sport of pigeon racing has increased in Canada with Pigeon Clubs and Ladies Auxiliary popping up in cities and towns. The CRPU, the Canadian Racing Pigeon Union, is an organisation that is dedicated to the growth, preservation and support of pigeon racing in Canada.


title: Pigeon racing

text: The Canadian Pigeon International magazine is a monthly publication dedicated to the sport of pigeon racing


title: Pigeon racing

text: The sport was introduced into the United States about 1875, although regular racing did not begin until 1878. The sport of pigeon racing is well established in the US, and growing. According to the American Racing Pigeon Union, one of two large accrediting groups, there are 15,000 registered lofts in the U.S.