title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: After that, The Miz and John Morrison defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in SmackDown's tag team Elimination Chamber match. The challengers were The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston), The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker), Lucha House Party (Lince Dorado and Gran Metalik), and Dolph Ziggler & Robert Roode. The Usos and The New Day started the match. Lucha House Party entered third, followed by Miz and Morrison, and then Heavy Machinery. Lucha House Party were eliminated by Heavy Machinery after they performed the "Compactor" on Dorado. Due to winning the gauntlet match on the previous episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler & Roode entered last. They began to target Heavy Machinery, specifically Otis, who attempted to perform a clothesline on Ziggler, who was inside a pod; however, Ziggler avoided Otis, who obliterated the pod and ended up outside the chamber. Tucker tried taking on Ziggler & Roode himself, but was overpowered and Roode performed a "Glorious DDT" on Tucker to eliminate Heavy Machinery. Big E then performed a Big Ending on Roode, followed by double splashes from The Usos on both Ziggler and Roode to eliminate them. Then Miz and Morrison pinned Kingston to eliminate The New Day. In the climax, after exchanging roll-ups, Miz and Morrison pinned Jimmy, with Morrison pinning Jimmy with a roll-up and Miz's legs on the rope to retain the title.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: In the fourth match, Aleister Black faced AJ Styles (accompanied by Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson) in a no disqualification match. In the closing moments, as Black attempted a "Black Mass" on Styles, Gallows and Anderson interfered, though Black fought them off. The three eventually ambushed Black. As Gallows and Anderson held Black in position for Styles to perform a Phenomenal Forearm, The Undertaker's gong sounded and the lights went out. When they illuminated, Undertaker was choking Gallows and Anderson. Styles then attempted the "Phenomenal Forearm" on Undertaker, who caught Styles and performed a "Chokeslam" on him. The lights then went out again with Undertaker vanishing after they returned. Black then performed a Black Mass on Styles to win the match.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Next, The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Seth Rollins and Murphy (accompanied by Akam and Rezar). In the end, Kevin Owens appeared in the crowd and walked ringside eating popcorn, distracting Rollins which allowed The Street Profits to momentarily take out Rollins. Ford then performed a Splash on Murphy to retain the title. Following the match, Owens performed a "Stunner" on Rollins.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: In the penultimate match, Braun Strowman defended the Intercontinental Championship against Sami Zayn, Shinsuke Nakamura, and Cesaro in a 3-on-1 handicap match. During the match, Nakamura and Cesaro subdued Strowman, allowing Zayn to tag himself in and attack Strowman; however, every time Strowman rose to his feet, Zayn retreated. In the closing moments, Nakamura and Cesaro held Strowman in place, allowing Zayn to perform a "Helluva Kick" on Strowman to win the match for his team. Since Zayn pinned Strowman, he won the Intercontinental Championship, which was his first title since his move from NXT in 2016 and his first title win since in 2014.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: The main event was Raw's women's Elimination Chamber match between Natalya, Liv Morgan, Asuka, Ruby Riott, Sarah Logan, and NXT's Shayna Baszler in which the winner earned a Raw Women's Championship match against Becky Lynch at WrestleMania 36. Natalya and Riott started the match, followed by Logan as the third entrant. Baszler entered fourth and dominated her opponents, eliminating Logan, Riott, and Natalya each with the "Kirifuda Clutch" submission. As Morgan entered fifth, Baszler slammed her against the cage and the chamber pod, after which, Baszler also eliminated Morgan with the "Kirifuda Clutch" while taunting Asuka, who entered last. After Baszler and Asuka went back-and-forth in an attempt to apply their respective submission holds, Baszler applied the "Kirifuda Clutch" on Asuka, who passed out, thus eliminating Asuka to win the match and earning the Raw Women's Championship match against Lynch at WrestleMania. With this win, Baszler became the first Elimination Chamber match winner to single-handedly eliminate all other opponents, as well as tie the record for most eliminations in a single match at five (previously set by Braun Strowman in the 7-man Elimination Chamber match at the 2018 event).


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: The event received a generally positive response, with many of the matches praised for their storytelling and match quality.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: The opening match between Drew Gulak and Daniel Bryan was highly praised. Brian Mazique of "Forbes" gave the match a perfect A+ rating, the highest of the night, stating that "from a technical standpoint, it had just about everything you could ask. The transitions, sells and move diversity were off the charts. Both Bryan and Gulak brought their personalities to the ring, and the chemistry between the two was apparent. Both men had their moments to shine, but Bryan rightfully got the victory in a match that showcased the two performers well. This was by far the match of the night." Chris Mueller of "Bleacher Report" gave the match an A rating (the highest rating of the night, shared with Andrade vs. Carrillo), stating: "These are two of the best technicians in WWE today, and this was exactly the kind of fight you would expect them to have", and hoped that the match was only "the first of many encounters between these two." "Pro Wrestling Torch" gave a rating of 3.5/5, calling it an "excellent mat-based match. Really compelling start to finish, even with a more deliberate pace than usual for the WWE style. Not crazy about those bumps Bryan takes on the back of his head, though." Elton Jones of "Heavy" also gave it a 3.5/5 rating, claiming that "Drew Gulak shined brightly here. I knew going into this dream match that this was meant to be a breakout moment for Drew and Daniel Bryan did everything in his power to help him reach that lofty goal. [...] This match was decidedly good, but it needed 10 more minutes to truly reach the level of great. Maybe we’ll get that extended time request in their rematch at some point. Even still, Drew came out looking better than ever thanks to Daniel’s unselfish efforts."


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Andrade vs. Carrillo was also praised, although most reviewers criticized its booking, pointing out that Carrillo's repeated losses against Andrade hurt the feud's credibility. "Forbes" gave it a B− rating, calling it "well-wrestled" but stating: "Why has Carrillo been given this opportunity to repeatedly challenge Andrade if he’s never going to go over? That’s not to say Andrade shouldn't still be the U.S. Champion, but at this point, all of the matches in this program are beginning to look the same. Both men are strong workers with great athleticism, but it’s time for a new feud." "Heavy" gave it a 3.5/5 rating, stating that while the match was good, seeing Carrillo lose to Andrade again made it "disappointing". Conversely, "Bleacher Report" praised the feud, stating "It almost seems impossible for Andrade and Carrillo to have a bad match. Every encounter has been better than the last and this was no exception." He gave the match an A rating.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: The tag team Elimination Chamber match was praised for its performances, storytelling, pacing and memorable spots. "Bleacher Report" gave it a A− rating, stating "The more people you add to a match, the harder it is to keep track of everything. Even when it got up to 10 Superstars in the chamber at once, they did a great job making sure we could follow the action. [...] This won't go down as the best Chamber match in history, but it had a lot of fun moments and told multiple stories at the same time. It kept the momentum going for what was already a great show. "Forbes" gave the match a B+ rating, stating that "the performers made it look about as good as possible. Also, the Otis, Dolph and Mandy Rose element added some additional layers that helped increase the enjoyment." However, he pointed out that the result was predictable and took some of the tension away. "Heavy" rated the match 4/5, calling it "great" and praising its storytelling and performances, in particular from Lucha House Party; they later named it match of the night.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Styles vs. Black was praised for its physicality and the two's performances, as well as for its booking. "Bleacher Report" gave it a B+ rating, stating: "Black and Styles worked well together and Taker's involvement was a nice surprise. The Deadman and Styles appear to be heading toward a match at WrestleMania, but for now, Black picked up a big win to give him some momentum." "Forbes" gave the match a C+ rating, calling it "fairly entertaining, but I wish it hadn’t been forced into place amidst the obvious setup for Styles vs. The Undertaker at WrestleMania 36. [...] Quite honestly, a Styles-Black feud would be so much more interesting, and we saw evidence of that on Sunday in this match." "Heavy" rated the match 3.5/5, stating that "This match truly came to life once the action headed to the outside – we got a pretty sick table spot to boot. Everyone in the arena knew The Undertaker was coming out at some point, which thankfully happened once The O.C. jumped all over Aleister. His fun run-in and that nasty Black Mass Aleister delivered to AJ to finish off this bout was pretty cool to watch unfold."


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: The women's Elimination Chamber match received mixed reviews. "Bleacher Report" gave the women's elimination chamber match a B− rating." Brent Brookhouse of "CBS Sports" gave the match a B+ rating, stating: "If the intention of the Elimination Chamber was to establish Baszler as a threat to Becky Lynch's Raw women's title reign, this match cleared that bar by a mile. It may not go down as the most memorable or action-packed Chamber match in WWE history, but in telling the story of the new force in town, it was effective." "Forbes" gave the match a B rating, stating: "It was a performance that was about as dominant as you’ll ever see in the EC, and it showed how much WWE believes in Baszler as a supervillain." Wade Keller of "Pro Wrestling Torch" called the women's Elimination Chambers "the least entertaining match of the night" and stated that "it took away a lot of whatever benefit Baszler got for dominating like that." "Heavy" gave the match a low rating of 1/5, calling the match predictable, stating that "It started off with some uninspired action, didn’t get any more interesting once Shayna started tearing through a bunch of jobbers and even resulted in a disappointing first time meeting between Shayna and Asuka. This completely shit the bed and has severely hampered Shayna and her hype heading into ‘Mania 36 against Becky Lynch."


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Elimination Chamber would be the final WWE pay-per-view to be held in-person with spectators (the final overall WWE event to be held in a large (10,000+ capacity) arena was the following night's edition of "Raw" from the Capital One Arena) before the NBA postponed the Utah Jazz - Oklahoma City Thunder game on March 11 after Jazz player Rudy Gobert tested positive for COVID-19 (The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic earlier that day). This led to the NBA suspending its season until further notice. The next day, WWE canceled all touring shows indefinitely, and moved "Raw", "SmackDown", and future pay-per-views to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida with no audience beginning March 13. NXT's shows continued to be held at NXT's home base of Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida, but also with no fans. In August, the company relocated Raw and SmackDown's shows to a bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome, which was first hosted at Orlando's Amway Center. In October, NXT moved to the Performance Center in a similar setup called the Capitol Wrestling Center. The ThunderDome was then relocated to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida in December and then the Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida in April 2021. WrestleMania 37, which was held on April 10 and 11, 2021, was WWE's first event during the pandemic to have live ticketed fans, and in mid-July, WWE resumed a live touring schedule with Money in the Bank being the first pay-per-view on this initial tour.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: For costing him his match against Aleister Black, AJ Styles taunted The Undertaker on the following night's episode of "Raw" by bringing up his wife Michelle McCool, blaming her for why Undertaker keeps coming back to wrestle. Styles then challenged Undertaker to a match at WrestleMania 36. A contract signing for the match was conducted the following week. Styles then challenged Undertaker to a Boneyard match.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Also on the following "Raw", Seth Rollins took on Aleister Black. The match ended in a disqualification win for Black after interference from Murphy. This led to an eight-man tag team match in which Rollins, Murphy, and AOP defeated The Viking Raiders and The Street Profits when Rollins hit Montez Ford with a Curb Stomp. Afterwards, Owens took out AOP and Murphy before being stomped three times by Rollins as "Raw" went off the air. The following week, a match between Rollins and Owens was scheduled for WrestleMania 36.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Dolph Ziggler continued to taunt Otis over his relationship with Mandy Rose. On the March 20 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler cost Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker) another opportunity at the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. Ziggler then challenged Otis to a match at WrestleMania 36 and Otis accepted.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: On the March 27 episode of "SmackDown", The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) faced The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) to determine the number one contenders to The Miz and John Morrison for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania 36 only for the match to end in a no-contest when Miz and Morrison attacked both teams. Miz and Morrison were then scheduled to defend the title against The New Day and The Usos at WrestleMania 36 in a triple threat ladder match, though because The Miz was injured, one member of each team competed in the match.


title: Elimination Chamber (2020)

text: Daniel Bryan and Drew Gulak formed an alliance out of mutual respect for each other. New Intercontinental Champion Sami Zayn took offense, as Zayn had previously offered Bryan to join his faction, which Bryan initially declined. Bryan then challenged Zayn for the Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania 36 and Zayn accepted if Gulak could defeat his teammate, Shinsuke Nakamura. Gulak defeated Nakamura on the March 27 episode of "SmackDown" to secure the title match for Bryan.


title: Section (military unit)

text: A section is a military sub-subunit. It usually consists of between 6 and 20 personnel. NATO and US doctrine define a section as an organization "larger than a squad, but smaller than a platoon." As such, two or more sections usually make up an army platoon or an air force flight.


title: Section (military unit)

text: At the start of World War I, the Australian Army used a section that consisted of 27 men including the section commander, a sergeant.


title: Section (military unit)

text: During World War II, a rifle section comprised ten soldiers with a corporal in command and a lance-corporal as his second-in-command. The corporal used an M1928 Thompson submachine gun, while one of the privates used a Bren gun. The other eight soldiers all used No.1 Mk.3 Lee–Enfield rifles with a bayonet and scabbard. They all carried two or three No.36 Mills bomb grenades.


title: Section (military unit)

text: After World War II, and during the Vietnam War, a rifle section consisted of ten personnel comprising a "command and scout group" (three people – two sub-machineguns/M16A1 and a L1A1 SLR); a "gun group" (three people – an M60 machine gun and two L1A1 SLRs) and a "rifle group" (four people – L1A1 SLRs). The section was later reduced to nine men, and consisted of the section commander, a two-man scout group, the section 2IC and two other men in the gun group, and a three-man rifle group; the section commander would usually move with the latter.


title: Section (military unit)

text: Under the new structure of the infantry platoon, Australian Army sections are made up of eight men divided into two four-man fireteams. Each fireteam consists of a team leader (corporal/lance-corporal), a marksman with enhanced optics, a grenadier with an M203 grenade launcher and an LSW operator with an F89 Minimi light support weapon.


title: Section (military unit)

text: A British Army section is equivalent to a NATO squad, and the British Army has no organization equivalent to a NATO section.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The rifle section of a World War II infantry battalion was generally formed of a corporal as the section commander, a Lance corporal as the section 2IC from April 1943 onwards, and a varying number of privates depending on the year of the war. The corporal variously carried a Lee-Enfield rifle, a Thompson machine carbine, or a Sten machine carbine depending on the year of the war, one private would be the section gunner with a Bren light machine gun, and all other section members were armed with Lee–Enfield rifles (though the corporal might swap his machine carbine with another member of the section). At the onset of hostilities in 1939, the section consisted of the section commander, one Bren gunner and his assistant, and five riflemen for a total of eight men; in 1940, this was increased to ten men. A typical section as of 1944 was divided into a rifle group consisting of the section commander and six riflemen, and a gun group consisting of the section 2IC and gun controller, the section gunner or Bren No. 1, and the Bren No. 2 carrying a spare barrel for the Bren gun; the six riflemen each carried two Bren magazines and a bandolier with a further fifty rounds, the Bren No. 2 carried five magazines, and the other two members of the gun group carried four magazines for a total of a thousand rounds of ammunition for the Bren. Three sections together formed a platoon, with two being forward sections and the third being a reserve.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The 1950s initially had no meaningful changes to the infantry section and its armament save for the rifle group gaining a seventh man, but later saw the replacement of .303in weapons with new models chambered for 7.62mm NATO, as well as a shift from the magazine-fed Bren to the belt-fed L7A1 (later L7A2) general purpose machine gun (GPMG). Most battalions reverted to a ten-man section organisation, with the rifle group now consisting of the section commander (corporal) with an L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle (SLR) and six riflemen with L1A1 SLRs, while the gun group consisted of the section 2IC and gun controller (Lance corporal) with an SLR, the section gunner or GPMG No. 1 with the GPMG, and the GPMG No. 2 with an SLR and a spare GPMG barrel. A certain amount of 7.62mm linked ammunition was carried by all members of the section (200 rounds per gun group member, 50 rounds per rifle group member), with ammunition held by the rifle group being redistributed to the gun group prior to an assault. In a mechanised battalion, the section nominally consisted of ten men as well, but two of these were detailed as vehicle crewmen, thus giving a dismounted strength of eight men. As a result of this, a mechanised section's rifle group only had four riflemen; two of these could be detailed as a Medium Anti-tank Weapon (MAW) No. 1 with an L14A1 84mm anti-tank weapon and a MAW No. 2 with additional 84mm rounds but otherwise continued to act as riflemen (in other battalions, the MAW No. 1 and No 2 were normally part of the platoon headquarters). Rifle-launched No. 95 anti-tank grenades that had been used with the Lee-Enfield rifle continued to be made available for anti-armour defence in lieu of or in addition to the L14A1, with these later being replaced by shoulder-fired L1 66mm HEAT rockets. There also were a number of M79 40mm grenade launchers available. Tactical doctrine stated that, where casualties were sustained, a section could only be reduced to one NCO and five other ranks before bayonet power in the assault or the ability to organise a proper system of double sentries at night time were fatally compromised. Later sections would all consist of eight men (as well as any men detailed as vehicle crew) regardless of the battalion type; this reorganisation also saw the rifle group being modified to consist of the section commander with an SLR and four riflemen with SLRs and 66mm HEAT rockets. In the event of a significant armour threat, two riflemen would be re-roled as a MAW No. 1 with an L14A1 84mm anti-tank gun and either a 9mm L2A3 9mm submachine gun or an SLR and a MAW No. 2 with an SLR and additional 84mm ammunition. No changes were made to the gun group.


title: Section (military unit)

text: Both World War II and Cold War section tactics were designed with a view to bringing the section machine gun to bear on the enemy and providing support to it; once the gun group had suppressed the enemy ("winning the firefight"), the rifle group would assault and destroy the enemy position with the gun group providing fire until the last safe moment.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The introduction of the 5.56mm select-fire SA80 series (L85 rifle or individual weapon and L86 light support weapon) to replace 7.62mm weapons and the L2A3 submachine gun and of the LAW 80 to replace the L14A1 gun and the L1A3 66mm rockets from the mid-to-late 1980s onwards led to the rifle group/gun group organisation being abandoned in favour of fireteam groupings, with this being given doctrinal definition by 1986; however, sections organised according to the earlier rifle group/gun group model would still be in existence until at least 1988, with changes in such sections mostly being limited to earlier weapons being replaced by their newer equivalents. The British section continued to consist of eight soldiers, but under normal circumstances these were now divided into a Charlie and Delta fireteam with each team comprising an NCO and three other men. The platoon continued, and continues, to be composed of three sections.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The normal section organisation during the late 1980s, the 1990s, and the early 2000s was as follows:


title: Section (military unit)

text: This grouping provided a balanced organisation, with either fireteam being capable of moving to assault or supporting the other fireteam's movement (though doctrine still had the Lance Corporal's fireteam providing covering fire in the initial stages of a section attack). The fireteam concept was intended to introduce an element of flexibility, and consequently two other section groupings were devised; an assault team/support team grouping where the Delta fireteam (consisting of the section 2IC, a rifleman, and both section gunners) was responsible for covering the Charlie fireteam (consisting of the section commander and three riflemen, though this could be raised to four if the rifleman in the Delta fireteam was moved to the Charlie fireteam) during the latter's movement from one position to another, and a modified version of the earlier rifle group/gun group organisation, used if it was felt that the strongest possible manoeuvre force was required, where both section gunners formed the gun group and all remaining personnel formed the Charlie fireteam which acted as the rifle group. There were also groupings devised in relation to specific combat scenarios; sections engaged in trench clearing could either be organised as usual or be split into four assault teams of two men each, while sections tasked with clearing a house were organised into a command group, a covering group comprising both section gunners (and possibly the section 2IC), and two assault groups of two riflemen each. Fireteams could also be split into smaller sub-divisions of two men each outside of these groupings, particularly during fire and manoeuvre. Two LAW 80 launchers (designated as the L1A1 94mm HEAT rocket system and henceforth referred to as LAWs) were part of the standard equipment allocation for each section and were carried as needed; the normal section grouping had one LAW per fireteam, while the assault team/support team grouping could have a LAW carried by one or both teams depending on the perceived armour threat. It was also possible to have the platoon's reserve section equipped with all six LAWs, leaving the two forward sections unencumbered for fire and manoeuvre and providing them with anti-armour defence. In April 1998 the Rifle Grenade General Service was introduced into service; issue was scaled at twelve L85A1 HE rifle grenades and six L15A1 rifle grenade launcher sights per section, effectively allowing all rifle-equipped members of the section to carry and use two rifle grenades each.


title: Section (military unit)

text: Not all sections consisted of eight men; units mounted aboard the FV510 Warrior infantry fighting vehicle consisted of seven men, with one fireteam's second rifleman usually being the section member that was omitted. While the FV432 armoured personnel carrier can accommodate a section consisting of ten men, this is in relation to the earlier Cold War section organisation, with sections organised according to the later and post-Cold War organisation remaining at eight men.


title: Section (military unit)

text: Changes were made to the section's equipment during the 2000s in response to operational demands and experience; the L85A1 rifle was upgraded to L85A2 standard between 2002 and 2006, with a further upgrade package consisting of a Picatinny rail handguard and alternative optical sights being introduced for select units in 2007 and more generally from 2009 onwards, the L123 40mm underslung grenade launcher (UGL) was introduced as a replacement for the L85A1 HE rifle grenade, the L86 light support weapon was replaced as the section machine gun by the L110A1-A3 5.56mm light machine gun acquired as an Urgent Operational Requirement, and the second rifleman in the fireteam was re-roled as a designated marksman carrying either the L86A2 light support weapon or, in later years, the L129A1 7.62mm sharpshooter rifle. By 2005 therefore, the normal section grouping was reorganised as follows:


title: Section (military unit)

text: The two other section groupings were also modified; the assault team/support team grouping now had the Charlie fireteam consist of the section commander, a rifleman with UGL, and both section gunners, with the Delta fireteam consisting of the section 2IC, both section marksmen, and a rifleman with UGL. The rifle group/gun group organisation was replaced by a fast assault/fire support grouping where the Charlie fireteam consisted of the section commander with UGL and a rifleman, while all remaining personnel formed the Delta fireteam. Trench clearing and house clearing groupings remained unchanged. Some units operating in Afghanistan carried on using the L7A2 GPMG as the section machine gun or included it as an additional weapon on the scale of one per fireteam; in the case of the latter, this meant that only two L85A2s (at least one of which was fitted with the UGL) were carried per section. The 84mm AT-4 (L1A2 or L2A1) and then the 150mm NLAW replaced the L1A1 94mm HEAT rocket as the section anti-armour weapon, though carrying arrangements were essentially unchanged; the Javelin can also be carried for anti-armour capability. The L128A1 12 bore combat shotgun was introduced for use by the section point man, with this position subject to rotation within the section to avoid excessive stress for individual soldiers.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The L85A2 began being upgraded to L85A3 standard from 2018 onwards, while the L86A2 and L110A3 began to be removed from service in 2019, leaving the L129A1 and L7A2 as the standard section designated marksman rifle and standard section machine gun respectively. With section commanders now also being able to tailor equipment formations as needed instead of having to deploy in a pre-set lineup, the current British infantry section is as follows:


title: Section (military unit)

text: The Army Cadet Force and the Army Sections of the Combined Cadet Force also make use of infantry sections; these are equipped similarly to their British Army counterparts (though with explosives limited to smoke grenades and hand-fired rocket flares, and with substituted small arms – the L1A1 rifle and L7A2 machine gun did not replace the Lee-Enfield No. 4 rifle and Bren light machine gun, while the L85 rifle was initially substituted by the straight-pull L98A1 and then the semi-automatic L98A2 which replaced the L98A1 from 2009 onwards) and, until 2018, used the following section groupings:


title: Section (military unit)

text: L86A2s in Cadet Forces use began to be withdrawn from service at the same time as those held by the British Armed Forces, with no direct replacement for the weapon being identified; as such, all members of a Army Cadet Force or Combined Cadet Force section are currently riflemen armed with L98A2s.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The Canadian Army also uses the section, which is roughly the same as its British counterpart, except that it is led by a sergeant, with a master corporal as the 2IC. The section is further divided into two assault groups of four soldiers each (equivalent to the Australian and British fireteams) and a vehicle group consisting of a driver and a gunner. Assault groups are broken down to even smaller 'fireteams' consisting of two soldiers, designated Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and Delta. Alpha and Bravo make up Assault Group 1; Charlie and Delta make up Assault Group 2. The section commander will have overall control of the section, and is assigned to Fireteam Alpha of Assault Group 1. The 2IC will be in command of Assault Group 2, and is assigned to Fireteam Charlie.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In a mechanised section, the vehicle group gains a commander and stays with the section vehicle (Currently the LAV VI), while the second assault group loses its rifleman


title: Section (military unit)

text: In the Danish Army, the section consists of two squads, usually commanded by a Sergeant First Class. Sections are usually highly specialized support units providing heavy weapons support, EOD support etc.


title: Section (military unit)

text: A Finnish infantry section or "ryhmä" consists of one section commander or "ryhmänjohtaja", one section 2IC or "ryhmänvarajohtaja", and six or seven other soldiers.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The section can also be divided into three equally sized fireteams, with organisation being as follows:


title: Section (military unit)

text: In the French Army, the word "section" describes an organization equivalent to an English-language platoon and is a subunit of a company, in most military contexts. (In cavalry or armoured units, a subunit of a company is a "peloton" [platoon].)


title: Section (military unit)

text: The equivalent organization to a NATO "section" is a "groupe de combat" ("combat group"), which is divided into:


title: Section (military unit)

text: The equivalent to "section" is the , a sub-unit of 8 to 12 soldiers, in the German Bundeswehr, Austrian Bundesheer and Swiss Army.


title: Section (military unit)

text: During World War II the German Wehrmacht infantry "Gruppe" was mainly a general purpose machine gun (GPMG) based unit. The advantage of the GPMG concept was that it added greatly to the overall volume of fire that could be put out by a squad-sized unit. The MG 34 or MG 42 GPMGs were normally used in the LMG (light machine gun) role. An infantry "Gruppe" consisted of generally nine or ten men; a non-commissioned officer ("Unteroffizier") squad leader, deputy squad leader, a two-man machine gun element (machine gunner and assistant gunner) and four to six riflemen. As personal small arms the squad leader was issued a rifle (as of around 1941 a submachine gun), the machine gunner and his assistant were issued pistols and the deputy squad leader and the riflemen were issued rifles. The riflemen carried additional ammunition, hand grenades, explosive charges or a machine gun tripod as required and provided security and covering fire for the machine gun element. Two of the standard issue bolt-action Karabiner 98k rifles in the squad could be replaced with semi-automatic Gewehr 43 rifles and occasionally, StG-44 "assault" rifles could be used to re-arm the whole squad, besides the machine-gun.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In the Irish Army, the infantry section consists of one Corporal or "Ceannaire" as section commander and eight other ranks. Section armament consists of eight Steyr AUG A1 rifles (including versions reconfigured to Mod 14 standard with a Picatinny rail and an ACOG 4x magnification optical sight), with two of these being equipped with an M203 grenade launcher, and one FN MAG 58 general purpose machine gun; two soldiers are additionally armed with AT4 short range anti-armour weapons (SRAAW) for anti-armour defence, while Heckler & Koch USP pistols are available for distribution at the platoon level. Three sections together with a headquarters element form a platoon.


title: Section (military unit)

text: Singapore Army's infantry section consists of seven men led by a Third Sergeant and assisted by a Corporal or Corporal First Class as 2IC. Each section is divided into one 3-man group – including the section commander, and two 2-man groups. Weapons carried by each section include two light anti-tank weapons, two section automatic weapons (SAW), and two M203 grenade launchers.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In the South African Army Infantry Formation (which is responsible for all South African Army infantry), the standard infantry section is divided into a seven-man rifle group and a three-man machine gun group as per the earlier British model; the rifle group consists of a section commander (Corporal) and six riflemen, all armed with R4 5.56mm rifles, while the gun group consists of a section 2IC (Lance Corporal) with a R4 5.56mm rifle, a Machine Gun No. 1 with an FN MAG 7.62mm general purpose machine gun, SS-77 7.62mm general purpose machine gun, or Mini-SS 5.56mm light machine gun, and a Machine Gun No. 2 with a R4 5.56mm rifle. In a mechanised infantry section, the rifle group is reduced to five men for a total of eight men in the section.


title: Section (military unit)

text: Historically, a section of US Infantry was a "half platoon" (the platoon itself being a "half company"). The section was led by a sergeant assisted by one or (later) two corporals and consisted of a total of from 12–24 soldiers, depending on the time period. In the US Cavalry, a section was roughly equivalent to a squad in the US Infantry. In Armor, Armored Cavalry, Mechanized Infantry, and Stryker Infantry units, a section consists of two tanks/armored vehicles, with two sections to a platoon. The platoon leader leads one section and the platoon sergeant leads the other. Some branches, such as Air Defense Artillery and Field Artillery, use the term "section" to denote a squad-sized unit that may act independently of each other in the larger platoon formation. (I.e., the Firing Platoon consists of several gun sections, which are the basic firing elements of the unit.) The section is used as an administrative formation and may be bigger than the regular squad formation often overseen by a Staff Sergeant.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The USMC employs sections as intermediate tactical echelons in infantry, armored vehicle units (individual vehicles being the base tactical element), and low altitude air defense (LAAD) units, and as the base tactical element in artillery units. Infantry sections can consist of as few as eight Marines (heavy machinegun section) to as many as 32 in an 81-mm mortar section. In headquarters, service, and support units throughout the USMC (CE, GCE, ACE, and LCE), sections are used as functional sub-units of headquarters or platoons. For example, the intelligence section (S-2) of a battalion or squadron headquarters; the communications-electronics maintenance section, communication platoon, regimental headquarters company; armory section, Marine aviation logistics squadron. In Marine aircraft squadrons, section is also used to designate a flight of two or three aircraft under the command of a designated section leader. Some sections, such as weapons platoon sections are led by a staff non-commissioned Officer (SNCO), usually a staff sergeant. Tank and other armored vehicle sections, as well as service and support sections, may be led by either an officer, usually a lieutenant (or a CWO, in the case of service and support units), or a SNCO ranging from staff sergeant to master sergeant. Headquarters and aircraft sections are always led by a commissioned officer. Rifle squads generally contain 13 marines.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In infantry units, weapons platoons have sections consisting of the squads and teams that man the crew-served weapons.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In armored vehicle units, platoons consist of sections consisting of individual vehicles and their crews:


title: Section (military unit)

text: In low altitude air defense (LAAD) batteries, the firing platoons consist of three sections, each consisting of a section leader and five two-man Stinger missile teams.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In artillery batteries, the firing platoon consists of a platoon headquarters and six artillery sections, each containing a section chief (staff sergeant) eight-member gun crew with one howitzer, and a driver and prime mover (i.e., a truck to tow the artillery piece and transport the gun crew and baggage). The gun crew consists of a gunner (sergeant), two assistant gunners (corporals), and five cannoneers (lance corporals and/or PFCs).


title: Section (military unit)

text: In some air forces, a section is a unit containing three to four aircraft (if it is a flying unit) and up to 20 personnel. Two or three sections usually make up a flight.


title: Section (military unit)

text: The United States Air Force uses the term element, as well as section, to designate two or three subunits within a flight.


title: Section (military unit)

text: In the context of British Empire military aviation during World War I, the term half flight or half-flight was used for equivalent formations; at the time a flight was normally four to six aircraft. Hence the Mesopotamian Half Flight, the first Australian flying unit to see action, initially comprised three aircraft. After the war, the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces adopted the term section for a formation of three aircraft, while a flight was normally six aircraft. The Royal Air Force Regiment, the ground-based component of the Royal Air Force, currently employs a section structure similar to that of the British Army.


title: Section (military unit)

text: A section is also the name for a shift or team of police officers in various police forces, particularly in the Commonwealth. The term is no longer used in the British police, in which it originated and where it was the group of officers headed by a Sergeant.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Michael Madana Kama Rajan is a 1990 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao and written by Kamal Haasan, with Crazy Mohan penning the dialogues. The film stars Haasan in four roles alongside Urvasi, Rupini and Khushbu, while Manorama, Delhi Ganesh, Nassar, Venniradai Moorthy, S. N. Lakshmi, Jayabharathi, R. N. Jayagopal, Nagesh, Praveen Kumar and Santhana Bharathi, R. S. Shivaji play supporting roles. It revolves around quadruplets who get separated at birth and cross paths as adults.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Panchu Arunachalam obtained the rights to adapt a Pakistani film written by Kader Kashmiri. Despite retaining that film's core premise of quadruplets, Rao, Haasan and Mohan created an otherwise entirely new story. The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena, photographed primarily by B. C. Gowrishankar and edited by D. Vasu.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: "Michael Madana Kama Rajan" was released on 17 October 1990, Diwali day, and was commercially successful, running for 175 days, thereby becoming a silver jubilee film.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Venugopal, a wealthy industrialist, marries a woman and they have quadruplets. His brother Nandagopal tries to have her and the babies killed by hired goons. Alex, the leader of the goons, refuses to kill the babies, so he adopts one (Michael), leaves one in an orphanage (Subramaniam Raju), one in a temple (Kameshwaran) who is adopted by a cook Palakkad Mani Iyer, and one (Madanagopal) in a car that belongs to Venugopal.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: 30 years later, Madan is a London-educated businessman. Venugopal has raised Madan as his adopted son, unaware that he is his biological son. Venugopal is seemingly killed by Nandagopal and his nephew, Ramu for his inheritance; unknown to them, the will has already named Madan as the beneficiary. Madan returns to Bangalore from London to take over his father's company. He confronts Avinashi, his father's PA, over his embezzlement, while reluctantly promising to forgive him if Avinashi accepted his culpability.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: In Madras, Michael and Alex run a counterfeit money racket. While they escape from the police, Michael accidentally causes a fire in an art gallery. Raju, a firefighter, saves the artist Shalini and her paintings, leading to romance. Kameshwaran, a vegetarian cook for weddings, meets Thirupurasundari alias "Thirupu" and her grandmother in a wedding. Eventually, Kameshwaran marries Thirupu.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Someone contacts Madan over phone and tells him that his father's death was no accident, but planned, and asks him to meet her in Madras. After some distractions involving a theatre artist Chakkubai and her mother Gangabai, Madan meets the caller, Sushila, unaware she is his biological mother. While escaping from goons sent by Ramu, Madan meets Raju and hires him to take leave from firefighting and to impersonate him in Bangalore while Madan investigates in Madras. In exchange, Madan pays off Raju's loans.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Meanwhile, Ramu and Nandagopal have hired Michael to kill Madan. Michael sabotages Madan's car, not realising it is Raju. The brakes fail on the highway, but Raju brings the car to a safe stop. Sushila meets with him thinking he is Madan, but he redirects her to the real Madan in Madras. Raju, Shalini, and her father arrive at Madan's house in Bangalore. Raju confiscates back Avinashi's money, unaware of Madan's deal with Avinashi.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Meanwhile, Michael finds the real Madan in Madras. Madan and Chakkubai have fallen in love. Michael and Alex spy on them. Michael follows Madan, Chakkubai, Gangubai, and Sushila to Sushila's house where it is revealed that Madan's father is alive but dazed from the assassination attempt. Michael and Alex arrive at the scene. Sushila recognises Alex as the man who had taken her quadruplets and realises that Michael and Madan are her sons. Michael and Alex knock them out and kidnap Madan and the others to a mountain cabin near Bangalore.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Avinashi chances upon Kameshwaran on his wedding day, and hires him to impersonate Madan to retrieve the confiscated money. Back in Madan's house in Bangalore, Raju and Shalini plan to meet without her father knowing. Avinashi drugs Raju's soup, thinking Raju is Madan, but Madan's bodyguard Bheem drinks it. Raju and Shalini meet and profess their love for one another. Michael and Alex arrive at Madan's house to loot it. Michael sees Raju, mistakes him for Madan, and thinks that Madan has escaped from the cabin. He knocks Raju unconscious. Avinashi sees the unconscious Raju, assumes it was the effect of his drugged soup, and brings Kameshwaran in.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Kameshwaran is mistaken for Raju by Shalini who then tries to get intimate with him. Thirupu and her grandmother drag Kameshwaran away from her. Shalini then witnesses Kameshwaran hugging Thirupu. This angers her as she thinks it is Raju. Chakkubai and Gangubai also arrive at the house in search of Madan. Chakkubai mistakes Kameshwaran for Madan and introduces herself to everyone as Madan's lover. Shalini takes a rifle and holds everyone at gunpoint. Avinashi and the rest try to tell her that Kameshwaran is not Madan or Raju but she does not believe them.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Meanwhile, the real Madan has escaped the cabin with his parents and comes to the house. Amidst all this confusion, Michael steals Madan's wealth and escapes to the cabin. Everyone else follows them back to the cabin in multiple cars. Ramu and Nandagopal are already present in the cabin and hold everyone at gunpoint as they arrive . All four brothers are finally in the same room at the same time and Sushila tells them that they are her sons. The presence of all the people in the small cabin causes it to tilt over the cliff edge. The goons are knocked out and the four brothers work together to safely get everyone out of the cabin.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: The producer/writer Panchu Arunachalam saw a Pakistani film written by Kader Kashmiri featuring quadruplets being separated at birth and reuniting in the climax. He obtained the rights to adapt that film in Tamil, with Singeetam Srinivasa Rao hired to direct, the screenplay written by Kamal Haasan and the dialogues by Crazy Mohan. While the film retained the original's core premise and Kashmiri received credit for the story, the team of Rao, Haasan and Mohan created an otherwise entirely new story. The film was initially titled "Jolly Jag Jeevan Ram", but no one liked it. Mohan suggested "Madana Kama Rajan", inspired by the 1941 film of the same name, which Haasan agreed to but felt it was not inclusive; at his suggestion, Mohan added "Michael". As Haasan did not like spending time to establish the premise, the opening montage song "Kadha Kelu Kadha Kelu" was conceived to do the same.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Haasan said he wrote the script of "Michael Madana Kama Rajan" "like a kolam that you teach a child. There were just a few dots and crosses. Mohan was the only one who truly got it." He said the story has its origin in Oscar Wilde's play "The Importance of Being Earnest". Despite being credited for the story, Kashmiri had not received his due of as of 2013. The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under P. A. Art Productions, cinematography was handled primarily by B. C. Gowrishankar, and editing by D. Vasu.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Haasan played four distinct characters who are quadruplets: the criminal Michael, the businessman Madanagopal, the cook Kameshwaran and the firefighter Subramaniam Raju. To portray each quadruplet, Haasan sported different looks; for Michael, he grew his hair long and had a French beard; for Madan, he wore glasses and was clean-shaven; for Kameshwaran (also clean-shaven), he brushed his hair back and applied a "vibhuti tilaka" on his forehead; for Raju, he kept his moustache thick and hair short. In keeping with the quadruplets' diverse upbringings, he even had different speaking styles for each quadruplet: a "gruff" accent for Michael, an English one for Madan, a Palakkad one for Kameshwaran, and Madras Bashai for Raju. As Coimbatore was then a hub for numerous counterfeit money scams, Haasan added this to Michael's characterisation.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Urvashi played Kameshwaran's love interest Thirupurasundari, this being her second Tamil film after "Mundhanai Mudichu" (1983). She dubbed in her own voice at Haasan's insistence. Khushbu was cast as Raju's love interest Shalini after a meeting with Arunachalam's son Subbu. Rupini played Madan's love interest Chakku Bai. According to Haasan, all three actresses would be "squeamish about what would be their part and we couldn't take any more of it", hence a love interest for Michael was not created.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Nagesh initially wanted to play a different role from Madan's PA Avinashi, but when Haasan asked him if he would play his role, Nagesh retorted, "As if you'd give me that if I asked you for it!" He was interested in playing Thirupurasundari's kleptomaniac grandmother before S. N. Lakshmi was cast. Venniradai Moorthy, who played Shalini's father Shivaraman, added "his own quirks" to the role. Haasan cast Praveen Kumar as Madan's bodyguard after being impressed with his performance as Bhima in the TV series "Mahabharat"; the bodyguard was named Bheem as a reference to the earlier role. Delhi Ganesh, who played Kameshwaran's foster father Mani Iyer, also used a Palakkad accent for his character. Santhana Bharathi was cast as Michael's foster father Alex after Haasan recommended him to Rao.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: The song "Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum" was filmed entirely in slow-motion at 48 frames per second. Rao initially wanted the picturisation with 20 widows in background, but changed the idea after hearing the tune of the song. The song "Rum Bum Bum Arambum" was choreographed by Prabhu Deva. In a scene set in Madan's house where many characters confront each other, they cunningly try to evade Michael when held by him at gunpoint; it was not written in the script that they should do so, but improvised during filming at Haasan's suggestion.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: The climax sequence, featuring a "cliff-hanging-house", was based on a similar scene from the American film "The Gold Rush" (1925). The exterior portion was shot in Coonoor and the interior of the house was shot in studio, in a hydraulic set. Kabir Lal was selected as cinematographer for the climax sequence due to the complexities involved with shooting multiple lookalikes. Due to his rapport with Panchu Arunachalam, Santhana Bharathi was allowed to aid post-production works such as dubbing and re-recording.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: Haasan has acknowledged various films as influences on "Michael Madana Kama Rajan", namely "Nadodi Mannan", "Deiva Magan" and "Yaadon Ki Baaraat". Rao described it as a "modern version of the old folk tale of a king, queen and their quadruplets who grow up in different households".


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Vaali wrote the lyrics for all songs except "Kadha Kelu Kadha Kelu" and "Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum", which Panchu Arunachalam wrote. "Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum" was conceived out of Haasan's desire for a song like "Margazhi Thingal" (a verse from the devotional poem "Thiruppavai") to feature in the film. K. J. Yesudas was supposed to sing the song, but due to his busy schedule Ilaiyaraaja insisted on Haasan singing it. The Malayalam lyrics in the song were written by Poovachal Khader. The song is set in the Carnatic raga known as Kedaram.


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: "Vechalum Vekkama Ponnalum" was inspired by the "Thirukkural". While writing the lyrics, Vaali made every syllable have a stress as instructed by Ilaiyaraaja. "Siva Rathiri" is set in Natabhairavi, and "Mathapoovu Oru Penna" is set in Malgunji, a Hindustani raga. The songs "Mathapoovu Oru Penna" and "Aadi Pattam Thedi" were not picturised. For the Telugu-dubbed version "Michael Madana Kamaraju", Rajasri wrote all the lyrics. "Vechalum Vekkama Ponnalum" was later recreated by Ilaiyaraaja's son Yuvan Shankar Raja for "Dikkiloona" (2021). "Rum Bum Bum Arambum" was recreated by Yuvan for "Coffee with Kadhal" (2022).


title: Michael Madana Kama Rajan

text: "Michael Madana Kama Rajan" was released on 17 October 1990, Diwali day. Julie of "Kalki" liked Haasan's performance as Kameshwaran the most among the quadruplets, but criticised the climax for its length. The film was commercially successful and ran for 175 days, thereby becoming a silver jubilee film.


title: I Am Rich

text: I Am Rich was an iOS mobile application developed by Armin Heinrich that was distributed through the App Store. When launched, the screen contained only a glowing red gem and an icon that, when pressed, displayed the following mantra in large text:


title: I Am Rich

text: The application is described as "a work of art with no hidden function at all", with its only purpose being to show other people that they were able to afford it; "I Am Rich" was sold on the App Store for , (equivalent to €934.74 in 2021), and , the highest price Apple allowed for App Store content for the time. The application was removed from the App Store without explanation by Apple the day after its release, .


title: I Am Rich

text: Eight people bought the application, at least one of whom claimed to have done so accidentally. Six US sales at $999.99 and two European ones for €799.99 netted $5,600 for developer Armin Heinrich and $2,400 for Apple. In correspondence with the "Los Angeles Times", Heinrich told the newspaper that Apple had refunded two purchasers of his app, and that he was happy not to have dissatisfied customers.


title: I Am Rich

text: Discussing the app on the website "Silicon Alley Insider", Dan Frommer described the program as a "scam", "worthless", and finally "a joke that smells like a scammy rip-off" on August 5, 6, and 8, respectively. Without purchasing the app, "Foxnews.com" Paul Wagenseil guessed that the secret mantra was "German for 'Sucker! (as Heinrich is German). "Wired" Brian X. Chen described "I Am Rich" as a waste of money to "prove you're a jerk", and contrasted the expenditure with donating to cancer foundations and Third World countries.


title: I Am Rich

text: Heinrich told the "Los Angeles Times" Mark Milian that he had received correspondence from satisfied customers, "I've got e-mails from customers telling me that they really love the app [... and that they had] no trouble spending the money".


title: I Am Rich

text: The next year, Heinrich released "I Am Rich LE". Priced at , the new app has several new features (including a calculator, "help system", and the "famous mantra "without" the spelling mistakes") to meet Apple's requirement that apps have "definable content". Some customers were disappointed by the new functionality, poorly rating the app due to its ostensible improvements.


title: I Am Rich

text: On February 23, 2009, CNET Asia reported on the "conceptually similar" app, "I Am Richer", developed by Mike DG for Google's Android smartphone operating system. The app was released on the Android Market for the cost of , a limit imposed by Google, who had no objection to the application.


title: I Am Rich

text: With the same name, the "I Am Rich" that was released on the Windows Phone Marketplace on December 22, 2010 was developed by DotNetNuzzi. Described by MobileCrunch as equally useless as the original, this app cost , the price cap imposed by Microsoft.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpurdham or Janakpur (, ) is a sub-metropolitan city in Dhanusha District, Madhesh Province, Nepal. The city is a hub for religious and cultural tourism. A headquarter of Dhanusha district, "Janakpur" is also the capital for Madhesh Province.


title: Janakpur

text: The city was founded in the early 18th century. According to tradition, storyteller indicates an earlier city known as Janakpurdham existed in the area, which was supposedly the capital of the Videha dynasty that ruled the Mithila region in ancient times.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpur is located about southeast of Kathmandu. , the city had a population of 173,924. The city had a population of 195,438 in 2021. Janakpur is currently the most populated sub metropolitan city of Nepal. Janakpur is located about 18 km away from the Bhitthamore border of India. Nepal Railways operates between Janakpur and Jaynagar of India.


title: Janakpur

text: Accounts from ascetics, pandits, and bards indicate that Janakpur was founded in the early 18th century. The earliest description of Janakpur as a pilgrimage site dates to 1805. Earlier archaeological evidence of the presence of an ancient city has not been found. King Janaka's palace is thought to have been located in ancient Janakpur as it is believed to be the capital of the Kingdom of the Videhas. According to "Ramayana", he found a baby girl in a furrow, named her Sita, and raised her as his daughter. When she was older, he offered her in marriage to anyone who was able to lift the bow of Shiva, left near Janakpur a thousand years earlier. Many royal suitors tried but only Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, could lift the bow. According to an old song, this bow was found northeast of Janakpur.


title: Janakpur

text: Until the 1950s, Janakpur was a cluster of rural hamlets inhabited by farmers, artisans, priests, and clerks who worked for the monasteries that controlled the land. After the Independence Act in India, Janakpur expanded into a commercial center and became the capital of the Dhanusa District in the 1960s.


title: Janakpur

text: As Rama and Sita are major figures in Hinduism, Janakpur is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus. According to the first millennium BC text, "Shatapatha Brahmana", the Maithil king Videgha Māthava crossed the Sadānirā (Gandaki River), led by his priest Gotama Rahugana, and founded the Kingdom of Videha with Janakpur as the capital city. As Gotama Rahugana composed many hymns of the Rigveda, these events must date to the Regvedic period.


title: Janakpur

text: Gautama Buddha and Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and final "Tirthankara" of the Jain religion are said to have lived in Janakpur. The region was an important center for the history of Mithila during the first millennium.


title: Janakpur

text: , the Janakpur municipality had 19,195 households and a population of 98,446 people with a density of 4,000 people per square kilometer. In 2015, it was declared a sub-metropolitan city that incorporates 11 surrounding villages. The current population is 173,924 people, making it the sixth largest city in Nepal.


title: Janakpur

text: Maithili is widely spoken in the area as the first language and is also used as the lingua franca. Nepali, Hindi, Marwari, and English are well understood. Languages like Bhojpuri and Awadhi are understood but less frequently used.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpur is one of the fastest developing cities of Nepal and is the largest sub-metropolitan city in the country. The city has good health care facilities, a number of parks, private schools, colleges, and internet service providers. There are medical, engineering, and management colleges that are affiliated to Tribhuvan University. The economy is mostly based on tourism, agriculture, and local industries.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpur attracts migrants from the surrounding area, moving to the city for medical care, education, and jobs. The largest employers were the Janakpur Cigarette Factory Limited and Janakpur Railway until they closed in 2013 due to political corruption and heavy loans. By the end of 2018 service was resumed. Zonal Hospital, Zonal Police, and the Banking Sector help the locals live a relatively easy lifestyle.


title: Janakpur

text: The city has many commercial banks, such as Nepal Rastra Bank, the State Bank of India, Nepal, Everest Bank LTD. Machhapuchhare, NIC Bank, Nepal Bank LTD, and Agriculture Development Bank.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpur is located in the Terai, where the climate is humid subtropical: the months of March and April are hot, dry, and windy. The wet season lasts from May to September, followed by mild dry autumn from October to November. It is a cold winter from December to February.


title: Janakpur

text: Frequent bus services operate between Janakpur and Nepalese cities. Within the city, cycle rickshaws, electric rickshaws, tempos (three-wheeled vehicle), and buses are available. A few Bus services operate for Indian cities of Sitamarhi, Patna, Delhi and Ayodhya as part of the Ramayan Circuit to promote religious tourism in Nepal and India.


title: Janakpur

text: Nepal Railways is the only operational railway in Nepal. It connects Janakpur to Siraha at the Nepal-India border and goes further to the Indian city of Jaynagar, Bihar. There is a customs checkpoint in Siraha for goods.


title: Janakpur

text: The Janaki Mandir temple is in the centre of Janakpur, northwest of the market. It is one of the biggest temples in Nepal and was built in 1898 (1955 in the Nepali calendar) by Queen Brisabhanu Kunwari of Tikamgarh. It is also called "Nau Lakha Mandir" after the cost of construction, said to be nine lakh gold coins. The temple is architecturally unique in Nepal: its inner sanctum contains a flower-covered statue of Sita that was found in the Sarayu near Ayodhya. Statues of Rama and his half-brothers Lakshman, Bharat, and Satrughna stand by Sita.


title: Janakpur

text: Adjacent to the Janaki Mandir is the Rama Sita Vivaha Mandir, a building that marks the event in which Rama and Sita were married.


title: Janakpur

text: The oldest temple in Janakpur is Sri Ram Temple, built by the Gorkhali General Amar Singh Thapa. Pilgrims also visit the over 200 sacred ponds in the city for ritual baths. The two most important ponds – Dhanush Sagar and Ganga Sagar, are located close to the city center.


title: Janakpur

text: Major religious celebrations include the Hindu festivals Vivaha Panchami, Dipawali, and Vijayadashami, followed by Chhath Puja, which is celebrated six days after Diwali and Makar Sankranti.


title: Janakpur

text: On the night of the full moon in February and March, before the festival of Holi, a one-day Parikrama (circumambulation) of the city is celebrated. Many people offer prostrated obeisances along the entire route. Two other festivals honour Rama and Sita: Rama Navami, the birthday of Lord Rama, and the Vivah Panchami that re-enacts the wedding of Rama and Sita at the Vivah Mandap temple on the fifth day of the waxing moon in November or early December.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpur has educational facilities where several of the country's elites went to school, including the first president of the Federal Republic of Nepal, Ram Baran Yadav. There are many private and government schools and colleges located in Janakpur. The oldest government school for higher studies is Ramsworup Ramsagar Bahumukhi Campus (RR Multiple Campus), which is affiliated with Tribhuvan University. Some of the prominent private colleges are Rajarshi Janak Campus, and Model Multiple College.


title: Janakpur

text: Janakpur also has a medical college, Janaki Medical College, which is also affiliated with Tribhuvan University.


title: Janakpur

text: Gangasagar Public Library was established in 1955 and is situated between two historical ponds of Janakpur—Dhanuschatra Pond and Ganga Sagar. The library was reopened to the public in 2012. In recent times, a team of active and committed local youth workers has contributed to the revival of this library by organizing public book collections for the library. It is open daily for three hours, mainly for newspaper-reading but has few daily visitors.


title: Janakpur

text: The local media of Janakpur primarily consists of several community radio stations, some TV channels, and a few print newspapers, such as Janakpur Today. Local Janakpur media primarily consists of radio shows, such as "Mithila Jagaran".


title: Janakpur

text: According to Colin Stark at Columbia University, during the earthquake on 25 April 2015, "[a] part of India slid about one foot to 10 feet northwards and underneath Nepal in a matter of seconds. The part below Bihar slid under Nepal along a zone from Bharatpur, through Hetauda, to Janakpur."


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Oguchialu Chijioke Onyewu (born May 13, 1982) is an American former soccer player who is the secretary-general of R.E. Virton. He was previously the sporting director for Orlando City B.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: During his professional career, he played as a defender for clubs in France, Belgium, England, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United States. Onyewu earned over 60 caps with the United States men's national soccer team and played for the United States at the 2006 and 2010 World Cups. He is the most recent male defender to win the U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year award.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu grew up in the Washington, D.C. suburbs of Silver Spring and Olney, Maryland, where he attended St. Andrew Apostle School and Sherwood High School. Onyewu enrolled in the U.S. residency program in Bradenton, Florida, before returning to Sherwood to graduate. He then played two years of college soccer at Clemson University in South Carolina. He moved to Europe in 2002, signing with Metz of Ligue 2 in France. In 2003, he was loaned out to La Louvière in Belgium.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu was loaned to Standard Liège in 2004. The move to Liège was made permanent for the 2004–05 season. After the season, he was named to the Belgian league's Best XI as well as Foreign Player of the Year for 2005. Having been the subject of many transfer rumors regarding clubs throughout Europe, Onyewu finally completed a loan deal with Newcastle United in January 2007, covering the remainder of the 2006–07 season. He made his debut for Newcastle against Fulham on February 3, and his home debut a week later, alongside Titus Bramble, in a 2–1 victory over Liverpool. The two formed an ill-fated partnership, making a number of costly mistakes which was ultimately to cost Onyewu his place. Following the arrival of new manager Sam Allardyce, Onyewu fell out of favor, and Newcastle decided not to make the loan deal permanent.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu returned to Standard, and his play continued to improve. He made his 100th Belgian First Division appearance for Standard Liège on March 14, 2008, against Germinal Beerschot, and was an integral part of the club as they went on a 29-match unbeaten streak to win the 2007–08 Belgian First Division. After the season, he was named to the Belgian league Best XI for the second time. His strong form continued during the 2008–09 season. He led the Standard defense to a second consecutive Belgian league title. Standard was drawn with Anderlecht at season's end, and Standard won a two-legged playoff for the championship.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu dealt with racism during his time in Belgium, even having been punched and shouted at by racist fans while playing for Standard Liège. The most well-publicized incident occurred in the 2008–09 Championship playoff when Anderlecht defender Jelle Van Damme, according to Onyewu, allegedly repeatedly called him a "dirty ape," even after Onyewu relayed the information to the referees. Van Damme denied the accusations following the match and in return said that Onyewu himself taunted him in a racist way by calling him "dirty Flemish." Approximately two weeks later, Onyewu's lawyer announced that he was suing Van Damme in an effort to end on-field racism in European soccer. The case was withdrawn in February 2011 after a meeting between the two players when Van Damme apologized for any offense he may have given.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu signed a three-year contract with Milan in July 2009, but never played a league game in his eighteen-month spell at the club. He made his debut on September 30 as a substitute in a Champions League loss to Zürich at San Siro. Onyewu missed all the 2009–10 season—appearing in only one Champions League match—due to a knee injury suffered while on national team duty. At the end of the season, it was announced that Onyewu's contract with Milan was extended by one season, keeping him under contract with the club until the end of the 2012–13 season. Upon Onyewu's request, the one-year extension included no salary.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: On November 5, 2010, Onyewu made international headlines when he and teammate Zlatan Ibrahimović engaged in a fight during training, before a league match against Bari. It was reported that Onyewu suffered a reckless tackle from Ibrahimović, causing Onyewu to confront him. The two were then separated by teammates, though the club reported he and Ibrahimović have made up for their fight.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: In January 2011, Onyewu joined Dutch side Twente on loan until the end of the season. Onyewu made his debut for the "Tukkers" on the January 19 against Heracles Almelo in an Eredivisie fixture where he would play the full 90 minutes. Despite his stay being short lived at the Dutch side, Onyewu would feature predominantly in both domestic competitions and European competitions where his side reached the quarter finals. His stint with Twente saw him accumulate 14 appearances, as well as pick up a cup winners medal after Twente defeated Ajax 3–2 in the KNVB Cup final.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: In June 2011, Onyewu joined Portuguese side Sporting CP on a free transfer where he signed a three-year deal from A.C. Milan. In Sporting CP's first five competitive games of the season, three Primeira Liga and two European qualifying matches, Sporting manager Domingos Paciência opted to start central defenders Daniel Carriço and Alberto Rodríguez alongside Ânderson Polga, which left Onyewu on the bench. Injuries during the start of the season to Carriço and Polga led to manager Domingos Paciência starting Onyewu in Sporting's line-up. Onyewu made his team debut on the September 10 in a 3–2 away victory over Paços de Ferreira where he would play the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal for Sporting CP against Rio Ave at the Estádio dos Arcos on September 19, a week after making his Sporting CP debut, in a 3–2 win in which Onyewu scored the winning goal from a header after a Diego Capel corner kick found him unmarked in the penalty area.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Unlike his time with A.C. Milan, Onyewu's playing time increased during the 2011–12 season. During the season, he gradually established himself as the first team regular starter, playing as a center-back alongside Ânderson Polga. Despite the sacking of Domingos Paciência and the introduction of Ricardo Sá Pinto as Sporting manager in early 2012, Onyewu remained a first team regular until mid February where he sustained an injury in a league match against Paços de Ferreira. Onyewu's injury, which turned out to be an internal lateral ligament and an external meniscus fracture to his right knee, kept the American out of action for two months. Onyewu's recovery saw him back in late April where he played his first match in two months against Nacional. Onyewu's recovery meant he would be available to compete in the 2012 Taça de Portugal Final where his side would come up on the losing end against Académica de Coimbra. Onyewu finished his first season with the "Leões" with 31 appearances to his name, and scoring five goals.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: The appointment of Ricardo Sá Pinto as Sporting manager led to the arrival of Khalid Boulahrouz and Marcos Rojo, which saw Onyewu loaned out to Spanish La Liga outfit Málaga in August 2012. Onyewu made his team debut on October 24 in a UEFA Champions League match as a substitute in a 1–0 victory over his former side A.C. Milan. A week later, he started and scored his first Málaga goal against CP Cacereño on October 31 in a fourth-round Copa del Rey tie. Onyewu's goal-scoring form continued in the same competition against SD Eibar on December 18, where his stoppage time goal earned his side a draw. However, Onyewu's stay with Málaga proved to be unsuccessful as he struggled to establish himself as a first-team regular and only managed to play nine matches all season, contributing two goals.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu returned to Sporting in the summer of 2013 but agreed to a contract termination by mutual consent.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: In October 2013, Onyewu signed with Queens Park Rangers on a free transfer, but he failed to make any appearances and was an unused substitute on six occasions. In January 2014, Onyewu joined Sheffield Wednesday until the end of the season.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: In October 2014, Onyewu signed for Charlton Athletic on a short-term contract, making his debut as a substitute on December 26. The club extended his contract through the end of the season, but he was released following the conclusion of the season. Onyewu was released at the end of his contract in May 2015.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu trialed with Major League Soccer's New York City FC in May 2015 but was not signed. He later spent a preseason tour with Rangers of the Scottish Premiership in June 2016 but was not offered a contract.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu signed with the Philadelphia Union during the 2017 MLS preseason. Originally brought in to be a veteran presence for a young backline Philadelphia, Onyewu became a regular starter for the Union earning 22 appearances and scoring once. Onyewu was released by the Union at the conclusion of the 2017 season.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: In September 2018, Onyewu announced his retirement from professional soccer via Instagram concluding a 15-year career.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu was a mainstay on the United States national team for the 2006 and 2010 World Cup cycles. Early in his career, Onyewu represented the U.S. at various youth levels, including at the 2001 World Youth Championship. He made his first appearance for the senior national team on October 13, 2004, against Panama.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu scored his first international goal in the 2005 Gold Cup, nodding home the extra time winner in the semifinal against Honduras, and was later named to the tournament Best XI.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Oguchi played for the United States in the 2006 World Cup, and started in all three United States games. Just before halftime of the third and final group stage match against Ghana, Onyewu conceded a penalty from which Ghana scored, and the United States was eliminated by the 2–1 defeat.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu was voted the 2006 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year. He was the first defender to earn the award since Alexi Lalas in 1995.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: During the 2009 Confederations Cup, Onyewu was paired with Jay DeMerit due to the injury of his normal partner, Carlos Bocanegra, who was unable to play in the group stage. Onyewu played well against Egypt, helping lead the United States to a 3–0 win that earned them a berth in the semifinals. He also had a standout performance in the 2–0 semifinal victory over Spain.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: In a World Cup qualifier draw against Costa Rica on October 14, 2009, Onyewu suffered a patellar tendon rupture, forcing him to miss the rest of qualifying.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: During the 2010 World Cup, Onyewu started and played the full 90 minutes in the United States's first group match against England. During the second group match against Slovenia, he got his second start but was subbed out in the 80th minute. He did not play in the third group match against Algeria or the second round meeting against Ghana.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: Onyewu's parents moved to the United States from Nigeria to study in Washington, D.C. They are ethnic Igbo people of Nigeria. Onyewu has two brothers, Uche and Nonye, and two sisters, Chi-Chi and Ogechi. He also holds Belgian citizenship. He speaks English, French, Italian, and Portuguese. Onyewu is a practicing Catholic.


title: Oguchi Onyewu

text: At and , Onyewu is the second-tallest outfield player in United States national team history (after Omar Gonzalez).


title: 135 film

text: 135 film, more popularly referred to as 35 mm film or 35 mm, is a format of photographic film used for still photography. It is a film with a film gauge of loaded into a standardized type of magazine – also referred to as a cassette or cartridge – for use in 135 film cameras. The engineering standard for this film is controlled by ISO 1007 titled '135-size film and magazine'.


title: 135 film

text: The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for 35 mm film specifically for still photography, perforated with Kodak Standard perforations. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110, and APS, it remains the most popular film size today.


title: 135 film

text: The size of the 135 film frame with its aspect ratio of 1:1.50 has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as "full frame". Even though the format is much smaller than historical medium format and large format film, being historically referred to as miniature format or small format, it is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras and smart phone cameras.


title: 135 film

text: Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes to allow cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film (also called "long pitch", KS-1870, whereas 35 mm professional motion picture camera films are always "short pitch", BH-1866).


title: 135 film

text: Most cameras require the film to be rewound before the camera is opened. Some motorized cameras unwind the film fully upon loading and then expose the images in reverse order, returning the film to the cassette; this protects all images except the last one or two, should the camera back be accidentally opened. Disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind.


title: 135 film

text: Since the 1980s, film cassettes have been marked with a DX encoding six-digit barcode pattern, which identifies the manufacturer and film type (and thus processing method), and the number of exposures, for the use of photofinishing laboratories. The cassettes are also manufactured with a Camera Auto Sensing code constructed as two rows of six rectangular areas on the metal cassette surface which are either conductive or insulating, representing 32 possible film speeds, eight possible film lengths, and four possible values of exposure tolerance or latitude. Conforming cameras detect at least some of these areas; only three contacts are needed to set a light meter for the four most popular film speeds.


title: 135 film

text: The 135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities (film speeds) described by ISO standards. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21° to ISO 800/30°. Films of lower sensitivity (and better picture quality) and higher sensitivity (for low light) are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive. Monochrome film is usually panchromatic; orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, both monochrome and with false-colour (or pseudocolour) rendition. More exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes.


title: 135 film

text: The term 135 format usually refers to a 24×36 mm film format, commonly known as 35 mm format. The 24×36 mm format is common to digital image sensors, where it is typically referred to as full frame format.


title: 135 film

text: On 135 film, the longer dimension of the 24×36 mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870. For each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00 mm. This allows for 2 mm gaps between frames. Camera models typically have different locations for the sprocket which advances the film. Therefore, each camera model's frame may vary in position relative to the perforations. The film is approximately 0.14 mm thick.


title: 135 film

text: Other image formats have been applied to 135 film, such as the half-frame format of 18×24 mm which earned some popularity in the 1960s, and the 24×24 mm of the Robot cameras. The successful range of Olympus Pen F cameras utilized the smaller half-frame size, allowing the design of a very compact SLR camera. Unusual formats include the 24×32 mm and 24×34 mm on the early Nikon rangefinders, and 24×23 mm for use with some stereo cameras. In 1967, the Soviet KMZ factory introduced a 24×58 mm panoramic format with its Horizont camera (descendants of which are called, in the Roman alphabet, Horizon). In 1998, Hasselblad and Fuji introduced a 24×65 mm panoramic format with their XPan/TX-1 camera. There is also a 21×14 mm format used by Tessina subminiature camera.


title: 135 film

text: The film is available in lengths for varying numbers of exposures. The standard full-length roll has always been 36 exposures (assuming a standard 24×36 frame size). Through about 1980, 20 exposure rolls were the only shorter length with widespread availability. Since then, 20 exposure rolls have been largely discontinued in favour of 24 and 12 exposure rolls. The length of film provided includes the length required for the indicated number of exposures plus sufficient additional length for the film spoiled by being exposed to ambient light when it is drawn out of the canister, across the back of the camera, and securely engaged with the film advancing spool, before the camera back is closed. A camera that uses less than the maximum distance between the spools may be able to make one additional exposure. Self-loading cameras that load the film after being closed don’t spoil the additional length provided for conventional loading and can make that additional length available for two or three additional exposures. The same length can be available for exposures in any camera if it is loaded without exposing the film to light, e.g. in a darkroom or a dark bag. A 27-exposure disposable camera uses a standard 24-exposure cassette loaded in the dark.


title: 135 film

text: Other, mostly shorter lengths have been manufactured. There have been some 6, 8, 10, and 15 exposure rolls given away as samples, sometimes in disposable cameras, or used by insurance adjusters to document damage claims. Twelve-exposure rolls have been used widely in the daily press. Photographers who load their own cassettes can use any length of film – with thinner film base up to 45 exposures will fit.


title: 135 film

text: Ilford at one time made HP5 black-and-white film on a thin polyester base, which allowed 72 exposures in a single cassette. They produced special reels and tanks to allow this to be processed.


title: 135 film

text: The 135 film size is derived from earlier still cameras using lengths of 35 mm cine film, the same size as, but with different perforations than, 135 film. The 35 mm film standard for motion picture film was established in Thomas Edison's lab by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. Dickson took 70 mm film stock supplied by George Eastman's Eastman Kodak Company. The 70 mm film was cut lengthwise into two equal width (35 mm) strips, spliced together end to end, and then perforated along both edges. The original picture size was 18×24 mm (half the full frame size later used in still photography). There were four perforations on each side of a motion picture frame.


title: 135 film

text: While the Leica camera popularized the format, several 35 mm still cameras used perforated movie film before the Leica was introduced in the 1920s. The first patent for one was issued to Leo, Audobard and Baradat in England in 1908. The first full-scale production camera was the Homeos, a stereo camera, produced by Jules Richard in 1913, and was sold until 1920. It took 18x24 mm stereo pairs, using two Tessar lenses.


title: 135 film

text: In 1909, the French designed a device for small-format photography, the "", which used the 35 mm perforated film to take consecutive hundred views in 18×24 mm. He manufactured, won the gold medal in the Concours Lépine, and in 1910 sold at a small scale and without much success.


title: 135 film

text: The first big-selling 35 mm still camera was the American Tourist Multiple, which also appeared in 1913, at a cost of $175 (at today's prices, the same cost as a modern $3000 Leica.) The first camera to take full-frame 24×36 mm exposures seems to be the Simplex, introduced in the U.S. in 1914. It took either 800 half-frame or 400 full-frame shots on 50 ft (15.2 m) rolls.


title: 135 film

text: The Minigraph, by Levy-Roth of Berlin, another half-frame small camera was sold in Germany in 1915. The patent for the Debrie Sept camera, a combination 35 mm still and movie camera was issued in 1918; the camera sold from 1922.


title: 135 film

text: The Furet camera made and sold in France in 1923 took full-frame 24x36 mm negatives, and was the first cheap small 35 mm camera of similar appearance to more modern models.


title: 135 film

text: The Leica camera designed by Oskar Barnack used 35 mm film, and proved that a format as small as 24 mm × 36 mm was suitable for professional photography.


title: 135 film

text: Although Barnack designed his prototype camera around 1913, the first experimental production run of ur-Leicas (Serial No. 100 to 130) did not take place until 1923. Full-scale production of the Leica did not begin until 1925. While by that time there were at least a dozen other 35 mm cameras available, the Leica was a success, and came to be associated with the format. Mostly because of this 35 mm popularity, as well as the entire company legacy, early Leica cameras are considered as highly collectible items. The original Leica prototype holds the record as being the world's most expensive camera, selling for €2.16 million in 2012.


title: 135 film

text: In the earliest days, the photographer had to load the film into reusable cassettes and, at least for some cameras, cut the film leader. In 1934, Kodak introduced a "135" daylight-loading single-use cassette. This cassette was engineered so that it could be used in both Leica and Zeiss Ikon Contax cameras along with the camera for which it was invented, namely the Kodak Retina camera. The Retina camera and this daylight loading cassette were the invention of Dr. August Nagel of the "Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk" in Stuttgart. Kodak bought Dr. August Nagel's company in December, 1931, and began marketing the "Kodak Retina" in the summer of 1934. The first Kodak Retina camera was a Typ 117. The 35 mm Kodak Retina camera line remained in production until 1969. Kodak also introduced a line of American made cameras that were simpler and more economical than the Retina. Argus, too, made a long-lived range of 35 mm cameras; notably the Argus C3. Kodak launched 135-format Kodachrome color film in 1936. AGFA followed with the introduction of "Agfacolor Neu" later in the same year.


title: 135 film

text: The designations 235 and 435 refer to 35 mm film in daylight-loading spools, that could be loaded into Contax or Leica style reusable cassettes, respectively, without need of a darkroom. The 335 was a daylight loading spool for the 24 × 23 mm stereo format.


title: 135 film

text: Reflex viewfinders, both twin-and single-lens, had been used with earlier cameras using plates and rollfilm.


title: 135 film

text: The first 35 mm single-lens reflex (SLR) was the Kine Exakta, introduced in 1936. World War II interrupted development of the type. After the war, Exakta resumed development and the Contax S model with the now familiar pentaprism viewing feature was introduced in 1949. In the 1950s, the SLR also began to be produced in Japan by such companies as Asahi and Miranda. Asahi's Pentax introduced the instant-return mirror, important for the popularity of SLRs; until then, the viewfinder on an SLR camera blanked as the mirror sprang out of the optical path just before taking the picture, returning when the film was wound on. Nikon's F model, introduced in March 1959, was a system camera that greatly improved the quality and utility of 35 mm format cameras, encouraging professionals (especially photojournalists) to switch from larger format cameras to the versatile, rugged, and fast SLR design. Numerous other film formats waxed and waned in popularity, but by the 1970s, interchangeable-lens SLR cameras and smaller rangefinders, from expensive Leicas to "point-and-shoot" pocket cameras, were all using 35 mm film, and manufacturers had proliferated.


title: 135 film

text: Colour films improved, both for print negatives and reversal slides, while black-and-white films offered smoother grain and faster speeds than previously available. Since 35 mm was preferred by both amateur and professional photographers, makers of film stock have long offered the widest range of different film speeds and types in the format. The DX film-speed encoding system was introduced in the 1980s, as were single-use cameras pre-loaded with 35 mm film and using plastic lenses of reasonable enough quality to produce acceptable snapshots. Automated all-in-one processing and printing machines made 35 mm developing easier and less expensive, so that quality colour prints became available not only from photographic specialty stores, but also from supermarkets, drugstores, and big box retailers, often in less than an hour.


title: 135 film

text: In 1996, a smaller format called Advanced Photo System (APS) was introduced by a consortium of photographic companies in an attempt to supersede 135 film. Due in part to its small negative size, APS was not taken seriously as a professional format, despite the production of APS SLRs. In the point-and-shoot markets at which the format was primarily aimed, it enjoyed moderate initial success, but still never rivalled the market penetration of 135. Within five years of its launch, cheap digital compact cameras started becoming widely available, and APS sales plummeted.


title: 135 film

text: While they have shifted the vast majority of their product lines to digital, major camera manufacturers such as Canon and Nikon continue to make expensive professional-grade 35 mm film SLRs (such as the Canon EOS-1v and the Nikon F6). Introductory 35 mm SLRs, compact film point-and-shoot cameras, and single-use cameras continue to be built and sold by a number of makers. Leica finally introduced the digital Leica M8 rangefinder in 2007, but continues to make its M series rangefinder film cameras and lenses. A digital camera back for the Leica R9 SLR camera was discontinued in 2007. On March 25, 2009, Leica discontinued the R9 SLR and R-series lenses.


title: 135 film

text: Digital sensors are available in various sizes. Professional DSLR cameras usually use digital image sensors which approximate the dimensions of the 35 mm format, sometimes differing by fractions of a millimeter on one or both dimensions. Since 2007, Nikon has referred to their 35 mm format by the trade mark FX. Other makers of 35 mm format digital cameras, including Leica, Sony, and Canon, refer to their 35 mm sensors simply as full frame.


title: 135 film

text: Most consumer DSLR cameras use smaller sensors, with the most popular size being APS-C which measures around 23mm x 15mm (giving it a crop factor of 1.6). Compact cameras have smaller sensors with a crop factor of around 3 to 6.


title: 135 film

text: A true normal lens for 35 mm format would have a focal length of 43 mm, the diagonal measurement of the format. However, lenses of 43 mm to 60 mm are commonly considered "normal" lenses for the format, in mass production and popular use. Common focal lengths of lenses made for the format include 24, 28, 35, 50, 85, 105, and 135 mm. Most commonly, a 50 mm lens is the one considered "normal"; any lens shorter than this is considered a "wide angle" lens and anything above is considered a "telephoto" lens. Even then, wide angles shorter than 24 mm is called an "extreme wide angle". Lenses above 50 mm but up to about 100 mm are called short telephoto or sometimes, as "portrait telephotos", from 100 mm to about 200 mm are called "medium" telephotos, and above 300 mm are called "long" telephotos.


title: 135 film

text: With many smaller formats now common (such as APS-C), lenses are often advertised or marked with their "35 mm equivalent" or "full-frame equivalent" focal length as a mnemonic, due to the historic prevalence of the 35 mm format. This 'equivalent' is computed by multiplying (a) the true focal length of the lens by (b) the ratio of the diagonal measurement of the native format to that of the 35 mm format.


title: 135 film

text: As a result, a lens for an APS-C (18×24 mm) format camera body with a focal length of 40 mm, might be described as "60 mm (35 mm equivalent)." Although its true focal length remains 40 mm, its angle of view is equivalent to that of a 60 mm lens on a 35 mm format (24×36 mm) camera. Another example is the lens of the 2/3 inch format Fujifilm X10, which is marked with its true zoom range "7.1–28.4 mm" but has a 35 mm-equivalent zoom range of "28-112 mm".


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: Reverso is a company specialized in AI-based language tools, translation aids, and language services. These include online translation based on NMT (Neural Machine Translation), contextual dictionaries, online bilingual concordances, grammar and spell checking and conjugation tools.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: Reverso has been active since 1998, with the aim of providing online translation and linguistic tools to corporate and mass markets.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: In 2013 it released Reverso Context, a bilingual dictionary tool based on big data and machine learning algorithms.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: In 2016 Reverso acquired Fleex, a service for learning English via subtitled movies. Based on content from Netflix, Fleex has expanded to also include video content from YouTube, TED Talks, and custom video files.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: In February 2018 it was reported that some translations on the Reverso translation web site returned antisemitic results, such as "Much nicer" returning "Dachau was much nicer than Auschwitz". These results prompted the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism to threaten Reverso with legal action. Reverso answered on Twitter that the controversial content would be removed.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: Reverso's suite of online linguistic services has over 96 million users, and comprises various types of language web apps and tools for translation and language learning. Its tools support many languages, including Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Hebrew, Spanish, Italian, Ukrainian and Russian.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: Since its founding Reverso has provided machine translation tools for automated translation of texts in various languages, including neural machine translation.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: Reverso Context is an online and mobile application combining big data from large multilingual corpora to allow users to search for translations in context. These texts are sourced mainly from films, books, and governmental documents, allowing users to see idiomatic usages of translations as well as synonyms and voice output. The Reverso Context app also provides language-learning features such as flashcards based on words in example sentences. Reverso has also released browser extensions for Chrome and Firefox to incorporate features of Reverso Context into web browsing.


title: Reverso (language tools)

text: Reverso's website also provides collaborative bilingual dictionaries between various pairs of languages, which use crowd sourcing to allow users to submit new entries and provide feedback. It also has tools for conjugation of verbs in various languages, spell checking tools, and written multilingual grammar guides for language learners.


title: Eighth Crusade

text: The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis. The Crusade did not see any significant fighting as King Louis died of dysentery shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia. The Treaty of Tunis was negotiated between the Crusaders and the Hafsids. No changes in territory occurred, though there were commercial and some political rights granted to the Christians. The latter withdrew back to Europe soon after.


title: Eighth Crusade

text: Despite the failure of the Seventh Crusade, which ended in the capture of Louis IX of France by the Mamluks, the king did not lose interest in crusading. He continued to send financial aid and military support to the settlements in Outremer from 1254 to 1266, with the objective of eventually returning to the Holy Land.