title: Roger Birnbaum

text: On December 20, 2010, after the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had emerged from bankruptcy, Birnbaum and Barber became co-Chairs and co-CEOs of the studio. On October 3, 2012, Birnbaum announced his intention to exit his role as an MGM executive and return to "hands-on" producing. He will remain with the studio to produce films on "an exclusive basis".


title: Roger Birnbaum

text: He has since founded three production companies, Pin High Productions, Cave 76 Productions and with Eli Roth, Arts District Entertainment. By September 8, 2016, his exclusivity with MGM had ended.


title: Roger Birnbaum

text: His first wife was Pamela West; they had one daughter Claire Birnbaum Block (born 1987). He married then-restaurant guest relations manager Leslie Lopez in 2013.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: Mary Berg is a Canadian television host, author and cook, most noted as the winner of the third season of "MasterChef Canada". She has been the host of two television cooking shows, "Mary's Kitchen Crush" and "Mary Makes It Easy", and has released two cookbooks, "Kitchen Party" and "Well Seasoned".


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: Berg was born in Pickering, Ontario. When she was four years old, Berg was in a car accident in which her father died. Her mother and brother survived the accident with injuries. Berg helped out preparing meals for her family from about age 7 and by age 13 was cooking dinner for her family on her own.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: Berg obtained her bachelor's degree from Wilfrid Laurier University, double majoring in history and English. She then pursued a master's degree in information science at the University of Toronto.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: After university, Berg became an insurance broker. She left her job to compete in MasterChef Canada in 2016. Berg was the winner of season 3 of MasterChef Canada and the first ever female winner of the show.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: Since winning MasterChef Canada, Berg has appeared as a regular food expert on television shows like "Your Morning" and "The Marilyn Denis Show". In 2017, Berg starred in an eight-episode cooking show on Gusto called "Mary's Big Kitchen Party."


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: Berg is the first MasterChef Canada winner to host her own cooking show, "Mary's Kitchen Crush". The show premiered on CTV in April 2019. "Mary's Kitchen Crush" won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Lifestyle Series, and Berg won for Best Lifestyle Host, at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. "Mary’s Kitchen Crush" won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Lifestyle Series again in 2021 at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards, where Berg also won Best Lifestyle Host.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: In 2021, Berg premiered the new series "Mary Makes It Easy", designed around simple, easy-to-make recipes for people who struggle with their cooking skills, on CTV Life Channel. That same year, she released her second cookbook, "Well Seasoned". Well seasoned won the gold medal at the 2022 Taste Canada Awards for best general cookbook.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: On April 6, 2022, Berg won the Canadian Screen Award for Host, Lifestyle at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards. "Mary Makes It Easy" also won the award for Lifestyle Program or Series, on which Berg is a co-executive producer.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: In February 2022, "Mary Makes It Easy" premiered on Food Network in the USA. She served as co-host for the CTV show, "Cross Country Cake Off", which premiered in December 2022.


title: Mary Berg (chef)

text: Berg lives in Toronto, Ontario with her husband, engineer Aaron Mariash. She has been a Pescatarian for more than 15 years, though she cooks meat on her show.


title: Sublime Porte

text: The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte ( or "Babıali", from and , , ), was a synecdoche for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.


title: Sublime Porte

text: The name has its origins in the old practice in which the ruler announced his official decisions and judgements at the gate of his palace. This was the practice in the Byzantine Empire and it was also adopted by Ottoman Turk sultans since Orhan I, and therefore the palace of the sultan, or the gate leading to it, became known as the "High Gate". This name referred first to a palace in Bursa, Turkey. After the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, now Istanbul, the gate now known as the Imperial Gate (), leading to the outermost courtyard of the Topkapı Palace, first became known as the "High Gate", or the "Sublime Porte".


title: Sublime Porte

text: When Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent sealed an alliance with King Francis I of France in 1536, the French diplomats walked through the monumental gate then known as "Bab-ı Ali" (now "Bâb-ı Hümâyûn") in order to reach the Vizierate of Constantinople, seat of the Sultan's government. French being the language of diplomacy, the French translation "Sublime Porte" was soon adopted in most other European languages, including English, to refer not only to the actual gate but as a metonymy for the Ottoman Empire.


title: Sublime Porte

text: In the 18th century, a new great Italian-styled office building was built just west of Topkapi Palace area, on the other side of Alemdar Caddesi (Alemdar street). This became the location of the Grand Vizier and many ministries. Thereafter, this building, and the monumental gate leading to its courtyards, became known as the Sublime Porte ("Bab-ı Ali"); colloquially it was also known as the Gate of the Pasha ("paşa kapusu"). The building was badly damaged by fire in 1911. Today, the buildings house the Istanbul Governor's Office.


title: Sublime Porte

text: "Sublime Porte" was used in the context of diplomacy by Western states, as their diplomats were received at the "porte" (meaning "gate"). During the Second Constitutional Era of the Empire after 1908 (see Young Turk Revolution), the functions of the classical Divan-ı Hümayun were replaced by the reformed Imperial Government, and "porte" came to refer to the Foreign Ministry. During this period, the office of the Grand Vizier came to refer to the equivalent to that of a prime minister, and viziers became members of the Grand Vizier's cabinet as government ministers.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Iceland's defence forces consist of the Icelandic Coast Guard, which patrols Icelandic waters and monitors its airspace, and other services such as the National Commissioner's National Security and Special Forces Units. Iceland maintains no standing army, the only NATO member for which this is the case.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: The Coast Guard consists of three ships and four aircraft and armed with small arms, naval artillery, and air defence radar stations. The Coast Guard also maintains the Iceland Air Defence System, formerly part of the disestablished Defence Agency, which conducts surveillance from the ground of Iceland's air space.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Additionally, there is a Crisis Response Unit (ICRU), operated by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, which is a small peacekeeping force that has been deployed internationally, since 2008. This unit also has an unarmed component.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: There is a treaty with the United States, which until 2006 maintained the Naval Air Station Keflavik, regarding the defence of Iceland. The base, now operated by the Icelandic Coast Guard, has been regularly visited by the US military and other allied NATO members. In 2017 the United States announced its interest in renovating a hangar, in order to accommodate a Boeing P-8 Poseidon ASW aircraft at the air base.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: There are also agreements concerning military and other security operations with Norway, Denmark and other NATO countries.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Iceland holds the annual NATO exercises entitled Northern Viking. The most recent exercises were held in 2022, as well as the EOD exercise "Northern Challenge".


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In 1997 Iceland hosted its first Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercise, "Cooperative Safeguard", which is the only multilateral PfP exercise so far in which Russia has participated. Another major PfP exercise was hosted in 2000. Iceland has also contributed ICRU peacekeepers to SFOR, KFOR and ISAF.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Iceland has never participated in a full-scale war or invasion. Furthermore, the constitution of Iceland has no mechanism to declare war.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In the period from the settlement of Iceland, in the 870s, until it became part of the realm of the Norwegian King, military defences of Iceland consisted of multiple chieftains ("Goðar") and their free followers ("þingmenn", "bændur" or "liðsmenn") organised according to the standard nordic military doctrine of the time in expeditionary armies such as the "leiðangr". These armies were divided into units according to the quality of the warriors and by birth. At the end of this period, the number of chieftains had diminished and their power had grown, to the detriment of their followers. This resulted in a long and bloody civil war known as Age of the Sturlungs. A typical battle involved fewer than 1000 men.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Amphibious operations were an important part of warfare in Iceland in this period, especially in the Westfjords, but large naval engagements were rare. The largest such engagement, known as Flóabardagi, involved a few dozen ships in Húnaflói (bay).


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In the decades before the Napoleonic wars, the few hundred militiamen in the southwest of Iceland were mainly equipped with rusty and mostly obsolete medieval weaponry, including 16th-century halberds. When English raiders arrived in 1808, after sinking or capturing most of the Danish-Norwegian Navy in the Battle of Copenhagen, the amount of gunpowder in Iceland was so small that the governor of Iceland, Count Trampe, could not offer any resistance.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In 1855, the Icelandic Army was re-established by Andreas August von Kohl, the sheriff in Vestmannaeyjar. In 1856, the king provided 180 rixdollars to buy guns, and a further 200 rixdollars the following year. The sheriff became the Captain of the new army, which become known as "Herfylkingin", "The Battalion". In 1860 von Kohl died, and Pétur Bjarnasen took over command. Nine years later Bjarnasen died without appointing a successor, and the army fell into disarray.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In 1918, Iceland regained sovereignty as a separate kingdom under the Danish king. Iceland established a Coast Guard shortly afterwards, but it was financially impossible to establish a standing army. The government hoped that a permanent neutrality would shield the country from invasion. But at the onset of Second World War, the government was concerned about a possible invasion, and decided to expand the Icelandic National Police ("Ríkislögreglan") and its reserves into a military unit. Chief Commissioner of Police Agnar Kofoed Hansen had been trained in the Danish Army and he moved to train his officers. Weapons and uniforms were acquired, and they practised rifleshooting and military tactics near Laugarvatn. Hansen barely managed to train his 60 officers before the United Kingdom's invasion of Iceland on 10 May 1940. Agnar wanted to expand the forces, but the Icelandic Minister of Justice rejected his proposal.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In mid-1941 while still neutral the United States took over the occupation of Iceland from the British but not with Iceland's approval. The stationing of US forces in Iceland continued well after the war, eventually codified in the Agreed Minute. In 1949 Iceland was a founding member of NATO and was the sole member that did not have a standing army, joining NATO on the condition that it would not be expected to establish one. However, its strategic geographic position in the Atlantic made it an invaluable member. Expansion of forces by Iceland was therefore concentrated primarily in the Icelandic Coast Guard, which saw action in a series of confrontations with British fishing vessels and Royal Navy warships known as the Cod Wars. None of the Cod Wars meet any of the common thresholds for a conventional war and they may more accurately be described as militarised interstate disputes.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: The Iceland Defense Force (IDF) was a military command of the United States Armed Forces from 1951 to 2006. The IDF, created at the request of NATO, came into existence when the United States signed an agreement to provide for the defense of Iceland. The IDF also consisted of civilian Icelanders and military members of other NATO nations. The IDF was downsized after the end of the Cold War and the U.S. Air Force maintained four to six interceptor aircraft at the Naval Air Station Keflavik, until they were withdrawn on 30 September 2006. Since May 2008, NATO nations have periodically deployed fighters to patrol Icelandic airspace under the Icelandic Air Policing mission.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: During the Icesave dispute with the British and Dutch governments, Iceland made it clear that UK patrols in its airspace were not appropriate given the state of affairs and subsequently on 14 November 2008 the UK had to cancel its patrols and defense of the Icelandic airspace, which before the dispute had been scheduled to start in December 2008.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: After withdrawal of US forces in 2006, Iceland reorganized some military infrastructure in the form of the Icelandic Defence Agency ("Varnarmálastofnun Íslands") founded in 2008. under the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The Agency took over operations at Naval Air Station Keflavik, but was closed in 2011 in the wake of the economic crisis, with functions distributed to the existing organizations.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Shortly after Iceland reclaimed its sovereignty in 1918, the Icelandic Coast Guard was founded. Its first vessel, a former Danish research vessel, was armed with a 57 mm cannon. The Coast Guard is responsible for protecting Iceland's sovereignty and vital interests including the most valuable natural resource—its fishing areas—as well as providing security, search, and rescue services to Iceland's fishing fleet. In 1952, 1958, 1972, and 1975, the government progressively expanded Iceland's exclusive economic zone to . This led to a conflict with the United Kingdom, among other states, known as the "Cod Wars". The Icelandic Coast Guard and the Royal Navy confronted each other on several occasions during these years. Although few rounds were fired, there were many intense moments. Today the Coast Guard remains Iceland's premier fighting force equipped with armed patrol vessels and aircraft and partaking in peacekeeping operations in foreign lands.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: The Coast Guard has four vessels and four aircraft (one fixed wing and three helicopters) at their disposal.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: The Iceland Air Defence System or "Íslenska Loftvarnarkerfið" was founded in 1987, and operates four radar complexes, a software and support facility and a command and report centre. It is a part of the Coast Guard.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Iceland's NATO allies also regularly deploy fighter aircraft to patrol the country's airspace as part of the Icelandic Air Policing mission.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: The Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU) (or "Íslenska friðargæslan" or "The Icelandic Peacekeeping Guard") is an expeditionary peacekeeping force maintained by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. It is manned by personnel from Iceland's other services, armed or not, including the National Police, Coast Guard, emergency services and healthcare system. Because of the military nature of most of the ICRU's assignments, all of its members receive basic infantry combat training. This training has often been conducted by the Norwegian Army, but the Coast Guard and the Special Forces are also assigned to train the ICRU.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: Most of the ICRU's camouflage and weaponry is procured from abroad, with some indigenous development. Some arms and uniforms are also borrowed from the Norwegian Defence Forces.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: The formation and employment of the unit have met controversy in Iceland, especially by people on the left of the political scale. In October 2004, three ICRU personnel were wounded in a suicide bombing on Chicken Street in Kabul that killed a 13-year old Afghan girl and a 23-year old American woman. The incident resulted in severe critisism of the group's commander, Colonel Hallgrímur Sigurðsson, as despite orders not to leave Kabul Airport unless absolutely necessary, he took the group to Chicken Street to shop carpets. Few weeks later, his command was passed to Lt. Colonel Garðar Forberg, followed by Colonel Lárus Atlason.


title: Defence of Iceland

text: In 2008, the uniformed ICRU deployed personnel still armed for self-defense returned their weapons and changed to civilian clothing. The policy since 2008 is that, unless under special circumstances, ICRU personnel do not wear uniforms or carry weapons.


title: The Broken Column

text: The Broken Column ("La Columna Rota" in Spanish) is an oil on masonite painting by Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, painted in 1944 shortly after she had spinal surgery to correct on-going problems which had resulted from a serious traffic accident when she was 18 years old. The original is housed at the Museo Dolores Olmedo in Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico.


title: The Broken Column

text: As with many of her self-portraits, pain and suffering is the focus of the work, though unlike many of her other works, which include parrots, dogs, monkeys and other people, in this painting, Kahlo is alone. Her solitary presence on a cracked and barren landscape symbolizes both her isolation and the external forces which have impacted her life. As an earthquake might fissure the landscape, Kahlo's accident broke her body.


title: The Broken Column

text: In the painting Kahlo's nude torso is split, replicating the ravine-laced earth behind her and revealing a crumbling, Ionic column in place of her spine. Her face looks forward, unflinchingly, though tears course down her cheeks. In spite of the brokenness of her internal body, her external sensuality is unmarred. The cloth which wraps the lower part of her body and is grasped in her hands, is not a sign of modesty but instead mirrors the Christian iconography of Christ's sheet, as do the nails which are piercing her face and body. The nails continue down only her right leg which was left shorter and weaker from contracting polio as a young child.


title: The Broken Column

text: The metal corset, which depicts a polio support, rather than a surgical support, may refer to her history of polio or symbolize the physical and social restrictions of Kahlo's life. By 1944, Kahlo's doctors had recommended that she wear a steel corset instead of the plaster casts she had worn previously. The brace depicted is one of many that Frida actually used throughout her life time and is now housed in her home and museum, Casa Azul. In "The Broken Column" this corset holds together Kahlo's damaged body.


title: The Broken Column

text: One can draw a parallel from Kahlo’s portrayal of herself to that of the “Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.” In Sebastian's legend, he was discovered to be a Christian and tied to a tree and used as an archery target. Despite being left for dead he survives, only to later perish for his religion by the hands of the Imperial Roman. He is often portrayed tied to a tree, body littered with arrows. An American poet by the name of Bruce Bond explains “pain is an arrow that pins a body to the bone” in a 2013 poem named after the Saint. Frida aligns herself with the martyr visually, and being raised in a Catholic home she would have been familiar with the patron saint of soldiers.


title: The Broken Column

text: Desmond O’Neill, a physician writing for the "British Medical Journal", describes Frida’s work as a vital tool in the understanding of pain in patients. The doctor commends Frida’s ability to portray the intangible feeling of chronic pain. In this way she becomes a martyr for those plagued by chronic pain. In her willingness to bare her soul to the viewer allows for a greater understanding of what it means to live with constant and intense pain. Though pain is all around us we lack the ability to “grasp or express it,” Frida Kahlo is the exception to the problem of portraying pain.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Mile High Stadium (originally Bears Stadium until 1968) was an outdoor multi-purpose stadium located in Denver, Colorado from 1948 to 2001.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The stadium was built in 1948 to accommodate the Denver Bears baseball team, which was a member of the Western League during its construction. Originally designed as a baseball venue, the stadium was expanded in later years to accommodate the addition of a professional football team to the city, the Denver Broncos, as well as to improve Denver's hopes of landing a Major League Baseball team. Although the stadium was originally built as a baseball-specific venue, it became more popular as a pro-football stadium despite hosting both sports for a majority of its life.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The Broncos called Mile High Stadium home from their beginning in the AFL in 1960 until 2000. The Bears, who changed their name to the Zephyrs in 1985, continued to play in the stadium until 1992 when the franchise was moved to New Orleans. The move was precipitated by the awarding of a Major League Baseball franchise to the city of Denver, and in 1993 the Colorado Rockies season opened in Mile High. The team played the 1993 and strike-shortened 1994 seasons in Mile High setting MLB attendance records while Coors Field was being constructed in downtown Denver.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: In addition to the Broncos, Bears/Zephyrs, and Rockies, Mile High Stadium was home to several other professional teams during the course of its history. The Denver Gold of the United States Football League called Mile High home from 1983 to 1985, and the stadium played host to the inaugural USFL championship game on July 17, 1983. Three professional soccer teams also played at Mile High. The first was the Denver Dynamos of the North American Soccer League, who were founded in 1974 and played their first two seasons in Denver before moving to Bloomington, Minnesota and becoming the Minnesota Kicks. The second was the Colorado Caribous of the North American Soccer League playing just the 1978 season before moving to Atlanta and becoming the Atlanta Chiefs. Denver was home to one of Major League Soccer's 10 charter franchises as the Colorado Rapids were formed and played in Mile High from 1996 until 2001, making them the last franchise to play in Mile High Stadium prior to its closure.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Mile High Stadium was originally built as Bears Stadium for minor league baseball by Bob Howsam in 1948 at the site of a former landfill. The stadium initially consisted of a single 18,000-seat grandstand stretching along the north side from the left field foul pole to the right field foul pole on the west side. Luther "Bud" Phillips hit the first official home run out of Bears Stadium. In its first full season in 1949, the Bears averaged over 6,600 per game to lead the minor leagues in attendance.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: In the late 1950s, there was an attempt to form a third major league, the Continental League, helmed by former Dodger general manager Branch Rickey. Howsam, who had worked with Rickey years before with the St. Louis Cardinals, joined ranks with Rickey, pleading for a major league team in Denver. Advised that to get a major league franchise Denver would need a much larger ballpark, Bears Stadium would begin the first of its many expansions. Over 8,000 seats were added to the south stands, bringing stadium capacity to 23,100.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Major League Baseball's (MLB) answer to the Continental League was to expand its two Leagues, which would eventually lead to the folding of the Continental League. Although Denver was not awarded a franchise, MLB promised teams in the future for Denver and other cities. Howsam was now trapped with a massive debt load and a stadium far too big for a minor-league team. Frantically searching for a solution, he concluded the only way out was to extend the stadium's season with football.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: A large bleacher section was added along the south side and temporary east stands were built in 1960, raising the capacity to 34,657; baseball capacity was 26,500


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Howsam's ownership in the AFL was short-lived, as overwhelming debt forced Howsam to sell all his sports interests in 1961. His dream of major league baseball in Denver would be placed on hold for another 30 years.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: One condition of including Denver in the AFL–NFL merger announced in 1966 was expanding Bears Stadium to at least 50,000 seats. This required adding second and third decks along the west sideline (first base line). This expansion was completed in 1968, when the stadium was sold to the city of Denver, which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side, thus raising capacity to 50,657.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The Broncos sold out every game in their inaugural NFL season. Every Broncos game—preseason, regular season (not including games with replacement players) and playoffs—has been sold out since, a streak that continued after the Broncos left Mile High. As ticket sales increased, the stadium expanded to 51,706 seats. With a $25 million bond issue in 1974 another stadium renovation added more seats. By 1976, seating was up to 63,532 as the upper decks construction was completed along the north end zone (third base line).


title: Mile High Stadium

text: An ingenious expansion that took place from 1975–1977 raised the capacity to 75,103 by extending the upper deck that was along the north side and building movable, triple-decked stands along the east side. When fully retracted toward the field, the stands would form a horseshoe for football, appropriate considering the team was the Denver Broncos. Yet when fully extended by 145 feet (44 m), the stadium could still fit a normal-sized baseball field with outfield distances of down the left-field line, to left-center and 423 to center field.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The movable structure was 450 feet (137 m) long, 200 feet (61 m) wide, and weighed nearly 9 million pounds (4,500 short tons, 4,000 metric tons). When a game or event required moving the stands the in or out, engineers pumped water into 163 water bearings spaced out beneath the stands, lifting the structure off its foundation. A sheet of water ⅓-inch thick formed under the structure. Hydraulic rams then pushed the stands forward at the rate of two feet per minute, taking stadium engineers about six hours from start to finish to move the stands.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The south stands of Mile High Stadium had, for many years, a reputation for having the most vociferous fans. While not matching other cities' stadiums for rowdiness or bad behavior, the south stands ticketholders nevertheless represented some of the Broncos' most ardent fans who were able to generate an outsized impact on the noise level of the stadium despite the open gaps between the south stands and the east and west stands.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: In 1975, Denver approached actor Roy Rogers to commission a statue of his horse, Trigger, for display at the stadium. A , fiberglass replica of the horse had previously been produced for the Roy Rogers Museum in Victorville, California. Rogers agreed, with the stipulation that the new statue not be named "Trigger". Denver fans were polled by "The Denver Post" to decide on a different name, and "Bucky" was chosen. Painted white to match the Broncos logo, the statue was mounted atop the scoreboard at Mile High, where it remained for 25 years before being relocated to the new stadium. Mounted, the statue measures and .


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Mile High Stadium, in the 1970s and 1980s, was the only professional-caliber baseball facility to have an all grass infield, with sliding pits around bases. This unique feature was similar to several newer Major League Baseball stadiums that also used sliding pits, except those other stadiums all had artificial turf infields. In 1986, 77 luxury suites were added atop the west stands, increasing the official seating capacity to 76,123.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The stadium's large capacity combined with enthusiasm for the new team and the lowest MLB ticket prices allowed the expansion Rockies to set Major League Baseball attendance records before moving to Coors Field for the 1995 season. The stadium was known for its loudness with the sound of fans stomping in the bleachers echoing within the horseshoe. The large center and right fields, foul territory areas (although left field was shorter than average), and center field's 30-foot (10 m) high fence, was not as problematic for pitchers as Coors Field would be. The club's 1993 season attendance was 4,483,350 in 79 home dates (81 games – 2 doubleheaders), an average of 56,751 per home date. The Rockies were on pace to exceed the record during the strike-shortened 1994 season. They had drawn 3,281,511 in 57 home dates (also 57 games), an average of 57,570 per home date. (Season attendance figures from "The Sporting News Baseball Record Book", 2007, p. 234; Game counts are from game logs on Retrosheet.)


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The final football game at Mile High Stadium was December 23, 2000, in which the Broncos routed the 49ers, 38–9. The Broncos had defeated every visiting franchise from the stadium's opening to close, enjoying perfect records against the Arizona Cardinals (3-0), Baltimore Ravens (1-0), Carolina Panthers (1-0), Green Bay Packers (5-0), and Indianapolis Colts (5-0).


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The Colorado Rapids were the final professional team to play in Mile High Stadium, their home since 1996. Team Captain John Spencer that year became the first Rapids player ever to record a hat trick when he scored three times against Chicago in a 3-1 win in the Rapids' annual Independence Day blowout celebration at Mile High Stadium on July 4 in front of 60,500 fans. The Rapids played the last professional sporting event ever held at Mile High on September 8 of this year, a 2-0 loss to the LA Galaxy. The Rapids were scheduled to play the first ever professional sports event ever held in Invesco Field at Mile High soon after, but the match was cancelled following the terrorist attacks on September 11.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Mile High Stadium was closed in 2001, after the Colorado Rapids and Denver Broncos moved to neighboring Empower Field at Mile High (then known as Invesco Field at Mile High), upon completion of the new stadium. The demolition of Mile High Stadium began in January 2002, an event covered extensively by local newspapers and broadcast live on television. The demolition was performed by Spirtas Wrecking Company of St. Louis, Missouri, the same group that led the demolition of arenas and stadiums in St. Louis, Pittsburgh and Seattle. Conventional demolition was chosen over implosion. The stadium demolition was completed by April.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The former stadium is now a parking lot for Empower Field at Mile High. A miniature replica of the stadium is in the parking lot. The historical site of many games and events for 40 years is marked by the hills forming the west and north stands, the corner between them descended by a staircase, much as the stands were. The location of home plate is identified by a marker located at .


title: Mile High Stadium

text: June 27, 28 and 29, 1969, concert promoter Barry Fey held The Denver Pop Festival at Mile High Stadium with many well known acts performing every evening. The city of Denver supported the festival and made available areas for camping and other services. The Denver Police however allowed non-ticket holders to enter the parking area whereupon they attempted to climb over chain link fencing to see the show while claiming that music should be "free". Police responded by lobbing tear gas canisters toward the fences knowing full well that the gas would affect everyone in attendance at the outdoor venue. Sunday night's final act was The Jimi Hendrix Experience which proved to be the Experience' final performance as a trio as well. Bassist Noel Redding quit and simply flew back to England that night. Jimi did not perform again for 6 weeks until mid August when he closed The Woodstock Music and Art Fair with his new band. Jimi Hendrix died 13 months later in September 1970.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The Jacksons performed two concerts at Mile High Stadium on September 7 and 8, 1984 during their Victory Tour.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The stadium was the penultimate stop on Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band's Born in the U.S.A. Tour, where they performed two shows on September 23 and 24, 1985.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The stadium hosted the final show of The 1988 Monsters of Rock Festival Tour, featuring Van Halen, Metallica, Scorpions, Dokken and Kingdom Come, on July 30, 1988.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: Metallica and Guns N' Roses brought the Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour to the stadium on September 19, 1992, with Body Count as their opening act.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: On October 21, 1992, U2 performed at Mile High as part of the third leg of their Zoo TV Tour. U2 would return again to perform in concert May 1, 1997 on the first leg of their PopMart Tour.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The stadium again hosted Ozzfest, for the second and last time, on June 21, 2001 and hosted the Area:One Festival on July 28, 2001.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: The stadium was featured in Michael Moore's 2002 documentary "Bowling for Columbine" as the backdrop for Moore's interview with controversial rock musician Marilyn Manson during the 2001 Ozzfest tour.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: In 1977 and 1978, Mile High Stadium hosted the Drum Corps International World Championships (with the 2004 championships held at the successor stadium). From 1963 to 2019, the Denver-based Blue Knights Drum & Bugle Corps annually hosted Drums Along the Rockies, making it the single longest-running event held at the stadium and its successor aside from Denver Broncos football. Canceled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the event is expected to return in July 2021.


title: Mile High Stadium

text: In August 1993, Denver hosted World Youth Day. On August 12 and 13, Mile High Stadium hosted two events with Pope John Paul II, the Papal Welcoming Ceremony and the Way of the Cross.


title: Inti

text: Inti is the ancient Incan sun god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although most consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sun. Worshiped as a patron deity of the Inca Empire, Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inca Sun Cult. The most common belief was that Inti was born of Viracocha, who had many titles, chief among them being the God of Creation.


title: Inti

text: The word "inti" is not of Quechua origin but a loanword from Puquina. Borrowing from Puquina explains why historically unrelated languages such as Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche have similar words for the Sun. Similitudes are not only linguistic but also symbolically as in Mapuche and Central Andean cosmology the Sun (Inti/Antu) and the Moon (Quilla/Cuyen) are spouses.


title: Inti

text: Inti and his sister, Mama Quilla (also spelled Mama Killa), the Moon goddess were generally considered benevolent deities. She then conceived and bore him two children. Their court is served by the Rainbow, the Pleiades, Venus, and others. Manco Cápac, the founding Inca ancestor, was thought to have been the son of Inti. According to myth, Inti taught Manco Cápac and his daughter Mama Ocllo the arts of civilization. However, another legend identifies Manco Cápac as the son of Viracocha. In a different myth, Inti is the son of the Earth goddess Pachamama and the sky god. Inti also becomes the second husband of Pachamama


title: Inti

text: Inti ordered his children to build the Inca capital where a divine golden bar or wedge they carried with them penetrated the earth. Incas believed that this happened in the city of Cusco. The Inca ruler was considered to be the living representative of Inti. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inca Sun Cult.


title: Inti

text: The Willaq Umu was the high priest of the Sun (Inti). His position placed him as the second most powerful person in the kingdom. He was directly underneath the Sapa Inca, and they were often brothers. The emperor and his family were believed to be descended from Inti.


title: Inti

text: Spanish conquistadors captured a great golden disk representing Inti in 1571 and sent it to the pope via Spain. It has since been lost and may have been converted to bullion.


title: Inti

text: There is another interpretation of the creation event that leads to a conflict between Viracocha and Inti in which there is an argument over what the creation of the Sun means and whether it should be worshipped as a separate entity.


title: Inti

text: Some sources identify the central figure of the Gateway of the Sun as Inti and others as Viracocha, and that the Sun was just one of many creations.


title: Inti

text: The Inca dedicated many ceremonies to the Sun in order to ensure the Sapa Inca's welfare. The sun was also important to the Incas, particularly the people of the highlands, because it was necessary for the production of crops like maize and other grains. The sun's heat was also thought to cause rain. During the rainy season the sun was hotter and brighter, while during the dry season it was weaker.


title: Inti

text: The Incas would set aside large quantities of natural and human resources throughout the empire for Inti. Each conquered province was supposed to dedicate a third of their lands and herds to Inti as mandated by the Inca. Each major province would also have a Sun Temple in which male and female priests would serve. The female priests were the "mamakuna", who were chosen from the "aqllakuna" ("chosen women"), and they would weave special cloth and brew chicha for festivities and sacrifices to Inti.


title: Inti

text: Additionally, the chief temple of the Inca state religion was the Qurikancha in Cusco. Within this temple were wall niches in which the bodies of previous emperors and rulers were exhibited along with various statues of Inti in certain festivals. Some figures of Inti also depicted him in human form with a hollowed out midsection that was filled with a concoction made of gold dust and the ashes of the Inca kings' hearts.


title: Inti

text: Inti is represented as a golden disk with rays and a human face. Many such disks were supposedly held in Cusco as well as in shrines throughout the empire, especially at Qurikancha, where the most significant image of Inti was discovered by anthropologists. This representation, adorned with ear spools, a pectoral, and a royal headband, was known as "punchaw" (Quechua for day, also spelled "punchao"). This image of Inti was also said to have lions and serpents projecting from its form.


title: Inti

text: The worship of Inti and the rise of the Inti cult are considered to be exploitations of religion for political purposes, since the Inca king was increasingly identified with the sun god. This grew into a form of divine patronage and the convenience of these comparisons for Inca emperors is crucial.


title: Inti

text: The female priests had a different specialized purpose during the solstice, as the sun was said to have foretold of a death that would end the line of the Sun in the Incan Empire. After the solstice, the "mamakuna" would begin a fasting area, to hopefully bring them closer to the sorrow of the sun, so that they might understand what was going to happen and prevent the wrong-doing from happening.


title: Inti

text: There is another aspect of worship that does not involve the priests, but rather the people of Inca. Because they believed that they were descended from the sun. More specifically the ruling class were descended from the sun and that connected the people to that holiness. This led to every time a member of Incan society travelled, they were doing so as a symbol of Inti and their nation, which led to the need to be holy to enter certain cities, and even to travel at all within the empire. The items offered in worship to Inti for which there is archeological evidence in include simple prayers, food, coca leaves and woven cloth, as well as animals, blood and human beings.


title: Inti

text: The temples often have the most embellishment, with the designs inside being done of gold and other jewels. Thus, adding to the status of those who worshipped within the building for the sun, and to show that there is some sacrifice to the god by giving the temple these glories that would no longer be used for the people of the civilization, but the god instead.


title: Inti

text: The festival of Inti Raymi honors the sun god and was originally meant to celebrate the start of a new planting season. It now attracts many tourists each year to Cusco, which was the ancient capital of the Inca Empire. The name of the festival, Inti Raymi, translates into "sun festival" and was held during the Southern Hemisphere's winter solstice, which is the shortest day of the year. This fell around June 24 in the Incan Empire.


title: Inti

text: This festival was attended by the four sectors of Tawantinsuyu. Military captains, government officials, and the vassals who attended were dressed in their best costumes and carried their best weapons and instruments.


title: Inti

text: Preparation for the festival of Inti Raymi began with a fast of three days, where there were no fires lit and the people abstained from having sexual intercourse. This festival would last for nine days, and during this time the people consumed massive amounts of food and drink. There were many sacrifices as well, which were all performed on the first day. After the nine days everyone would leave with the permission of the Inca.


title: Inti

text: Corresponding with the three diurnal stages of the sun, Inti's identity is also divided into three primary subcomplexes, which are the father, son, and brother. The first of these is Apu Inti ("supreme Inti"). He represents the father and is sometimes known as "The Lord Sun." The second is Churi Inti, or "Son Inti," who represents the son of Inti and is often known as "Daylight." The third and final division of Inti is Inti Wawqi ("Sun brother", or "Inti brother", also spelled "Inti-Guauqui, Inti-Huaoqui"). Inti Wawqi also represents the sun god in his specific position as the founding father of Inca reign and the center of the state's official ancestor cult.


title: Inti

text: In astronomy, Apu Inti and Churi Inti can actually be separated from one another along an astronomical axis. This is because they are associated with the summer and winter solstices respectively. Inti Wawqi, however, is not associated with an astronomical location.


title: Inti

text: The other main theory regarding the separation of the sun involves the duties that Inti provided rather than being different stages of the sun. The belief states that one of the suns was for the actual star in the sky that gave light and heat to the planet, that one of the suns was for the daytime where the sun was the highlight of the sky instead of the moon, and that one was for the power to grow things relating to the agricultural significance of the sun worship.


title: Inti

text: The sun can be seen in culture across the Andean culture even before the Incan empire dominated the land. This connection to the sun could be due to the heavy importance of agriculture in these societies, as without consistent sunlight, most crops do not fare well. The sun was also connected to the rain, and the ability for the clouds to rain, which is another aspect that is necessary for the development of crops, leading even further into the importance of life and specifically agriculture in this society. This is why Inti is the god that is most worshipped in the culture outside of the creator god, Viracocha.


title: Inti

text: One example of the symbolism that could be found outside of the Incan culture would be the Sun Gate in Tiwanaku. The sun gate found here has significant impact on the solar archaeology of the site as it shows great insight into the position of the sun on days of importance, such as both solstices and equinoxes.


title: Inti

text: The Sun has clear importance to the Incan civilization, which can even be seen in the architecture of the empire. The "Ushnus", were buildings where the leading soldiers would pledge to be loyal towards the leadership of the Incan leadership, and these buildings have a deep connection to the sun. These sites would provide connections during the solar zenith passes. The impact of this can be seen that the buildings were done in relation to the understanding that they had toward the sun, and that they paid attention to the horizon at various important days of the year, that way they could make these connections. Thus, providing another symbol that allows for the Sun to be seen as a key feature of their culture. This is hypothesized to be a reference to when the ceremonies could occur, so that they would be blessed by the sun.


title: Inti

text: On top of being used in the symbolism of the past, and the sun having an importance in the culture and religion there, the sun is still used on important symbolic figures within countries that were once part of the Incan Empire, proving that while this religion is no longer the foothold of these nations as it once was, the mythology and features are still present today. While these are not guaranteed to have connections to the god, Inti, the cultural significance of the sun has clearly carried over throughout the changes of empires and through the colonization of the Andes.


title: Inti

text: The Sun is also depicted on the coat of arms of Bolivia, coat of arms of Argentina and coat of arms of Ecuador, as well as the historical flag of Peru. All these countries were historically part of the Incan Empire. It is also depicted on the Hispanic flag.


title: Inti

text: The Sun of May possibly has its roots in Inti as well and can be found on the Flag of Argentina and Flag of Uruguay.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: The Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM), also known as the XM129 and XM159 Atomic Demolition Charges, and the B54 bomb was a nuclear man-portable atomic demolition munition (ADM) system fielded by the US military from the 1960s to 1980s but never used in combat.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: At the time of the weapon's development, the existing Atomic Demolition Munition (ADM) was the T-4 Atomic Demolition Munition. Its transport required 4 men, each carrying a section of the weapon.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: Development began in June 1960 and an interim Mark 54 Mod 0 (now called the B54-0) weapon was put into production in April 1963. Production of the B54 Mod 1 SADM began in August 1964. The weapon was in diameter, long, and weighed . It included the warhead, a fuzing and firing system with a mechanical timer, a ferroelectric firing set and a sealed housing. The body was constructed with aluminum forgings and molded fiberglass, and foam-rubber insulation was used between the warhead and case. Dials were illuminated with a tritium-phosphor paint for easy night reading. A housing for underwater emplacement was provided that included external controls.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: The B54 Mod 2 started production in June 1965. The weapon was the same size as previous mods but now weighed .


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: ADM employment manuals describe the use of ADMs tactically in both offensive and defensive operations.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: In offensive operations, ADMs are described as being useful for improving flank and rear security of a unit, impeding counterattacks and assisting in enemy entrapment.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: ADM employment manuals describe the use of ADMs defensively for combat engineering purposes. Possible targets described include bridges, dams, canals, tunnels, airfields, railroad marshaling yards, ports and industrial plants, and power facilities.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: Extensive tables were provided to enable the selection of the correct yield for each particular target. These tables accounted for various employment particulars such as depth of burial, fallout considerations, and minimum safe separation distances between adjacent weapons and personnel.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: On December 27, 2018, the "Green Bay Press-Gazette" interviewed veteran Mark Bentley, who had trained for the Special Atomic Demolition Munition program to manually place and detonate the SADM. The report stated that he and other soldiers training for the program knew this was a suicide mission because either it would be unrealistic to outrun the timer on the bomb, or that soldiers would be obligated to secure the site before the timer went off.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

text: However, employment manuals specifically describe the firing party and their guard retreating from the emplacement site, at which point security of the device is provided through a combination of passive security measures including concealment, camouflage, and the use of decoys; and by active security measures including booby traps, obstacles such as concertina wire and landmines, and long-range artillery fire. Further, the SADM included a Field Wire Remote Control System (FWRCS), a device that enabled the sending of safe/arm and firing signals to the weapon via a wire for safe remote detonation of the weapon.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Acinetobacter baumannii is a typically short, almost round, rod-shaped (coccobacillus) Gram-negative bacterium. It is named after the bacteriologist Paul Baumann. It can be an opportunistic pathogen in humans, affecting people with compromised immune systems, and is becoming increasingly important as a hospital-derived (nosocomial) infection. While other species of the genus "Acinetobacter" are often found in soil samples (leading to the common misconception that "A. baumannii" is a soil organism, too), it is almost exclusively isolated from hospital environments. Although occasionally it has been found in environmental soil and water samples, its natural habitat is still not known.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Bacteria of this genus lack flagella, whip-like structures many bacteria use for locomotion, but exhibit twitching or swarming motility. This may be due to the activity of type IV pili, pole-like structures that can be extended and retracted. Motility in "A. baumannii" may also be due to the excretion of exopolysaccharide, creating a film of high-molecular-weight sugar chains behind the bacterium to move forward. Clinical microbiologists typically differentiate members of the genus "Acinetobacter" from other Moraxellaceae by performing an oxidase test, as "Acinetobacter" spp. are the only members of the Moraxellaceae to lack cytochrome c oxidases.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: "A. baumannii" is part of the ACB complex ("A. baumannii", "A. calcoaceticus", and "Acinetobacter" genomic species 13TU). It is difficult to determine the specific species of members of the ACB complex and they comprise the most clinically relevant members of the genus. "A. baumannii" has also been identified as an ESKAPE pathogen ("Enterococcus faecium", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "Acinetobacter baumannii", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", and "Enterobacter" species), a group of pathogens with a high rate of antibiotic resistance that are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Colloquially, "A. baumannii" is referred to as "Iraqibacter" due to its seemingly sudden emergence in military treatment facilities during the Iraq War. It has continued to be an issue for veterans and soldiers who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. Multidrug-resistant "A. baumannii" has spread to civilian hospitals in part due to the transport of infected soldiers through multiple medical facilities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, coinfection with "A. baumannii" secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infections has been reported multiple times in medical publications.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Adhesion can be a critical determinant of virulence for bacteria. The ability to attach to host cells allows bacteria to interact with them in various ways, whether by type III secretion system or simply by holding on against the prevailing movement of fluids. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) has been shown to be involved in the adherence of "A. baumannii" to epithelial cells. This allows the bacteria to invade the cells through the zipper mechanism. The protein was also shown to localize to the mitochondria of epithelial cells and cause necrosis by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance can be categorized into three groups. First, resistance can be achieved by reducing membrane permeability or increasing efflux of the antibiotic and thus preventing access to the target. Second, bacteria can protect the antibiotic target through genetic mutation or post-translational modification, and last, antibiotics can be directly inactivated by hydrolysis or modification. One of the most important weapons in the armoury of "Acinetobacter" is its impressive genetic plasticity, facilitating rapid genetic mutations and rearrangements as well as integration of foreign determinants carried by mobile genetic elements. Of these, insertion sequences are considered one of the key forces shaping bacterial genomes and ultimately evolution.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Pathogenicity islands, relatively common genetic structures in bacterial pathogens, are composed of two or more adjacent genes that increase a pathogen's virulence. They may contain genes that encode toxins, coagulate blood, or as in this case, allow the bacteria to resist antibiotics. AbaR-type resistance islands are typical of drug-resistant "A. baumannii", and different variations may be present in a given strain. Each consists of a transposon backbone of about 16.3 Kb that facilitates horizontal gene transfer. This makes horizontal gene transfer of this and similar pathogenicity islands more likely because, when genetic material is taken up by a new bacterium, the transposons allow the pathogenicity island to integrate into the new microorganism's genome. In this case, it would grant the new microorganism the potential to resist certain antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance genes are commonly transferred between Gram-negative bacteria through plasmids via conjugation, which accelerates the appearance of new resistant strains. AbaR's contain several genes for antibiotic resistance, all flanked by insertion sequences. There exist several resistance genes circulating along "A. baumannii" that can be clustered in replicon groups, and may be transferred from the extensively drug-resistant "Acinetobacter baumannii" (XDR- AB) and New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1-producing "Acinetobacter baumannii" (NDM- AB) to environmental isolates of "Acinetobacter" spp. Conjugation experiments demonstrated that the "blaOXA-23", "blaPER-1", and "aphA6" genes could be successfully transferred between the clinical and the environmental isolates via the plasmid group GR6 or class 1 integrons through in vitro conjugation. In collaboration with some other genes, they provide resistance to aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Efflux pumps are protein machines that use energy to pump antibiotics and other small molecules that get into the bacterial cytoplasm and the periplasmic space out of the cell. By constantly pumping antibiotics out of the cell, bacteria can increase the concentration of a given antibiotic required to kill them or inhibit their growth when the target of the antibiotic is inside the bacterium. "A. baumannii" is known to have two major efflux pumps which decrease its susceptibility to antimicrobials. The first, AdeB, has been shown to be responsible for aminoglycoside resistance. The second, AdeDE, is responsible for efflux of a wide range of substrates, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and various carbapenems. Many other efflux pumps have been implicated in "A. baumannii" resistant strains.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Bacterial small RNAs are noncoding RNAs that regulate various cellular processes. Three sRNAs, AbsR11, AbsR25, and AbsR28, have been experimentally validated in the MTCC 1425 (ATCC15308) strain, which is a (multidrug-resistant) strain showing resistance to 12 antibiotics. AbsR25 sRNA could play a role in the efflux pump regulation and drug resistance.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: "A. baumannii" has been shown to produce at least one beta-lactamase, which is an enzyme responsible for cleaving the four-atom lactam ring typical of beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactam antibiotics are structurally related to penicillin, which inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. The cleaving of the lactam ring renders these antibiotics harmless to the bacteria. "A. baumannii" have been observed to express beta-lactmases known as "Acinetobacter-"derived cephalosporinases (ADCs), which are class C beta-lactamases. In addition, the beta-lactamase OXA-51, a class D beta-lactamase, has been observed in "A. baumannii", found to be flanked by insertion sequences, suggesting it was acquired by horizontal gene transfer.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: "A. baumannii" has been noted for its apparent ability to survive on artificial surfaces for an extended period of time, therefore allowing it to persist in the hospital environment. This is thought to be due to its ability to form biofilms. For many biofilm-forming bacteria, the process is mediated by flagella. However, for "A. baumannii", this process seems to be mediated by pili. Further, disruption of the putative pili chaperone and usher genes ' and ' were shown to inhibit biofilm formation. The formation of biofilms has been shown to alter the metabolism of microorganisms within the biofilm, consequently reducing their sensitivity to antibiotics. This may be because fewer nutrients are available deeper within the biofilm. A slower metabolism can prevent the bacteria from taking up an antibiotic or performing a vital function fast enough for particular antibiotics to have an effect. They also provide a physical barrier against larger molecules and may prevent desiccation of the bacteria. In general, biofilm formation has been linked so far with BfmRS TCS (two-component system) regulating Csu pili, Csu expression regulated by the GacSA TCS, biofilm-associated proteins BapAb, synthesis of the exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine PNAG, acyl-homoserine lactones through AbaR receptor, and AbaI autoinducer synthase. Moreover, inactivation


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: of "adeRS" operon negatively affects biofilm formation and prompts decreased expression of AdeABC. Disruption of abaF has displayed an increase in fosfomycin susceptibility and a decrease in biofilm formation and virulence, suggesting a major role for this pump.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: "A. baumannii" is an opportunistic pathogen with a range of different diseases, each with their own symptoms. Some possible types of "A. baumannii" infections include:


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Symptoms of "A. baumannii" infections are often indistinguishable from other opportunistic infections caused by other opportunistic bacteria - including "Klebsiella pneumoniae" and "Streptococcus pneumoniae".


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Symptoms of "A. baumannii" infections in turn range from fevers and chills, rash, confusion and/or altered mental states, pain or burning sensations when urinating, strong urge to urinate frequently, sensitivity to bright light, nausea (with or without vomiting), muscle and chest pains, breathing problems, and cough (with or without yellow, green, or bloody mucus). In some cases, "A. baumannii" may present no infection or symptoms, as with colonizing an open wound or tracheostomy site.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: When infections are caused by antibiotic-susceptible Acinetobacter isolates, there may be several therapeutic options, including a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (ceftazidime or cefepime), a combination beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (ie, one that includes sulbactam), or a carbapenem (eg, imipenem or meropenem). Because most infections are now resistant to multiple drugs, determining what susceptibilities the particular strain has is necessary for treatment to be successful. Traditionally, infections were treated with imipenem or meropenem, but a steady rise in carbapenem-resistant "A. baumannii" has been noted. Consequently, treatment methods often fall back on polymyxins, particularly colistin although tetracyclines have shown promise in MDR "A. baumannii". Colistin is considered a drug of last resort because it often causes kidney damage, among other side effects. Prevention methods in hospitals focus on increased hand-washing and more diligent sterilization procedures. An "A. baumannii" infection was recently treated using phage therapy. Phages are viruses that attack bacteria, and have also been demonstrated to resensitize "A. baumannii" to antibiotics it normally resists.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Scientists at MIT, Harvard's Broad Institute and MIT's CSAIL found a compound named halicin using deep learning that can effectively kill "A. baumannii". The compound is a repurposed drug.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan are at risk for traumatic injury due to gunfire and improvised explosive devices. Previously, infection was thought to occur due to contamination with "A. baumannii" at the time of injury. Subsequent studies have shown, although "A. baumannii" may be infrequently isolated from the natural environment, the infection is more likely nosocomially acquired, likely due to the ability of "A. baumannii" to persist on artificial surfaces for extended periods, and the several facilities to which injured soldiers are exposed during the casualty-evacuation process. Injured soldiers are first taken to level-I facilities, where they are stabilized. Depending on the severity of the injury, the soldiers may then be transferred to a level-II facility, which consists of a forward surgical team, for additional stabilization. Depending on the logistics of the locality, the injured soldiers may transfer between these facilities several times before finally being taken to a major hospital within the combat zone (level III). Generally after 1–3 days, when the patients are stabilized, they are transferred by air to a regional facility (level IV) for additional treatment. For soldiers serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, this is typically Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany. Finally, the injured soldiers are transferred to hospitals in their home country for rehabilitation and additional treatment. This repeated exposure to many different medical environments seems to be the reason "A. baumannii" infections have become increasingly common. Multidrug-resistant "A. baumannii" is a major factor in complicating the treatment and rehabilitation of injured soldiers, and has led to additional deaths.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: Being referred to as an opportunistic infection, "A. baumannii" infections are highly prevalent in hospital settings. "A. baumannii" poses very little risk to healthy individuals; however, factors that increase the risks for infection include:


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: "A. baumannii" can be spread through direct contact with surfaces, objects, and the skin of contaminated persons.


title: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: The importation of "A. baumannii" and subsequent presence in hospitals has been well documented. "A. baumannii" is usually introduced into a hospital by a colonized patient. Due to its ability to survive on artificial surfaces and resist desiccation, it can remain and possibly infect new patients for some time. "A baumannii" growth is suspected to be favored in hospital settings due to the constant use of antibiotics by patients in the hospital. Acinetobacter can be spread by person-to-person contact or contact with contaminated surfaces. "Acinetobacter" can enter through open wounds, catheters and breathing tubes. In a study of European intensive care units in 2009, "A. baumannii" was found to be responsible for 19.1% of ventilator-associated pneumonia cases.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: Luanne Ruth Schedeen (born January 8, 1949), known professionally as Anne Schedeen, is an American actress who worked primarily in television. She appeared in numerous guest-starring television roles in the 1970s before portraying the lead role of Kate Tanner on the series "ALF" from 1986 until 1990.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: Schedeen began her career in 1974, appearing in small television roles, and was cast in a supporting part in the sci-fi horror film "Embryo" (1976). She subsequently had recurring roles on "Emergency!" and "Three's Company" in the mid-to-late 1970s. In 1984, she was cast on the short-lived series "Paper Dolls" opposite Lloyd Bridges and Lauren Hutton. She appeared as Emily Phillips in the second season of the successful comedy series "Cheers", before appearing in all four seasons of "ALF". She later appeared in a recurring role on the series "Judging Amy" in 2001.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: Luanne Ruth Schedeen was born January 8, 1949 in Portland, Oregon. Her mother, Betty Jane (née Moore) was also a native of Portland. Her father was Roland E. 'Poly' Schedeen, a farmer and former Oregon State Senator of Swedish descent. Her family name, prior to its Anglicization, was "Sjodin". Schedeen has two younger siblings: a sister, Sarabeth, and brother Tony; as well as one elder half-brother, Brinkley (1946–2009), from her mother's first marriage.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: Schedeen described herself as an introverted child: "I was so introverted as a little girl I would hide under the skirts of the dining room table and just listen to the adults." Due to her extreme shyness, Schedeen's mother enrolled her in youth drama classes to help her become "more comfortable with the world." Schedeen studied and performed with the Portland Civic Theatre. Schedeen grew up on a farm outside Gresham, Oregon, and attended Gresham High School, graduating in 1967. After high school, Schedeen studied at Portland State University, and later, Fort Wright College in Toppenish, Washington. Her first professional acting job was performing with a dinner theater on the Kauai island of Hawaii. She subsequently relocated to New York City to pursue an acting career.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: In New York, Schedeen first worked in summer stock theatre and commercials before signing an acting contract with Universal Pictures, after which she moved to Los Angeles. From 1974 to 1976, Schedeen appeared in a recurring role as Carol in the series "Emergency!", and guest-starred as Doctor Marcus Welby's daughter, Sandy Porter, in 12 episodes of the medical drama "Marcus Welby, M.D.". In 1976, she was cast in a supporting part in the sci-fi horror film "Embryo", co-starring with Rock Hudson and Diane Ladd, in which she played the daughter-in-law of a doctor (Hudson) who uses growth hormones to begin growing humans.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: In 1979, she had a supporting role in the television drama "", and subsequently guest-starred on several episodes of the comedy series "Three's Company" from 1977 to 1982. Schedeen had a supporting role on the short-lived series "Paper Dolls" (1984), co-starring with Lauren Hutton and Morgan Fairchild.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: Schedeen is best known for her role as Kate Tanner on the NBC sitcom "ALF," which ran from 1986 to 1990, and in which she portrayed a mother who takes an alien into her home. "ALF" was a commercial success, and brought Schedeen international attention. After the series' conclusion, she appeared in "Perry Mason: The Case of the Maligned Mobster" (1991), followed by supporting roles in the television film "Praying Mantis" (1996) and the thriller "Heaven's Prisoners" (1996), starring Alec Baldwin and Kelly Lynch.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: Schedeen met her husband, a talent agent named Christopher Barrett, while the two appeared together in a stage play in 1972. The two married in 1982 on the tenth anniversary of their first date. The couple has a daughter, Taylor, born in 1989.


title: Anne Schedeen

text: In 2015, Schedeen became an ambassador for Holiday Heroes, a Bulgarian-based non-profit organization assisting disadvantaged families.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: The American Samoa national football team () represents American Samoa in men's international association football and is controlled by the Football Federation American Samoa, the governing body of the sport in the territory. American Samoa's home ground is the Pago Park Soccer Stadium in Pago Pago and their head coach is Tunoa Lui.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: In 1983, American Samoa entered a football team in the South Pacific Games for the first time. The territory's official first match took place in Apia, Western Samoa on August 20, 1983, and ended in a 3–1 defeat to Western Samoa. Two days later, the team recorded their first win with a 3–0 defeat of Wallis and Futuna however, they were eliminated from the competition at the group stage following a 3–2 loss to Tonga on August 24.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: The following year, the American Samoa Football Association (ASFA) – now known as Football Federation American Samoa (FFAS) – was founded and took over responsibility for organizing the territory's national team.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: After competing in the 1987 South Pacific Games and the 1994 Polynesia Cup, ASFA became full members of the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) allowing them to compete in the FIFA World Cup qualifiers for the first time. American Samoa registered their first FIFA-recognized international during the 1998 Polynesia Cup in Rarotonga, Cook Islands when they lost 3–0 to Tonga on September 2.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: During their first qualifying campaign for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in April 2001, American Samoa was involved in a match which set the record for the largest margin of victory in international football when they lost 31–0 to Australia. The outcome of the match led to debates about the format of qualification tournaments, with the Australian manager Frank Farina and striker Archie Thompson – who scored 13 times in the match – feeling that preliminary rounds should be introduced to avoid such unbalanced matches, views shared by the international footballing body FIFA. It eventually led to the introduction of a preliminary round in the Oceanian zone qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: Since joining FIFA, the team has been regarded as one of the world's weakest teams and were, until November 2011, the joint-lowest ranked national team in the FIFA World ranking.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: On November 23, 2011, American Samoa recorded their second and first FIFA-recognized win when they defeated Tonga 2–1 in the first round of qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. It was also the team's first victory after 38 consecutive defeats.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: The team's efforts to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup were chronicled in a 2014 British documentary, "Next Goal Wins", directed by Mike Brett and Steve Jamison.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: In October 2015, the territory achieved its highest position in the FIFA World Rankings when they reached 164th following back-to-back wins against Tonga and the Cook Islands in qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: American Samoa's home ground is the Pago Park Soccer Stadium in Pago Pago, however, the team has never played a home match in its history. The stadium featured in the highly rated 2014 film "Next Goal Wins" and was used as the national team's training ground in the build-up to the 2011 Pacific Games and the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: Goalkeeper Nicky Salapu holds the record for the most appearances for American Samoa. Since his debut against Fiji on April 7, 2001, he has made 22 appearances for the national team – including the world record defeat to Australia and American Samoa's first FIFA-recognized victory against Tonga in November 2011. Ramin Ott holds the record for most goals for American Samoa after scoring three times in 15 appearances between 2004 and 2015. In total, 10 different players have scored a goal in a FIFA-recognized match for American Samoa.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: Following FIFA affiliation in 1998, American Samoa first entered the qualifying competition for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. They have entered the qualifiers for each subsequent edition but have never made it beyond the first stage. The closest they came to reaching the second phase was in qualifying for the 2018 edition when they won two of their three matches and narrowly missed out on progressing on goal difference.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: Before becoming full members of OFC in 1998, American Samoa entered the 1994 Polynesia Cup which acted as the qualifying round for Polynesian national teams for the 1996 OFC Nations Cup. This was the territory's first time competing for a place in OFC's flagship competition for senior men's national teams.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: The OFC Nations Cup has often acted as part of the FIFA World Cup qualification process for Oceanian national teams and, as a result, American Samoa have competed in the qualifiers for both competitions in every edition since 1998. They have yet to qualify for either competition.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: American Samoa first entered the South Pacific Games in 1983. This was the first time a team representing the territory had competed in association football and they recorded one win from their three games in the group stage by beating Wallis and Futuna 3–0 – the only time American Samoa have recorded a win in the competition – but that wasn't enough to progress to the next round. American Samoa would go onto enter the 1987 edition where they were again eliminated in the group stage, losing all four of their matches.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: It would be another 20 years before they again entered the competition. The 2007 edition was the last known as the South Pacific Games before becoming the Pacific Games four years later and it was also part of the qualification process for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In their third appearance in the competition, American Samoa were again eliminated at the group stage, losing all four matches. The same fate befell American Samoa in the 2011 Pacific Games as they lost all five games to finish bottom of their group.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: In 2015, the Pacific Games was an age-restricted tournament that doubled as the OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament and no team representing American Samoa took part. Four years later, they were again eliminated at the group stage however, a 1–1 draw with Tuvalu ended a 32-year losing streak in the competition.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: American Samoa played their first full international match against Papua New Guinea, which ended in a 20–0 loss. Their national team have suffered the world's biggest international defeat, by losing to Australia 31–0. American Samoa have only won against Cook Islands and Tonga. American Samoa have by far lost to all of these teams at least once.


title: American Samoa national football team

text: The following table shows the American Samoa national football team's all-time international record. The statistics are composed of FIFA World Cup, OFC Nations Cup, Polynesia Cup and Pacific Games matches, as well as international friendlies.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: "Sea Shadow" (IX-529) was an experimental stealth ship built by Lockheed for the United States Navy to determine how a low radar profile might be achieved and to test high stability hull configurations that have been used in oceanographic ships.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: "Sea Shadow" was built in 1984 to examine the application of stealth technology on naval vessels, and was used in secret until a public debut in 1993. In addition, the ship was designed to test the use of automation to reduce crew size. The ship was created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the U.S. Navy and Lockheed. "Sea Shadow" was developed and built at Lockheed's Redwood City, California facility, inside the Hughes Mining Barge (HMB-1), which functioned as a floating drydock during construction and testing.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: "Sea Shadow" had a SWATH (small-waterplane-area twin hull) design. Below the water were submerged twin hulls, each with a propeller, aft stabilizer, and inboard hydrofoil. The portion of the ship above water was connected to the hulls via the two angled struts. The SWATH design helped the ship remain stable in rough water up to sea state 6 (wave height of 18 feet (5.5 m) or "very rough" sea). The shape of the superstructure was sometimes compared to the casemate of the ironclad ram of the American Civil War.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: "Sea Shadow" had 12 bunks, one small microwave oven, a refrigerator and table. It was not intended to be mission-capable and was never commissioned, although it is listed in the Naval Vessel Register.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: "Sea Shadow" was revealed to the public in 1993, and was housed at the San Diego Naval Station until September 2006, when it was relocated with the Hughes Mining Barge to the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet in Benicia, California. Until 2006, "Sea Shadow" and the HMB-1 were maintained and operated by Lockheed Martin for the US Navy. The vessels were available for donation to a maritime museum.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: The USNS "Impeccable" and "Victorious" ocean surveillance ships have inherited the stabilizer and canard method to help perform their stability-sensitive intelligence collection missions.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: In 2006, the U.S. Navy tried to sell "Sea Shadow" to the highest bidder; after the initial offering met with a lack of interest, it was listed for dismantling sale on gsaauctions.gov. The US government mandated that the buyer not sail the ship and be required to scrap it. The ship was finally sold in 2012. "Sea Shadow" was dismantled in 2012 by Bay Ship & Yacht Company.


title: Sea Shadow (IX-529)

text: In the 1997 James Bond film, "Tomorrow Never Dies", the stealth ship is operated by the media tycoon Elliot Carver (Jonathan Pryce). Christened as "Sea Dolphin II" in the film, the secret and stealthy floating lair was used as a plot device to attempt to initiate World War III.


title: Soviet submarine B-59

text: Soviet submarine "B-59" ("") was a Project 641 or Foxtrot-class diesel-electric submarine of the Soviet Navy. It played a key role near Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when senior officers—out of contact with Moscow and the rest of the world, believing they were under attack and possibly at war—considered firing a T-5 nuclear torpedo at US ships.


title: Soviet submarine B-59

text: On October 1, 1962, the Project 641 [Foxtrot] diesel-electric submarine "B-59", as the flagship of a detachment with its sister ships "B-4", "B-36" and "B-130", sailed from its base on the Kola Peninsula to the Caribbean Sea, in support of Soviet arms deliveries to Cuba (an operation known to the Soviets as "Anadyr").


title: Soviet submarine B-59

text: However, on October 27, units of the United States Navy – the aircraft carrier USS "Randolph" and 11 destroyers – detected "B-59" near Cuba. US vessels began dropping depth charges of the type used for naval training and containing very little charge, not intended to cause damage. There was no other way to communicate with the submarine; the purpose was to attempt to force it to surface for positive identification. Messages from the US Navy, to communicate the type of depth charges being used, never reached "B-59" or, it seems, Soviet naval HQ.


title: Soviet submarine B-59

text: "B-59" had not been in contact with Moscow for a number of days and, although the submarine's crew had earlier been picking up US civilian radio broadcasts, once they began attempting to hide from pursuers the vessel had to run too deep to monitor any radio traffic, so those on board did not know whether or not war had broken out. The captain of the submarine, Valentin Grigoryevich Savitsky, believing that war had started, wanted to launch the nuclear torpedo.


title: Soviet submarine B-59

text: The three most senior officers on board, Captain Savitsky, the political officer Ivan Semyonovich Maslennikov, and commander of the deployed submarine detachment Vasily Arkhipov, who was equal in rank to Savitsky but the senior officer aboard "B-59", were only authorized to launch the torpedo if they unanimously agreed to do so. "B-59" was the only sub in the flotilla that required three officers' authorization in order to fire the "special weapon"; the other three subs only required the captain and the political officer to approve the launch, but, due to Arkhipov's position as detachment commander, "B-59"'s captain and political officer also required his approval. Arkhipov alone opposed the launch, and eventually he persuaded Savitsky to surface and await orders from Moscow.


title: Soviet submarine B-59

text: As the submarine's batteries had run very low and its air-conditioning had failed, "B-59" had to surface. It surfaced amid the US warships pursuing it and made contact with the US destroyer USS "Cory". After discussions with the ship, "B-59" was then ordered by the Russian fleet to set course back to the Soviet Union.


title: Nida Patcharaveerapong

text: Nida Patcharaveerapong (; 13 September 1984 — 24 February 2022), formerly and still colloquially known as Pattaratida Patcharaveerapong (), better known by nickname Tangmo (), was a famous Thai actress known for her main roles in several Thai dramas. She made her acting debut in 2003.


title: Nida Patcharaveerapong

text: She was born in Bangkok as Tangmo Patcharaveerapong. Her parents split up when she was just five years old, so she has always lived with her father. Nida has only one sibling, Toi-Dayos, a half-brother.


title: Nida Patcharaveerapong

text: She made her debut in the showbiz when she was a Matthayom 1 grader by filming commercials. Many years later, in 2002, she entered the Miss Teen Thailand Pageant and got the 4th runner-up place, so Nida entered the showbiz fully.


title: Nida Patcharaveerapong

text: Nida was Protestant following Phuket-born, Trang father, Sophon Patcharaveerapong. While her mother, Panida Siriyudthayothin, is a former actress from Lopburi who worked in the '70s


title: Nida Patcharaveerapong

text: At the end of 2013, she got engaged to a fellow entertainer Phakin Khamwilaisak. The couple engaged for 2 years and 1 month before breaking up in 2015.


title: Nida Patcharaveerapong

text: On February 24, 2022 about 10:32 pm, Tangmo Nida fell from a speedboat into Chao Phraya River. Her body was recovered two days later on February 26, 2022. On April 26, 2022 the Royal Thai Police overruled that no foul play was involved in her death, but pressed charges against six people for "recklessness" and involvement in her death.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: The OpenAPI Specification, previously known as the Swagger Specification, is a specification for a machine-readable interface definition language for describing, producing, consuming and visualizing RESTful web services. Previously part of the Swagger framework, it became a separate project in 2016, overseen by the OpenAPI Initiative, an open-source collaboration project of the Linux Foundation. Swagger and some other tools can generate code, documentation and test cases from interface files.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: Swagger development began in early 2010 by Tony Tam, who was working at online dictionary company Wordnik.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: In March 2015, SmartBear Software acquired the open-source Swagger API specification from Reverb Technologies, Wordnik's parent company.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: In November 2015, SmartBear announced that it was creating a new organization called the OpenAPI Initiative under the sponsorship of the Linux Foundation. Other founding member companies included 3scale, Apigee, Capital One, Google, IBM, Intuit, Microsoft, PayPal, and Restlet. SmartBear donated the Swagger specification to the new group. RAML and API Blueprint were also under consideration by the group.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: On 1 January 2016, the Swagger specification was renamed the OpenAPI Specification (OAS) and was moved to a new GitHub repository.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: In September 2016, the API World conference presented an API Infrastructure award to SmartBear for its ongoing work on Swagger.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: In July 2017, the OpenAPI Initiative released version 3.0.0 of its specification. MuleSoft, the main contributor to the alternative RESTful API Modeling Language (RAML), joined the OAS and open-sourced its API Modeling Framework tool, which can generate OAS documents from RAML input.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: In February 2021, the OpenAPI Initiative released version 3.1.0. Major changes in OpenAPI Specification 3.1.0 include JSON schema vocabularies alignment, new top-level elements for describing webhooks that are registered and managed out of band, support for identifying API licenses using the standard SPDX identifier, allowance of descriptions alongside the use of schema references and a change to make the PathItems object optional in order to simplify creation of reusable libraries of components.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: Applications implemented based on OpenAPI interface files can automatically generate documentation of methods, parameters and models. This helps keep the documentation, client libraries and source code in sync.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: The OpenAPI Specification is language-agnostic. With OpenAPI's declarative resource specification, clients can understand and consume services without knowledge of server implementation or access to the server code.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: The OpenAPI Initiative maintains a list of implementations for version 3.0 of the specification. SmartBear still brands its OpenAPI tools with the Swagger moniker. The Swagger UI framework allows both developers and non-developers to interact with the API in a sandbox UI that gives insight into how the API responds to parameters and options. Swagger can handle both JSON and XML.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: Swagger Codegen contains a template-driven engine to generate documentation, API clients and server stubs in different languages by parsing the OpenAPI definition. In July, 2018, William Cheng, the top contributor to Swagger Codegen, and over 40 other contributors to Swagger Codegen forked the code into a project named OpenAPI Generator under the OpenAPI Tools organization.


title: OpenAPI Specification

text: The OpenAPI Initiative sponsors an annual API Specifications Conference (ASC). The event has its origins in the API Strategy and Practice Conference (APIStrat) that ran for many years and became part of the OpenAPI Initiative in 2016.


title: Bromide

text: A bromide ion is the negatively charged form (Br) of the element bromine, a member of the halogens group on the periodic table. Most bromides are colorless. Bromides have many practical roles, being found in anticonvulsants, flame-retardant materials, and cell stains. Although uncommon, chronic toxicity from bromide can result in bromism, a syndrome with multiple neurological symptoms. Bromide toxicity can also cause a type of skin eruption, see potassium bromide. The bromide ion has an ionic radius of 196 pm.


title: Bromide

text: Bromide is present in typical seawater (35 PSU) with a concentration of around 65 mg/L, which is about 0.2% of all dissolved salts. Seafood and deep sea plants generally have higher levels than land-derived foods. Bromargyrite—natural, crystalline silver bromide—is the most common bromide mineral known but is still very rare. In addition to silver, bromine is also in minerals combined with mercury and copper.


title: Bromide

text: Bromide salts of alkali metal, alkaline earth metals, and many other metals dissolve in water (and even some alcohols and a few ethers) to give bromide ions. The classic case is sodium bromide, which fully dissociates in water:


title: Bromide

text: Hydrogen bromide, which is a diatomic molecule, takes on salt-like properties upon contact with water to give an ionic solution called hydrobromic acid. The process is often described simplistically as involving formation of the hydronium salt of bromide:


title: Bromide

text: This forms hypobromous acid (HOBr), and hydrobromic acid (HBr in water). The solution is called "bromine water". The hydrolysis of bromine is more favorable in the presence of base, for example sodium hydroxide:


title: Bromide

text: This reaction is analogous to the production of bleach, where chlorine is dissolved in the presence of sodium hydroxide.


title: Bromide

text: Balard and Löwig's method can be used to extract bromine from seawater and certain brines. For samples testing for sufficient bromide concentration, addition of chlorine produces bromine (Br):


title: Bromide

text: Bromide's main commercial value based on value and quantity is its use in producing organobromine compounds, which themselves are rather specialized. Organobromine compounds are mainly used as fire retardants, and even these applications are controversial. Many metal bromides are produced commercially, including LiBr, NaBr, NHBr, CuBr, ZnBr and AlBr. Some applications are for silver-based photography, which is fading in value, and drilling fluid, which calls for generic, dense compounds and thus is of little value.


title: Bromide

text: Lithium bromide was used as a sedative beginning in the early 1900s. However, it fell into disfavour in the 1940s due to the rising popularity of safer and more efficient sedatives (specifically, barbiturates) and when some heart patients died after using a salt substitute (see lithium chloride). Like lithium carbonate and lithium chloride, it was used as a treatment for bipolar disorder.


title: Bromide

text: From 1954 - 1977, the Australian biochemist Shirley Andrews was researching safe ways to use lithium for the treatment of manic depressive illnesses while working at the Royal Park Psychiatric Hospital in Victoria. While conducting this research she discovered that bromide caused symptoms of mental illness, leading to a major reduction in its usage.


title: Bromide

text: Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Their use in over-the-counter sedatives and headache remedies (such as Bromo-Seltzer) in the United States extended to 1975 when bromides were withdrawn as ingredients due to chronic toxicity. This use gave the word "bromide" its colloquial connotation of a comforting cliché.


title: Bromide

text: It has been said that during World War I, British soldiers were given bromide to curb their sexual urges. Lord Dunsany mentions a soldier being given bromide as a sedative for nervous exhaustion and overwork in his play "Fame and the Poet" (1919).


title: Bromide

text: The bromide ion is antiepileptic and as bromide salt, is used in veterinary medicine in the US. The kidneys excrete bromide ions. The half-life of bromide in the human body (12 days) is long compared with many pharmaceuticals, making dosing challenging to adjust. (A new dose may require several months to reach equilibrium.) Bromide ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are about 30% of those in blood and are strongly influenced by the body's chloride intake and metabolism.


title: Bromide

text: Since bromide is still used in veterinary medicine in the United States, veterinary diagnostic labs can routinely measure blood bromide levels. However, this is not a conventional test in human medicine in the US since there are no FDA-approved uses for the bromide. Therapeutic bromide levels are measured in European countries like Germany, where bromide is still used therapeutically in human epilepsy.


title: Bromide

text: Bromide is rarely mentioned in the biochemical context. Some enzymes use bromide as substrate or as a cofactor.


title: Bromide

text: Bromoperoxidase enzymes use bromide (typically in seawater) to generate electrophilic brominating agents Hundreds of organobromine compounds are generated by this process. Notable examples are bromoform, thousands of tons of which are produced annually in this way. The historical dye Tyrian purple is produced by similar enzymatic reactions.


title: Bromide

text: In one specialized report, bromide is an essential cofactor in the peroxidising catalysis of sulfonimine crosslinks in collagen IV. This post-translational modification occurs in all animals and bromine is an essential trace element for humans.


title: Bromide

text: Eosinophils need bromide for fighting multicellular parasites. Hypobromite is produced via eosinophil peroxidase, an enzyme that can use chloride but preferentially uses bromide.


title: Bromide

text: The average concentration of bromide in human blood in Queensland, Australia, is and varies with age and gender. Much higher levels may indicate exposure to brominated chemicals. It is also found in seafood.


title: Zhao Xintong

text: Zhao Xintong (; born 3 April 1997) is a Chinese professional snooker player. Long considered one of the brightest talents in the game, he won his first ranking title (also his first Triple Crown title) at the 2021 UK Championship, defeating Luca Brecel 10–5 in the final. With this win, he entered the top 16 in the world rankings for the first time at number nine, and became eligible to compete in his first Masters. He won his second ranking title less than two months later when he whitewashed Yan Bingtao 9–0 in the final to win the 2022 German Masters. In doing so, Zhao became only the third player in professional snooker history, after Steve Davis and Neil Robertson, to win a two-session ranking final without conceding a frame.


title: Zhao Xintong

text: Zhao Xintong first drew international attention in June 2012 at the Zhangjiagang Open defeating high ranking players Xiao Guodong, Irishman Kevin McMahon and Yu Delu to reach the last 16 of the tournament where he narrowly lost 4–3 to Stephen Lee. Zhao would build on this success by reaching the second round of Asian Tour Events the Yixing Open and Zhengzhou Open.


title: Zhao Xintong

text: As a wildcard entrant he defeated former World Champion Ken Doherty in the International Championship to reach the last 32 of a ranking event for the first time, again narrowly losing in a final frame decider 6–5 to Matthew Stevens. Having also earned his way to the last 32 of the World Open and China Open, Zhao started gaining the reputation of the Wildcard Menace, a mantle formerly held by Kevin McMahon.


title: Zhao Xintong

text: In 2013, at the International Championship, he beat six-time World Champion Steve Davis 6–1 who later commented: "This boy was astonishingly good and better than anybody I have ever seen at that age - and that includes Ronnie O'Sullivan." He went on to reach the third round of the competition before losing 6–2 to Marco Fu, however he would go on to avenge this loss by defeating Fu in the first round of the 2014 Shanghai Masters. Zhao entered the World Amateur Championship in late 2013 reaching the final, however he lost to his fellow countryman Zhou Yuelong 8–4 and thus missed out on a chance to join the world snooker main tour for the 2014–15 season.


title: Zhao Xintong

text: Zhao entered several events in an attempt to qualify for the 2015–16 season. He was narrowly defeated in the first round of the ACBS Asian Snooker Championship. He won three games in the first event of Q School before losing 4–3 to Alexander Ursenbacher in the penultimate round. In the second event Zhao got extremely close to qualifying for the main tour managing to reach the final round before losing 4–3 to Duane Jones in a black ball finish in the deciding frame.


title: Zhao Xintong

text: Zhao's high Q School Order of Merit ranking gave him entry as a top up player to many events in the 2015–16 season. He whitewashed Stuart Carrington 6–0 to qualify for the International Championship and, despite losing 6–2 to John Higgins in the first round, his effort of 142 won the high break prize for the event. Zhao made his first appearance at the UK Championship, German Masters and Welsh Open, but was knocked out in the opening round of each. He lost in the final of the 2015 IBSF World Snooker Championship 8–6 to Pankaj Advani. It meant that Zhao won a two-year card for the main tour after Advani declined the invitation.