title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: With the "Spanish flu" pandemic of 1918 and the growing medical interest in Lister's antiseptic theory, some surgeons began wearing cotton gauze masks in surgery; however, this was not to protect the patient from intra-operative infection, but to protect the surgeon from the patient's diseases. Around the same time, operating theatre staff began wearing heavy rubber gloves to protect their hands from the solutions used to clean the room and equipment, a practice surgeons grudgingly adopted.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: By the 1940s, advances in surgical antisepsis (now called aseptic technique) and the science of wound infection led to the adoption of antiseptic drapes and gowns for operating room use. Instruments, supplies and dressings were routinely sterilized by exposure to either high-pressure steam or ethylene oxide.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Originally, operating room attire was white to emphasize cleanliness. However, the combination of bright operating lights and an all-white environment led to eye strain for the surgeon and staff. By the 1950s and 1960s, most hospitals had abandoned white operating room apparel in favor of various shades of green, which provided a high-contrast environment, reduced eye fatigue, and made bright red blood splashes less conspicuous.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: By the 1970s, surgical attire had largely reached its modern state—a short-sleeve V-necked shirt and drawstring pants or a short-sleeve calf-length dress, made of a cotton or cotton/polyester blend. Over this was worn a tie-back or bouffant-style cloth cap, a gauze or synthetic textile mask, a cloth or synthetic surgical gown, latex gloves, and supportive closed-toe shoes. This uniform was originally known as "surgical greens" because of its color, but came to be called "scrubs" because it was worn in a "scrubbed" environment.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: In many operating rooms, it is forbidden to wear any exposed clothing, such as a t-shirt, beneath scrubs. As scrubs are designed to promote a clean environment, the wearing of outside clothing is thought to introduce unwanted pathogens. Nearly all patient care personnel at hospitals in the United States wear some form of scrubs while on duty, as do some staffers in doctor, dental, and veterinary offices.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Doctors in the United States may wear their own clothes with a white coat except for surgery. Support staff such as custodians and unit clerks also wear scrubs in some facilities. When the physician is not performing surgery, the scrub is often worn under a white coat.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: In England, all NHS hospital trusts have stringent clothing policies, and many of these specifically forbid wearing the iconic white coat for medical staff, owing to infection control concerns. This has meant that several hospitals around the UK have opted for scrubs for staff, especially in Accident and Emergency departments.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Outside of hospitals, scrubs are becoming more common in other areas especially in light of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Non-traditional industries using scrubs include workout facilities, schools, and restaurants. Health and safety standards are critical to restaurants’ success and legal compliance, and there are many opportunities for bacteria to thrive and spread via menus, tables, and shared condiment shakers.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Today, any medical uniform consisting of a short-sleeve shirt and pants is known as "scrubs". Scrubs may also include a waist-length long-sleeved jacket with no lapels and stockinette cuffs, known as a "warm-up jacket".


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Scrubs worn in surgery are almost always colored solid light grey, light green, light blue or a light green-blue shade.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Non-surgical scrubs come in a wider variety of colors and patterns, ranging from official issue garments to custom made, whether by commercial uniform companies or by home-sewing using commercially available printed patterns.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Some hospitals use scrub color to differentiate between patient care departments (i.e., Surgery, Childbirth, Emergency, etc.) or between licensed patient care personnel (nurses, radiologic technologists, respiratory and physical therapists, etc.), unlicensed assistive personnel, and non-patient care support staff (i.e., portering, dietary, unit clerks, etc.). Hospitals may also extend the practice to differentiate non-staff members/visitors.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: In England and Wales many NHS trusts use different colored scrubs to distinguish between different branches of healthcare professionals, for example anaesthetists may wear maroon. This allows staff and patients to easily spot the workers they are looking for in a high-pressure situation. Piping of different colors or pattern are also often used to distinguish seniority. Many hospitals have posters in reception areas explaining this system but it is mainly designed for hospital staff.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Custom-made printed scrub tops, featuring cartoon characters and cheerful prints, are common in pediatricians' offices, veterinary offices, dental clinics and children's hospitals, and prints for various holidays can be seen throughout the year. Some acute care facilities or larger hospitals also have relaxed rules regarding the wear of non-regulation scrubs in non-surgical units, and they are no longer just the classic v-neck scrub tops, but are now offered in many styles and patterns.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: The scrub industry, much like maternity wear, used to have very limited fashion options. Indeed, scrubs were generally box shaped and ill fitted, often with limited design choices. Over the past 10 years the scrub industry has taken notice of the individual preferences of medical professionals and have begun to design and manufacture fashionable and unique designs.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Surgical scrubs are not generally owned by the wearer. Due to concerns about home laundering and sterility issues, these scrubs are usually hospital-owned or hospital-leased through a commercial linen service. And due to these laundering and sterility limitations, disposable scrub suits were introduced in the market.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Scrub caps have graduated from being functional to also being a personalized accessory both in the operating room and outside. Before the antiseptic focus of the 1940s, hats were not considered essential to surgery. From the 1940s through the 1950s, as a hygienic focus swept the industry, hats became standard wear to help protect patients from contaminants in hair. Full-face hats were even designed for men with beards. These hats have been and continue to be distributed by group purchasing organizations (GPOs) who supply hospitals with most equipment.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: In the medical fashion 'revolution' of the seventies, more and more medical professionals began personalizing their scrubs by either sewing their own hats or buying premade hats made of colorful patterned fabric. Several styles were popular, including the 'bouffant' surgical cap, a utilitarian hairnet-like hat which typically comes in light blue, and the 'milkmaid', a bonnet-like wrap around hat.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Bouffant surgical caps are perhaps the most widely used scrub hats in hospitals, and their usage is not limited to only nurses and surgeons: hospital patients are required to wear a bouffant cap when having surgery of any kind.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: In 2016, a controversy emerged in the US around the use of cloth or disposable surgical caps vs mandatory use of bouffant style surgical caps. This controversy ended in state mandates for the use of bouffant caps to comply with Joint Commission standards.


title: Scrubs (clothing)

text: Some Muslim women prefer to keep wearing their hijab while working in the operating theatre. Hospitals in the UK and the US began providing disposable hijabs as an alternative to surgical caps.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Tales from the Crypt is a 1972 British anthology horror film directed by Freddie Francis. It is an anthology film consisting of five separate segments, based on stories from EC Comics. It was produced by Amicus Productions and filmed at Shepperton Studios.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: In the film, five strangers (Joan Collins, Ian Hendry, Robin Phillips, Richard Greene and Nigel Patrick) in a crypt encounter the mysterious Crypt Keeper (Ralph Richardson), who makes each person in turn foresee the possible manner of their death. It is one of several Amicus horror anthologies produced during the 1970s.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Five strangers go with a tourist group to view old catacombs. Separated from the main group, the strangers find themselves in a room with the mysterious Crypt Keeper (Ralph Richardson), who details how each of them may die.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Joanne Clayton (Joan Collins) kills her husband Richard (Martin Boddey) on Christmas Eve. She prepares to hide his body, but hears a radio announcement of a homicidal maniac (Oliver MacGreevy) on the loose. She sees the killer (who is dressed in a Santa Claus costume) outside her house, but cannot call the police without exposing her own crime.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: After cleaning up, Joanne finally attempts to call the police (with the intention to make them believe the maniac killed her husband). However, her young daughter Carol (Chloe Franks) — believing the maniac to be Santa — unlocks the door and lets him into the house, whereupon he starts to strangle Joanne.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Carl Maitland (Ian Hendry) abandons his family to be with his secretary, Susan Blake (Angela Grant). After they drive off together, they are involved in a car accident. He wakes up, having been thrown clear of the wrecked and burned car, and attempts to hitchhike home, but everyone he meets reacts with horror upon seeing him.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Arriving at his house, he sees his wife (Susan Denny) with another man. He knocks on the door, but she screams and slams the door. He then goes to see Susan, only to find that she is blind from the accident. She says that Carl died two years ago in the crash. Glancing at a reflective tabletop, he sees he has the face of a rotting corpse and screams in horror. Carl then wakes up and finds out that it was a dream, but the moment he does, the crash occurs as previously seen.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: James Elliot (Robin Phillips) lives with his father Edward (David Markham) across from the home of elderly dustman Arthur Edward Grimsdyke (Peter Cushing), who owns a number of dogs and entertains children in his house. While both the Elliots are snobs who resent Grimsdyke as a blight on their neighbourhood, James strongly detests the old man enough to conduct a smear campaign against him: first having his beloved dogs taken by animal control (although one of them returns to him), then persuading a member of the council to have him removed from his job, and later exploiting parents' paranoid fears about child molestation. Unbeknownst to James, Grimsdyke dabbles in the occult and holds a seance by himself to confer with his late wife.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: On Valentine's Day, James sends Grimsdyke a number of poison-pen Valentines, supposedly from the neighbours, driving the old man to suicide. Exactly one year later, Grimsdyke rises from the grave and takes revenge on James. The following morning, Edward finds his son dead with a note that reads, "HAPPY VALENTINE'S DAY..YOU WERE MEAN AND CRUEL..RIGHT FROM THE START..NOW YOU REALLY HAVE NO.." with the final word represented by James' still-beating heart inside the folded end of the paper on which the note is written.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Ineffective, ruthless businessman Ralph Jason (Richard Greene) is close to financial ruin. His wife Enid (Barbara Murray) notices, for the first time, the inscription on a Chinese figurine in the couple's collection, which grants three wishes to the owner. Enid decides to wish for a fortune and, surprisingly, the wish comes true, but Ralph is killed, seemingly in a car crash, on the way to his lawyer's office to collect the money. The lawyer, Charles Gregory (Roy Dotrice), then advises Enid she will inherit a fortune from her deceased husband's life insurance plan; however, when he learns of the manner of the wish granted that she made, he warns her not to wish Ralph back since he remembered the consequences of a similar story in which a mother wished her dead son back, only to be horrified by his gruesome appearance and forced to use the last wish to send him back to the grave. Against Gregory's explicit advice, Enid uses her second wish to bring him back to the way he was just before the accident, but he is returned still dead, as his death was due to a heart attack immediately before the crash and caused by fright upon seeing the figure of "death" following him on a motorcycle.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Once more, Gregory warns Enid not to make a final wish and just let Ralph rest in peace. As Gregory goes outside to get some fresh air, she uses her final wish to bring Ralph back to life and to live forever. When he comes back inside, he discovers too late that Enid again went against his warning. Gregory points out to her that Ralph was embalmed and he is suffering from the fluids of the embalming liquid. Enid tries to kill Ralph to end his pain but, because she wished for him to live forever, he cannot be killed. Because of it, she has now trapped him in eternal agony and thus making her regret those last two wishes.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Major William Rogers (Nigel Patrick) becomes the new director of a home for the blind, and exploits his position to live in luxury with his German Shepherd Dog Shane, while his drastic financial cuts on food and heating lessens the residents' living conditions. Rogers gets his comeuppance after he ignores the pleas of resident George Carter (Patrick Magee) to both make the living conditions more bearable and later to get medical treatment for fellow resident Greenwood, who then dies from hypothermia. Carter leads a revolt to subdue the staff before locking Rogers and Shane in separate rooms in the basement, and they then construct a small maze of narrow corridors between the two rooms. After two days left to starve, Rogers is released and forced to find his way through the maze for his freedom, getting past one corridor lined with razor blades once Carter turned the lights on; but Rogers finds his last obstacle to be a now-ravenously hungry Shane and flees back towards the razors only for Carter to turn the lights off, with Rogers heard screaming as the starving dog catches up with him and savagely kills him.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: After completing the final tale, the Crypt Keeper reveals that he was not warning them of what would happen, but telling them what has already happened: they have all "died without repentance." There is one clue to this twist in that Joan Collins' character is wearing the brooch her husband had given her for Christmas just before she killed him. The door to Hell opens and Joanne, Carl, James, Ralph, and Major Rogers all enter (Ralph enters first and is seen falling down into a fiery abyss). "And now, who's next?" asks the Crypt Keeper, turning to face the camera as he says "Perhaps...YOU?" The scene pulls away as the entrance to the Crypt Keeper's lair is in flames.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Milton Subotsky of Amicus Productions had long been a fan of EC Comics' "Tales from the Crypt" and eventually persuaded his partner Max Rosenberg to buy the rights. The copyright owner, William Gaines, insisted on script approval. The budget of £170,000 was higher than usual for an Amicus production, and was partly funded by American International Pictures. Peter Cushing was originally offered the part played by Richard Greene, but wanted to try something different and played the elderly Grimsdyke instead.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: , Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reported that 90% of 21 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 7.07/10.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Allmoviesaid, "It has a certain magnetism about it that is hard to resist and which accounts for its enduring popularity. There's something about "Crypt" that makes even jaded viewers feel like they're kids sitting in their rooms late at night with the lights out, telling eerie tales with the aid of a flashlight."


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that the film lacks style and is too heavy-handed in its morality.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Eric Henderson of "Slant Magazine" rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote that "the undercurrent of sternness is tempered by a truly bottomless roster of campy excess".


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Chris Alexander of "Fangoria" wrote, "[F]rom its first frames to its invasive final shot, this classic British creeper offers an unrelenting study in the art of the macabre."


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Anthony Arrigo of Dread Central wrote, "The greatest strength in "Tales" comes not from the acting or directing – both of which are perfectly sound – but in the rich stories culled from the comics."


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Time gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying “It's put together something like the comic books, with the old Crypt Keeper acting as host and narrator. In the movie version, he is played with suitable ham by Ralph Richardson”.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: The film was released on VHS in North America by Prism Entertainment Corp in 1985, then by Starmaker Home Video in 1989, and finally by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment under their Selections label in 1998.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: In the UK it was released on VHS in 1988 by CBS Fox Video having been rated 18 without cuts by the BBFC.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: "Tales from the Crypt" was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on 28 June 2010. It received its first Blu-ray release from Shock Records distribution in Australia on 2 November 2011.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: The film, paired with another Amicus anthology, "The Vault of Horror", was released on a double-feature DVD on 11 September 2007. Shout! Factory released the same double feature on Blu-ray on 2 December 2014.


title: Tales from the Crypt (film)

text: "...And All Through the House", "Blind Alleys" and "Wish You Were Here" were all somewhat remade into episodes for the "Tales From the Crypt" television show. "Blind Alleys" and "Wish You Were Here" were both changed.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: Johannes Jacobus Neeskens (; born 15 September 1951) is a Dutch football manager and former player. A midfielder, he was an important member of the Netherlands national team that finished as runners-up in the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups and is considered one of the greatest midfielders of all time. In 2004, he was named one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers at a FIFA Awards Ceremony, while in 2017 he has been included in the "FourFourTwo" list of the 100 all-time greatest players, at the 64th position.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: After his retirement in 1991, Neeskens was the assistant coach to Frank Rijkaard at Barcelona but was sacked along with Rijkaard at the end of the 2007–08 season. He later became head coach of the Netherlands B national team until June 2009, at which date he has been appointed as the assistant coach to Frank Rijkaard at Galatasaray.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: Neeskens, a native of Heemstede, started his career at Racing Club Heemstede in 1968, before being spotted by Rinus Michels and signed for Ajax in 1970. The youngster impressed at right-back, playing in that position for Ajax in the 1971 European Cup Final win against Panathinaikos. During the 1971–72 season, Neeskens took up more of a central midfield role, in support of Johan Cruyff. He adapted well to his new central midfield role because he was a tireless runner, had great technical skills and scored his fair share of goals. Ajax completed a hat-trick of European Cup wins between 1971 and 1973, and Neeskens moved on to FC Barcelona in 1974 to join Cruyff and Michels. There he was nicknamed "Johan Segon" ("Johan the Second").


title: Johan Neeskens

text: While his time at Barcelona was relatively unsuccessful for the club (one cup title in 1978, and the 1979 Cup Winners' Cup), he was hugely popular amongst the fans. In 1979 he accepted an offer from the New York Cosmos, spending five years at the club. The Cosmos released him in October 1984. He also played for FC Groningen during the 1984–85 season. In June 1985, he signed with the South Florida Sun of the United Soccer League. The USL collapsed six games into the 1985 season. On 15 August 1985, he signed with the Kansas City Comets of the Major Indoor Soccer League.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: Neeskens was capped 49 times for the Netherlands national team, scoring 17 goals. He made his debut against East Germany in 1970, and played a crucial role in the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups, playing in central midfield. Neeskens scored the opening goal of the 1974 World Cup final against West Germany with a penalty kick after only two minutes of play.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: Four years later, Neeskens was a crucial player for the Netherlands (despite a rib injury suffered in the Scotland defeat), in the absence of Cruyff who had retired from international football in 1977. The Netherlands again reached the final, only to lose again to the host nation, this time Argentina, going down 3–1 after extra time (the score at the end of regulation was 1–1). He played his final international game in 1981 in a 2–0 defeat against France in a qualifier for the 1982 World Cup.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: At the request of Guus Hiddink, Neeskens, along with Frank Rijkaard and Ronald Koeman, acted as assistant coach for the Netherlands national team during the qualifiers and finals of the 1998 FIFA World Cup. When Hiddink stepped down as national coach after the 1998 FIFA World Cup, he performed the same role during the reign of Rijkaard as national coach up until the end of Euro 2000. He was then appointed as coach of Dutch side NEC Nijmegen, leading them to their first European appearance in twenty years in 2003, but was fired in 2004 because of poor results.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: In December 2005, Neeskens was appointed assistant coach of the Australia national team, once again at the request of Guus Hiddink, the "Socceroos"'s manager at the time. He worked alongside Hiddink and Graham Arnold as part of their World Cup 2006 campaign, and even afterwards he remained involved with the Australian national team: on 7 October 2006, under contract with FC Barcelona, Neeskens was alongside the Australia national team's bench in a friendly match between Paraguay while visiting Australia for a short break.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: After the 2006 World Cup, Neeskens returned to FC Barcelona to replace Henk ten Cate in the club's technical staff, reuniting with Frank Rijkaard. The three-year deal was signed when Neeskens flew in from Germany following Australia's opening win over Japan, but on 8 May 2008, after two disappointing seasons, Barcelona's president Joan Laporta announced that Neeskens (as well as Rijkaard) were to leave Barcelona at the end of the season.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: Neeskens joined Frank Rijkaard at Galatasaray as his assistant manager in 2009. He became the coach of South Africa-based club, Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. in 2011. His time with Mamelodi Sundowns was less than successful with the Dutch coach finding himself attacked by his own supporters following a string of poor results. As of 2 December 2012 Neeskens was no longer under the employment of Mamelodi Sundowns.


title: Johan Neeskens

text: Neeskens has been described on the UEFA website as having the "steel-hard midfielder was a tireless runner yet also had nice technique and scored goals, helping to set the stage for Cruyff to shine. One of the first box-to-box midfielders," he was great at pressuring opponents to regain possession too. "He was worth two men in midfield," said teammate Sjaak Swart.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: The 2021 season was the Miami Dolphins' 52nd season in the National Football League, their 56th overall, and their third and final year under head coach Brian Flores, and sixth under general manager Chris Grier. Despite a 1–7 start to the season, Miami then won the next seven games, becoming the first team in NFL history to lose seven straight games and then win seven straight games in the same season. The 7-game win streak was their first since the 1985 season. They also became the sixth team in NFL history to win four or more consecutive games after losing seven in a row, after the 2009 Cleveland Browns, 1994 New York Giants, 1993 New England Patriots, 1984 Green Bay Packers, and the 1978 St. Louis Cardinals. However the Dolphins were eliminated from the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year after their win streak ended in Week 17 to the Tennessee Titans, combined with a win by the Los Angeles Chargers.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: Some highlights from the season included head coach Brian Flores becoming the first Dolphins coach since Don Shula to beat the Patriots multiple times in New England, Miami's first wins over the Carolina Panthers and New Orleans Saints since 2009 and 2005 respectively, their first win over the New York Giants since 2003 (which was also Miami's first ever home win over the Giants), and finally their first win in Caesars Superdome since 1986. The Dolphins also swept the New York Jets in back-to-back years for the first time since the 1996 and 1997 seasons, swept the New England Patriots for the first time since 2000, and had consecutive winning seasons for the first time since 2002–2003. However in a surprise move and due to alleged conflicts with both the roster and front office, owner Stephen M. Ross dismissed head coach Brian Flores on January 10, 2022.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: On January 5, 2021, Dolphins' offensive coordinator Chan Gailey announced his resignation. On February 2, the Dolphins announced coaches Eric Studesville and George Godsey would share the offensive coordinator position for the upcoming 2021 season.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: On May 25, 2021, the NFL announced training camp for all teams will commence on July 27. This will mark the first time the Dolphins have training camp at the new training facility adjacent to Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: On May 26, Tua Tagovailoa, when reflecting on the 2020 season, said he wasn't comfortable calling plays and he didn't know the playbook really well. He added he feels much more comfortable now. On June 15, during the first day of minicamp and during a heavy downpour of rain, Tagovailoa threw five interceptions. He explained later that during minicamp the team had decided to be more aggressive with riskier throws to see what would happen and that they can now learn from the results.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: Atlanta Falcons' head coach Arthur Smith announced his team would hold joint practices with the Miami Dolphins sometime around August 21 at Hard Rock Stadium.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: On July 27, 2021, All-Pro cornerback Xavien Howard officially requested a trade from the Dolphins over a months-long contract dispute. Despite this, just twelve days later on August 8, 2021, the Dolphins agreed to restructure the cornerback's contract. The deal adds more guaranteed money and incentives, possibly making his payout over $16.285 million.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: The Dolphins take sole possession of first place in the AFC East with this win as they improved to 1–0, their first such start since 2018. It was also the first time since 2017 that the Patriots had lost a season opener. Head coach Brian Flores also became the first Dolphins head coach since Don Shula to beat New England multiple times in Foxboro.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: Despite forcing two turnovers to extend their streak of games with takeaways to 24, the Dolphins suffered their worst loss to the Bills with a 35–0 shutout by Buffalo. Quarterback Tua Tagovailoa suffered a rib injury in the first quarter, forcing backup Jacoby Brissett to finish the game in his stead.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: The Dolphins defeated the Giants at home for the first time in franchise history, and defeated them for the first time since 2003. The 2021 Dolphins also became the first team since the 1994 Giants to win at least 5 straight games after losing 7 in a row. Quarterback Tua Tagovailoa became the first Dolphins quarterback since Dan Marino in 1994 to throw at least 21 completions in the first half of a game.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: With the win against a depleted Saints team who had 20 players on their IL, the Dolphins improved to 8–7, and became the first team in NFL history to win 7 straight games after losing 7 straight games. This was their first 7-game winning streak since 1985, during the Don Shula and Dan Marino era and their first win over the Saints since 2005. It was also their first road win over the Saints since 1986. Wide receiver Jaylen Waddle caught 10 receptions, the most by a rookie wide receiver in a single Monday Night game since Jerry Rice in 1985.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: This was Titans quarterback Ryan Tannehill's first time playing his former team since the Dolphins traded him following the 2018 season. Tannehill had played for the Dolphins from 2012–2018 as their primary starter aside from missing the 2017 season due a torn ACL he suffered during the preseason that year. The Dolphins' seven-game win streak was snapped by the 34–3 loss and failed to win 8 games in a row for the first time since 1984; because of this and the Buffalo Bills beating and eliminating the Atlanta Falcons and clinching playoff berth, the New England Patriots blowing out the Jacksonville Jaguars and clinching playoff berth, the Las Vegas Raiders beating the Indianapolis Colts, and the Los Angeles Chargers beating the Denver Broncos, the Dolphins missed the playoffs for the fifth season in a row. Additionally, the Chargers win also crushed all playoff hopes for the Denver Broncos, as well as the Cleveland Browns, who were scheduled to kick off Sunday Night Football later that evening.


title: 2021 Miami Dolphins season

text: This was the Dolphins' first sweep of the Patriots since 2000 and their second under Bill Belichick's tenure. It was also first time since the 2002 and 2003 seasons that the Dolphins had clinched back-to-back winning seasons. Recording his 102nd reception early in the 1st quarter, wide receiver Jaylen Waddle became the all-time leader in receptions caught by a rookie wide receiver, surpassing Anquan Boldin, whom caught 101 receptions in his 2003 rookie season with the Arizona Cardinals. With the win, the Dolphins finished the season with a record of 9-8, but head coach Brian Flores was dismissed the next day.


title: Chiclets

text: Chiclets is an American brand of candy-coated chewing gum manufactured by Mondelez International. The brand was introduced in 1900 by the American Chicle Company, a company founded by Thomas Adams.


title: Chiclets

text: The Chiclets name is derived from the Mexican Spanish word "chicle", derived from the Aztec Nahuatl word "chictli/tzictli", meaning "sticky stuff" and referring to a pre-Columbian chewing gum found throughout Mesoamerica. This pre-Columbian chewing gum was tapped as a sap from various trees.


title: Chiclets

text: Chiclets are essentially the same as the indigenous chicle, with the innovation of a hard sugar coating offered in various flavors and colors. The original flavor was peppermint and assorted fruit flavors were available in Algeria, Argentina, Canada, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, India, Iraq, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, Syria, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and parts of the Americas.


title: Chiclets

text: Various people have been credited with inventing Chiclets, including the brothers Robert and Frank Fleer and Louis Mahle.


title: Chiclets

text: It was mentioned in the Saturday Evening Post in 2019 that as of 2016, Chiclets was discontinued by Mondelez in the United States. It has re-appeared as of 2019, manufactured in Mexico. In 2020 the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board held that the Chiclets trademark had not been abandoned. To further confuse the issue it was noted in an article on the Mashed website that Chiclets, identified as Adams Chiclets, were available at Walmart, Kmart and Amazon in the US. It is unclear whether the product has been changed in its formulation or not.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters. The same principle is used to derive higher moments like skewness and kurtosis.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: It starts by expressing the population moments (i.e., the expected values of powers of the random variable under consideration) as functions of the parameters of interest. Those expressions are then set equal to the sample moments. The number of such equations is the same as the number of parameters to be estimated. Those equations are then solved for the parameters of interest. The solutions are estimates of those parameters.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: The method of moments was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1887 in the proof of the central limit theorem. The idea of matching empirical moments of a distribution to the population moments dates back at least to Pearson.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: Suppose that the problem is to estimate formula_1 unknown parameters formula_2 characterizing the distribution formula_3 of the random variable formula_4. Suppose the first formula_1 moments of the true distribution (the "population moments") can be expressed as functions of the formula_6s:


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: be the "j"-th sample moment, an estimate of formula_12. The method of moments estimator for formula_13 denoted by formula_14 is defined as the solution (if there is one) to the equations:


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: The method of moments is fairly simple and yields consistent estimators (under very weak assumptions), though these estimators are often biased.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: However, in some cases the likelihood equations may be intractable without computers, whereas the method-of-moments estimators can be computed much more quickly and easily. Due to easy computability, method-of-moments estimates may be used as the first approximation to the solutions of the likelihood equations, and successive improved approximations may then be found by the Newton–Raphson method. In this way the method of moments can assist in finding maximum likelihood estimates.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: In some cases, infrequent with large samples but not so infrequent with small samples, the estimates given by the method of moments are outside of the parameter space (as shown in the example below); it does not make sense to rely on them then. That problem never arises in the method of maximum likelihood. Also, estimates by the method of moments are not necessarily sufficient statistics, i.e., they sometimes fail to take into account all relevant information in the sample.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: When estimating other structural parameters (e.g., parameters of a utility function, instead of parameters of a known probability distribution), appropriate probability distributions may not be known, and moment-based estimates may be preferred to maximum likelihood estimation.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: An example application of the method of moments is to estimate polynomial probability density distributions. In this case, an approximate polynomial of order formula_16 is defined on an interval formula_17. The method of moments then yields a system of equations, whose solution involves the inversion of a Hankel matrix.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: Let formula_18 be independent random variables with mean 0 and variance 1, then let formula_19. We can compute the moments of formula_20 asformula_21Explicit expansion shows thatformula_22where the numerator is the number of ways to select formula_1 distinct pairs of balls by picking one each from formula_24 buckets, each containing balls numbered from formula_25 to formula_8. At the formula_27 limit, all moments converge to that of a standard normal distribution. More analysis then show that this convergence in moments imply a convergence in distribution.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: Given a set of samples formula_35 we can use the sample moments formula_36 and formula_37 in these formulae in order to estimate formula_38 and formula_39.


title: Method of moments (statistics)

text: Note, however, that this method can produce inconsistent results in some cases. For example, the set of samples formula_40 results in the estimate formula_41 even though formula_42 and so it is impossible for the set formula_40 to have been drawn from formula_44 in this case.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: VVV-Venlo (, "VVV" stands for "Venlose Voetbal Vereniging" meaning "Venlo Football Club") is a Dutch football club from Venlo, a city on the border with Germany. They play in the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of Dutch football, following relegation from the Eredivisie in the 2020–21 season. The club plays its home games in the Covebo Stadion – De Koel stadium, which is named after one of the club's sponsors Covebo Uitzendgroep. VVV's home colors are yellow and black.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: VVV originated from the association football club "De Gouden Leeuw", which was founded by a group of friends in Venlo at the end of the nineteenth century. A few more name changes would occur, and the team was also known as "Valuas" for some time. Eventually, it was decided on 7 February 1903 to change the name to Venlose Voetbal Vereniging (VVV), the current name of the club. VVV wrote itself into the history books as one of the oldest clubs in Dutch professional football. In 1909, the clubs "VITOS" and "THOR" merged and became part of VVV. "Quick" followed in 1910.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: During the first years of its existence, VVV could not enter the highest league of Dutch football. This was due to the fact that before the 1911–12 season, there was no first-tier "Eerste Klasse" in the southern Netherlands, but only Eastern and a Western Eerste Klasse. From the 1912–13 season, the South also competed in its own Eerste Klasse. VVV has been part of this since its introduction into Dutch football, with varying degrees of success. After the 1921–22 season, the club suffered relegation to the second-tier "Tweede Klasse". Afterwards, the team played for some time in the Tweede Klasse, in which they won the championship during several seasons. They, however, failed to reach promotion to the Eerste Klasse again afterwards. After the end of World War II, the number of Eerste Klasse teams was expanded, which also included VVV. From 1948 to 1952, the club achieved fourth-place finishes in the Eerste Klasse.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: VVV returned to the Eredivisie, the highest league in the Netherlands, by defeating RKC Waalwijk (3–0) in the promotion/relegation play-offs in the 2006–07 season. After one season in the Eredivisie, VVV-Venlo were relegated back to the Eerste Divisie. After a single season, VVV-Venlo won the 2008–09 Eerste Divisie title and returned to the Eredivisie.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: In the 2009–10 season, the team booked its best league result since 1988 after finishing 12th in the Eredivisie. Another remarkable event was the transfer of star player Keisuke Honda to CSKA Moscow. They also signed toddler Baerke van der Meij on a symbolic ten-year contract, after a video featuring him scoring a hat trick into a toy box became popular. Honda was replaced by Gonzalo and the club signed Japanese player Maya Yoshida. The departure of Honda turned out to be a key point in the club's season. In the second half of the season, the team was not able to win matches and barely escaped from relegation.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: At the end of the season, key players Ruben Schaken and Adil Auassar both signed with Feyenoord on a free transfer. Gonzalo returned to his employer Groningen, while Sandro Calabro signed with Swiss side St. Gallen. The club contracted Ruud Boymans and the Nigerian Ahmed Musa to strengthen the squad for the 2010–11 season. They avoided relegation, but it was a harsh season in which Jan van Dijk was fired and former international Patrick Paauwe terminated his contract after losing the competition from his competitors.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: Belgian manager Glen De Boeck was signed for the next season, but failed to improve the results. As a result of that, he resigned in December 2011. Ton Lokhoff was recruited as the new manager and succeeded in avoiding relegation by winning the post-season play-offs. However, in the 2012–13 season, the club was relegated after losing the promotion/relegation play-offs against Go Ahead Eagles. The club finished fifth in its first Eerste Divisie season since its promotion in 2009. But again, the club bounced back and returned to the Eredivisie in 2017, after clinching promotion by defeating RKC Waalwijk.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: On 24 October 2020, VVV-Venlo suffered the biggest defeat in Eredivisie history by losing to Ajax at home 13–0.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: Since Keisuke Honda transferred from Nagoya Grampus in 2008, a slew of Japanese players have played at VVV-Venlo, including Maya Yoshida, Robert Cullen and Yuki Otsu. Sef Vergoossen, a legendary manager of the club, and Japanese agent Tetsuro Kiyooka were a bridge between the Japanese players and the club.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: The Jan Klaassens Museum, set up in 2003 is located in the city center of Venlo and is operated by the Limburgs Museum. Since 2005, VVV has annually presented the Jan Klaassens Award to the greatest talent from its own youth academy.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: The Memorial, named after the club icon who died suddenly in 2003, since 2004 has been organised by the club, usually with well-known foreign clubs participating on an invitational basis.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: VVV announced in July 2015 that they would be retiring the number 28 shirt in memory of youth player Beau Vilters, who had previously worn that number but was killed in a traffic accident on 14 June 2015, at the age of 18.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: In April 2011, after a viral video of a local toddler, Baerke van der Meij, grandson of VVV player , showing him scoring a hat trick into his toy box, the club gave the 18-month-old an honorary contract.


title: VVV-Venlo

text: VVV-Venlo currently play at De Koel in Venlo. The stadium holds 8,000 people and was built in 1972. It is named after its main sponsor, hence its current name, Covebo Stadion De Koel.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: Callum Scott Howells (born 29 April 1999) is a Welsh actor, singer, and television personality who began his career as a child. He is best known for his role as Colin Morris-Jones in the Channel 4 drama "It's a Sin".


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: Howells was born in Pontypridd to parents Alison and Keith and grew up nearby in Tonyrefail and Porth. His grandfather, Bryn Howells, was a life member of the Treorchy Male Choir.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: Callum attended Treorchy Comprehensive School where he was head boy. He took classes with Rhondda Stage School, Stars in the Making in Barry, and was a member of the National Youth Music Theatre. He was scouted by an agent when he was 16 and went on to train at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, graduating in 2020.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: Howells made his debut in a regional production of "Oliver!". He was a founding member of the boys' choir Only Boys Aloud, performing with them on series 6 of "Britain's Got Talent" in 2012 and later for Prince Harry and Meghan in 2018. He has since become a youth ambassador.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: He appeared in series 2 of the CBBC reality documentary series "Show Me What You're Made Of". He was 13 at the time. He later returned as a guest presenter. He worked as a Royal Correspondent on the CBBC series "Blue Peter".


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: Howells won the 2013 Star of the Stage talent show. In 2014, he played Godfrey in Matthew Bourne's New Adventures production of "Lord of the Flies" at the Wales Millennium Centre. He performed with Treorchy Male Choir in 2015, Pendyrus Male Choir in 2017, and Dunvant Male Choir in 2018.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: When he was 17, Howells auditioned for the singing competition "Let It Shine" with the song "You'll Be Back" from "Hamilton". He was part of Group 4 and made it to the final 25. However, he pulled out to make time to play Arpad Laszlo in the West End production of "She Loves Me" at Menier Chocolate Factory.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: In October 2019, it was announced Howells would star in Russell T Davies' miniseries "It's a Sin" as Colin Morris-Jones. The character is loosely based on a real-life past boyfriend of Davies. The series premiered in January 2021 on Channel 4 and February on HBO Max.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: Howells was cast in Gary Owen's new play "Romeo and Julie" for the Royal National Theatre in 2020, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this was postponed to February 2023.


title: Callum Scott Howells

text: From 3 October 2022, Howells will play The Emcee in the West End production of "Cabaret" at the Kit Kat Club at the Playhouse Theatre.


title: Gurinder Gill

text: Gurinderbir Singh Gill known professionally as Gurinder Gill is an Indo-Canadian singer and rapper associated with Punjabi music. Four of his singles have peaked on UK Asian and Punjabi charts by Official Charts Company; "Majhail" and "Brown Munde" have topped the charts. Gill released his debut EP "Not By Chance" in December 2020. Gurinder, alongside his label-mates AP Dhillon, Shinda Kahlon and Gminxr works as trio under their label ‘Run-Up Records’.


title: Gurinder Gill

text: Gill started his career in 2019 with singles "Faraar" and "Feels". His single "Droptop", with AP Dhillon entered UK Asian chart by Official Charts Company, and peaked at number 28. Also, the song entered top 10 on UK Punjabi chart. In June 2020, he collaborated with AP Dhillon and Manni Sandhu for single "Majhail", which topped both the UK Asian and Punjabi charts, and became their best performance till date. In July 2020, he appeared in "Excuses" by Intense, which peaked at number 3 on UK Asian and topped the UK Punjabi chart. In September 2020, he released "Brown Munde" with Dhillon, Gminxr, and Shinda Kahlon. Nav, Sidhu Moose Wala, Money Musik, and Steel Banglez appeared in its music video. The song entered Apple Music chart in Canada. The song debuted at number one on UK Asian chart, became his second number one on the chart.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: Jiang Ziya ( century BC – century BC), also known by several other names, was a Chinese noble who helped kings Wen and Wu of Zhou overthrow the Shang in ancient China. Following their victory at Muye, he continued to serve as a Zhou minister. He remained loyal to the regent Duke of Zhou during the Rebellion of the Three Guards; following the Duke's punitive raids against the restive Eastern Barbarians or "Dongyi", Jiang was enfeoffed with their territory as the marchland of Qi. He established his seat at Yingqiu (in modern Linzi).


title: Jiang Ziya

text: The first marquis of Qi bore the given name Shang. The nobility of ancient China bore two surnames, an ancestral name and a clan name. His were Jiang (姜) and Lü (呂), respectively. He had two courtesy names, Shangfu (尚父; lit. "Esteemed Father") and Ziya (lit. "Master Ivory, Master Tusk"), which were used for respectful address by his peers. The names Jiang Shang and Jiang Ziya became the most common after their use in the popular Ming-era novel "Fengshen Bang", written over 2,500 years after his death.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: Following the elevation of Qi to a duchy, he was given the posthumous name 齊太公 , on occasions left untranslated as "Duke Tai". It is under this name that he appears in Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian". He is also less often known as "Grand Duke Jiang" (姜太公; Jiang Taigong), the "'s Hope" (Taigong Wang; 太公望), and the "Hoped-for Lü" (Lü Wang; 呂望). as Jiang Ziya was seen as the sage – whom King Wen of Zhou's ancestor (公叔祖类) (also titled 太公 "Great ~ Grand Duke") had prophesied about and hoped for – to help the Zhou prosper.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: The last ruler of the Shang dynasty, King Zhou of Shang, was a tyrant who spent his days with his favorite concubine Daji and executing or punishing officials. After faithfully serving the Shang court for approximately twenty years, Jiang came to find King Zhou insufferable, and feigned madness in order to escape court life and the ruler's power. Jiang was an expert in military affairs and hoped that someday someone would call on him to help overthrow the king. Jiang disappeared, only to resurface in the Zhou countryside at the apocryphal age of seventy-two, when he was recruited by King Wen of Zhou and became instrumental in Zhou affairs. It is said that, while in exile, he continued to wait placidly, fishing in a tributary of the Wei River (near today's Xi'an) using a barbless hook or even no hook at all, on the theory that the fish would come to him of their own volition when they were ready.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: King Wen of Zhou, (central Shaanxi), found Jiang Ziya fishing. King Wen, following the advice of his father and grandfather before him, was in search of talented people. In fact, he had been told by his grandfather, the Grand Duke of Zhou, that one day a sage would appear to help rule the Zhou state.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: The first meeting between King Wen and Jiang Ziya is recorded in the book that records Jiang's teachings to King Wen and King Wu, the "Six Secret Teachings" (太公六韜). The meeting was recorded as being characterized by a mythic aura common to meetings between great historical figures in ancient China. Before going hunting, King Wen consulted his chief scribe to perform divination in order to discover if the king would be successful. The divinations revealed that, "'While hunting on the north bank of the Wei river you will get a great catch. It will not be any form of dragon, nor a tiger or great bear. According to the signs, you will find a duke or marquis there whom Heaven has sent to be your teacher. If employed as your assistant, you will flourish and the benefits will extend to three generations of Zhou Kings.'" Recognizing that the result of this divination was similar to the result of divinations given to his eldest ancestor, King Wen observed a vegetarian diet for three days in order to spiritually purify himself for the meeting. While on the hunt, King Wen encountered Jiang fishing on a grass mat, and courteously began a conversation with him concerning military tactics and statecraft. The subsequent conversation between Jiang Ziya and King Wen forms the basis of the text in the "Six Secret Teachings".


title: Jiang Ziya

text: When King Wen met Jiang Ziya, at first sight he felt that this was an unusual old man, and began to converse with him. He discovered that this white-haired fisherman was actually an astute political thinker and military strategist. This, he felt, must be the man his grandfather was waiting for. He took Jiang Ziya in his coach to the court and appointed him prime minister and gave him the title Jiang Taigong Wang ("The Great Duke's Hope", or "The expected of the Great Duke") in reference to a prophetic dream Danfu, grandfather of Wenwang, had had many years before. This was later shortened to Jiang Taigong. King Wu married Jiang Ziya's daughter Yi Jiang, who bore him several sons.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: After King Wen died, his son King Wu, who inherited the throne, decided to send troops to overthrow the King of Shang. But Jiang Taigong stopped him, saying: "While I was fishing at Panxi, I realised one truth – if you want to succeed you need to be patient. We must wait for the appropriate opportunity to eliminate the King of Shang". Soon it was reported that the people of Shang were so oppressed that no one dared speak. King Wu and Jiang Taigong decided this was the time to attack, for the people had lost faith in the ruler. The bloody Battle of Muye then ensued some 35 kilometres from the Shang capital Yin (modern day Anyang, Henan Province).


title: Jiang Ziya

text: Jiang Taigong charged at the head of the troops, beat the battle drums and then with 100 of his men drew the Shang troops to the southwest. King Wu's troops moved quickly and surrounded the capital. The Shang King had sent relatively untrained slaves to fight. This, plus the fact that many surrendered or revolted, enabled Zhou to take the capital.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: King Zhou set fire to his palace and perished in it, and King Wu and his successors as the Zhou dynasty established rule over all of China. As for Daji, one version has it that she was captured and executed by the order of Jiang Taigong himself, another that she took her own life, another that she was killed by King Zhou. Jiang Taigong was made duke of the State of Qi (today's Shandong province), which thrived with better communications and exploitation of its fish and salt resources under him.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: As the most notable Prime Minister employed by King Wen and King Wu, he was declared "the master of strategy"—resulting in the Zhou government growing far stronger than that of the Shang Dynasty as the years elapsed.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: An account of Jiang Ziya's life written long after his time says he held that a country could become powerful only when the people prospered. If the officials enriched themselves while the people remained poor, the ruler would not last long. The major principle in ruling a country should be to love the people; and to love the people meant to reduce taxes and corvée labour. By following these ideas, King Wen is said to have made the Zhou state prosper very rapidly.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: His treatise on military strategy, "Six Secret Strategic Teachings", is considered one of the Seven Military Classics of Ancient China.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: In the Tang Dynasty he was accorded his own state temple as the martial patron and thereby attained officially sanctioned status approaching that of Confucius.


title: Jiang Ziya

text: In Chinese and Taoist belief, Jiang Ziya is sometimes considered to have been a Taoist adept. In one legend, he used the knowledge he gained at Kunlun to defeat the Shang's supernatural protectors Qianliyan and Shunfeng'er, by using magic and invocations. He is also a prominent character in the Ming-era "Romance of the Investiture of the Gods", in which he is Daji's archrival and is personally responsible for her execution.


title: London Southend Airport

text: London Southend Airport is an international airport situated on the outskirts of Southend-on-Sea in Essex, England, approximately from the centre of London. The airport straddles the boundaries between the city of Southend-on-Sea and the Rochford District.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Southend was London's third-busiest airport from the 1960s until the end of the 1970s, when it was overtaken in passenger numbers by London Stansted Airport. Following its purchase by Stobart Group in 2008, a development programme provided a new terminal and control tower, extended the runway, and added a connection to central London via a regular rail service running between Liverpool Street Station and Southend Airport Station on the Shenfield–Southend line, continuing on to Southend Victoria.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The airport is located between Southend-on-Sea and Rochford town centres, north of Southend, in the county of Essex, east of central London. It has a single long asphalt runway on a south-west/north-east axis and is capable of handling passenger aircraft the size of the Boeing 767 and similar wide-body aircraft.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The current terminal was completed in February 2012. The terminal has since been extended by 90 metres, almost tripling the facility in size. The former terminal now provides facilities for the handling of executive aircraft, with a business lounge and conference rooms. A four-star Holiday Inn hotel adjacent to the airport entrance, owned by the Stobart Group, opened on 1 October 2012, at that time having the only rooftop restaurant in Essex.


title: London Southend Airport

text: London Southend was voted the best airport in Britain for three consecutive years by consumer group "Which?", in 2013, 2014 and again in 2015, and best London airport for 6 consecutive years 2013-2019.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Southend Airport handles mainly scheduled passenger, charter, cargo and business flights, with some pilot training (both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter) and private aircraft flying. The airport is run by London Southend Airport Co Ltd, which employs more than 150 people directly. Due to expansion, there were over 500 more people working at the airport in summer 2012 compared with summer 2011.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Southend Airport has a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Ordinary Licence that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (London Southend Airport Company Limited).


title: London Southend Airport

text: Southend Airport has an excellent weather record, and is used by airlines as a diversion alternative when adverse weather or incidents cause other London airports to be closed.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Airline ground handling is provided by the Stobart Group-owned Stobart Aviation Services, while the Stobart Jet Centre handles executive aircraft using the facility.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Companies located within the airport boundary employ more than 800 workers. Previously British World Airlines had its head office at Viscount House at London Southend Airport.


title: London Southend Airport

text: EasyJet began operating services by opening a base at Southend in April 2012 and Irish carrier Aer Lingus Regional began regular flights to Dublin in May, resulting in a rapid increase in airport passenger numbers during 2012, with 721,661 using the airport in that year, 969,912 in 2013 and 1,102,358 in 2014. The following year saw a decline to 900,648 and again to 874,549 in 2016, while 2017 saw passenger numbers increase more than 25% to 1,095,914. In 2011, the airport operator planned to reach passenger numbers of two million per year by 2020. In 2018, Southend Airport saw an increase of nearly 400,000 passengers over the previous year's total, with just over 1.4 million passengers using the airport, the highest annual total at the airport to that date.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The airfield was established by the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. It was the largest flying ground in Essex, with the greatest number of units. In May 1915 the Royal Navy Air Service (RNAS) took over until 4 June 1916, when it became RFC Rochford. It was designated as night fighter station and many sorties were flown against Zeppelin airship raiders, including LZ38 on 31 May 1915. Around 1919, the station closed and reverted to farmland, which it remained as until the 1930s.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The airport was officially opened as a municipal airport on 18 September 1935 by the Under-Secretary of State for Air, Sir Philip Sassoon, who arrived in his de Havilland Leopard Moth.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In 1939, the Air Ministry requisitioned the airfield and it was known as "RAF Rochford" during World War II as a satellite airfield. During World War II, it became a base for fighter squadrons comprising Supermarine Spitfires and Hawker Hurricanes as well as Bristol Blenheims. Many of the 50 pillboxes that were designed to protect the airport from paratroop landings still survive, as does the underground defence control room, which is near to Southend Flying Club. A further 20 or so pillboxes also remain in the surrounding countryside.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Canewdon, north-east of the airport, was the location of one of the World War II Chain Home radar stations. The high transmitter tower at Canewdon was relocated to the Marconi works at Great Baddow in the 1950s.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In 1993, after the airport had been losing money for many years, Southend Borough Council sold the airport to Regional Airports Ltd (RAL), operator of Biggin Hill Airport. London Southend Airport Co Ltd was formed to operate the airport which was re-branded as "London Southend Airport" with the term "Municipal" dropping from the title. The previous losses were turned into small profits for majority of tenure by RAL.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The largest aircraft ever to land at the Airport was in November 1998 when a Lockheed L-1011 Tristar of Irish airline Aer Turas arrived for scrapping at the airport.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In 2001, a debate centred on the possible relocation of the Grade I listed St Laurence and All Saints Church further away from the side of the main runway. The proposal was dropped after the planning application was rejected by Southend Council in 2003, and a compromise scheme was implemented resulting in the installation of new barriers across Eastwoodbury Lane and requiring slightly shorter licensed runway lengths once safety areas had been added. These changes allowed passenger flights to be restarted, although the runway length still largely curtailed the potential range and payloads for passenger flights, and scheduled airline utilisation was low, until the March 2012 runway extension opened.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Flightline was an airline formed in 1989 headquartered at Southend, where they also had a maintenance/engineering base for their own and third party aircraft. They mainly operated British Aerospace 146 aircraft on ad-hoc charters, and an Avro RJ100 regional jet with which they operated a regular service between Southend and Cologne from 7 June 2006 to 1 December 2008 on behalf of Ford Motor Company as a corporate shuttle. Flightline went into administration on 3 December 2008.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The airport was bought on 2 December 2008 by the Stobart Group for £21 million, becoming part of the Stobart Air division of the Stobart Group, which also operates Carlisle Airport.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Following council consultation with the local population, a planning application to extend the usable runway length by to and upgrade navigational and lighting aids, was submitted to Southend Borough Council 13 October 2009. Planning permission was granted 20 January 2010.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Initially subject to an Article 14 Direction, after due consideration by the Government this was withdrawn 19 March 2010, meaning it would not be subject to a Public Inquiry. A Section 106 agreement was entered into between the airport and local councils.


title: London Southend Airport

text: On 1 June 2010, Stobart Group took a £100 million loan from M & G Investments, partly in order to fund the airport construction. In July 2010, an application for a judicial review of the planning application was filed, which was dismissed on 2 February 2011. On 23 September 2010, the airport received the "Airport Achievement Award 2010/11" from the European Regions Airline Association.


title: London Southend Airport

text: A replacement air traffic control tower became operational 21 March 2011, followed by the return of year-round daily passenger services 27 March 2011 when Aer Arann commenced services to Galway and Waterford in Ireland.


title: London Southend Airport

text: EasyJet announced a ten-year agreement with Stobart Group in June 2011, and in April 2012 commenced around 70 flights per week from Southend, using three Airbus A319 aircraft based at the airport, flying to eight European destinations. Easyjet's operation at the airport has since increased to 16 destinations and in the summer of 2018 they will base a fourth aircraft at Southend, an Airbus A320.


title: London Southend Airport

text: A new on-site rail station opened on 18 July 2011 (the official opening by Minister for Transport Theresa Villiers MP was on 21 September 2011), and a new road opened on 1 September 2011, replacing Eastwoodbury Lane that lay in the path required for the runway extension.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Before the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, a new terminal was built by Buckingham Group Contracting Ltd during 2011 and opened 28 February 2012 (the official opening was by Justine Greening, Secretary of State for Transport, on 5 March 2012). The original terminal has been redeveloped for use by private jets, with Stobart Air having invested half a million pounds turning it into an executive business lounge.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In spring 2014, Stobart Air announced that it had agreed a five-year franchise agreement with Flybe which would see two Flybe-branded aircraft based at Southend operating six routes from summer 2014. On 18 January 2015, two routes were terminated with the operation reduced to one aircraft. On 7 April 2014, the extension to the passenger terminal was formally opened by Patrick McLoughlin, the Secretary of State for Transport.


title: London Southend Airport

text: ATC Lasham, the major engineering company at the airport, entered administration in October 2015. The main hangar that it used dated back to Aviation Traders Engineering Limited (ATEL) – founded by the late Sir Freddie Laker – and was later used by Heavylift Engineering.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In December 2016, Flybe announced it would be adding new routes from summer 2017 to 12 European destinations, primarily aimed at the weekend break customers. The airline based two Embraer 195 aircraft at the airport.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In October 2017, Flybe added high frequency domestic routes to the airport, with up to 18 flights per week to Manchester, up to 16 flights per week to Dublin and up to 10 flights per week to Glasgow. An additional ATR 72 was based at the airport to operate the Manchester flights, bringing the total number of Flybe aircraft based at Southend to four.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In February 2018, Air Malta announced it would begin flights to Cagliari, Catania and Malta, which began in May 2018 although the Cagliari and Catania flights ceased in January 2019.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In June 2018, Ryanair announced it would open a base at Southend, basing three aircraft there operating 55 flights per week to 13 destinations, which began in April 2019.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In October 2018, Flybe announced it would commence 5 flights per week to Newquay Airport from April 2019, increasing to daily from May 2019.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In May 2019, Loganair started to fly to Aberdeen, Glasgow and Stornoway; in July 2019 to Carlisle, and Derry flights moved from Stansted to Southend on 27 October 2019.


title: London Southend Airport

text: On 31 October 2019 Ryanair announced four new routes to launch in Summer 2020 - Bergerac, Girona and Marseille were first announced before Rodez was announced as the route was moved from Stansted to Southend.


title: London Southend Airport

text: On 14 November 2019 Loganair announced that the Stornoway to Glasgow to Southend service would be withdrawn from 3 January 2020.


title: London Southend Airport

text: On 22 January 2020, Norwegian airline Widerøe announced it would move its Kristiansand route from Stansted to Southend at the start of the Summer 2020 season, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic this had been postponed until 26 October 2020. On 20 February 2020, it was announced Loganair would suspend its Aberdeen service and on 23 March, similarly the Carlisle service.


title: London Southend Airport

text: At the commencement of the COVID-19 UK lockdown, Wizz Air's revised schedule consolidated the Sibiu route at London Luton Airport from when it re-started, cutting the route from Southend. In June 2020, Wizz Air cut Vilnius as a destination from Southend as well, leaving it with one route to Bucharest which had been suspended as well since.


title: London Southend Airport

text: On 17 August 2020, easyJet announced it would close its base at Southend entirely due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the last scheduled flight occurring on 31 August 2020. On 6 August 2021, Ryanair also announced the closure of its base at Southend, effective 30 October 2021 leaving the airport with barely any scheduled services for the time being. On 17 December 2021, easyJet announced that they would return to the airport in a limited capacity with routes to Málaga and Palma de Mallorca.


title: London Southend Airport

text: In September 2022, Amazon Air announced it would terminate its cargo flights from Southend to Rome which was the airport's sole scheduled freight operation.


title: London Southend Airport

text: Since 2011, the airport has its own railway station near the terminal building, Southend Airport railway station on the Shenfield to Southend Line, which is served by Abellio Greater Anglia connecting the airport to Liverpool Street station in London up to eight times per hour during peak times and Southend Victoria railway station in the other direction respectively. The journey to London takes about 55 minutes.


title: London Southend Airport

text: A later train has now been added to London every night, except Saturday night, and an earlier train to the airport from London every day, except Sunday morning.


title: London Southend Airport

text: The airport is served by buses operated by Arriva Southend from the airport entrance to Southend (7, 8 and 9), Rochford (7 and 8), Ashingdon (7), Hawkwell (8), Hockley (7 and 8), Eastwood (9) and Rayleigh (7, 8 and 9). First Essex operates Essex Airlink X30 from the terminal to Chelmsford and Stansted Airport. Since 5 October 2019, Ensignbus have operated the Jetlink X1, a night bus service running once in each direction from Southend Airport to Grosvenor Gardens, London via Lakeside Shopping Centre bus station, Canning Town and Embankment stations, however this bus service has since been withdrawn due to it being banned by the airport authorities.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Misha Mansoor (born October 31, 1984), also known as Bulb after the name of his solo project, is an American musician, best known as the founder of and one of the three guitarists in the progressive metal band Periphery. He is also a part of the projects Haunted Shores and Four Seconds Ago, previously having been a part of the projects Of Man, Not of Machine and Snuggles.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor is considered to be one of the forerunners of the djent movement and is often erroneously attributed with the invention of the word itself (whose invention he attributes to Meshuggah guitarist Fredrik Thordendal). With Periphery, Mansoor has recorded, produced, and released six studio albums: a self-titled debut, "", "", "", "", and "". Mansoor has been named one of the Top 20 best guitarists of the 2010s by "Guitar World" magazine.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor was born on October 31, 1984, to Ali Mansoor, an economist associated with World Bank who served a term as Secretary to the Minister of Finance in Mauritius. Mansoor is Mauritian by descent but was born and raised in the US. He is also Jewish and can speak French. Mansoor attended the University of Toronto, originally majoring in sociology before switching to philosophy, eventually dropping out to pursue his passion for music.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor first seriously started writing and producing music when at college at the University of Toronto. It was here that he and a friend decided to form a band called Bulb, and started posting demos to SoundClick in 2004. While the project ultimately did not work out and the friendship faded, Mansoor adopted the name Bulb as his online alias and continued to post demos to the Bulb SoundClick account. Mansoor would regularly post his music to the Meshuggah, John Petrucci SevenString.org, Andy Sneap Ultimate Metal online forums. Eventually, Mansoor's reputation as a songwriter and a music producer in the metal scene began to grow. After Mansoor founded Periphery in 2005, he would often transfer songs between the two projects. With the international success of Periphery, Mansoor still continued to release demos and new music under the Bulb name, but at a lesser frequency than before. In May 2013, Mansoor announced that he would be working on his first solo album, which would be written, performed and produced entirely by himself.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Starting June 2020, Mansoor released all of the Bulb Material in his "Archives", a set of 10 albums that would be released bi-weekly, starting with the newest Bulb material and going back to the oldest, with 2 of the albums being filled with purely orchestral and electronic music. Mansoor has also announced that he is currently working on his long-awaited Bulb solo album, which is due in 2021.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: On May 14, 2021, Mansoor released the single "Parabolica", along with its accompanying music video, and announced that the Bulb solo album, titled "Moderately Fast, Adequately Furious", will be released on July 16, 2021, via 3DOT Recordings. Mansoor, an avid racing fan, named the track "Parabolica" as a reference to the "Curva Parabolica" turn on the Monza Circuit in Milan, Italy.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor formed Periphery in 2005, originally starting out on drums for the band before transitioning to guitar. Periphery went through numerous lineup changes before settling on a lineup of Mansoor, Jake Bowen, and Alex Bois on guitar, Matt Halpern on drums, Tom Murphy on bass, and Spencer Sotelo on vocals. Periphery released their self-titled debut album in 2010 to critical acclaim. In 2011, Bois and Murphy left the band, eventually being replaced with Mark Holcomb and Adam "Nolly" Getgood, solidifying the core Periphery lineup. Periphery went on to release five more studio albums ("", "", "", "", and "") and two EPs ("Icarus" and "Clear"), all to critical and commercial success.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: In 2009, Mansoor joined the Mark Holcomb-led project Haunted Shores, with the project eventually evolving into solely being the duo of Holcomb and Mansoor. In 2010, Haunted Shores released its first set of new music with Mansoor on a split EP with Cyclamen. The project went on unannounced hiatus from 2010–2017, but became active again with the release of the "Viscera" EP, with features from Jørgen Munkeby and Devin Townsend.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: In 2018, Mansoor formed the electronic side project Four Seconds Ago with fellow Periphery guitarist Jake Bowen. Their debut album "The Vacancy" was released in 2018.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor, along with current Periphery and then-Haunted Shores guitarist Mark Holcomb and current Good Tiger and former TesseracT and then-Sky Eats Airplane lead singer Elliot Coleman founded a side project called "Of Man Not of Machine" (abbreviated OMNOM) that released music from 2008–2011. The project became inactive due to Coleman joining TesseracT in 2011 and with Holcomb and Mansoor finding further success with Periphery with the release of "".


title: Misha Mansoor

text: In 2011, Mansoor and then-Periphery bandmate Adam "Nolly" Getgood released a set of 3 hardcore punk-themed songs under the side project name Snuggles. The project is currently inactive.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor and Steve Vai were selected to contribute the "". Mansoor was also selected to contribute to the soundtrack of "".


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor's career as a producer started when he produced and co-wrote the Animals as Leaders' debut self-titled album and since then he has produced bands such as Veil of Maya, Born of Osiris, Being and Stray from the Path. He formed a production company called Top Secret Audio in 2013 with Adam "Nolly" Getgood, his former Periphery bandmate. Mansoor also has produced or helped to produce every one of Periphery's studio albums.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor, along with Periphery members Matt Halpern and Adam "Nolly" Getgood and Good Tiger guitarist Derya Nagle founded the company GetGood Drums (abbreviated GGD), in 2016, with the company name being a pun on Nolly's last name. GGD's primary product focus is amplifier simulation plugins, drum libraries, and drum groove packs. Mansoor regularly composes the music for GGD demos as well as posts video playthroughs of the demos.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: In 2016, Mansoor founded Horizon Devices, a guitar pedal and gear company, with friends Mehtab Bhogal and Brian Gilmanov. Horizon Devices has released many guitar pedals and accessories such as strings and picks and is endorsed by artists such as Yvette Young, Ola Englund, and Keith Merrow.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor is a partner in 3DOT Recordings, along with Periphery bandmates Spencer Sotelo, Jake Bowen, Mark Holcomb and Matt Halpern. The label releases material created by Periphery, all of its associated side projects, and third party bands signed to the label.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor, along with all of his Periphery bandmates, run a merchandise line called Bottom Ramen. Mansoor also has a partnership with Joey Sturgis Tones and has his own signature plugin Toneforge Misha Mansoor.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor currently is a signature artist for Jackson Guitars, with his signature USA-made Juggernaut HT6 and HT7 guitars having first been released in 2015. Mansoor also regularly uses a relic Stratocaster made by the Jackson LA custom shop. In 2017, Mansoor and Jackson released his more affordable Indonesian-made version of the Juggernauts for the Jackson Pro Series line, and in 2021 Mansoor and Jackson released a Japanese-made version of Mansoor's custom relic So-Cal/Stratocaster as a part of the Jackson MJ line. Before being a Jackson signature artist, Mansoor used guitars by Mayones, Ibanez, Ernie Ball Music Man, Blackmachine, Strandberg, and various other brands.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor is also a signature artist for Bare Knuckle Pickups, with his signature Juggernaut and Ragnarok Sets having been released in 2013 and 2017, respectively.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor is a signature artist for Peavey Electronics, with his signature 120 Watt Invective amplifier head being introduced in 2017 and a 25 Watt mini version (the MH) being released in 2019. Mansoor also extensively uses the Fractal Audio Axe-Fx amplifier modeler for studio use and touring. Mansoor also uses amps by EVH, Friedman, Mesa/Boogie, and various other companies.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor is an avid motorsport and F1 fan, and regularly posts pictures of his car collection, which include a Lamborghini Huracán Performante, Porsche 911 GT3, and a BMW X3 M40i. Mansoor is Jewish.


title: Misha Mansoor

text: Mansoor cites several musicians as influences from a wide range of genres. Notably, he cites John Petrucci, Allan Holdsworth, Ron Jarzombek and Fredrik Thordendal as being important to his development as a guitar player. Other notable artists and bands include Meshuggah, Devin Townsend, Nevermore, Guthrie Govan, Opeth, Gojira, Porcupine Tree and Textures.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: James Bond Jr. is an American animated television series based on Ian Fleming's "James Bond" franchise. It follows the adventures of James Bond's nephew, James Bond Jr.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: The series debuted in September 1991 and ran for 65 episodes before ending in March 1992. It is the only television series ever produced based on the Bond franchise.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: This was the second attempt to create an animated series based on the Bond franchise. Bond screenwriter Kevin McClory announced in a February 10, 1988 issue of Variety, that he was working to produce an animated James Bond series called "James Bond vs. S.P.E.C.T.R.E.", to be produced by an unnamed Dutch company. This series never came to fruition.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: In the mean time, Eon Productions began developing what would become "James Bond Jr." The show was produced by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson and MGM Television, and debuted on 30 September 1991, with a total of 65 half-hour episodes produced. James Bond Jr was voiced by Corey Burton.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: "James Bond Jr." was fully sanctioned by (and produced in association with) Danjaq and United Artists, who held the rights to the James Bond property. It was the first attempt to bring the Bond franchise to television since the 1954 live adaptation of "Casino Royale". Only a single season was produced.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: While attending prep school at Warfield Academy, James Bond Jr, with the help of his friends IQ (the grandson of Q), and Gordo Leiter (the son of Felix Leiter), fight against the evil terrorist organisation S.C.U.M. (Saboteurs and Criminals United in Mayhem), a SPECTRE-like organization. Expanding on his uncle's famous line, James Bond Jr's catchphrase was "Bond, James Bond... Junior."


title: James Bond Jr.

text: The show regularly surpasses the Bond movies in terms of fantastical gadgets, while the violence of the Bond series is nowhere in evidence.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: Jaws, a recurring villain from the films "The Spy Who Loved Me" and "Moonraker", made regular appearances, usually partnered with Nick Nack, a villain from "The Man with the Golden Gun", forming a bickering comical duo. Auric Goldfinger also appears, alongside his assistant, Oddjob, from the "Goldfinger" film. It is revealed Goldfinger has a teenage daughter named Goldie Finger with equally expensive tastes. The only other villain from the films to appear in the show, though one that's very loosely based on his film counterpart is Dr. No, who is depicted as being Asian and having green skin, a common practice at the time in children's media whenever Asian villains are showcased such as Ming the Merciless in "Defenders of the Earth" and The Mandarin in the 90's "Iron Man" TV series. Several episode titles parodied the titles of Bond films such as "Live and Let’s Dance" and "Rubies Aren't Forever".


title: James Bond Jr.

text: The main characters consist of James Bond Jr., his friends, several featured members of the Warfield Academy staff, and Trevor Noseworthy IV, are the series regulars, appearing in almost every episode of the series. Sometimes only two or three of Jr.'s friends will accompany him on an adventure, leaving the others behind at Warfield to create a B-plot. These plots normally revolve around Trevor's misguided attempts to get James into trouble.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: There were numerous villains in the series, most of whom worked for S.C.U.M. and made recurring appearances throughout the 65-episode run. Many characters looked nothing like their movie counterparts. All recurring villains in the show are listed here:


title: James Bond Jr.

text: In most episodes James Bond Jr. encounters guest women, whom he is often forced to rescue. Following in the 007 tradition, many of their names are based on puns or double entendres, although they are less salacious than the parent series. Some of the more notable include:


title: James Bond Jr.

text: A board game, "James Bond Jr. The Game", was released by Crown and Andrews, the plot of which was to try to prevent the launch of nuclear missile. Players collected computer disks, in order to deactivate the missile, while watching out for SCUM agents.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: Three diecast toy vehicles was produced by ERTL in 1992: James' Sports Car, Warfield Van and the SCUM Helicopter.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: In 1992, Puffin Books published six novels based on the "James Bond Jr." animated television show. The books were written by John Peel under the pseudonym John Vincent, and were based on episodes from the television run.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: In the UK, four of the TV episodes were adapted into a young children's series by Buzz Books. Although the plots were basically the same, the books were much shorter and sometimes featured different characters from the TV show. The only villains never to appear in these books were Dr. No and Walker D. Plank.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: James Bond Jr. had a limited 12 issue run with Marvel Comics spanning from January 1992 to December 1992. The first five stories were lifted directly from the TV series, but the other seven were original stories. The writers were Cal Hamilton and Dan Abnett, and the artists were Mario Capaldi, Colin Fawcett, Adolfo Buylla, and Bambos Georgioli.


title: James Bond Jr.

text: "James Bond Jr." had two video games based on the series, published by THQ in 1992 for the NES and the Super NES (the former developed by Eurocom and the latter developed by Gray Matter).


title: Soda Stereo

text: Soda Stereo is an Argentine rock band formed in Buenos Aires in 1982 by Gustavo Cerati (lead vocals, guitar), Héctor "Zeta" Bosio (bass) and Carlos Alberto Ficicchia "Charly Alberti" (drums). As the first Hispanic group to achieve mainstream success in Latin America, critics have considered the group as one of the most influential and popular Spanish-language rock bands. The band ventured into many styles, such as "música divertida" ("fun music") in their beginnings, new wave, darkwave, hard rock, alternative rock and electronic rock during their final years.


title: Soda Stereo

text: Soda Stereo is the best-selling band in the history of Argentina, setting landmarks in record sales and concert attendances. The band has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide as of 2007.


title: Soda Stereo

text: In 1995, the band won the Merit Diploma at the Konex Awards for their outstanding career in Argentine music during the decade and the Platinum Konex Award for Best Argentine Rock Band of the Decade. In 2002, they received the first MTV Legend Award for their musical career. In 2006, the American magazine "Al Borde" listed many of the band's songs among the best 500 songs in the Spanish-speaking Americas. In 2002, the Argentine edition of the Rolling Stone magazine in partnership with MTV issued a list featuring Soda Stereo's songs among the best 100 rock songs in Argentina.


title: Soda Stereo

text: Music videos for "En la ciudad de la furia" and "Ella usó mi cabeza como un revólver" were also finalists and winner, respectively, at the first edition of the MTV Latin American Music Awards.


title: Soda Stereo

text: After the band's breakup, all three of its members found separate endeavoursGustavo Cerati continued a successful solo career after the band's split, releasing five studio albums (most of which achieved Platinum and Gold status in Argentina), while Zeta Bosio worked for a time as bassist for several underground groups and is now touring as a DJ; Charly Alberti has also found moderate success, both with the foundation of his CybeRelations company, and his family band MOLE. In 2014, Cerati died of cardiac arrest after four years in a stroke-induced coma, signalling the official end for the band as a trio. In 2020, Bosio and Alberti embarked on a reunion tour under the Soda Stereo moniker across North and South America, titled , it features several guest singers, among them Cerati's son , Richard Coleman, Mon Laferte, Juanes, and others.


title: Soda Stereo

text: In the summer of 1982 Gustavo Cerati, at 22 years of age, and Hector Zeta Bosio, at 23 years of age, collided at Punta del Este, Uruguay, both studying majors. At the time, both men were part of rock bands, Cerati with his group Sauvage and Bosio with the Morgan. Cerati and Bosio, each drawn together by the other's musical tastes, established a friendship and a musical bond that encouraged them to start playing together. Cerati first joined Bosio's group "The Morgan", then formed "Stress" with Charly Amato and drummer Pablo Guadalupe, also working on the project "Erekto" with bandmate Andres Calamaro. Both projects did not meet Cerati's expectations, however, and both fell through.


title: Soda Stereo

text: Meanwhile, Cerati's sister, Maria Laura Cerati, saw herself repeatedly harassed by Carlos Ficicchia, a man she had met in River Plate, Argentina who called repeatedly to ask her out, all advances of which she rejected. On one occasion, when Cerati answered the phone for his sister, he entered a deep musical conversation with Ficicchia, who mentioned that he was a drummer, and the son of famous Argentine jazz drummer and songwriter Tito Alberti. Interested in his talents after hearing him play, Cerati and Bosio would ask him to join the bandif he would cut his hair. It was during this time that Ficicchia would adopt the stage name "Charly Alberti".


title: Soda Stereo

text: The band, after experimenting with multiple names, eventually settled on the name "los Estereotipos" (the Stereotypes), which referenced a song by the Specials which they enjoyed listening to. The band would record a demo under this name, with Richard Coleman on backing guitar, a short-lived member of the band who was recruited to "beef up" the guitar sound. The songs recorded would include "Porque No Puedo Ser Del Jet Set?" (Why Can't I be Part of the Jet Set?), which would become a hit single for the band on their debut studio album. Other songs recorded included "Dime Sebastian" (Tell Me Sebastian) and "Debo Soñar" (I Must Dream) by Ulises Butrón, in which Ulises Butrón played guitars and Daniel Melero played keyboards; Melero, a growing figurehead of Argentina's electronic rock scene, would become an instrumental influence on the band's sound in its final years.


title: Soda Stereo

text: The trio, regretting using cliches in their band name (claiming that "Los" (The) in a rock-band name was overused), would often brainstorm random words and write them down, a university pastime for Cerati and Bosioeventually coming up with "Soda Stereo", thanks in part to Cerati's excessive soda consumption during band rehearsals.


title: Soda Stereo

text: The first show under "Soda"'s new name occurred in December 1982, at Alfredo Lois birthday party, Cerati and Bosio's university classmate. Lois would go on to become Soda's video director as well as their visual and stylistic guru; he would later be recognised by Cerati himself as "the fourth Soda member". Shortly after this first show, Richard Coleman, fourth member, left the band on good terms, recognizing that the band sounded better without him.


title: Soda Stereo

text: In July 1983 the now-trio made their debut at the Discothèque Airport in the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Belgrano, Buenos Aires. The band reminisced on this show:


title: Soda Stereo

text: Our debut was at a fashion show at the "Disco Airport" (Discothèque), which was close to where we practiced in Buenos Aires. Nobody gave us so much as a nod. The three of us played on a very deficient sound system. But we were happy, even though no one paid attention. We really looked like a punk group, we didn't know how to play and the sound was loud, even though it was just that.


title: Soda Stereo

text: Following that gig, Soda Stereo would gain slow traction throughout the underground rock scene of Buenos Aires, making a name for themselves alongside other emerging bands at the time, such as "Sumo", "Los Twist", "Los Encargados" (with Daniel Melero), and other bands. Soda would take up residency at the traditional and deteriorated Cabaret Marabú club in Maipú 359. At these early shows, Soda would play songs like "Héroes de la Serie" (Heroe of the series), "La Vi Parada Alli" (I saw her standing there), and "Vamos a La Playa" (Let's go to the beach), along with other songs that appeared on their second demo.


title: Soda Stereo

text: Throughout 1983, the band would become slightly notorious for their sound. Beginning at a pub show for a no-show band, Soda would begin a period of constant shows; at their third show, Horacio Martinez, a historic Argentine rock producer and "talent hunter", heard them and would quickly invite them to record for CBS. This came to fruition in 1984 when Soda signed to the Rodríguez Ares agency.


title: Soda Stereo

text: Soda Stereo recorded their debut during the second half of 1984. The album was produced by Federico Moura, vocalist for Virus. By that time, Moura and Cerati had developed a fruitful artistic relationship. The recording took place in the defunct studios of CBS on Paraguay street. The end result was cooler sound than of the live shows, which the bands were pleased with. The trio was aided by on keys and on sax. Both were listed as "guest musicians", a practice which would become common for Soda throughout their career. Such guest musicians would be recognized by the public as the "fourth Sodas".


title: Soda Stereo

text: The attention garnered by Soda was manifested in their playing of larger and larger venues. First was "La Esquina Del Sol" in Palermo. "El Recital De Los Lagos" on 1 and 2 December was their first multi-headlining show with top Argentine acts. The show was hosted by Argentine television personality .


title: Soda Stereo

text: Soda Stereo presented their debut album at El Teatro Astros on 14 December 1984, it was their first show there. The stage was designed by Alfredo Lois, who for the occasion located 26 television sets in the background. The TVs were turned on and out of sync with each other – the theme of "Sobredosis de TV" (TV Overdose). The TVs, together with a large amount of smoke, created an unusual but captivating visual effect.


title: Soda Stereo

text: On 26 January 1985 Soda played the Rock in Bali festival in Argentine port city of Mar del Plata. On 17 March they played the Festival Chateau Rock '85 at the Estadio Olímpico Chateau Carreras in Córdoba Province. The official biography of the band attaches great importance to this appearance, indicating that the band played for 15 thousand people and that they were the revelation of the festival. However, Córdoba media outlets claim that, "only half the number of people actually showed up and that Soda were hardly noticed because their first record had was just released a few months earlier." They also added "Raul Porchetto was the biggest draw of the night". Regardless, their presence at Chateau sparked a personal relationship between the band and the youth of Córdoba, it marked the moment that the band began to take flight toward national stardom.


title: Soda Stereo

text: The success of the band began at a very peculiar time, related, on the one hand with the return of democracy to Argentina (10 December 1983), and on the other hand, with increasing notions of postmodernism, particularly in the way the 1980s youth created their role in a newly democratic society, one that had just emerged from bloody dictatorship and war.


title: Soda Stereo

text: The democracy produced the adrenalin of something new, something was occurring, I knew I was going to make changes without knowing how. There was more air for us to make things and to wander, and we were a band of kids that wanted to make trouble. Our attention was on punk and on trying to show that there was something else that was more direct


title: Soda Stereo

text: On 13 October of that year, Soda played in front of a large audience in Buenos Aires as part of the third night of the Festival of Rock and Pop Held at the José Amalfitani Stadium home of the soccer club Velez Sarsfield . They shared the stage with INXS, Nina Hagen, Charly García, Virus, and Sumo, among others. By then Fabian "Vön" Quintero and Gonzo Palacios were "stable guests".


title: Soda Stereo

text: Soda's second álbum "Nada personal" was edited in October 1985. During the summer the group toured Argentina, playing in Mar de Plata, Villa Gesell, and Pinamar, and ending the tour at the Festival De la Falda in Córdoba, which featured Andres Calamaro and Charly García on keyboards on "Jet Set".


title: Soda Stereo

text: In April the band decided to officially present the album at a concert at the Estadio Obras Sanitarias in Buenos Aires. There they did four shows with a total attendance of 20,000 spectators. Footage from the first show was edited into a long play video. After these concerts records sales began to increase at an accelerated rate, quickly passing the Gold certification that they had achieved during the summer, platinum certification, and finally double platinum in the following months. Without abandoning the danceable rhythms, the second LP resulted in more depth in the lyrics and a melodical maturity.


title: Soda Stereo

text: In 1986 Soda Stereo made their first Latin American tour, called Signos – still touring with the Nada Personal record. The band played in Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Chile with considerable success. In Chile they gave four performances in Santiago, on 21, 22, 24, and 25 November, and one in Valparaíso on 22 November 1986. In November 1986 Soda arrived in Peru for the first time and revolutionized the market. Their album sales were good and their three shows at the Amauta Coliseum were successful.


title: Soda Stereo

text: At that time Latin Rock was not that popular with the youth of Latin America (with the exceptions of Argentina and Uruguay) and bands were not accustomed to international tours.