title: Kalvari-class submarine (2015)

text: The hull fabrication of all six submarines is now complete, and the first submarine was commissioned on 14 December 2017. , the remaining boats are expected to be delivered by late 2022 or early 2023.


title: Leo Moracchioli

text: Leo Moracchioli is a Norwegian metal musician and producer based in Oltedal. A multi-instrumentalist, he is known for his metal covers of popular songs, which have gained him over 4.5 million followers on YouTube as "Frog Leap Studios".


title: Leo Moracchioli

text: Moracchioli has recorded over 400 covers, at a rate of approximately one per week, including covers of "Hello" by Adele, "Sail" by AWOLNATION, "Poker Face" and "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga, "Feel Good Inc." by Gorillaz, "Chandelier" by Sia, "Africa" by Toto, "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X, and many others. His cover of "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi peaked at number 35 on the Hungarian Single Top 40 chart on 10 August 2017. Moracchioli states that although he is playing covers, it is enough of a creative outlet for him to put his own spin on the songs. In addition to his metal covers, he also made an "acoustic" cover of "Duality" by metal band Slipknot, using slide whistles, timpani and tuba.


title: Leo Moracchioli

text: For each video, Moracchioli creates the arrangements, and plays all the instruments, except for a small number of songs in which he has collaborated with other instrumentalists; they often require at least 50 tracks. Although most of the videos feature only himself, and sometimes his family or a musical guest—sometimes a fellow YouTube artist participating remotely—for his video cover of Michael Jackson's "Thriller" he was joined by Drowning Pool guitarist C. J Pierce. The video was filmed in a nightclub and included hired backup dancers.


title: Leo Moracchioli

text: He sometimes tours internationally with his band "Frog Leap (studios)". On 3 August 2019, he was at the 30th Anniversary of Wacken Open Air with the band.


title: Leo Moracchioli

text: The Frog Leap band members are Leo Moracchioli (vocals and guitar), Hannah Boulton (female vocals), Erik Torp (bass), Rabea Massaad (guitar), Truls Haugen (vocals and drums).


title: Catelynn Lowell

text: Catelynn Baltierra (née Lowell; born March 12, 1992) is an American reality television personality, author, and public speaker. From Algonac, Michigan, she received public attention after being cast in the reality television series "16 and Pregnant" in 2009, which documented the pregnancies and first months of motherhood for several young women. Later that year she was cast in the spin-off series "Teen Mom", and appeared in each of its four seasons until its conclusion in 2012. In March 2015, Lowell returned to MTV for the fifth season of the show, renamed "Teen Mom OG". Baltierra and now-husband Tyler also appeared on Season 3 of TV Show "Couples Therapy".


title: Catelynn Lowell

text: Lowell and Baltierra released their first book, "Conquering Chaos" in March, 2015. In December 2016, the couple's show "Reunited" aired on MTV, helping people who had been adopted reunite with their birth families; it was cancelled after just one airing.


title: Catelynn Lowell

text: Catelynn Lowell was born in Port Huron, Michigan on March 12, 1992 to parents April Brockmiller and David Lowell.


title: Catelynn Lowell

text: Lowell became pregnant with her first child with boyfriend, Tyler Baltierra, and gave birth to a baby girl on May 18, 2009, named Carolyn "Carly" Elizabeth Davis by her adoptive parents, Brandon and Teresa.


title: Catelynn Lowell

text: On August 22, 2015, Tyler and Catelynn married. They have since had three daughters: Novalee Reign (b. 2015), Vaeda Luma (b. 2019) and Rya Rose (b. 2021).


title: Catelynn Lowell

text: On November 17, 2017, Lowell took to social media to tell fans she was seeking treatment after experiencing suicidal thoughts. Following a miscarriage, Lowell returned to treatment for a third time in January 2018, citing childhood trauma as one of the causes of her mental health issues after speculation by fans on Twitter.


title: Ernest Garcia III

text: Ernest C. Garcia III (born 1982/1983) is an American businessman, and the CEO and co-founder of Carvana.


title: Ernest Garcia III

text: Ernest Garcia III is the son of Ernest Garcia II. He earned a bachelor's degree in Management Science and Engineering from Stanford University in 2005.


title: Ernest Garcia III

text: Garcia began his career as an associate in the Principal Transactions Group at RBS Greenwich Capital. He joined DriveTime in 2007, before co-founding (with Ryan Keeton and Ben Huston) its subsidiary Carvana in 2012, with Garcia as president and CEO since its inception. Carvana was eventually spun out from DriveTime and given an IPO in 2017. At that time, Garcia became chairman of Carvana.


title: Ernest Garcia III

text: In 2016, Garcia was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year in the Mountain Desert region for the consumer technology category Garcia, along with Carvana's co-founders, were included in Fortune's 40 Under 40 list in 2017.


title: Ernest Garcia III

text: According to the "Bloomberg Billionaires Index", Garcia's wealth dropped 98% in 2022, as Carvana's stock price continued to fall amid bankruptcy concerns.


title: Anusree

text: Anusree (born 24 October 1990) is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam films. She made her acting debut in the 2012 film "Diamond Necklace" and has acted in a number of Malayalam films in female lead roles.


title: Anusree

text: Anusree was born on 24 October 1990 in Kerala, to father Muraleedharan Pillai, a clerk at the Kerala Water Authority, and mother Shobhana, a housewife. She was brought up in Kamukumchery, Kollam district. She has an elder brother, Anoop.She went to Indira Gandhi Memorial Vocational Higher Secondary School, Manjakala, Kollam. Her passion for acting started from her school days.


title: Anusree

text: Anusree impressed director Lal Jose while he was judging the acting reality show "Vivel Active Fair Big Break" on Surya TV, in which she was competing, leading to her film debut as Kalamandalam Rajasree in Lal Jose's 2012 film "Diamond Necklace". She then appeared in "Left Right Left" (2013), "Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum" (2013), and "Angry Babies in Love" (2014). She had lead roles in the films "Ithihasa" (2014) and "My Life Partner" (2014). She was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her role as Sushama in "Chandrettan Evideya" (2015). In 2016 she appeared in Dileesh Pothan's "Maheshinte Prathikaaram" and as Police ACP Ganga in Priyadarshan's "Oppam". She went on to star in films such as "Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho" (2016), "Oru Cinemakkaran" (2017), "Aadhi" (2018), and "Panchavarnathatha" (2018).


title: Anusree

text: Anusree was initially cast in the female lead role in "Pulimurugan" (2016), opposite to Mohanlal. Due to poor health she was unable to appear in the film. She later worked with Mohanlal in Priyadarshan's "Oppam" (2016). She also acted in "Madhura Raja" (2019) opposite to Mammootty.


title: Barry Tubb

text: Barry York Tubb (born February 13, 1963) is an American actor and director. He has worked in both television and film between 1983 and 2014.


title: Barry Tubb

text: Tubb was born in Snyder, Texas, in 1963. He won the state bull-riding championship at age 15 (junior division). After graduating from Snyder High School in 1981, he began stage training in San Francisco. Tubb moved to Hollywood in the mid '80s to begin his screen- and television-acting career.


title: Barry Tubb

text: He earned a regular role on the short-lived baseball ensemble series "Bay City Blues" and later a recurring role as a rookie police officer on "Hill Street Blues". He played a shy homosexual boy who comes out to his parents in "Consenting Adult", and a wealthy corporate upstart involved in murder in "Billionaire Boys Club". Barry's most popular television role was that of Jasper Fant in the epic Westerns "Lonesome Dove" and its sequel "Return to Lonesome Dove" in 1993, which were partly set in his native Texas.


title: Barry Tubb

text: Moving on to film, Barry accepted supporting roles in "Mask", "The Legend of Billie Jean", and as Wolfman in "Top Gun". In 1988, he co-starred with Mary Tyler Moore and Lynn Redgrave in the Broadway production of "Sweet Sue", in which he appeared nude, and which had a run of 164 performances. The following year, he appeared in the drama "Warm Summer Rain" opposite Kelly Lynch. Barry turned to independent filming and other interests outside of Hollywood. In 1991, he moved to France and rode in a Wild West show. Barry starred, directed, produced, and co-wrote the "Cowboys and Indians" low-budget thriller "Blood Trail" which led to no major offers for distribution.


title: Barry Tubb

text: In 2002, Tubb directed the family film "Grand Champion" about the exploits a young boy who raises a prize-winning steer and struggles to save it from the slaughterhouse. He shot the film in his own hometown of Snyder, Texas.


title: Barry Tubb

text: Tubb has participated in gatherings of the American Cowboy Culture Association, which holds the annual National Cowboy Symposium and Celebration each September in Lubbock, Texas.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: Paul Nicholas Fisher, known by the stage name Fisher (stylised as FISHER) is an Australian music producer. He was nominated for the 2018 ARIA Award for Best Dance Release as well as the Best Dance Recording category at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards for his solo single "Losing It".


title: Fisher (musician)

text: Fisher was one half of the DJ duo Cut Snake. The group was formed with fellow surfer Leigh "Sedz" Sedley. The duo started DJing together while traveling on the pro surfing circuit.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: Fisher later went solo and started releasing house music tracks under the stage name Fisher. In June 2017, Fisher released his debut single "Ya Kidding", followed by the EP "Oi Oi" in November 2017, which includes the tracks "Stop It" and "Ya Didn't".


title: Fisher (musician)

text: In March 2018, Fisher released "Crowd Control". "Crowd Control" came in at number 116 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2018.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: In July 2018, Fisher released "Losing It" which reached number one on the ARIA Club Tracks Chart and made the top 50 on "Billboard"s Hot Dance/Electronic Songs, Dance/Mix Show Airplay, and Dance Club Songs, the latter becoming his first number one in the United States. "Losing It" also garnered Fisher his first Grammy nomination for "Best Dance Recording" at the 2019 Grammys. "Losing It" came in at number 2 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2018.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: On 10 May 2019, Fisher released "You Little Beauty", which became his second number one on the Dance Club Songs chart. "You Little Beauty" came in at number 53 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2019.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: On 20 March 2020, Fisher released "Freaks", the lead single from his extended play of the same name. The EP was released on 31 March, alongside the second single “Wanna Go Dancin’”.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: The International Dance Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony held in Miami Beach, Florida, United States as a major part of the Winter Music Conference. The awards commenced in 1985.


title: Fisher (musician)

text: The Grammy Award is an award presented by the Recording Academy to recognize achievement in the music industry. The awards commenced in 1959.


title: Greyston Holt

text: Greyston Holt (born September 30, 1985) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his role as Ray Prager Jr in the television series "Durham County", as young Emerson Hauser in the Fox series "Alcatraz", and as Clayton Danvers in Space series "Bitten".


title: Greyston Holt

text: Greyston Stefancsik was born in Calgary, Alberta. He was raised by his parents, Mike and Nancy, on Salt Spring Island, British Columbia. His grandparents, Mike and Edith Stefancsik emigrated from Hungary in 1957 to Lethbridge. Greyston's maternal grandmother, Anna Horvath also immigrated from Hungary with her parents in 1927.


title: Greyston Holt

text: During his high school years, he learned to play guitar after which he formed a band and played at various venues. He also took an acting class for the "extra credits" and fell in love with a new avenue of expression.


title: Greyston Holt

text: He moved to Vancouver after high school to pursue an acting career. He was cast in a small role in "Killer Bash" which was followed by another small role in Steven Spielberg's award winning miniseries, "Into the West". After small roles in major television shows like "Smallville", "Blood Ties" and "The 4400", he was cast in a recurring role in "Durham County" for which he was nominated for a "Leo Award" for ""Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series"". He was later cast in guest roles on "Stargate Universe", "Sanctuary", "Fringe" and "Flashpoint".


title: Greyston Holt

text: In 2011, he was cast as the Young Emerson Hauser in the short-lived FOX series, "Alcatraz". His biggest role was being cast in Space fantasy/horror TV series "Bitten" for which he received another "Leo Award" nomination. The success of the show led to it being acquired by American basic cable channel, Syfy who renewed the show for a second 10-episode season.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: Penske Media Corporation (PMC) () is an American digital media, publishing, and information services company based in Los Angeles and New York City. It publishes more than 20 digital and print brands, including "Variety", "Rolling Stone", "WWD", "Deadline Hollywood", "Billboard", "Boy Genius Report", Robb Report, "Artforum", "ARTNews", and others. PMC's Chairman and CEO since founding is Jay Penske.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: Penske Media Corporation was founded by Jay Penske in 2003. It began as an affinity marketing and internet services company called Velocity Services, Inc. The company acquired the Mail.com domain and was renamed to the Mail.com Media Corporation (MMC). By 2008, the company owned digital entertainment properties like OnCars.com, Hollywoodlife.com, "Movieline", and MailTimes in addition to operating the Mail.com portal and email service. In mid-2008, the company received a $35 million growth equity round of financing from a leading private equity fund.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In early 2009, the company announced the purchase of "Deadline Hollywood Daily" (now known as Deadline.com). The website had previously been operated by publisher, "LA Weekly".


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In February 2010, MMC finalized and announced a joint venture with Zee TV, one of India's leading TV networks, on the creation of the new India.com web portal and seven other portals. The site was designed to compete with other portals like Indiatimes.com, Yahoo, and Rediff.com. In April 2010, MMC purchased Jonathan Geller's Boy Genius Report (BGR), a tech and gadget blog, for an undisclosed amount of money. MMC moved the blog to a new URL (BGR.com) and also introduced a broader spectrum of technology coverage. Geller remained the website's Editor in Chief after the sale.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In September 2010, the Mail.com Media Corporation announced a transaction in which they would sell the Mail.com email and portal service to Germany-based, United Internet Group, one of the country's leading internet companies. MMC would remain the primary content provider for Mail.com, but the email service itself was operated by United Internet and its GMX email platform.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: Sometime in 2012, MMC re-branded itself to its current branding. In October 2012, PMC purchased Variety Inc. including the weekly "Variety" magazine, "Daily Variety", Variety.com, and all associated assets for a reported $25 million from Reed Elsevier. PMC received financial backing from the hedge fund, Third Point LLC. Some of PMC's early changes to Variety's business plan included eliminating the website's paywall, ceasing the printing of "Daily Variety", and investing more in the digital platform, Variety.com. The paywall was taken down on March 1, 2013, and, after being published for 80 years, the last print edition of "Daily Variety" was issued on March 19, 2013, and a redesigned "Variety" magazine launched on March 26, 2013.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In late 2014, PMC purchased Fairchild Fashion Media from Condé Nast for just under $100 million. Under the terms of the deal, PMC obtained ownership of Fairchild's print and digital media properties including WWD ("Women's Wear Daily"), "Footwear News", "Beauty Inc.", and others. Condé Nast had previously in 2003 purchased the assets from Disney Corporation for over $650 million. Two of Fairchild's properties, Style.com and "W", remained under Condé Nast's ownership.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In June 2015, Penske Media Corporation formed a partnership with Shutterstock Inc. to compete with Getty Images in the categories of editorial images in the entertainment and fashion industries. Beginning in 2016, Shutterstock had an exclusive right and license to PMC's fashion and entertainment archives. The following month, PMC purchased Gold Derby, a data platform and website that utilizes user and professional predictions to predict the outcome and winners of global awards shows and events. In January 2016, PMC acquired independent film and television platform, Indiewire from SnagFilms, Inc. for an undisclosed amount of money. Michael Schneider the Editor-in-Chief of "TV Guide" joined Indiewire.com as Executive Editor shortly after the PMC acquisition, joining editorial leaders Anne Thompson, Eric Kohn, and editor Dana Harris.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In January 2017, Penske Media Corporation entered into a joint venture for the "Robb Report" with Rockbridge, the private equity firm of Dan Gilbert. In December 2017, Penske Media acquired a majority stake of "Rolling Stone" magazine from Wenner Media. In 2018, it expanded further into music with an investment in BuzzAngle Music. Additional acquisitions from 2017 to 2018 include SHE Media, Sourcing Journal, and Art Media Holdings which includes "Art in America" and "ARTnews".


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: On September 23, 2020, it was announced that PMC would assume operations of the MRC Media & Info publications, including "Variety"'s main competitor, "The Hollywood Reporter", and "Billboard" magazine, under a joint venture with MRC known as . In turn, MRC will form a second joint venture that will develop content tied to PMRC publications.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In February 2022, the company acquired a majority stake in Life Is Beautiful Music & Art Festival, which will be run under "Rolling Stone".


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: In December 2022, PMC acquired the contemporary art magazine "Artforum" and "Bookforum". It was announced on December 12th that PMC would dissolve "Bookforum".


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: PMC owns and operates "Variety" magazine, a trade paper for the entertainment industry founded in 1905, as well as its various digital and data platforms. PMC purchased the publication in 2012 from Reed Elsevier for approximately $30 million.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: PMC first became the majority owner of "Rolling Stone" by purchasing a 51 percent stake in the company from Wenner Media in 2017, and then acquired the 49 percent stake held by BandLab Technologies in January 2019 to become its full owner. "Rolling Stone" is an international media brand which focuses on popular culture, now including magazines published in 15 countries such as China, Australia, India and the United Kingdom. The original American "Rolling Stone" magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by magazine publisher Jann Wenner and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first known for its musical coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors and popular AT40-based music. Under PMC, "Rolling Stone" became a monthly publication in America, but still mixed music coverage with politics and articles on popular culture.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: The "Robb Report" is an American English-language luxury-lifestyle magazine featuring various products, including automobiles, aviation, boating, real estate, and watches.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: "Deadline", also known as "Deadline Hollywood" or "Deadline.com" and previously known as news blog "Deadline Hollywood Daily", is an online magazine founded by Nikki Finke in 2006. The blog had initially been operated by publisher "LA Weekly" prior to being purchased by Penske Media in June 2009.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: Fairchild Fashion Media is a digital media, publishing, and events company that owns multiple fashion-related content properties. PMC purchased Fairchild properties from Condé Nast in late 2014. These publications included WWD ("Women's Wear Daily"), "Footwear News", "Beauty Inc.", "M", and Fairchild Summits. WWD is often considered the "Bible of the fashion industry." The other properties are considered leading business-to-business publications offering news and insights into various fashion and beauty niches.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: Hollywoodlife.com is an entertainment, celebrity, and fashion news website founded and run by former "US Weekly", "Marie Claire", and "Glamour" editor, Bonnie Fuller. The site targets women ages 18 to 35 and attracts an audience of 35 million visitors per month.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: On April 2, 2020, PMC announced that it would launch Sportico—a new vertical focusing on the sports industry. It launched on June 30, 2020, hiring several reporters who previously worked at the sports division of Bloomberg News.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: BollywoodLife.com is an entertainment and celebrity news website reporting on Indian popular culture. It is part of Penske Media Corporation, having reportedly attained more than 20 million monthly active users, as well as over 5 million social media followers.


title: Penske Media Corporation

text: Other properties under the PMC banner include the Boy Genius Report (or BGR.com), TVLine, SHE Media, and Sourcing Journal. BGR.com is a tech and gadget blog originally founded by Jonathan Geller and purchased by PMC in 2010. The Gold Derby Awards (or "Gold Derby TV and Film Awards") are awards given by the website Goldderby.com for television and film. The awards began in 2004. Owned by Jay Penske since 2015, it is a brand of the Penske Media Corporation. It has also been an investor in the strategic event management company LDJ Productions since 2020.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Biblical cosmology is the biblical writers' conception of the cosmos as an organised, structured entity, including its origin, order, meaning and destiny. The Bible was formed over many centuries, involving many authors, and reflects shifting patterns of religious belief; consequently, its cosmology is not always consistent. Nor do the biblical texts necessarily represent the beliefs of all Jews or Christians at the time they were put into writing: the majority of the texts making up the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament in particular represent the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient Israelite community, the members of a late Judean religious tradition centered in Jerusalem and devoted to the exclusive worship of Yahweh.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The ancient Israelites envisaged the universe as a flat disc-shaped Earth floating on water, heaven above, underworld below. Humans inhabited Earth during life and the underworld after death; there was no way that mortals could enter heaven, and the underworld was morally neutral; only in Hellenistic times (after ) did Jews begin to adopt the Greek idea that it would be a place of punishment for misdeeds, and that the righteous would enjoy an afterlife in heaven. In this period too the older three-level cosmology in large measure gave way to the Greek concept of a spherical Earth suspended in space at the center of a number of concentric heavens.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The opening words of the Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 1:1–26) sum up the biblical editors' view of how the cosmos originated: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"; Yahweh, the God of Israel, was solely responsible for creation and had no rivals, implying Israel's superiority over all other nations.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Later Jewish thinkers, adopting ideas from Greek philosophy, concluded that God's Wisdom, Word and Spirit penetrated all things and gave them unity. Christianity in turn adopted these ideas and identified Jesus with the Logos (Word): "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" ().


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Two different models of the process of creation existed in ancient Israel. In the "logos" (speech) model, God speaks and shapes unresisting dormant matter into effective existence and order (Psalm 33: "By the word of YHWH the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their hosts; he gathers up the waters like a mound, stores the Deep in vaults"); in the second, or "agon" (struggle) model, God does battle with the monsters of the sea at the beginning of the world in order to mark his sovereignty and power. Psalm 74 evokes the agon model: it opens with a lament over God's desertion of his people and their tribulations, then asks him to remember his past deeds: "You it was who smashed Sea with your might, who battered the heads of the monsters in the waters; You it was who crushed the heads of Leviathan, who left them for food for the denizens of the desert..." In this world-view the seas are primordial forces of disorder, and the work of creation is preceded by a divine combat (or "theomachy").


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Creation in the "agon" model takes the following storyline: (1) God as the divine warrior battles the monsters of chaos, who include Sea, Death, Tannin and Leviathan; (2) The world of nature joins in the battle and the chaos-monsters are defeated; (3) God is enthroned on a divine mountain, surrounded by lesser deities; (4) He speaks, and nature brings forth the created world, or for the Greeks, the cosmos. This myth was taken up in later Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature and projected into the future, so that the cosmic battle becomes the decisive act at the end of the world's history: thus the Book of Revelation (end of the 1st century CE) tells how, after the God's final victory over the sea-monsters, New Heavens and New Earth shall be inaugurated in a cosmos in which there will be "no more sea" (Revelation 21:1).


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 1) is the quintessential "logos" creation myth. Like the "agon" model it begins with darkness and the uncreated primordial ocean: God separates and restrains the waters, but he does not create them from nothing. God initiates each creative act with a spoken word ("God said, Let there be..."), and finalises it with the giving of a name. Creation by speech is not unique to the Old Testament: it is prominent in some Egyptian traditions. There is, however, a difference between the Egyptian and Hebrew logos mythologies: in Genesis 1 the divine word of the Elohim is an act of "making into"; the word of Egyptian creator-god, by contrast, is an almost magical activation of something inherent in pre-creation: as such, it goes beyond the concept of fiat (divine act) to something more like the .


title: Biblical cosmology

text: In the ancient world, things did not exist until they were named: "The name of a living being or an object was ... the very essence of what was defined, and the pronouncing of a name was to create what was spoken." The pre-Exilic (before 586 BCE) Old Testament allowed no equals to Yahweh in heaven, despite the continued existence of an assembly of subordinate servant-deities who helped make decisions about matters on heaven and earth. The post-Exilic writers of the Wisdom tradition (e.g. the Book of Proverbs, Song of Songs, etc.) develop the idea that Wisdom, later identified with Torah, existed before creation and was used by God to create the universe: "Present from the beginning, Wisdom assumes the role of master builder while God establishes the heavens, restricts the chaotic waters, and shapes the mountains and fields." Borrowing ideas from Greek philosophers who held that reason bound the universe together, the Wisdom tradition taught that God's Wisdom, Word and Spirit were the ground of cosmic unity. Christianity in turn adopted these ideas and applied them to Jesus: the Epistle to the Colossians calls Jesus "...image of the invisible God, first-born of all creation...", while the Gospel of John identifies him with the creative word ("In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God").


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The Hebrew Bible depicted a three-part world, with the heavens ("shamayim") above, Earth ("eres") in the middle, and the underworld ("sheol") below. After the 4th century BCE this was gradually replaced by a Greek scientific cosmology of a spherical Earth surrounded by multiple concentric heavens.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The three-part world of heavens, Earth and underworld floated in "Tehom", the mythological cosmic ocean, which covered the Earth until God created the firmament to divide it into upper and lower portions and reveal the dry land; the world has been protected from the cosmic ocean ever since by the solid dome of the firmament.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The "tehom" is, or was, hostile to God: it confronted him at the beginning of the world (Psalm 104:6ff) but fled from the dry land at his rebuke; he has now set a boundary or bar for it which it cannot pass (Jeremiah 5:22 and Job 38:8–10). The cosmic sea is the home of monsters which God conquers: "By his power he stilled the sea, by his understanding he smote Rahab!" (Job 26:12f). (Rahab is an exclusively Hebrew sea-monster; others, including Leviathan and the "tannin", or dragons, are found in Ugaritic texts; it is not entirely clear whether they are identical with Sea or are Sea's helpers). The "bronze sea" which stood in the forecourt of the Temple in Jerusalem probably corresponds to the "sea" in Babylonian temples, representing the "apsu", the cosmic ocean.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: In the New Testament Jesus' conquest of the stormy sea shows the conquering deity overwhelming the forces of chaos: a mere word of command from the Son of God stills the foe (Mark 4:35–41), who then tramples over his enemy, (Jesus walking on water - Mark 6:45, 47–51). In Revelation, where the Archangel Michael expels the dragon (Satan) from heaven ("And war broke out in heaven, with Michael and his angels attacking the dragon..." – Revelation 12:7), the motif can be traced back to Leviathan in Israel and to Tiamat, the chaos-ocean, in Babylonian myth, identified with Satan via an interpretation of the serpent in Eden.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: In the Old Testament the word "shamayim" represented both the sky/atmosphere, and the dwelling place of God. The "raqia" or firmament – the visible sky – was a solid inverted bowl over the Earth, coloured blue from the heavenly ocean above it. Rain, snow, wind and hail were kept in storehouses outside the raqia, which had "windows" to allow them in – the waters for Noah's flood entered when the "windows of heaven" were opened. Heaven extended down to and was coterminous with (i.e. it touched) the farthest edges of the Earth (e.g. Deuteronomy 4:32); humans looking up from Earth saw the floor of heaven, which they saw also as God's throne, as made of clear blue lapis-lazuli (Exodus 24:9–10), and (Ezekiel 1:26). Below that was a layer of water, the source of rain, which was separated from us by an impenetrable barrier, the firmament (Genesis 1:6–8). The rain may also be stored in heavenly cisterns (Job: 38:37) or storehouses (Deut 28:12) alongside the storehouses for wind, hail and snow.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Grammatically the word "shamayim" can be either dual (two) or plural (more than two), without ruling out the singular (one). As a result, it is not clear whether there were one, two, or more heavens in the Old Testament, but most likely there was only one, and phrases such as "heaven of heavens" were meant to stress the vastness of God's realm.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The Babylonians had a more complex idea of heaven, and during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE) the influence of Babylonian cosmology led to the idea of a plurality of heavens among Jews. This continued into the New Testament: Revelation apparently has only one heaven, but the Epistle to the Hebrews and the epistles to the Colossians and the Ephesians have more than one, although they don't specify how many, and the apostle Paul tells of his visit to the third heaven, the place, according to contemporary thought, where the garden of Paradise is to be found. The reference to the "third heaven" may refer to one of two cosmological systems present in antiquity: one where the cosmos was divided into seven heavens, and the other where the cosmos was divided into three.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Israel and Judah, like other Canaanite kingdoms, originally had a full pantheon of gods. The chief of the old Canaanite pantheon was the god El, but over time Yahweh replaced him as the national god and the two merged ("Yahweh-El, creator of heaven and earth" – Genesis 14:22). The remaining gods were now subject to Yahweh: "Who in the sky is comparable to Yahweh, like Yahweh among the divine beings? A god dreaded in the Council of holy beings...?" (Psalm 89:6–9). In the Book of Job the Council of Heaven, the Sons of God "(bene elohim)" meet in heaven to review events on Earth and decide the fate of Job. One of their number is "the Satan", literally "the accuser", who travels over the Earth much like a Persian imperial spy, (Job dates from the period of the Persian empire), reporting on, and testing, the loyalty of men to God.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The heavenly bodies (the heavenly host - Sun, Moon, and stars) were worshiped as deities, a practice which the bible disapproves and of which righteous Job protests his innocence: "If I have looked at the sun when it shone, or the moon ... and my mouth has kissed my hand, this also would be an iniquity..." Belief in the divinity of the heavenly bodies explains a passage in Joshua 10:12, usually translated as Joshua asking the Sun and Moon to stand still, but in fact Joshua utters an incantation to ensure that the sun-god and moon-god, who supported his enemies, would not provide them with oracles.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: In the earlier Old Testament texts the "bene elohim" were gods, but subsequently they became angels, the "messengers" ("malakim"), whom Jacob sees going up and down a "ladder" (actually a celestial mountain) between heaven and Earth. In earlier works the messengers were anonymous, but in the Second Temple period (539 BCE–100 CE) they began to be given names, and eventually became the vast angelic orders of Christianity and Judaism. Thus the gods and goddesses who had once been the superiors or equals of Yahweh were first made his peers, then subordinate gods, and finally ended as angels in his service.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: There is no concept of a human soul, or of eternal life, in the oldest parts of the Old Testament. Death is the going-out of the breath which God once breathed into the dust, all men face the same fate in Sheol, a shadowy existence without knowledge or feeling (Job 14:13; Qoheloth 9:5), and there is no way that mortals can enter heaven. In the centuries after the Babylonian exile, a belief in afterlife and post-death retribution appeared in Jewish apocalyptic literature. At much the same time the Bible was translated into Greek, and the translators used the Greek word "paradaisos" (Paradise) for the garden of God and Paradise came to be located in heaven.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: In the Old Testament period, the Earth was most commonly thought of as a flat disc floating on water. The concept was apparently quite similar to that depicted in a Babylonian world-map from about 600 BCE: a single circular continent bounded by a circular sea, and beyond the sea a number of equally spaced triangles called "nagu", "distant regions", apparently islands although possibly mountains. The Old Testament likewise locates islands alongside the Earth; () these are the "ends of the earth" according to , the extreme edge of Job's circular horizon (Job 26:10) where the vault of heaven is supported on mountains. Other OT passages suggest that the sky rests on pillars (Psalm 75:3, 1 Samuel 2:8, Job 9:6), on foundations (Psalms 18:7 and 82:5), or on "supports" (Psalm 104:5). The Book of Job imagines the cosmos as a vast tent, with the Earth as its floor and the sky as the tent itself; from the edges of the sky God hangs the Earth over "nothing", meaning the vast Ocean, securely supported by being tied to the sky (Job 26:7). If the technical means by which Yahweh keeps the earth from sinking into the chaos-waters are unclear, it is nevertheless clear that he does so by virtue of his personal power.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The author of Revelation assumed a flat Earth in Revelation 7:1. The idea that the Earth was a sphere was developed by the Greeks in the 6th century BCE, and by the 3rd century BCE this was generally accepted by educated Romans and Greeks and even by some Jews. Most of the Roman and Greek church fathers acknowledged that the


title: Biblical cosmology

text: In the cosmology of the ancient Near East, the cosmic warrior-god, after defeating the powers of chaos, would create the world and build his earthly house, the temple. Just as the abyss, the deepest deep, was the place for Chaos and Death, so God's temple belonged on the high mountain. In ancient Judah the mountain and the location of the Temple was Zion (Jerusalem), the navel and center of the world (Ezekiel 5:5 and 38:12). The Psalms describe God sitting enthroned over the Flood (the cosmic sea) in his heavenly palace (Psalm 29:10), the eternal king who "lays the beams of his upper chambers in the waters" (Psalm 104:3). The Samaritan Pentateuch identifies this mountain as Mount Gerizim, which the New Testament also implicitly acknowledges (John 4:20). This imagery recalls the Mesopotamian god Ea who places his throne in Apsu, the primeval fresh waters beneath the Earth, and the Canaanite god El, described in the Baal cycle as having his palace on a cosmic mountain which is the source of the primordial ocean/water springs.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The point where heavenly and earthly realms join is depicted as an earthly "garden of God", associated with the temple and royal palace. Ezekiel 28:12–19 places the garden in Eden on the mountain of the gods; in Genesis 2–3 Eden's location is more vague, simply far away "in the east", but there is a strong suggestion in both that the garden is attached to a temple or palace. In Jerusalem the earthly Temple was decorated with motifs of the cosmos and the Garden, and, like other ancient near eastern temples, its three sections made up a symbolic microcosm, from the outer court (the visible world of land and sea), through the Holy Place (the visible heaven and the garden of God) to the Holy of Holies (the invisible heaven of God). The imagery of the cosmic mountain and garden of Ezekiel reappears in the New Testament Book of Revelation, applied to the messianic Jerusalem, its walls adorned with precious stones, the "river of the water of life" flowing from under its throne (Revelation 22:1–2).


title: Biblical cosmology

text: A stream from underground (a subterranean ocean of fresh water?) fertilises Eden before dividing into four rivers that go out to the entire earth (Genesis 2:5–6); in Ezekiel 47:1–12 (see Ezekiel's Temple) and other prophets the stream issues from the Temple itself, makes the desert bloom, and turns the Dead Sea from salt to fresh. Yet the underground waters are ambiguous: they are the source of life-giving rivers, but they are also associated with death (Jeremiah 2:6 and Job 38:16-17 describe how the way to Sheol is through water, and its gates are located at the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the seas).


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Beneath the earth is Sheol, the abode of the "rephaim" (shades), although it is not entirely clear whether all who died became shades, or only the "mighty dead" (compare Psalm 88:10 with Isaiah 14:9 and 26:14). Some biblical passages state that God has no presence in the underworld: "In death there is no remembrance of Thee, in Sheol who shall give Thee thanks?" (Psalm 6). Others imply that the dead themselves are in some sense semi-divine, like the shade of the prophet Samuel, who is called an "elohim", the same word used for God and gods. Still other passages state God's power over Sheol as over the rest of his creation: "Tho they (the wicked) dig into Sheol, from there shall my hand take them..." (Amos 9:2).


title: Biblical cosmology

text: The Old Testament Sheol was simply the home of all the dead, good and bad alike. In the Hellenistic period the Greek-speaking Jews of Egypt, perhaps under the influence of Greek thought, came to believe that the good would not die but would go directly to God, while the wicked would really die and go to the realm of Hades, god of the underworld, where they would perhaps suffer torment. The Book of Enoch, dating from the period between the Old and New Testaments, separates the dead into a well-lit cavern for the righteous and dark caverns for the wicked, and provides the former with a spring, perhaps signifying that these are the "living" (i.e. a spring) waters of life. In the New Testament, Jesus' parable of the rich man and Lazarus reflects the idea that the wicked began their punishment in Hades immediately on dying.


title: Biblical cosmology

text: Hades in the New Testament is a temporary holding place, to be used only until the end of time, when its inhabitants will be thrown into the pit of Gehenna or the Lake of Fire (Revelation 20:10–14). This lake is either underground, or will go underground when the "new earth" emerges. The Satan does not inhabit or supervise the underworld – his sphere of activity is the human world – and is only to be thrown into the fire at the end of time. He appears throughout the Old Testament not as God's enemy but as his minister, "a sort of Attorney-General with investigative and disciplinary powers", as in the Book of Job. It was only with the early Church Fathers that he was identified with the serpent in the Garden of Eden and came to be seen as an active rebel against God, seeking to thwart the divine plan for humankind.


title: Washington quarter

text: The Washington quarter is the present quarter dollar or 25-cent piece issued by the United States Mint. The coin was first struck in 1932; the original version was designed by sculptor John Flanagan.


title: Washington quarter

text: As the United States prepared to celebrate the 1932 bicentennial of the birth of its first president, George Washington, members of the bicentennial committee established by Congress sought a Washington half dollar. They wanted to displace for that year only the regular issue Walking Liberty half dollar; instead Congress permanently replaced the Standing Liberty quarter, requiring that a depiction of Washington appear on the obverse of the new coin. The committee had engaged sculptor Laura Gardin Fraser to design a commemorative medal, and wanted her to adapt her design for the quarter. Although Fraser's work was supported by the Commission of Fine Arts and its chairman, Charles W. Moore, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon chose a design by Flanagan, and Mellon's successor, Ogden L. Mills, refused to disturb the decision.


title: Washington quarter

text: The new silver quarters entered circulation on August 1, 1932, and continued to be struck in silver until the Mint transitioned to copper-nickel clad coinage in 1965. A special reverse commemorating the United States Bicentennial was used in 1975 and 1976, with all pieces bearing the double date 1776–1976; there are no 1975-dated quarters. Since 1999, the original eagle reverse has not been used; instead that side of the quarter has commemorated the 50 states, the nation's other jurisdictions, and historic and natural sites—the last as part of the America the Beautiful Quarters series, which continued until 2021. The bust of Washington was modified and made smaller beginning in 1999; in 2010 the original bust was restored (though still small) to bring out greater detail. In 2021, Flanagan's original design resumed its place on the obverse, with a design showing Washington crossing the Delaware River in 1776 for the reverse, while in 2022 a new commemorative series depicting women commences.


title: Washington quarter

text: The original Washington quarter design struck until 1998 depicted a head of George Washington facing left, with "Liberty" above the head, the date below, and "In God We Trust" in the left field. The reverse depicted an eagle with wings outspread perches on a bundle of arrows framed below by two olive branches.


title: Washington quarter

text: It initially contained 6.25 grams of 90% silver until 1964 when it switched to a base-metal composition of cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel) clad to a pure copper core. Non-circulating versions of the quarter containing silver have also been produced for collectors since 1976.


title: Washington quarter

text: On December 2, 1924, Congress created the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. The 200th anniversary of the birth of Washington, the first president of the United States, would occur in 1932, and Congress wished to plan for the event well in advance. President Calvin Coolidge was "ex officio" chairman of the commission, which included government officials as well as prominent private citizens such as automobile manufacturer Henry Ford. In 1929, the Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, succeeded Coolidge both as president and in his commission role. By that time, however, the commission had become inactive, doing little after sending out an initial flurry of press releases. A new group, the George Washington Bicentennial Committee was established by Act of Congress in February 1930.


title: Washington quarter

text: Hoover was concerned about the large numbers of designs used for commemorative coins in the 1920s; he feared that confusion would aid counterfeiters. When a commemorative coin bill was sent to him by Congress, Hoover vetoed it on April 21, 1930. In a lengthy veto message delivered to Congress with the returned bill, Hoover noted his counterfeiting concerns, and stated that the coins were selling badly anyway—large quantities of Oregon Trail Memorial half dollars remained unsold.


title: Washington quarter

text: The Bicentennial Committee wanted a commemorative Washington half dollar, and sought to assuage Hoover's concerns by proposing that all 1932 half dollars depict Washington instead of bearing the usual Walking Liberty design. The Depression had decreased demand for coin in commerce; no half dollars had been struck in 1930, and none would be until 1933. Most commemorative coins at the time were struck in a quantity of a few thousand. The half dollar was seen as the largest and most prominent design—the Peace dollar was not then being struck and did not circulate in much of the country. Other commemoratives had been sold at a premium; the Washington half dollar would, for one year, be the normal Mint issue. Although it had not yet received congressional approval, the committee went ahead and began a competition. The committee anticipated that the same artist would first design the committee's medal and then the coin. The obverse of both medal and coin were to be based on the well-known sculpture of Washington (1786) by French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon; the artist was not restricted as to the reverse design. By law, coinage designs were approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, at that time Andrew W. Mellon, a noted art collector and connoisseur; it was anticipated he would interpose no objection to the plan.


title: Washington quarter

text: After reviewing the entries, both the Bicentennial Committee and the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) agreed on designs by Laura Gardin Fraser. The wife of James Earle Fraser, designer of the Buffalo nickel, Laura Fraser was a notable coin designer in her own right, having designed several commemorative coins, including the Oregon Trail Memorial pieces. With a right-facing Washington, Fraser's designs were to be used for the medal, and, as those involved expected, the half dollar as well.


title: Washington quarter

text: On February 9, 1931, New Jersey Representative Randolph Perkins introduced legislation for a Washington quarter, to the dismay of the Bicentennial Committee and Fine Arts Commission. The House of Representatives Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures issued a memorandum stating that the design of the existing Standing Liberty quarter had been found to be unsatisfactory, and that the new piece would not only be struck for 1932, it would permanently replace the older design. Thus, a new quarter would both be a tribute to Washington on his bicentennial, and relieve the Mint of the burden of having to coin a difficult-to-strike piece. On February 12, Fine Arts Commission Chairman Charles W. Moore wrote to the House Committee, objecting to the change of denomination, and proposing that they mandate that Laura Fraser's design for the medal also appear on the coin. Moore was ignored, and Congress passed authorizing legislation for a Washington quarter on March 4, 1931. The act provided that Washington's image, to appear on the obverse, was to be based on the "celebrated bust" of the former president by Jean-Antoine Houdon; Fraser had based her design on Houdon's work.


title: Washington quarter

text: On July 14, 1931, Assistant Mint Director Mary Margaret O'Reilly wrote to Moore, asking the Commission's advice on a design competition for the new quarter. Moore replied, stating that as Fraser had won the competition for the medal, she should adapt her design for the quarter. Secretary Mellon responded to Moore, stating that as the Treasury had been no party to the earlier design agreement, it was not bound by it, and would not follow it. The Treasury proceeded to hold a design competition, and when the Fine Arts Commission met to consider the submitted designs in an advisory role, it selected those submitted by Fraser. The designs were submitted to Mellon in November 1931; he selected Flanagan's design and notified Moore of the decision. Moore and commission member Adolph Weinman (who had designed the Mercury dime and Walking Liberty half dollar) attempted to get Mellon to change his mind, but only got him to agree to allow the various sculptors more time to improve their entries—they had asked for more time just for Fraser. On January 20, 1932, following resubmissions, the commission affirmed its support of the Fraser designs.


title: Washington quarter

text: Mellon left office on February 12, 1932; he was succeeded by Ogden L. Mills. With a new Secretary of the Treasury in office, Moore renewed his protest, sending Mills a letter on March 31 deprecating Flanagan's design and urging the new secretary to accede to the commission's recommendation. Mills had already been briefed by O'Reilly on the quarter matter, and responded to Moore on April 11. Secretary Mills informed Moore that the chairman's letter had caused him to request changes from the sculptor, but that he would not override Mellon's decision. On April 16, the selection of Flanagan's designs was publicly announced.


title: Washington quarter

text: Mellon was aware of which artists had submitted which designs, and has been accused of discriminating against Fraser as a woman. Numismatic historian Walter Breen stated, "it has been learned that Mellon knew all along who had submitted the winning models, and his male chauvinism partly or wholly motivated his unwillingness to let a woman win." Bowers, however, noted that Mellon had approved Fraser's designs for commemorative coins several times, as well as those by other women, and that no contemporary source speaks to any bias on Mellon's part. Bowers called the belief "modern numismatic fiction". Fraser's design was used in 1999 as a commemorative half eagle issued 200 years after Washington's death, and has been recommended as the obverse beginning in 2022.


title: Washington quarter

text: In 1785, the French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon was commissioned by the Virginia General Assembly to sculpt a bust of Washington, who had led the nascent United States to victory in the American Revolutionary War. Houdon had been recommended by the recently returned United States Minister to France, Benjamin Franklin. The retired general sat for Houdon at Mount Vernon, the Washington family home in Fairfax County, Virginia between October 6 and 12, 1785. The sculptor took a life mask of the general's face—Washington's adopted granddaughter Nelly Custis, aged six at the time, later recalled her shock in seeing Washington lying on a table, as she thought dead, covered by a sheet and by the plaster for the mask. She was told that two quills extended into his nostrils, providing him with air. A bust at Mount Vernon today testifies to that visit. On his return to Paris, Houdon used his visage of General Washington in a number of sculptural settings, including the commissioned statue for the General Assembly, which still stands in marble in the Virginia State Capitol.


title: Washington quarter

text: Portraits of Washington on medals and in other media subsequent to the sculptor's visit were most often based on Houdon's work, beginning with the 1786 "Washington Before Boston" medal engraved by Pierre Simon DuViviers. Although only one American, Abraham Lincoln, had appeared on a circulating US coin by the 1920s, the Houdon bust had been used as the basis of the portrait of Washington on the commemorative Lafayette dollar dated 1900 and on the Sesquicentennial half dollar of 1926. According to coin dealer and numismatic historian Q. David Bowers, the Houdon bust, even then, was the most common representation of Washington on coins and medals. Little is known of Flanagan's creative process, although models of Flanagan's quarter with a different portrayal of Washington, facing right, and with a different eagle, have come on the market. Flanagan's adaptation differs from the Houdon bust in some particulars: for example, the shape of the head is different, and there is a roll of hair on the quarter not found on the bust.


title: Washington quarter

text: Art historian Cornelius Vermeule said of Flanagan's quarter, "a die designer could do little wrong in having Houdon's Neoclassic image as his prototype ... Still, it might be asked whether or not it was fair to force an ideal[ized] portrait of Washington made in 1785 on an artist working in 1932. There is something cold and lifeless about the results." Vermeule suggests that the quarter started a trend of similar portrait coins issued by the United States, notably the Jefferson nickel and Franklin half dollar. The historian preferred Laura Fraser's version, and termed Flanagan's reverse "a stiff bit of heraldry amid too large a wreath and too much or too large lettering".


title: Washington quarter

text: In early July 1932, newspapers announced that the Washington quarter was being struck and would be issued at the end of the month, once there were sufficient pieces for a nationwide distribution. They stressed that the new quarter was not a commemorative.


title: Washington quarter

text: The quarter was released into circulation on August 1, 1932. There was no great need for the coins in commerce; despite that, it was announced that six million pieces would be struck in honor of the Washington bicentennial. The coins were generally well received, though the reverse prompted discussion as to whether a bald eagle was depicted, or some other sort of eagle. An eagle expert consulted by "The New York Times" concluded it was a bald eagle.


title: Washington quarter

text: About 6.2 million quarters were struck in 1932, of which 5.4 million were coined at the Philadelphia mint. Production runs of just over 400,000 each occurred at the Denver and San Francisco mints; these are still the low mintages of the series. The small mintage of the 1932 Denver piece meant that few were available to be hoarded by coin dealers, leading to present-day scarcity in mint state or uncirculated condition; the mint marks on the 1932-D and 1932-S have been counterfeited. No quarters were struck at any mint in 1933, as there was an oversupply caused by the 1932 issue.


title: Washington quarter

text: Unlike many earlier coins, the Washington quarter struck exceptionally well, bringing out its full details. This sharpness is possible because the designs of both sides were spread out, with no points of high relief. Nevertheless, the Mint repeatedly adjusted the design. In the first three years of striking (1932, 1934 and 1935), three different varieties of the obverse are known. They are generally called after the appearance of "", to the left of Washington's head: the Light Motto, Medium Motto, and Heavy Motto. Only the first was used in 1932. All three were used on the 1934 Philadelphia strikes, though only the latter two on the 1934 Denver Mint coins. In 1935 only the Medium Motto was used at all three mints. However, the Heavy Motto apparently proved most satisfactory to the Mint as beginning in 1936 only pieces of that variety were struck at all sites.


title: Washington quarter

text: For unknown reasons, the original reverse hub was used only in 1932; a new hub was used when coining resumed in 1934. The original style had a high rim around the reverse design, protecting it from wear so well that 1932 quarters in lower grade generally are about equally worn on either side. In later years, with a lowered rim, circulated silver pieces tend to be more worn on the reverse.


title: Washington quarter

text: The fine-tuning of the design continued through the end of silver production with pieces dated 1964. During that time, the obverse was modified six times. One revision, in 1944, left Flanagan's initials, on the cutoff of the bust, distorted; this was adjusted the following year. Beginning in 1937, and continuing until the end of silver circulation production with pieces dated 1964, a very slightly different reverse was used for proof coins, as opposed to circulation pieces. This is most evident in examining the letters "es" in "States" which almost touch on circulation strikes, and display a separation on proofs.


title: Washington quarter

text: The piece was struck in numbers exceeding 100 million in some years through 1964. The San Francisco Mint ceased striking coins after 1955; it struck no quarters that year or in 1949.


title: Washington quarter

text: In 1964, there was a severe shortage of coins. Silver prices were rising, and the public responded by hoarding not only the wildly popular new coin, the Kennedy half dollar, but the other denominations, including the non-silver cent and nickel. Hopeful that issuing more 1964-dated coins would counter the speculation in them, the Treasury obtained Congressional authorization to continue striking 1964-dated coins into 1965.


title: Washington quarter

text: The Mint's production of coins rapidly depleted the Treasury's stock of silver. Prices for the metal were rising to such an extent that, by early June 1965, a dollar in silver coin contained 93.3 cents' worth of it at market prices. On June 3, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson announced plans to eliminate silver from the dime and quarter in favor of a clad composition, with layers of copper-nickel on each side of a layer of pure copper. The half dollar was changed from 90% silver to 40%. Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1965 in July, under which the Mint transitioned from striking 1964-dated silver quarters to striking 1965-dated clad quarters. Beginning on August 1, 1966, the Mint began to strike 1966-dated pieces, and thereafter it resumed the normal practice of striking the current year's date on each piece.


title: Washington quarter

text: The new clad quarters were struck without mint mark in 1965–1967, regardless of the mint of origin. Beginning in 1968, mint marks were used again, except that Philadelphia continued to issue coins without them. The San Francisco Mint had reopened, but from 1968, it struck quarters only for collectors, for the most part proof coins. The Mint adjusted both sides of the coin for the initiation of clad coinage, lowering the relief (the modified reverse design exists on some 1964-dated silver quarters). The obverse was slightly changed in 1974, with some details sharpened. Mint marks on post-1967 pieces are found on the lower right of the obverse, to the right of Washington's neck.


title: Washington quarter

text: Beginning in 1976, and continuing over the following twenty years, Mint engravers modified the design a number of times. Quarters were struck at the West Point Mint between 1977 and 1979, but they bore no mint mark. The Philadelphia Mint's mint mark "P" was used on coins struck at that facility beginning in 1980. Coins dated 1982 and 1983, both from Philadelphia and Denver, command a large premium over face value when found in near-pristine condition.


title: Washington quarter

text: Beginning in 1992, the Mint began selling silver proof sets, including a quarter struck in .900 silver; this has continued to the present day. Although President George H. W. Bush signed authorizing legislation for these pieces in 1990, coinage did not begin until 1992 due to difficulty in obtaining sufficient coinage blanks in .900 silver.


title: Washington quarter

text: In January 1973, Representative Richard C. White introduced legislation for commemorative dollars and half dollars for the 1976 United States Bicentennial. On June 6, Mint Director Mary Brooks testified before a congressional committee, and responding to concerns that only the two least-popular denominations would be changed, agreed to support the temporary redesign of the quarter as well. On October 18, 1973, President Richard Nixon signed legislation mandating a temporary redesign of the three denominations for all coins issued after July 4, 1975, and struck before January 1, 1977. These pieces bore the double date 1776–1976. In addition to circulation pieces, Congress mandated that 45 million Bicentennial coins be struck in 40% silver. Fearful of creating low-mintage pieces which might be hoarded as the cent recently had been, thus creating a shortage of quarters, in December 1974 the Mint obtained congressional approval to continue striking 1974-dated quarters, half dollars and dollars until Bicentennial coinage began. Accordingly, there are no 1975-dated quarters. Almost two billion Bicentennial quarters were struck, as the Mint sought to assure that there would be plenty of souvenirs of the anniversary. The Mint sold the silver sets, in both uncirculated and proof, for more than a decade before ending sales at the end of 1986. Jack L. Ahr's colonial drummer, which had appeared on the Bicentennial quarter, was replaced after 1976 by Flanagan's original reverse.


title: Washington quarter

text: At a congressional hearing in June 1995, Mint Director Philip N. Diehl and prominent numismatists urged Congress to pass legislation allowing a series of circulating commemorative coins similar to the quarters Canada had recently struck for its provinces. In response, Congress passed the United States Commemorative Coins Act of 1996, which was signed by President Bill Clinton on October 20, 1996. The act directed the Mint to study whether a series of commemorative quarters would be successful. The Mint duly studied the matter and reported favorably. Although the act had given Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin the authority to carry out the report by selecting new coin designs, Secretary Rubin preferred to await congressional action. The resulting 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act was signed by President Clinton on December 1, 1997. Under the act, each of the fifty states would be honored with a new quarter, to be issued five a year beginning in 1999, with the sequence of issuance determined by the order the states had entered the Union. The act allowed the Secretary to determine the position of the required legends, such as "" on the coin: To accommodate a large design on the reverse, "" and "" were moved to the obverse, and the bust of Washington shrunken slightly. A state's design would be selected by the Treasury Secretary on the recommendation of the state's governor.


title: Washington quarter

text: As part of the series, the Mint sold collector's versions in proof, including pieces struck in .900 silver. The Mint also sold a large number of numismatic items, including rolls and bags of coins, collector's maps, and other items designed to encourage coin collecting among the general public. The Mint estimated that the government profited by $3 billion through seignorage on coins saved by the public and through other revenues, over what it would otherwise have earned.


title: Washington quarter

text: Legislation to extend the program to the District of Columbia and the territories had been four times passed by the House of Representatives, but the Senate had failed to consider it each time. Provisions authorizing such a program were inserted into an urgent appropriations bill and passed in December 2007. The resultant 2009 District of Columbia and U.S. Territories Quarters Program maintained the Washington obverse but on the reverse displayed designs in honor of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, all minted in 2009.


title: Washington quarter

text: In 2008, Congress passed the America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act. This legislation called for 56 coins, one for each state or other jurisdiction, to be issued five per year beginning in 2010 and concluding in 2021. Each coin features a National Park Service site or national forest, one per jurisdiction. Flanagan's head of Washington was restored to bring out detail. In addition to the circulating pieces and collector's versions, bullion pieces with 5 troy ounces (155 g) of silver are being struck with the quarter's design.


title: Washington quarter

text: In May 2012, the Mint announced plans to strike the first circulation-quality quarters at the San Francisco Mint since 1954, to be sold only at a premium in bags and rolls. All five 2012 designs were struck, the first circulation-quality coins struck at San Francisco since 1983 (when Lincoln cents were struck without mint mark), and the first with the S mint mark since the Anthony dollar in 1981 (struck for mint sets only). In 2019, the silver version of the quarter was struck in .999 silver, marking a permanent change from the previous .900. In 2019, the Mint struck 2,000,000 of each circulating quarter design at the West Point Mint bearing its mint mark W. These were released into circulation mixed in with new coins from Philadelphia or Denver. This continued in 2020 with the 2020-W quarters bearing a privy mark inside a small cartouche on the obverse.


title: Washington quarter

text: Following the conclusion of the National Parks quarter series in 2021, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin had the option of ordering a second round of 56 national parks quarters, but did not do so by the end of 2018 as required in the 2008 legislation.


title: Washington quarter

text: The quarter's design for 2021 therefore reverted to Flanagan's original obverse design, paired with a new reverse rendition of Washington crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25, 1776. In October 2019, the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC) met to consider designs, with the final choice made by Mnuchin. On December 25, 2020, the Mint announced the successful design, by Benjamin Sowards as sculpted by Michael Gaudioso. This quarter was released into circulation on April 5, 2021 and was minted until the end of 2021.


title: Washington quarter

text: The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 () established three new series of quarters for the next decade. From 2022 to 2025, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring prominent American women, with a new obverse design of Washington. In 2026, there will be up to five designs representing the United States Semiquincentennial. From 2027 to 2030, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring youth sports. The obverse will also be redesigned in 2027, and even after 2030 is still to depict Washington.


title: Washington quarter

text: The American Women quarters program will issue up to five new reverse designs each year from 2022 to 2025 featuring the accomplishments and contributions made in various fields by women to American history and development. The obverse design features Fraser's portrait of Washington originally intended for the first Washington quarter in 1932.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Red-tagging in the Philippines is the malicious blacklisting of individuals or organizations critical or not fully supportive of the actions of a sitting government administration in the country. These individuals and organizations are "tagged" as either communist or terrorist or both, regardless of their actual political beliefs or affiliations. It is a type of incitement and has pernicious effects on its targets. Red-tagging may be performed by either security forces, public servants or shills.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The practice is a relic of the Cold War and has had a long history in the former United States colony. Cause-oriented groups including the United Nations, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch warn that its use as a political tactic undermines Philippine democracy by stifling dissent, producing a chilling effect on general discourse and, more insidiously, encouraging assassinations and retaliations.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Commonly defined as the harassment or persecution of a person because of "known or suspected communist sympathies," the extensive history of red-tagging in the Philippines has led to the recognition of several formal definitions by the Philippine government.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Commission on Human Rights follows the definition laid down by the International Peace Observers Network (IPON), which defines it as:An act of State actors, particularly law enforcement agencies, to publicly brand individuals, groups, or institutions as… affiliated to communist or leftist terrorists.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Additionally, the term has been defined in Philippine jurisprudence through the dissenting opinion of Supreme Court Associate Justice Marvic Leonen in the 2015 court case Zarate vs. Aquino III (G.R. No. 220028 J. Leonen Dissenting Opinion, November 10, 2015), in which Leonen adopted a 2011 journals' definition of red-tagging:the act of labelling, branding, naming and accusing individuals and/ or organizations of being left-leaning, subversives, communists or terrorists (used as) a strategy… by State agents, particularly law enforcement agencies and the military, against those perceived to be 'threats' or 'enemies of the State.'


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Red-tagging impinges on the right to free expression and dissent according to media and rights groups. The Philippine Commission of Human Rights (CHR) also noted that red-tagging threatens the lives or safety of individuals. The act of red-tagging human-rights defenders constitutes a grave threat to their lives, liberty, and security. It creates a distortion to the nature of their work and makes them susceptible to attacks and a number of violations as emphasized by the CHR. The killing of four activists in June 2015 in Sorsogon City may have been the result of the activists's membership in groups that were red-tagged by the Philippine government, according to Amnesty International. Security forces have raided the offices of these red-tagged organizations and arrested members of these organizations. The raids have been described as a crackdown on dissent.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Philippine independent news organization Vera Files notes that since President Rodrigo Duterte declared the Communist Party of the Philippines and the New People's Army terrorist organizations under the Human Security Act of 2007, individuals and organizations who have been red-tagged are vulnerable to interception and recording of communication, detention without charges, restricted travel and personal liberties, examination of bank records, and the seizure and sequestration of their assets. Reporters Without Borders notes that red-tagged individuals are vulnerable to death threats and violence. In some instances, targets of red-tagging are also harassed by accusations of terrorism.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: According to CHR Spokesperson Jacqueline de Guia, this kind of labeling may have serious consequences on the security of the groups or individuals that are being tagged. Additionally, Karapatan states that this jeopardizes the initiatives of human rights organizations and defenders to inform the public about the violation of rights in the Philippines.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Karapatan Deputy Secretary General Roneo Clamor said that human rights defenders who are red-tagged are not only illegally arrested, some are also killed. According to him, the National Task Force (NTF) was made to hinder the human rights defenders to get justice for the victims.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The CHR stated that red-tagging needs to be seen in the context of the increasing extrajudicial killings in rural Philippines and the government's counterinsurgency program. From July 2016 to November 2019, Karapatan documented 293 victims of extrajudicial killings perpetrated in line with the counterinsurgency program, with 167 defenders killed or an average of one to two HRDs killed every week. At least 429 were victims of frustrated killings. They also documented at least 14 massacres and hundreds of victims of extrajudicial killings (including 28 children) under President Aquino's term.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: After redtagging of various personalities by Lt. Gen. Antonio Parlade in October 2020, Senator Panfilo Lacson ordered the general summoned to senate hearing. Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana had also warned against making baseless accusations, indirectly referring to Parlade's statements and double-downs.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Organizations frequently subject to red-tagging in the Philippines include civil-rights groups, religious institutions, health worker unions, academia, and the mainstream and alternative media. Workers' and farmers' groups and land and environmental defenders are also frequently red-tagged. Some of these organizations and institutions are branded as fronts, supporters or mere sympathizers of the New People's Army.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Human rights advocates and human rights organizations in the Philippines, whether civil society, intergovernment, and even governmental in nature, have often been the subject of "defamatory and intimidating public statements" as a result of their human rights monitoring work.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Karapatan is one of the progressive organizations that is continuously targeted by anonymous people, military and police, and the Duterte administration. In March 2019, the group filed complaints concerning the alleged practice of branding and labeling organizations as terrorists by the Duterte administration. The attacks were in different forms, such as a direct tagging from President Duterte in his previous speech as well as tarpaulins and flyers that label them as such. Thus, in June 2019, Amnesty International called on the Philippine government to stop branding similar organizations like Karapatan as "communist fronts." According to the organization, two of its staff were gunned down by unidentified people last June 15. Similarly, on the next day, Nonoy Palma, a farmer activist, was also gunned down by an unidentified person in Naga City, Camarines Sur. Amnesty International called for the fulfillment of the protection of human rights by human rights defenders and activists. However, in December 2019, Cristina Palabay, Karapatan's Secretary General of Human Rights, received death and rape threats from anonymous texters. Another anonymous sender texted her various slurs and defended the Duterte administration. In August 2020, two Karapatan officers, as well as other activists, received death threats. This came a week after Zara Alvarez was gunned down by an unidentified man in Bacolod City on August 17.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In criminal and administrative suits filed before the Office of the Ombudsman on December 4, 2020, Karapatan asserted that red-tagging "can be considered a violation of the principle of distinction" under international humanitarian law."


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In 2018 a United Nations Human Rights Council report counted "at least 80 recognized human rights defenders, indigenous peoples' representatives, and representatives of community-based organizations," which the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte had labeled as terrorists in connection with their work, some of which was part of their "cooperation with the United Nations." This included UN Special Rapporteur Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, who was falsely listed as a senior member of the NPA.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In January 2019, indigenous Lumad leaders Datu Jomorito Guaynon and Ireneo Udarbe were arrested after being accused by police and state elements of being communist rebel recruiters. Both have frequently organized protests against ancestral land encroachment and mining.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In August 2019, Brandon Lee, an American ancestral-domain paralegal and Cordillera Human Rights Alliance volunteer, was shot four times outside his home in Ifugao province, putting him in a coma. Since 2015, posters claiming Lee and other IPM members as "enemies of the state" and members of the NPA had been circulating in the province.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Negrense ethnic group has also been subject to a disproportionate amount of red-tagging in the decades since Philippine independence, from the usual "sacadas" "dumaan"s to legal professionals, celebrities and even call-center labor-rights advocates. The persistent attacks have led to the steady growth of the #DefendNegros movement among a broad section of Negrenses resident both in Negros and the diaspora.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Lumad school volunteer teacher Chad Booc has been continuously red-tagged by state forces even after his demise during the New Bataan massacre.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Commission on Human Rights stated that the administration's red-tagging has endangered the lives of a lot of members of Philippine labor unions, that "branding any group as a communist front without proper trial violates their constitutional guarantee of presumption of innocence."


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In 2018, Victor Ageas, labor union leader of the Nagkahiusang Mamumuo sa Suyapa Farm (NAMAFUSA-NAFLU-KMU), who stood against the Japanese giant Sumitomo Fruit Corp. (Sumifru) in Compostela Valley province survived an assassination attempt by motorcycle-riding gunmen who ambushed him while on his way to work. Labor union leader, Melodina Gumanoy, secretary of Namafusa-Naflu-KMU, was also targeted when motorcycle-riding gunmen attempted to kill her while she was on her way for work in Packing Plant 250 owned by Sumifru at Osmeña village, Compostela town.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Moreover, labor organizations were also labelled as legal fronts of an underground armed struggle movement and arrested activists were routinely alleged of possessing firearms and ammunition.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The National Federation of Sugar Workers (NFSW), established by Negrense sugarcane workers in La Carlota, Negros Occidental in 1971, had been denounced as a front for the Communist Party of the Philippines as well as accused of profiteering on privately owned land. This then became the "ex post facto" justification for the Sagay massacre in which nine NFSW members were killed. Violent socioeconomic conflict has been a plague on a heavily stratified Negrense society since the 1850s.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In the same month of October 2018, the government released a matrix of names involved in what it alleged to be a "Red October" plot. The list included names of activists from the Liberal Party, the Catholic Church, universities, and various human rights and labor groups. Transportation strikes organized against the rapid modernization of jeepneys were swept up by the Department of Transportation as a communist plot.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: José "Jerry" Catálogo of the NFSW had also reportedly been placed under taxpayer-paid surveillance before his subsequent assassination in Escalante by unidentified gunmen.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In October 2019, the management of the Coca-Cola plant in Bacolod City revealed that a man called Ka Tom Mateo, who was allegedly a former armed insurgent now reporting directly to the president, denounced the recognized union of the plant as a subversive organization and attacked the union's collective agreement and dues structure, which urged their members to terminate their membership and disaffiliate from the labor union.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Coca-Cola Company has distinguished itself in recent years for an incapacity to document labor-rights violations at its own operations and those of its bottlers in Haiti, Indonesia, Ireland and the USA.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: At the start of 2020, the Defend Jobs Philippines stated that the Philippine National police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) used black propaganda against union leaders and labor unions by holding such a forum and orientation through the Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (TF-ELCAC), which was organized through President Duterte's Executive Order 70, and organizing it at the National Housing Authority Office in Quezon City, Philippines.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Defend Jobs Philippines spokesperson Thadeus Ifurung explained that such moves to deal with the dissent of the workforce present red-tagging and maliciously identifying union leaders and members among the public sector as 'communists' and endangers their safety and right to self-organization as workers.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Pagkakaisa ng Manggagawa sa Timog Katagalugan (Pamantik-KMU), a labor federation, was accused by the police and military in February 2020 of being the "front organizations of the CPP-NPA" after a July surrender ceremony where the officials claimed that 131 "surrenderees" came from the labor sector in various parts of Laguna, where allegedly 94 were members of the Pamantik-KMU.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Along with presenting the 131 "surrenderees," the police also presented what they claimed as surrendered arms and propaganda materials used by the so-called surrenderees, which included books, pamphlets, Mao caps, and election materials for national-democratic party Bayan Muna.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Devout Christians and anticommunists, such as labor organizer Johnny Tan and his colleagues in the Federation of Free Workers, were themselves not spared from being "tagged as communists" as early as the 1950s.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The red-tagging of labor unions as subversive organizations is believed to be an attempt to legitimize and incite violence and repression in order to undermine union organization, spread fear among workers, and discourage them from forming independent unions.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Lawyers and judges have also been red-tagged. In January 2021, the AFP falsely accused human rights lawyers Roan Libarios, Alexander Padilla, and Rafael Aquino of having been armed rebels who have been captured or killed. The Integrated Bar of the Philippines called the allegations "ridiculous" and pointed out that red-tagging endangers not just the wrongfully accused but also their families and friends. The IBP also said that "red-tagging is unfair, illegal and disregards due process and the rule of law." The AFP Information Exchange later apologized and said it was conducting an internal investigation regarding the Facebook post where the accusations were published.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The red-tagging of a Mandaluyong regional trial court judge was condemned by human rights' groups, law professors, the Commission on Human Rights, and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court in a statement condemned "in the strongest sense every instance where a lawyer is threatened or killed and where a judge is threatened and unfairly labelled." The red-tagging of the judge was condemned in both the House of Representatives and in the Senate.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Facebook page of National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) posted a series of infographics that incorrectly said media giant ABS-CBN's franchise was not renewed because "they have issues with the law." Verified pages of the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO) and Radio Television Malacañang (RVTM) shared NTF-ELCAC posts pertaining to ABS-CBN's franchise. This act of NTF-ELCAC and the involved government pages were condemned by journalists, academics and media groups as "black propaganda offensive" and an abuse of authority of NTF-ELCAC that endangers ABS-CBN's workforce and Maria Ressa.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Journalists have raised concerns over worsening attacks against the press after the red-tagging of veteran journalist Froilan Gallardo and a former National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP) director Leonardo Vicente "Cong" Corrales who received a death threat. Journalists and artists are tagged as supporters of "communist terrorists" and active members of the Communist Party of the Philippines or the New People's Army.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Pampanga TV manager Sonia Soto, who is also the president of the media arm of the LausGroup of Companies, was red tagged by National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) regional director, Rolando Asuncion, during a forum at Don Honorio Ventura State University in Bacolor town. The director identified her as among the 31 radio broadcasters in the country who had links to communist and terrorist groups.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: After "Ang Iskul kong Bakwit," a documentary by Atom Araullo, aired on GMA News TV's i-Witness, alleged Indigenous people leaders described the documentary as "blatantly propagandistic" and accused Araullo of being "biased." Said IP leaders went as far as linking journalist Araullo to the communist insurgency through his mother, Carol Araullo, chairperson of Bayan. NUJP condemned the NTF-ELCAC for using the same "incredulous tactic" used by the government to vilify critics by linking them to the communist insurgency.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: On August 11, 2020, private Filipino citizen Jefferson Lodia Badong accused novelist and Duterte-critic Lualhati Bautista of being a member of the New People's Army (NPA), an allegation that endangered Bautista's personal safety. Bautista posted a screenshot of the comment on her Facebook wall. The post trended and commenters admonished Badong for harassing Bautista and red-tagging, an act that endangers its target and is used to curtail free speech. Badong wrote a public apology and made his account private. Badong later deleted the apology minutes after posting it. In another post, Bautista threatened to sue Badong for cyberlibel along with a screenshot of his profile. Bautista later said that she will not be proceeding with the case as Badong has sent her a private apology, which Bautista posted. In the aftermath, Badong deactivated his account after he was continually shamed by supporters and friends of Bautista.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The National Council of Churches in the Philippines, the World Council of Churches and the Society of Jesus have also been red-tagged. The University of San Carlos of the Catholic Church has been tagged as an active CPP supporter as well as being affiliated with a "satanic cult", referencing the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory and Karl Marx's family's alleged "satanic" Sabbateanism.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Humanitarian organization Oxfam has been accused by the Philippine Department of National Defense of being a communist and terror front. Security forces raided the offices of other red-tagged organizations and arrested 57 individuals.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Practical bottom–up efforts rooted in the traditional and precolonial spirit of "bayanihan" have been threatened with glib accusations of sympathizing with causes condemned by the NTF-ELCAC. Community pantries, set up in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, had been denounced by state officials as being fronts for the Communist Party of the Philippines. Antonio Parlade disapproved of the widely circulating narrative that the state had been inadequate in responding to the effects of its own measures in containing COVID-19. Lorraine Badoy-Partosa also slammed the National Democratic Front of the Philippines for allegedly setting up community pantries for seditious purposes. Karapatan, in an official statement, hit back, stressing, "Having already been the cause of hardship in the first place, they now have the gall to intimidate?" Panfilo Lacson has also praised the mutual-aid efforts of pantry organizers.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In 2020, actress Angel Locsin, after merely criticizing Congress, was accused of being a terrorist and a member of the NPA. Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. retaliated by slamming the actress' slanderers, tweeting "Anyone [who] messes with her will get it. I am not allowed to threaten on Twitter."


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In October 2020, Lt. Gen. Antonio Parlade Jr. of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) urged supporters of the government to refrain from "red tagging" actress Liza Soberano after she appeared on a webinar of GABRIELA, but appeared to have done it himself anyhow. Parlade warned her that engaging with activist groups like GABRIELA would make her end up like activist Josephine Lapira, who allegedly joined the NPA and was killed in an armed encounter with government troops. He also mentioned several other celebrities who are vocal against the government such as beauty queen Catriona Gray and actress Angel Locsin. Soberano's camp denounced the "red tagging" of the actress. GABRIELA, with senators Risa Hontiveros and Francis Pangilinan defended Soberano and criticized Parlade's "red tagging," while the Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP) urged the general to retract his statement and apologize to the actress.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: One of the most prominent targets of red-tagging by what had then been the Committee on Un-Filipino Activities (CUFA), modeled after the Committee on Un-American Activities, had been Claro M. Recto. A fervent nationalist, he dared to oppose US national interests in the Philippines, as when he campaigned against its military bases in his country. During the 1957 presidential campaign, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) conducted black-propaganda operations to ensure his defeat, including the distribution of condoms with holes in them and marked with "Courtesy of Claro M. Recto" on the labels. Other luminaries such as Arsenio Lacson, José P. Laurel and Lorenzo M. Tañada had also been made targets.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: The Philippine Commission of Human Rights, a constitutional agency independent of the three branches of government, mandated to monitor human rights abuses by state actors, has also received various threats from the government. On Christmas Eve of 2021, COMELEC was similarly tagged as "inflitrated", as well as likened to Marcus Junius Brutus.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In October 2020, Lt. Gen. Antonio Parlade accused Manila Mayor Isko Moreno of "fear[ing]" and "welcoming … terrorist[s]" to the city. Moreno had earlier ordered the taking down of unauthorized tarpaulins that declared CPP members, NPA fighters and national democrats as "personae non gratae" in the city. Cavite Governor Jonvic Remulla backed the Manila mayor on the issue, saying that the general "should be ashamed of himself," adding, "Are you out of your mind, Parlade?" Meanwhile, Pamalakaya, which represents fisherfolk and coastal communities in Cavite, have retaliated against Parlade in defense of Remulla, urging the governor to instead declare the general as "persona non grata" in their province. Some commentators have satirized the banality and meaninglessness that has come to characterize, on the one hand, red-tagging and, on the other, false accusations leading to ; for instance, by pointing out the absurdity in tagging the likes of Bongbong Marcos and economic liberal and declared NTF-ELCAC supporter Leni Robredo red.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: Government officials and former press secretary Rigoberto Tiglao claimed that it was Sison himself who had unwittingly "tagged" specific groups red, including by identifying them online. Sison disputes this by claiming that, "I differentiated the legal forces of the National Democratic movement from the armed revolutionary movement."


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: On October 27, 2020, Parladé clarified that, "Communism "per se" … if it's just belief in communism and that belief isn't paired with violence, I think everyone would get along. … In fact, in Europe … there are still many communist parties, but that's okay since they don't maintain armed wings. Their societies have come to accept them. But over here, it's different: [the CPP-1968] has an armed wing. And that's why we're having this problem." Likewise, on March 16, 2021, he said that, "It's the same with the right: if you're far right, and you [cross the line] by taking up arms and trying to overthrow the [government], that's a whole other story."


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In 2019, United Nations rapporteurs said that the "criminalizing discourse used by Philippine public officials undermines the value of the vital work of human rights defenders, denigrates them in the eyes of the public and may put them at risk of threats, violence or other forms of harassment", adding that threats and harassment hinder the groups from doing their work.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In a 2020 report, the Commission on Human Rights called on members of the executive branch of government to desist from red-tagging and labelling defenders as terrorists or enemies of the state and to prohibit the practice.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: In an interview on June 9, 2022, incoming National Security Adviser Clarita Carlos expressed a strong disapproval of red-tagging, stating that under the incoming presidency of Bongbong Marcos, the administration will focus on the lack of opportunities and injustices that are not being addressed that are at "the roots of insurgency". This was echoed by outgoing Department of Justice (DOJ) secretary and incoming Solicitor General Menardo Guevarra, who stated at a forum on June 15 that the DOJ does not condone labeling individuals and groups as those with links to armed insurgency groups, saying that if there is concrete evidence, it should be filed according to the legal process. Guevarra also discouraged tagging individuals solely for being vocal about their political views as doing so would put them in danger. In response to some NTF-ELCAC officials that have publicly red-tagged individuals and groups, Guevara also stated that the DOJ has expressed its position to the NTF-ELCAC, but is unaware if his advice has been followed. Furthermore, Guevara reminds that the NTF-ELCAC must follow its main mandate of a "whole of nation approach" to the communist insurgency problem, which must attract insurgents to return to the "folds of the law" and not to openly engage them in combat.


title: Red-tagging in the Philippines

text: While there is some coverage of red-tagging as a practice in Filipino mainstream news coverage, media watchgroups such as the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility have noted that this is typically limited to reportage regarding the statements of the groups involved, and few news outlets add "the necessary explanation why the profiling of the two organizations is dangerous". In a January 2019 statement, they said: Dissent is essential to a working democracy. The independent press has to remind its audience of that fact as attempts to discredit various groups critical of the current regime continue, rather than just report statements of public officials condemning the politics of the Left and publicly naming those they see as "Red".