title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Grouped together in an "oral suite", the erotic tone continues on "Moist"; in which Jackson is on the receiving end of pleasure. The theme of "uncontrived" lust and soft vocals were compared to prior hit "Any Time, Any Place". Brief interlude "It All Comes Down to Love" sees Jackson describing love as truthful, honest, undeniable, sincere, and unforgettable. "Truly" is a love song with a stripped down and quiet production, backed by light guitars and strings. Jackson's vocal delivery was described as "beautiful". Interlude "The One" accompanies Jackson's final monologue of romance with flourishes of electronic music. "SloLove" is a deep house-influenced dance song with elements of jazz. Jackson talks about experiencing an intimate moment over a long period of time. In interlude "Country", Jackson speaks about her various nicknames and origin of her middle name while a country guitar twang is played.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: The album's final track is lead single "Just a Little While", which opens with funk guitars and transitions into uptempo pop-rock. Jackson blends carnal and "dirty" intentions with innocent desires, and longs to be intimate with her partner again: "Can't stop thinking about the things we do/And how it feels making love to you [..] You know I'll take it anywhere/That you wanna go right now/Just love me for a little while." The song has been described as "push-button rock & roll" and the album's "most interesting, and energetic moment", although its placement as the last track was considered "odd".


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: The Japanese edition of the album contains two bonus tracks–"I'm Here" and "Put Your Hands On". In "I'm Here", Jackson convinces a companion she'll never abandon them and stops them from expressing negative thoughts: " I don't wanna hear you say/Your wall stands tall of stone/Because love harassed you with pain/You feel you'll grow old alone [...] Someone wanting to love you deeply/Won't you let me?" In "Put Your Hands On", Jackson sings of aligning with her lover's energy over a midtempo house beat.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: "Damita Jo" was titled after Jackson's middle name and one of her alternative personae shown on the album, which Jackson described as a "tougher" version of herself. Jackson previously desired to record an album which was a "complete departure" from what she is known for and title it after her middle name, but was convinced to use the title for the album by producer Dallas Austin. The title was initially used as self-acceptance, saying "My mother made up "Damita." I presumed "Jo" was for Joseph, my father, even though I later learned it wasn't. Because he was emotionally withdrawn, I was never comfortable using it. For years I didn't. Now I love being called Jo. I've come to the point where I'm trying to accept – even embrace – everything that has happened to me. I believe that without acceptance there's no serenity."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Jackson appears topless on the album's cover, visually representing the album's intimate and sensual theme. Jackson's representative commented "She just wanted a simple and youthful picture that she felt people would like. It's beautiful, soft. So far, fans love it", adding "web sites have been going crazy". The cover was shot by Andrew McPherson.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: "Damita Jo" was released on March 30, 2004, by Virgin Records; explicit and clean editions were released simultaneously. The album is Jackson's second to bear a Parental Advisory label, the first being "All for You". The clean edition is heavily censored, removing all explicit and sexual content and omitting two songs entirely–"Warmth" and "Moist". Censoring is most notable in "Sexhibition" (which was retitled "Exhibition"), "All Nite (Don't Stop)" (in which several lines had been removed), and "Like You Don't Love Me" (where most of the chorus was omitted). Prior to its promotion, Jackson performed a medley of "All for You", "Rhythm Nation", and "The Knowledge" at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show. Surprise guest Justin Timberlake arrived to perform a duet version of "Rock Your Body", which ended in Jackson's breast being accidentally exposed. The incident resulted in the U.S. Federal Communications Commission enforcing massive fines on conglomerates involved with the broadcast, including CBS, Viacom, and MTV, who then blacklisted Jackson on many radio formats and music channels worldwide as a result.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: In March 2004, Jackson performed "Just a Little While" on various shows; including "Top of the Pops", "", "Channel 4", and "Les Années Tubes". Jackson appeared on "The Late Show with David Letterman", and "106 & Park". In Canada, Jackson performed "Just a Little While", "I Want You", and "All Nite (Don't Stop)" on "Much on Demand", subsequently performing "All Nite (Don't Stop)" on "Canada AM" and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". Jackson made an in-store appearance and signing at the HMV music store in Harlem, New York. On March 31, 2004, Jackson performed "All Nite (Don't Stop)" and "I Want You" on "Good Morning America", and later on "On Air with Ryan Seacrest". Jackson performed "All Nite (Don't Stop)" and "Strawberry Bounce" on "Saturday Night Live"; also participating in several skits. The episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. Jackson recorded a live performance for MSN, and performed "All Nite (Don't Stop)" and "All for You" at the annual Wango Tango concert.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Various celebrities attended the album's release party, including photographer Patrick Demarchelier, actress Lindsay Lohan, music executive L.A. Reid, and musicians Courtney Love, Hoobastank, Isaac Hanson, Patti LaBelle, Ja Rule, Angie Stone, Ice-T, and Brian McKnight. Other attendees included Coco Austin, Al Sharpton, Wendy Williams, Elisabeth Röhm, Matt Serletic, Lennox Lewis, the Z100 staff, Dan Abrams, Lady Bunny, Jai Rodriguez, Betsey Johnson, and Padma Lakshmi, among others. Gift bags for "Virgin Records Presents Damita Jo: A Celebration with Janet Jackson" included nearly $18,000 in merchandise, a membership to an exclusive gym and double-sided tape to keep clothing in place to avoid a wardrobe malfunction. Jackson was presented a diamond Damita Jo nameplate necklace by label Virgin Records for the album's release.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Jackson taped a performance of "Just a Little While" for "Hey! Hey! Hey!" and made an unannounced appearance at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan to perform "All Nite (Don't Stop)". Jackson was awarded the "Inspiration Award" at the ceremony. Following this, Jackson traveled to Australia to appear on Network Ten and "Rove Live". Jonathan Ross interviewed Jackson upon her return to the United Kingdom; later performing several songs at Italy's Festivalbar. In France, Jackson performed on "Tout le monde en parle" and "Hit Machine" on June 3, 2004, before performing on Top of the Pops, as well as Denmark's "Bercy Anniversary Show" and "Gala Xacobeo" in Spain. Upon returning to the United States, Jackson performed a medley of "All Nite (Don't Stop)" and "R&B Junkie" at the BET Awards 2004. Jackson made surprise performances of "All Nite (Don't Stop)" and "Together Again" at New York's Gay Pride March. Jackson appeared at several award shows throughout the campaign, but was barred from attending the Grammy Awards and MTV Video Music Awards following the Super Bowl incident. Later that year, Jackson released video compilation "".


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Jackson had initially confirmed a world tour in support of "Damita Jo", stating: "I want to do something different, I have a few ideas and hopefully the fans will embrace it." The first date was planned for September 17, 2004. It was initially postponed due to Jackson focusing on the presidential election occurring within the same time period, commenting "we desperately need a Democrat as president"; as well as blacklisting from major companies regarding fines following Jackson's Super Bowl halftime show incident. After the election period, Jackson was approached to record her next studio album "20 Y.O." and postponed all plans for touring. One of the tour's several planned opening acts was Mario Winans, known for the hit "I Don't Wanna Know" with Enya. Janet would later perform songs from "Damita Jo" during her State of the World Tour, such as "Spending Time with You" and "Island Life".


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Jackson released a promotional single "Janet Megamix 04" prior to the album's release. Three commercial singles were released from "Damita Jo", although all were affected by the airplay and music channel blacklist following Jackson's controversial Super Bowl incident. "Just a Little While" was released as the lead single on February 2, 2004, after a premature leak. "Just a Little While" received highly positive reviews from critics, who felt its elements of rock and dance music would ensure success. Its airplay increased over five-hundred percent on its release, achieving "sizeable" downloads, but suffered when Jackson's blacklist was commenced by major radio broadcasters who were fined after Jackson's Super Bowl incident, affecting its performance worldwide. It reached number forty-five and within the top twenty in airplay in the United States, being her lowest peaking lead single since "Come Give Your Love to Me" over twenty years prior, though it peaked atop the Dance Club Songs chart. It held the top position for five weeks in Japan and was the year's second biggest international hit; also reaching number two in Belgium, three in Canada, and six in Spain. It also reached top ten in Hungary and top twenty in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Italy. The "UK Radio Edit" replaces guitars with synths and electronic beats. A re-recorded urban remix titled "Love Me" was produced by Just Blaze, initially planned for selected radio formats, but was withdrawn upon the radio boycott.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Music executives had shown interest in several potential singles, including "Sexhibition", "Island Life", "Thinkin' 'Bout My Ex", and "My Baby", which Jackson said was "a nice problem to have". Jackson considered "All Nite (Don't Stop)", "My Baby", or "R&B Junkie" as the album's lead before selecting "Just a Little While". "I Want You" was released on April 5, 2004. The blacklist persisted to affect the single's performances, as it peaked at number fifty-seven on the Hot 100 and the top twenty of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "I Want You" reached the top twenty in the United Kingdom, but was released as a double single with "All Nite (Don't Stop)" internationally, making it ineligible to chart in most markets. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and received a Grammy Award nomination. "All Nite (Don't Stop)" was issued as the album's third single on May 29, 2004. It received favorable reviews for its innovation and fusion of various musical styles. In a similar fashion, its airplay was affected by Jackson's blacklist. It charted on the Mainstream Top 40 at number thirty-three in July 2004, also charting within twelve other territories due to high single sales, notably reaching the top twenty in the United Kingdom, and top twenty-five in Australia, Belgium, and Romania. "All Nite (Don't Stop)" reached number one the Dance Club Songs chart, later declared "one of the biggest records this year in several different scenes" despite the airplay boycott due to its popularity. "Music Week" initially confirmed the fourth single to be "My Baby", a collaboration with Kanye West. On December 30, 2004, promotional single "R&B Junkie" became the album's fourth and final single. It was not regarded as an official single and did not have a music video or promotion. However, it received positive reviews and reached number one on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. In April 2004, the album's title track and "My Baby" charted on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart without being released as singles, peaking at number seventeen and nine, respectively.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Upon its release, "Damita Jo" received positive to mixed reviews from most music critics. The album holds an average score of 53 based on 13 reviews on Metacritic. Jesse Washington of "Associated Press" commended "Damita Jo" as "sinfully appealing" and "infectious", saying "relaxation is the last thing on her agenda with this sinfully appealing concoction of infectious beats and scandalous lyrics." Washington added, "Such content isn't unusual in today's pop culture landscape, where cable TV's raunch is stealing viewers and awards from broadcast networks and "the Cat in the Hat" tells dirty jokes on movie screens." Jackson's voice was considered "sweet and frosting-light" among the record's "excellent tunes", specifying "We look for her to entertain us with excellent videos, saturate the radio with catchy tunes, and move our bodies in the club. "Damita Jo"" has the goods to do exactly that." "USA Today" rated the album three out of four stars, saying Jackson "isn't sweating it musically" despite negative publicity. The critique said Jackson "freely pursues her sexual and love fantasies", noting "If she ever seemed tentative in her erotic explorations in the past, she's completely self-assured here. [...] This is a happy, loving Jackson, as prone to romantic walks on the beach as to roadside quickies." Its premise of split personae was considered "a bit complicated", but clarified "that's who Damita Jo is". Jackson's new collaborators were said to induce a "freshening" effect while maintaining familiarity.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Rating it four out of five stars, "Blender" critic Ann Powers stated the album is "Artfully structured, unapologetically explicit, "Damita Jo" is erotica at its friendliest and most well-balanced. This hour-plus of Tantric flow even erases the memory of Jackson's clunky Super Bowl breast-baring." Powers added "Her lyrics, though hardly avoiding familiar sex talk, meld common exhibitionism with convincing intimacies. [...] Jackson brings bliss back to a subject that too many dirty-mouthed hotties have made tedious through overexposure." The album was also considered a "soul-baring, bedroom-eyed record" which was "swimming in pop hooks". Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" rated "Damita Jo" four out of five stars, saying ""Damita Jo's" opening salvo is an object lesson in keeping things concise. Four tracks, each barely three minutes long, go hurtling past in a head-spinning blur of snapping rhythms, buzzing synthesized noise and oddly disconnected samples: cut-up vocals and glockenspiel on Strawberry Bounce, rattling tablas on Sexhibition. Elsewhere, there are impossibly lithe basslines - notably on All Nite (Don't Stop) and I Want You, an intriguing electronic reconstruction of an early 1970s soul ballad." Petridis heralded the record as "not only inventive, but brilliantly constructed", with nagging hooks and "explosive" choruses. Calling pop a "singles genre", Power's said ""Damita Jo" strike rate is remarkably high. It's triumphant stuff." Warner Bros. Publications declared the album "flirty, sensual, hot pop" in "traditional Janet style", adding "The slow grooves blend together and the seductive vocals express passion." Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" said ""Damita Jo" starts off bold - But as the album proceeds it gets realer, mostly whispered softcore by the second half even when it's love songs per se. Call me immature, but I figure there's never enough good sex in the world. In a culture inundated with dirty pornos, "Damita Jo" is good sex."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Giving it three out of five stars, Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" criticized "Damita Jo" saying it featured "a slew of the gooey, structureless sex ballads that have become Janet's staple." Cinquemani also called the songs "Like You Don't Love Me" and "Moist" "two of the album's best." "Entertainment Weekly" rated it a 'C+' saying "The tracks, many produced by her longtime collaborators Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, have the sumptuous, homogenized creaminess we've come to expect from her." Angus Batey of Yahoo! Music UK gave it four out of ten stars, saying "Numerous explanatory spoken word asides seek to reassure us that Janet, as she approaches 40, is seeking love rather than reveling in lust." However, he called "R&B Junkie" "a delicious throwback, like a glorious 'Rhythm Nation'", "I Want You" "a peculiar post-modern waltz with a '40s supper club vibe, being the ear-catcher", and "All Nite (Don't Stop)" "another precision-tooled winner, with Jackson using an almost ethereal higher-pitched vocal delivery." Neil Strauss of "Rolling Stone" gave the album two out of five stars, saying "Damita Jo" "smacks of trying too hard. [...] the truth is that Jackson is just trying to humanize herself, as she did so well on her breakthrough 1986 album, "Control" [...] Jackson has had eighteen years of monster hits, so it's hard to fault her instincts. [...] but there's too much of Jackson's moistness to wade through to get to "Damita Jo's" solid ground." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said "while sex indisputably fuels much great pop music, it isn't an inherently fascinating topic for pop music – as with anything, it all depends on the artist. [...] "Damita Jo" proves that she was merely flirting with modesty, since it's as explicit as pop music gets." Ian Wade of BBC Music had mixed feelings, saying that "While there's nothing outwardly bad about "Damita Jo", at 22 tracks over 65 minutes, your attention does start to wander and you almost forget it's playing. But after a third or fourth listen, the slick grooves of "Spending Time With You" and "Island Life" gain more identity. [...] Damita Jo heralds no real major leap forward, but it's no pig's ear either. A bit of editing and a couple of killer dance tracks would've made it even better."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: "Damita Jo" achieved moderate commercial success, and was considered a "disappointment" in the media compared to Jackson's previous efforts. It sold 381,000 copies during its first week of release in the United States, debuting at number two on "Billboard" 200 behind Usher's "Confessions". The album received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) within two months of release, on May 27, 2004. It was Jackson's first album not to reach number one in the U.S. since "Dream Street" in 1984. "Damita Jo" has sold 1,002,000 copies in the US. In Canada, it debuted at number seven with sales of 9,100 units, and at number ten in Japan with 27,510 copies sold. It was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) and gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for sales of 100,000 copies in each country. The album also reached number thirty-two on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on April 2, 2004, denoting shipments in excess of 60,000 copies. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association Singapore (RIAS) in June 2004, and also peaked within the top twenty of Australia. It was the 15th best selling international album in South Korea, with 9,256 copies sold.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: In total, "Damita Jo" has sold in excess of 2.4 million copies worldwide. Jackson's radio and music channel blacklist from major entertainment conglomerates massively affected the album's performance. Prior to the Super Bowl incident, "Damita Jo" was predicted to outsell predecessor "All for You", which was certified double-platinum in US. "Metro Weekly" likened the album's performance to Madonna's "American Life", saying after Madonna released the "biggest flop of her career", "It's doubtful Jackson planned the Super Bowl stunt to be quite the reveal it was. She also didn't count on the backlash, a backlash that has actually caused her the same fate as Madonna: public apathy to her music." Ernest Hardy of "LA Weekly" observed its first-week sales to be "far stronger than those of recent releases by Madonna, , Whitney or J-Lo." Edna Gundersen of "USA Today" also said ""Jo" outpaced recent debuts by Madonna, Jennifer Lopez and Christina Aguilera." "The New York Times" commented; "The album is even sleeker and sexier than its predecessor, "All for You", and in saner times, that would be enough to ensure its success."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Jackson stated: "Of course everyone wants to sell records and be number one. And I think that's important. But for a lot of artists today, it's all about the money as opposed to the art. What happened to artists creating this wonderful body of music that touches people and changes their lives?" In response to boycotted promotion, Jackson stated: "A lot of people said they didn't even know the project was out, and I think that had a lot to do with the response. Yet a lot of fans in Europe came up to me saying they absolutely felt it was my best album. There were all kinds of reactions to the album, and there was obviously a lot of drama surrounding that album as well." Productions deadlines also caused Jackson to rush, saying "Deadlines are hard for me; I don't like being forced to do things when you know you're not ready; when you're on the right path but you know you haven't gotten to the place you want to be."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Following Jackson's controversial Super Bowl halftime show performance incident, conglomerates involved with the broadcast were heavily fined by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and taken to Supreme Court of the United States for several years. In retaliation, Viacom, owner of Super Bowl broadcaster CBS, MTV, and the radio station group Infinity Broadcasting, enforced a blacklist of Jackson's singles and music videos on their properties. The boycott was placed into effect prior to the release of "Damita Jo", continuing throughout the course of Jackson's following two albums "20 Y.O." and "Discipline". Justin Timberlake, who performed with Jackson during the incident, did not receive the same treatment. Glenn Gamboa of "Newsweek" stated "Unfortunately, it's not clear whether these songs will get heard," saying after the incident, "Jackson has been put in the pop culture penalty box. The result is that despite some initial backing for "Just a Little While," radio and TV support for her music has withered, as the conglomerates worry about angering the FCC and Congress" in fear of receiving fines for supporting Jackson. The excerpt added ""I Want You," for example, would have been an across-the-board smash pre-Nipplegate." A report uncovered Jackson to be "unfairly blackballed on pop radio stations and blacklisted on video shows", concluding "the "powers that be" are out to ruin her."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Lead single "Just a Little While" quickly became the most added and played song on pop formats, increasing nearly five-hundred percent in airplay and garnering "sizeable" downloads. It received positive reception, however, its performance massively shifted when the blacklist was commenced; virtually disappearing from airplay. The boycott drew attention from critics when providing commentary on the album. Langston Wertz Jr. of "The Charlotte Observer" commented the incident made Jackson the "most female artists of all time" in the media, adding "radio wouldn't play it and MTV wouldn't play her videos for "I Want You" and "All Nite," two songs that would've been out-of-the-park hits at any other point in Jackson's career." "Billboard" noted "The three singles it spawned were blacklisted by pop radio—they were also the albums biggest highlights—the electronic guitar studded "Just a Little While," Motown-influenced "I Want You" and the funky, heavily dance orientated "All Nite (Don't Stop)." Allan Raible of ABC News expressed "had the Super Bowl incident not happened, I have a feeling the rock-edged "Just a Little While" and the Kanye West assisted "Strawberry Bounce" would have been enough to make the album more of a success." Additionally, Doug Rule of "The Metro Weekly" revealed "the best tracks on "Damita Jo" are likely to be barred from commercial airtime" due to the blacklist, adding "in the case of first single "Just A Little While," never really get past go" as a result.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Music channels owned by Viacom, including MTV and VH1, refused to air Jackson's videos or only aired them in minor rotation following the incident, stated to be "a major catalyst" in the album's performance. "Associated Press" stated "MTV's "Spanking New" videos in heavy rotation include a gyrating, cleavage-baring Beyoncé [in "Naughty Girl"] and a bleeped-out Eminem with his group D12 ["My Band"]. Yet the sedate new video from Janet Jackson—a fixture on the cable channel for almost two decades and its first "MTV Icon"—has been absent from its playlist. Meanwhile, Jackson's name had barely been mentioned on MTV—unusual for a superstar whose previous projects have typically gotten heavy promotion." Jackson's collaborator Jimmy Jam commented "You can probably read between the lines with MTV. [...] I would guess that if MTV wanted to play it, they would, but this is just speculation on my part. It certainly could raise a few questions if you have an investigative mind." Jam also commented, "It's tough to click with audiences when you don't get support from the major media outlets. [...] It's interesting because the video was sent to Viacom – but somehow MTV didn't [receive it]?" Gossip blogger Roger Friedman of Fox News ridiculed the decision, stating "One thing is certain, however: Janet is being scapegoated for her Super Bowl "wardrobe malfunction." [...] Imagine that MTV, where illiteracy and lewdness thrive most of the day, would banish Janet's new video because of her "reputation." Who are they trying to kid? Of course, MTV is a corporate cousin of CBS, where the original snafu happened. But that's just a coincidence!"


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: "Damita Jo" was the first of Jackson's albums in the SoundScan era to miss reaching number one on the "Billboard" 200. However, it made Jackson the first female artist to have six consecutive studio albums debut within the number one or two position. Due to various blacklisting, the album is often considered to not have received proper recognition. "The Daily Telegraph" included "Damita Jo" among "120 Essential Pop Albums", commenting the "luscious lost 2004 classic is like dining on a seven-course meal melted marshmallows"; also remarked to be "criminally underrated". The album's accolades including a Grammy nomination for "Best Contemporary R&B Album", and rank among "Blender's" "50 Greatest Albums" and VH1's "30 Hottest Naked Album Covers of All Time" in 2013.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Jesse Washington of "Associated Press" commended Jackson's output to remain "consistently good" and "eclipsing Michael's"; praising Jackson as equal to peer Madonna's: "For creating pop confections that you can grind to on the dance floor [...] Jackson remains up there with Madonna as one of the best ever. She's still relevant and compelling 22 years after her first album, and will probably remain so long after her right breast is forgotten." Spence D. of IGN declared; "There's no question that Jackson has the personality, the sensuality, and the voice to keep her at the top of the pop diva hierarchy." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic likened the album to a "low-key make-out record" in the tradition of "The Velvet Rope", praising its "strong rhythmic or melodic hooks." "LA Weekly" declared it "better than most reviews and word-of-mouth would have you believe", and "at least a minor-chord "F-you" victory to the wolves nipping at Janet's tits." Bob Smithouser of "Plugged In" considered the album's "bouncy rhythms, playful vocals and slick production values" to ultimately "draw countless teens into her tacky web of nymphomania." Tom Moon of The Inquirer stated, ""Damita Jo" will undoubtedly blaze new trails for artists seeking fame via salacious outlandishness." Kalefa Sanneh of "The New York Times" stated: "Ms. Jackson long ago established herself as one of the greatest and most consistent performers [...] – she hasn't released a dud album in 20 years," adding "Damita Jo" "continues that streak". Sanneh concluded, "Jackson has spent the better part of two decades using that whispery voice and that shy smile to keep some small part of herself hidden, even when she seems to be exposing herself. Maybe that's why she can still cause such a fuss. And maybe that's also how she's managed to last so long." Neil Strauss of "Rolling Stone" called the album "all things to all pop fans", ranging from "whiffs of classic Eighties Janet, teeny-bopper pop, a Nelly impression, old-school funk, push-button rock & roll, even a little country & western." Mikael Wood of "The City Paper" declared it Jackson's "most sonically sumptuous album" and an "explosion of finely finessed sound". "Los Angeles Times" praised its balance between "assembly-line product" and innovation in "more inspired commercial pop". Its production was said to span "decades of pop-music romance" by "Blender", ranging from the "Motown sound" to "hip-hop's latest throwback beats". Wood defended Jackson's lyrical content: "the album's songs aren't any more moralistic than those by the frequently philandering male stars who get away with exposing their nipples all the time." However, Wood deciphered the album to be "more about love than lust", likened to "a nuzzle on the ear" and familiar comfort. Cromelin observed Jackson's vocal inflections to convincingly deliver "serviceable personas"; ranging from "haughty stripper to a wide-eyed kid who loves long walks on the beach."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: The album's vocal production received prominent recognition. Jackson's layered "breathy harmonies", built upon "little countermelodies" and overdubbed "nonverbal asides", were considered an inventive technique; providing a "plush romance". Jackson's approach to "shrouded" harmonies were also thought to produce intimacy and comfort; which "makes even a relatively raw number like "Sexhibition" feel like a private moment between you and the owner of history's most downloaded breast." "LA Weekly" called Jackson's multilayered vocals her "calling card and primary weapon", backed by the album's lyrics as metaphorical "bullets". Robert Christgau regarded the "synth-dance" productions enhanced by "sensual background murmurs". Its vocals were described as "lovely" and "quite graceful", containing an "unassuming flutter and grit"; ultimately displaying a progression, saying "Jackson has grown into her voice along with the rest of her body."


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Several critics observed the theme of "Damita Jo" to subsequently influence artists using similar concepts of alternate identities within album campaigns, regarding Jackson as the trendsetter in which singers "declare themselves in possession of multiple personalities". Britney Spears' "Britney Jean" was observed to be titled with influence from "Damita Jo". ABC News Radio stated "taking a page from Janet Jackson's 2004 album, "Damita Jo", Britney Spears has combined her first and middle names – Britney Jean – to come up with the title for her much-anticipated eighth studio album." Spears stated alternate persona Britney Jean lives inside her, in a similar means to Jackson expressing "Damita Jo is one of the characters that lives inside of me," also appearing topless on its cover. Logo's "TheBacklot" considered Spears' "How I Roll", appearing on "Femme Fatale", to be influenced by the "Damita Jo" track "Strawberry Bounce". Spears was photographed listening to "Damita Jo" in April 2008 and included its title track in a playlist for iTunes, saying "I love to dance to this song. It has such a good beat to it." Spears played "All Nite (Don't Stop)" for the audience prior to each show on The Circus Starring Britney Spears tour, including it among her favorite songs for "The X Factor" publication "X Magazine" in 2010. Upon Katy Perry referencing Jackson's Super Bowl incident in the music video for "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", Perry's alternate persona "Kathy Beth Terry" was likened to Jackson's "Damita Jo".


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: Several critics observed Beyoncé's persona "Sasha Fierce" and "I Am... Sasha Fierce" album to be influenced by "Damita Jo". "The Sydney Morning Herald" stated "When Janet Jackson released the album "Damita Jo" after the Super Bowl nipple furore, she told us that "Damita Jo is one of the characters that lives inside of me". And now Beyonce wants us to know that this album ... reflects how: "I have someone else that takes over when it's time for me to work and when I'm on stage, this alter ego that I've created kind of protects me and who I really am." "The Courant" commented "her musical forebear Janet Jackson is occasionally known as Damita Jo, so why shouldn't Beyonce have an alter-ego, too?". The rear artwork of Jennifer Lopez's "Rebirth" drew comparisons to Jackson's "Damita Jo" album cover, depicting Lopez topless in a similar pose amidst a white backdrop. Critics cited "Just a Little While" to influence Crystal Kay's "Busy Doing Nothing" and Jennifer Lopez's "Cherry Pie". "The Washington Times" likened Whitney Houston's "Like I Never Left", a duet with Akon, to being inspired by Jackson's "My Baby", which featured Kanye West. AllMusic compared the erotic tone of Jill Scott's "" to the album's suggestive content. Furthermore, Lil' Kim released a remix of the album's title track.


title: Damita Jo (album)

text: In "People Magazine", Christina Aguilera stated ""Damita Jo" is a good album. I love that album. Janet never stops giving you what you want. She's an artist that will always be regarded as one of the best. Like Madonna, she's reinvented herself a lot and kept a connection with her audience. The whole Super Bowl thing ruined her reputation with the media and pretentious prudes, but who cares about them? She's still doing her thing." Actress Lindsay Lohan said she remained fit while filming "Mean Girls" by dancing to Jackson's "Damita Jo" album. Lohan had also attended the album's release party.


title: Apple Bottoms

text: AppleBottoms is a fashion brand for women launched in 2003 by rap artist Nelly, Yomi Martin, Nick Loftis, and Ian Kelly. The brand was initially a denim label, but has since expanded to include other women's and girl's clothing, perfume and accessories.


title: Apple Bottoms

text: The brand was launched with a model search televised on VH1. It quickly became popular in the hip hop community, and is referenced in various rap songs, including Twista's "Overnight Celebrity", MC Jin's "36-24-36", DaCav5's "Tetris", Flo Rida's "Low", and Eminem's "Shake That". In 2006, it was the sixth most searched for denim brand on Google.


title: Apple Bottoms

text: The brand's last ad campaign was in 2010, and featured Nelly. On March 7, 2020, Nelly hinted at a comeback by the brand via Instagram.


title: Flambé

text: Flambé (, , ; also spelled flambe) is a cooking procedure in which alcohol is added to a hot pan to create a burst of flames. The word means "flamed" in French.


title: Flambé

text: Flambéing is often associated with the tableside presentation of certain liqueur-drenched dishes set aflame, such as Bananas Foster or Cherries Jubilee when the alcohol is ignited and results in a flare of blue-tinged flame. However, flambéing is also a step in the making coq au vin, and other dishes and sauces, using spirits before they are brought to the table. By partially burning off the volatile alcohol, flambéing reduces the alcoholic content of the dish while keeping the flavors of the liquor.


title: Flambé

text: Modern flambéing became popular in the 19th century. The English Christmas pudding was served flaming in Charles Dickens' 1843 novel, "A Christmas Carol": "the pudding... blazing in half of half-a-quarter of ignited brandy". The most common flambé dish appears to have been sweet omelette with rum or kirsch; for example, Alexis Soyer's 1846 cookbook, "The Gastronomic Regenerator", gives a recipe for "Omelette au Rhum": "...the moment of going to table pour three glasses of rum round and set it on fire". Ida Joscelyne's book, "The Marvellous Little Housekeepers" (1880), mentions both rum and kirsch; another recipe appears in A.G. Payne's English cookbook, "Choice Dishes at Small Cost", of 1882: "Make a sweet omelet, and heat a tablespoonful of kirsch, by holding a light under the spoon. As soon as the spirit catches fire pour it round the omelet, and serve flaming." Perhaps the most famous flambé dish, Crêpe Suzette, was supposedly invented in 1895 as an accident.


title: Flambé

text: Cognac, rum, or other flavorful liquors that are about 40% alcohol (80 USA proof) are considered ideal for flambé. Wines and beers have too little alcohol and will not flambé. High-alcohol liquors, such as Bacardi 151 or Everclear, are highly flammable and considered too dangerous by professional cooks. Cinnamon is sometimes added not only for flavor but for show, as the powder ignites when added.


title: Flambé

text: The alcoholic beverage must be heated before lighting it on fire. This is because the liquid is still below the flash point at room temperature, and there are not enough alcoholic vapors to ignite. The vapor pressure increases by heating it, releasing enough vapors to catch fire from the match.


title: Flambé

text: Flambéing reduces the alcohol content of the food modestly. In one experimental model, about 25% of the alcohol was boiled off. The effects of the flames are also modest: although the temperature within the flame may be quite high (over 500 °C), the temperature at the surface of the pan is lower than that required for a Maillard browning reaction or for caramelization.


title: Flambé

text: Whether or not there is a change in flavor as a result of flambéing is unclear. Some claim that because the flame is above the food, and since hot gases rise, it cannot significantly affect the flavor. Indeed, experimental work shows that most people cannot tell the difference. That said, in an informal taste test conducted by the "Los Angeles Times" of two batches of caramelized apples (one flambéed and one simmered), one tester declared the "flambéed dish was for adults, the other for kids." Others, however, dispute this and quote celebrated French chefs who claim that flambéing is strictly a show-biz aspect of the restaurant business that ruins food but is done to create an impressive visual presentation at a dramatic point in the preparation of a meal.


title: Flambé

text: For safety, it is recommended that alcohol not be added to a pan on a burner and that the cook use a long fireplace match to ignite the pan.


title: 3rd Bass

text: 3rd Bass was an American hip hop group that was active in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Formed by MC Serch, Pete Nice, and DJ Richie Rich, the group was notable for being one of the first successful interracial hip hop acts. Along with Beastie Boys and producer Rick Rubin, both MC Serch and Pete Nice were one of the very few white hip hop artists who were widely respected in the community. The group dissolved in 1992 and again in 2000 and 2013 after short reunions. The group released two studio albums in their initial career and both of them were certified gold by the RIAA.


title: 3rd Bass

text: MC Serch (Michael Berrin), Prime Minister Pete Nice (Peter J. Nash), and DJ Richie Rich (Richard Lawson) were the three founding members of the group. Richie Rich was a local D.J., while Nice was an English major at Columbia University and hosted a hip hop show on Columbia's student radio station, WKCR-FM. Serch performed at clubs and block parties, and released a single called "Hey Boy" on independent label Idlers.


title: 3rd Bass

text: The two first performed as '3 the Hard Way', a name referred to in the song "Wordz of Wisdom" but later redubbed themselves '3rd Bass' before recording their first album. Sever, Prince Paul, and the Bomb Squad produced their 1989 debut, "The Cactus Album", a critically acclaimed LP that went gold and contained a minor hit in "The Gas Face." The accompanying video, which featured a bevy of humorous cameo appearances that included a young MF Doom, DJ Subroc, Gilbert Gottfried, Flavor Flav, Salt-n-Pepa, Kid 'N Play and EPMD, garnered respectable MTV airplay and the single peaked at #5 on Billboard's Top Rap Singles, though it did not chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The video also contained insults aimed at rapper MC Hammer and record executive Lyor Cohen.


title: 3rd Bass

text: As reported in many interviews, Serch had tried (unsuccessfully) to join up with fellow New Yorkers the Beastie Boys. Upon signing with Def Jam, 3rd Bass inherited their label's feud with the Beasties. "The Cactus Album" was released shortly after the Beastie Boys—riding high on the success of "Licensed to Ill"—walked out of their contract with the label. In addition to containing multiple potshots directed at M.C. Hammer (referred to as "M.C. Household Tool" in the liner notes), "Cactus" also attacked the Beastie Boys and their defection to Capitol Records.


title: 3rd Bass

text: 3rd Bass's 1991 follow-up, "Derelicts of Dialect", had a new target in fellow white rapper Vanilla Ice, who was the focal point of several tracks on the album, most notably "Pop Goes the Weasel". The track depicted Ice as a culture thief who watered down the sound of rap in order to pander to a mainstream audience, while depicting 3rd Bass as more respectful of the genre's traditions. Ice was also criticized for his refusal to credit artists whose music he had sampled for his 1990 smash "Ice Ice Baby." The video featured punk rock icon Henry Rollins dressed up as Ice, who received a "beatdown" by 3rd Bass at the end.


title: 3rd Bass

text: Fueled by the heavy backlash against Vanilla Ice at the time of its release, "Pop Goes the Weasel" reached #1 on Billboard's Top Rap Singles chart, gave the group their only Top 30 single (peaking at #29 on the Hot 100), and helped propel the album to gold status. The track was described by Allmusic as "much-needed damage control in the hip-hop community," in part because it featured Caucasian rappers openly distancing themselves from one of their peers. Vanilla Ice answered back with 'The Wrath' and 'Hit 'em Hard' which he played at concerts in 1992, though the songs were not officially released until 1994.


title: 3rd Bass

text: 3rd Bass's final collaboration was the title track to the soundtrack of the 1992 film "Gladiator" before the group called it quits. That same year—three years after "The Cactus Album"—the Beastie Boys retaliated against 3rd Bass on "Check Your Head"; the track "Professor Booty" contained the lyric "dancing around like you think you're Janet Jackson," which was interpreted as a swipe at Serch's dancing in 3rd Bass's videos.


title: 3rd Bass

text: In 1992, Serch co-wrote and produced several tracks for Detroit rapper Boss's only album, "Born Gangstaz." He released a solo record, "Return of the Product", in August of that year, which included the second major label recording of Nas (credited in the liner notes as "Nasty Nas") and featured the single "Back To The Grill Again." Meanwhile, Nice and Rich teamed up as Prime Minister Pete Nice & Daddy Rich, and released their only album, "Dust to Dust" in 1993. The leadoff single, "Rat Bastard," contained voice samples from "The Silence of the Lambs" and was rumored to reflect bad blood between the pair and Serch, though it was not confirmed. The follow-up was "Kick the Bobo," which received light airplay on MTV and BET but was unable to become a sizeable hit. Neither Nice nor Serch were able to achieve much popularity on their own after 3rd Bass disbanded.


title: 3rd Bass

text: Around the time of the split, Serch was involved with the production of the movie "Zebrahead". As recalled by actor Michael Rapaport, Serch originally wanted to star in the film but was unable to secure the role, and ended up producing the film's soundtrack instead. After serving a stint at now-defunct Wild Pitch Records, he founded Serchlite, a record label and publishing company responsible for signing another group of white New York hip-hop artists, Non Phixion (who broke up in 2006).


title: 3rd Bass

text: 3rd Bass reunited for a gig at the birthday party of Andy Hilfiger (brother of Tommy Hilfiger) in 1998. They also performed at Woodstock 1999, and released a non-charting single, "Hail to the Chief." There had also been talks of a new album entitled "Ichabod's Cranium", but any long-term reunion and album plans were ultimately scrapped.


title: 3rd Bass

text: Nice retired from the music business and opened a baseball memorabilia store in Cooperstown, New York. He published a book, "Baseball Legends of Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery," under his real name in 2003, in addition to attempting to secure property for an official gravesite of Negro league players. Serch hosted the VH1 reality TV series "Ego Trip's The White Rapper Show". Nash also produced a documentary about the Rooters, with interviews filmed in an old gas station in Cooperstown that he was turning into a museum of baseball fan history stocked with much of the memorabilia he was gathering. In 2007 Nice, along with Dropkick Murphys member Ken Casey, opened "McGreevy's 3rd Base Saloon", a baseball history-themed sports bar, in Boston in April 2008. In 2009 MC Serch was featured on rapper Kurious's album "II" and music video by Amalgam Digital.


title: 3rd Bass

text: On April 6, 2013, MC Serch announced on Facebook that 3rd Bass would reunite after over 20 years to tour in celebration of The Cactus Album's 25th anniversary. However, they only did two shows that year: a reunion show at a club in Brooklyn in July, and a cameo appearance on Labor Day at a festival in Indianapolis, which has proven to be their last known performance.


title: Harry Patch

text: Henry John Patch (17 June 1898 – 25 July 2009), dubbed in his later years "the Last Fighting Tommy", was an English supercentenarian, briefly the oldest man in Europe, and the last surviving trench combat soldier of the First World War from any country. Patch was not the longest-surviving soldier of the First World War, but he was the fifth-longest-surviving veteran of any sort from the First World War, behind British veterans Claude Choules and Florence Green, Frank Buckles of the United States and John Babcock of Canada. At the time of his death, aged 111 years, 1 month, 1 week and 1 day, Patch was the third-oldest man in the world, behind Walter Breuning and Jiroemon Kimura, the latter of whom would become the oldest verified man ever.


title: Harry Patch

text: Harry Patch was born in the village of Combe Down, near Bath, Somerset, England. He appears in the 1901 Census as a two-year-old boy along with his stonemason father William John Patch (1863–1945), mother Elizabeth Ann (née Morris) (1857–1951) and older brothers George Frederick (1888–1983) and William Thomas (1894–1981) at a house called "Fonthill" in Gladstone Road. The family are recorded at the same address "Fonthill Cottage" in the 1911 census. His elder brothers are recorded as a carpenter and banker mason. Longevity ran in Patch's family; his father lived to 82, his mother to 94, his brother George to 95 and his brother William to 87. Patch left school in 1913 and became an apprentice plumber in Bath.


title: Harry Patch

text: In October 1916, during the First World War, he was conscripted into the British Army as a private, reporting for duty at Tolland Barracks, Taunton. During the winter of 1916–17 he was promoted to lance corporal, but was demoted after a fistfight with a soldier who had taken Patch's boots from his billet, and he saw no further promotion. Patch went through a series of short-lived attachments to several regiments, including the Royal Warwickshire Regiment before being posted after completing training to the 7th (Service) Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, serving as an assistant gunner in a Lewis gun section. Patch arrived in France in June 1917. He fought on the Western Front at the Battle of Passchendaele (also known as the Third Battle of Ypres) and was wounded, when a shell exploded overhead at 22:30 on 22 September 1917, killing three of his comrades. He had a two-inch piece of shrapnel removed from his groin; as there was no anaesthetic remaining in the camp he chose to have the operation done without anaesthesia. He was removed from the front line and returned to England on 23 December 1917. Patch referred to 22 September as his personal Remembrance Day. He was still convalescing on the Isle of Wight when the Armistice with Germany was declared the following November.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch received eight medals and honours; for his service in the First World War, he received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. In 1998, as a surviving veteran of the First World War, who had fought for the Allies in France and Flanders, the President of the Republic of France made him a Knight of the Légion d'honneur. The award was presented to Patch on his 101st birthday. On 9 March 2009, Patch was appointed an Officer of the Légion d'honneur by the French Ambassador at his nursing home in Somerset. On 7 January 2008, Albert II, King of the Belgians, conferred upon Patch the award of Knight of the Order of Leopold. He received the award from Jean-Michel Veranneman de Watervliet, Belgium's Ambassador to the United Kingdom, at a ceremony in the Ambassador's residence in London, on 22 September 2008, which coincidentally was the 91st anniversary of the day he was wounded in action and three of his closest friends killed.


title: Harry Patch

text: For service during the Second World War, Patch was awarded the 1939–45 Defence Medal. This was subsequently lost and on 20 September 2008, at a ceremony at Bath Fire Station, Patch was presented with a replacement medal. Patch also received two commemorative medals: the National Service Medal and the Hors de combat medal, which signifies outstanding bravery of servicemen and women, who have sustained wounds or injury in the line of duty. The medals are unofficial and not a part of the official order of wear in any Commonwealth realm. In accordance with his wishes, Patch's medals are displayed at the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry Museum in Bodmin.


title: Harry Patch

text: After the war, Patch returned to work as a plumber, during which time he spent four years working on the Wills Memorial Building in Bristol, before becoming manager of the plumbing company's branch in Bristol. A year above the age to be called up for military service at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, he became a part-time fireman in Bath, dealing with the Baedeker raids. Later in the war he moved to Street, Somerset, where he ran a plumbing company until his retirement at the age of 65.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch married Ada Emily Billington (1891–1976) at the Parish Church, Hadley, Shropshire on 13 September 1919. Harry and Ada had two children. Denis Howard Patch (1921–1987) and Gordon Roy Patch (1926–2002). Ada suffered a severe stroke in 1976 and died at Wells and District Hospital on 20 September 1976, aged 85.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch married Kathleen Alice Joy (née Weedon) (1901–1989) at Mendip Register Office on 5 June 1982. Harry was 83 and Kathleen, known as Jean, was 80. Jean died of breast cancer at St Margaret's Hospice, Glastonbury aged 87 on 18 March 1989.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch's elder son, Denis, was deeply affected by his mother's death and began drinking heavily. Denis died at King's College Hospital, London, in 1987 of cirrhosis of the liver, aged 66.


title: Harry Patch

text: At the age of 100, Patch moved to Fletcher House Nursing Home in Wells, where he found a companion in widow Doris Whitaker (1914–2007).


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch became estranged from his son Gordon, known as Roy, following Denis's death and they did not speak for the last twenty years of Roy's life. Roy died of cancer in 2002 aged 76.


title: Harry Patch

text: On 16 December 2005, Patch was awarded an honorary degree of Master of Arts, honoris causa, by the University of Bristol, whose buildings he helped construct in the 1920s. The University's restored Wills Memorial Building was reopened by Patch on 20 February 2008. He was chosen for this honour as he was a member of the workforce that originally helped build the tower, which was opened on 9 June 1925 by King George V, an event which Patch also attended.


title: Harry Patch

text: Upon receiving this degree, he was recognized by Guinness World Records as the oldest person to have ever received an honorary degree, at the age of 107 years and 182 days.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch died at 9 a.m. on 25 July 2009, aged 111 years, one month, one week and one day. His death came seven days after that of fellow veteran Henry Allingham, the last veteran of The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and founding member of The Royal Air Force (RAF), aged 113. Charles III (then Prince of Wales) led the tributes to him, saying: "Today, nothing could give me greater pride than paying tribute to Harry Patch, of Somerset". Patch was the last male First World War veteran living in Europe and the last British male known to have been born in the 1800s.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch's funeral was held in Wells Cathedral on Thursday 6 August 2009. At 11:00 a.m., the bells of Wells Cathedral were rung 111 times to mark each year of his life. A quarter peal of Grandsire Caters was also rung, half muffled, while quarter-peals were also rung in Bristol and at several churches around the country. His coffin travelled from his home, Fletcher House, to the cathedral where the service commenced at noon. The theme of the service was "Peace and Reconciliation" and in addition to pallbearers from The Rifles (the successor regiment to the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry), Patch's coffin was accompanied by two private soldiers from each of the armies of Belgium, France and Germany.


title: Harry Patch

text: In accordance with Patch's instructions, no guns were allowed at the funeral and even the officiating soldiers did not have their ceremonial weapons. Due to public interest in the funeral, which was broadcast live on TV and radio, 1,050 tickets were made available for the service. Some, wanting to pay their respects, slept overnight on the Cathedral green in order to get tickets. The funeral was led by John Clarke, Dean of Wells and Peter Maurice, Bishop of Taunton. Among notables to attend the funeral were Queen Camilla (then Duchess of Cornwall) and Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester. Patch was buried at St Michael's Church, Monkton Combe, near his parents and brother.


title: Harry Patch

text: Race horse trainer and owner Michael Jarvis named a horse after Patch in 2008. Having bought the horse in October 2007, during that year's Poppy Appeal, the Newmarket trainer decided to name him after a First World War veteran. Michael's daughter suggested Patch after reading an article about him. The horse won the 1:30 at Doncaster racecourse on 8 November 2008, the day before Remembrance Sunday. A commemorative plaque in Patch's memory is to be placed on the Guildhall in Bath.


title: Harry Patch

text: The BBC commissioned Carol Ann Duffy, the Poet Laureate, to write a poem to mark the deaths of Patch and Henry Allingham (who died one week before Patch, on 18 July 2009). The result, "Last Post", was read by Duffy on the "Today programme" on BBC Radio 4 on 30 July 2009, the day of Allingham's funeral.


title: Harry Patch

text: On 5 August 2009, the band Radiohead released the song "Harry Patch (In Memory Of)". Singer Thom Yorke explained that the song was inspired by a 2005 interview with Patch on the "Today Programme" on BBC Radio 4. The song was sold from Radiohead's website for £1, with proceeds donated to the British Legion.


title: Harry Patch

text: In mid-2009, Harry recorded some spoken word parts for UK heavy metal band Imperial Vengeance, to be included on the title track to the album "At the Going Down of the Sun". The song was about the horrors of the trenches and Patch read part of the poem "For the Fallen".


title: Harry Patch

text: The former UK Poet Laureate Andrew Motion composed a poem, "The Death of Harry Patch", which he read for the first time on "The World at One" Radio 4 programme on Armistice Day 2010.


title: Harry Patch

text: On 6 November 2015, Great Western Railway named one of their Class 43 High Speed locomotives after Harry to commemorate the forthcoming armistice day. The locomotive was wrapped in remembrance vinyls that included images of poppies, soldiers, and text from the 'For the Fallen' poem by Laurence Binyon. The locomotive nameplates read: 'Harry Patch The last survivor of the trenches' and included a coloured line of all eight ribbons from the medals awarded to Patch. The locomotive no longer carries the nameplates or vinyls, these having been removed when the locomotive was retired from service in late 2019 and its subsequent refurbishment and re-entry into service in 2020.


title: Harry Patch

text: Harry Patch's portrait, painted from life by the artist Bill Leyshon, was commissioned by the Western Daily Press in 2007 and is now in the collections of Somerset Museums Service, Taunton.


title: Harry Patch

text: After his death, several articles examined how Patch's life and image served as a reference point for thinking about the meaning of the Great War, commemoration and indeed the figure of the veteran. Patch's hard won pacifism can be seen to sit uneasily with contemporary jingoism and militaristic rhetoric.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch had refused to discuss his war experiences until approached in 1998 for the BBC One documentary "Veterans", on reflection of which, and with the realisation that he was part of a fast-dwindling group of veterans of "the war to end all wars", he agreed.


title: Harry Patch

text: Patch was featured in the 2003 television series "World War 1 in Colour" and said "if any man tells you he went over the top and he wasn't scared, he's a damn liar". He reflected on his lost friends and the moment when he came face to face with a German soldier. He recalled the story of Moses descending from Mount Sinai with God's Ten Commandments, including "Thou shalt not kill" and could not bring himself to kill the German. Instead, he shot him in the shoulder, which made the soldier drop his rifle. However, he had to carry on running towards his Lewis Gun, so to proceed, he shot him above the knee and in the ankle. Patch said,


title: Harry Patch

text: In November 2004, at the age of 106, Patch met Charles Kuentz, a 107-year-old Alsatian veteran, who had fought on the German side at Passchendaele (and served on the French side in World War II). Patch was quoted as saying: "I was a bit doubtful before meeting a German soldier. Herr Kuentz is a very nice gentleman however. He is all for a united Europe and peace – and so am I". Kuentz had brought along a tin of Alsatian biscuits and Patch gave him a bottle of Somerset cider in return. The meeting was featured in a 2005 BBC TV programme "The Last Tommy", which told the stories of several of Britain's last World War I veterans.


title: Harry Patch

text: In December 2004, Patch was given a present of 106 bottles of Patch's Pride Cider, which has been named after him and produced by the Gaymer Cider Company. In the spring of 2005 he was interviewed by the "Today" programme, in which he said of the First World War: "Too many died. War isn't worth one life" and in July 2005, Patch voiced his outrage over plans to build a motorway in northern France over cemeteries of the First World War.


title: Harry Patch

text: In July 2007, marking the 90th anniversary of the beginning of the Battle of Passchendaele, Patch revisited the site of the battle in Flanders, to pay his respects to the fallen on both sides. He was accompanied by historian, Richard van Emden. On this occasion, Patch described war as the "calculated and condoned slaughter of human beings" and said that "war isn't worth one life".


title: Harry Patch

text: In August 2007, Patch's autobiography "The Last Fighting Tommy", written with Richard van Emden, was published, making him one of the oldest authors ever. With the proceeds from this book, Patch decided to fund an Inshore Lifeboat for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) and he attended the RNLI's Lifeboat College on 20 July 2007, to officially name the boat "The Doris and Harry".


title: Harry Patch

text: In February 2008, the poet laureate of the United Kingdom, Andrew Motion, was commissioned by the BBC West television programme "Inside Out West", to write a poem in Patch's honour. Entitled "The Five Acts of Harry Patch" it was first read at a special event at the Bishop's Palace in Wells, where it was introduced by the Prince of Wales and received by Harry Patch.


title: Harry Patch

text: In July 2008, Wells City Council conferred the freedom of the city of Wells on Patch. On 27 September 2008, in a private ceremony attended by a few people, Patch opened a memorial on the bank of the Steenbeek, at the point where he crossed the river in 1917.


title: Harry Patch

text: In October 2008, Patch launched the 2008 Royal British Legion Poppy Appeal in Somerset. On 11 November 2008, marking the 90th anniversary of the end of World War I, together with fellow veterans Henry Allingham and Bill Stone, Patch laid a commemorative wreath for the Act of Remembrance at The Cenotaph in London, escorted by Victoria Cross recipient Johnson Beharry.


title: Harry Patch

text: On 9 November 2008, the Master of the Queen's Music, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, attended the world premiere of his choral work paying tribute to Patch. The piece sets words by the Poet Laureate, Andrew Motion, and was performed at Portsmouth Cathedral by the London Mozart Players, the Portsmouth Grammar School chamber choir and the cathedral's choristers. The creation of the work was featured in "A poem for Harry", a BBC West documentary that was subsequently repeated on BBC Four. The programme won a gold medal at the New York Festivals International Television Programming and Promotion Awards.


title: Harry Patch

text: On 18 July 2009, with the death of Henry Allingham, Patch became the oldest surviving veteran and also the oldest man in the United Kingdom. Patch was the last trench veteran of World War I. The penultimate Western Front veteran, the 108-year-old Fernand Goux of France, who died on 9 November 2008, fought for 8 days. He came out unscathed, unlike Patch and the last Alpine Front veteran, 110-year-old Delfino Borroni of Italy, who died on 26 October 2008. Patch was also the last surviving Tommy, since the death on 4 April 2009 of Netherwood Hughes, who was still in training when the war ended. The last-but-one fighting Tommy, Harold Lawton, died on 24 December 2005. Claude Choules, the last remaining First World War naval veteran, died on 5 May 2011.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Synthetic oxytocin, sold under the brand name Pitocin among others, is a medication made from the peptide "oxytocin". As a medication, it is used to cause contraction of the uterus to start labor, increase the speed of labor, and to stop bleeding following delivery. For this purpose, it is given by injection either into a muscle or into a vein.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Oxytocin is also available in intranasal spray form for psychiatric, endocrine and weight management use as a supplement. Intranasal oxytocin works on a different pathway than injected oxytocin, primarily along the olfactory nerve crossing the brain blood barrier to the olfactory lobe in the brain, where dense magnocellular oxytocin neurons receive the dose application.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: The use of synthetic oxytocin as an injectable medication for inducing childbirth can result in excessive contraction of the uterus that can risk the health of the baby. Common side effects in the mother include nausea and a slow heart rate. Serious side effects include rupture of the uterus and with excessive dose, water intoxication. Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis may also occur.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: The natural occurrence of oxytocin was discovered in 1906. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: An intravenous infusion of oxytocin is used to induce labor and to support labor in case of slow childbirth if the oxytocin challenge test fails. Whether a high dose is better than a standard dose for labor induction is unclear. It has largely replaced ergometrine as the principal agent to increase uterine tone in acute postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin is also used in veterinary medicine to facilitate birth and to stimulate milk release.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: The tocolytic agent atosiban (Tractocile) acts as an antagonist of oxytocin receptors. It is registered in many countries for use in suppressing premature labor between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation. It has fewer side effects than drugs previously used for this purpose (such as ritodrine, salbutamol and terbutaline).


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Oxytocin is relatively safe when used at recommended doses, and side effects are uncommon. These maternal events have been reported:


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Excessive dosage or long-term administration (over a period of 24 hours or longer) has been known to result in tetanic uterine contractions, uterine rupture, postpartum hemorrhage, and water intoxication, sometimes fatal.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Oxytocin was added to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices's list of High Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings in 2012. The list includes medications that have a high risk for harm if administered incorrectly.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: During pregnancy, increased uterine motility has led to decreased heart rate, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, brain damage, and death in the fetus or neonate.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Certain learning and memory functions are impaired by centrally administered oxytocin. Also, systemic oxytocin administration can impair memory retrieval in certain aversive memory tasks. However, oxytocin does seem to facilitate learning and memory specifically for social information. Healthy males administered intranasal oxytocin show improved memory for human faces, in particular happy faces.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Oxytocin's uterine-contracting properties were discovered by British pharmacologist Henry Hallett Dale in 1906. Oxytocin's milk ejection property was described by Ott and Scott in 1910 and by Schafer and Mackenzie in 1911.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: Oxytocin was the first polypeptide hormone to be sequenced or synthesized. Du Vigneaud was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1955 for his work.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: The word "oxytocin" was coined from the term "oxytocic". Greek ὀξύς, "oxys", and τόκος, "tokos", meaning "quick birth".


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: The trust-inducing property of oxytocin might help those with social anxiety and depression, anxiety, fear, and social dysfunctions, such as generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social anxiety disorder, as well as autism and schizophrenia, among others. However, in one meta-analysis only autism spectrum disorder showed a significant combined effect size.


title: Oxytocin (medication)

text: People using oxytocin show improved recognition for positive social cues over threatening social cues and improved recognition of fear.


title: Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers

text: The Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers is the executive wing of the Government of Tamil Nadu and headed by the State's Chief Minister M. K. Stalin who is the head of government and leader of the state cabinet. The current state council of ministers to be sworn in on 7 May 2021, after 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. The term of every executive wing is for 5 years. The council of ministers are assisted by department secretaries attached to each ministry who are from IAS Tamil Nadu cadre. The chief executive officer responsible for issuing orders on behalf of Government is Chief Secretary to the State Government. The current Chief Secretary is V. Irai Anbu IAS


title: Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers

text: This means that the Ministers serve under the pleasure of the Governor and he/she may remove them, on the advice of the Chief Minister, whenever they want.


title: Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers

text: The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor:Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work.


title: Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers

text: Like any Indian state, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu is the real head of the government and responsible for state administration. He is the leader of the parliamentary party in the legislature and heads the state cabinet.


title: Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers

text: Like any state, Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu is the deputy head of the government and senior minister of cabinet after the Chief Minister and mostly the position was vacant.


title: Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers

text: As per Indian Constitution, all portfolios of state government is vested in Chief Minister, who distribute various portfolio to individual ministers whom he nominates to the State Governor. The state governor appoints individual ministers for various portfolios and departments as per advice of Chief Minister and together form the State Cabinet. As the original portfolios are vested with CM, who delegates to others upon his/her wish, actions of individual ministers are part of collective responsibility of the state cabinet and Chief Minister is responsible for actions of each minister. The state cabinet along with Chief Minister, prepares General policy and individual department policy, which will be guiding policy for day-to-day administration of each minister.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Loose connective tissue, sometimes called areolar tissue, is a cellular connective tissue with thin and relatively sparse collagen fibers. Its ground substance occupies more volume than the fibers do. It has a viscous to gel-like consistency and plays an important role in the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries that course through this connective tissue as well as in the diffusion of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes back to the vessels. Moreover, loose connective tissue is primarily located beneath the epithelia that cover the body surfaces and line the internal surfaces of the body. It is also associated with the epithelium of glands and surrounds the smallest blood vessels. This tissue is thus the initial site where pathogenic agents, such as bacteria that have breached an epithelial surface, are challenged and destroyed by cells of the immune system.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: In the past, the designations areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue have been listed as subsets of loose connective tissue. However, they are no longer considered subsets of loose connective tissue. Loose connective tissue is a subset of connective tissue proper. Furthermore, areolar tissue is the same as loose connective tissue, adipose tissue is a subset of specialized connective tissue, and reticular tissue is the presence of reticular fibers and reticular cells together forming the stroma of hemopoietic tissue (specifically the red bone marrow) and lymphatic tissue organs (lymph nodes and spleen but not the thymus).


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Most cell types in loose connective tissue are transient wandering cells that migrate from local blood vessels in response to specific stimuli. Loose connective tissue, therefore, is a site of inflammatory and immune reactions. In areas of the body where foreign substances are continually present, large populations of immune cells are maintained. For example, the lamina propria, the loose connective tissue of mucous membranes, such as those of the respiratory and alimentary systems, contains large numbers of these cells.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: It is a pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix and functions to cushion and protect body organs.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Fibroblasts are widely dispersed in this tissue; they are irregular branching cells that secrete strong fibrous proteins and proteoglycans as an extracellular matrix.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: The cells of this type of tissue are generally connected by a gelatinous substance known as ground substance primarily made up of collagenous and elastic fibers.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: It may be found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body. It surrounds blood vessels and nerves and penetrates with them even into the small spaces of muscles, tendons, and other tissues. It may likewise be present in the mediastinal extremities. Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes when needed. Because of the abundance of open, fluid-filled space, leukocytes can move about freely in areolar tissue and can easily find and destroy pathogens.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: The areolar tissue is found beneath the epidermis layer and is also underneath the epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: it makes the skin elastic and helps it to withstand pulling pain. It is also a component of the lamina propria of the digestive and respiratory tracts, the mucous membranes of reproductive and urinary systems, the stroma of glands, and the hypodermis of the skin.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Loose connective tissue is named based on the "weave" and type of its constituent fibers. There are three main types:


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Areolar tissue ( or ) is a common type of loose connective tissue (and the most widely distributed type of connective tissue in vertebrates). It is so-named because its fibers are far enough apart to leave ample open space for interstitial fluid in between ("areolar" is Latin for a "little open space"). It is strong enough to bind different tissue types together, yet soft enough to provide flexibility and cushioning. It exhibits interlacing, loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and significant empty space filled with interstitial fluid. Many adjacent epithelial tissues (which are avascular) get their nutrients from the interstitial fluid of areolar tissue; the lamina propria is areolar in many body locations. Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present. Areolar tissue is highly variable in appearance. In many serous membranes, it appears as a loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, scattered cells of various types; abundant ground substance; numerous blood vessels. In the skin and mucous membranes, it is more compact and sometimes difficult to distinguish from dense irregular connective tissue.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Areolar connective tissue holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues. It also serves as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into areolar connective tissue.


title: Loose connective tissue

text: Organs that are rich in loose connective tissue (such as the eyelids) are usually sites that undergo oedema, indicating kidney failure or nephrotic syndrome. Therefore, periorbital swelling is one characteristic finding in severe kidney disease.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a United States Army major general, physician, and public official. He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba, and Governor-General of the Philippines. He began his military career as an army doctor on the frontier, where he received the Medal of Honor. During the Spanish–American War, he commanded the Rough Riders, with Theodore Roosevelt as his second-in-command. Wood was bypassed for a major command in World War I, but then became a prominent Republican Party leader and a leading candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, Wood became an army surgeon after earning a Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School. He received the Medal of Honor for his role in the Apache Wars and became the personal physician to the President of the United States. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment. Wood was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the war and fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill and other engagements. After the war, Wood served as the Military Governor of Cuba, where he instituted improvements to medical and sanitary conditions. President William Howard Taft made Wood the Army Chief of Staff in 1910, and Wood held that position until 1914. Several Republican leaders supported Wood for the role of commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, but the Woodrow Wilson administration selected John J. Pershing.


title: Leonard Wood

text: After Roosevelt's death in 1919, many of Roosevelt's former supporters backed Wood for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Republican National Convention. Wood received the most votes on the first four ballots of the convention, but the Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding. Wood retired from the army in 1921 and was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines later that year. He held that position until his death in 1927.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was born in Winchester, New Hampshire on October 9, 1860, one of three children born to Dr. Charles Jewett Wood (1829–1880) and Caroline Elizabeth (Hagar) Wood (1836–1910). His family was of English descent, and Wood was descended from Mayflower passengers William White, Francis Cooke, Stephen Hopkins and Richard Warren. He served as Governor General of the Mayflower Society from 1915 to 1921. Wood was also a member of the General Society of Colonial Wars and the Sons of the Revolution. He was president of the Sons of the Revolution from 1910 to 1911.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was raised in Pocasset, Massachusetts and educated by a private tutor, then attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts. Wood tried unsuccessfully for an appointment to the United States Naval Academy and considered going to sea on an Arctic expedition or as a commercial fisherman. In 1880, his sister Barbara died, followed soon after by the death of his father. Wood's mother was able to support herself and Wood's brother Jacob by taking in boarders, while Wood moved away to further his education and obtain a profession. With the assistance of a relative, Wood was introduced to wealthy businessman H. H. Hunnewell, a philanthropist who had provided college tuition for other promising young men. Hunnewell agreed to fund Wood's education at Harvard Medical School, and Wood began attending courses in October 1880. According to Hunnewell, who considered his financial support to young men attending college loans and not grants, but did not attempt to obtain repayment, Wood was the only beneficiary who ever paid him back. Wood worked diligently and consistently improved his class standing to the point where he earned a scholarship that provided additional financial support for his studies.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In 1884, Wood received his MD degree. He interned at Boston City Hospital, but was fired near the end of the year for exceeding his authority by conducting surgical procedures without supervision. He then took over the struggling Boston office of a classmate who had been hired by the Southern Pacific Railway. Wood practiced medicine in late 1884 and into the following year, but business was not steady and he did not have a reliable income. In 1885, he completed the examinations for a commission in the Army Medical Corps, attracted to the military by the possibilities for immediate employment and a regular salary. He finished second of 59 applicants, but there was only one vacancy, so Wood was not immediately offered a commission.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In June 1885, Wood was contracted by the U.S. Army to act as an assistant surgeon without rank, and he was posted to the Department of Arizona. In January 1886, Wood was nominated by the president for appointment in the U.S. Army as assistant surgeon with the rank of first lieutenant. His appointment was among several whose confirmation by the United States Senate was delayed until July 27, 1886. Until that time, he continued as a contract surgeon and was stationed with the 4th Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Wood participated in the last campaign against Geronimo in the summer of 1886.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In 1898, Wood received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the 1886 Geronimo campaign, including carrying dispatches 100 miles through hostile territory, and commanding a detachment of the 8th Infantry Regiment whose officers had been killed in hand-to-hand combat against the Apaches. Nelson A. Miles, the overall commander of the expedition, and Henry Ware Lawton, Wood's commander in the field, recommended Wood for a brevet promotion or a Medal of Honor, and lobbied persistently for 12 years until the medal was approved.


title: Leonard Wood

text: The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in the Summer of 1886, in action in the Apache Campaigns in Arizona Territory. Assistant Surgeon Wood voluntarily carried dispatches through a region infested with hostile Indians, making a journey of 70 miles in one night and walking 30 miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close pursuit of Geronimo's band and constantly expecting an encounter, commanded a detachment of Infantry, which was then without an officer, and to the command of which he was assigned upon his own request.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Awarded for Actions During: Indian Campaigns Service: Army Unit: 4th U.S. Cavalry Date of Issue: April 8, 1898


title: Leonard Wood

text: In late July 1886, Wood's appointment was confirmed and he received his commission as a first lieutenant. In February 1887, he was appointed acting captain and temporary medical director of the Department of Arizona during the illness of his superior. At the end of 1887, Wood's medical duties took him to Fort Lowell, Arizona Territory, followed by duty at Fort Selden, Fort Stanton, and Fort Wingate, New Mexico. In 1888, Wood was assigned to surgeon's duties at Fort McDowell, Arizona. In 1889, Wood was reassigned to the Presidio of San Francisco.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was promoted to captain in 1891. In 1892, he was part of a contingent of Presidio soldiers that traveled to Benicia Barracks to assist units of the California National Guard during the conduct of their annual training encampment. While stationed at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Wood enrolled in graduate school at Georgia Tech in order to be eligible for the school's football team. He organized the school's 1893 team, served as coach, and played left guard. Wood led Georgia Tech to a 2–1–1 record, including a 28–6 victory over the University of Georgia.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898. During his White House service, Wood developed a friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders. Wood successfully commanded the regiment during the June 24, 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas. When the brigade commander, Samuel B. M. Young, became ill, Wood received a field promotion to brigadier general of volunteers. He assumed command of 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Fifth Army Corps (which included the Rough Riders) and led the brigade to a famous July 1, 1898 victory at Kettle Hill and San Juan Heights.


title: Leonard Wood

text: After San Juan Heights, Wood led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade for the rest of the war. He stayed in Cuba afterward and was appointed military governor of Santiago later in 1898, then served as governor of Cuba from 1899 to 1902. In that capacity, he relied on his medical experience to institute improvements to medical and sanitary conditions. He also introduced numerous reforms similar to those of the Progressive Movement in the U.S., including improvements to the educational and court systems. He was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army shortly before moving to his next assignment. On May 15, 1902, prior to leaving office as military governor, Wood issued an order excluding Chinese immigrants.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood visited several European countries in 1902. His tour included reviewing German troops during Kaiser Wilhelm II's annual parade in August, which he attended with Samuel B. M. Young and Henry C. Corbin, and a tour of the United Kingdom's Military College at Sandhurst in November.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In 1903, he proceeded to the Philippines, where he served as governor of Moro Province until 1906, then commanded the Philippine Division from 1906 to 1908. He was promoted to major general in 1903 despite significant opposition from members of the United States Senate who believed he had not served long enough in the lower grades and had been promoted because of political influence, not merit. He received criticism for his handling of the 1906 First Battle of Bud Dajo, where hundreds of women and children were killed.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was named Army Chief of Staff in 1910 by President William Howard Taft, whom he had met while both were in the Philippines; he remains the only medical officer to have ever held that position. As Chief of Staff, Wood implemented several programs, among which were the forerunner of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program, and the Preparedness Movement, a campaign for universal military training and wartime conscription. The Preparedness Movement led to implementation of the Selective Service System shortly before World War I. As chief of staff, Wood reorganized the general staff into three divisions – Mobile Army, Coast Artillery, and War College – each headed by an assistant chief of staff. The three divisions he created did not last, but the overall result of his reorganization was the recognition that decentralization, which continued under his successors, enabled streamlined planning and decision making, which facilitated operations and training as the army began to prepare for U.S. entry into the war.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In 1914, Wood completed his term as chief of staff and was succeeded by William Wotherspoon. As commander of the army's Eastern Department, Wood was a strong advocate of the Preparedness Movement, led by Republicans, which alienated him from the isolationist and pacifist President Wilson. Wood made speeches and wrote articles to advocate preparedness and in 1915 a collection of these works were published as a pro-preparedness book, "The Military Obligation of Citizenship". He served as a member of Harvard University's board of overseers from 1917 to 1923.


title: Leonard Wood

text: With American entry into World War I looming in early 1917, the most likely choice to lead American forces in France was Major General Frederick Funston. Funston died of a heart attack in February, leaving President Woodrow Wilson to choose from among the army's six other major generals. Wood was recommended by several prominent Republicans, including Henry Cabot Lodge. Despite this support, when the U.S. entered the war in April, Wood's prior criticism of the Wilson administration led Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to recommend John J. Pershing, the most junior of the serving major generals and a Republican, but one who had been less vocal than Wood.


title: Leonard Wood

text: During the war Wood was relegated to stateside roles, including command of the Southern Department in 1917. He then commanded the 89th and 10th Divisions, which he organized and trained at Camp Funston, Kansas. While on an inspection tour of the Western Front in January 1918, Wood was slightly injured by shrapnel from a US mortar round that exploded during a test. Wood was preparing to travel to France with the 89th Division in May 1918 when he was relieved by Wilson. He was disappointed at being continued in stateside service, but effectively organized and trained the 10th Division. During most of the war, Wood's aide-de-camp was John C. H. Lee, who attained the rank of lieutenant general during World War II.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood received the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Legion of Honor (Grand Officer) from France to recognize his superior service during the war. After the war, Wood was appointed to command the Sixth Corps Area, which he led from 1919 to 1921.


title: Leonard Wood

text: After having considered a presidential candidacy in 1916, in 1920 Wood was a serious contender for the Republican nomination. The major candidates were Senator Hiram Johnson of California, a progressive who opposed U.S. involvement in the League of Nations; Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois, who supported women's suffrage and Prohibition, and opposed U.S. entry into the League of Nations; and Wood, whose military career made him the personification of competence and ties to Theodore Roosevelt earned him the backing of many of Roosevelt's former supporters, including William Cooper Procter. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio was a dark horse candidate, running as a favorite son in order to maintain his hold on Ohio's Republican Party and secure his reelection to the Senate. At the convention, Wood led on the first four ballots, was second on the fifth, tied for first with Lowden on the sixth, and led again on the seventh. With none of the three front runners able to obtain a majority, support for Harding started to grow and he won the nomination on the tenth ballot. Delegates nominated Calvin Coolidge for vice president, and the Harding-Coolidge ticket went on to win the general election.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood retired from the U.S. Army in 1921, after which he was chosen to serve as provost of the University of Pennsylvania. The college granted him a leave of absence before he assumed the position, enabling him to carry out a one-year appointment as Governor General of the Philippines. In 1922 he decided to remain in the Philippines, so he resigned the provost's position.


title: Leonard Wood

text: His tenure in the Philippines was characterized by marked tension between him and key Filipino officials. In his first year, Wood vetoed 16 measures passed by the Philippine Legislature, an act denounced by critics as a "misuse of the veto power" when they noted that his predecessor, Francis Burton Harrison, had vetoed only 5 measures during his entire governorship.


title: Leonard Wood

text: The tension between Wood and Filipino members of the government became more heightened in 1923, precipitated by Wood's actions with respect to Ray Conley, a Manila Police detective who was accused of immorality and misconduct in office. Interior Secretary Jose P. Laurel sought Conley's removal but Wood ordered Laurel to reinstate him. Laurel then tendered his resignation. The Filipino members of the Wood cabinet, including the entire Council of State, tendered their resignations to protest Wood's actions. These events, the "Cabinet Crisis of 1923," strained relations between the U.S. colonial government under Wood and Filipino leaders, which lasted until his death in 1927.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was diagnosed in 1910 with a benign meningioma, which was successfully resected by Harvey Cushing. He made a full recovery, but the tumor later recurred. Wood died in Boston on August 7, 1927 during surgery on the brain tumor. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 21, Grave S-10.


title: Leonard Wood

text: The successful removal of Wood's first brain tumor represented an important milestone, indicating to the public the advances that had been made in the nascent field of neurosurgery and extending Wood's life by almost two decades. His brain is held at the Yale University School of Medicine as part of an historic collection of Harvey Cushing's patients' preserved brains.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was serving in Monterey, California in 1888 when he met Louise Adriana Condit Smith (1869–1943), who was vacationing with her uncle and legal guardian, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field. They married in Washington, DC on November 18, 1890 with the entire Supreme Court in attendance. The Woods were the parents of three children – Leonard Jr., Osborne, and Luisita (Louise).


title: Leonard Wood

text: Leonard Wood Jr. (1892–1931) was a Cornell University graduate who attained the rank of captain while serving in the Army during World War I, but was plagued by financial difficulties and ill health afterwards.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Osborne Cutler Wood (1897–1950) left Harvard University to serve in World War I, and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel after the war. After leaving the Army he relocated to New Mexico, where he was commissioned as a brigadier general and appointed as adjutant general of the New Mexico National Guard.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Louise Barbara Wood (1900–1960) served with Anne Morgan's American Friends in France relief organization during World War I. Louise Wood took an interest in preserving her father's legacy. In 1952, she attended the opening of a park in Cuba which included a plaque commemorating her father's Spanish-American War service and the shack in which Walter Reed conducted the research that proved mosquitoes are the cause of malaria.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In 1925, Dorothy Wade, wife of the head doctor at the Culion leper colony, and fundraiser Perry Burgess created a charitable committee that after Wood's death became the Leonard Wood Memorial for the Eradication of Leprosy. The Wood Memorial supported leper colonies in Culion and Cebu, held the first international conference on leprosy in Manila in 1931, and helped support the International Leprosy Foundation. A statue of Wood was erected at Culion in 1931.


title: Leonard Wood

text: In January 1941, the newly constructed Seventh Corps Area Training Center in Missouri was designated Fort Leonard Wood.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Numerous streets are named after Wood, including roads in Baguio and Zamboanga City, Philippines. An elementary school in Mandaue, Philippines (inside the Eversley Childs Sanitarium compound) was also named after him.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood was a Freemason; Leonard Wood Lodge No. 105 under the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines was named in his honor.


title: Leonard Wood

text: Wood received the Theodore Roosevelt Association's Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal in 1923.


title: Alina Fernández

text: Alina Fernández Revuelta (born 19 March 1956, Cuba) is a Cuban anti-communist activist. She is the daughter of Fidel Castro and Natalia Revuelta Clews. She is one of the best known Cuban critics of the government of Cuba and her father's and uncle's rule, where she lived until 1993.


title: Alina Fernández

text: Fernández lived with her mother, Natalia "Naty" Revuelta Clews, who was born in Havana in 1925 and stepfather, Orlando Fernández. In Cuba, she worked as a model and public relations director of a Cuban fashion company, according to the University Program Board. In 1993, at age 37, she left Cuba for Spain using false papers and a wig. Elena Díaz-Verson Amos, a Cuban immigrant, and wife to John Amos (an Aflac, Inc. founder) helped Fernández leave Cuba. Fernández lived in Columbus, Georgia, with Díaz-Verson for several years.


title: Alina Fernández

text: Fernández has one daughter. In an interview in 2008 with "Foreign Policy" magazine, she said she had been closer to her uncle, Raúl Castro, than she was to her father. She said Raúl Castro, who succeeded her father as the Cuban president, had helped her on several occasions. "He was the person to whom you could go to and ask for help every time you had a practical problem. I personally asked for his help a couple of times, and he always helped me immediately. In the family he was the only help you could find. On these kinds of issues, Fidel was totally unhelpful."


title: Alina Fernández

text: Fernández's aunt, Juanita Castro, sued Alina Fernández for libel and defamation over passages in her autobiography about Juanita and Fidel's parents, Ángel Castro and Lina Ruz. In 2005, a Spanish court ordered Fernández and Plaza & Janes, the Barcelona Random House publisher, to pay US$45,000 to Juanita Castro, who said the book defamed her family: "People who were eating off Fidel's plate yesterday come here and want money and power, so they say whatever they want, even if it's not true... Part of my family was responsible for a lot of suffering in Cuba — you can't change that," she said. "But nobody has the right to offend Fidel's family. Insult Fidel — there's plenty to say." An English version, published under the title "Castro's Daughter: An Exile's Memoir of Cuba", omits the offending passages.


title: Film4

text: Film4 is a British free-to-air television network owned by Channel Four Television Corporation launched on 1 November 1998, devoted to broadcasting films. While its standard-definition channel is available on Freeview and Freesat platforms, its high-definition variant is offered only as a pay television service.