title: Sharing economy

text: According to an article by Margarita Hakobyan, freelance work can also be beneficial for small businesses. During their early developmental stages, many small companies can't afford or aren't in need of full-time departments, but rather require specialized work for a certain project or for a short period of time. With freelance workers offering their services in the sharing economy, firms are able to save money on long-term labor costs and increase marginal revenue from their operations.


title: Sharing economy

text: Christopher Koopman, an author of a study by George Mason University economists, said the sharing economy "allows people to take idle capital and turn them into revenue sources". He has stated, "People are taking spare bedroom[s], cars, tools they are not using and becoming their own entrepreneurs." Arun Sundararajan, a New York University economist who studies the sharing economy, told a congressional hearing that "this transition will have a positive impact on economic growth and welfare, by stimulating new consumption, by raising productivity, and by catalyzing individual innovation and entrepreneurship".


title: Sharing economy

text: A study in "Intereconomics / The Review of European Economic Policy" noted that the sharing economy has the potential to bring many benefits for the economy, while noting that this presupposes that the success of sharing economy services reflects their business models rather than 'regulatory arbitrage' from avoiding the regulation that affects traditional businesses.


title: Sharing economy

text: An independent data study conducted by Busbud in 2016 compared the average price of hotel rooms with the average price of Airbnb listings in thirteen major cities in the United States. The research concluded that in nine of the thirteen cities, Airbnb rates were lower than hotel rates by an average price of $34.56. A further study conducted by Busbud compared the average hotel rate with the average Airbnb rate in eight major European cities. The research concluded that the Airbnb rates were lower than the hotel rates in six of the eight cities by a factor of $72. Data from a separate study shows that with Airbnb's entry into the market in Austin, Texas hotels were required to lower prices by 6 percent to keep up with Airbnb's lower prices.


title: Sharing economy

text: Oxford Internet Institute, Economic Geographer, Graham has argued that key parts of the sharing economy impose a new balance of power onto workers. By bringing together workers in low- and high-income countries, gig economy platforms that are not geographically-confined can bring about a 'race to the bottom' for workers.


title: Sharing economy

text: "New York Magazine" wrote that the sharing economy has succeeded in large part because the real economy has been struggling. Specifically, in the magazine's view, the sharing economy succeeds because of a depressed labor market, in which "lots of people are trying to fill holes in their income by monetizing their stuff and their labor in creative ways", and in many cases, people join the sharing economy because they've recently lost a full-time job, including a few cases where the pricing structure of the sharing economy may have made their old jobs less profitable (e.g. full-time taxi drivers who may have switched to Lyft or Uber). The magazine writes that "In almost every case, what compels people to open up their homes and cars to complete strangers is money, not trust... Tools that help people trust in the kindness of strangers might be pushing hesitant sharing-economy participants over the threshold to adoption. But what's getting them to the threshold in the first place is a damaged economy and harmful public policy that has forced millions of people to look to odd jobs for sustenance."


title: Sharing economy

text: Uber's "audacious plan to replace human drivers" may increase job loss as even freelance driving will be replaced by automation.


title: Sharing economy

text: However, in a report published in January 2017, Carl Benedikt Frey found that while the introduction of Uber had not led to jobs being lost, but had caused a reduction in the incomes of incumbent taxi drivers of almost 10%. Frey found that the "sharing economy", and Uber, in particular, has had substantial negative impacts on workers wages.


title: Sharing economy

text: Some people believe the Great Recession led to the expansion of the sharing economy because job losses enhanced the desire for temporary work, which is prevalent in the sharing economy. However, there are disadvantages to the worker; when companies use contract-based employment, the "advantage for a business of using such non-regular workers is obvious: It can lower labor costs dramatically, often by 30 percent, since it is not responsible for health benefits, social security, unemployment or injured workers' compensation, paid sick or vacation leave and more. Contract workers, who are barred from forming unions and have no grievance procedure, can be dismissed without notice".


title: Sharing economy

text: There is debate over the status of the workers within the sharing economy; whether they should be treated as independent contractors or employees of the companies. This issue seems to be most relevant among sharing economy companies such as Uber. The reason this has become such a major issue is that the two types of workers are treated very differently. Contract workers are not guaranteed any benefits and pay can be below average. However, if they are employees, they are granted access to benefits and pay is generally higher. This has been described as "shifting liabilities and responsibilities" to the workers, while denying them the traditional job security. It has been argued that this trend is de facto "obliterating the achievements of unions thus far in their struggle to secure basic mutual obligations in worker-employer relations".


title: Sharing economy

text: In "Uberland: How the Algorithms are Rewriting the Rules of Work", technology ethnographer Alex Rosenblat argues that Uber's reluctance to classify its drivers as "employees" strips them of their agency as the company's revenue-generating workforce, resulting in lower compensation and, in some cases, risking their safety. In particular, Rosenblat critiques Uber's ratings system, which she argues elevates passengers to the role of "middle managers" without offering drivers the chance to contest poor ratings. Rosenblat notes that poor ratings, or any other number of unspecified breaches of conduct, can result in an Uber driver's "deactivation", an outcome Rosenblat likens to being fired without notice or stated cause. Prosecutors have used Uber's opaque firing policy as evidence of illegal worker misclassification; Shannon Liss-Riordan, an attorney leading a class action lawsuit against the company, claims that "the ability to fire at will is an important factor in showing a company's workers are employees, not independent contractors."


title: Sharing economy

text: The California Public Utilities Commission filed a case, later settled out of court, that "addresses the same underlying issue seen in the contract worker controversy—whether the new ways of operating in the sharing economy model should be subject to the same regulations governing traditional businesses". Like Uber, Instakart faced similar lawsuits. In 2015, a lawsuit was filed against Instakart alleging the company misclassified a person who buys and delivers groceries as an independent contractor. Instakart had to eventually make all such people as part-time employees and had to accord benefits such as health insurance to those qualifying. This led to Instakart having thousands of employees overnight from zero.


title: Sharing economy

text: A 2015 article by economists at George Mason University argued that many of the regulations circumvented by sharing economy businesses are exclusive privileges lobbied for by interest groups. Workers and entrepreneurs not connected to the interest groups engaging in this rent-seeking behavior are thus restricted from entry into the market. For example, taxi unions lobbying a city government to restrict the number of cabs allowed on the road prevents larger numbers of drivers from entering the marketplace.


title: Sharing economy

text: The same research finds that while access economy workers do lack the protections that exist in the traditional economy, many of them cannot actually find work in the traditional economy. In this sense, they are taking advantage of opportunities that the traditional regulatory framework has not been able to provide for them. As the sharing economy grows, governments at all levels are reevaluating how to adjust their regulatory schemes to accommodate these workers.


title: Sharing economy

text: However, a 2021 research on Uber's downfall in Turkey, which was carried out with user-generated content from TripAdvisor comments and YouTube videos related to Uber use in Istanbul, finds that the main reasons for people to use Uber are that since the drivers are independent, they tend to treat the customers in a kinder way than the regular taxi drivers and that it's much cheaper to use Uber. Although, Turkish taxi drivers claim that Uber's operations in Turkey are illegal because the independent drivers don't pay the operating license fee, which is compulsory for taxi drivers to pay, to the government. Their efforts led to the banning of Uber in Turkey by the Turkish government in October 2019. After being unavailable for approximately two years, Uber eventually became available again in Turkey in January 2021.


title: Sharing economy

text: Andrew Leonard, Evgeny Morozov, criticized the for-profit sector of the sharing economy, writing that sharing economy businesses "extract" profits from their given sector by "successfully [making] an end run around the existing costs of doing business" – taxes, regulations, and insurance. Similarly, In the context of online freelancing marketplaces, there have been worries that the sharing economy could result in a 'race to the bottom' in terms of wages and benefits: as millions of new workers from low-income countries come online.


title: Sharing economy

text: Susie Cagle wrote that the benefits big sharing economy players might be making for themselves are "not exactly" trickling down, and that the sharing economy "doesn't build trust" because where it builds new connections, it often "replicates old patterns of privileged access for some, and denial for others". William Alden wrote that "The so-called sharing economy is supposed to offer a new kind of capitalism, one where regular folks, enabled by efficient online platforms, can turn their fallow assets into cash machines ... But the reality is that these markets also tend to attract a class of well-heeled professional operators, who outperform the amateurs—just like the rest of the economy".


title: Sharing economy

text: The local economic benefit of the sharing economy is offset by its current form, which is that huge tech companies reap a great deal of profit in many cases. For example, Uber, which is estimated to be worth $50B as of mid-2015, takes up to 30% commission from the gross revenue of its drivers, leaving many drivers making less than minimum wage. This is reminiscent of a peak Rentier state "which derives all or a substantial portion of its national revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients".


title: Sharing economy

text: In order to reap the real benefits of a sharing economy and somehow address some issues that revolve around it, there is a great need for the government and policy-makers to create the “right enabling framework based on a set of guiding principles” proposed by the World Economic Forum. These principles are derived from the analysis of global policymaking and consultation with experts. The following are the seven principles for regulation in the sharing economy.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Michael Blieden Wolff (born July 31, 1952) is an American jazz pianist, composer, and actor. He was the bandleader on "The Arsenio Hall Show" (1989–94).


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Wolff was honored as a Steinway Artist and obtained a Broadcast Music, Inc. award. He provided the score for and co-produced "The Tic Code" (1998). He also co-starred with his sons, Nat and Alex, in the Nickelodeon musical comedy series "The Naked Brothers Band" (2007–09), earning him a BMI Cable Award for producing and supervising the series' music. Wolff was the leader of the jazz band Impure Thoughts. Reconstructed as Wolff & Clark Expedition, it is a jazz-funk group.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Wolff was born to a Jewish family in Victorville, California, and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is the son of Lise (Silverman) and Marvin Wolff, a medical doctor, who treated Elvis Presley when the Wolffs settled in Memphis, Tennessee. Michael began studying classical piano at age eight. When he was nine years old, his family moved to Berkeley, California, where he played drums at age 12. While attending Berkeley High School, Wolff started playing piano with the University of California Jazz Ensembles under the direction of Dr. David W. Tucker. After graduating from high school, Wolff attended the University of California, Berkeley before enrolling at the University of California, Los Angeles.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Wolff's mother remarried psychiatrist Neal Blumenfeld (Wolff's stepfather), who died on December 1, 2013. He has two step-siblings, Mimi and Judy. Wolff married actress Polly Draper in 1992; they have two sons together, Nat Wolff and Alex Wolff, who starred in and wrote the music for "The Naked Brothers Band" and series that was created and produced by Draper. Draper also wrote and starred in "The Tic Code", a musical drama film influenced by Wolff's life with Tourette syndrome to which he contributed the score.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Wolff left college in 1972 to begin his music career, joining Cal Tjader's band. He then joined Cannonball Adderley's band in 1975. In 1977, he formed the band Answering Service with saxophonist Alex Foster. Wolff worked with other famous artists, including Frank Sinatra, Warren Zevon, Bobby McFerrin, The Thad Jones/ Mel Lewis Orchestra, Sonny Rollins, Wayne Shorter, Jean-Luc Ponty, Children On The Corner, Terri Lyne Carrington, Tony Williams, and Christian McBride.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: In 1978, singer Nancy Wilson chose Wolff as her musical director. Arsenio Hall was Wilson's opening act, and in 1989, when Hall was given his own talk show, Wolff was chosen to serve as its bandleader and musical director. He met his wife, actress Polly Draper, when she appeared as a guest on the show. In 1995, he released "Jumpstart!" featuring Christian McBride and Tony Williams and in 1997 the trio released "2AM". Wolff was the leader of the jazz band 'Impure Thoughts' which features Indian tabla player Badal Roy, drummer Mike Clark, percussionist Frank Colón and electric bassist John B. Williams.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: He wrote music for the films "Who's the Man?", "The Tic Code", and "Made up", as well as writing for and performing in other films. Wolff co-starred with his sons in "The Naked Brothers Band" television series on Nickelodeon, serving as the co-executive producer and music supervisor, which Draper created, executive produced, wrote, and directed. In addition, Wolff co-starred in and produced the music for "", which later served as the pilot for the TV series.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Wolff is on the faculty at The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music. In the 2010s, he formed the jazz-funk band called the 'Wolff & Clark Expedition', consisting of Wolff and Clark as band leaders, with Steve Wilson and Lenny Pickett as saxophonists, and James Genus as the bassist.


title: Michael Wolff (musician)

text: Wolff was honored as a Steinway Artist in June 2006. "The Tic Code" won awards at the Berlin International Film Festival, Giffoni Film Festival and Hamptons International Film Festival. With his sons, Wolff won a Broadcast Music Cable Award in 2007 for the music on "The Naked Brothers Band" TV series.


title: Cars (soundtrack)

text: Cars (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2006 Disney/Pixar animated film of the same name. Released by Walt Disney Records on June 6, 2006, nine songs from the soundtrack are from popular and contemporary artists. The styles of these songs vary between pop, blues, country, and rock. The remaining eleven pieces are orchestral scores composed and conducted by Randy Newman. The soundtrack was released three days before the film's release into theaters.


title: Cars (soundtrack)

text: At the 49th Grammy Awards the soundtrack was nominated for the Best Compilation Soundtrack Album, while the John Mayer version of "Route 66" was also nominated for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance and "Our Town" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The track was also nominated for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards.


title: Cars (soundtrack)

text: On November 25, 2006, the soundtrack's position on the "Billboard" 200 shot up from #126 to #47, with a 209% sales increase of 25,000 units. This was most likely due to the holiday season and the fact that "Cars" was released on DVD. This was the first Pixar soundtrack to ever achieve Gold Certification in the United States. It is now Platinum in the U.S.


title: Cars (soundtrack)

text: Lightning McQueen's Fast-Tracks is a compilation album produced by Fred Mollin, that contains "revved-up road tunes" not featured in but inspired by "Cars". It was released on the same day as the film's soundtrack.


title: Charter

text: A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term.


title: Charter

text: The word entered the English language from the Old French "charte", via Latin "charta", and ultimately from Greek χάρτης ("khartes", meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges.


title: Charter

text: The term is used for a special case (or as an exception) of an institutional charter. A charter school, for example, is one that has different rules, regulations, and statutes from a state school.


title: Charter

text: Charter can be used as a synonym for "hire" or "lease", as in the "charter" of a bus or boat or plane.


title: Charter

text: A charter member (US English) of an organization is an original member; that is, one who became a member when the organization received its charter. A chartered member (British English) is a member who holds an individual chartered designation authorized under that organization's royal charter.


title: Charter

text: Anglo-Saxon charters are documents from the early medieval period in Britain which typically make a grant of land or record a privilege. They are usually written on parchment, in Latin but often with sections in the vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, which often correspond closely to modern parish boundaries. The earliest surviving charters were drawn up in the 670s; the oldest surviving charters granted land to the Church, but from the 8th century surviving charters were increasingly used to grant land to lay people.


title: Charter

text: The British Empire used three main types of colonies as it sought to expand its territory to distant parts of the earth. These three types were royal colonies, proprietary colonies, and corporate colonies. A charter colony by definition is a "colony chartered to an individual, trading company, etc., by the British crown." Although charter colonies were not the most prevalent of the three types of colonies in the British Empire, they were by no means insignificant.


title: Charter

text: A congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission, authority, and activities of a group. Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code.


title: Charter

text: A "municipal corporation" is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. "Municipal incorporation" occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter, a term used because municipal power was historically granted by the sovereign, by royal charter.


title: Charter

text: In project management, a project charter or project definition (sometimes called the terms of reference) is provided by the sponsor to formally authorize the existence of a project. It provides a preliminary delineation of roles and responsibilities, outlines the project purpose and objectives, identifies key stakeholders, and defines the authority of the project manager. It serves as a reference of authority for future planning of the project. The project scope is developed from the project charter.


title: Charter

text: In medieval Europe, royal charters were used to create cities (i.e., localities with recognised legal rights and privileges). The date that such a charter was granted is considered to be when a city was "founded", regardless of when the locality originally began to be settled.


title: Charter

text: The Charter of 1814, France's constitution during the Bourbon Restoration, was thus called to promote the legal fiction that the King had granted it “voluntarily, and by the free exercise of [his] royal authority”, in the manner of medieval charters.


title: Charter

text: At one time a royal charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means (such as the registration process for limited companies) are generally now used instead.


title: Charter

text: A university charter is a charter issued to create or recognise a university. The form of charter used varies by period and jurisdiction.


title: Charter

text: A charter of "Inspeximus" (Latin, literally "We have inspected") is frequently a royal charter, by which an earlier charter or series of charters relating to a particular foundation (such as a monastery or a guild) was recited and incorporated into a new charter, usually in order to confirm and renew its validity under present authority. Where the original documents are lost, an inspeximus charter may sometimes preserve their texts and lists of witnesses.


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Motörhead is the debut studio album by British rock band Motörhead, released on 21 August 1977 via Chiswick Records, one of the first for the label, and their only release under Chiswick. The album contains the "classic" Motörhead line-up of Lemmy Kilmister on bass and vocals, "Fast" Eddie Clarke on lead guitar, and Philthy Animal Taylor on drums. The sleeve artwork featured the debut of Snaggletooth, the War-Pig, the fanged face logo created by artist Joe Petagno that would become an icon of the band.


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Motörhead hired lead guitarist "Fast" Eddie Clarke in early 1977, and he was originally to serve as the band's second guitarist along with Larry Wallis in what was intended to be a four-piece lineup, but Wallis left shortly after for his own reasons. Sensing that the fledgling band had dim prospects for success, Motörhead decided to disband after playing one final show at the Marquee Club in London that year. Ted Carroll, founder of the upstart Chiswick Records label, knew Lemmy well from his rare 45 Record's store in London of which Lemmy was a frequent customer. Carroll decided to give the band a break and hosted what was to be their final performance at the Marquee on 1 April 1977. The decision was made to record the gig. As Clarke recalls in the documentary "The Guts and the Glory":


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Feeling that the band had already seen its share of adversity, Carroll offered the band two days of studio time at Escape Studios in Kent, England, to record a single with producer John "Speedy" Keen. As Clarke explained to John Robinson of "Uncut" in 2015, the band finished the gig at the Marquee and drove straight to the studio in Kent for a weekend of recording:


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Due to the very limited studio time afforded to the band, the decision was made to re-record the unreleased United Artists album almost in its entirety; only "Fools" and "Leaving Here" weren't re-recorded at the Kent sessions. In addition, two new self-penned compositions, "White Line Fever" and "Keep Us on the Road", were added, as well as a cover of Tiny Bradshaw's "Train Kept A-Rollin". Three tracks on the album were actually composed by Lemmy while he was still a member of Hawkwind, "Motorhead", "Lost Johnny", and "The Watcher", the latter a psychedelic acoustic piece. Like the band name itself, the song "Motorhead" () is a reference to speed – Lemmy's drug of choice at that time- and was coupled with the non-album track "City Kids" (a Larry Wallis composition from his Pink Fairies' days) for release as 7" and 12" singles. In his autobiography "White Line Fever", Lemmy recalls working with producer Speedy Keen and engineer John Burns and the challenges arising from a lack of time:


title: Motörhead (album)

text: The band members were less than pleased with the finished product, and guitarist Clarke has referred to the album's muddled sound as "pretty dreadful". Four remaining tracks from the session were shelved until 1980, when they were released as the "Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers" EP. In his memoir Lemmy noted:


title: Motörhead (album)

text: The sleeve artwork featured the debut of Snaggletooth, the War-Pig, the fanged face that would become an icon of the band and would appear on most of the band's album covers. Snaggletooth was created by artist Joe Petagno, who had earlier worked with Storm Thorgerson of Hipgnosis and had designed the Swan Song Records logo for Led Zeppelin. According to its creator, Snaggletooth represents a combination of a bear, a wolf and a dog skull with boar tusks. The original "Motörhead" album cover contained a swastika on the spike of the helmet, though it was removed from future copies of the album.


title: Motörhead (album)

text: The inner sleeve featured old and new photographs of the band and friends by longtime friend Motorcycle Irene, who took most of the 70's pictures of Motörhead, plus letters of thanks from Lemmy, Eddie and Phil. Advertisements for the album, single, and tour bore the words "Achtung! This Band Takes No Prisoners".


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Alex Ogg of AllMusic wrote: "Though only a minor chart success, Motörhead patented the group's style: Lemmy's rasping vocal over a speeding juggernaut of guitar, bass, and drums...no wonder the punks liked them." Many critics have noted that the album is not as polished as later works like "Bomber" and "Ace of Spades".


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Assessing the album and its debut single in 2011, biographer Joel McIver stated: "with the benefit of hindsight it's glaringly obvious that neither comes close to capturing the group's mesmerizing live sound."


title: Motörhead (album)

text: Kris Needs of "Loudersound" praises the album, saying "Although the roller-coaster sound can be uneven and The Watcher still embedded in west London space-rock, Motörhead still sounds like the kamikaze rampage of desperate men granted one last shot, surging through speed-driven carnage to snatch triumph from oblivion."


title: Spring Day (song)

text: "Spring Day" (Korean: 봄날; RR: "Bomnal") is a song recorded by South Korean boy band BTS for their 2017 album "You Never Walk Alone", a repackage of their second Korean-language studio album, "Wings" (2016). The song was written by "Hitman" Bang, RM, Suga, ADORA, Arlissa Ruppert, Peter Ibsen, and its producer Pdogg. It was released for digital download and streaming on February 13, 2017, as the album's lead single by Big Hit Entertainment. A remix of the song was subsequently released for free via SoundCloud on June 4, 2018. A Japanese version of the song was issued on May 10, 2017, through Universal Music Japan, as a B-side of the single album that included the tracks "Blood Sweat & Tears" and "Not Today", both also in Japanese. The song is an alternative hip hop and pop rock power ballad, which relies on rock instrumentation. The lyrics revolve around the themes of loss, longing, grief, and moving on.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: The song received universal critical acclaim from music critics, who praised its production, sentimental lyrics and BTS' vocal delivery. "Spring Day" received several accolades, including Song of the Year at the 2017 Melon Music Awards, and appeared on the decade-end list of best K-pop songs by "Billboard". "Rolling Stone" named it one of the greatest boy band songs of all time. Commercially, the song was a success in South Korea debuting at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart, and it has since sold over 2.5 million copies in the country. The song also peaked at number 15 on the US "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: The music video for the song was directed by YongSeok Choi and premiered on February 12, 2017. Inspired by Ursula K. Le Guin's novella "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" (1973) and Bong Joon-ho's movie "Snowpiercer" (2013), the video explores the concepts of death, afterlife and closure. The visual was acclaimed by critics for its heavy symbolism and was awarded Best Music Video at the 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards. BTS promoted "Spring Day" with televised live performances on various South Korean music programs, including "M! Countdown", "Music Bank", and "Inkigayo". The song was also included on the set list of the band's second worldwide concert tour, The Wings Tour (2017).


title: Spring Day (song)

text: BTS released their second Korean-language studio album "Wings" in October 2016, which charted at number one on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart and became the best-selling album of 2016 in the country. Following the success of "Wings", Big Hit Entertainment announced in January 2017 that a sequel to the album, titled "You Never Walk Alone", would be served as a reissue. "Spring Day" was confirmed to be slated for release on the reissue when the band subsequently shared the track-listing of the album. On February 10, 2017, the song was announced as the lead single from the album. Band member RM created the main melody of the song, which he wrote between November and December 2016 during a walk at Saetgang Eco Park in Yeouido, taking inspiration from the dried leaves that were blown off trees by the wind. "Hitman" Bang, RM, Suga, Adora, Arlissa Ruppert, Peter Ibsen, and Pdogg are credited as songwriters on "Spring Day", with the latter of the seven solely handling production. BTS recorded vocals for the track at Big Hit Studios, Seoul, South Korea. The track was engineered by Pdogg, Jeong Wooyeong, and Ibsen, while mixing was handled by James F. Reynolds at Schmuzik Studios.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: "Spring Day" was released for digital download and streaming in various countries by Big Hit Entertainment on February 13, 2017, as the lead single from "You Never Walk Alone". A "Brit Rock" remix version of the track was released for free to SoundCloud on June 4, 2018. The remix has identical songwriting credits to the original version, though "Hitman" Bang serves as the producer. A Japanese version of the song was recorded, which was issued digitally for purchase on May 10, 2017 by Universal Music Japan as a B-side track of BTS' seventh Japanese-language single album, together with the versions of their Korean singles "Blood Sweat & Tears" (2016) and "Not Today" (2017) in the same language. The single album was simultaneously released as a CD single in Japan. The lyrics for the Japanese version of "Spring Day" were written by KM-MARKIT. It was subsequently included as the tenth track on the band's third Japanese-language studio album "Face Yourself" (2018).


title: Spring Day (song)

text: Musically, "Spring Day" is a midtempo alternative hip hop and pop rock power ballad, with Brit rock and electronic influences. The song is composed in the time signature of time and the key of E major, with a tempo of 108 beats per minute. Constructed in verse–chorus form, the verses have an Eb–Gm–Cm/Cm7–Ab chord progression, whilst the chorus follows an Eb-Gm-Ab-Abm sequence. The song relies on rock instrumentation that consists primarily of keyboards, synthesizer, guitar and bass. Band member Jungkook provided backing vocals for the track alongside Arlissa Ruppert.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: The production of the song makes use of EDM synths, thick compressed bass and piano. It further utilizes a "mechanical hissing" percussion and "whining" electronic sounds, which provide "an enveloping airlock." The song consists of "rap-breaks," "dreamy" vocals and "half-spoken" deliveries, for which BTS' vocal range spans from B to B. The verses are driven by "dense" chords, "pain-shredding" guitar strums and "whirring" synths. A reviewer from "The Singles Jukebox" compared the chords in the composition to that of Flo Rida"s song "Wild Ones" (2011).


title: Spring Day (song)

text: Speaking about the concept and meaning behind "Spring Day" during a V Live broadcast, RM stated that he wrote the lyrics when thinking of his middle and high-school mates, from whom he hadn't heard in a long time. RM compared the song's mood to that of the band's 2015 singles, "I Need U" and "Run". Lyrically, the song uses a seasonal metaphor to compare the longing and separation from loved ones to "internal winter." The verses use "snow-y imagery" to explore themes of loss, yearning, grief, and moving on: "I wanna hold your hand/ And go to the other side of the earth/ Wanna put an end this winter/ How much do I have to long for you like snow piles up on the ground/ Until the spring days come?" The line, "Like a snowpiercer, I was left alone" is a reference to Bong Joon-ho's movie "Snowpiercer" (2013), while "I hate even this moment that is passing by" is a line used to suggest the "ephemerality" of life. The track's lyrics also speak of "a mature society that can embrace the wounds of others," and they touch upon themes of mental health and depression. During the chorus, the line "I want to see you" is repeated several times. Towards the end of the song, the band relay comfort and warmth to the listener by being hopeful of a reunion: "No darkness, no season/ Can last forever."


title: Spring Day (song)

text: "Spring Day" was met with widespread critical acclaim from music critics and fans. Jeff Benjamin of "Billboard" praised the track's lyrical content and BTS' vocal delivery, writing that the song "showed an artistic turning point for the band, who have now evolved past a one-track mind with their music and lyrics, as the guys set the groundwork for their biggest material to date." In another review for the same magazine, Benjamin stated that while the song keeps up with the "hard-hitting beats, buttery vocals and punchy rap verses-- as one would expect from any BTS release, it's "newfound maturity and enlightenment that makes the single stand out so much." Caitlin Kelley, also of "Billboard", cited the track as one of the best songs by BTS and said that it "packs an emotional wallop as the lyrics hover in the bargaining stage of coping with the absence of a loved one." Taylor Glasby of "Dazed" lauded the song's production and the band's vocal delivery, regarding the track as "an intelligent, compelling and elegantly restrained study of loss and longing" that "deliberately avoids cliché pomp and drama." Glasby also wrote an article for "Vogue", in which she called the song an "epic ballad." "IZM"s Hyo-beom Jeong acclaimed the track, highlighting the "high degree of perfection" in its music and he regarded the track as a "smooth lyric progression, easy listening melody, and lyrical song that spans generations." Jeong added, "this is a delicate and sad sensibility different from the intense 'BTS' hip-hop style. Among the songs they released this year, 'Spring Day' was the reason why they consistently received popular love."


title: Spring Day (song)

text: Jacques Peterson of Idolator said the band "tugged on the heartstrings with this hit," which he felt is "K-pop's answer to the Mariah Carey classic 'One Sweet Day'." In "The Malaysia Star", Chester Chin regarded the song as "the most vulnerable cut" on "You Never Walk Alone" and opined that it "sees the boys baring their soul, shedding light on a more sentimental side of the group." Reviewing for "Vulture", T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim felt that the song "opened a new chapter in [BTS'] aesthetics" by "substituting the group's previous calling card in hip-hop with the romanticism in pop and rock." They further wrote that "each component of the song contains a clear melody, evoking overwhelming nostalgia and longing." Music journalist Youngdae Kim said that the track displayed significant growth in the band's sound, lyricism and aesthetics by embodying nostalgia and sorrow. Rhian Daly of "NME" listed it as BTS' best song, labelling the track an "absolutely gorgeous, a stirring piece of alt-pop." He also praised the track's lyrical content and said that it is "a classic – a glistening jewel in a canonical crown bedazzled with them." Hyun-su Yim from "The Korea Herald" acclaimed the song, stating that it "has beautiful melodies without getting too soppy, as crisp vocals and clean guitar riffs aided by sentimental lyrics make for easy listening." On the other hand, Sungmi Ahn, of the same publication, described the song as an "emotional pop rock tune." Theresa Reyes of "Vice" was impressed by "the ballad's complex metaphors on love, life, and death." Malvika Padin from "Clash" also enjoyed the track and considered it "always-emotive."


title: Spring Day (song)

text: "Billboard", "Dazed" and "IZM" selected "Spring Day" as one of the best K-pop songs of 2017 on their respective lists. The former of the three ranked it at number 37 on their decade-end list of the 100 best K-pop songs of the 2010s. On behalf of the publication, L.Singh wrote that the existence of the song "is probably the most accurate representation of BTS's artistry." "Rolling Stone" placed it at number 19 on their 2020 list of the greatest boy-band songs of all time and called the song "a sentiment as timeless as BTS have become."


title: Spring Day (song)

text: "Spring Day" won the Song of the Year award at the 2017 Melon Music Awards. It won the Digital Bonsang at the 32nd Golden Disc Awards. The song also achieved the top spot on various South Korean weekly music programs, garnering a total of four awards. It also achieved a Melon Weekly Popularity Award for the week of February 20, 2017, due to the substantial success of the song on digital platforms.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: "Spring Day" was a commercial success in South Korea. Upon release, it topped eight of the major South Korean online music charts including Melon, Mnet, Genie Music and Olleh. The song went on to debut atop the country's Gaon Digital Chart for the chart issue dated February 12–18, 2017. It also peaked at number one on the component Download Chart, selling 215,224 digital units in the first week of release. "Spring Day" was the sixth best-performing song for the February 2017 issue of the Gaon Monthly Digital Chart based on digital sales, streaming, and background music (instrumental track) downloads. For 2017's year-end chart, it was the 13th best-performing song in South Korea. As of September 2018, the song has sold over 2.5 million digital copies in the country. "Spring Day" is the longest-charting song on Melon's digital chart to date.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: In the United States, the song failed to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100, but charted at number 15 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100, though lasted only one week on the chart. The song peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" World Digital Songs chart for the week of March 4, 2017, selling 14,000 copies in its first week and giving BTS their third number one on the chart. The song further peaked at number 24 and 38 on the UK Independent Singles Chart and "Billboard Japan" Hot 100, respectively.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: The music video for "Spring Day" premiered via Big Hit's YouTube channel on February 12, 2017; it was preceded by a teaser, which was released to the same platform on February 9. The video was directed by YongSeok Choi of Lumpens, with WonJu Lee serving as the assistant director. HyunWoo Nam of GDW was credited as the director of photography, while Emma SungEun kim received credit as the producer. HyunSuk Song served as the gaffer and JinSil Park was the art director. Filming for the music video took place in Hwaseong, Yangju, and Gangneung. The video was inspired by Ursula K. Le Guin's 1973 short philosophical fiction "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas", as well as the movie "Snowpiercer". The five-minute long visual is heavily loaded with symbolism and explores the concepts of "death, afterlife and closure."


title: Spring Day (song)

text: The music video opens with V standing in the middle of a snow-capped railway station, which has rusty signboards and a faded slate roof. In the station, he steps onto the tracks and leans down to the ground to listen to an oncoming train. The clip then zooms out to depict a train running in the middle of winter, carrying suitcases of passengers who are not present themselves. The scene switches to show Jungkook sitting inside the train as he waits for someone, while Jimin is seen alone on an empty beach. The following scene begins with a close-up shot of RM, who stands inside an empty train compartment as the opening line of "Spring Day" starts playing. He runs out of the train towards J-Hope and Suga, while they are sitting in front of a building with a neon signboard that reads "Omelas". RM opens a green door that leads him back to the train and he passes by the chamber in which Jungkook is sitting. RM opens another door when inside the train, which leads to a room where the rest of the members are enjoying a birthday party, throwing cakes and playing with each other.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: The video then zooms in to depict a close-up shot of Jin gazing up a staircase, on which the other members are ascending, eventually leaving him alone at the bottom. Jungkook is seen standing in front an old, rusty amusement park ride that has the words "You Never Walk Alone" written on it. The clip alternates between lonely, muted shots of each member, and contrasting bright and cordial group-shots of BTS as they spend time with one another. In one scene, Suga is seen rapping as he sits on a mountain of laundry, while in another, J-Hope sits on top of the moving train as he flies a paper plane into the air. At one point, Jungkook opens the door to the Omelas, as he reunites with the other members. He wakes up inside the train to see the members sitting together with him. As the train stops, they step out into the daylight on a field where the snow is gradually melting. The band walk together towards a solitary, bare tree that stands in the middle of the field, even though Jimin is the only member who is physically present there. He hangs a pair of shoes on the tree's branches, which he had picked up from the shore. The reunion of the seven members alludes to the beginning of "a new journey with their friendship as their salvation." To end the visual, a closing shot is shown of the tree blooming with cherry blossom leaves, against the backdrop of blue spring sky, with the pair of shoes hanging from the branches.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: Several fans and media publications speculated that the visual references the Sewol Ferry Disaster that took place on April 16, 2014, which left more than 300 students missing or dead. In this regard, RM stated that the video focuses on the visual representation of the song's lyrics and can be interpreted in many ways. Tamar Herman of "Billboard" wrote that the music video "reflects the album's title and transmutes 'Spring Day' from a love song into an ode dedicated to the dead." In his review for Fuse, Benjamin labelled the visual as "gorgeously cinematic and moving." Glasby deemed the visual as a "slow motion, cinematic landscape of memories and wishes." Though she lauded the "external devices" used to "illustrate certain points," Glasby felt that "the most devastatingly evocative moments" in the video are "quietly simple." Emlyn Travis of "PopCrush" opined that the clip "stunningly" captures "the idea of a loss of innocence that changes one's life forever." The music video was awarded Best Music Video at the 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards and Fuse Video of the Year at the 2018 Annual Soompi Awards. It was an instant success on YouTube, garnering over 10 million views in 24 hours, becoming the fastest K-pop video to do so at the time. A week later, the music video for BTS' follow up single "Not Today" overtook the record with 10 million views in a shorter period of time. The video for "Spring Day" also became the fastest K-pop group music video to reach 20 million views, achieving the feat in less than four days. It was the sixth most viewed K-pop music video of 2017 on YouTube. As of April 2021, the video has over 400 million views on the platform.


title: Spring Day (song)

text: BTS performed "Spring Day" live for the first time on February 18, 2017, as part of their setlist for the band's two-day stop during The Wings Tour at Gocheok Sky Dome, Seoul. To promote the song and "You Never Walk Alone", BTS made several appearances on South Korean music programs in February 2017. The band gave their first televised live performance of the song for "M! Countdown" on February 23, 2017. The following three days, they appeared on "Music Bank", "Show! Music Core", and "Inkigayo", where they also performed "Not Today". BTS performed the song at the 2017 Melon Music Awards alongside "DNA" (2017) on December 2, 2017. On December 29 of that year, the band performed the remix version of the track at the "KBS Song Festival". They performed the song at the 32nd Golden Disc Awards on January 10, 2018. BTS sang it as part of their three-song set for YouTube's "Dear Class of 2020" online graduation ceremony on June 7, 2020, at the National Museum of Korea, with the band wearing soft pastel-coloured outfits. It was also included in the setlist at the 2020 iHeartRadio Music Festival on September 18. A studio live band rendition of the track was performed at NPR's Tiny Desk (Home) Concert on September 21 with an intro from RM, "It's been the roughest summer ever, but we know that spring will come," offering comfort and optimism during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Michael Finley

text: Michael Howard Finley (born March 6, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player who is the Vice President of Basketball Operations for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played 15 seasons in the NBA, predominantly with the Mavericks, but also for the Phoenix Suns (who drafted him in 1995), the San Antonio Spurs, and the Boston Celtics. He was a two-time NBA All-Star and won an NBA championship with the Spurs in 2007.


title: Michael Finley

text: Finley attended Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois, graduating in 1991. In Finley's senior season, Proviso East won the 1991 IHSA class AA boys basketball tournament, and Finley was named to the all-tournament team. Finley's teammates, known collectively as the "Three Amigos", included future NBA draftees Sherrell Ford and Donnie Boyce.


title: Michael Finley

text: The 6' 7" shooting guard/small forward was originally drafted out of University of Wisconsin–Madison by the Phoenix Suns as the 21st overall pick of the 1995 NBA draft. Finley held the all-time scoring record at Wisconsin for eleven years before being passed by Alando Tucker on March 10, 2007.


title: Michael Finley

text: Finley was named to the 1995–96 NBA All-Rookie First Team and finished third in Rookie of the Year voting after averaging fifteen points, 4.6 rebounds and 3.5 assists per game. He became only the third rookie in Suns history to score over 1,000 points in a season. Despite playing all 82 games in his rookie season, Finley was injured on the final day of regular season and did not play in the playoffs. He was traded by the Suns on December 26, 1996 to the Dallas Mavericks along with Sam Cassell, A. C. Green and a second-round draft pick for Jason Kidd, Tony Dumas and Loren Meyer.


title: Michael Finley

text: In his first season with the Mavericks, Finley led the team in scoring, assists and steals. Along with point guard Steve Nash and forward Dirk Nowitzki, he became an integral part of the Mavericks' late '90s "run and gun" offense.


title: Michael Finley

text: In 2000, he was selected to represent the Western Conference in the 2000 All-Star Game, in which he scored eleven points. On January 23, 2001, Finley tied an NBA record by recording eight steals in one half of a game. In 2001, he was again selected to represent the Western Conference on All-Star weekend. He played for the US national team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship, which lost a record-three games and failed to win a championship for the first time in a major competition since FIBA opened international competitions to NBA players.


title: Michael Finley

text: While Finley began to play more of a supporting role (small forward) as he aged and teammate Dirk Nowitzki blossomed, he remained a clutch player for the Mavericks. In 2005, he was waived by Dallas to avoid luxury taxes (as part of the league's new labor agreement). Finley became an unrestricted free agent and after being pursued by Detroit, Miami, Minnesota, and Phoenix, he elected to remain in Texas with the San Antonio Spurs.


title: Michael Finley

text: In San Antonio, Finley adapted well to a secondary role as Manu Ginóbili's backup, developing and emphasizing his outside shooting. The Spurs were knocked out of the 2006 NBA playoffs by his former team one year after he made the switch. During the series, Finley was punched below the belt by former teammate Jason Terry during Game 5, which earned Terry a suspension for the next game of the series and the suspension decision irritated Cuban, the Mavericks' boss, but the Spurs lost Game 7 after an overtime.


title: Michael Finley

text: In the fifth and final game of San Antonio's first-round series against Denver in 2007, Finley set the Spurs' record for three-point field goals in a playoff game, making eight of nine attempts. He eclipsed the previous record of seven set by teammate Bruce Bowen in 2003. Finley won his only NBA championship in 2007 with the San Antonio Spurs in his 12th NBA season.


title: Michael Finley

text: At Finley's request, the Spurs bought out the final year of his contract and waived him on March 1, 2010, freeing him to sign with another team.


title: Michael Finley

text: On March 4, 2010, Finley reached a verbal agreement with the Boston Celtics to join the team for the remainder of the 2009–10 season. He signed with the Celtics on March 6, 2010. The Celtics would reach the 2010 NBA Finals, but would lose to the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in seven games. At the end of the season, Finley announced he would retire.


title: Michael Finley

text: Finley began playing basketball in elementary school. His favorite player was Michael Jordan and he would occasionally go to Chicago Bulls games. He majored in business management at Wisconsin. Finley attended the same high school as current Philadelphia 76ers head coach Doc Rivers.


title: Michael Finley

text: He works in the front office as the Vice President of Basketball Operations for the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Bryony Hannah

text: Bryony Hannah (born 1984) is a British actress, best known as Cynthia Miller in BBC One's "Call the Midwife".


title: Bryony Hannah

text: The daughter of a teacher and a retired Royal Navy lieutenant-commander, Hannah comes from Portsmouth, and after leaving school worked in a pub in Southampton. She was then accepted to RADA, having won a Laurence Olivier Bursary.


title: Bryony Hannah

text: Hannah received an Olivier Award Nomination for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for her role as Mary Tilford in "The Children's Hour". Several reviews of that production mentioned that Hannah was a "virtual unknown" and "stole the show."


title: Bryony Hannah

text: Her other stage roles include performances in "Earthquakes in London", "Every Good Boy Deserves Favour", "The Pillowman", "The Merry Wives of Windsor" and "War Horse". In 2017, she appeared in the posthumous premiere of Olivier Award winner Kevin Elyot's final play "Twilight Song", alongside Adam Garcia and Paul Higgins.


title: Bryony Hannah

text: She also appeared in "Dead Boss" as Christine and provided the voice of Padget, Pando's carer, in the CBeebies TV series, "Bing".


title: Bryony Hannah

text: She is perhaps best known for her work on "Call the Midwife". Her character, Nurse Cynthia Miller, was in the initial cast of characters of season one. During the course of the show, Cynthia decided she was being called to a religious life, and she became a nun. Her character lived as a nun at Nonnatus House, where she also worked as a midwife. Hannah left the series after season six.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: A Hanukkah menorah, or hanukkiah, is a nine-branched candelabrum lit during the eight-day Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Eight of the nine branches hold lights (candles or oil lamps) that symbolize the eight nights of the holiday; on each night, one more light is lit than the previous night, until on the final night all eight branches are ignited. The ninth branch holds a candle, called the "shamash" ("helper" or "servant"), which is used to light the other eight.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: The Hanukkah menorah commemorates, but is distinct from, the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. Along with the seven-branched menorah and the Star of David, it is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: To be kosher, the shamash must be offset on a higher or lower plane than the main eight candles or oil lamps, but there are differing opinions as to whether all the lights must be arranged in a straight line, or if the hanukkiah can be arranged in a curve.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: The hanukkiah is often displayed in public around Hanukkah time in December. Elected officials often participate in publicly lighting the hanukkiah. The Chabad-Lubavitch movement is well associated with public lighting ceremonies, which it has done since a directive from their last Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, in 1987. In the book "A Kosher Christmas: 'Tis the Season to Be Jewish", author Rabbi Joshua Plaut, Ph.D. details the history of public displays of the hanukkiah across the United States, summarizes the court cases associated with this issue, and explains how Presidents of the United States came to embrace lighting the hanukkiah during Hanukkah.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: In the US, the White House has been represented at the lighting of the National Menorah since 1979. This celebration of Hanukkah began with the attendance of President Jimmy Carter in the ceremony in Lafayette Park. Additionally, beginning with President Bill Clinton in 1993, a hanukkiah is lit at the White House, and in 2001, President George W. Bush began the annual tradition of a White House Hanukkah Party in the White House residence, which includes a hanukkiah candle lighting ceremony.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons holds a yearly hanukkiah lighting at the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons in the Palace of Westminster. Although John Bercow became the first Jewish Speaker of the House in 2009, the hanukkiah currently used every year had actually been commissioned in 2003 by his predecessor Michael Martin, who was a Catholic; prior to this, a hannukiah had to be borrowed for the ceremony every year.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: Two large hanukkiahs are in New York City, each standing at 32 feet. One is at Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, and the other is at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in Manhattan near Central Park. A 4,000-pound structure, it is the work of Israeli artist Yaacov Agam. Because of the hanukkiah's height, Con Edison assists the lighting by using a crane to lift each person to the top.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: In the United States, the public display of hanukkiahs and Christmas trees on public grounds has been the source of legal battles. Specifically, in the 1989 "County of Allegheny v. ACLU" case, the majority of the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the public display of hanukkiahs and Christmas trees did not violate the Establishment Clause because the two symbols were not endorsements of the Jewish or Christian faith, and were rather part of the same winter holiday season, which the court found had attained a secular status in U.S. society.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: On December 10, 1997, the Internet first widely celebrated Interactive Menorah was the premiere greeting for the New York Times Cyberseason's Greetings section of their website. This Internet heirloom Menorah allowed users to celebrate the holiday from anywhere, lighting candles with a mouse click. Users could enjoy the digital Menorah in a small window or full screen. The utility of the historic Menorah was a key element in delivery of the digital Menorah.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: The Menorah holding a two-day supply of oil managed to last eight days allowing rabbi to cleanse the Roman influence from Jerusalem's second temple. This utility was honored as the digital Menorah used a minuscule file size of 19kb. The digital Menorah was created by recognized digital artist Bruce Keffer, using the then-new Flash animation software.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: English speakers most commonly call the lamp a "menorah" or "Hanukkah menorah" (the Hebrew word "menorah" simply meaning "lamp"). In Modern Hebrew, the lamp is generally called a "chanukkiyah", a term which originated among Judeo-Spanish speaking Sephardic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 18th century. It was introduced into Modern Hebrew by Hemda Ben-Yehuda, whose husband Eliezer Ben Yehuda was the leading force behind the revival of the Hebrew language in the late 19th century.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: Many museums have notable collections of hanukkiahs, including the Israel Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Jewish Museum, which owns the Lindo lamp.


title: Hanukkah menorah

text: More offbeat Hanukkah products on the American market include a "Menorah Tree" inspired by the Christmas tree tradition, and even a "Menorah Bong". The "Thanksgivukkah" coincidence of Thanksgiving and the second night of Hanukkah in 2013 inspired a turkey-shaped "menurkey".


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye () was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other. Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: As a preamble, on 21 October 1918, 208 German-speaking delegates of the Austrian Imperial Council had convened in a "provisional national assembly of German-Austria" at the Lower Austrian Landtag. When the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Army culminated at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, the Social Democrat Karl Renner was elected German-Austrian State Chancellor on 30 October. In the course of the Aster Revolution on 31 October, the newly established Hungarian People's Republic under Minister President Mihály Károlyi declared the real union with Austria terminated.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: With the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918, the fate of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was sealed. On 11 November 1918 Emperor Charles I of Austria officially declared to "relinquish every participation in the administration", one day later the provisional assembly declared German-Austria a democratic republic and part of the German Republic. However, on the territory of the Cisleithanian ("Austrian") half of the former empire, the newly established states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Yugoslav Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the "successor states") had been proclaimed. Moreover, South Tyrol and Trentino were occupied by Italian forces and Yugoslav troops entered the former Duchy of Carinthia, leading to violent fights.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: An Austrian Constitutional Assembly election was held on 16 February 1919. The Assembly re-elected Karl Renner state chancellor and enacted the Habsburg Law concerning the banishment of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. When Chancellor Renner arrived at Saint-Germain in May 1919, he and the Austrian delegation found themselves excluded from the negotiations led by French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. Upon an Allied ultimatum, Renner signed the treaty on 10 September. The Treaty of Trianon in June 1920 between Hungary and the Allies completed the disposition of the former Dual Monarchy.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: The treaty declared that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to be dissolved. According to article 177 Austria, along with the other Central Powers, accepted responsibility for starting the war. The new Republic of Austria, consisting of most of the German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces in former Cisleithania, recognized the independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The treaty included 'war reparations' of large sums of money, directed towards the Allies (however the exact amount has never been defined and collected from Austria), as well as provisions for the liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Bank.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: Cisleithanian Austria had to face significant territorial losses, amounting to over 60 percent of the prewar Austrian Empire's territory:


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: The Allies had explicitly committed themselves to the cause of the minority peoples of Austria-Hungary late in the war. Indeed, U. S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing had effectively ended what slim chance existed for Austria-Hungary to survive the war when he told Vienna that since the Allies were now committed to the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs, autonomy for the nationalities–the tenth of the Fourteen Points–was no longer enough. Reflecting this, the Allies not only allowed the minority peoples to help create new states (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), recreate former states (Poland), or join their ethnic brethren in existing nation-states (Romania, Italy), but allowed the successor states to absorb significant blocks of German-inhabited territory. In addition the negotiators on the Allied side, particularly Wilson, did not understand when speaking of self-determination that no convenient line could be drawn to separate intermingled nationalities, and that in further cases, irredentists would claim that some German or Hungarian-inhabited territories had actually been theirs. This was as well rendered by the fact that in just a few cases were plebiscites allowed regarding the disputed territories to ascertain the wishes of the local populaces.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: Article 88 of the treaty required Austria to refrain from directly or indirectly compromising its independence, which meant that Austria could not enter into political or economic union with the German Reich without the agreement of the council of the League of Nations. Accordingly, the new republic's initial self-chosen name of German-Austria () had to be changed to Austria. Many Austrians would come to find this term harsh (especially among the Austrian Germans being a vast majority who would support a single German nation state), due to Austria's later economic weakness, which was caused by loss of land. Because of all these reasons, Austria would later lead to support for the idea of "Anschluss" (political union) with Nazi Germany.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: Conscription was abolished and the Austrian Army was limited to a force of 30,000 volunteers. There were numerous provisions dealing with Danubian navigation, the transfer of railways, and other details involved in the breakup of a great empire into several small independent states.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)

text: The vast reduction of population, territory and resources of the new Austria relative to the old empire wreaked havoc on the economy of the old nation, most notably in Vienna, an imperial capital now without an empire to support it. For a time, the country's very unity was called into question.


title: Bone conduction

text: Bone conduction is the conduction of sound to the inner ear primarily through the bones of the skull, allowing the hearer to perceive audio content without blocking the ear canal. Bone conduction transmission occurs constantly as sound waves vibrate bone, specifically the bones in the skull, although it is hard for the average individual to distinguish sound being conveyed through the bone as opposed to the sound being conveyed through the air via the ear canal. Intentional transmission of sound through bone can be used with individuals with normal hearing — as with bone-conduction headphones — or as a treatment option for certain types of hearing impairment. Bone generally conveys lower-frequency sounds better than higher frequency sounds.


title: Bone conduction

text: Bone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequently sounds higher than one expects.


title: Bone conduction

text: Musicians may use bone conduction using a tuning fork while tuning stringed instruments. After the fork starts vibrating, placing it in the mouth with the stem between the back teeth ensures that one continues to hear the note via bone conduction, and both hands are free to do the tuning. Ludwig van Beethoven was famously rumored to be using bone conduction after losing most of his hearing, by placing one end of a rod in his mouth and resting the other end on the rim of his piano.


title: Bone conduction

text: It has also been observed that some animals can perceive sound and even communicate by sending and receiving vibration through bone.


title: Bone conduction

text: Comparison of hearing sensitivity through bone conduction and directly through the ear canal can aid audiologists in identifying pathologies of the middle ear—the area between the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and the cochlea (inner ear). If hearing is markedly better through bone conduction than through the ear canal (air-bone gap), problems with the ear canal (e.g. ear wax accumulation), the tympanic membrane or ossicles can be suspected. This method was first discovered by Italian physician Hieronymus Capivacci.


title: Bone conduction

text: The first bone conduction hearing aids were invented in the 15th century. Italian physician Girolamo Cardano realized that when a rod was placed between someone's teeth and attached the other end to a musical instrument, the person could hear the music despite their hearing loss. This method was used by Beethoven, as his hearing deteriorated towards the end of his life. In the 1820s, French physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard improved on this device by attaching the other end of the rod not to a musical instrument but to the mouth of another speaker. This invention was known as the Rod of Itard. In 1923, Hugo Gernsback created a new kind of bone conduction hearing aid called the "Osophone", which he later elaborated on with his "Phonosone". Bone conduction hearing aids have also been fitted to glasses, which fit tightly to the side of the head.


title: Bone conduction

text: In the 1970s, a team of doctors in Gothenburg, most notably Anders Tjellström, had the idea to implant a bone vibrator plate into the mastoid bone with an adjoining screw that allowed an external audio processor to be attached to conduct sound. The first three patients were implanted in 1977. The device gave good results and became known as a bone-anchored hearing aid, or BAHA. In 2012, this idea was taken a step further by the introduction of the BONEBRIDGE device. Whereas a BAHA implant is a percutaneous device that requires the screw abutment to protrude through the skin, the BONEBRIDGE is a transcutaneous device and is fully implanted under the skin. In this case, the audio processor is held in place by magnets.


title: Bone conduction

text: Bone conduction devices are suitable for patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss, with a functioning cochlea but problems with the outer or inner ear that prevent sound vibrations from reaching the cochlea. This can be caused by conditions such as atresia, microtia, Goldenhar syndrome or Treacher Collins. Bone conduction is also a good option for someone who cannot use traditional air conduction hearing aids.


title: Bone conduction

text: Bone conduction devices are also used to help people with single-sided deafness, who have a non-functioning inner ear on one side. In this situation, the device picks up sounds on the non-functioning side and sends them as vibrations through the bone to the functioning cochlea on the other side.


title: Bone conduction

text: There are many different types of bone conduction hearing aids but most of them work on the same principle and comprise necessary components like microphones, signal processing, energy supply and a transducer that generates vibrations. The microphone of the hearing aid picks up sound signals from the environment. The signal is then optimized and transmitted to the transducer, which generates vibrations. Depending on the specific bone conduction hearing aid system, the vibrations are either sent directly through the skull bone, or through the skin towards the inner ear. Finally, the inner ear picks up the vibrations and sends them to the auditory cortex in the brain.


title: Bone conduction

text: Surgical bone conduction devices consist of an internal implant and an external audio processor used to transmit sound.  They require surgery in order to implant the device, which is usually done as an outpatient procedure under general anesthetic, however this depends on the device being implanted and the health condition of the patient.


title: Bone conduction

text: Non-surgical devices only consist of the external audio processor. The processor simply vibrates, making both the skin and the bone vibrate, conducting the vibrations through to the cochlea. Non-surgical devices are ideal for children, who may not be old enough for implantation surgery or who have temporary conductive hearing loss caused by glue ear or ear infections.


title: Bone conduction

text: There are various ways to attach non-surgical bone conduction devices to the skin, including headbands, adhesives and bone conduction glasses. Devices include the ADHEAR from MED-EL, the BAHA Start from Cochlear, BHM's contact mini or contact forte and the Ponto Softband from Oticon Medical. Unlike headbands or glasses-based devices, adhesive devices do not need to apply pressure against the head in order to transmit the vibration. Because of this, users of adhesive devices report wearing their device for longer each day.


title: Bone conduction

text: A transcutaneous bone conduction device transmits sound signals, either electronic or mechanical, through the skin. In other words, there is closed, intact skin between the external audio processor and the internal implant. The processor is held in place over the implant using magnetic attraction. Transcutaneous devices currently on the market include the BAHA Attract, and Osia from Cochlear and the BONEBRIDGE from MED-EL.


title: Bone conduction

text: With a percutaneous device, part of the implant (known as the abutment) protrudes through the skin. The audio processor then snaps onto the abutment, providing a direct connection to the implant. Percutaneous devices include the BAHA Connect from Cochlear and the Ponto from Oticon Medical.


title: Bone conduction

text: Percutaneous devices have been associated with skin complications, ranging from slight redness to the formation of granulation tissue and recurring infection. The most serious complications might require further surgery or abutment removal and subsequent reimplantation. One study into skin problems with percutaneous implants revealed a complication rate of up to 84%. In another study a meta-analysis of complications with osseointegrated hearing aids showed that revision surgery is required in up to 34.5% of cases. Transcutaneous devices were later designed to avoid or reduce recurring skin complications. For example, only 1.85% of patients with the BONEBRIDGE experience wound infections post-surgery.


title: Bone conduction

text: An active bone conduction device is one where the implant generates the vibrations that directly stimulate the bone. With a passive bone conduction device, the vibrations are generated by the audio processor before being passed through the skin or an abutment to reach the implant and the bone. The main active bone conduction devices available are the BONEBRIDGE from MED-EL and the Osia from Cochlear. Both are active transcutaneous devices. The external audio processor picks up sound vibrations and transmits them electronically through the skin to the internal implant, which directly and actively vibrates the bone. These vibrations are conducted through the skull bone to the cochlea and are processed as normal.


title: Bone conduction

text: The main passive bone conduction devices are the BAHA Attract and BAHA Connect from Cochlear, the Ponto from Oticon and the Alpha 2 MPO from Medtronic. The BAHA Connect and Ponto are passive percutaneous devices, whereby the audio processor is fixed onto an abutment placed through the skin. The audio processor vibrates, sending the vibrations via the abutment to the implant and then through the bone to the cochlea. The BAHA Attract and Alpha 2 are transcutaneous devices but they work in a similar way. The audio processor vibrates, sending mechanical vibrations to the implant through the bone. However, unlike with the percutaneous devices, the vibrations from the audio processor pass through the skin before they reach the internal implant. These vibrations are then conducted through the skull bones to the cochlea and are processed as normal, just like with an active device.


title: Bone conduction

text: Active transcutaneous and passive percutaneous bone conduction devices tend to deliver better sound quality than passive transcutaneous ones. Passive transcutaneous devices send sound vibrations through the skin, and as they pass through the skin, they lose some of their strength, causing signal attenuation of up to 20dB. To counteract this, passive transcutaneous devices may require the use of strong magnets that squeeze the skin to achieve optimal conduction. This can lead to pain and irritation of the skin and soft tissue between the two magnets, and in worst cases cause necrosis. A study found that major complications — defined as complications requiring active management, such as post-operative seroma, hematoma, wound infections, skin ulcerations, and dehiscence — were found in 5.2% of cases.


title: Bone conduction

text: One example of a specialized communication product is a bone conduction speaker that is used by scuba divers. The device is a rubber over-moulded, piezoelectric flexing disc that is approximately across and thick. A connecting cable is molded into the disc, resulting in a tough, waterproof assembly. In use, the speaker is strapped against one of the dome-shaped bone protrusions behind the ear and the sound, which can be surprisingly clear and crisp, seems to come from inside the user's head.


title: Bone conduction

text: The Google Glass device employs bone conduction technology for the relay of information to the user through a transducer that sits beside the user's ear. The use of bone conduction means that any vocal content that is received by the Glass user is nearly inaudible to outsiders.


title: Bone conduction

text: German broadcaster Sky Deutschland and advertising agency BBDO Germany collaborated on an advertising campaign that uses bone conduction that was premiered in Cannes, France at the International Festival of Creativity in June 2013. The "Talking Window" advertising concept uses bone conduction to transmit advertising to public transport passengers who lean their heads against train glass windows. Academics from Australia's Macquarie University suggested that, apart from not touching the window, passengers would need to use a dampening device that is made of material that would not transmit the vibration from the window in order to not hear the sound.


title: Bone conduction

text: Land Rover BAR employed 'military' bone conduction technology, designed by BAE Systems, within their helmets for use within the 2017 America's Cup. The helmets allowed the crews to communicate effectively with each other under race conditions and within the harsh, noisy environment; whilst maintaining situational awareness due to their ears being uncovered.


title: Bone conduction

text: In March 2019 at The National Maritime Museum, London, British composer Hollie Harding premiered the use of Bone Conduction Headphones as part of a musical performance. The use of the technology allowed the audience to listen to a pre-recorded musical track on the headsets, whilst a live orchestra performed a separate but related musical track. This multilayered effect meant that electronic and digitally-edited sounds could be heard in conjunction with live music without the use of loud-speakers for the first time and that the source of sounds could appear to be close to, far from, or all around the listener.


title: Bone conduction

text: Bone conduction technology is used in Sentien Audio, a wearable audio interface, to make it possible to comfortably wear it and stay connected for the entire day. Through bone conduction technology and built-in software, Sentien Audio can also amplify sound to assist with certain types of hearing loss.


title: Bone conduction

text: Because bone conduction headphones transmit sound to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, users can consume audio content while maintaining situational awareness.


title: Bone conduction

text: England Athletics partnered with bone conduction headphone brand AfterShokz to give people a comfortable and safe listening experience whilst playing sport.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Big Brother 15 is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series "Big Brother". The season premiered on June 26, 2013, broadcast on CBS and Slice in Canada, and ended with a 90-minute season finale on September 18, 2013, after 90 days of competition. Julie Chen returned as host. On September 18, 2013, Andy Herren was crowned the winner defeating GinaMarie Zimmerman in a 7-2 jury vote. Elissa Slater was voted as the season's America's Favorite HouseGuest.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: This season was the last to be broadcast on 4:3 standard definition and would be broadcast on high-definition television in the future.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: The format remains largely unchanged from previous seasons. The contestants, who are referred to as "HouseGuests", are sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to or from the outside world. Each week, the HouseGuests take part in several compulsory challenges that determine who will win food, luxuries, and power in the House. The winner of the weekly Head of Household competition is guaranteed a week of safety and nominates two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest becomes Head of Household, he or she is ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition. HouseGuests usually also take part in weekly Have vs. Have-Not competitions in which they are divided into either the "Haves" or the "Have-Nots" depending on their performance in the competition. HouseGuests that become "Have-Nots" for the week have to eat "Big Brother slop" along with a weekly food restriction (chosen by the viewing public), take cold showers, and sleep on beds that look like airplane seats. The winner of the Power of Veto competition wins the right to revoke the nomination of one of the nominated HouseGuests. If the Veto winner uses this power, the person (Head of Household or M.V.P.) who nominated the vetoed player must immediately nominate another HouseGuest for eviction.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: On eviction night, all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the nominees vote to evict one of the three nominees. This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household casts the deciding vote, announcing it in front of the other HouseGuests. Unlike most other versions of "Big Brother", the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely. The nominee with the greatest number of votes will be evicted from the House on the weekly live broadcast, exiting to an adjacent studio to be interviewed by Chen, after which the cycle begins again. HouseGuests may voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who break the rules may be expelled from the house by Big Brother. The final nine HouseGuests evicted during the season will vote for the winner on the season finale. These "Jury Members" will be sequestered in a separate house and will not be allowed to watch the show except for competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests. The jury members will not be shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations. Whereas in past seasons, the Jury consisted of the last seven evicted HouseGuests, this season increased the number of jurors to nine.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: In a twist this season, one HouseGuest each week (ostensibly the one who is playing the "best game") is secretly chosen by the viewing public to be the "Big Brother M.V.P.". In the privacy of the Diary Room, this person nominates a third person to face eviction for the week; the choice is revealed to the remaining HouseGuests just prior to choosing players for the upcoming Veto competition. The identity of the week's M.V.P. is not told to the remaining HouseGuests; it is up to the M.V.P. to decide whether or not to divulge this information. In a further twist, during weeks four, five, and six viewers have chosen the third nominee.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Nick Uhas appeared on season 12 of "America's Got Talent". He advanced past the initial audition stage, but was ultimately eliminated before the live shows. In 2019, Uhas became the host of the Netflix reality series "Blown Away". Elissa Slater competed on "The Amazing Race 31" alongside her sister (and former "Big Brother" winner) Rachel Reilly.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: On Day 1, the original sixteen HouseGuests entered the house. Shortly after introductions, Howard, Jeremy, and Spencer quickly formed the first alliance of the season. Jeremy also formed an alliance with David and Jessie minutes later. The HouseGuests were later called to the living room, and learned that there would be a total of three nominations each week, though it was confirmed that the Head of Household would only nominate two of these nominees for eviction. Following this news, HouseGuests competed in the "Popsicle Factory" Head of Household competition. For this competition, the HouseGuests hung onto a fake Popsicle suspended in the air while being sprayed with colored water; the last HouseGuest remaining would be the first Head of Household. McCrae was the winner. Jeremy accepted a "temptation" to leave the Head of Household competition, winning a "Never-Not pass" that guarantees he will never be a "Have-Not" while in the game. Nick, the last HouseGuest remaining in the competition with McCrae, made a deal with McCrae for safety in exchange for dropping out of the Head of Household competition; McCrae agreed to the deal. Returning inside, the HouseGuests learned of the M.V.P. twist, in which, each week, the viewers would vote to give one HouseGuest a special power of selecting the third nominee. The winner of this power could choose to share it with their fellow HouseGuests or leave it a secret.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Following these events, Howard, Jeremy, McCrae, Nick, and Spencer formed the "Moving Company" alliance. HouseGuests later split into three teams to compete in the "Cooler and the Gang" Have-Not competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to swim across the backyard and grab cans in an attempt to stack them in the shape of a pyramid; while a HouseGuest was doing this, their teammates were required to hold the cans up on a stand, and were required to start over if their pyramid fell. The team of Andy, Elissa, Helen, Howard, and Judd were the Have-Nots for the week. On Day 5, McCrae nominated Candice and Jessie for eviction, feeling as though they were the least liked people in the house. Despite this, McCrae and his alliance hoped to backdoor Elissa, fearing her due to her relation to Rachel Reilly. Elissa later became the first "Big Brother M.V.P." of the season. On Day 7, Elissa nominated David for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Elissa and Howard were selected to compete. That night, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Baking Competition" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to crawl through a pool of honey to get to various blueberries. HouseGuests had to pop the blueberries to find the letters inside, and then attempted to spell the biggest word with the letters they found; the HouseGuest with the longest, correctly spelled word would win the Power of Veto. McCrae was the winner of the Power of Veto. On Day 9, McCrae used the Power of Veto to remove Candice from the block, and chose to nominate Elissa in her place. Despite this, a plan was set in motion by Amanda, McCrae, Andy, Judd, Spencer, Helen, Nick, and Howard to keep Elissa in the game and evict David. On Day 13, David became the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the house when he received a total of seven eviction votes (7-5-0).


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Following David's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother BBQ" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests competed as partners to transfer barbecue sauce from one side of the backyard to the other in an attempt to fill up a bowl and retrieve a ball inside; the first duo to retrieve their ball would be the winners, and would decide which of the pair would be the Head of Household. Aaryn and Jeremy were the winning couple, choosing Aaryn the new Head of Household. She immediately had to choose four HouseGuests to be the Have-Nots for the week: Andy, Candice, Elissa, and Helen. On Day 15, Aaryn nominated Elissa and Helen for eviction, with Elissa being her main target. Elissa later learned that she had been selected to be the "M.V.P." for the second week in a row. On Day 16, Elissa nominated Jeremy for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Amanda and Nick were selected to compete; GinaMarie was selected to host. That night, HouseGuests competed in the "In the Balance" Power of Veto competition. Jeremy was the winner of the Power of Veto. On Day 18, Jeremy used Power of Veto on himself, with Elissa nominating Nick in his place. Following this, Amanda and Helen campaigned to save Elissa, opting rather to evict Nick. McCrae, upset with the Moving Company alliance for attempting to turn him against Amanda, later agreed keep Elissa in the house. On Day 21, the HouseGuests evicted Nick by a vote of 7-4-0.


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Following Nick's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Overnight Delivery" Head of Household competition. For this competition, Julie Chen asked the HouseGuests true or false questions about "deliveries" that occurred in the backyard the previous night; when a HouseGuest answered incorrectly, they were eliminated from the competition, while the last HouseGuest remaining was the winner. Helen was the winner. Nick's eviction led to the end of the Moving Company alliance, and the four remaining members gradually informed the other HouseGuests of their Moving Company alliance. This, along with Nick's surprise eviction, led to numerous arguments in the house. On Day 22, HouseGuests competed in the "Scary Dairy" Have-Not competition. For this competition, HouseGuests threw buckets of sour milk to their teammates in an attempt to fill up a milk jug in the fastest time; the first two teams to complete the challenge would earn food for the week, while the losing team were the Have-Nots. Amanda, Jessie, Judd, and McCrae became the Have-Nots for the week. Helen later decided she wanted to see Jeremy be evicted, and decided that she should backdoor him. That night, she chose to nominate Aaryn and Kaitlin for eviction. Elissa learned later that night that she had been named "M.V.P." for the third week in a row. On Day 23, Elissa nominated Spencer for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, GinaMarie and Candice were selected to compete; Judd was selected to host. That night, HouseGuests competed in the "Keeping Up with the Joneses" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to jump on a trampoline to see an "art gallery" on the other side of a wall. They were then required to re-create the gallery on their own side of the wall, with the HouseGuest who finished in the quickest time winning the Power of Veto. Kaitlin won the Power of Veto. On Day 25, Kaitlin used the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Jeremy being nominated in her place. Jeremy and Kaitlin attempted to turn the house against Aaryn, though this plan failed. On Day 28, Jeremy became the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the house when he received a total of nine eviction votes (9-1-0).


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Following Jeremy's eviction, the HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Royalty" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were asked to determine which HouseGuest best fit a description based on how the viewers had voted in an online poll. A HouseGuest was eliminated for an incorrect answer, with the last HouseGuest remaining becoming the winner. Judd was the winner. In a twist this week, the viewers became the M.V.P. for the week and voted for the third nominee; the HouseGuests were not informed of this twist. On Day 29, HouseGuests competed in the "Funky Froyo" Have-Not competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were weighed before the start of the competition, and were then required to eat as much frozen yogurt as possible. The team that had gained the least amount of weight would become the Have-Nots for the week. The team of Andy, Candice, Jessie, and Spencer became the Have-Nots for the week. Much like the previous week, Amanda continued to campaign for Howard to be nominated and evicted, though Judd feared a girls alliance was in the house and opted to keep Howard safe. That same night, Judd nominated Aaryn and Kaitlin for eviction. Following this, GinaMarie, Howard, Judd, Kaitlin, and Spencer formed a new alliance in an attempt to go against Amanda, Elissa, Helen, and McCrae, who they felt were running the house. On Day 30, it was revealed that Elissa had been nominated for eviction by the viewers. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Helen and McCrae were selected to compete for the Power of Veto; Andy was selected to host. That same day, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Election" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests dug through mud to find envelopes filled with "votes", and votes that were higher in value required HouseGuests to take punishments in exchange for points. The HouseGuest with the most points would be the winner. Elissa was the winner of the Power of Veto, while McCrae won a $5,000 prize. Helen, as a punishment, was required to be in bed early each night, while Judd had twenty-four hours in solitary confinement while being woken up by an alarm clock every nine minutes. Elissa, as part of another punishment, gave up the right to participate in the following Power of Veto competition. On Day 32, Elissa used the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with GinaMarie being nominated in her place. Though a plan was made to evict Kaitlin from the house, Elissa later informed Kaitlin of this and attempted to turn the house against Aaryn. Her attempts backfired, however, and led to a huge confrontation between Elissa and several other HouseGuests who soon lost their trust in her. On Day 35, Kaitlin became the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house when she received nine eviction votes (9-0-0).


title: Big Brother 15 (American season)

text: Following Kaitlin's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Roulette Me Win" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests took turns rolling a ball down a slanted strip where it would land on a spinning Roulette wheel; the HouseGuest whose ball landed in the highest number would be the new Head of Household. Aaryn was the winner, making her the first HouseGuest this season to win Head of Household twice. Following her win, Amanda, Helen, and McCrae attempted to convince Aaryn to nominate Howard and Spencer for eviction due to a deal the four of them had made the previous week. Aaryn, Amanda, Andy, GinaMarie, Helen, Jessie, Judd, and McCrae formed an alliance to ensure the eviction of one of the two men. On Day 36, HouseGuests competed in the "Unexpectedly Unforgettable" Have-Not competition. Poppy Montgomery hosted the competition, in which HouseGuests had to place evidence on a desk only to have to put it back in the same position minutes later. The last team to correctly put their evidence in the original spot would be the Have-Nots for the week. The team of Amanda, Candice, GinaMarie, and Judd became the Have-Nots for the week. That same night, Aaryn nominated Howard and Spencer for eviction, with Howard being the target for the majority of the HouseGuests. On Day 37, it was revealed that the viewers had chosen to nominate Amanda for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jessie and Candice were selected to compete for the Power of Veto; Helen was selected to host. That night, HouseGuests competed in the "Back In Time" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to solve a puzzle to form a dinosaur egg, with the first person to complete their puzzle winning the Power of Veto. Spencer won the Power of Veto. On Day 39, Spencer used the Power of Veto to remove himself from the block, with Candice being nominated in his place in an attempt to ensure Howard's eviction. Jessie and Candice, believing that Amanda and McCrae were in control of the game, attempted to get the votes to evict Amanda from the house, though this plan failed. As a result, Candice and Jessie became outcasts in the house, and became the targets for several HouseGuests. On Day 42, Howard became the fifth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house when he received a total of seven eviction votes (7-1-0).