title: Khalil Kain

text: Kain was born in Manhattan, New York City, New York. His mother, June, is of African American and Chinese descent. Kain attended Hunter College High School in New York and later relocated to California, attending Foothill High School; graduating in 1983.


title: Khalil Kain

text: Kain first appeared in the 1992 film "Juice" as Raheem. Following roles included Roosevelt Nathaniel Hobbs in the 1994 comedy drama "Renaissance Man" and Marvin Cox in the 1997 romantic comedy, "Love Jones". Kain portrayed golfer Tiger Woods in Showtime's "The Tiger Woods Story". In 2001, he teamed again with "Juice" director Ernest Dickerson in "Bones" (starring Snoop Dogg). Kain had a role in the 2003 blaxploitation biopic "Baadasssss!".


title: Khalil Kain

text: Kain appeared as Darnell Wilkes, Maya's (portrayed by Golden Brooks) husband on the UPN/CW TV series "Girlfriends" from the season 2 through the conclusion of the series. Kain replaced his "Juice" co-star Flex Alexander, who left to star in the sitcom "One on One". Other television credits include "Suddenly Susan", "Friends", "Blue Bloods", "Living Single", "Moesha", "Angel", and "Sister, Sister". He also played the role of Bill in the 2010 movie "For Colored Girls".


title: Khalil Kain

text: Khalil Kain directed The Millennial, which he also stars in along with Erica Mena, Terayle Hill and Terri Vaughn. The world premiere for The Millennial was in August 2021 at the Hip Hop Film Festival.


title: Skipping rope

text: A skipping rope (British English) or jump rope (American English) is a tool used in the sport of skipping/jump rope where one or more participants jump over a rope swung so that it passes under their feet and over their heads. There are multiple subsets of skipping/jump rope, including single freestyle, single speed, pairs, three-person speed (Double Dutch), and three-person freestyle (Double Dutch freestyle).


title: Skipping rope

text: Rope skipping is commonly performed as an exercise or recreational activity, and there are also several major organizations that support jump rope as a competitive sport. Often separated by sex and age, events include hundreds of competitive teams all around the world. In the US, schools rarely have jump rope teams, and few states have sanctioned official events at the elementary school level. In freestyle events, jumpers use a variety of basic and advanced techniques in a routine of one minute, which is judged by a head judge, content judges, and performance judges. In speed events, a jumper alternates their feet with the rope going around the jumper every time one of their feet hits the ground for 30 seconds, one minute, or three minutes. The jumper is judged on the number of times the right foot touches the ground in those times.


title: Skipping rope

text: Explorers reported seeing aborigines jumping with vines in the 16th century. European boys started skipping in the early 17th century. The activity was considered indecent for girls due to concerns of them showing their ankles. Girls began skipping in the 18th century, adding skipping chants, owning the rope, controlling the game, and deciding who may participate.


title: Skipping rope

text: In the United States, domination of the activity by girls emerged as their families moved into cities in the late 19th century. There, they found sidewalks and other smooth surfaces conducive to skipping, along with a high density of peers with whom to engage in the sport.


title: Skipping rope

text: There are many techniques that can be used when skipping. These can be used individually or combined in a series to create a routine.


title: Skipping rope

text: For solo jumping, the participant jumps and swings the rope under their feet. The timing of the swing is matched to the jump. This allows them to jump the rope and establish a rhythm more successfully. This can be contrasted with swinging the rope at the feet and jumping, which would mean they were matching the jump to the swing. This makes it harder to jump the rope and establish a rhythm.


title: Skipping rope

text: Jump with both feet slightly apart over the rope. Beginners usually master this technique first before moving onto more advanced techniques.


title: Skipping rope

text: Use alternate feet to jump off the ground. This technique can be used to effectively double the number of jumps per minute as compared to the above technique. This step can be used for speed events.


title: Skipping rope

text: Also known as crossover or cross arms. Perform the basic jump whilst crossing arms in front of the body.


title: Skipping rope

text: A high basic jump, turning the rope twice under the feet. Turning the rope three times is called a triple under. In competitions, participants may attempt quadruple (quads) and quintuple under (quins) using the same method.


title: Skipping rope

text: One foot is positioned slightly forward and one foot slightly back. The person positions their bodyweight primarily over their front foot, with the back foot acting as a stabiliser. From this stance, the person jumps up several times (often 2-3 times) before switching their stance, so the front foot becomes the back foot, and the back foot becomes the front foot. And so forth. An advantage of this technique is that it allows the back leg a brief rest. So while both feet are still used in the jump, a person may find they can skip for longer than if they were using the basic two-footed technique.


title: Skipping rope

text: Also known as Awesome Anna or swish. Alternates between a leg over and a toad without a jump in between.


title: Skipping rope

text: The participant does a handstand, returns to their feet, and turns the rope under them. A more advanced version turns the rope during the return to the ground.


title: Skipping rope

text: A triple-under where the first 'jump' is a side swing, the middle jump is a toad and the final jump in the open.


title: Skipping rope

text: In competitions, participants are required to demonstrate competence using specific techniques. The selection depends on the judging system and the country in which the tournament is held.


title: Skipping rope

text: Skipping may be used as a cardiovascular workout, similar to jogging or bicycle riding, and has a high MET or intensity level. This aerobic exercise can achieve a "burn rate" of up to 700 to over 1,200 calories per hour of vigorous activity, with about 0.1 to nearly 1.1 calories consumed per jump, mainly depending upon the speed and intensity of jumps and leg foldings. Ten minutes of skipping are roughly the equivalent of running an eight-minute mile. Skipping for 15–20 minutes is enough to burn off the calories from a candy bar and is equivalent to 45–60 minutes of running, depending upon the intensity of jumps and leg swings.


title: Skipping rope

text: Many professional trainers, fitness experts, and professional fighters greatly recommend skipping for burning fat over any other alternative exercises like running and jogging.


title: Skipping rope

text: Weighted skipping ropes are available for such athletes to increase the difficulty and effectiveness of such exercise. Individuals or groups can participate in the exercise, and learning proper techniques is relatively simple compared to many other athletic activities. The exercise is also appropriate for a wide range of ages and fitness levels.


title: Skipping rope

text: Skipping grew in popularity in 2020 when gyms closed or people stayed home due to coronavirus restrictions across the world. These workouts can be done at home and do not require specialized equipment.


title: Skipping rope

text: The world governing body for the sport of jump rope is the International Jump Rope Union (IJRU). It is a merger of two previous rival world organizations: the International Rope Skipping Federation (FISAC-IRSF), and the World Jump Rope Federation (WJRF). There have been 11 World Championships on every alternate year by FISAC-IRSF, with the final competition being held in Shanghai, China. There have been 7 World Jump Rope Championships held every year by (WJRF); the final competition taking place in Oslo, Norway. Previous locations of this championship included Washington DC, Orlando, France, and Portugal. IJRU plans to hold its inaugural World Jump Rope Championship in Colorado Springs, Colorado in 2023.


title: Skipping rope

text: In 2018, FISAC-IRSF and WJRF announced the merger organization IJRU. IJRU has become the 10th International Federation to gain GAISF Observer status. The decision was taken by the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) Council, which met during SportAccord in Bangkok. Observer status is the first step on a clear pathway for new International Federations towards the top of the Olympic Family pyramid. Those who wish to proceed will be assisted by GAISF, leading them into full GAISF membership through the Alliance of Independent Recognised Members of Sport (AIMS), and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF).


title: Skipping rope

text: In 2019 the International Rope Skipping Organisation (IRSO). re-emerged and reactivated its activities as governing body of Rope Skipping / Jump Rope sport. The organization is headed by Richard Cendali, who is referred to as the grandfather of the sport of jump rope. IRSO had disagreements with both FISAC-IRSF and WJRF for ignoring several long-standing organizations in their merger. Various jump rope organizations that were long-standing for the development of the sport were left out of the merger of IJRU and came under IRSO under the leadership of Richard Cendali. The USA Jump Rope Federation and newly formed Asian Rope Skipping Association also joined IRSO and decided to host their World Championship in conjunction with AAU.


title: Skipping rope

text: The first World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championship was held at Dubai, November 2015. The second World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championship was held at Eger, Hungary. The Championship was organized by World Inter School Rope Skipping Organisation (WIRSO). Second, third and fourth World Inter-School championships held in Hungary 2017, Hong Kong 2018 and Belgium 2019 respectively.


title: Skipping rope

text: Historically, there were two competing jump rope organizations in the United States: the International Rope Skipping Organization (IRSO), and the World Rope Skipping Federation (WRSF). IRSO focused on stunt-oriented and gymnastic/athletic type moves, while WRSF appreciated the aesthetics and form of the exercise. In 1995, these two organizations merged to form the United States Amateur Jump Rope Federation which is today now known as USA Jump Rope (USAJR). USAJR has hosted annual national tournaments, as well as camps, workshops, and clinics on instruction since 1995. Jump rope is also part of the Amateur Athletic Union and participates in their annual AAU Junior Olympic Games. More recently, the American Jump Rope Federation was founded in 2016 by previous members of WJRF. It is recognized as the official governing body for the sport of jump rope in the United States by IJRU.


title: Skipping rope

text: Speed jump ropes are made from a thin vinyl cord or wire and are primarily used for speed jumping or double unders. They are best for indoor use, because they will wear down fast on concrete or other harsh surfaces. Licorice jump ropes are also made from vinyl cord or PVC and are primarily used for freestyle jumping. The beaded ropes make rhythmic jumping very easy, because the jumper can hear the beads hitting the ground and strive for a rhythmic pattern. Leather jump ropes are thicker and is less likely to tangle or wear down with outdoor use.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: "Hero" is the fourth episode of the first season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", a spin-off series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on February 23, 2015, on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on the streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: In a flashback to 1992, Jimmy McGill and Stevie, a new friend of Jimmy's, leave a bar and Jimmy says his name is Saul Goodman. In an alley, they discover a barely conscious drunk man next to a wallet full of cash. Stevie takes the cash and Jimmy takes the man's Rolex watch. Jimmy estimates the Rolex to be worth more than the wallet, leading Stevie to trade the found money plus additional cash of his own for the watch. After Stevie runs away with the watch, a cheap counterfeit, Jimmy and the "unconscious" man return to Jimmy's residence to split the proceeds of their scam.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy gives the Kettlemans the option of hiring him but instead, they offer a bribe if he does not reveal they are in possession of the stolen $1.6 million, and he accepts. Nacho Varga is released from custody and accuses Jimmy of warning the Kettlemans. Jimmy says he warned the family for the sake of the children, and that Nacho should be grateful the warning prevented him from committing kidnapping or murder, for which he would have been charged since he was noticed while surveilling the Kettlemans.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy enters the money from the Kettlemans in his accounts as a retainer so it appears to be a legitimate payment. He spends the money on a personal makeover that imitates Howard Hamlin’s appearance and a billboard advertisement that shares obvious similarities with Hamlin Hamlin & McGill. Kim Wexler confronts Jimmy, and Howard sues him for trademark infringement. The court rules for HHM and Jimmy is ordered to remove the billboard.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: After failing to persuade any news outlets to cover his predicament as a human interest story, Jimmy hires a freelance media team to record his video plea for sympathy. During filming, the worker removing the billboard falls and is held up only by his safety harness. Jimmy climbs up and pulls the worker to safety while passersby watch and record, as does his media team. Howard and Kim realize Jimmy staged the rescue for publicity.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: The next day, Jimmy brings Chuck McGill's daily newspapers, but hides the local one that includes a report on the rescue. Chuck becomes suspicious when he notices the missing paper, so he braves exposure to electricity to run to his neighbor's driveway and steal theirs (leaving a $5 bill as payment), which leads to his discovery of Jimmy's scam.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode was written by supervising producer Gennifer Hutchison, who was also a writer and producer on "Breaking Bad". It was directed by Colin Bucksey, who directed four episodes of "Breaking Bad". This is the first episode chronologically in which the name Saul Goodman is used.


title: Hero (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode received a positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews, it received a 95% approval rating with an average score of 8.19 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "'Hero' marks the essential early evolution of Saul's conning skills, beginning his amusing transformation into the well-known "Breaking Bad" personality."


title: Teesta River

text: Teesta River is a long river that rises in the Pauhunri Mountain of eastern Himalayas, flows through the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal through Rangpur, and enters the Bay of Bengal. It drains an area of . In India, it flows through Mangan District, Gangtok District, Pakyong District, Kalimpong district, Darjeeling District, Jalpaiguri District, Cooch Behar districts and the cities of Rangpo, Jalpaiguri and Mekhliganj, Rangpur. It joins the Brahmaputra River at Phulchhari Upazila in Bangladesh. of the river lies in India and in Bangladesh. Teesta is the largest river of Sikkim and second largest river of West Bengal after the Ganges.


title: Teesta River

text: The Teesta River originates from Teesta Khangtse Glacier, west of Pahunri (or Teesta Kangse) glacier above , and flows southward through gorges and rapids in the Sikkim Himalaya.


title: Teesta River

text: It is fed by streams from Tso Lhamo Lake, Gurudongmar Lake and rivulets arising in the Thangu Valley, Yumthang Valley of Flowers, Dikchu and Donkha mountain ranges. The river then flows past the towns of Chungthang, Singhik, Mangan, Dikchu, Makha where some major tributaries like Kanaka river joins and reaches Singtam, where it is spanned by scenic Indreni Bridge. Also in Singtam, a large tributary of Teesta called Ranikhola joins and then descends towards Bardang, Majitar, Mining where ot is spanned by Rangpo - Mining Teesta Bridge and reaches the city of Rangpo where Rangpo River, the second largest tributary of Teesta joins. From here river Teesta forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal up to Teesta Bazaar via Melli. Just before the Teesta Bridge, where the roads from Kalimpong and Darjeeling join, the river is met by its largest tributary, the Rangeet River.


title: Teesta River

text: At this point, it changes course southwards flowing into West Bengal. The river hits the plains at Sevoke, northeast of Siliguri, where it is spanned by the Coronation Bridge and Sevoke Railway Bridge linking the northeast states to the rest of India. After crossing Sevoke, the river is fed by some small tributaries like Chel Khola, Neora Khola, Leesh Khola etc, and than reaches Gajoldoba where there is Teesta Barrage. The river then flows through Jalpaiguri, where there is Jalpaiguri Teesta Bridge which links Northeastern States. The river flows further down through Mekhliganj and Haldibari in Cooch Behar district, where it is spanned by Joyee Setu, the longest roadway bridge of West Bengal.


title: Teesta River

text: Here the river completes its journey in India and enters Bangladesh in Dahagram, Rangpur Division. The river descends towards Barakhata, where there is Teesta Barrage of Bangladesh. Further it reaches Rangpur and Lalmonirhat town in Lalmonirhat District and Nilphamari District. After crossing Tepamadhupur Bazaar, Nagrakura Bazaar, Sundarganj and Bozra Bazaar, river Teesta joins Brahmaputra River at Haripur Port near Gaibandha, Phulchhari Upazila in Kurigram District of Bangladesh.


title: Teesta River

text: Through its course, the Teesta river has carved out ravines and gorges in Sikkim meandering through the hills with the hill station of Kalimpong lying just off the river and the city of Siliguri at the foothills of Himalaya. Variegated vegetation can be seen along this route. At lower elevations, tropical deciduous trees and shrubs cover the surrounding hills; alpine vegetation is seen at the upper altitudes. The river is flanked by white sand which is used by the construction industry in the region. Large boulders in and around the waters make it ideal for rafting enthusiasts.


title: Teesta River

text: Between Rangpo town and the railway bridge (popularly called Lohapul or iron bridge) on it as it enters the plains at Sevoke, the Teesta flows with a very strong current, ideal for white river rafting. Towns like Teesta Bazaar and Melli have facilities for group rafting. Though the river looks innocuous, the underlying current is very strong. In 1915, G.P. Robertson, the then Municipal Engineer of Darjeeling, drowned after losing control of the boat in the turbulence while surveying the river. The boat struck a partially hidden boulder and was sucked in by a whirlpool, leaving no trace of the occupants.


title: Teesta River

text: During the monsoon, Teesta river distends its banks; both in size and turbulence. Landslides in this region often dam up parts of the river in this season. It has also caused severe flooding, multiple times during monsoon in Bangladesh.


title: Teesta River

text: In the past, the Teesta flowed south from Jalpaiguri in three channels: the Punarbhaba, Atrai and Karatoya Rivers. The Teesta changed course as a result of the flooding of 1787, turning southeast to become part of the Brahmaputra.


title: Teesta River

text: India has an estimated total hydroelectric power potential of 84 GW at 60% load factor. Of this, Sikkim's potential share is 2.9%, or about 4.29 GW.


title: Teesta River

text: The other three completed projects are significantly smaller and minor—Lower Lagyap, Upper Rongni Chhu and Mayang Chhu projects.


title: Teesta River

text: Disputes over the appropriate allocation and development of the water resources of the river have remained a subject of conflict between India and Bangladesh for almost 35 years, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.


title: Teesta River

text: Negotiations have been going on since 1983. In 1983, a temporary solution had been worked out— Bangladesh would get 36%, India would get 39% while the rest of the water remained unallocated. Both countries signed a water sharing treaty in 1996 which would look into water sharing between the two countries in general following the Ganges water dispute. The water sharing remains a challenge.


title: Teesta River

text: Teesta river area is in the seismically active Zone-V and has experienced micro-seismic activity. According to India's Ministry of Environment & Forests, the Teesta river dam projects have been approved with the requirement that they adopt suitable seismic coefficient in the design for the dam, tunnel, surge shaft and power house. The projects are cascaded over the length of the river, do not store large amounts water, have small reservoirs, and therefore the projects are expected to have very low risk from the reservoir induced seismicity in the area.


title: Teesta River

text: The Teesta river has preserved good imprints of climatic and tectonics along its valleys and catchments. The interrelationship between climate, erosion, deposition and tectonic activities is not properly understood to date. These are being studied.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies or frequency bands. However, filters do not exclusively act in the frequency domain; especially in the field of image processing many other targets for filtering exist. Correlations can be removed for certain frequency components and not for others without having to act in the frequency domain. Filters are widely used in electronics and telecommunication, in radio, television, audio recording, radar, control systems, music synthesis, image processing, and computer graphics.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: There are many different bases of classifying filters and these overlap in many different ways; there is no simple hierarchical classification. Filters may be:


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Linear continuous-time circuit is perhaps the most common meaning for filter in the signal processing world, and simply "filter" is often taken to be synonymous. These circuits are generally designed to remove certain frequencies and allow others to pass. Circuits that perform this function are generally linear in their response, or at least approximately so. Any nonlinearity would potentially result in the output signal containing frequency components not present in the input signal.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: The modern design methodology for linear continuous-time filters is called network synthesis. Some important filter families designed in this way are:


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: The difference between these filter families is that they all use a different polynomial function to approximate to the ideal filter response. This results in each having a different transfer function.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Another older, less-used methodology is the image parameter method. Filters designed by this methodology are archaically called "wave filters". Some important filters designed by this method are:


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Many telecommunication systems use frequency-division multiplexing, where the system designers divide a wide frequency band into many narrower frequency bands called "slots" or "channels", and each stream of information is allocated one of those channels.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: The people who design the filters at each transmitter and each receiver try to balance passing the desired signal through as accurately as possible, keeping interference to and from other cooperating transmitters and noise sources outside the system as low as possible, at reasonable cost.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Multilevel and multiphase digital modulation systems require filters that have flat phase delay—are linear phase in the passband—to preserve pulse integrity in the time domain,


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: On the other hand, analog audio systems using analog transmission can tolerate much larger ripples in phase delay, and so designers of such systems often deliberately sacrifice linear phase to get filters that are better in other ways—better stop-band rejection, lower passband amplitude ripple, lower cost, etc.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Filters can be built in a number of different technologies. The same transfer function can be realised in several different ways, that is the mathematical properties of the filter are the same but the physical properties are quite different. Often the components in different technologies are directly analogous to each other and fulfill the same role in their respective filters. For instance, the resistors, inductors and capacitors of electronics correspond respectively to dampers, masses and springs in mechanics. Likewise, there are corresponding components in distributed-element filters.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Digital signal processing allows the inexpensive construction of a wide variety of filters. The signal is sampled and an analog-to-digital converter turns the signal into a stream of numbers. A computer program running on a CPU or a specialized DSP (or less often running on a hardware implementation of the algorithm) calculates an output number stream. This output can be converted to a signal by passing it through a digital-to-analog converter. There are problems with noise introduced by the conversions, but these can be controlled and limited for many useful filters. Due to the sampling involved, the input signal must be of limited frequency content or aliasing will occur.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: In the late 1930s, engineers realized that small mechanical systems made of rigid materials such as quartz would acoustically resonate at radio frequencies, i.e. from audible frequencies (sound) up to several hundred megahertz. Some early resonators were made of steel, but quartz quickly became favored. The biggest advantage of quartz is that it is piezoelectric. This means that quartz resonators can directly convert their own mechanical motion into electrical signals. Quartz also has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion which means that quartz resonators can produce stable frequencies over a wide temperature range. Quartz crystal filters have much higher quality factors than LCR filters. When higher stabilities are required, the crystals and their driving circuits may be mounted in a "crystal oven" to control the temperature. For very narrow band filters, sometimes several crystals are operated in series.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: A large number of crystals can be collapsed into a single component, by mounting comb-shaped evaporations of metal on a quartz crystal. In this scheme, a "tapped delay line" reinforces the desired frequencies as the sound waves flow across the surface of the quartz crystal. The tapped delay line has become a general scheme of making high-"Q" filters in many different ways.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: SAW (surface acoustic wave) filters are electromechanical devices commonly used in radio frequency applications. Electrical signals are converted to a mechanical wave in a device constructed of a piezoelectric crystal or ceramic; this wave is delayed as it propagates across the device, before being converted back to an electrical signal by further electrodes. The delayed outputs are recombined to produce a direct analog implementation of a finite impulse response filter. This hybrid filtering technique is also found in an analog sampled filter.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: SAW filters are limited to frequencies up to 3 GHz. The filters were developed by Professor Ted Paige and others.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: BAW (bulk acoustic wave) filters are electromechanical devices. BAW filters can implement ladder or lattice filters. BAW filters typically operate at frequencies from around 2 to around 16 GHz, and may be smaller or thinner than equivalent SAW filters. Two main variants of BAW filters are making their way into devices: thin-film bulk acoustic resonator or FBAR and solid mounted bulk acoustic resonators (SMRs).


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Another method of filtering, at microwave frequencies from 800 MHz to about 5 GHz, is to use a synthetic single crystal yttrium iron garnet sphere made of a chemical combination of yttrium and iron (YIGF, or yttrium iron garnet filter). The garnet sits on a strip of metal driven by a transistor, and a small loop antenna touches the top of the sphere. An electromagnet changes the frequency that the garnet will pass. The advantage of this method is that the garnet can be tuned over a very wide frequency by varying the strength of the magnetic field.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: For even higher frequencies and greater precision, the vibrations of atoms must be used. Atomic clocks use caesium masers as ultra-high "Q" filters to stabilize their primary oscillators. Another method, used at high, fixed frequencies with very weak radio signals, is to use a ruby maser tapped delay line.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: The transfer function of a filter is most often defined in the domain of the complex frequencies. The back and forth passage to/from this domain is operated by the Laplace transform and its inverse (therefore, here below, the term "input signal" shall be understood as "the Laplace transform of" the time representation of the input signal, and so on).


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: The transfer function formula_1 of a filter is the ratio of the output signal formula_2 to the input signal formula_3 as a function of the complex frequency formula_4:


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Distributed-element filters do not, in general, have rational-function transfer functions, but can approximate them.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: The construction of a transfer function involves the Laplace transform, and therefore it is needed to assume null initial conditions, because


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: An alternative to transfer functions is to give the behavior of the filter as a convolution of the time-domain input with the filter's impulse response. The convolution theorem, which holds for Laplace transforms, guarantees equivalence with transfer functions.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Certain filters may be specified by family and bandform. A filter's family is specified by the approximating polynomial used, and each leads to certain characteristics of the transfer function of the filter. Some common filter families and their particular characteristics are:


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Each family of filters can be specified to a particular order. The higher the order, the more the filter will approach the "ideal" filter; but also the longer the impulse response is and the longer the latency will be. An ideal filter has full transmission in the pass band, complete attenuation in the stop band, and an abrupt transition between the two bands, but this filter has infinite order (i.e., the response cannot be expressed as a linear differential equation with a finite sum) and infinite latency (i.e., its compact support in the Fourier transform forces its time response to be ever lasting).


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Here is an image comparing Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic filters. The filters in this illustration are all fifth-order low-pass filters. The particular implementation – analog or digital, passive or active – makes no difference; their output would be the same. As is clear from the image, elliptic filters are sharper than the others, but they show ripples on the whole bandwidth.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Any family can be used to implement a particular bandform of which frequencies are transmitted, and which, outside the passband, are more or less attenuated. The transfer function completely specifies the behavior of a linear filter, but not the particular technology used to implement it. In other words, there are a number of different ways of achieving a particular transfer function when designing a circuit. A particular bandform of filter can be obtained by transformation of a prototype filter of that family.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Impedance matching structures invariably take on the form of a filter, that is, a network of non-dissipative elements. For instance, in a passive electronics implementation, it would likely take the form of a ladder topology of inductors and capacitors. The design of matching networks shares much in common with filters and the design invariably will have a filtering action as an incidental consequence. Although the prime purpose of a matching network is not to filter, it is often the case that both functions are combined in the same circuit. The need for impedance matching does not arise while signals are in the digital domain.


title: Filter (signal processing)

text: Similar comments can be made regarding power dividers and directional couplers. When implemented in a distributed-element format, these devices can take the form of a distributed-element filter. There are four ports to be matched and widening the bandwidth requires filter-like structures to achieve this. The inverse is also true: distributed-element filters can take the form of coupled lines.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Patricia Ann Cole (born October 3, 1946), known professionally as P. P. Arnold, is an American soul singer. Arnold began her career as an Ikette with the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1965. The following year she relocated to London to pursue a solo career. Arnold enjoyed considerable success in the United Kingdom with her singles "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (1967) and "Angel of the Morning" (1968).


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Arnold was born into a family of gospel singers, and performed as a vocal soloist for the first time when she was four years old. Her family lived in the African-American Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. She married early and had two children, Kevin and Debbie. Arnold worked two jobs, one in an office and the other in food manufacturing.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 1965, Maxine Smith, an ex-girlfriend of her brother, contacted her with an offer. Smith and her friend Gloria Scott had managed to arrange an audition for three girls to replace the original Ikettes, the dancer/singer troupe that provided vocal and dance accompaniment for the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Smith contacted Arnold, whom she knew to be a singer. At the audition the three young women were offered the job on the spot, but Smith persuaded Arnold to attend a concert in Fresno that night before making a final decision. When she arrived home at 6:00 the next morning, Arnold's furious husband hit her. She left him immediately, and after placing her children in the care of her parents, joined the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: As an Ikette, Arnold sang lead on the 1966 single "What'cha Gonna Do (When I Leave You)", backed by Brenda Holloway and Patrice Holloway for Phil Spector's Phi-Dan Records. Arnold sang backing vocals on the Ike Turner produced side of the album "River Deep – Mountain High". She also appeared in the 1966 concert film, "The Big T.N.T Show". Arnold quit the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in the fall of 1966 after their tour with the Rolling Stones in the UK. She remained in London to establish a solo career, with the encouragement of Mick Jagger. Arnold noted the difference between how she had been treated in America and how she was received in England, saying, "A young black woman on her own in America in a white environment would not have been treated as well as I was in England." Her friendship with Jagger helped her land a solo contract with Immediate Records, a label founded by Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Arnold enjoyed several major British hits on Immediate Records, including songs written for her by Paul Korda, who wrote "The Time Has Come" and released the solo album "The First Lady of Immediate". She also recorded songs written by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane from labelmates Small Faces, who backed her on several recordings; Arnold had a brief romantic liaison with Marriott in 1967. She toured with the Small Faces during 1967–68, made several TV appearances with them, and featured as backing vocalist on two of their biggest hits, "Itchycoo Park" and "Tin Soldier". In 1968 she released the ambitious solo album Kafunta, with orchestral arrangements by John Paul Jones (musician) and including self-penned songs and covers such as "Angel of the Morning" and "Eleanor Rigby", Other credits in this period include her duet with Rod Stewart on the single "Come Home Baby" (produced by Mick Jagger on Immediate Records, with Ron Wood on guitar, Keith Richards on bass, Nicky Hopkins on electric piano, Keith Emerson on Hammond organ and the Georgie Fame Brass Section), as well as Chris Farlowe's version of the Motown standard "Reach Out (I'll Be There)" (with Albert Lee on guitar and Carl Palmer on drums).


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Her first backing band, the Blue Jays, had been inherited from American soul singer Ronnie Jones and included former Bluesbreakers guitarist Roger Dean. This was followed by the Nice, whose line-up was Keith Emerson on organ, who had just quit the VIPs (later to be known as Spooky Tooth), David O'List on guitar, Lee Jackson on bass and Ian Hague on drums. During this period she scored several hits, including the original version of Cat Stevens' song "The First Cut Is the Deepest" and "Angel of the Morning", plus the Marriott-Lane song "(If You Think You're) Groovy".


title: P. P. Arnold

text: After the collapse of Immediate Records in the late 1960s, Arnold signed a production contract with the Robert Stigwood Organisation and released two singles on the Polydor label, produced by Barry Gibb, but a planned album with Gibb was never completed. Between 1969 and 1970, she recorded eleven songs which were produced by Gibb himself but only two of the songs "Bury Me Down By the River" and "Give a Hand, Take a Hand" were released. In February 1970, she sang harmony vocals on the song "Born" which was included on Gibb's debut solo album "The Kid's No Good".


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 1970 Arnold moved to the musical stage, appearing alongside P.J. Proby in the rock musical "Catch My Soul". She then formed a new backing band that included the future members of Ashton, Gardner and Dyke, plus Steve Howe, who would soon join Yes. During this period she renewed her association with Steve Marriott, recording and touring with his new band Humble Pie ("Rock On"), as well as contributing session musician backing vocals for many notable UK and US recordings including the original 1970 album recording of the rock musical "Jesus Christ Superstar", Nick Drake's "Poor Boy", and recordings by Dr. John, Graham Nash, Gary Wright, Manassas, Nektar, Jimmy Witherspoon, Nils Lofgren and Eric Burdon. She toured with Eric Clapton, who also produced a number of unreleased sessions with her; during these sessions she met American bassist Fuzzy Samuels of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, and they subsequently became involved romantically and had a son, Kodzo. In 1974 she sang on Freddie King's album "Burglar". Feeling out of place in the rapidly changing British music scene of the mid-1970s, Arnold and Samuels returned to her hometown of Los Angeles. While they were living there, Arnold's relationship with Samuels ended; just two weeks after the split, her daughter Debbie was killed in a car accident. After her daughter's death, Arnold withdrew from public life for some time, not re-emerging until 1978. At this time she was reunited with Barry Gibb, who wanted to complete the never-finished solo album for her. In the event, Arnold was able to release these recordings only in 2017, on her album "The Turning Tide".


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 1981 Arnold returned to the US, moving to Hollywood, but returned to England the following year to raise her younger son there. She began working with leading British reggae band Steel Pulse and returned to the charts in both the UK and Australia on the hit 1983 cover version of the Staple Singers "Respect Yourself", recorded with British electropop group Kane Gang, which reached #21 in Britain and #19 in Australia.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 1984, she returned to the stage in the cast of the musical "Starlight Express" as Belle the Sleeping Car, after which she worked with a number of noted British acts including Boy George as well as working on several film soundtracks. Weeks before beginning a tour with Billy Ocean, her legs were badly injured in a car accident. She went ahead with the Ocean tour, at first appearing on crutches, but her injuries eventually forced her to leave the tour after ten weeks. Without a record contract and unable to play live, Arnold survived by doing sessions for advertising jingles. In 1986 she returned to the rock scene, featuring prominently as a backing vocalist on Peter Gabriel's worldwide hit "Sledgehammer". This was followed by a successful collaboration with The Beatmasters on the retro-styled Acid House hit "Burn It Up", which reached #14 in Britain in October 1988, and became her third hit to spend 10 weeks or more on the UK Singles Chart. "Burn It Up" was included on the Beatmasters' album "Anywayawanna". During the late 1980s and 1990s Arnold resumed an active career as a session vocalist, and her credits in this period included The KLF ("What Time Is Love?", "3 A.M Eternal"), Nina Hagen, Roger Waters ("Amused to Death"), and Graham Parker. In 1989 she reunited with her old friend Steve Marriott to record his solo album "30 Seconds to Midnite", which proved to be their final collaboration; Marriott died in a house fire in 1991. She then worked with the UK Hardcore group Altern 8 on their single "E-Vapor-8" in 1992, and was featured in the video.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 1994, she joined the cast of the award-winning musical "Once on This Island" as Erzulie, beautiful Goddess of Love. While the production was playing in Birmingham she met leading UK band Ocean Colour Scene, one of the new wave of latter-day mod groups who (like their mentor Paul Weller), idolised the Small Faces. In 1995 Arnold joined forces with Primal Scream to record a blistering cover version of the Small Faces' song "Understanding", the opening track of the various artists Small Faces tribute album "Long Agos and Worlds Apart". Following her earlier meeting with Ocean Colour Scene with whom Arnold would eventually form a close friendship she appeared on their 1997 album "Marchin Already" which reached Number 1 in the UK album charts lending backing vocals to single "Travellers Tune" and duet lead vocals alongside Simon Fowler on 1998 single "It's a Beautiful Thing".


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Arnold joined forces with Chaz Jankel, former pianist with Ian Dury and the Blockheads. This was followed by an invitation to tour widely with Roger Waters. She was a backup vocalist on his 1999–2002 tour "In the Flesh" (also on the CD and DVD of the same name), as well as the 2006–2008 tour, "Dark Side of the Moon Live". Her version of "The First Cut Is the Deepest" was featured in the soundtrack of the 2012 movie "Seven Psychopaths".


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 2001 Arnold released her full Immediate Records discography on the album "The First Cut (The Immediate Anthology)". It includes her famous albums "The First Lady of Immediate" and "Kafunta" in addition to several singles. A chance encounter at a party led to Blow Monkeys frontman Dr Robert on their 2007 album "Five in the Afternoon". In 2009 she toured the UK with Geno Washington and Jimmy James on the Flying Music 'This Is Soul Tour' and has since toured around the UK in her own. In 2012 she toured the UK with Maddy Prior, Jerry Donahue, Dave Swarbrick, and Thea Gilmore. In 2013 Arnold participated in the project "The Band of Sisters" with David Mindel, a British songwriter, jingle writer and composer of music for film and television. It brought together Arnold, Mim Grey, Tessa Niles, Lynda Hayes, Stevie Lange and Mandy Bell on the album called "Issues". In 2015 Arnold embarked on her first solo tour in Cape Town, South Africa. Arnold was then featured in the "Small Faces" musical "All or Nothing" at the Vault Theater Waterloo in which her love affair with Steve Marriott was documented.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 2017 P. P. Arnold finally released her Heritage recordings in album. "The Turning Tide" is a collection of songs recorded between 1968 and 1970. Produced by Barry Gibb and Eric Clapton, the album was aborted and remained unfinished until 2017. In 2017 she celebrated her 50th Anniversary in the music industry with a fall tour that coincided with the release of "The Turning Tide". She also sang backing vocals alongside Madeline Bell, for the first track "Woo Sé Mama" on Paul Weller's album "A Kind Revolution" released May 2017.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 2018 Arnold went on two tours in Australia: in May she went on first ever solo tour of Australia and New Zealand backed by Tim Rogers, the front man for the rock band You Am I, and Davey Lane and Rusty Hopkinson, also members of the band; in November she returned to Australia for the second tour, The Return of PP Arnold, where she performed with You Am I once again with James Black & The Wolfgramm Sisters. she also was a special guest on the RocKwiz Tour 2019, where she performed with Rockwiz Orchestra.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In August 2019, Arnold released her fourth solo album "The New Adventures Of... P.P. Arnold". The album was recorded and produced by life-long P.P. enthusiast, OCS star and Paul Weller band guitarist Steve Cradock at his Kundalini Studio in Devon, and follows on—after a 51-year gap – from the singer's first two solo albums on Immediate Records, "The First Lady of Immediate" and "Kafunta", as well as a more recent compilation of previously unreleased material from the late '60s and '70s, "The Turning Tide". The album spans from classic orchestral soul to house music, ending with a 10-minute reading of Bob Dylan's poem "The Last Thoughts On Woody Guthrie". Arnold explained: "I've got this huge catalogue of records I've sung on, but I have only released two albums – and they've stood the test of time."


title: P. P. Arnold

text: On 8 May 2020, The Fratellis released their single 'Strangers In The Street' on which Arnold performed lead vocals.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Arnold became pregnant at the age of 15 which resulted in her first marriage. She had two children, Kevin and Debbie, with her husband. Her husband was abusive, and she left him to become an Ikette while her mother cared for her children. Her daughter Debbie died in the mid-1970s in a car accident.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: In 1968, Arnold married her second husband Jim Morris at Guildford Town Hall in Surrey. Barry Gibb was the best man at their wedding. Morris worked for Robert Stigwood as a driver and assistant. Arnold met him through Kim Gardner. They divorced after two years, but remained friends.


title: P. P. Arnold

text: Arnold has a son, Kodzo, from her relationship with musician Calvin "Fuzzy" Samuel. Kodzo is musical director for Jessie J and Jess Glynne. He is credited as a songwriter on Arnold's 2019 album, "The New Adventures of... P.P. Arnold".


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Joseph Timothy "Tim" Thomerson (born April 8, 1946) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Jack Deth in the "Trancers" film series and for his work in numerous low-budget features and for his comedic television roles.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Tim Thomerson was born in Coronado, California. He was brought up in both Hawaii and in San Diego. Following a stint in the Army National Guard, where he served as a cook in a tank company with actor Brion James, Thomerson chose to become an actor, while taking a job as a set builder and prop man at San Diego's Old Globe Theatre, famous for its Shakespearean productions.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Following college, Thomerson began a career as a stand-up comedian, honing his skills. He appeared in comedy clubs that included The Bitter End in Greenwich Village, The Improv in Los Angeles, and Catch a Rising Star in New York City.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: When Thomerson moved into comedy, he found himself in a boom period alongside the likes of David Letterman, Jay Leno, and Freddie Prinze. In Los Angeles, he became a regular at the Comedy Store and the Improv, as well as making numerous appearances on television variety shows and in Las Vegas.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Thomerson has had a very long career in television and appeared in scores of films since the 1970s; he had a memorable minor role in "Car Wash" and played criminal psychologist Jerry Moriarity in the slasher film "Fade to Black" (1980).


title: Tim Thomerson

text: In 1985, Thomerson starred as the time-traveling future cop Jack Deth in the low-budget science fiction film "Trancers", produced by Charles Band and Empire Pictures. The role made him an icon of the B-movie genre, and led to Thomerson building a working relationship with the Bands. He was supposed to appear in the feature "Pulse Pounders", but it was ultimately never completed.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: In 1986, Thomerson reunited with a few of his "Trancers" co-stars for the World War II science fiction film "Zone Troopers"; he also appeared in the vampire film "Near Dark". He played a villain opposite Melanie Griffith's heroine in the science fiction film "Cherry 2000". He also played Major Dan Hackett in the Disney made-for-TV movie, "The B.R.A.T. Patrol", starring opposite Sean Astin, Nia Long, and Brian Keith.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: When Charles Band started Full Moon Features in the late 1980s, one of his first projects was the sequel "Trancers II" (1991), in which he reunited Thomerson with much of the cast from the first film. Thomerson would later appear in each of the sequels except "Trancers 6", it starred Zette Sullivan in her only lead role and used archive footage of Thomerson to enhance the film's storyline.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: He appeared in NBC's television film "The Incredible Hulk Returns" (1988) as The Hulk's opponent, Jack LeBeau.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Another film role making Thomerson popular with science fiction fans was that of Brick Bardo in "Dollman" (1991), a Dirty Harry-like alien cop who is only tall; he uses his blaster to take on gangsters and devil-possessed toys. The character also appeared briefly in "Bad Channels". He appeared in such feature films as "Uncommon Valor", "Air America", "Volunteers", "Who's Harry Crumb?", "Iron Eagle", and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas".


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Television roles included "Tour of Duty", "21 Jump Street" and "Major Dad". He played Colonel Savage of the Missouri Militia in "The Young Riders" (1989). In the 1990s, he was a series regular on the TV police drama "Sirens", followed by a regular, co-starring role on the series "Land's End".


title: Tim Thomerson

text: One of Thomerson's early acting breaks came from director Robert Altman who, after seeing Thomerson's stand-up act, cast him in the film "A Wedding". Thomerson first came to prominence in the short-lived comedy science-fiction TV series "Quark" in 1977–78, as Gene/Jean, a character of dual gender who randomly switched between the two.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Thomerson's most famous film role is that of Jack Deth, the hero of Charles Band's "Trancers" science fiction series. Playing against his comedic roots, Thomerson played Deth as a hard-nosed epitome of machismo, like Clint Eastwood in the "Dirty Harry" cop films. The Jack Deth character continued in four more sequels throughout the 1990s. A fifth sequel, "Trancers 6", was made and released in 2002 without Thomerson.


title: Tim Thomerson

text: Other career highlights include Babo in the adventure film "Air America" with Mel Gibson and Robert Downey, Jr., grimy mercenary Rhodes in "", and a scruffy motorcyclist in Terry Gilliam's "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". Thomerson was a stock player for directors Michael Worth and Albert Pyun.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics, known as 51 Worldwide Games in Europe and Australia, is a party video game developed by NDcube and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. This game is a successor to "Clubhouse Games" (2005) for the Nintendo DS and is a compilation of board, card, tabletop, and toy sports games from around the world. It was released worldwide on June 5, 2020, and more than 4.22 million copies have been sold worldwide by April 2022.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: Upon starting the game, the player chooses a toy figurine as an avatar and assigns a favorite game to it. This allows other players to see a globe where they can pick that game. These figurines act as guides for the games and offer trivia on the game, such as its history.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: The compilation of 51 games includes a variety of board, card, tabletop, and toy sports games such as Yacht Dice, Four-in-a-Row, Backgammon, Renegade, Checkers, Chess, Dominoes, Hanafuda, President, Golf, Fishing, Bowling, Darts, and Toy Baseball. Additionally, there is a bonus Piano game included. Various games allow for motion control through the use of the Joy-Con controllers. In solo play, the player plays against CPU opponents if required and can change the difficulty accordingly. An unlockable "Mario"-themed card deck can be used for certain card games.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: Multiple games allow for motion control with the use of the Joy-Con. In solo play, the player plays against CPU opponents (if the game requires them) and can change the difficulty accordingly. Multiplayer games can be played locally in single-system play (with some exceptions) or via local wireless depending on the game. A multiplayer mode called "Mosaic Mode" allows for multiple Nintendo Switch consoles to link together to display one larger multi-monitor picture in games like Slot Cars, where one track is displayed over four screens. Most of the games included can be played online, either with matchmaking modes or lobbies with friends.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: "Clubhouse Games Guest Pass", known as "Local Multiplayer Guest Edition" in PAL regions and "Pocket Edition" in Japan, is a free application on the Nintendo eShop which includes all 52 games but with only Dominoes, Four-in-a-Row, President, and Slot Cars available in single player mode. It allows players to create lobbies with others who own the free application, and it allows them to join lobbies hosted by players who own the full game and play any of the multiplayer games available.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: "Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics" was developed by NDcube, who had previously developed "Super Mario Party" for the Nintendo Switch. The game was announced in a Nintendo Direct Mini presentation held on March 26, 2020, with a trailer revealing the complete list of games featured in the compilation. A follow up overview trailer was released in Japan on April 28, 2020, and in North America on May 18, 2020. Certain game elements resemble those seen in the Wii U's E3 2011 reveal trailer, in which Renegade, Checkers, and Chess were shown on the Wii U GamePad. The courses in Golf are recreations of the nine holes from "Wii Sports", which themselves were inspired by the courses from "Golf" for the NES.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: On July 13, 2020, Nintendo published the global popularity statistics of each game, with 1.5 million players of Dots and Boxes .


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: The game received generally positive reviews, mostly attributed to the presentation, the selection of games available, the large focus on single player content, online features, and matchmaking. The AI for the game was also praised as surprisingly tough. Ben Kuchera of "Polygon" praised the game selection in a simple package and the tutorials. Christian Donlan of "Eurogamer" praised the presentation, polish, and atmosphere. Chris Scullion of "Nintendo Life" commended the online matchmaking's attempt to not keep players waiting by cuing other players in on what games they selected. Common complaints included a lack of 3-to-4 player multiplayer game options, omissions of certain games, obnoxious dialogue and voice acting, and a lack of support for all Nintendo Switch play styles.


title: Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics

text: The game reached the top 10 of sales charts for the week of June 1–7, 2020 in Japan with 64,443 copies sold, placing second behind "". Nintendo revealed that total worldwide sales had reached 4.22 million copies as of March 31, 2022, making it the 21st best-selling game on the Nintendo Switch.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: The Conquest of Bread (; , "Bread and Freedom"; in contemporary spelling), also known colloquially as The Bread Book, is an 1892 book by the Russian anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin. Originally written in French, it first appeared as a series of articles in the anarchist journal "Le Révolté". It was first published in Paris with a preface by Élisée Reclus, who also suggested the title. Between 1892 and 1894, it was serialized in part in the London journal "Freedom", of which Kropotkin was a co-founder.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: In the work, Kropotkin points out what he considers to be the defects of the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism and why he believes they thrive on and maintain poverty and scarcity. He goes on to propose a more decentralized economic system based on mutual aid and voluntary cooperation, asserting that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: "The" "Conquest of Bread" has become a classic of political anarchist literature. It was heavily influential on both the Spanish Civil War and the Occupy movement.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: In 1886, Peter Kropotkin was released from French prison. Fearful of the anarchist scare that was gripping continental Europe following the assassination of Alexander II and wishing to focus more time on composing theory and arguing for his revolutionary ideals, Kropotkin moved to London in the same year. Following the death of Mikhail Bakunin in 1876, anarchists desired a prominent and respected theorist to explain their ideas and—after the splitting of the First International between Marxists and anarchists—Kropotkin wished to formally explain anarcho-communism in a way that would clearly differentiate the anarchists from the Marxists, but also help to correct what he saw as flaws in Bakunin's ideology of collectivist anarchism. With this aim, Kropotkin spent a great deal of time in London writing multiple books and pamphlets, in between his international speaking tours to the United States and Canada. It was during this time of rapid literary output that Kropotkin wrote "The Conquest of Bread", which became his most well-known attempt to systematically explain the essential parts of anarcho-communism.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Kropotkin originally wrote the text in French and published in the French journal "Le Révolté," where he served as the primary editor. Following its publication in France, Kropotkin published a serialized version in English in the London anarchist journal "Freedom". The book would later be collected and published as a book in France in 1892 and in England in 1906.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: The publication of the text was a watershed moment in anarchist history since it was the first time that a completed and in-depth theoretical work of anarcho-communist theory was available to the public. The publication of the text shifted the focus of anarchism from individualist, mutualist and collectivist strains to social and communist tendencies. This shift would prove to be one of the most enduring changes in the history of anarchism as anarchism developed throughout the 20th century with Kropotkin and "The Conquest of Bread" as firm reference points.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Throughout the first three chapters, Kropotkin constructs an argument for the common ownership of all intellectual and useful property due to the collective work that went into creating it. Kropotkin does not argue that the product of a worker's labor should belong to the worker. Instead, Kropotkin asserts that every individual product is essentially the work of everyone since every individual relies on the intellectual and physical labor of those who came before them as well as those who built the world around them. Because of this, Kropotkin proclaims that every human deserves an essential right to well-being because every human contributes to the collective social product:


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Kropotkin goes on to say that the central obstacle preventing humanity from claiming this right is the state's violent protection of private property. Kropotkin compares this relationship to feudalism, saying that even if the forms have changed, the essential relationship between the propertied and the landless is the same as the relationship between a feudal lord and their serfs. Kropotkin calls for the destruction of the state and the expropriation of all property into the commons, where the right to well-being can be achieved for all people.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Throughout the middle of the book, Kropotkin sketches a picture of what he feels an anarcho-communist society could look like. He points to the huge levels of production that modern industrial society achieved in terms of food production, clothing production, and housing production, and he uses this as evidence of the feasibility of an anarcho-communist society. More than enough of the essentials are produced for all people, Kropotkin argues; if they were only distributed properly, nobody would have any unmet needs. Kropotkin further argues that with the level of production output being so high people should not have to work more than five hours a day and they should be able to reduce that as much as possible, giving them free time for leisure, socialization, and to work on innovations that would reduce their labor.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Near the end of this section, Kropotkin discusses luxury items, recognizing that they are a necessity for a good life and affirming that luxury items would still be produced, even if production was taken under the purview of common need. Kropotkin claims that luxury items would be produced on a collective basis by those most interested in their production. He uses an example of a group of pianists dedicating time to building luxury pianos with the help of a group of collective carpenters who are interested in carpentry. Kropotkin argues that this system of collective production could produce necessary luxury items—on top of the production of the necessities—for everybody to live a fulfilling life.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: In the final chapters, Kropotkin lays out what he feels will be prominent objections to his theory as well as his responses to them. He figures that many critics will claim that people are naturally lazy and they would not work without a profit incentive, even if it is only for five hours and for basic necessities. Kropotkin counters by saying that people are willing to work in jobs they enjoy and given the necessary free time to work on their own, with the guarantee of material stability, people will work willingly on collective gardens or in collective garment factories.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Near the end of the work, Kropotkin cautions against the state centralization of industry, warning people against more authoritarian strands of socialism and claiming that any revolution must guarantee bread and freedom to the workers and revolutionaries. He ends with a long chapter on agriculture, marveling at the many ways in which humans have cultivated and advanced agricultural production, dreaming about the ways that it could be used to feed everybody and guarantee a healthy and happy life for all people.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: "The Conquest of Bread" had an impact far exceeding Kropotkin's own lifetime, playing a prominent role in the anarchist militias of the Spanish Civil War as well as inspiring anarchist history, theory and praxis throughout the 20th century. After the failure of Marxism–Leninism in the Soviet Union, some thinkers came to regard the book as prophetic, with Kropotkin anticipating the many pitfalls and human rights abuses that would occur given the centralization of industry.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: After the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the subsequent Occupy movement, Kropotkin's work took on increased prominence. David Graeber, one of the intellectual leaders of the Occupy movement, cited Kropotkin directly as an inspiration for the world the Occupy protesters were attempting to create. In 2015, David Priestland, writing for "The Guardian", called for a renewed look at Kropotkin and "The Conquest of Bread" in the West, given the recent collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the global financial crisis of 2007–2008.


title: The Conquest of Bread

text: Since 2018, a loose group of left-leaning YouTube content creators have collectively been referred to as BreadTube, inspired by the title of the book. The term "breadpilled" refers to the act of becoming an anarcho-socialist, alluding to the red pill and blue pill from The Matrix.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Ada Nicodemou (Greek: Άντα Νικοδήμου) (born 14 May 1977) is an Australian actress of Greek Cypriot descent . She began her acting career in 1994 in TV serial "Heartbreak High" as Katerina Ioannou. She also starred in "Police Rescue" and "Breakers".


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: In 2000, Nicodemou joined the cast in the soap opera "Home and Away" as Leah Patterson, which gives her the distinction of being the third longest actor in an Australian TV soap opera, coincidently behind fellow Home and Away cast members Ray Meagher and Lynne McGranger


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Nicodemou was born on 14 May 1977 in Carlton, New South Wales. Nicodemou's parents were both migrants, who met in Australia. Her Greek Cypriot family comes from Limassol. Nicodemou grew up in Minto along with her younger brother. Nicodemou attended The Grange Public School, and the Johnny Young Talent School, where she learned to sing, dance and act.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Nicodemou began her acting career in 1994 when she was cast as Katerina Ioannou in ABC1's "Heartbreak High". Nicodemou was 16 when she successfully auditioned for the role. She was originally contracted to play the part for 12 weeks, but this was later extended.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Nicodemou also had starring roles on "Police Rescue", and Network Ten's "Breakers". In 1999, she played Dujour in the science fiction film "The Matrix". The following year, she appeared in an episode of children's series "BeastMaster".


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Nicodemou has played the role of Leah Patterson (nee Poulos) in the television soap opera "Home and Away" since 22 March 2000. Nicodemou originally auditioned for the role of Sarah Thompson in 1992, but Laura Vasquez was cast. She was later approached by the show's producers about the role of Leah. She was not asked to audition and was offered a six-month contract, which was soon extended. As of 2019, Nicodemou is one of the show's longest serving actors.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: In 2005, Nicodemou competed on and won the 3rd season of "Dancing with the Stars" with partner Aric Yegudkin. From 2012, Nicodemou hosted Channel Seven's reality series "Please Marry My Boy". She made a guest appearance in an episode of "Drop Dead Weird" in 2018.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: In February 2021, it was announced Nicodemou is a contestant on Seven's "Dancing with the Stars: All Stars" and will compete with her original partner Aric Yegudkin.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Nicodemou married Chrys Xipolitas in 2007. They separated in 2010, but reconciled the following month. On 22 August 2012, Nicodemou gave birth to the couple's first child, a son. In March 2014, it was announced that the couple were expecting their second child. On 7 August, Nicodemou revealed that their second son had been stillborn.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Nicodemou and Xipolitas separated in late 2015. Nicodemou has been in a relationship with businessman Adam Rigby since 2016.


title: Ada Nicodemou

text: Since 2005 Nicodemou has been an ambassador of the PixiFoto Foundation that raises funds for a Childhood Blindness Prevention program in Africa. She is also an ambassador for Save our Sons, a charity supporting Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. She is also a supporter of the Starlight Children's Foundation and Make-A-Wish Foundation Australia.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Pere Ubu is an American rock group formed in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1975. The band had a variety of long-term and recurring band members, with singer David Thomas being the only member staying throughout the band's lifetime. They released their debut album "The Modern Dance" in 1978 and followed with several more LPs before disbanding in 1982. Thomas reformed the group in 1987, continuing to record and tour.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Describing their sound as "avant-garage," Pere Ubu's work drew inspiration from sources such as musique concrète, 60s rock, performance art, and the industrial environments of the American Midwest. While the band achieved little commercial success, they have exerted a wide influence on subsequent underground music.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Rocket from the Tombs was a Cleveland-based group that eventually fragmented: some members formed the Dead Boys, and others The Saucers, while David Thomas and guitarist Peter Laughner joined with guitarist Tom Herman, bass guitarist Tim Wright, drummer Scott Krauss and synthesist Allen Ravenstine to form Pere Ubu in 1975. At the time the band formed, Herman, Krauss, and Ravenstine lived in a house owned by Ravenstine. The group's name is a reference to "Ubu Roi", an avant-garde play by French writer Alfred Jarry.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Pere Ubu's debut single (their first four records were singles on their own "Hearpen" label) was "30 Seconds Over Tokyo" (inspired by the "Doolittle Raid" and named after a film depicting the raid), backed with "Heart of Darkness"; followed by "Final Solution" in 1976. One review noted that "30 Seconds" "was clearly the work of a garage band, yet its arty dissonance and weird experimentalism were startlingly unique."


title: Pere Ubu

text: Laughner left the group after their first two singles, and died soon afterwards of acute pancreatic failure.


title: Pere Ubu

text: "Street Waves" b/w "My Dark Ages (I Don't Get Around)" was their third single, and after their fourth single, "The Modern Dance" b/w 'Heaven" (which was pressed in very small quantities and contained a completely different mix of "Modern Dance" from the album version), Pere Ubu signed to Blank Records, a short-lived imprint of Mercury Records.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Their debut album, "The Modern Dance" (1978), sold poorly, but has proven influential. Musicians of many types, including progressive rock, punk rock, post punk and new wave, were influenced by the dark, abstract record. With the song "Sentimental Journey," the debut also introduced the practice of re-appropriating titles from well-known popular songs: Pere Ubu's "Sentimental Journey" has no obvious relation to the Doris Day hit song of the same name; "Drinking Wine Spodyody" has no apparent connection to the Sticks McGhee song (later revived by Jerry Lee Lewis). This practice has continued through 2006's "Why I Hate Women", which has a song called "Blue Velvet" (again, no relation to the 1963 hit song by Bobby Vinton).


title: Pere Ubu

text: While most synthesizer players tended to play the instrument as they would a piano or organ, Ravenstine generally opted instead to make sounds that were reminiscent of spooky sound effects from 1950s science fiction films, or perhaps electronic music and musique concrète. One critic writes that Ravenstine "may be one of the all-time great synth players" and his playing has been called "utterly original".


title: Pere Ubu

text: Pere Ubu's second and third albums, "Dub Housing" and "New Picnic Time", followed with much the same reaction.


title: Pere Ubu

text: The group briefly disbanded in 1979, but reformed soon afterwards with Herman replaced by Mayo Thompson (of Red Krayola).


title: Pere Ubu

text: "The Art of Walking" (1980) featured Thompson on guitar. For the next original album, "Song of the Bailing Man" (1982), Krauss was replaced by Anton Fier.


title: Pere Ubu

text: The group disbanded again soon afterwards; Krauss and Maimone formed Home and Garden, while Thomas worked on a solo career, notably with Richard Thompson and with members of Henry Cow.


title: Pere Ubu

text: By the late 1980s, one of Thomas's solo projects eventually featured much of Pere Ubu. The band was reformed again in 1987, with Jim Jones and Chris Cutler joining for the release of "The Tenement Year" (1988), a far more pop-oriented album than ever before. The following year, "Waiting for Mary" (off "Cloudland") appeared on MTV briefly. After the recording of "Cloudland", Ravenstine left the group (although he made a guest appearance on "Worlds in Collision") and later became an airline pilot. Eric Drew Feldman joined the band in time for the Cloudland tour and the recording of "Worlds in Collision", but left afterwards, joining Frank Black.


title: Pere Ubu

text: In 1993, "Story of My Life" was released. Maimone left (once again) to join They Might Be Giants, and Michele Temple and Garo Yellin joined the band for the "Story of My Life" tour and feature on Ubu's 1995 album, "Ray Gun Suitcase". Robert Wheeler has played synthesizer and theremin with Pere Ubu since 1994. Krauss left the band during the "Ray Gun Suitcase" sessions. For the "Ray Gun Suitcase" tour, guitarist Jim Jones departed as a "touring" member (although he continued to contribute to recordings), founding guitarist Tom Herman replaced him for the tour.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Concurrent with the 1996 release of the "Datapanik in Year Zero" box set, Jim Jones retired due to health problems. Tom Herman returned to the band after a twenty-year absence to tour with the band in 1995, and went on to record "Pennsylvania" (1998), which also featured guitar contributions from Jim Jones. Guitarist Wayne Kramer of MC5 fame joined the band for their 1998 summer tour.


title: Pere Ubu

text: While much of 2000 was given over to live performances by Thomas's side projects - David Thomas and Two Pale Boys (Andy Diagram and Keith Moliné) and The Pale Orchestra - Pere Ubu played a gig bannered '55 Years of Pain' in June at the Cleveland Rock and Roll Hall of Fame alongside 15-60-75. The band then teamed up in September 2000 with special guest Wayne Kramer for another performance of '55 Years of Pain'. This time at the Royal Festival Hall, Southbank, London.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Although Pere Ubu took a break from touring in 2001, they worked on material for a new album. Thomas also devoted himself for much of the year to live performance. This included his theatrical project 'Mirror Man (A Geography of Sound in Two Acts)' as well as an extensive David Thomas and Two Pale Boys European and US tour. In February, The trio were also asked to support Goth band the Sisters of Mercy at five concerts in England. Founding member Andrew Eldritch had long cited Pere Ubu and David Thomas as a key musical influence.Speaking in 2016, Eldritch said: "I remember seeing the best gig I ever saw in my life which was Pere Ubu supported by the Human League on the tiny stage of the F Club in Leeds [Dec 7 1978]."


title: Pere Ubu

text: "St. Arkansas" was released on 20 May 2002 on Glitterhouse Records. The group comprised David Thomas, Tom Herman, Robert Wheeler, Michele Temple and Steve Mehlman. Jim Jones again contributed guitar parts. In September 2002 the band undertook the 11 date 'Mighty Road Tour in American and Canada. Tom Herman left again in late 2002, being replaced by Keith Moliné from David Thomas and Two Pale Boys. That same year, Thomas and Moliné were joined by Robert Wheeler, Michele Temple and Chris Cutler. They performed a live soundtrack to a 3-D screening of 'It Came from Outer Space' at the Royal Festival Hall, London on October 9, 2002. This performance direction reflected a formative influence on Pere Ubu and Thomas's long-held affection for B-Movies. 2002 was also marked by an officially release, on Feb 1, of Rocket From the Tombs' recordings on Smog Veil Records. While bootlegs of varying quality had long circulated "The Day The Earth Met The Rockets From the Tombs"' drew on original rehearsal and concert masters from 1974.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Pere Ubu's 'Mighty Road' tour resumed in February 2003 with 10 dates in the US. 2003 was also notable for performances in the summer and winter across the US and Canada by a revived Rocket From The Tombs. The band comprised David Thomas, Cheetah Chrome, Craig Bell, Richard Lloyd and Steve Mehlman. Of the 33 dates, one at the Beachland Ballroom in Cleveland was a benefit for an increasingly ill Jim Jones. Richard Lloyd recorded and engineered live in the studio performances of the original Rockets' songs. Originally, 'Rocket Redux' was sold as gig-only merchandise until it was commercially released the following year by Smog Veil Records.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Live film accompaniment came to the fore again for Pere Ubu in 2004. Firstly, the group premiered its underscore to at the 'Celebrate Brooklyn' festival on 22 July. The winter of that year also saw a UK tour that revived the band's live underscoring of 'It Came from Outer Space'. American music producer Hal Willner also invited David Thomas to join two shows. The first took place on April 1 in Los Angeles, 'Let's Eat - Feasting on The Firesign Theatre', a celebration of the anarchic comedy outfit of that name. The cast included George Wendt, John Goodman, Todd Rundgren, Chloe Webb and Loudon Wainwright among others.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Just over three weeks later Thomas, partnered by the Paleboys, joined Hal Willner's tribute to director Federico Fellini and composer Nino Rota. 'Perfect Partners' took place at London's Barbican Theatre and the production also featured Carla Bley, Roy Nathanson, Roger Eno, Kate St John, Beth Orton and Geri Allen. 2004 also saw Pere Ubu support Spiritualized at London's Royal Festival Hall on 1 August, Rocket From The Tombs played Kassel in Germany on 25 September and David Thomas and Two Pale Boys performed extensively in Europe and America with the release in April of "18 Monkeys On A Dead Man's Chest" (Smog Veil Records and Glitterhouse Records).


title: Pere Ubu

text: During the spring, Fall and winter of 2005, Pere Ubu toured a show dubbed 'Live Free or Diet' as well as other concerts across America and Europe. Additionally, the band performed their live underscore to screenings of : April 9 at the Byrd Theatre, Richmond Virginia; August 12 at the Museum of Contemporary Art in North Adams, Massachusetts and November 5 at the Regent Square Theater in Pittsburgh.


title: Pere Ubu

text: 2005 also saw David Thomas join Wayne Kramer and the newly monikered DKT-MC5 as well as the Sun Ra Arkestra on 25 February at the Royal Festival Hall London. When Patti Smith organised the 'Meltdown Festival' in June at the Royal Festival Hall, London she invited Thomas to take part. He sang, with accompaniment from the London Sinfonietta, Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's 'Alabama Song'.And, as was now becoming customary when the band was not on the road, Pere Ubu guitarist Keith Moliné joined David Thomas with trumpeter Andy Diagram for a series of improvisational gigs across Europe.


title: Pere Ubu

text: From May until the end of 2006 Pere Ubu gigged in Europe and America. On October 29 at the Royce Hall, Los Angeles, the group delivered a double bill consisting of that year's concert set and their live underscore to a screening of . There was also a nine date Rocket from the Tombs American tour in the summer and Fall.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On 19 September 2006 Pere Ubu released "Why I Hate Women" on Smog Veil Records. The band was Thomas, Moliné, Wheeler, Temple and Mehlan with contributions from Robert and Jack Kidney, and Andy Diagram. Thomas had teamed up with Burger earlier in the summer for four dates in France. In October, Smog Veil Records and Glitterhouse Records issued "Why I Remix Women" a set of band reworkings of the original tracks by Thomas, Moliné and Temple. Gagarin, an electronica instrumentalist and drummer for Nico during the 1980s, had worked for several years as live sound man for Pere Ubu as well as providing occasional on-stage contributions . His remix of 'Blue Velvet' was included on the album.


title: Pere Ubu

text: In the spring of 2007, Pere Ubu hit the road once more, with six dates in America, 20 in Europe and followed in the Fall with four shows in the US and Canada. Work also started in 2007 on adapting, for performance, Alfred Jarry's 'Ubu Roi', the play that had inspired the band's name.


title: Pere Ubu

text: In December 2007, the download site Hearpen.com was launched providing live recordings and hard-to-source material by Pere Ubu and related acts.


title: Pere Ubu

text: During February and March 2008 Pere Ubu toured Europe and America. This included two live underscorings of : March 24 at the Neighborhood Theater, Charlotte, North Carolina and March 25 at the Plaza Theater, Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On February 18, 2008, Jim Jones, former guitarist, associate of the band from its earliest days and US manager for many years of the group's online store, died at his Cleveland residence.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On April 24, 2008, the Ether festival at London's South Bank Centre hosted the world premiere of "Bring Me The Head of Ubu Roi". This adaptation by David Thomas of Alfred Jarry's play "Ubu Roi" was accompanied by animations by the Brothers Quay. The production featured David Thomas as Pere Ubu and Sarah Jane Morris as Mere Ubu with the rest of the band playing various roles.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Back in 2006 musical producer Hal Willner had gathered together a host of musicians and actors for a double CD "." In the summer of 2008, Willner brought a three date live show of the work to the UK and Ireland. David Thomas who had contributed versions of 'Dan Dan' and 'The Drunken Sailor' to the album joined the cast along with Pere Ubu guitarist Keith Moliné for all performances.


title: Pere Ubu

text: In 2009, "Bring Me The Head of Ubu Roi" was staged once again; this time at the Animator Festival, Poznań, Poland on July 11. The band's new album, "Long Live Père Ubu!", released September 14 on Cooking Vinyl Records with the American release issued on Hearpen Records. The disc reprised the Ubu Roi story. Sarah Jane Morris guested on the disc as did Ubu's sound man Gagarin. The rest of the band comprised: Thomas, Moliné, Wheeler, Temple and Mehlman. During the Fall and winter the group toured extensively in Europe including material from the new album.


title: Pere Ubu

text: From February 2010, the band continued to tour the new album in the United Kingdom under the banner 'Long Live Père Ubu! - The Spectacle'. The concert show also had its American premerie on 28 March in New York. The band also performed debut album "The Modern Dance" in its entirety, firstly, at the Cleveland Beachland Ballroom, March 5 then on March 24 at Chicago's Lincoln Hall.


title: Pere Ubu

text: David Thomas once more joined the cast of Hal Willner's live show "." Thomas followed that show at the Sydney Opera House, Australia on January 28 with a concert of Pere Ubu songs, again in Sydney, on January 31 where he was backed by local band The Holy Soul. Thomas also revived his spoken word set 'the Ghost Line Diaries', originally aired at the 14th Genoa International Poetry Festival, Genoa, Italy, on June 19, 2008. Three gigs took place: Copenhagen, Denmark on October 9; Boston, USA on October 23 and in Geneva, Switzerland on December 5.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On March 19, 2011, Tom Herman, guitarist from the first Pere Ubu line up joined the band for a show at The Beachland Ballroom, Cleveland. The set included a full performance of 'The Modern Dance' album. Between March and August the group played a further 18 shows in Europe incorporating "The Modern Dance" in a number of them. In April, David Thomas joined fellow Rocket From the Tombs musician Cheetah Chrome for the 'Cleveland Confidential Book Tour': April 11, Cleveland Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum; and April 14, The Grammy Museum, Los Angeles. A new Rocket from the Tombs album, 'Barfly' appeared in September on Fire Records and Smog Veil Records. The band was: David Thomas; Cheetah Chrome; Craig Bell; Richard Lloyd and Steve Mehlman and they played seven dates in the USA throughout December.


title: Pere Ubu

text: 2011 also marked the first live underscoring to a screening of 'Carnival of Souls', a horror film directed in 1962 by . David Thomas and Two Pale Boys debuted the project at Cafe Oto, London on February 12, followed by further performances at Cinéma L'Univers, Lille, France (June 4) and the Duke of York's Picture, Brighton, England (December 2).


title: Pere Ubu

text: David Thomas and The Two Pale Boys were invited once more (as in February 2001) to support the Sisters of Mercy, this time playing at the Goth band's 30th anniversary gig in their home town of Leeds, February 2011.


title: Pere Ubu

text: While work started on a new Pere Ubu album in 2012 - tracks in progress appearing on the band's website 'Ubu Projex' throughout the year - there were no live performances by the band. A scheduled 16-date Rocket From the Tombs tour in May 2012 was disrupted when David Thomas fell ill. The first eight gigs in Europe were cancelled, six took place before Thomas became ill again resulting in the cancellation of the final two dates. However, the band played five gigs in America and Canada in October of that year.


title: Pere Ubu

text: In 2012, Thomas published 'The Book of Hieroglyphs', in which he ruminated on America and the nature of being an American. The book drew on lyrics from Pere Ubu, The Two Pale Boys and other Thomas works, supplemented by a number of essays.


title: Pere Ubu

text: The Pere Ubu long player "Lady from Shanghai" was released, January 7, 2013, on Fire Records. Its title referenced 'The Lady from Shanghai', a film noir made in 1947 by Orson Welles. The band comprised David Thomas; Keith Moliné; Michele Temple; Robert Wheeler; Steve Mehlman and Gagarin. Clarinettist Darryl Boon guested on the disc. A book, 'Chinese Whispers The Making of Pere Ubu's 'Lady from Shanghai', was published at the same time. This included an account of the creation of the album modelled on the parlour game Chinese Whispers.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On February 17, 2013, Pere Ubu performed the 'Modern Dance' album in full at the 'I'll Be Your Mirror' festival in Melbourne, Australia. A production of Bring Me The Head of Ubu Roi: Chamber Version' aired on March 8 in Lodz, Poland. This small cast version of the play featured Thomas, Gagarin, Malgosia Sady and Kiersty Boon.


title: Pere Ubu

text: An 11-date Pere Ubu tour of England followed in April 2013. A further gig in London on June 16 launched a European tour in June and July. Then on July 13, as part of the East End Film Festival, the band once more performed their live underscore to Carnival of Souls. In September, Pere Ubu played 17 dates in America and Canada. Protracted discussions with the US Customs and Immigration Service had preceded the tour but visas were denied to Keith Moliné and Gagarin. David Cintron guitarist with a number of Cleveland bands including the Terminal Lovers took Moliné's place. However, at a number of the shows Gagarin performed by video link from his studio in London.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Three dates followed in Europe during November before the band played several gigs in the UK and Ireland under the heading of the 'Visions of the Moon tour'. The set that featured some of the material that would appear on the "Carnival of Souls" album.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Pere Ubu's first performance of 2014 was at the Sons d'hiver festival in Creteil, France on February 15. On September 8 "Carnival of Souls" was released on Fire Records. The album had its musical roots in the live accompaniment that both Pere Ubu and David Thomas and Two Pale Boys had performed for a number of years to screenings of the Herk Harvey B-movie of that name. The band comprised: David Thomas; Keith Moliné; Michele Temple; Robert Wheeler; Steve Mehlman; Gagarin;and Darryl Boon. As with 'Lady From Shanghai', a book was published to coincide with the new album. 'Cogs The Making of Carnival Of Souls' contained essays by David Thomas, commentary from the musicians and album lyrics.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On September 12, the Pere Ubu Fim Group (on this occasion Thomas, Keith Moliné, Gagarin and Darryl Boon) performed their live underscore to Carnival of Souls at the L'Étrange Festival, Forum des Images in Paris, France.


title: Pere Ubu

text: The band embarked on a 13 date UK tour in November 2013 with support from the Pere Ubu Moon Unit (consisting of Thomas and other members of the main band). The 12th gig was an underscoring to Roger Corman's '' at the Brighton Film Festival on November 23. Between November 27 and December 6 the group played nine dates across mainland Europe. In 2015, Fire Records issued a mini-album of the Moon Unit's November 21 performance in Leeds, England.


title: Pere Ubu

text: From late January 2015 until the end of February, the group continued touring in Europe with material from "Carnival of Souls" with the Pere Ubu Moon Unit often providing support. Five dates in July in the UK were followed by a show at the New Horizons International Film Festival in Wroclaw, Poland on July 26. On August 21 Fire Records issued a four disc remastred vinyl box set, "Elitism For the People 1975-1978." This comprised the Hearpen singles, "The Modern Dance", "Dub Housing" and a live recording from 1977, made in New York at Max's Kansas City. A new Rocket from the Tombs disc "Black Record" appeared on November 21, again on Fire Records. The band was Thomas; Craig Bell; Gary Siperko; Buddy Akita; and Steve Mehlman with contributions from Akita's colleagues from This Moment In Black History: Lamont Thomas; Lawrence Caswell; and Chris Kulcsar.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Rocket From The Tombs played eight American dates in December 2015 followed by a show at the State-X New Forms Festival in Den Haag, Netherlands. After two appearances in England the band returned to Europe performing in Diksmuide, Belgium and at the Festival Les Aventuriers, in Paris on December 16.


title: Pere Ubu

text: On February 6, 2016, the Pere Ubu Film Unit delivered its live underscore once more to Carnival of Souls. This time, a dubbed in Spanish and colorized version of the film was screened at the Universitat Jaume I in Castelló de la Plana, Spain. Fire Records' release on March 18 of the second archival box set - "Architecture of Language 1979-1982" (vinyl remasters of New Picnic Time, The Art of Walking, Song of the Bailing Man and "Architectural Salvage" a disc of live and alternate mixes) prompted a tour drawing on songs from 1975 to 1982. Tom Herman rejoined the touring band and selected the material for the set list.


title: Pere Ubu

text: The Coed Jail! debuted on March 22, 2016, at the Ruby Lounge in Manchester, England. It ran for most of the year - there was a break in the Fall - 43 dates in total in Europe, Canada and America ending on December 10 in the Casbah, San Diego, California. The name reprised the set of gigs that Pere Ubu performed in February 1978 alongside the Suicide Commandos. Johnny Dromette (John Thompson) record store manager, promoter, designer and housemate of Thomas, had coined the phrase for the game show set he had built over night in their living room. Dromette created the first posters for the band and designed the "Datapanik in Year Zero" ep cover He has often provided poster, tee-shirt and packaging design as well as video production work throughout Pere Ubu's career. His recollections of the time are shared in two interviews on Pere Ubu's own UbuDub podcast series.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Splinter group Pere Ubu (Moon Unit) also made three appearances in 2016, one in London (Aug 25 with support from David Thomas and Two Pale Boys) and two in France (Nantes, August 27 and Brest, November 19).


title: Pere Ubu

text: The final box sets in Fire Records' series of vinyl remasters appeared in the Spring of 2017. "Les Haricots Sont Pas Salés 1987-1991," April 6, contained The Tenement Year, Cloudland, Worlds In Collision and "Songs From the Lost Album". "Drive, He Said 1994-2002" followed on May 26. It comprised Ray Gun Suitcase, "Pennsylvania", St. Arkansas and "Back Roads", a disc of outtakes and alternate mixes.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Rocket From the Tombs played the Beachland Tavern, Cleveland on May 11, 2017, and the Ace Of Cups in Columbus, Ohio on May 13. Both Rocket From the Tombs and Pere Ubu performed at the Austin Jukebox, a regular multi band show event, in Austin Texas, on May 19 and 20 respectively.


title: Pere Ubu

text: A repeat of the Coed Jail! set took place in Jarocin, Poland on July 15. The band on this occasion was: David Thomas; Gary Siperko; Robert Wheeler; Michele Temple; and Steve Mehlman. A recording of the concert would provide the bulk of the 2020 release, on Cherry Red Records, "By Order of Mayor Pawlicki (Live in Jarocin)." Pere Ubu (Moon Unit) played seven European dates in August and October.


title: Pere Ubu

text: At the end of September, Pere Ubu released "20 Years In A Montana Missile Silo" on Cherry Red Records. The band was: David Thomas; Keith Molinè; Gary Siperko; Kristof Hahn (of The Swans); Darryl Boon; Robert Wheeler; Gagarin; Michele Temple; and Steve Mehlman. Welsh-Iranian artist Roshi Nasehi provided backing vocal to 'I Can Still See'.


title: Pere Ubu

text: The 'MonkeyNet Tour' in support of the new album, began in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on November 8, 2017. Thirteen more US performances took place before David Thomas became seriously ill resulting in the cancellation of seven concerts on the West Coast of America.


title: Pere Ubu

text: Marking their return to live performance in Spring 2018, Pere Ubu mounted the 'Grand Guignol' show at London's Borderline. A nine-piece band took to the stage on May 19: David Thomas; Keith Moliné; Gary Siperko; Robert Wheeler; Gagarin; Michele Temple; Steve Mehlman; Darryl Boon; and Kristof Hahn. For the rest of May and start of June a more regular-sized band played 12 dates across Europe. The 'MonkeyNet Tour' then resumed with shows in New York (August 17) and Providence, Rhode Island (Aug 18). Five dates followed in September in Italy and one appearance in Tel Aviv (September 15).


title: Pere Ubu

text: Following the critical illness that had prematurely ended the original 'MonkeyNet' tour, Thomas initiated work, early in 2018, on a new Pere Ubu album. While still a work in progress by the end of the year, the plan was to include versions of three tracks at two Pere Ubu (Moon Unit) shows in December. As recounted in the sleeve notes that accompany "The Long Goodbye," keyboardist Gagarin suggested, two days before the first gig, that the outfit perform the album in its entirety. The material aired on December 7 at the Music Hall in Ramsgate, England. The band comprised Thomas, Keith Moliné, Gagarin and Chris Cutler. The group repeated the set the following evening at the Théâtre Municipal Berthelot in Montreuil on the outskirts of Paris, a performance eventually issued as a companion disc to "The Long Goodbye" CD.


title: Pere Ubu

text: A few days after the Montreuil gig, David Thomas fell seriously ill again, was hospitalized and began a period of extensive recovery in 2019. However, "The Long Goodbye" was completed and released, July 12, on Cherry Red Records. The band was: David Thomas; Keith Moliné; Gagarin; Robert Wheeler; Michele Temple; Darryl Boon; and P. O. Jørgens. Guitarist Gary Siperko also guested. Once more a book accompanied the new album. "Baptized Into the Buzz" contained information about the new album and the related 2017 record that Thomas had made with Danish percussionist P. O. Jørgens: "Live Free or Die" on Ninth World Music. There were lyrics to both releases, commentary from musicians and a short piece of family biography by Thomas.