title: Ground effect (aerodynamics)

text: Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II weapons-bay inboard doors on the F-35B open to capture fountain flow created by the engine and fan lift jets and counter suckdown IGE.


title: Ground effect (aerodynamics)

text: The stalling angle of attack is less in ground effect, by approximately 2–4 degrees, than in free air. When the flow separates there is a large increase in drag. If the aircraft overrotates on take-off at too low a speed the increased drag can prevent the aircraft from leaving the ground. Two de Havilland Comets overran the end of the runway after overrotating. Loss of control may occur if one wing tip stalls in ground effect. During certification testing of the Gulfstream G650 business jet the test aircraft rotated to an angle beyond the predicted IGE stalling angle. The over-rotation caused one wing-tip to stall and an uncommanded roll, which overpowered the lateral controls, led to loss of the aircraft.


title: Ground effect (aerodynamics)

text: A few vehicles have been designed to explore the performance advantages of flying in ground effect, mainly over water. The operational disadvantages of flying very close to the surface have discouraged widespread applications.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: M.U.L.E. is a 1983 multiplayer video game written for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers by Ozark Softscape. Designer Danielle Bunten Berry (credited as Dan Bunten) took advantage of the four joystick ports of the Atari 400 and 800 to allow four-player simultaneous play. "M.U.L.E." was one of the first five games published in 1983 by new company Electronic Arts, alongside "Axis Assassin", "", "Worms?", and "Hard Hat Mack". Primarily a turn-based strategy game, it incorporates real-time elements where players compete directly as well as aspects that simulate economics.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, and IBM PC (as a self-booting disk). Japanese versions also exist for the PC-8801, Sharp X1, and MSX 2 computers. Like the subsequent models of the Atari 8-bit family, none of these systems allow four players with separate joysticks. The Commodore 64 version lets four players share joysticks, with two players using the keyboard during action portions.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Set on the fictional planet Irata ("Atari" backwards), the game is an exercise in supply and demand economics involving competition among four players, with computer opponents automatically filling in for any missing players. Players choose the race of their colonist, which has advantages and disadvantages that can be paired to their respective strategies. To win, players not only compete against each other to amass the largest amount of wealth, but must also cooperate for the survival of the colony.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Central to the game is the acquisition and use of "Multiple Use Labor Elements", or "M.U.L.E."s, to develop and harvest resources from the player's real estate. Depending on how it is outfitted, a M.U.L.E. can be configured to harvest Energy, Food, Smithore (from which M.U.L.E.s are constructed), and Crystite (a valuable mineral available only at the "Tournament" level). Players must balance supply and demand of these elements, buying what they need and selling what they don't. Players may exploit or create shortages by refusing to sell to other players or to the "store," which raises the price of the resource on the following turns. Scheming between players is encouraged by allowing collusion, which initiates a mode allowing a private transaction. Crystite is the one commodity that is not influenced by supply and demand considerations, being deemed to be sold off-world, so the strategy with this resource is somewhat different; a player may attempt to maximize production without fear of having too much supply for the demand.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Each resource is required to do certain things on each turn. For instance, if a player is short on Food, there is less time to take one's turn. If a player is short on Energy, some land plots won't produce any output, while a shortage of Smithore raises the price of M.U.L.E.s and prevents the store from manufacturing new M.U.L.E.s.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Players must deal with periodic random events such as runaway M.U.L.E.s, sunspot activity, theft by space pirates, and meteorites, with potentially destructive and beneficial effects. Favorable random events never happen to the player currently in first place, while unfavorable events never happen to the player in last place. Similarly, when two players want to buy a resource at the same price, the player in the losing position automatically wins. Players also can hunt the mountain wampus for a cash reward.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: According to Jim Rushing (one of the four original partners in Ozark Softscape), "M.U.L.E." was initially called "Planet Pioneers" during development. It was intended to be similar to "Cartels & Cutthroats", with more graphics, better playability, and a focus on multiplayer. The real-time auction element came largely from lead designer Danielle Bunten's "Wheeler Dealers". The board game "Monopoly" was used as a model for the game because of its encouragement of social interaction and for several of the game's elements: the acquisition and development of land as a primary task, a production advantage for grouped plots, different species (à la the different player tokens), and random events similar to "Chance" cards. Additional game features such as claim jumping, loans, and crystite depletion were discarded for adding complexity without enhancing gameplay.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: The setting was inspired by Robert A. Heinlein's "Time Enough for Love", wherein galactic colonization is in the style of the American Old West: A few pioneers with drive and primitive tools. The M.U.L.E. itself is based on the idea of the genetically modified animal in Heinlein's novel and given the appearance of a "Star Wars" Imperial Walker. Another Heinlein novel, "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress", provided the decision to not have any government or external authority. In the game's original designs, land was sold by auction, but this caused a feedback loop in which the wealthiest player had the most land and thus made the most money; thus, the developers created the "land authority" that gives each player a free plot of land each turn.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Ozark Softscape developed the game for the Atari 8-bit family first because of its policy of developing for the most advanced computers then porting them to other platforms, removing or altering features such as sprites as necessary. Bunten stated that Ozark did not port the game to the Apple II because ""M.U.L.E." can't be done for an Apple". The IBM PC port of "M.U.L.E" was developed by K-Byte Software, an affiliate of Electronic Arts, and published by IBM as part of their venture into the home market with the IBM PCjr, but it sold poorly due to being released in 1985 after the latter had been discontinued (although the game did not have any actual PCjr support).


title: M.U.L.E.

text: "Computer Gaming World" described it as a "fascinating and very enjoyable game which comes to its very best point with four human players". Minor criticisms included too-weak computer opponents and the lack of a save feature. Praising the "human engineering" that created the Atari 8-bit version's user interface, the magazine called it "All in all, a superior game". "Softline" called "M.U.L.E." "what computer games should be like. It's a game, and it's a learning experience. It's also stimulating, fun, frustrating, thought provoking, fun, addictive, and fun". The magazine praised it as offering "valuable lessons" on economic topics, noting that "Most of them are learned the hard way", and concluded that "The game "feels" good" and "virtually flawless" because of the human-computer and human-human competition.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: John J. Anderson wrote in "Creative Computing", "I should also mention that there is no shooting to be found anywhere in the game. How positively refreshing ... Mule belongs on every Atari software shelf in the world: in every home and every school, near every Atari."


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Scott Mace of "InfoWorld" called "M.U.L.E." unusual in the ease with which it allows multiplayer interaction through a single game computer console. He wrote that it would have "incredible lasting power, just like the best of the board games" and stated "I learned more about the economics of the marketplace from M.U.L.E. than I ever did in college". Leo Laporte of "Hi-Res" also said that he learned more economics from the game than during college. He predicted that "M.U.L.E." "may revitalize the [video game] industry. It ought to make them rich anyway", praised its theme as "most captivating musical come-on I've ever heard", and concluded "If you ask me, "M.U.L.E." is the perfect game."


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Reporting in "BYTE" that his children loved it, Jerry Pournelle described "M.U.L.E." as "a cross between Hammurabi, Diplomacy, and an arcade game, with lots of strategic decisions—provided that you're skillful enough with a joystick to implement what you've decided to do". Another reviewer wrote in the magazine that "it is impossible to adequately describe all the interaction and economically realistic subtleties of M.U.L.E.", concluding that it was "an intriguing way to illustrate some of the triumphs and perils of free enterprise". Orson Scott Card in "Compute!" in 1983 gave "M.U.L.E." and two other EA games, "" and "Worms?", complimentary reviews, writing that "they are original; they do what they set out to do very, very well; they allow the player to take part in the creativity; they do things that only computers can do". The magazine listed the game in May 1988 as one of "Our Favorite Games", stating that it "requires a sense of strategy as well as proficiency at joystick maneuvers".


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Steven A. List reviewed "M.U.L.E." in "Space Gamer" No. 70. He commented that ""M.U.L.E." is simply a great game, a "tour de force" in programming and design, good family entertainment, educational and exciting. If you don't have a computer and disk drive, it may be worth the investment just to be able to play this." "The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984" gave the game an overall A rating, stating that it "combines some of the best features of "Monopoly" with economic simulation games like [Hammurabi]" while teaching "valuable lessons in economies in a fun way". The book noted that "when several people play, the game becomes involved and interactive". Two of "Zzap!64"s reviewers stated in 1985 that "M.U.L.E." was "an excellent trading game" and "recommended for both novice and skilled", while the third complained that he "found little [excitement] ... nothing to keep me interested".


title: M.U.L.E.

text: In 1984 "M.U.L.E." was awarded "1984 Best Multi-Player Video Game/Computer Game" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards where judges described it as "a unique blend of boardgame strategy and computer-game pacing" and noted that "since its release, 'M.U.L.E.' has gained an intense cult following". "Softline" readers named the game the third most-popular Atari program of 1983. With a score of 7.44 out of 10, in 1988 "M.U.L.E." was among the first members of the "Computer Gaming World" Hall of Fame, honoring those games rated highly over time by readers. In 1992 and 1994 surveys of science fiction games the magazine gave the title five of five stars, calling it "An all-time computer classic, this was one of the only games ever devised that was playable and entertaining for four humans. Economics made fun! ... it still holds up well over all these years and, by itself, provides justification for holding onto the 8-bit Atari". In 1996, the magazine named "M.U.L.E." as #3 on its Best Games of All Time list. In 2004, "M.U.L.E." was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time. It was named #5 of the "Ten Greatest PC Games Ever" by "PC World" in 2009. "M.U.L.E." was listed as the 19th most important video game of all time by 1UP.com. Chris Crawford said of the game that considering the platform the team had to deal with, "M.U.L.E." was "the greatest game design ever done."


title: M.U.L.E.

text: Shigeru Miyamoto cited "M.U.L.E." as an influence on the "Pikmin" series. Will Wright dedicated his game "The Sims" to the memory of Bunten. The "M.U.L.E." theme song was included in Wright's later game, "Spore", as an Easter egg in the space stage.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: A notable use of the M.U.L.E. theme song is in the children's video game "Roblox" in the form of a 2008 remix by 8 Bit Weapon.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: An ability in "Starcraft II" allows Terran players to deploy temporary robotic workers called M.U.L.E.s.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: In 2005, a netplay component was integrated into the Atari800WinPlus emulator enabling the original game to be played over the Internet.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: "Computer Gaming World" printed in April 1994 that EA "was working on a videogame version of the game, but the design was terminated because of creative differences between the publisher and the designer". The magazine reported a rumor in May 1994 that a "Genesis version has been completed, but EA is debating over its release", and then in August 1994 that Bunten had decided against remaking the game because EA "wanted me to put in guns and bombs". An editorial asked the company to "give us "M.U.L.E." with Smithore and Crystite as its creator intended". Bunten was working on an Internet version of "M.U.L.E." until her death in 1998.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: An online, licensed remake called "Planet M.U.L.E." was released in 2009. The game is free for download for major platforms. Comma 8 Studios later acquired the mobile "M.U.L.E." license and released "M.U.L.E. Returns" for iOS in November 2013.


title: M.U.L.E.

text: The source code to "M.U.L.E.", believed lost, was revealed in 2020 to be in the possession of Julian Eggebrecht. In the 1980s he had pitched an enhanced 16-bit version of the game. EA accepted the idea and sent him two discs with the source code of the original.


title: Lenta.ru

text: Lenta.ru (; stylised as LƐNTA.RU) is a Russian-language online newspaper. Based in Moscow, it is owned by Rambler Media Group. In 2013, the Alexander Mamut-owned companies "SUP Media" and "Rambler-Afisha" merged to form "Afisha.Rambler.SUP", which owns Lenta.ru. The online newspaper is one of the most popular Russian language online resources with over 600 thousand visitors daily.


title: Lenta.ru

text: In 1999 Anton Nosik launched Lenta.ru together with the Foundation for Effective Politics. It was (like vesti.ru) a sister e-news project under the brand gazeta.ru. Nosik served as its chief editor till 2004.


title: Lenta.ru

text: In 2013, Lenta.ru was ranked in 5th place in terms of traffic among European news sites by comScore-study.


title: Lenta.ru

text: In January 2013, the website was relaunched with a new design and significant changes to the rubricating system. This was the most serious update of the site since 2004.


title: Lenta.ru

text: Following a March 10, 2014, Lenta.ru interview by Ilya Azar of from the Right Sector's Kyiv branch, Roskomnadzor immediately issued a press release on March 12, 2014, in which Lenta.ru was implicated in violating numerous Russian media laws, information laws, and laws to counter extremism because the interview allowed a leader from the group to appeal to Ukrainian citizens to support pro-Ukraine causes and that the article contained a link to Dmytro Yarosh's March 1, 2014 appeal. Since the warning by Roskomnadzor was the second issued in a 12-month period, Roskomnadzor would ask the courts to terminate Lenta.ru's mass media license. Both the BBC and "The Economist" called Russia's response to Lenta.ru as censorship.


title: Lenta.ru

text: On March 12, 2014 the owner, Alexander Mamut, fired the Editor-in-Chief Galina Timchenko and replaced her with Alexey Goreslavsky. Thirty-nine employees out of the total 84, including Director-general Yuliya Minder, lost their jobs. This includes 32 writing journalists, all photo-editors (5 people) and 6 administrators. The employees of "Lenta.ru" issued a statement that the purpose of the move was to install a new Editor-in-Chief directly controlled by the Kremlin and turn the website into a propaganda tool. Dunja Mijatović, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, referred to the move as a manifestation of censorship.


title: Lenta.ru

text: Galina Timchenko, together with a team of around 20 journalists who resigned from their jobs at "Lenta.ru", started the new internet newspaper "Meduza".


title: Lenta.ru

text: On the 9th of May 2022, the Russian Victory Day, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lenta.ru briefly displayed information about the Russian war against Ukraine in a way that did not comply with government regulations or the enforced guidelines of Lenta.ru. Articles were published regarding the mass killing of civilians, looting, abandoned bodies of Russian troops, the destruction of Mariupol, censorship, governmental lies to relatives of deceased soldiers, attacks against the freedom of press, and more. Lenta.ru journalists Egor Polyakov and Alexandra Miroshnikova have stated that they were the authors of these articles, and reported that they now need new jobs, lawyers, and political asylum. The content was quickly removed, but can be found in Wayback Machine.


title: Lenta.ru

text: In 2014, Lenta.ru received criticism by other journalists after the publication of an article analysing the ethnicity of the richest citizens of Russia; Nikolai Svanidze accused the publication of racism.


title: Lenta.ru

text: Lenta.ru has taken first place four times in the Rotor contest in the category "Information site of the year" and once, in 2000 in the category "News site of the year".


title: Lenta.ru

text: Maxim Moshkov has won the Rotor twice (in the categories "Programmer of the Year" in 1999 and "Man of the Year" in 2005).


title: Langostino

text: Langostino is a Spanish word with different meanings in different areas. In the United States, it is commonly used in the restaurant trade to refer to the meat of the squat lobster, which is neither a true lobster nor a prawn. Squat lobsters are more closely related to porcelain and hermit crabs. Crustaceans labeled as langostino are no more than long, and weigh no more than . Langostinos are not langoustes (spiny lobsters) despite a similar name (in Spanish, lobster is called ""). Also, langostinos are sometimes confused with langoustines (Norway lobster).


title: Langostino

text: In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration allows "langostino" to be used as a market name for three species of squat lobster in the family Galatheidae: "Cervimunida johni", "Munida gregaria", and "Pleuroncodes monodon". In Spain, it means some species of prawns. In Cuba and other Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands, the name langostino is also used to refer to crayfish. In Argentina the name is used to refer to "Pleoticus muelleri", a kind of shrimp, while in Chile and Peru it refers to "Pleuroncodes monodon".


title: Langostino

text: In March 2006, Long John Silver's garnered controversy by offering a dish they called "Buttered Lobster Bites" without making it clear in its advertising that these were made from "langostino lobster." The Federal Trade Commission ultimately launched an investigation into deceptive advertising practices by the chain, because Food and Drug Administration regulations require that anyone marketing langostino as lobster must place the qualifier "langostino" adjacent to the word "lobster," and Long John Silver's not only failed to do this, but ran a television commercial making use of an American lobster in a manner that the Commission concluded was contributing to the misperception that the product was American lobster.


title: Langostino

text: Upon being contacted by the commission, Long John Silver's promptly terminated the television commercial campaigns, revised its website, and committed both to prominently placing the word "langostino" adjacent to the term "lobster" in all future advertising, and to revising its existing in-store materials accordingly within eight weeks, and on June 24, 2009, the Commission wrote to the chain to inform them that they had no intention of taking further action at that time.


title: Langostino

text: Rubio's Restaurants, Inc., settled a 2006 class-action lawsuit for selling "lobster burritos" and "lobster tacos" that were in fact made with squat lobster. The company agreed to change the name to "langostino lobster".


title: Langostino

text: In February 2016, Red Lobster was revealed to have been a mix of lobster and less-expensive langostino for it's lobster bisque.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Jérémy Ménez (born 7 May 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian Serie B club Reggina. Ménez has been described as an ambipedal, technically skilled, pacy playmaker.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Ménez began his career spending time with various clubs in the Île-de-France region such as the Centre de Formation de Paris and CSF Brétigny. In 2001, he secured a move to Sochaux and spent four years in the club's youth academy. In March 2004, Ménez became the youngest professional football player in the history of Ligue 1 after signing a professional contract and made his professional debut in the 2004–05 season. With Sochaux, he played European football for the first time after participating in the 2004–05 edition of the UEFA Cup. After two seasons at the club, he joined Monaco. At Monaco, Ménez developed into a playmaking midfielder under the tutelage of Brazilian manager Ricardo Gomes. After two successful seasons in Monaco, he signed for Serie A club Roma on a four-year contract. With Roma, Ménez featured in the UEFA Champions League for the first time and scored 12 goals in over 100 appearances with the club. In July 2011, after three seasons with Roma, Ménez returned to France signing a three-year contract with Paris Saint-Germain. He was then signed by AC Milan on a free transfer in June 2014, signing a three-year contract.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Ménez is a former French youth international and has represented his nation at every level for which he was eligible. Prior to playing for the senior team, he played in the under-17 team that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Ménez made his senior international debut in August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway. He represented his country at the Euro 2012.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Ménez was born in Longjumeau, Essonne. As a child, he grew up in Vitry-sur-Seine, not far from his birthplace, and supported hometown club Paris Saint-Germain. Ménez became attracted to football through his father and older brother who were football players themselves. Ménez began his career at local club CA Vitry. After a year at the club, Ménez joined the Centre de Formation de Paris, a youth sporting club designed to cater only to football players under the age of 19. While at C.F.F.P, Ménez developed and honed his technical skills and was placed into the playmaker position by his coaches. After five years at the academy, he departed the club after developing friction with the academy coaches. After leaving CFFP, Ménez joined CSF Brétigny, a local Parisian club that also trained French internationals Patrice Evra and Jimmy Briand. He spent only a year at the club before securing a move to professional club Sochaux in Franche-Comté.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Upon his arrival at Sochaux, Ménez entered the club's youth academy and began attending the sports department's elite high school, Vignes de Seloncourt, with ambitions of becoming an accountant. While in the club's academy, Ménez was adept both on and off the field earning good grades in school. On 24 March 2004, at the age of 16, he signed his first professional contract with Sochaux, agreeing to a three-year deal until June 2007. Upon signing the contract, he became the youngest professional football player in the history of Ligue 1. Ménez was subsequently promoted to the club's senior team and assigned the number 26 shirt by manager Guy Lacombe. Prior to signing his contract, Ménez drew strong interest from English clubs Arsenal and Manchester United. The latter club's manager at the time, Sir Alex Ferguson, was later accused by Sochaux's former president Jean-Claude Plessis of tapping up Ménez; he accused Ferguson of meeting with the player's parents in Paris and offering them financial favours. Manchester United denied the accusations. Ménez travelled to Manchester and visited the team's facilities and Old Trafford, the club's stadium, before deciding to remain in France.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 7 August 2004, Ménez made his professional debut in the club's opening match of the 2004–05 season against Ajaccio. He started the match and played 57 minutes before being substituted for in a 1–0 win. Despite being so young, Ménez was a regular within the team, often rotating between the bench and starting XI. On 20 November, he scored his first professional goal in a 3–1 victory over Monaco. Two months later, Ménez became the youngest player in league history to score a hat-trick after recording one in the team's 4–0 victory over Bordeaux. He scored the goals in a seven-minute span to assure Sochaux of victory. Ménez was a regular during the team's 2004–05 UEFA Cup campaign, appearing in six matches with the club. Sochaux suffered elimination in the Round of 32 at the hands of Greek club Olympiakos. Following the season, Ménez was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year award but lost out to Nantes midfielder Jérémy Toulalan.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: For the 2005–06 season, Ménez switched to the number 11 shirt and was given a more prominent role within the team by new manager Dominique Bijotat. He appeared in 31 league matches, fifth-best on the team, and scored three goals. Ménez scored his first goal on 15 October 2005 in a 1–1 draw against Bordeaux. At the beginning of the new year, Ménez scored his final two goals in another 1–1 draw with Nice and a 4–0 victory over Saint-Étienne. Sochaux finished the season in a disappointing 15th position after finishing the four previous seasons in the top ten. This led Ménez to become unsettled and to declare his desire to leave the club. On 8 June 2006, Sochaux chairman Dassier announced that he would consider offers for the player with Ligue 1 clubs Paris Saint-Germain, Bordeaux, Monaco and English club Arsenal reported to be interested.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 22 June 2006, Sochaux announced on its website that it had reached an agreement with fellow Ligue 1 club Monaco for the transfer of Ménez. He signed a four-year contract, with the transfer fee undisclosed. Ménez was given the number 10 shirt by manager László Bölöni and inserted into his preferred left-winger position. He made his club debut on 19 August in the team's 1–1 draw with Rennes, appearing as a substitute. On 30 September, Ménez scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Le Mans, netting the game-winner ten minutes from time. Following the firing of Bölöni and the arrival of new manager Ricardo Gomes, Ménez struggled to get consistent playing time and grew frustrated, which led to interest abroad from Manchester United and Liverpool. On 11 November, however, he was re-inserted into the starting line-up and scored the equalising goal in a 2–2 draw with Lorient. Ménez maintained his form into the new year, but struggled for fitness in February due to a groin injury. The injury required surgery and Ménez missed two months of play. He returned to the team in April and scored goals in three-straight matches against Lille, Valenciennes and Marseille. Ménez finished the 2006–07 campaign by scoring the only goal in a win over the champions Lyon.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Despite summer interest from English Premier League clubs, Ménez opted to remain at Monaco. In the 2007–08 campaign, he scored his first goal in the team's 3–0 victory over his former club Sochaux. The following week, he netted again, this time in a 3–1 win over Le Mans. On 15 December, Ménez scored a double in a 3–1 victory against Lens. It was his first multi-goal game since his hat-trick three years prior. The following month, Ménez scored both of the team's goal in a 2–0 away win against Metz. On 23 February 2008, he suffered an injury in a league match against Paris-Saint Germain, which led to him leaving the match at half-time. The injury was discovered to be serious and Ménez missed three months before returning for the final two matches of the season, making obligatory substitute appearances.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: After featuring in Monaco's first three league matches of the season, it was reported on 27 August 2008 that Ménez had signed a four-year contract with Italian club Roma. The transfer fee was priced at €10.5 million with Monaco set to receive another €1.5 million in incentives. Ménez was announced as the replacement for departed wingers Mancini and Ludovic Giuly and selected the number 24 shirt, the former number of club legend Marco Delvecchio. He made his debut for the club on 31 August in the team's Serie A match against Napoli, appearing as a substitute in the 63rd minute. Ménez made his UEFA Champions League debut in the team's group stage match against Bordeaux, playing 51 minutes in a 3–1 victory. On 6 December, he scored his first goal for the club in a 1–0 victory over Chievo. For the majority of the campaign, however, Ménez struggled for consistent playing time, rarely lasting an entire match and often starting on the bench for consecutive matches under Luciano Spalletti. On 24 May 2009, he appeared as a substitute in the 75th minute against AC Milan. After five minutes on the field, Ménez scored a goal to put Roma up 2–1; the capital club went on to win the match 3–2. The following week, he started the match and scored a goal in a 3–2 win over Torino. He was later substituted out in the 59th minute.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: For the 2009–10 season, Ménez switched to the unusual number 94 shirt. He scored against Milan his first goal on 18 October 2009. On 6 January 2010, he drew the ire of new manager Claudio Ranieri and several teammates, who criticised him for his substitute appearance against Cagliari in which he gave a somewhat lackadaisical effort. Following the criticism, Ménez stated, "I touched the lowest point of my career in that game away to Cagliari," and, "My teammates were right to criticise me." On 11 January, Ménez issued an apology to coach Ranieri and his teammates and brushed off rumours of him issuing a transfer request by declaring himself fully committed to the team. On 30 January, midfielder Simone Perrotta stated that Ménez simply needed a confidence boost. After appearing as a substitute for four consecutive matches after the Cagliari match, Ménez made his first start since December 2009 in a league match against Catania on 21 February. He capped the return by assisting on the game-winning goal scored by Mirko Vučinić. Ménez finished the campaign by starting eight of the final ten league matches as Roma finished the season in second place and qualified for the UEFA Champions League.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: In the 2010–11 season, Ménez began the season as a starter under Ranieri after his successful end to the previous season. Despite being a starter, however, Ranieri continued to undermine Ménez's durability as he consistently substituted the player out in every match he started. On 3 November, Ménez scored his first goal of the campaign in a 3–2 Champions League victory over Swiss club Basel. A week later, he assisted on a Marco Borriello goal in a 3–2 win over Fiorentina. On 13 November, for the first time in the season, Ménez played an entire match after playing in a 1–1 draw with Juventus. In the team's next league match against Udinese, he scored his first league goal and also assisted on a goal in a 2–0 win. After going scoreless in December, on 22 January 2011, Ménez scored the final goal in a 3–0 win over Cagliari. On 16 February, Ménez scored a goal in Roma's first leg of its Champions League first knockout round tie with Shakhtar Donetsk. Five days later, Ranieri resigned from his position as manager and replaced with Vincenzo Montella. Under Montella, Ménez appeared in the manager's first three matches as a substitute. On 13 March, he made his first start under Montella in a league match against Lazio, but was substitute out after 55 minutes. On 23 March, in an interview with French newspaper "L'Equipe", Ménez admitted that he was frustrated with his playing time under Montella. The frustration reached its zenith when, on 21 April, Ménez and Montella got into an altercation during a morning training session after Montella reportedly "spent a quarter of an hour berating the France international" for his lack of commitment. Later that night, following the team's Coppa Italia tie with Inter Milan, while leaving the Stadio Olimpico in his vehicle, Ménez was attacked by stone-throwing "thugs", which resulted in his car windshield being smashed.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 25 July 2011, Paris Saint-Germain confirmed that the club had signed Ménez to a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €8 million plus possible future incentives. He was presented to the media the same day – alongside fellow new signing and international teammate Blaise Matuidi – and was assigned the number 7 shirt. Ménez made his club debut for the team in its 1–0 defeat to the New York Red Bulls at the Emirates Cup. He made his competitive debut for PSG on 6 August 2011 in the team's opening 1–0 league defeat to Lorient. The following week, he assisted on the team's opening goal, scored by Kevin Gameiro, in a 1–1 draw with Rennes. On 18 August 2011, in PSG's first leg UEFA Europa League playoff round tie against Luxembourger club Differdange, Ménez scored the final goal for the team in a 4–0 away win. He also assisted on a goal in the victory. Three days later, he again assisted Gameiro for a goal in a 2–1 win over Valenciennes, helping PSG earn its first league win of the season. On 28 August, Ménez netted his first league goal for the club away to Toulouse; Paris Saint-Germain won the match 3–1.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Under the guidance of coaches Antoine Kombouaré and later Carlo Ancelotti, Ménez enjoyed a strong campaign which saw him deliver seven goals and 12 assists in 33 league appearances for PSG, a career best for him. On 4 December 2011, during a 3–2 home league victory against Auxerre, Ménez scored PSG's 2,000th goal in top-flight football.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: In the 2012–13 season, Ménez was used less prolifically in Ligue 1 matches. With two goals and two assists in five European appearances, however, he has been one of his club's main actors in their Champions League efforts, developing a strong understanding on the pitch with new star striker Zlatan Ibrahimović, another former Serie A player.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: In June 2014, Italian club AC Milan confirmed that the club had signed Ménez on a three-year contract. On 31 August 2014, Ménez scored a penalty on his debut for Milan against Lazio. He went on to score two goals against Parma helping Milan win the game. His first goal in this game was from a penalty, and the second goal was a beautifully worked backheel finish. On 8 November, Ménez scored a penalty kick and assisted Stephan El Shaarawy's goal as Milan drew Sampdoria 2–2.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 23 November, Ménez scored a beautiful goal as he calmy converted El Shaarawy's cross in the far net in the "Derby della Madonnina" against Inter. He then scored two goals and was named man of the match in the next game against Udinese. Ménez also continued his impressive form and scored a beautiful goal as he dribbled past 3 defenders and put it in the net as he helped Milan beat Napoli 2–0. Ménez scored two goals and created an assist in the 3–1 defeat of Parma on 1 February. He followed this with a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Hellas Verona on 7 March and a brace in a 3–1 defeat of Cagliari on 21 March, hitting a career high in goals for a single club (15, surpassing his previous best of 14 for PSG). On 4 March 2015, Ménez scored the winning goal after a long solo run against Palermo in a 2–1 victory, Milan's first away win of 2015. Ménez's season, however, ended poorly; on 29 April 2015, he was sent off for a second bookable offensive during the 3–1 defeat against Genoa and was handed a four-match ban for an insulting gesture, also missing the team's last match against Atalanta due to an injury. Ménez ended his first season at Milan as the club's top scorer, with 34 appearances and 16 goals in all competitions.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: In the subsequent summer, Ménez suffered back problems and underwent surgery in Monaco. On 21 August, he was ruled out for a month as further back complications arose. An infection meant he missed the first 26 games of the 2015–16 season and was kept from playing until his return in a 2–1 league win over Genoa on 14 February 2016. On 1 March, he started a match for the first time since April 2015, playing 76 minutes and scoring twice in a 5–0 Coppa Italia defeat of Alessandria, sending Milan to the final for the first time since 2003.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 1 August 2016, Bordeaux and Milan reached an agreement for the transfer of Ménez. On 3 August, two days after signing for the club, he was involved in a gruesome incident in a pre-season match against Lorient. The injury occurred in the second-half when Lorient midfielder Didier Ndong inadvertently stood on Ménez's head, causing the former French international to lose part of his right ear in the process. Ménez had only come on as a substitute in the 62nd minute but had to be taken off a little more than 15 minutes later when the incident happened. Ndong offered his apologies to Ménez for his part in the accident, stating, "I offer my apologies to Jeremy Ménez and Girondins de Bordeaux. I give him my full support for the coming days and hope to see him very quickly on the pitches of Ligue 1."


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 5 January 2018, it was announced Ménez had joined Mexican side Club América. He made his Liga MX debut on 27 January against Atlas. He appeared as a substitute in the 67th minute for Cecilio Domínguez in América's 1–0 win. The following week, Ménez scored his first goal for América in a 5–1 against Lobos BUAP.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 10 February, he scored from the penalty spot to equalise the score in América's 1–1 draw against Tigres UANL. On 2 May, he scored two penalties against Pumas UNAM in the quarterfinals away match, which América would later win 4–1.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 4 August, during a friendly match against Pachuca, he suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury ruling him out between 6 and 9 months, leaving him out of the 2019 Torneo Apertura.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 29 August 2019, it was announced that Ménez and Club América ended their contractual relation on a mutual agreement.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 27 September 2019, he signed a one-year contract with French club Paris FC. In June 2020, after the end of the season, Ménez left Paris FC and became a free agent.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Ménez has earned caps with all of France's youth teams. He is a member of the group, commonly known as the "Génération 1987", that produced current internationals Hatem Ben Arfa, Karim Benzema and Samir Nasri, alongside himself. Ménez made his youth international debut with the under-16 team on 11 December 2002 in a friendly against Greece, playing alongside Nasri and Ben Arfa. In the match, Ménez scored the fifth goal of a 6–1 victory. At the 2003 Aegean Cup in Turkey, he scored goals in three consecutive matches. Ménez scored goals against the Ukraine and Israel and netted his final goal in the third-place match against Belgium.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: At the Montaigu Tournament, Ménez scored three goals, second-best on the team behind Ben Arfa. He scored a goal in the team's 8–0 win over Gabon in the team's opening group match and, in the following match, scored the opening goal in the team's 3–0 win over Russia. In the team's final group stage match against England, Ménez netted another goal in a 3–1 victory. At a regional tournament in Salerno, Italy, Ménez led the team to the title by scoring a double in the final match against the hosts. He also scored two goals in the group matches against Japan and Finland. Ménez finished the under-16 campaign with 14 appearances and a team-leading 12 goals.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: With the under-17 team, Ménez, Ben Arfa, and Nasri were joined by Karim Benzema and tasked with the goal of winning the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship on home soil. Ménez made his debut with the team in the opening match of the season against Sweden. In the Tournio de Val-de-Marne, he scored one goal. France were crowned champions without conceding a goal. At the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, Ménez contributed to the team's winning the competition by scoring two goals, netting one against Turkey in the group stage and a second in the semi-finals against Portugal. In total with the under-17s, he made 17 appearances and scored 6 goals. Due to increased playing time at his parent club Sochaux, Ménez's stint with the under-18 team was uneventful. Ménez did appear with the team at the 2005 Meridian Cup, scoring five goals in four matches as France were crowned champions.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: The foursome of Ben Arfa, Nasri, Benzema and Ménez returned to international play together for under-19 duty. The four were joined by Issiar Dia, Blaise Matuidi and Serge Gakpé with the objective of winning the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. In the first round of qualification for the tournament, Ménez went scoreless as France advanced through the round undefeated. In the final round of qualification, he scored a double against Bulgaria in a 4–0 win. Despite finishing the round undefeated, however, France were eliminated after being beaten on points by Scotland.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: Ménez was absent from the under-21 team during his early eligibility term but made his debut on 25 May 2008 in the team's 2–1 friendly match win over the Netherlands. He went months without a call-up before finally returning to the team ahead of the important two-legged playoff against Germany in qualification for the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in October 2008. Ménez appeared in both legs as France were defeated 2–1 on aggregate. The 1–0 loss in the second leg eliminated France from the competition and also ended Ménez's under-21 career.


title: Jérémy Ménez

text: On 5 August 2010, Ménez was called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the team's friendly against Norway on 11 August 2010. He made his international debut in the match starting on the right wing as France were defeated 2–1. On 9 February 2011, Ménez assisted on the only goal, scored by Karim Benzema, in the team's 1–0 win over Brazil at the Stade de France. After appearing regularly in qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012, on 29 May 2012, Ménez was named to the squad to participate in the competition. On 5 June, in the team's final warm-up friendly ahead of the Euro, he scored his first international goal in a 4–0 shutout win over Estonia. At Euro 2012, Ménez made his debut at a senior international competition on 15 June in the team's second group stage match against Ukraine. In the contest, he started and scored France's opening goal in a 2–0 victory.


title: Very Large Array

text: The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) is a centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy observatory located in central New Mexico on the Plains of San Agustin, between the towns of Magdalena and Datil, ~ west of Socorro. The VLA comprises twenty-eight 25-meter radio telescopes (twenty-seven of which are operational while one is always rotating through maintenance) deployed in a Y-shaped array and all the equipment, instrumentation, and computing power to function as an interferometer. Each of the massive telescopes is mounted on double parallel railroad tracks, so the radius and density of the array can be transformed to adjust the balance between its angular resolution and its surface brightness sensitivity. Astronomers using the VLA have made key observations of black holes and protoplanetary disks around young stars, discovered magnetic filaments and traced complex gas motions at the Milky Way's center, probed the Universe's cosmological parameters, and provided new knowledge about the physical mechanisms that produce radio emission.


title: Very Large Array

text: The VLA stands at an elevation of above sea level. It is a component of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). The NRAO is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.


title: Very Large Array

text: The radio telescope comprises 27 independent antennas in use at a given time plus one spare, each of which has a dish diameter of 25 meters (82 feet) and weighs . The antennas are distributed along the three arms of a track, shaped in a wye (or Y) -configuration, (each of which measures long). Using the rail tracks that follow each of these arms—and that, at one point, intersect with U.S. Route 60 at a level crossing—and a specially designed lifting locomotive ("Hein's Trein"), the antennas can be physically relocated to a number of prepared positions, allowing aperture synthesis interferometry with up to 351 independent baselines: in essence, the array acts as a single antenna with a variable diameter. The angular resolution that can be reached is between 0.2 and 0.04 arcseconds.


title: Very Large Array

text: There are four commonly used configurations, designated A (the largest) through D (the tightest, when all the dishes are within of the center point). The observatory normally cycles through all the various possible configurations (including several hybrids) every 16 months; the antennas are moved every three to four months. Moves to smaller configurations are done in two stages, first shortening the east and west arms and later shortening the north arm. This allows for a short period of improved imaging of extremely northerly or southerly sources.


title: Very Large Array

text: The Pete V. Domenici Science Operations Center (DSOC) for the VLA is located on the campus of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro, New Mexico. The DSOC also serves as the control center for the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), a VLBI array of ten 25-meter dishes located from Hawaii in the west to the U.S. Virgin Islands in the east that constitutes the world's largest dedicated, full-time astronomical instrument.


title: Very Large Array

text: In 2011, a decade-long upgrade project resulted in the VLA expanding its technical capacities by factors of up to 8,000. The 1970s-era electronics were replaced with state-of-the-art equipment. To reflect this increased capacity, VLA officials asked for input from both the scientific community and the public in coming up with a new name for the array, and in January 2012 it was announced that the array would be renamed the "Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array". On March 31, 2012, the VLA was officially renamed in a ceremony inside the Antenna Assembly Building.


title: Very Large Array

text: The VLA is a multi-purpose instrument designed to allow investigations of many astronomical objects, including radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, supernova remnants, gamma-ray bursts, radio-emitting stars, the sun and planets, astrophysical masers, black holes, and the hydrogen gas that constitutes a large portion of the Milky Way galaxy as well as external galaxies. In 1989 the VLA was used to receive radio communications from the Voyager 2 spacecraft as it flew by Neptune. A search of the galaxies M31 and M32 was conducted in December 2014 through January 2015 with the intent of quickly searching trillions of systems for extremely powerful signals from advanced civilizations.


title: Very Large Array

text: It has been used to carry out several large surveys of radio sources, including the NRAO VLA Sky Survey and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters.


title: Very Large Array

text: In September 2017 the VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) began. This survey will cover the entire sky visible to the VLA (80% of the Earth's sky) in three full scans. Astronomers expect to find about 10 million new objects with the survey — four times more than what is presently known.


title: Very Large Array

text: The driving force for the development of the VLA was David S. Heeschen. He is noted as having "sustained and guided the development of the best radio astronomy observatory in the world for sixteen years." Congressional approval for the VLA project was given in August 1972, and construction began some six months later. The first antenna was put into place in September 1975 and the complex was formally inaugurated in 1980, after a total investment of . It was the largest configuration of radio telescopes in the world.


title: Very Large Array

text: During construction in 1975, workers laying the tracks for the northern arm of the array discovered a human skeleton north of US-60. A year later, the remains were identified as belonging to a male airline passenger who was ejected from National Airlines Flight 27 at two years earlier, after the DC-10-10 servicing the flight (N60NA) experienced an uncontained engine failure, causing cabin decompression.


title: Very Large Array

text: With a view to upgrading the venerable 1970s technology with which the VLA was built, the VLA has evolved into the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA). The upgrade has enhanced the instrument's sensitivity, frequency range, and resolution with the installation of new hardware at the San Agustin site. A second phase of this upgrade may add up to eight additional dishes in other parts of the state of New Mexico, up to away, if funded.


title: Very Large Array

text: Magdalena Ridge Observatory is a new observatory a few miles south of the VLA,and is run by VLA collaborator New Mexico Tech. Under construction at this site is a ten-element optical interferometer.


title: Very Large Array

text: The VLA is located between the towns of Magdalena and Datil, about west of Socorro, New Mexico. U.S. Route 60 passes east–west through the complex.


title: Very Large Array

text: The VLA site is open to visitors with paid admission. A visitor center houses a small museum, theater, and a gift shop. A self-guided walking tour is available, as the visitor center is not staffed continuously. Visitors unfamiliar with the area are warned that there is little food on site, or in the sparsely populated surroundings; those unfamiliar with the high desert are warned that the weather is quite variable, and can remain cold into April. For those who cannot travel to the site, the NRAO created a virtual tour of the VLA called the "VLA Explorer".


title: Eugene Roshal

text: The RAR compression algorithm is officially owned by his elder brother Alexander, because Eugene Roshal has "no time to concern himself with software development and copyright-related issues at the same time."


title: Megumi Han

text: In 2008, after a general public call for the movie "Sakura no Sono", she made her debut as Satoshi Wada while studying at the Department of Drama at Nihon University College of Art.


title: Megumi Han

text: In 2011, she made her debut as a voice actress in the role of Airu Suzaki in "Digimon Xros Wars: The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time". Then she voiced the main character Gon Freecss in "Hunter × Hunter". In the audition, she was unanimously chosen from over 100 participants.


title: Megumi Han

text: In 2014, she voiced Hime Shirayuki / Cure Princess in the TV anime "HappinessCharge PreCure!" Among her co-stars is Miki Hase, a classmate from her university.


title: Jim Cummings (filmmaker)

text: Jim Cummings (born October 31, 1986) is an American filmmaker, actor, and composer. He is known for writing, directing and starring in the 2016 short film "Thunder Road", which he extended into a 2018 feature film of the same name. He also wrote, directed and starred "The Wolf of Snow Hollow" (2020), and "The Beta Test" (2021).


title: Jim Cummings (filmmaker)

text: For his work in "Thunder Road" (2018), Cummings won the South by Southwest Grand Jury Award for Best Narrative Feature. He was also nominated for the 2018 Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award for his work in "Thunder Road".


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: 100 is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Sam Anton and produced by Kaviya Mahesh. The film stars Atharvaa and Hansika Motwani, while Radha Ravi and Yogi Babu play supporting roles. The music was composed by Sam C. S., with editing done by Ruben and cinematography by Krishnan Vasant. The film began production during December 2017 and completed its shoot by August 2018.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: "100" was released on 9 May 2019 to positive reviews from critics and audience and became an box office success. The main plot is loosely based on the 2018 Danish film, "The Guilty", which was official Danish submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy awards.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: Sathya is a youngster, who wants to become a cop hoping that his life will become adventurous by chasing and solving mysteries like his childhood friend Anwar. However, contrary to his expectations, he gets posted in a control room as an emergency call operator, where he is mentored by "Pistol" Perumal. Sathya requests to have his department changed, but his request fall on deaf ears. Sathya's girlfriend Nisha has a brother Vicky who is in relationship with Anwar's sister, Ayesha. Initially, Sathya thinks that his job is mundane as Nisha's, who works in a call center. Disturbed due to a misunderstanding with Anwar, Sathya misses a call, which turns out to be from the mother of a boy who was kidnapped. Sathya deduces that the boy is kept hostage in a train, and with Perumal's help manages to nab the kidnappers and reunites the boy with his parents, without anyone's knowledge.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: Perumal believes that the 100th call will change the operator's lives. Sathya doesn't believe until his 100th call turns out to be from Sandhya, who was presumed dead earlier. Using his wits, Sathya manages to save Sandhya from the clutches of the kidnappers and hands over Sandhya and the kidnappers to Anwar to preserve his anonymity. However, Sathya doesn't find any news pertaining to Sandhya's return. Disturbed, he reaches out to Anwar, who refuses to acknowledge that Sathya handed over Sandhya to him. Deducing that Anwar is involved in the kidnapping, Sathya convinces Perumal, to help him crack the case where he brings the rogue, who had confessed earlier that he killed Sandhya into questioning. The rogue was released within a year of Sandhya's supposed murder since he was a minor. Sathya gets him beaten by Sandhya's boyfriend Harish and the rogue confesses that he is under the payroll of Das, who runs a drug cartel business in the city.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: One of Das's men asked the rogue to take the blame for the murder promising him . Sathya sneaks into Das's hideout, where he finds out that the actual mastermind is Das's associate David. David runs a business of supplying girls to millionaires and also fakes the girls's murder in order to divert the investigation. Sathya arrests David and leaves to rescue Sandhya, but David gets killed by a helmeted assassin. Sathya asks Perumal to nab the assassin, with the help of the traffic CCTV and the assassin is revealed to be Anwar. Upon questioning, Anwar confesses that he had no knowledge of the trafficking business, but had to shoot David since Ayesha was kidnapped by the mastermind (Ayesha had eloped with Vicky fearing that Anwar wouldn't accept their relationship) and was also instructed to kill Sathya, but couldn't bring himself to shoot him. Feeling guilty, Anwar requests Sathya to save Ayesha and commits suicide.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: Distraught at Anwar's death, Sathya is informed that Vicky was thrashed by the mastermind and is in the hospital. When he reaches the hospital to meet Vicky, he gets a call from the kidnappers asking him to come to a secluded location to save Ayesha. Upon reaching there he finds out that the kidnappers have left Sandhya there instead of Ayesha. Perumal traces the kidnappers's phone to the hospital where Vicky is admitted and launches a police team to surround the hospital immediately. Sandhya reveals that Vicky is the mastermind of the trafficking business, who had joined David and kidnapped 12 girls in total. Vicky escapes from the hospital after creating a ruckus and calls Sathya to deliver Sandhya to a particular location, in exchange for Ayesha's life.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: Vicky forces Sathya to stay on the call to prevent him from contacting the police, but Sathya writes the word "HELP" on his car's windshield, through which Perumal managed to dispatch help to him. Realizing that Sandhya is bugged, Sathya asks the team to proceed with Sandhya to the location while Perumal relayed Vicky's location to Sathya through another officer's phone. Sathya manages to catch up to Vicky, where he trashes him, along with his henchmen and rescues Ayesha. Sathya asks Perumal to shoot down Vicky to instill fear in the hearts of criminals, who commit heinous crimes against women. Perumal, who had never used a pistol before and had only 5 minutes of service remaining does so, thrilled. Due to his success, Sathya is transferred to the CID, but realizes that he can make a bigger difference by being a call operator, Sathya decides to stick to his current job. Sathya receives a call and walks away to solve a crime.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: In June 2017, producer S. Michael Rayappan of Global Infotainment announced that he would work together on a project with actor Atharvaa, which would be directed by Sam Anton. However, the failure of Rayappan's "Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan" put him in a financially difficult position, and he subsequently withdrew from the project. In a turn of events, production house Auraa Cinemas took over the project, with Hansika Motwani joining the team to play the lead actress in December 2017.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: Portraying a police officer for the first time, Atharvaa underwent stunt training for the role. Tamil YouTube personalities Eruma Saani Harija and Eruma Saani Vijay also worked on the film, as did Radharavi, Mime Gopi and Yogi Babu. The film's shoot was completed in July 2018, with the team announcing that only one further song sequence was left to be shot.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: The soundtrack was composed by Sam C. S., collaborating with the director for the first time. All lyrics are written by Madhan Karky, and the audio rights are secured by Sa Re Ga Ma.


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: "The Times of India" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "100 is an ambitious cop film with a not-so-bad story and almost convincing protagonist, but is marred by a far-stretched screenplay".


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: "Sify" rated 2.75 out of 5 stars stating "Director Sam Anton’s 100 is a passable cop action entertainer which works mainly because of the engaging second half". "The Hindu" stated "Tamil filmmakers are in their ‘woke’ phase right now and what better than sexual harassment cases, which have been making headlines every other day? Filmmakers tend to normalise sexual assault by reducing it to a narrative device, and end up harassing the audience. The latest entrant being 100".


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: "IndiaGlitz" rated 2.8 out of 5 stars stating "Go for this new take on cop work with good performances by the cast and some interesting twists and turns". "Cinema Express" rated 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Despite pacing issues and innumerable subplots, 100 is effectively wrapped up with minimal loose ends, and there's an overall sense of satisfaction at the end of 141 minutes".


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: "Firstpost" rated 2.2 out of 5 stars stating "The first half of the film is just a built up for a long-drawn-out climax. If Anton had made the film from an engaging script and treated it as a realistic, investigative thriller without any over the top heroism, it would have worked". "The Indian Express" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "Sam Anton takes too many cinematic liberties with 100, giving us an unrealistic twist that one can’t easily buy".


title: 100 (2019 film)

text: The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold to Colors Tamil and Amazon Prime Video. The film was also dubbed in Hindi with the same title and released on Zee Cinema and ZEE5.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Tanya Joan Plibersek (born 2 December 1969) is an Australian politician who served as Deputy Leader of the Labor Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2013 to 2019. She has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sydney since 1998. A member of the Labor Party, Plibersek served as a Cabinet Minister in the Rudd, Gillard and Albanese governments. She is currently the Minister for the Environment and Water in the Albanese ministry since 2022, having previously served as the Shadow Minister for Education and Shadow Minister for Women between 2019 and 2022.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek was born in Sydney to Slovenian immigrant parents and grew up in Sutherland Shire. She has degrees from the University of Technology Sydney and Macquarie University, and worked in the NSW Government's Domestic Violence Unit before entering parliament. Plibersek was elected to the Division of Sydney at the 1998 federal election, aged 28. She joined the Shadow Cabinet in 2004, and when Labor won the 2007 election was made Minister for Housing and Minister for the Status of Women.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: In a cabinet reshuffle in 2010, Plibersek was made Minister for Human Services and Minister for Social Inclusion. She was promoted to Minister for Health the following year, and held that position until Labor's defeat at the 2013 election. Plibersek was elected Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party in the election's aftermath.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek was born in Sydney, the youngest of three children born to Joseph and Rose Plibersek. Her elder brother Ray is a lawyer, and her eldest brother Phillip (d. 1997) was a geologist. Her parents were born in small Slovenian villages, arriving in Australia unknown to each other as part of the post-war immigration scheme. Her mother (née "Rosalija Repič") was born in Podvinci, and came to Australia via Italy. Her father (né "Jože Pliberšek") was born in Kočno pri Polskavi, and came to Australia via Austria. He found work as a labourer on the Snowy Mountains Scheme, and later spent 20 years working for Qantas as a plumber and gas fitter.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek grew up in the suburb of Oyster Bay in Sydney's Sutherland Shire. She attended Oyster Bay Public School and Jannali Girls High School, where she was the dux. She joined the Labor Party at the age of 15. Plibersek studied journalism at the University of Technology Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Communications. She then took a Masters in Public Policy and Politics at Macquarie University. After a failed attempt to secure a cadetship with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), she found work with the Domestic Violence Unit at the New South Wales Government's Office for the Status and Advancement of Women. She found working with the state women's minister Kerry Chikarovski "demoralising" and later criticised her for focusing on the glass ceiling rather than other women's issues. Plibersek subsequently joined the office of Senator Bruce Childs, before switching to work for Senator George Campbell as a research officer.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1998 federal election, aged 28, retaining the Division of Sydney for the ALP following the retirement of Peter Baldwin. With the support of George Campbell's "hard left" faction, she won preselection for the seat against twelve other candidates, including ten other women. In the lead-up to the ballot she "wrote to each branch member three or four times, attended branch meetings virtually every night, gave talks to community groups, and contributed to three candidates' debates".


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek supported Kim Beazley's unsuccessful candidacies in the 2003 ALP leadership votes, where he initially lost to Simon Crean and then later to Mark Latham. In July 2003 she and Anthony Albanese publicly criticised Crean for his rejection of the party's policy on a Second Sydney Airport.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: After the 2004 election, Plibersek was elected to Latham's shadow ministry and allocated three portfolios – youth; the status of women; and work and family, community and early childhood education. In June 2005, after Latham was succeeded as opposition leader by Beazley, she retained the youth and status of women portfolios and was given responsibility for childcare. Upon the release of "The Latham Diaries" she described him as "a negative and critical person".


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek publicly supported Beazley against Kevin Rudd in the 2006 leadership spill, though was retained in Rudd's shadow ministry after his defeat of Beazley, with the portfolios of youth; the status of women; and human services and housing.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Following the 2007 federal election, Plibersek was appointed Minister for Housing and Minister for the Status of Women in the First Rudd Ministry. Following the 2010 federal election, Plibersek was appointed Minister for Human Services and Minister for Social Inclusion. Her appointment took effect following the birth of Plibersek's youngest son Louis, and soon afterwards Plibersek directed the Human Services response to the 2010–11 Queensland floods. As Minister for Human Services, Plibersek established emergency and recovery centres to provide urgent support to flood-affected communities.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: As Minister for Housing, Plibersek established the National Rental Affordability Scheme to build 50,000 affordable rental homes, invested $6 billion in social housing to build 21,600 new homes and repair 80,000 homes, and provided $550 million for homelessness services. The new housing was built ahead of time and under budget. She also established the Housing Affordability Fund and First Home Saver Accounts. In December 2008, along with Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister at that time, Plibersek released the Government's White Paper on Homelessness, "The Road Home", which expressed a goal of halving homelessness by 2020. This goal was abandoned by the incoming Abbott Government which cut homelessness funding and ended the National Rental Affordability Scheme and First Home Saver Accounts.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: As Minister for the Status of Women, Plibersek convened the National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children in May 2008, and released the National Council's "Plan for Australia to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children" in March 2009. Plibersek also addressed the 2009 United Nations International Women's Day event, attended by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and announced Australia's formal accession to the United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Plibersek said that acceding to the Optional Protocol "will send a strong message that Australia is serious about promoting gender equality and that we are prepared to be judged by international human rights standards."


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: As Minister for Health Plibersek established "Grow Up Smiling", a $4 billion package to support better dental care for children, which expanded Medicare-subsided dental check-ups for children from age 2 to 17. She introduced free Gardasil vaccinations, previously only available for girls, for boys to protect against cancers caused by HPV – a world first. Along with the previous Health Minister, Nicola Roxon, Plibersek also implemented world-leading plain packaging of tobacco laws which saw smoking rates drop to 13%.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: When Plibersek was Minister for Health, Australia achieved the best 5-year cancer survival rates in the world. Plibersek also delivered 1,300 more hospital beds and 60,000 additional doctors, nurses and allied health professionals. She also oversaw the funding, construction and/or opening of a number of new facilities, including the Chris O’Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, the Launceston Multi-Purpose Health Centre, and a new medical and dental school as well as new facilities for the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) in Adelaide.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek was unanimously elected deputy leader of the Labor Party (and thus Deputy Leader of the Opposition) on 14 October 2013, following the leadership election that had seen Bill Shorten succeed Kevin Rudd as leader. She was Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Development until July 2016. Following the 2016 election, she was made Shadow Minister for Education and Shadow Minister for Women. Shorten said handing Ms Plibersek the education portfolio was "about putting a great policy thinker on the political frontline".


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek was re-elected at the 2019 election with a swing of 5.7 points to the Labor Party. Following the party's defeat at the federal election of 2019 and Bill Shorten's immediate resignation as party leader, Plibersek made it known that she was interested in standing in the leadership election, and was supported by Shorten and former prime minister Julia Gillard; however, she concluded that "now is not my time", citing family responsibilities.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: After Anthony Albanese's victory in the leadership contest, Plibersek was appointed Shadow Minister for Education and Training in his new shadow cabinet. In January 2021 Albanese also appointed her Shadow Minister for Women.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek has argued that government should actively invest in the economy to promote growth and equality, calling for a federal commitment to a policy of full employment where "Australians who can work, can get a job". During the coronavirus recession of 2020, she has advocated government stimulus over tax cuts for high income earners. In September 2020, she explained her priorities for economic recovery: "We need to be building things in Australia to support both the skilled trades people and the apprentices that we should be training right now. We need to build things. We need to make things. We need to care for people. We need secure jobs with decent pay".


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek is a long-term supporter of investing in education. As the shadow Minister for Education and Training she has developed policies across schools, universities, TAFE and vocational education. Prior to the 2019 election, these policies included increasing school funding by $14 billion over a decade, to the creation of a new Evidence Institute for Schools and instituting a review of the country's NAPLAN testing system. In higher education Plibersek promised to reintroduce the demand driven system of university funding, creating an extra 200,000 places for students.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek is a strong supporter of renewable energy and transitioning towards clean energy production. She has argued that the renewables industry is key to promoting new jobs, assisting local manufacturing, lowering carbon emissions and reducing power prices. She has also endorsed programs to help households install solar panels on their homes – which have been adopted by over two and a half million Australia households. In 2018, Plibersek argued against providing federal subsidies for new coal fired power plants.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: After the 2007 election, Plibersek was made Federal Minister for Housing in the Rudd government. As part of the government's response to the Global Financial Crisis, Plibersek implemented a number of policies that both grew the housing stock and stimulated the Australian economy. These policies included the First Home Owners Boost, providing up to $21,000 for people buying new dwellings, the National Rental Affordability Scheme, providing incentives for investors to build properties for low and middle income Australians, and $6 billion for the construction, repair and improvement of social housing. Plibersek also released the Homelessness White Paper, which set out a comprehensive national plan to tackle homelessness in Australia with significant funding attached. Plibersek has argued that significant new investment in social and public housing should be part of Australia's response to the coronavirus economic downturn.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek supports an increase to Newstart, Australia’s then-unemployment benefit, arguing that the current rate is too low, "trapping people in poverty" who are "just surviving" on an allowance of $40 a day.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek is pro-choice. As Minister for Health, Plibersek approved listing the abortion drug RU-486 on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Plibersek described the provision of the medicine as "a good thing in the situation where women are faced with one of the most difficult decisions that they will ever make". Anti-abortion groups criticised the move, with one campaigner, Margaret Tighe, labelling it a "gross abuse of power." Other commentators, including Clementine Ford, labelled the decision "progressive".


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek supports instituting an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, based on the recommendations made in the "Uluru Statement from the Heart". As Deputy Leader of the Labor Party, she stated that implementing the Indigenous Voice was her party's priority in Indigenous affairs, alongside ‘closing the gap’, particularly in health and education.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek supports Australia becoming a Republic. As a first term Member of Parliament in 1999, she campaigned for the yes vote in the constitutional referendum to replace the Queen and Governor-General with a President appointed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Commonwealth Parliament.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: From the 1990s onward, Plibersek campaigned for the removal of discrimination against same-sex de facto couples from federal legislation, raising the issue formally in Parliament on multiple occasions during her parliamentary career (including 1999, 2006, and 2008). In her regular paid advertisement in the "South Sydney Herald", Plibersek wrote that "The passing of these reforms to federal legislation was one of the proudest moments of my time in the Australian Parliament" and she has marched in the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade almost every year for three decades.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: As deputy leader, Plibersek led the push to make support for same-sex marriage binding Labor policy which resulted in many Labor MPs speaking out publicly in support of same-sex marriage. Plibersek seconded a private members bill to legalise same sex marriage, moved by Labor leader Bill Shorten. She opposed the 2017 postal plebiscite, arguing it was unnecessary and divisive, but campaigned strongly for the ‘yes’ vote during the plebiscite campaign.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: As an Australian with Slovenian heritage, Plibersek is vocal advocate for multiculturalism. On an episode of Q&A in 2018 she clashed with conservative Senator Matthew Canavan on the topic of immigration, arguing against Canavan's claim that immigrants congregated through ‘ghettoisation’. Before the 2019 election, Plibersek pledged $8 million towards community language schools, to expand language training for children.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: In January 2020 Plibersek aroused controversy in an Australia Day speech, calling for children to learn the Australian citizenship pledge at school. In the speech, Plibersek argued that progressives should feel more comfortable with the concept of patriotism: "You can be proud of your citizenship and dedicated to progress. You can cherish this nation and want to make it better. You can be a progressive and love your country: I certainly do."


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: As Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs, Plibersek opposed the cuts to foreign aid made by the Abbott Liberal Government. At the 2016 election Labor promised to reverse those cuts if elected.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In 2003, when then-US President George W. Bush visited Australia, Tanya presented national security adviser Condoleezza Rice with a letter, signed by 43 Labor MPs, explaining why Labor parliamentarians opposed Australia invading Iraq without United Nations approval. She also stated in Parliament, "I do not support an attack on Iraq. I particularly do not support a pre-emptive first strike. Nor do I support any action that is initiated by the US alone rather than being sanctioned by the United Nations."


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: While Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs in 2016, Plibersek proposed that Australia redraw its maritime border with East Timor. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, "Ms Plibersek lamented that Australia's pivotal role in securing East Timor's independence – "a proud moment" – was being tarnished by its refusal to negotiate a new, permanent maritime boundary with East Timor. "The maritime boundary dispute has poisoned relations with our newest neighbour. This must change for their sake and ours," Ms Plibersek said."


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: This position was later adopted by the Liberal Government, and a new border agreement treaty was signed in 2018.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Speaking in the House of Representatives on 17 September 2002, Plibersek said: "I can think of a rogue state which consistently ignores UN resolutions, whose ruler is a war criminal responsible for the massacres of civilians in refugee camps outside its borders. The US supports and funds this country. This year it gave it a blank cheque to continue its repression of its enemies. It uses US military hardware to bulldoze homes and kill civilians. It is called Israel, and the war criminal is Ariel Sharon. Needless to say, the US does not mention the UN resolutions that Israel has ignored for 30 years; it just continues sending the money..."


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek's remarks again gained prominence in October 2013, after she and Bill Shorten were elected as deputy leader and leader of the Labor Party, respectively. After choosing to take on the foreign affairs portfolio while in opposition, Liberal Party MP Julie Bishop, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, said Plibersek should "publicly retract those statements". "The Australian" noted that Plibersek's appointment was likely to be criticised by the Jewish community in Australia.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: But the Executive Council of Australian Jewry expressed satisfaction in Plibersek's elevation to the deputy leadership, noting that she had ‘developed friendly relations with the Jewish Community’. Plibersek visited Israel and the State of Palestine in February 2014, meeting with the Prime Minister of Palestine, Rami Hamdallah.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek has held the following portfolios and parliamentary party positions since her election in 1998 (both shadow and government appointments are listed):


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Plibersek lives in Sydney with her husband Michael Coutts-Trotter and children Anna, Joseph and Louis.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: Following the 2010 federal election, when Labor retained government with the support of the Australian Greens and independents, parliamentary numbers were finely balanced. After some controversy, Plibersek was granted a pair by the Coalition so that her absence from the House of Representatives while on maternity leave did not affect the result of votes. She gave birth to her son later that year.


title: Tanya Plibersek

text: In September 2016, her older brother Ray Plibersek was elected to Sutherland Shire council representing C Ward for the Australian Labor Party.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The Mi'kmaq (also "Mi'gmaq", "Lnu", "Miꞌkmaw" or "Miꞌgmaw"; ; ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine. The traditional national territory of the Mi'kmaq is named Miꞌkmaꞌki (or Miꞌgmaꞌgi).


title: Mi'kmaq

text: There are 170,000 Mi'kmaq people in the region, (including 18,044 members in the recently formed Qalipu First Nation in Newfoundland.) Nearly 11,000 members speak Miꞌkmaq, an Eastern Algonquian language. Once written in Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing, it is now written using most letters of the Latin alphabet.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Pasamaquoddy nations signed a series of treaties known as the Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the British Crown throughout the eighteenth century; the first was signed in 1725, and the last in 1779. The Miꞌkmaq maintain that they did not cede or give up their land title or other rights through these Peace and Friendship Treaties. The landmark 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in "R v Marshall" upheld the 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty "which promised Indigenous Peoples the right to hunt and fish their lands and establish trade."


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The Miꞌkmaw Grand Council is the official authority that engages in consultation with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia, as established by the historic August 30, 2010 agreement with the Miꞌkmaq Nation, resulting from the Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum. This collaborative agreement, which includes all the First Nations within the province of Nova Scotia, was the first in Canadian history.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Historically the "Santé Mawiómi", or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of "Miꞌkmaꞌki", was the traditional senior level of government for the Miꞌkmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments along the Canadian model, and attempting to limit the Council's role to spiritual guidance.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: On August 30, 2010, the Miꞌkmaw Nation and the Nova Scotia provincial government reached an historic agreement, affirming that the Miꞌkmaw Grand Council was the official consultative authority that engages with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia. The Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum preceded the agreement. The August 2010 agreement is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history; it includes representation for all the First Nations within the entire province of Nova Scotia.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Historically the "Santé Mawiómi", or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of "Miꞌkmaꞌki", was the traditional senior level of government for the Miꞌkmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments and attempting to limit the Council's role to that of spiritual guidance.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: In addition to the district councils, the Mꞌikmaq have been traditionally governed by a Grand Council or "Santé Mawiómi". The Grand Council was composed of "Keptinaq" ("captains" in English), who were the district chiefs. There were also elders, the "putús" (wampum belt readers and historians, who also dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and other Native tribes), the women's council, and the grand chief. The grand chief was a title given to one of the district chiefs, who was usually from the Miꞌkmaw district of Unamáki or Cape Breton Island. This title was hereditary within a clan and usually passed on to the grand chief's eldest son.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: On June 24, 1610, Grand Chief Membertou converted to Catholicism and was baptised. He concluded an alliance with the French Jesuits. The Miꞌkmaq, as trading allies of the French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Gabriel Sylliboy (1874 – 1964), a respected Mi'kmaq religious leader and traditional Grand Chief of the Council, was elected as the Council's Grand Chief in 1918. Repeatedly re-elected, he held this position for the rest of his life.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: In 1927, Grand Chief Sylliboy was charged by Nova Scotia with hunting muskrat pelts out of season. He was the first to use the rights defined in the Treaty of 1752 in his court defence. He lost his case. In 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada finally recognized the 1752 treaty rights for indigenous hunting and fishing in their ruling on "R. v. Simon". On the 50th anniversary of Sylliboy's death, the Grand Council asked the Nova Scotia government for a pardon for the late Grand Chief. Premier Stephen McNeil granted the posthumous pardon in 2017. Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, John James Grant, McNeil, and the Justice Minister Diana Whalen, pardoned Sylliboy and issued a formal apology: it was the "second posthumous pardon in Nova Scotia's history". His grandson, Andrew Denny, now the Grand Keptin of the Council, said that his grandfather had "commanded respect. Young people who were about to get married would go and ask for his blessing. At the Chapel Island Mission boats would stop if he was crossing."


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Traditionally, the Grand Council met on a small island, "Mniku", on the Bras d'Or lake in Cape Breton. In the early 21st century, this site is now within the reserve known as Chapel Island or "Potlotek". The Grand Council continues to meet at Mniku to discuss current issues within the Miꞌkmaq Nation.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: "Taqamkuk" (Newfoundland) was historically defined as part of Unamaꞌkik territory. (Later the large island was organized as a separate district in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.)


title: Mi'kmaq

text: According to the 2016 census, of the total population of 168,420 Miꞌkmaq, 7,140 or 4% identified as speakers of the Miꞌkmaq language.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The Mi'kmaq language was written using Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing. Today it is written mainly using letters of the Latin alphabet.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: At the Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, petroglyphs of "life-ways of the Mi'kmaw", include written hieroglyphics, human figures, Mi'kmaq houses and lodges, decorations including crosses, sailing vessels, and animals, etched into slate rocks. These are attributed to the Mi'kmaw, who have continuously inhabited the area since prehistoric times. The petroglyphs date from the late prehistoric period through the nineteenth century.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Jerry Lonecloud (1854 – 1930, Mi'kmaq) is considered the "ethnographer of the Micmac nation". In 1912, he transcribed some of the Kejimkujik petroglyphs, and donated his works to the Nova Scotia Museum. He is credited with the first Mi'kmaq memoir, which was recorded from his oral history in the 1920s.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: In the late 1670s, French missionary Chrestien Le Clercq, who was working in the Gaspé Peninsula, was inspired by hieroglyphics made by a young Mi'kmaq using charcoal on birchbark. Leclercq adopted the use of Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs to teach Catholic prayers and hymns to the people in their own form of language.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Christian Kauder was a missionary in "Miꞌkmaꞌki" from 1856 to 1871. He included samples of Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, such as the Holy Mary Rosary prayer and the Lord's Prayer, in his German Christian catechism published in 1866.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: David L. Schmidt and Murdena Marshall published some of the prayers, narratives, and liturgies represented in hieroglyphs—pictographic symbols in a 1995 book. As noted, the pre-contact Mi'kmaq developed these hieroglyphs. French Jesuit missionaries adopted their use to teach Catholic prayers and religion to the Mi'kmaw. Schmidt and Marshall showed that these hieroglyphics served as a fully functional writing system. They assert it is the oldest writing system for an indigenous language in North America north of Mexico.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: By the 1980s, the spelling of the ethnonym "Miꞌkmaq", which is preferred by the Miꞌkmaw people, was widely adopted by scholarly publications and the media. It replaced the previous spelling "Micmac". Although this older spelling is still in use, the Miꞌkmaq consider the spelling "Micmac" to be "tainted" by colonialism. The "q" ending is used in the plural form of the noun, and "Miꞌkmaw" is used as singular of "Miꞌkmaq". It is also used as an adjective, for example, "the Miꞌkmaw nation".


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The Miꞌkmaq prefer to use one of the three current Miꞌkmaq orthographies when writing the language. Other spellings used by Mi'kmaq people include "Miꞌkmaq" (singular "Miꞌkmaw") in Prince Edward Island ("Epekw'itk"), Nova Scotia ("Mi'kma'ki-Unama'ki") and Newfoundland ("K'taqamkuk"); "Miigmaq" ("Miigmao") in New Brunswick ("Sipekni’katik"); "Miꞌgmaq" by the Listuguj Council in Quebec ("Kespek"); and "Mìgmaq" ("Mìgmaw") in some native literature.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: "Lnu" (the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is "Lnúk", "Lnuꞌk", "Lnuꞌg", or "Lnùg") is the term the Miꞌkmaq use for themselves, their autonym, meaning "human being" or "the people". Members of the Miꞌkmaq historically referred to themselves as "Lnu", but used the term "níkmaq" (my kin) as a greeting.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The French initially referred to the Miꞌkmaq as "Souriquois" and later as "Gaspesiens". Adopting a term from the English, they referred to them as "Mickmakis". The British originally referred to the people as Tarrantines, which appears to have a French basis.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Various explanations exist for the rise of the term "Miꞌkmaq". The "Miꞌkmaw Resource Guide" says that "Miꞌkmaq" means "the family". The Anishinaabe refer to the Miꞌkmaq as "Miijimaa(g)", meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use of the "nX" prefix "m-", opposed to the use of "n1" prefix "n-" ("i.e." "Niijimaa(g)", "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or the "n3" prefix "w-" ("i.e.," "Wiijimaa(g)", "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)").


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye was documented as the first European to record the term "Micmac" for the people, using it in his 1676 memoir. Marion Robertson stated this in the book "Red Earth: Tales of the Mi'kmaq" (1960s), published by the Nova Scotia Museum, Robertson cites Professor Ganong, who suggested that "Micmac" was derived from the Mi'kmaq word "megamingo" (earth). Marc Lescarbot had also suggested this.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The Mi'kmaq may have identified as "the Red Earth People, or the People of the Red Earth". "Megumaagee", the name the Mi'kmaq used to describe their land, and "Megumawaach", what they called themselves, were linked to the words "megwaak", which refers to the colour red, and "magumegek", "on the earth". Rand translated "megakumegek" as "red on the earth", "red ground", or "red earth". Other suggestions from Robertson include its origin in "nigumaach", which means "my brother" or "my friend", or a term of endearment. Stansbury Hagar suggested in "Micmac Magic and Medicine" that the word "megumawaach" is from "megumoowesoo", in reference to magic.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Miꞌkmaw Country, known as Miꞌkmaꞌki, is traditionally divided into seven districts. Prior to the imposition of the Indian Act, each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: The eight Miꞌkmaw districts (including "Ktaqmkuk" which is often not counted) are Epekwitk aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug), Eskikewaꞌkik (Esgeꞌgewaꞌgi), Kespek (Gespeꞌgewaꞌgi), Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg), Siknikt (Signigtewaꞌgi), Sipekniꞌkatik (Sugapuneꞌgati), Ktaqmkuk (Gtaqamg), and Unamaꞌkik (Unamaꞌgi). The orthography between parentheses is the Listuguj orthography used in the Gespeꞌgewaꞌgi area.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: In 1997, the Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum was established. On August 31, 2010, the governments of Canada and Nova Scotia signed a historic agreement with the Miꞌkmaw Nation, establishing a process whereby the federal government must consult with the Miꞌkmaw Grand Council before engaging in any activities or projects that affect the Miꞌkmaq in Nova Scotia. This covers most, if not all, actions these governments might take within that jurisdiction. This is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history including all the First Nations within an entire province.


title: Mi'kmaq

text: On September 17, 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the treaty rights of Miꞌkmaw Donald Marshall Jr. its landmark "R v Marshall" ruling, which "affirmed a treaty right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood'." The Supreme Court also cited Section 35 of the 1982 Constitution Act in their 1999 ruling that resulted in Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Peskotomuhkati people the "right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood' from the resources of the land and waters." The legal precedent had previously been established in the Treaty of 1752, one in a series of treaties known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties, but was not being respected prior to "R v Marshall". This resulted in the 1993 charges laid against Marshall Jr. for "fishing eels out of season, fishing without a licence, and fishing with an illegal net". In the 2018 publication, "Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaw quest for justice", Marshall was quoted as saying, "I don’t need a licence. I have the 1752 Treaty." The 1989 Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr. Prosecution resulted in a compensation to Marshall of a lifetime pension of $1.5 million. Marshall used the financial compensation to finance the lengthy and costly Supreme Court case. When Marshall won, 34 Mi'kmaw and Maliseet First Nations bands were affected in the provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé region of Quebec. The West Nova Fishermen's Coalition submitted an appeal asking for the Marshall decision to be set aside. In November 17, 1999, released a new ruling (Marshall 2) to clarify that the DFO had the power to regulate the fishery for conservation purposes if it "consulted with the First Nation and could justify the regulations".


title: Mi'kmaq

text: Soon after the September 17 decision, Miramichi Bay—"one of Canada's most lucrative lobster fisheries"—became the site of a violent conflict between Mi'kmaw fishers and non-Mi'kmaw commercial fishers. Immediately after the ruling, Mi'kmaw fishers began to lay lobster traps out of season. Incidents such as the Burnt Church Crisis were widely covered by the media from 1999 and 2002. On October 3, 1999, non-Indigenous commercial fishers in 150 boats destroyed hundreds of Mi'kmaw lobster traps, then returned to shore and vandalized fishing equipment, as well as three fish plants. This was captured and documented in the 2002 National Film Board feature-length documentary "Is the Crown at war with us?" by Alanis Obomsawin. The documentary also described how Ocean and Fisheries department officials seemed to "wage a war" on the Mi'kmaw fishermen of Burnt Church, New Brunswick with "helicopters, patrol boats, guns, with observation by airplanes and dozens of RCMP officers". The documentary asks why the fishers were being harassed for "exercising rights that had been affirmed by the highest court in the land." Following lengthy negotiations with the Mi'kmaq, the DFO developed the $160 million Marshall Response Initiative, which operated until 2007, through which the DFO offered to purchase over 1,000 commercial fishing licences, including boats and gear, to support the expansion of the Mi'kmaw lobster fishery. By mid-2000, about 1,400 commercial fishermen stated their intention to retire over 5,000 licences. On August 20, 2001, the DFO issued a temporary license to Burnt Church Mi'kmaw fishers while negotiations for a more permanent agreement were underway. The DFO license had restrictions that some Burnt Church fishers refused: the fishers could not sell their lobsters, they could only use them for food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) purposes. The "Aboriginal right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes (FSC)" was confirmed in the landmark 1990 R. v. Sparrow Supreme Court case which cited section 35 of the 1982 Constitution Act, 1982. In May 2003, the House of Commons' Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans chaired by MP Tom Wappel, submitted its report on fisheries issues, which "recommended that all charges stemming from the [confrontation over the lobster fisheries]" be dropped and that the fishers should be compensated by federal government for "their lost traps and boats." The report said that Mi'kmaw fishers have the "same season as non-native fishermen" and could not therefore, fish in the fall. It recommended that "native bands be issued licences, which they would distribute to native fishermen."


title: Mi'kmaq

text: On the tenth anniversary of the benchmark decision, "CBC News" reported that "Maritime waters" were "calm a decade after Marshall decision."