title: Indian Wells, California

text: The city hosts the sixth-largest tennis tournament in the world, the Indian Wells Masters tennis tournament, presently known as the "BNP Paribas Open". The Indian Wells Masters is one of nine ATP World Tour Masters 1000 high-level events operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals, and one of the four WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association. It is held at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden, which contains the second-largest tennis-specific stadium in the world.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: As early as 1820, the area now known as Indian Wells was the site of a thriving Indian village, as reported by W.P. Blade, a Smithsonian Institution geologist. A decade later, when gold was discovered on the Colorado River, William D. Bradshaw built a trail from Los Angeles through the desert to the gold mines. The Alexander and Company Stage Line used the trail to transport prospectors and Indian Wells became an important stop along the trail. Competition from the Southern Pacific Railroad caused the route to be abandoned briefly in 1875 before being reactivated by the Wells Fargo Company the following year.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: Over the next decades, settlers gradually arrived in the area and date palm ranches became profitable. The area's first golf courses were opened in the 1950s at the Eldorado Country Club and the Indian Wells Country Club. In 1957, Desi Arnaz opened his Indian Wells Hotel (forerunner to the Indian Wells Resort Hotel). In 1960, Arnold Palmer won the first Bob Hope Desert Classic golf tournament. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was a regular Indian Wells visitor and later an Eldorado homeowner.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: In an election held June 27, 1967, to avoid being annexed by neighboring cities such as Palm Desert, the inhabitants of Indian Wells voted to incorporate as a city. On July 14, 1967, Indian Wells became California's 400th city and the 16th in Riverside County. Since then, Indian Wells has continued to grow, with the development of resort hotels, golf courses and luxury residential areas.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Indian Wells had a population of 4,958. The population density was . The racial makeup of Indian Wells was 4,721 (95.2%) White (92.3% Non-Hispanic White), 29 (0.6%) African American, 20 (0.4%) Native American, 83 (1.7%) Asian, 2 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 52 (1.0%) from other races, and 51 (1.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 209 persons (4.2%).


title: Indian Wells, California

text: The Census reported that 4,952 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 6 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: There were 2,745 households, out of which 193 (7.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,519 (55.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 85 (3.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 46 (1.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 85 (3.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 36 (1.3%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 944 households (34.4%) were made up of individuals, and 690 (25.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.80. There were 1,650 families (60.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.22.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: The age distribution was: 310 people (6.3%) under the age of 18, 76 people (1.5%) aged 18 to 24, 283 people (5.7%) aged 25 to 44, 1,558 people (31.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,731 people (55.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 66.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: There were 5,137 housing units at an average density of , of which 2,285 (83.2%) were owner-occupied, and 460 (16.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.4%. 4,251 people (85.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 701 people (14.1%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: During 2009–2013, Indian Wells had a median household income of $83,884, with 5.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 3,816 people, 1,982 households, and 1,323 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,843 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.3% White, 1.5% Asian, 0.4% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. 3.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: There were 1,982 households, out of which 8.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 3.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.9 and the average family size was 2.3.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: The age distribution is 7.6% under the age of 18, 1.5% from 18 to 24, 9.4% from 25 to 44, 35.3% from 45 to 64, and 46.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 63 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $93,986, and the median income for a family was $119,110. Males had a median income of $88,709 versus $49,539 for females. The per capita income for the city was $76,187. About 1.2% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , comprising 1.85%, is water.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: This climate is dominated in all months by the subtropical anticyclone, or subtropical high, with its descending air, elevated inversions, and clear skies. Such an atmospheric environment inhibits precipitation.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: Indian Wells is a largely Republican city. Since its incorporation, all Republican candidates for president and governor have carried Indian Wells, with the six Republican presidential candidates from 1968 to 1988, and the seven Republican gubernatorial candidates from 1970 to 1994 each carrying the city by a margin of at least 53 points.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: Even as both the state of California and Riverside County trended more Democratic from the 1990s onward, the GOP presidential and gubernatorial candidates have continued to carry Indian Wells by large, albeit smaller margins.


title: Indian Wells, California

text: The GOP also retains a very strong voter registration advantage in the city. As of August 30, 2021, there are 3,343 registered voters in the city of Indian Wells. Of these voters, 1,720 (51.45%) are registered Republicans, 868 (25.96%) are registered Democrats, and 557 (16.66%) are not registered with a political party. Indian Wells is one of three incorporated cities in Riverside County where the GOP retains an outright majority of registered voters as of August 30, 2021, the other two being Canyon Lake and Norco.


title: Steam car

text: A steam car is a car (automobile) propelled by a steam engine. A steam engine is an external combustion engine (ECE) in which the fuel is combusted outside of the engine, unlike an internal combustion engine (ICE) in which fuel is combusted inside the engine. ECEs have a lower thermal efficiency, but carbon monoxide production is more readily regulated.


title: Steam car

text: Steam-powered automobiles were popular with early buyers. Steam was safe, reliable, and familiar. People had decades of experience with it in trains and boats, and even in experimental road vehicles. However, early steam cars required constant care and attention—and up to 30 minutes to start. Automated quick-firing boilers solved these problems, but not before more efficient gasoline engines dominated the market and made steam cars obsolete.


title: Steam car

text: The first experimental steam-powered cars were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it was not until after Richard Trevithick had developed the use of high-pressure steam around 1800 that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. By the 1850s it was viable to produce them commercially: steam road vehicles were used for many applications.


title: Steam car

text: Development was hampered by adverse legislation from the 1860s as well as the rapid development of internal combustion engine technology in the 1900s, leading to the commercial demise of steam-powered vehicles. Relatively few remained in use after the Second World War. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation.


title: Steam car

text: The search for renewable energy sources has led to an occasional resurgence of interest in using steam technology to power road vehicles.


title: Steam car

text: A steam engine is an external combustion engine (ECE: the fuel is combusted away from the engine), as opposed to an internal combustion engine (ICE: the fuel is combusted within the engine). While gasoline-powered ICE cars have an operational thermal efficiency of 15% to 30%, early automotive steam units were capable of only about half this efficiency. A significant benefit of the ECE is that the fuel burner can be configured for very low emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburned carbon in the exhaust, thus avoiding pollution.


title: Steam car

text: The greatest technical challenges to the steam car have focused on its boiler. This represents much of the total mass of the vehicle, making the car heavy (an internal combustion-engined car requires no boiler), and requires careful attention from the driver, although even the cars of 1900 had considerable automation to manage this. The single largest restriction is the need to supply feedwater to the boiler. This must either be carried and frequently replenished, or the car must also be fitted with a condenser, a further weight and inconvenience.


title: Steam car

text: Steam-powered and electric cars outsold gasoline-powered cars in the US prior to the invention of the electric starter, since internal combustion cars relied on a hand crank to start the engine, which was difficult and occasionally dangerous to use, as improper cranking could cause a backfire capable of breaking the arm of the operator. Electric cars were popular to some extent, but had a short range, and could not be charged on the road if the batteries ran low.


title: Steam car

text: Once working pressure was attained, early steam cars could be instantly driven off with high acceleration, but they typically take several minutes to start from cold, plus time to get the burner to operating temperature. To overcome this, development has been directed toward flash boilers, which heat a much smaller quantity of water to get the vehicle started, and in the case of Doble cars, spark ignition diesel burners.


title: Steam car

text: The steam car does have advantages over internal combustion-powered cars, although most of these are now less important than in the early 20th century. The engine (excluding the boiler) is smaller and lighter than an internal combustion engine. It is also better-suited to the speed and torque characteristics of the axle, thus avoiding the need for the heavy and complex transmission required for an internal combustion engine. The steam car is also quieter, even without a silencer.


title: Steam car

text: The first steam-powered vehicle was supposedly built in 1679 by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish Jesuit in China. The vehicle was a toy for the Chinese Emperor. While not intended to carry passengers and therefore not exactly a car but a carriage, Verbiest's device is likely to be the first ever engine powered vehicle. Also it seems that the Belgian vehicle served as an inspiration for the Italian Grimaldi (early 1700) and the French Nolet (1748) steam carriage successor. A French inventor, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, built the first working self-propelled land based mechanical vehicle in two versions, one in 1769 and one in 1771 for use by the French Army. William Murdoch built and operated a steam carriage in model form in 1784. In 1791 he built a larger steam carriage which he had to abandon to do other work. Also William Symington built a steam carriage in 1786. There is an unsubstantiated story that a pair of Yorkshiremen, engineer Robert Fourness and his cousin, physician James Ashworth had a steam car running in 1788, after being granted a British patent No.1674 of December 1788. An illustration of it even appeared in Hergé's book "Tintin raconte l'histoire de l'automobile" (Casterman, 1953). The "London Steam Carriage" was built by Richard Trevithick in 1803 and ran successfully in London, but the venture failed to attract interest and soon folded up. An amphibious steam car was built by Oliver Evans in 1805. The first substantiated steam car for personal use was that of Josef Božek in 1815. He was followed by Julius Griffith in 1821, Timothy Burstall and John Hill in 1824 and Thomas Blanchard in 1825. Over thirty years passed before there was a flurry of steam cars from 1850s onwards with Dudgeon, Roper and Spencer from the United States, Leonard and Taylor from Canada, Rickett, Austin, Catley and Ayres from England, Bordino and Manzetti from Italy, others followed with Bollée and Lejeune from France, Thury from Switzerland and Kemna from Germany.


title: Steam car

text: This early period also saw the first repossession of an automobile in 1867 and the first getaway car the same year, both by Francis Curtis of Newburyport, Massachusetts.


title: Steam car

text: The 1880s saw the rise of the first larger scale manufacturers, particularly in France, the first being Bollée (1878) followed by De Dion-Bouton (1883), Whitney (1885), Olds (1886), Serpollet (1887) and Peugeot (1889).


title: Steam car

text: The 1890s were dominated by the formation of numerous car manufacturing companies. The internal combustion engine was in its infancy, whereas steam power was well established. Electric powered cars were becoming available but suffered from their inability to travel longer distances.


title: Steam car

text: The majority of steam-powered car manufacturers from this period were from the United States. The more notable of these were Clark from 1895 to 1909, Locomobile from 1899 to 1903 when it switched to gasoline engines, and Stanley from 1897 to 1924. As well as England and France, other countries also made attempts to manufacture steam cars: Cederholm of Sweden (1892), Malevez of Belgium (1898-1905), Schöche of Germany (1895), and Herbert Thomson of Australia (1896-1901)


title: Steam car

text: Of all the new manufacturers from the 1890s, only four continued to make steam cars after 1910. They were Stanley (to 1924) and Waverley (to 1916) of the United States, Buard of France (to 1914), and Miesse of Belgium (to 1926).


title: Steam car

text: There were a large number of new companies formed in the period from 1898 to 1905. Steam cars outnumbered other forms of propulsion among very early cars. In the U.S. in 1902, 485 of 909 new car registrations were steamers. From 1899, Mobile had ten branches and 58 dealers across the U.S. The center of U.S. steamer production was New England, where 38 of the 84 manufacturers were located. Examples include White (Cleveland), Eclipse (Easton, Massachusetts), Cotta (Lanark, Illinois), Crouch (New Brighton, Pennsylvania), Hood (Danvers, Massachusetts, lasted just one month), Kidder (New Haven, Connecticut), Century (Syracuse, New York) and Skene (Lewiston, Maine, the company built everything but the tires). By 1903, 43 of them were gone and by the end of 1910 of those companies that were started in the decade those left were White which lasted to 1911, Conrad which lasted to 1924, Turner-Miesse of England which lasted to 1913, Morriss to 1912, Doble to 1930, Rutherford to 1912, and Pearson-Cox to 1916.


title: Steam car

text: Assembly line mass production by Henry Ford dramatically reduced the cost of owning a conventional automobile, was also a strong factor in the steam car's demise as the Model T was both cheap and reliable. Additionally, during the 'heyday' of steam cars, the internal combustion engine made steady gains in efficiency, matching and then surpassing the efficiency of a steam engine when the weight of a boiler is factored in.


title: Steam car

text: With the introduction of the electric starter, the internal combustion engine became more popular than steam, but the internal combustion engine was not necessarily superior in performance, range, fuel economy and emissions. Some steam enthusiasts feel steam has not received its share of attention in the field of automobile efficiency.


title: Steam car

text: Apart from Brooks of Canada, all the steam car manufacturers that commenced between 1916 and 1926 were in the United States. Endurance (1924-1925) was the last steam car manufacturer to commence operations. American/Derr continued retrofitting production cars of various makes with steam engines, and Doble was the last steam car manufacturer. It ceased business in 1930.


title: Steam car

text: From the 1940s onward, various steam cars were constructed, usually by enthusiasts. Among those mentioned were Charles Keen, Cal Williams' 1950 Ford Conversion, Forrest R Detrick's 1957 Detrick S-101 prototype, and Harry Peterson's Stanley powered Peterson. The Detrick was constructed by Detrick, William H Mehrling, and Lee Gaeke who designed the engine based on a Stanley.


title: Steam car

text: Charles Keen began constructing a steam car in 1940 with the intention of restarting steam car manufacturing. Keen's family had a long history of involvement with steam propulsion going back to his great-great-grandfather in the 1830s, who helped build early steam locomotives. His first car, a Plymouth Coupe, used a Stanley engine. In 1948 and 1949, Keen employed Abner Doble to create a more powerful steam engine, a V4. He used this in La Dawri Victress S4 bodied sports car. Both these cars are still in existence. Keen died in 1969 before completing a further car. His papers and patterns were destroyed at that time.


title: Steam car

text: In the 1950s, the only manufacturer to investigate steam cars was Paxton. Abner Doble developed the Doble Ultimax engine for the Paxton Phoenix steam car, built by the Paxton Engineering Division of McCulloch Motors Corporation, Los Angeles. The engine's sustained maximum power was . A Ford Coupe was used as a test-bed for the engine. The project was eventually dropped in 1954.


title: Steam car

text: In 1957, Williams Engine Company Incorporated of Ambler began offering steam engine conversions for existing production cars. When air pollution became a significant issue for California in the mid-1960s the state encouraged investigation into the use of steam-powered cars. The fuel crises of the early 1970s prompted further work. None of this resulted in renewed steam car manufacturing.


title: Steam car

text: Steam cars remain the domain of enthusiasts, occasional experimentation by manufacturers, and those wishing to establish steam-powered land speed records.


title: Steam car

text: In 1967, California established the California Air Resources Board and began to implement legislation to dramatically reduce exhaust emissions. This prompted renewed interest in alternative fuels for motor vehicles and a resurgence of interest in steam-powered cars in the state.


title: Steam car

text: The idea for having patrol cars fitted with steam engines stemmed from an informal meeting in March 1968 of members of the California Assembly Transportation Committee. In the discussion, Karsten Vieg, a lawyer attached to the Committee, suggested that six cars be fitted with steam engines for testing by California District Police Chiefs. A bill was passed by the legislature to fund the trial.


title: Steam car

text: In 1969, the California Highway Patrol initiated the project under Inspector David S Luethje to investigate the feasibility of using steam engined cars. Initially General Motors had agreed to pay a selected vendor $20,000 ($ in dollars ) toward the cost of developing a Rankine cycle engine, and up to $100,000 ($ in dollars ) for outfitting six Oldsmobile Delmont 88s as operational patrol vehicles. This deal fell through because the Rankine engine manufacturers rejected the General Motors offer.


title: Steam car

text: The plan was revised and two 1969 Dodge Polaras were to be retrofitted with steam engines for testing. One car was to be modified by Don Johnson of Thermodynamic Systems Inc. and the other by industrialist William P Lear's Lear Motors Incorporated. At the time, the California State Legislature was introducing strict pollution control regulations for automobiles and the Chair of the Assembly Transportation Committee, John Francis Foran, was supportive of the idea. The Committee also was proposing to test four steam-powered buses in the San Francisco Bay Area that year.


title: Steam car

text: Instead of a Polara, Thermodynamic Systems (later called General Steam Corp), was given a late-model Oldsmobile Delmont 88. Lear was given a Polara but it does not appear to have been built. Both firms were given 6 months to complete their projects with Lear's being due for completion on 1 August 1969. Neither car had been completed by the due date and in November 1969, Lear was reported as saying the car would be ready in 3 months. Lear's only known retrofit was a Chevrolet Monte Carlo unrelated to the project. As for the project, it seems to have never been completed, with Lear pulling out by December.


title: Steam car

text: In 1969, the National Air Pollution Control Administration announced a competition for a contract to design a practical passenger-car steam engine. Five firms entered. They were the consortium of Planning Research Corporation and STP Corporation, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, Continental Motors Corporation, Detroit, Vought Aeronautical Division of Ling-Temco-Vought, Dallas and Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts.


title: Steam car

text: General Motors introduced two experimental steam-powered cars in 1969. One was the SE 124 based on a converted Chevrolet Chevelle and the other was designated SE 101 based on the Pontiac Grand Prix. The SE 124 had its standard gasoline engine replaced with a 50 hp power Besler steam engine V4, using the 1920 Doble patents, the SE 101 was fitted with a 160 hp steam engine developed by GM Engineering. Power was transferred via a Toric automatic gearbox. The results was disappointing. The steam engine was heavy and weighted 300 kg more than a standard V8 and gave about half the power.


title: Steam car

text: In October 1969, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology put out a challenge for a race August 1970 from Cambridge, Massachusetts to Pasadena, California for any college that wanted to participate in. The race was open for electric, steam, turbine power, and internal combustion engines: liquid-fueled, gaseous-fueled engines, and hybrids. Two steam-powered cars entered the race. University of California, San Diego's modified AMC Javelin and Worcester Polytech ic Institute's converted 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle called the "tea kettle". Both dropped out on the second day of the race.


title: Steam car

text: The California Assembly passed legislation in 1972 to contract two companies to develop steam-powered cars. They were Aerojet Liquid Rocket Company of Sacramento and Steam Power Systems of San Diego. Aerojet installed a steam turbine into a Chevrolet Vega, while Steam Power Systems built the Dutcher, a car named after the company's founder, Cornelius Dutcher. Both cars were tested by 1974 but neither car went into production. The Dutcher is on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.


title: Steam car

text: Both Johnson and Lear had contemplated constructing steam-powered cars for the Indy 500, Johnson first in the early 1960s when with Controlled Steam Dynamics and in 1968 with Thermodynamic Systems and Lear in 1969. A third steam racing car was contemplated by a consortium of Planning Research Corporation and Andy Granatelli of STP Corporation. Lear proceeded with the idea and constructed a car, but ran out of funds while trying to develop the engine. The car is thought to be at the National Automobile and Truck Museum of the United States in Auburn, Indiana. Johnson was also noted as working on a steam-powered helicopter.


title: Steam car

text: William D Thompson, 69-year-old retired San Diego automotive engineer, also announced he planned to enter a steam-powered race car. Thompson was working on a $35,000 ($ in dollars ) steam-powered luxury car and he intended to use the car's engine in the race car. He had claimed that he had almost 250 orders for his cars. By comparison, Rolls Royces cost about $17,000 ($ in dollars ) at that time.


title: Steam car

text: With Lear pulling out of attempting to make a steam car, Donald Healey decided to make a basic steam car technology more in line with Stanley or Doble and aimed at enthusiasts. He planned to have the car in production by 1971.


title: Steam car

text: Edward Pritchard created a steam-powered 1963 model Ford Falcon in 1972. It was evaluated by the Australian Federal Government and was also taken to the United States for promotional purposes.


title: Steam car

text: As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, SAAB started a project in 1974 codenamed ULF (short for utan luftföroreningar, Swedish for Without Air Pollution)) headed by Dr. Ove Platell which made a prototype steam-powered car. The engine used an electronically controlled 28-pound multi-parallel-circuit steam generator with 1-millimeter-bore tubing and 16 gallons per hour firing rate which was intended to produce of continuous power, and was about the same size as a standard car battery. Lengthy start-up times were avoided by using air compressed and stored when the car was running to power the car upon starting until adequate steam pressure was built up. The engine used a conical rotary valve made from pure boron nitride. To conserve water, a hermetically sealed water system was used.


title: Steam car

text: The project was cancelled and the project engineer, Ove Platell, started a company named Ranotor, with his son Peter Platell to continue its development. Ranotor is developing a steam hybrid that uses the exhaust heat from an ordinary petrol engine to power a small steam engine, with the aim of reducing fuel consumption by 20%. In 2008, truck manufacturers Scania and Volvo were said to be interested in the project.


title: Steam car

text: In 1974, the British designer Peter Pellandine produced the first Pelland Steamer for a contract with the South Australian Government. It had a fibreglass monocoque chassis (based on the internal combustion-engined Pelland Sports) and used a twin cylinder double acting compound engine. It has been preserved at the National Motor Museum at Birdwood, South Australia.


title: Steam car

text: In 1977, the Pelland Mk II Steam Car was built, this time by Pelland Engineering in the UK. It had a three cylinder double-acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration, mounted in a tubular steel chassis with a Kevlar body, giving a gross weight of just . Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge torque () at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from in under 8 seconds.


title: Steam car

text: Pellandine made several attempts to break the land speed record for steam power, but was thwarted by technical issues. Pellandine moved back to Australia in the 1990s where he continued to develop the Steamer. The latest version is the Mark IV.


title: Steam car

text: From 1996, a R&D subsidiary of the Volkswagen group called Enginion AG was developing a system called ZEE (Zero Emissions Engine). It produced steam almost instantly without an open flame, and took 30 seconds to reach maximum power from a cold start. Their third prototype, EZEE03, was a three cylinder unit meant to fit in a Škoda Fabia automobile. The EZEE03 was described as having a "two-stroke" (i.e. single-acting) engine of displacement, producing up to (). Exhaust emissions were said to be far below the SULEV standard. It had an oilless engine with ceramic cylinder linings using steam instead of oil as a lubricant. However, Enginion found that the market was not ready for steam cars, so they opted instead to develop the Steamcell power generator/heating system based on similar technology.


title: Steam car

text: In 1892, painter Jöns Cederholm and his brother, André, a blacksmith, designed their first steam car, a two seater, introducing a condenser in 1894. They planned to use it for transportation between their home in Ystad and their summer house outside town. Unfortunately the automobile was destroyed in Sweden's first automobile accident but the Cederholm brothers soon built a second, improved version of their steam car reusing many parts from the first one. The car is preserved in a museum in Skurup.


title: Steam car

text: What is considered by many to be the first marketable popular steam car appeared in 1899 from the Locomobile Company of America, located in Watertown, Massachusetts, and from 1900 in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Locomobile manufactured several thousand of its "Runabout" model in the period 1899–1903, designed around a motor design leased from the Stanley Steamer Company. The company ceased producing steam cars in 1903 and changed to limited-production, internal combustion powered luxury automobiles. In 1922, it was acquired by Durant Motors and discontinued with the failure of the parent company in 1929.


title: Steam car

text: Perhaps the best selling and best known steam car was the Stanley Steamer, produced from 1896 to 1924. Between 1899 and 1905, Stanley outsold all gasoline-powered cars and was second only to the electric cars of the Columbia Automobile Company in the US. It used a compact fire-tube boiler to power a simple double acting two cylinder engine. Because of the phenomenal torque available at all engine speeds, the steam car's engine was typically geared directly to the rear axle, with no clutch or variable speed transmission required. Until 1914, Stanley steam cars vented their exhaust steam directly to the atmosphere, necessitating frequent refilling of the water tank; after 1914, all Stanleys were fitted with a condenser, which considerably reduced their water consumption.


title: Steam car

text: In 1906, the Land Speed Record was broken by a Stanley steam car, piloted by Fred Marriott, which achieved at Ormond Beach, Florida. This annual week-long "Speed Week" is still run, headed by the Daytona 500 stock car race This record was not exceeded by any car until 1910.


title: Steam car

text: Attempts were made to bring more advanced steam cars on the market, the most remarkable being the Doble Steam Car which shortened start-up time very noticeably by incorporating a highly efficient monotube steam generator to heat a much smaller quantity of water along with effective automation of burner and water feed control. By 1923, Doble's steam cars could be started from cold with the turn of a key and driven off in 40 seconds or less. When the boiler had achieved maximum working pressure, the burner would cut out until pressure had fallen to a minimum level, whereupon it would reignite, by this means the car could achieve around 15 miles per gallon (18.8 litres/100 km) of kerosene despite its weight in excess of . Ultimately, despite their undoubted qualities, Doble cars failed due to poor company organisation and high initial cost.


title: Steam car

text: In 1900, the American Bicycle Co. of Toledo, Ohio, created a 6.25 hp Toledo Steam carriage (a description from the "Horseless age", December 1900). The American Bicycle Co was one of the enterprises within Col. Albert Pope's large conglomerate of bicycle and motor vehicles manufacturers. The Toledo Steam carriage was a very well-made, high-quality machine where every component, bar the tires, bell, instruments and lights were made within the dedicated 245,000 sq ft factory in Toledo, Ohio. The Toledo is considered to be one of the best steam cars produced at the time. The engine was particularly robust and the 2, 3" diameter x 4" stroke pistons employed piston style valves instead of 'D' valves thus insuring better balance and reduced leakage of steam. In September 1901 two Toledo steamers, one model B (a model A machine but with the foul-weather gear designating it as a model B) and one class E (public delivery vehicle), were entered by the American Bicycle Co. into the "New York to Buffalo Endurance Contest" of mid-September 1901. There were 36 cars in class B and three in class E, the class B Toledo won the Grosse Point race. On 4 January 1902, a specially built Toledo Steam carriage was the first automobile to forge a trail from Flagstaff, Arizona to the South Rim of The Grand Canyon, a distance of 67 miles. As a publicity exercise the trip was to assess the potential of starting a steam bus service but the anticipated afternoon journey took three days due to problems with supplies of the wrong fuel. Though the Toledo towed a trailer filled with additional fuel and water supplies, the four participants omitted to take any food, one, the journalist Winfield Hoggaboon, wrote up an amusing article in the Los Angeles Herald two weeks later. In December 1901, the company changed from the American Bicycle Company to the newly formed International Motor Car Company to concentrate on steam- and gasoline-driven models, with electric vehicles being made by the separate Waverly Electric Co. Both steam and gasoline models were manufactured, but, as the public favoured the gasoline models and steam carriage sales were slow, steam carriage production ceased in July 1902 and gasoline-driven models were then made under the name Pope-Toledo. Total production of the steamers was between 285 and 325 units, as confirmed by a letter from the International Motor Car Co bookkeeper to the firms' accountant in June 1902.


title: Steam car

text: The White Steamer was manufactured in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1900 until 1910 by the White Motor Company.


title: Steam car

text: The Endurance Steam car was a steam car manufactured in the United States from 1922 until 1924. The company had its origins in the Coats Steam Car and began production on the East Coast before shifting operations to Los Angeles in 1924. There, one single touring car was made using a 1923 Elcar 6-60 body before the factory moved again, this time to Dayton, Ohio, where one more car was built, a sedan, before the company folded.


title: Steam car

text: The land speed record for steam-powered cars stood from 1906 when a Stanley steam car, driven by Fred Marriott, achieved at Ormond Beach, Florida. Despite several attempts to break the record, it stood until 25 August 2009, when Team Inspiration of the British Steam Car Challenge set a new speed record of . A second attempt by Don Wales on 26 August achieved an average speed of . The Stanley steam car held the land speed record for all vehicles for four years before it was broken by an internal combustion engine-powered land vehicle. The 2009 record was set by a steam turbine-powered vehicle vs the reciprocating piston-engine design used by F.E. and F.O. Stanley in 1906.


title: Steam car

text: Ernest Kanzler, the owner of Autocoast, approached Ross (Skip) Hedrick began work in the fall of 1968 with the idea of installing a steam engine in Hedrick's 1964 Indy car for an attempt at the 1906 steam car record. Hedrick and Richard J Smith joined Autocoast to design the engine. The car was readied for the 1969 Bonneville speed week, but was unable to run because an unexpected rain-storm made the salt flats too soggy.


title: Steam car

text: In 1985, Barber-Nichols Engineering of Denver used a steam turbine they had designed for Lear and the Los Angeles city bus program to attempt to gain the steam-powered land speed record. The car was run at Speed Week on the Bonneville Salt Flats over a period of several years, eventually reaching a measured speed of 145.607 mph one pass. A fire prevented the return run, and the speed was not recognized by the FIA. FIA land speed records are based on an average of two runs (called 'passes') in opposite directions, taken within an hour of each other.


title: Steam car

text: On 25 August 2009, Team Inspiration of the British Steam Car Challenge broke the long-standing record for a steam vehicle set by a Stanley Steamer in 1906, setting a new speed record of at the Edwards Air Force Base, in the Mojave Desert of California. This was the longest standing automotive record in the world. It had been held for over 100 years. The car was driven by Charles Burnett III and reached a maximum speed of on the first run and on the second.


title: Steam car

text: On 26 August 2009, the same car, driven this time by Don Wales, the grandson of Sir Malcolm Campbell, broke a second record by achieving an average speed of over two consecutive runs over a measured kilometre. This was also recorded and has since been ratified by the FIA.


title: Steam car

text: On 6 September 2014, Chuk Williams of Steam Speed America attempted to break the current world record in their steam-powered streamliner. The car reached 147 mph (236.57 km/h) on its first run but flipped and crashed when its braking chutes failed to open; Williams was injured in the accident, and the car was severely damaged.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The OnePlus Nord 2 5G is an Android-based smartphone manufactured by OnePlus, unveiled on 22 July 2021. It succeeds the original Nord, and is the sixth device in the Nord series.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: Like its predecessor, the Nord 2 5G has a plastic frame with a metallic finish and Gorilla Glass 5 protecting the screen and back panel. The power button and mute switch are located on the right side, while the volume key is located on the left side. The top has a secondary microphone, and the bottom has the primary microphone, USB-C port, loudspeaker, and dual-SIM card slot. The rear camera array is in the top corner, housing three sensors, and the dual-LED flash.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The device is available in Gray Sierra and Blue Haze, as well as Green-Wood which has artificial leather.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The OnePlus Nord 2 5G is powered by the MediaTek Dimensity 1200 processor with the Mali-G77 MC9 GPU. It has 128 or 256 GB of non-expandable UFS 3.1, and 8 or 12 GB of RAM.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The Nord 2 5G has a 6.43-inch 1080p (2400 × 1080) AMOLED with a 90Hz refresh rate. There is a circular cutout at the top left corner for the front-facing camera, and an optical fingerprint scanner below the display. The display supports HDR and HDR10+, and has AI resolution boost and AI Color Boost video enhancement features.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The device has a triple camera setup on the rear, with a 50 MP Sony IMX766 wide sensor with PDAF and OIS, an 8 MP ultrawide sensor, and a 2 MP monochrome sensor. It can record video at a maximum of 4K at 30 fps, and also offers 1080p at 30, 60 or 240 fps. The front camera has a single 32 MP Sony IMX616 sensor, omitting the Nord's ultrawide lens.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The Nord 2 5G has a non-removable 4,500 mAh battery. It features Warp Charge 65, which is advertised as being capable of fully recharging the battery in 30 minutes, however it lacks support for wireless charging.


title: OnePlus Nord 2 5G

text: The Nord 2 5G runs on OxygenOS 11.3, based on Android 11. OnePlus offers two years of Android updates and three years of security updates.


title: NOTAM

text: A Notice to Airmen/Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM), is a notice filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of potential hazards along a flight route or at a location that could affect the flight. NOTAMs are unclassified notices or advisories distributed by means of telecommunication that contain information concerning the establishment, conditions or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel and systems concerned with flight operations. NOTAMs are created and transmitted by government agencies and airport operators under guidelines specified by Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (CICA). The acronym "NOTAM" came into common use following the ratification of the CICA, which came into effect on 4 April 1947. Notices to airmen were normally published in a regular publication by each country's air authorities (e.g., in "Flight International" magazine in the UK). A number of developments and amendments to the CICA have resulted in the more automated system available today.


title: NOTAM

text: A NOTAM is filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of any hazards "en route" or at a specific location. The authority in turn provides a means of disseminating relevant NOTAMs to pilots.


title: NOTAM

text: Aviation authorities typically exchange NOTAMs over Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) circuits.


title: NOTAM

text: Software is available to allow pilots to identify NOTAMs near their intended route or at the intended destination. Some complain that the volume and increasing triviality of NOTAMs has reduced their usefulness.


title: NOTAM

text: In the U.S. Air Force information technology enterprise, C4 NOTAMs (command, control, communications, and computer notices to airmen) are notices of new or updated Air Force Network Operating Instructions (AFNOIs). Often, these notices serve to direct Air Force computer administrators to install security updates or change the configuration of computer systems.


title: NOTAM

text: In July 2017, Air Canada Flight 759 nearly crashed into four other airliners as it attempted to land on a San Francisco taxiway misidentified as a runway: the adjacent runway was closed but the information was buried in the NOTAM. As a consequence, in September 2018, from the findings during its investigation, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) stated NOTAMs were unintelligible and ignored, and recommended a more effective information presentation for better relevance. NTSB chairman Robert Sumwalt described NOTAMs as "a bunch of garbage that nobody pays any attention to". This led to an ICAO initiative to reform the NOTAM system.


title: NOTAM

text: The following describes ICAO NOTAMs. NOTAMs are published using all upper case letters which are claimed by some to make NOTAMs difficult to read. Note that some countries such as the United States may diverge from the following ICAO standards.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Silver sulfadiazine, sold under the brand Silvadene among others, is a topical antibiotic used in partial thickness and full thickness burns to prevent infection. Tentative evidence has found other antibiotics to be more effective, and therefore it is no longer generally recommended for second-degree (partial-thickness) burns, but is still widely used to protect third-degree (full-thickness) burns.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Common side effects include itching and pain at the site of use. Other side effects include low white blood cell levels, allergic reactions, bluish grey discoloration of the skin, red blood cell breakdown, or liver inflammation. Caution should be used in those allergic to other sulfonamides. It should not be used in pregnant women who are close to delivery. It is not recommended for use in children less than two months of age.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Silver sulfadiazine was discovered in the 1960s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Tentative evidence has found other antibiotics to be more effective in the healing of superficial and partial thickness burn injuries; therefore, it is no longer generally recommended. A Cochrane review from 2013 found that most of the trials that met inclusion criteria for the review had methodological shortcomings and thus are of little use in assessing the efficacy of silver sulfadiazine in the healing of burn injuries. Another Cochrane systematic review from 2010 concluded, "There is insufficient evidence to establish whether silver-containing dressings or topical agents promote wound healing or prevent wound infection". Other reviews of the evidence have also concluded, "[the] quality of the trials was limited". Cochrane has raised concerns about delays in time to wound healing when SSD is used. In addition to concerns regarding delayed wound healing, silver sulfadiazine is associated with sloughing of the wound surface that makes reassessment of wound depth difficult, and requires daily reapplication. For this reason, application of silver sulfadiazine is not recommended for most burns due to altered wound appearance and the frequency of required dressing changes.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: A noninfection-related clear fluid may form on the wound's surface. Burning and painful sensations are not uncommon, but are only temporary.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Application to large areas or to severe burns may lead to systemic absorption and lead to adverse effects similar to those of other sulfonamides. About 0.1 to 1.0% of people show hypersensitivity reactions such as rashes or erythema multiforme. This reaction is known from other sulfonamides including antibacterials, thiazide diuretics, and sulfonylurea antidiabetics; but data on the likelihood of cross-allergies are inconsistent.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Incorporation of the silver ions can lead to local argyria (discoloration of the skin), especially if the treated area is exposed to ultraviolet light. Generalised argyria with silver accumulation in kidneys, liver, and retina has only been found in association with excessive long-term use, or repeated use on severe and heavily inflamed burns. Possible consequences of generalised argyria include interstitial nephritis and anemia.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Proteases such as trypsin and clostridiopeptidase, which are contained in ointments used for the removal of dead skin on wounds, can be inhibited by silver ions if applied simultaneously. When silver sulfadiazine is absorbed in significant amounts, it can increase effects and side effects of some drugs such as vitamin K antagonists.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: The chemical is poorly soluble, and has only very limited penetration through intact skin. However, contact with body fluids produces free sulfadiazine which can then be systemically absorbed and distributed; it undergoes glucuronidation in the liver and is also excreted unaltered in urine. Only when applied to large-area (especially second- and third-degree) burns or other lesions is absorption into the body a problem.


title: Silver sulfadiazine

text: Brand names include Silvadene (a genericized trademark), Silverex, Silverol, Silveleb, Silvazine, Flamazine, Thermazene, BurnHeal, Silvozin Tulle Dressing and SSD.


title: Apple A9

text: The Apple A9 is a 64-bit ARM-based system-on-chip (SoC), designed by Apple Inc. Manufactured for Apple by both TSMC and Samsung, it first appeared in the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus which were introduced on September 9, 2015. Apple states that it has 70% more CPU performance and 90% more graphics performance compared to its predecessor, the Apple A8. On September 12, 2018, the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus along with the first-generation iPhone SE was discontinued, ending production of A9 chips. The latest software updates for the iPhone 6S & 6S Plus including the iPhone SE 1st generation variants systems using this chip are iOS 15.7.1, released on October 27, 2022 as they were discontinued with the release of iOS 16 in 2022, while updates for the iPad (5th generation) variants systems using this chip are still supported.


title: Apple A9

text: The A9 features an Apple-designed 64-bit 1.85 GHz ARMv8-A dual-core CPU called Twister. The A9 in the iPhone 6S has 2 GB of LPDDR4 RAM included in the package. The A9 has a per-core L1 cache of 64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions, an L2 cache of 3 MB shared by both CPU cores, and a 4 MB L3 cache that services the entire SoC and acts as a victim cache. The A9 also features a custom PowerVR Series7XT @ 650 MHz GPU, featuring 6x custom shader cores and compiler from Apple.


title: Apple A9

text: The A9 includes a new image processor, a feature originally introduced in the A5 and last updated in the A7, with better temporal and spatial noise reduction as well as improved local tone mapping. The A9 directly integrates an embedded M9 motion coprocessor, a feature originally introduced with the A7 as a separate chip. In addition to servicing the accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, and barometer, the M9 coprocessor can recognize Siri voice commands.


title: Apple A9

text: The A9 has video codec encoding support for H.264. It has decoding support for HEVC, H.264, MPEG‑4, and Motion JPEG.


title: Apple A9

text: The A9 features a custom storage solution, which uses an Apple-designed NVMe-based controller that communicates over a PCIe connection. The iPhone 6s' NAND design is more akin to a PC-class SSD than embedded flash memory common on mobile devices. This gives the phone a significant storage performance advantage over competitors which often use eMMC or UFS to connect to their flash memory.


title: Apple A9

text: The A9's microarchitecture is similar to the second generation Cyclone (used in A8 chip) microarchitecture. Some of the microarchitectural features are as follows:


title: Apple A9

text: About half of the performance boost over A8 comes from the 1.85 GHz frequency. About a quarter comes from the better memory subsystem (3× bigger caches). The remaining quarter comes from the microarchitectural tuning and smaller technology node.


title: Apple A9

text: According to Apple, "Every iOS device has a dedicated AES-256 crypto engine built into the DMA path between the flash storage and main system memory, making file encryption highly efficient. On A9 or later A-series processors, the flash storage subsystem is on an isolated bus that is only granted access to memory containing user data via the DMA crypto engine."


title: Apple A9

text: Apple A9 chips are fabricated by two companies: Samsung and TSMC. The Samsung version is called APL0898, which is manufactured on a 14 nm FinFET process and is 96 mm large, while the TSMC version is called APL1022, which is manufactured on a 16 nm FinFET process and is 104.5 mm large.


title: Apple A9

text: There was intended to be no significant difference in performance between the parts, but in October 2015, it was alleged that iPhone 6S models with Samsung-fabricated A9 chips consistently measured shorter battery life than those with TSMC-fabricated versions in CPU heavy usage; web browsing and graphics were not very different. Apple responded that "tests which run the processors with a continuous heavy workload until the battery depletes are not representative of real-world usage", and said that internal testing combined with customer data demonstrated a variance of only 2–3%.


title: Apple A9

text: While the Twister CPU core implements the ARMv8-A instruction set architecture licensed from ARM Holdings, it is an independent CPU design and is unrelated to the much older but similarly named Cortex-A9 and ARM9 CPU that are designed by ARM themselves and implement the 32-bit ARMv7-A and ARMv5E versions of the architecture.


title: Apple A9

text: The processors are nearly identical visually. The packaging have the same dimensions (approx 15.0×14.5 mm) and only superficial differences, like the designation text. Inside the packaging the silicon die differs in size.


title: Jack Colback

text: Jack Raymond Colback (born 24 October 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club Nottingham Forest.


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback began his career at Sunderland in 2008, having graduated from their academy, and broke into the team following loans at Ipswich Town of the Championship. After 115 Premier League appearances with Sunderland, his contract expired and he controversially moved to their local rivals, Newcastle United. After he was dropped from the 25-strong Premiership squad for the 2017–2018 season, he went on loan to Nottingham Forest for one and a half seasons.


title: Jack Colback

text: He played once for the England national under-20 team in 2009, and was called up for the senior squad for the first time in August 2014.


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear and joined the Sunderland academy at the age of 10. On 30 May 2008, Colback signed his first professional contract with the club.


title: Jack Colback

text: After manager Steve Bruce announced his intention to loan out Colback, he signed for Ipswich Town on loan on 6 August 2009 on a deal that would expire in January 2010. He made his debut for Ipswich in a 3–3 draw with Shrewsbury Town after extra time in the League Cup, which was won 4–2 in a penalty shootout. His Football League debut came in a 2–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion after being introduced as a 46th minute substitute. He scored his first goal for Ipswich against Blackpool and scored against them again later on in the season in the FA Cup. His form meant the loan was extended until the end of the 2009–10 season in January 2010. He was voted Ipswich's Players' Player of the Season 2009–10.


title: Jack Colback

text: He returned to Sunderland from a loan spell at Ipswich Town at the end of the 2009–10 Championship season and made his Premier League debut as a 76th-minute substitute against Wolverhampton Wanderers. He was later sent off for two bookable offences, his debut lasting just nine minutes. He made his home debut against Colchester United in the League Cup on 24 August 2010 as a substitute. Colback went out on loan for a second spell at Ipswich, confirmed on 15 October and which lasted until 6 January when he returned to Sunderland.


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback returned to Sunderland in January 2011, and his appearances became more frequent. Colback started for Sunderland in their FA Cup 3rd Round defeat to Notts County on 8 January. He then came off the bench as Sunderland drew 1–1 against local rivals and the team Colback supported as a child, Newcastle United, on 16 January. He also appeared as a second-half substitute as Sunderland drew 0–0 with Arsenal on 5 March. Colback made his first Premier League start for Sunderland in their 2–0 defeat at Birmingham City on 16 April. Colback also started the following week as Sunderland beat Wigan Athletic 4–1. Colback had arguably his best performance in a Sunderland shirt in their 2–1 win at Bolton on 7 May 2011. Colback demonstrated his versatility by being deployed at left back in the final game of the season at West Ham.


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback started the first game of the 2011–12 season, as Sunderland drew with Liverpool at Anfield. Sunderland drew 1–1 with Colback playing alongside Lee Cattermole in central midfield. On 26 December 2011, Colback scored his first goal for the club, a deflected effort, in 1–1 draw with Everton in the Premier League. Colback was deployed at left back on New Year's Day 2012 against Manchester City, and helped Sunderland to a surprise victory against the Premier League leaders. He again played at left back in Sunderland's 4–2 win at Wigan two days later, where he sustained a knee injury which ruled him out for a few weeks. On 5 January 2012, he signed a 2-year contract extension which expired in June 2014. Colback returned from injury as a substitute in Sunderland's 1–1 FA Cup draw with Middlesbrough, and returned to the starting line up in central midfield as the Black Cats beat Norwich 3–0 on 1 February. He scored his second goal for Sunderland with a left footed strike in the replay against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium, as Sunderland won 2–1 after extra time to reach the fifth round.


title: Jack Colback

text: The 2012–13 season saw Colback play regularly at left back due to injuries to Danny Rose, and right back in the Tyne-Wear derby as Sunderland defeated Newcastle 3–0. Following this, Colback is willing to play out in position, so it will help the club's solve their issue.


title: Jack Colback

text: Following Rose's return to Tottenham, Colback began the 2013–14 season as Sunderland's first choice at left back, before being moved back into central midfield by Gus Poyet. On 28 December Colback scored a last minute goal in the fifth minute of injury time to salvage a 2–2 draw at Cardiff City. Colback made his 100th Premier League appearance on 1 January 2014 in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa. He scored his second goal of the season on 1 February 2014, scoring the third goal in a 3–0 away win against Newcastle United. He scored his third goal of the season on 7 May 2014, scoring the first goal in a 2–0 home win to West Brom, to retain Sunderland's top division safety and relegating Norwich City to the Football League Championship.


title: Jack Colback

text: With his contract about to expire at the end of the 2013–14 season, then-manager Paolo Di Canio urged to Colback to make a decision on his future at Sunderland. In November, Colback confirmed that talks of a new deal had started after initially rejecting a new contract in the summer under the management of Di Canio. Further talks over a new contract continued in February. In April, it was reported that Colback had turned down a new contract with the club and was set to depart upon the expiry of the contract. Several Premier League clubs made contract offers to sign Colback, but Sunderland refused to give up on Colback and hoped he would stay at the club.


title: Jack Colback

text: On 9 June 2014, Colback signed for Newcastle United on a free transfer. He is the first player since Lionel Pérez in 1998 to transfer directly from Sunderland to Newcastle. As a supporter of Newcastle he admitted that due to the rivalry between the two clubs, Sunderland fans would "hate [him] for the rest of [his] life". Sunderland criticised Colback's move to Newcastle United, and described the transfer as leaving a "bitter taste".


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback made his competitive debut on 17 August as Newcastle began the season with a 2–0 defeat at home to Manchester City, playing the full 90 minutes. Colback scored his first goal for the club on 28 December in a 3–2 win over Everton, intercepting a Ross Barkley clearance to score Newcastle's third of the match. Four days later he scored in the second consecutive game, a 25-yard strike in a 3–3 draw against Burnley.


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback was targeted by Hull City and Wolverhampton Wanderers for a loan deal in August 2017. He turned down the offers due to geographical reasons and instead started training with the junior team. He was excluded from the club's official team photo for the 2017–18 season. Benítez justified his exclusion by saying that the club "had decided the squad before".


title: Jack Colback

text: In January 2018, Colback joined Championship club Nottingham Forest on loan for the rest of the 2017–18 season. After joining Forest, he accused Newcastle United manager Rafael Benítez of disrespecting him during his stint at the club, claiming that he was "treated more like a number than a human being". That July, Colback returned to Forest on a season-long loan, with an obligation to a permanent transfer at the end of the league campaign.


title: Jack Colback

text: After the permanent transfer to Forest did not occur, Colback remained at Newcastle for a further season before returning to Forest on a free transfer from 11 August 2020 onwards. Colback had continued to live in Nottingham after his return to Newcastle United, as his wife and children had settled in the city. His third Forest debut came on 12 September, in a losing effort to Queens Park Rangers.


title: Jack Colback

text: Colback has received one cap for the England under-20 team, he played in a 2–0 friendly win against Italy at Loftus Road in March 2009. He replaced Marc Albrighton in the 79th minute as a substitute.


title: Jack Colback

text: On 28 August 2014, Colback received his first call-up to the senior team for the matches against Norway and Switzerland, but had to withdraw from the squad with a calf injury.


title: Chain of Command (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

text: "Chain of Command" is a two-part episode of the American science fiction television series "". It aired as the 10th and 11th episodes of the , the 136th and 137th episodes of the series.


text: Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Jean-Luc Picard is relieved of command of the "Enterprise" and reassigned to lead a covert mission, while his replacement is assigned to deal with the Cardassians openly. The second part of the episode is noted for the intense performance of Patrick Stewart and its depiction of brutal torture and interrogation scenes. The episode has been frequently ranked among the top ten best in "The Next Generation".


text: This episode has guest performances by Ronny Cox as Captain Jellico, and David Warner as Gul Madred. A scene that pays homage to the novel "1984" is noted for a contest of wills between Picard and Madred about perception of reality under coercion (seeing four lights vs. five). Both episodes were the last of "The Next Generation" to air before its spinoff, "", premiered in January 1993. As such, "Chain of Command" revisits the Cardassian political situation leading in to "Deep Space Nine", where the race plays a crucial role.


text: Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart), Worf (Michael Dorn), and Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) are assigned by Starfleet on a covert mission to seek and destroy a Cardassian biological weapons installation on their border world, Celtris III. In Picard's place, Starfleet assigns Captain Edward Jellico (Ronny Cox), who has a vastly different style of command than the "Enterprise" crew, particularly William Riker (Jonathan Frakes), are accustomed to. Under Jellico, the "Enterprise" patrols the border near Minos Korva, a strategically significant Federation planet, and holds negotiations with Cardassian representatives as to the fate of the planet.


text: After intensive training in the holodeck, Picard, Worf, and Crusher discreetly arrive on Celtris III, and infiltrate the base. However, they find no signs of biological weapons, and suspecting a trap, they attempt to flee. Worf and Crusher escape, but Picard is taken prisoner and brought to Gul Madred (David Warner), who informs him Celtris III was a trap designed to capture Picard.


text: Madred uses a number of torture methods, including sensory deprivation, sensory bombardment, forced nakedness, stress positions, dehydration, starvation, physical pain, and cultural humiliation to try to gain knowledge of the Federation's plans for Minos Korva. Picard refuses to acknowledge Madred's demand for information. Madred attempts another tactic to break Picard's will: he shows his captive four bright lights, and demands that Picard answer that there are five, inflicting intense pain on Picard if he does not agree.


text: Meanwhile, the Cardassians inform the "Enterprise" crew that Picard has been captured. Jellico refuses to acknowledge that Picard was on a Starfleet mission, an admission necessary for Picard to be given the rights of a prisoner of war rather than being subjected to torture as a terrorist. This leads to a heated argument between Jellico and Riker, which ends with Jellico relieving Riker of duty and assigning Data as first officer. La Forge detects residue from a nearby nebula on the hull of the Cardassian delegation's ship, and Jellico suspects a Cardassian fleet may attempt to use the cover of the nebula to launch an attack on Minos Korva. Jellico determines that their best course of action is to place mines across the nebula using a shuttlecraft. However, Riker is the most qualified pilot for the mission. Jellico visits Riker in his quarters, where he candidly criticizes Riker's performance as a first officer and Riker does the same for his command style. Jellico asks, rather than orders, Riker to pilot the shuttle. Riker agrees, and he and La Forge successfully lay the minefield. Jellico uses the threat of the minefield to force the Cardassians to disarm and retreat, but not before they release Picard.


text: With word of the failure of the Cardassians to secure Minos Korva, Madred attempts one last ploy to break Picard, by falsely claiming that the Cardassians have taken the planet and that the "Enterprise" was destroyed in the battle. He offers Picard a choice: to remain in captivity for the rest of his life or live in comfort by admitting that he sees five lights. As Picard momentarily considers the offer, the Cardassian head delegate enters the room and informs Madred that "a ship is waiting to take him back to the "Enterprise"." Picard realizes he has been duped. As Picard is freed from his bonds and about to be taken away, he turns to Madred and defiantly shouts, "There are "four" lights!" Picard is returned to Federation custody and reinstated as Captain of the "Enterprise". Picard admits privately to Counselor Troi (Marina Sirtis) that he was saved just in the nick of time, as by that point he was broken enough to be willing to say or do anything to make the torture stop – and by the end, he actually believed he could see five lights.


text: Writer Frank Abatemarco consulted with resources compiled by Amnesty International on the methods, psychology, and the survivors of torture.


text: Madred's test of using four lights is an homage to George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four", in which O'Brien tortures Winston Smith until Smith admits that he sees five fingers when O'Brien only holds up four.


text: Warner and Stewart first worked together in a production of "Hamlet" in 1965. Warner praised Stewart, who was early in his Shakespearean career at the time. Warner had previously appeared as different characters in two "Star Trek" films: St. John Talbot in "" and Chancellor Gorkon in "". The actor initially cast as Gul Madred in "Chain of Command" dropped out on short notice, and with only a few days before production, Warner had no opportunity to learn his lines. His dialogue was written onto boards for him to read out as he went along. He preferred the Madred character to either of his previous "Star Trek" characters because of the scenes with Stewart, which he called "wonderful".


text: This two-part episode is ranked tenth in "Entertainment Weekly"s list of top 10 "Star Trek: The Next Generation" episodes. "Variety" listed "Chain of Command, Part I" and "Chain of Command, Part II" as the sixth best episode (counting the two-parter as one) of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


text: In 2013, "Slate" ranked "Chain of Command" one of the ten best episodes in the "Star Trek" franchise.


text: In 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter", noted this episode's scene where Picard cries out "There are four lights", as one of the top ten "most stunning" moments of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


text: In 2016, "Radio Times" rated the "there are four lights" scene with Picard as the 11th greatest scene in all "Star Trek" including films and television. They praised the contributions of David Warner and Patrick Stewart to "Star Trek". They note David Warner had previously played a role in 1991 film "". In 2016, CNET noted that "Chain of Command" was rated one of the top ten episodes of all "Star Trek" episodes in an audience-based rating at the "Star Trek" 50th anniversary convention. In 2016, "The Washington Post" ranked the two-part "Chain of Command" as the fifth best episode of all "Star Trek". They point out famous scenes, such when Picard (Patrick Stewart) is tortured by a Cardassian after being captured, but also Captain Jellico (Ronny Cox) struggling to command the "Enterprise" crew.


text: "Empire" ranked "Chain of Command" (Parts I & II) 16th out of the top 50 episodes of all "Star Trek" in 2016. At that time, there were roughly 726 episodes and a dozen films released.


text: In 2016, IGN ranked "Chain of Command" (Parts I & II) the 13th best episode of all "Star Trek" series. They note the performances of guest stars Ronny Cox, as the autocratic Captain Jellico, and David Warner as the Cardassian Gul Madred. They note the double story lines of the Jellico trying to command the crew of the "Enterprise"-D, and Picard enduring a brutal interrogation.


text: In 2017, Den of Geek included the "Chain of Command" two-part episode as one of their 25 recommended watches of "Star Trek: The Next Generation". A regional newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, ranked 25 of the greatest episodes of "Star Trek" prior to "Star Trek: Discovery" and included "Chain of Command" as the 5th greatest in 2017. In 2017, Den of Geek ranked David Warner's performance as Gul Madred, as the second best guest acting performance on "Star Trek: The Next Generation", for his performance in "Chain of Command".They elaborate that David Warner gives a "...calm, measured performance", which they said "perfectly matches Stewart's slowly crumbling Picard". The interaction between Gul Madred and Captain Picard was noted as "one of "Star Trek"'s most memorable confrontations..".


text: In 2017, "Nerdist" ranked this episode(s) the sixth best episode of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


text: In 2018, CBR ranked "Chain of Command" (Parts I & II) as the 5th best episodic saga of all "Star Trek", in between "All Good Things..." as #6 (the "Star Trek: The Next Generation" finale) and "In a Mirror, Darkly" from "Star Trek: Enterprise" (#4). In 2018, "Entertainment Weekly" ranked "Chain of Command" as one of the top ten moments of Jean-Luc Picard.


text: A character in this episode, Captain Jellico, was ranked as the 68th most important character of Starfleet within the "Star Trek" science fiction universe by Wired magazine. TheGamer ranked Captain Jellico as the 14th best captain of "Star Trek". In 2018, Tom's Guide rated "Chain of Command" (Parts I & II) one of the 15 best episodes featuring Picard.


text: In June 2019, Screen Rant noted "Chain of Command" as the second best episode of all 755 episodes of "Star Trek" up to that time. They highlight Captain Jellico in command of the "Enterprise"-D, and Captain Picard trying to endure a brutal Cardassian interrogation. Patrick Stewart's acting performance as a captive Picard is especially praised, noting the story as a showcase of the human spirit against lies and adversity. In 2019, they also ranked "Chain of Command" the 8th best episode of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


text: In May 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter" ranked "Chain of Command" (Parts I & II) among the top twenty-five episodes of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


text: In 2019, IGN recommended watching both parts of "Chain of Command" as background for another "Star Trek" universe show, "Star Trek: Picard"; a show that will also feature the same character as in this episode, Picard. They note a plot that tackles the struggles of people with bureaucracy, bad leadership, and suffering. They note performances by Ronny Cox as Captain Jellico, and David Warner's brutal presentation as the Cardassian alien interrogator Gul Madred. They note the struggle between Picard and Madred characters, and their battle for truth vs. information about the Federation.


text: In 2020, "SciFiPulse.net" ranked this episode one of the top seven about the character Captain Picard.


text: In 2020, "Vulture" recommended this as one of the best "Star Trek"s to watch along with "Star Trek: Picard".


text: In 2021, Robert Vaux writing for CBR, said this was the high point of the sixth season and noted David Warner's Cardassian character.


text: The episode was released as part of the "Star Trek: The Next Generation" season six DVD box set in the United States on December 3, 2002. A remastered HD version was released on Blu-ray optical disc, on June 24, 2014.


text: "Chain of Command" was released in the United Kingdom on PAL-Format LaserDisc on April 7, 1997. The episode was published on a two-sided 12" optical disc with runtime of 88 minutes.


text: It was also one of the episodes included in the anthology DVD box set "Star Trek Fan Collective - Captain's Log"; the set also includes the TNG episodes "In Theory" and "Darmok" among other episodes from the franchise. The set was released on July 24, 2007 in the United States.


text: It was announced in the summer of 2019, that "Chain of Command" was going to be included in a Picard box-set, along with "Best of Both Worlds", and the four TNG theatrical films. This should not be confused with the previously released "The Jean-Luc Picard Collection", which was released in the United States on August 3, 2004, and included four TNG episodes but not this one or the movies. The box set, including "Chain of Command" was released on October 15, 2019, and also included a mini-comic book called "Star Trek: Sky’s The Limit." The release included a making of feature for "Chain of Command" and also the episode(s) can be watched with an audio commentary by Ronny Cox, Jonathan West, and Mike & Denise Okuda.


title: Natural hazard

text: A natural hazard is a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on humans and other animals, or the environment. Natural hazard events can be classified into two broad categories: geophysical and biological.


title: Natural hazard

text: An example of the distinction between a natural hazard and a disaster is that an earthquake is the hazard which caused the 1906 San Francisco earthquake disaster. Natural hazards can be provoked or affected by anthropogenic processes, e.g. land-use change, drainage and construction.


title: Natural hazard

text: There are 18 natural hazards included in the National Risk Index of FEMA: avalanche, coastal flooding, cold wave, drought, earthquake, hail, heat wave, hurricane (tropical cyclone), ice storm, landslide, lightning, riverine flooding, strong wind, tornado, tsunami, volcanic activity, wildfire, winter weather. In addition there are also tornados and dust storms. Several of these have a higher risk of occurring now due to the effects of climate change.


title: Natural hazard

text: Each of the natural hazard types outlined above have very different characteristics, in terms of the spatial and temporal scales they influence, hazard frequency and return period, and measures of intensity and impact. These complexities result in "single-hazard" assessments being commonplace, where the hazard potential from one particular hazard type is constrained. In these examples, hazards are often treated as isolated or independent. An alternative is a "multi-hazard" approach which seeks to identify all possible natural hazards and their interactions or interrelationships.


title: Natural hazard

text: Many examples exist of one natural hazard triggering or increasing the probability of one or more other natural hazards. For example, an earthquake may trigger landslides, whereas a wildfire may increase the probability of landslides being generated in the future. A detailed review of such interactions across 21 natural hazards identified 90 possible interactions, of varying likelihood and spatial importance. There may also be interactions between these natural hazards and anthropic processes. For example, groundwater abstraction may trigger groundwater-related subsidence.


title: Natural hazard

text: Effective hazard analysis in any given area (e.g., for the purposes of disaster risk reduction) should ideally include an examination of all relevant hazards and their interactions. To be of most use for risk reduction, hazard analysis should be extended to risk assessment wherein the vulnerability of the built environment to each of the hazards is taken into account. This step is well developed for seismic risk, where the possible effect of future earthquakes on structures and infrastructure is assessed, as well as for risk from extreme wind and to a lesser extent flood risk. For other types of natural hazard the calculation of risk is more challenging, principally because of the lack of functions linking the intensity of a hazard and the probability of different levels of damage (fragility curves). "ThinkHazard!" is an online tool that provides an overview of the hazards from eight natural hazards (river floods, earthquakes, water scarcity, cyclones, coastal floods, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides) developed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery in partnership with other institutions.


title: Natural hazard

text: An avalanche occurs when a large snow (or rock) mass slides down a mountainside. An avalanche is an example of a gravity current consisting of granular material. In an avalanche, much material or mixtures of different types of material fall or slide rapidly under the force of gravity. Avalanches are often classified by the size or severity of consequences resulting from the event.


title: Natural hazard

text: Seismic waves at the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest with a shaking or displacement of the ground; when the earthquake occurs on the seafloor, the resulting displacement of ocean or sea water can sometimes result in a tsunami. Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the Pacific Plate. Many earthquakes happen each day, few of which are large enough to cause significant damage.


title: Natural hazard

text: Coastal erosion is a physical process by which shorelines in coastal areas around the world shift and change, primarily in response to waves and currents that can be influenced by tides and storm surge. Coastal erosion can result from long-term processes (see also beach evolution) as well as from episodic events such as tropical cyclones or other severe storm events.


title: Natural hazard

text: A lahar is a type of natural event closely related to a volcanic eruption, and involves a large amount of material originating from an eruption of a glaciated volcano, including mud from the melted ice, rock, and ash sliding down the side of the volcano at a rapid pace. These flows can destroy entire towns in seconds and kill thousands of people, and form flood basalt.


title: Natural hazard

text: A landslide is a mass displacement of sediment, usually down a slope. It can be caused by pressure pulling natural objects down a declining hill. It cause due to deforestation on the hill areas for construction of roads.


title: Natural hazard

text: A sinkhole is a localized depression in the surface topography, usually caused by the collapse of a subterranean structure such as a cave. Although rare, large sinkholes that develop suddenly in populated areas can lead to the collapse of buildings and other structures.


title: Natural hazard

text: A volcanic eruption is the point in which a volcano is active and releases its power, and the eruptions come in many forms. They range from daily small eruptions which occur in places like Kilauea in Hawaii, to megacolossal eruption supervolcanic event at Lake Toba reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a bottleneck in human evolution. Some eruptions form pyroclastic flows, which are high-temperature clouds of ash and steam that can travel down mountainsides at speed exceeding an airliner.


title: Natural hazard

text: A blizzard is a severe winter storm with icy and windy conditions characterized by low temperature, strong wind and heavy snow.


title: Natural hazard

text: A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water. Scientists warn that global warming and climate change may result in more extensive droughts in coming years. These extensive droughts are likely to occur within the African continent due to its very low precipitation levels and high temperatures.


title: Natural hazard

text: A hailstorm is a natural hazard where a thunderstorm produces numerous hailstones which damage the location in which they fall. Hailstorms can be especially devastating to farm fields, ruining crops and damaging equipment.


title: Natural hazard

text: A heat wave is a hazard characterized by heat which is considered extreme and unusual in the area in which it occurs. Heat waves are rare and require specific combinations of weather events to take place, and may include temperature inversions, katabatic winds, or other phenomena. There is potential for longer-term events causing global warming, including stadial events (the opposite to glacial "ice age" events), or through human-induced climatic warming.


title: Natural hazard

text: Hurricane, tropical cyclone, and typhoon are different names for the cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. It is caused by evaporated water that comes off of the ocean and becomes a storm. The Coriolis effect causes the storms to spin.. "Hurricane" is used for these phenomena in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, "tropical cyclone" in the Indian, and "typhoon" in the western Pacific.


title: Natural hazard

text: An ice storm is a particular weather event in which precipitation falls as ice, due to atmosphere conditions. It causes damage.


title: Natural hazard

text: A tornado is a natural disaster resulting from a thunderstorm. Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air which can blow at speeds between and , and possibly higher. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large tornado outbreaks associated with supercells or in other large areas of thunderstorm development. Waterspouts are tornadoes occurring over tropical waters in light rain conditions.


title: Natural hazard

text: Climate change can increase or decrease weather hazards, and also directly endanger property due to sea level rise and biological organisms due to habitat destruction.


title: Natural hazard

text: Geomagnetic storms can disrupt or damage technological infrastructure, and disorient species with magnetoception.


title: Natural hazard

text: Wildfire is a fire that burns in an uncontrolled and unplanned manner. Wildfires can result from natural occurrences such as lightning strikes or from human activity. These occur without any warning.


title: Natural hazard

text: A flood results from an overflow of water beyond its normal confines of a body of water such as a lake, or the accumulation of water over land areas.


title: Natural hazard

text: Disease is a natural hazard that can be enhanced by human factors such as urbanization or poor sanitation. Disease affecting multiple people can be termed an outbreak or epidemic.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Nani Gentleman (or simply Gentleman) is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film directed by Mohan Krishna Indraganti who wrote the film with R.David Nathan. Produced by Sivalenka Krishna Prasad's Sridevi Movies, "Gentleman" stars Nani in double role alongside Surbhi, Nivetha Thomas, Tanikella Bharani, Srinivas Avasarala and Vennela Kishore. The film narrates the story of two women, Aishwarya and Catherine, whose respective lovers, Jayaram and Gautham, are lookalikes. When Gautham dies in an accident, Catherine suspects Jai's role in it and spies on him, which reveals further truths about Jai and the people around him, including Gautham.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: The film marked Prasad's return to film production after an eight-year hiatus. P. G. Vinda was the film's director of photography. Mani Sharma composed the soundtrack and score; Marthand K. Venkatesh edited the film. Principal photography commenced in November 2015 and lasted until April 2016. Except for a schedule in Kodaikanal, the majority of the film's portions were shot in and around Hyderabad.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Produced on a budget of 15 crore, "Gentleman" was released on 17June 2016 in 700 screens globally. It was also the third biggest South Indian film released in the United States to that point in terms of screen-count. Post-release, the film received positive reviews from critics and audience, where it become a commercial success at the box office, grossing a total of 32.6 crore globally, with a distributor share of 16.3 crore. Nivetha Thomas won SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu) at 6th South Indian International Movie Awards for her role in the film. The film was remade in Bengali as "Villain" in 2018.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Aishwarya, the daughter of an affluent entrepreneur, boards a flight back to Hyderabad from the United States. Catherine, a VFX designer returning from a month-long workshop, boards the same flight in London. To help pass the time, they share their love stories. Catherine explains that she is in a relationship with Gautham, a graduate from IIM-A who owns an adventure club, and Aishwarya shares that her fiancé Jayaram "Jai" Mullapudi is an award-winning entrepreneur who oversees his father's company "Jai Gowri Finance". When Aishwarya and Catherine arrive in Hyderabad, they are met by Jai and the former's cousin Vamsi. Catherine gets startled to see that Jai is Gautham's lookalike.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: After hearing from Gautham's mother Yashoda about his death in an accident ten days earlier, she leaves the house grief-stricken. An investigative journalist named Nithya meets her and tells her that she suspects that Gautham was murdered. They initially suspect David, Catherine's uncle, who is admitted to a hospital after an overdose of narcotics. Catherine reaches the hospital only to learn that Jai has kidnapped the comatose David. Nithya uncovers information about a potential accounting scandal in Jai Gowri Finance and knows that the suicide of Jai's uncle Mohan and Gautham's accident took place on the same day. Catherine and Nithya agree on spying on Jai. Aishwarya recommends Catherine to Jai for a job in the latter's company, to which he reluctantly agrees.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Catherine's presence in the company disturbs Jai, who soon realizes that she is spying on him. Nevertheless, he remains silent. Catherine overhears a conversation between Vamsi and Jai where the former threatens to disclose the latter's involvement in Gautham's murder to the media. She later gains information about the security arrangements of the company by coercing her team leader Sudarshanam. Nithya provides a duplicate of the master key to Jai's cabin. Catherine finds the discharge papers of David and Gautham and a document confirming the transfer of 5 billion from Aishwarya's company. She later leaves for an orphanage where David is being treated and finds him dead.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Catherine and Nithya spot Jai running away from the orphanage, which strengthens their suspicions. At a party, Jai is disturbed after observing a growing intimacy between Catherine and Vamsi, an intimacy created by Catherine to provoke Jai. After mustering courage, Jai kills Vamsi and manages to make it look like a road accident. Jai then destroys all the documents Vamsi had been using to blackmail him. The following day, Aishwarya finds Jai's clothes and a photograph of him in Catherine's closet and suspects an illicit relationship between them. After Aishwarya calls off her engagement, Catherine confronts Jai and challenges him to unveil his real self as a murderer and fraudster.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Initially stoic, an emotional Jai reveals that he is Gautham himself by showing a wristband Catherine had given him before leaving for London. The couple reconciles and Gautham starts narrating the truth. Vamsi, who is jealous of Jai's success, persuades David, his old friend, to murder him. David agrees, assuming that he is Gautham, whom he considers his rival. Meanwhile, Gautham comes across Jai's photograph in an attempt to find sponsors for his club. He alters his look to resemble Jai and meets Mohan. A dying Mohan reveals that Vamsi coerced him to invest in betting, which resulted in a loss of nearly 5 billion, for which Aishwarya's father Ram Prakash agreed to reimburse him.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Meanwhile, David fatally stabs Jai in a warehouse, which is secretly filmed by Vamsi. Gautham reaches the spot and promises Jai to save his company from Vamsi and others. Gautham then places his clothes and wallet along with Jai's body in his car and pushes it into a lake, making it look like an accident. Yashoda helps him with this cover-up, and Gautham begins his new life as Jai. However, Vamsi, who has filmed all the events, edits the visuals and blackmails Gautham. With Catherine spying on him, Gautham had no option but to remain silent to avoid issues with Vamsi. Aishwarya overhears their conversation, and the families mourn Jai's death. A year later, the families of Jai and Aishwarya attend an award ceremony where Aishwarya is adjudged the best entrepreneur of the year. She dedicates the award to the deceased Jai, as Gautham and Catherine watch teary-eyed.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: After the release of "Bandipotu" (2015), filmmaker Mohan Krishna Indraganti began working on two scripts; one of those reached completion in March 2015. Indraganti stated that he had long been keen on making a film based on that concept, adding that it would be a completely new genre for him. Sivalenka Krishna Prasad agreed to bankroll the film, marking his comeback to film production after a sabbatical of eight years. Prasad urged Indraganti to listen to a script written by Tamil writer R. David Nathan. Indraganti found Nathan's script too alien for the Telugu-speaking audience and tweaked it to suit the regional sensibilities. He later revealed that the film would be a romantic thriller and dedicated its second half to filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock as a tribute.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: R. David Nathan was credited with providing the story and scenario, while Indraganti penned the screenplay and the dialogue besides co-writing the script. P. G. Vinda was the film's director of photography. Mani Sharma composed the film's soundtrack and score. Marthand K. Venkatesh edited the film. As the protagonist is suspected to be a villain but actually is a gentleman, Indraganti wanted to name the film by choosing the Telugu equivalent of the word gentleman. After considering titles such as "Uttamudu" and "Manchivadu", he chose "Gentleman", with the tagline "Hero? Villain?". The title was formally announced on 15April 2016, on the eve of Sri Rama Navami.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Indraganti signed his protégé Nani as the protagonist after being impressed with his performance as a selfish businessperson in "Yevade Subramanyam" (2015); it marked their second collaboration after "Ashta Chamma" (2008). In February 2016 Nani was reported to play a dual role in the film and Srinivas Avasarala inclusion was confirmed. Indraganti described the latter's role as "something very complex", unlike the comic and supporting roles he has undertaken in the past. It was later revealed that Nani's character would feature a negative streak and that a pair of spectacles would be instrumental as a "key contrasting feature" for the dual role. Indraganti stated that the film "explores human frailties" and lacks a "conventional villain, one who is completely bad".


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Surbhi and Nivetha Thomas were cast as the female leads in September 2015; "Gentleman" marks the latter's debut in Telugu cinema. Surbhi's name was suggested by Nani to Indraganti, who was impressed with her performance in "Velaiilla Pattadhari" (2014). Commenting on Aishwarya's characterisation, Surbhi stated that she would play a rich young entrepreneur who "has her values intact and takes life very seriously" besides being "generous and compassionate". Her costumes were a blend of ethnic and urban casuals. Nivetha called her role as Catherine an "independent, vulnerable and modern girl who is ready to take on any challenge head-on". Two romantic tracks were written for the leads; while one was cinematic, the other was more realistic. Nivetha learnt Telugu during the film's shoot and was encouraged by Nani and Indraganti to dub for her portions. She gave up the attempt to attend her architecture exams in Chennai. Vennela Kishore was cast as Sudarshanam, a comic role of a suspicious team leader. Sreemukhi played the role of Nithya, an investigative journalist, which was reported to be a key supporting role.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: According to Indraganti, the costumes, production design, and cinematography were well-coordinated, resulting in the film being produced with an "interesting palette". Surbhi joined the film's sets in November 2015, and Nani was expected to begin filming for his portions after completing "Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha" (2015). The film's cast and crew, including the director, underwent a thorough reading session to better understand the story and its characters before rehearsals. Filming was stalled in December 2015 due to the death of a crew member at the Sanghi Temple in Hayathnagar, Hyderabad. Surbhi and Nani completed filming of their portions in "Gentleman" while continuing to promote their respective films "Express Raja" (2016) and "Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha" in Hyderabad.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: The first schedule wrapped up in mid-February 2016. By then, 40% of the film's shoot had been completed. The next schedule commenced at Kodaikanal on 22February 2016. Major scenes and songs were filmed during the schedule, which lasted until 6March 2016. The last schedule began on 14March 2016. Principal photography neared completion in early April 2016, and the remaining portions were filmed in Hyderabad. The post-production work commenced in late April 2016, after the completion of the film's shoot.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Mani Sharma composed the soundtrack and score of "Gentleman", which consists of four songs. His inclusion into the film's technical crew was confirmed in late February 2016. Impressed with his work in "Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha", Nani recommended lyricist Krishna Kanth to Sharma, who wrote the lyrics for two songs. Ramajogayya Sastry and Sirivennela Sitaramasastri each penned the lyrics for one song. The soundtrack, marketed by Aditya Music, was released on 31 May 2016 at a promotional event attended by the full cast and crew.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Reviewing the soundtrack, "The Times of India" gave a rating of four stars and stated that it "excels with various styles and genres, kicking mediocrity out of the window". The newspaper termed "Chali Gaali Chuudduu" a "real gem of a song", praising the lyrics and an interlude with trumpet solo that "comes as a breath of fresh air". Karthik Srinivasan, writing for "The Hindu", found the second interlude of "Chali Gaali Chuudduu" a "beautifully melodic and extended" one similar to the works of Ilaiyaraaja. Srinivasan termed the song a "wonderfully mellow and jazzy" melody and praised the renditions by Haricharan and Padmalatha.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: "Gentleman" was released worldwide on 17June 2016 in 700 screens, competing with other Telugu films such as "Guppedantha Prema", "Premikudu", and "Rudra IPS". Gaatri Media released the film on 127 screens in the United States with special premieres, claiming it the biggest release for a film starring Nani up to that date. According to Indo-Asian News Service, "Gentleman" had the third biggest release for a South Indian film to that point after "24" and "Theri". The release locations included a few smaller cities of the United States such as Tallahassee, Maryville, and Poughkeepsie. Besides the United States, "Gentleman" was released in other overseas markets such as Africa and Germany. The film was remade into Bengali as "Villain" (2018).


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: "Gentleman" received positive reviews, with praise for the performances, Sharma's score, and the scripting. Mridula Ramadugu of "Firstpost" praised the performances of Nani and Niveda in particular and called "Gentleman" a very subtle thriller that "stands out from the typical, action drama". Purnima Sriram of "The New Indian Express" termed the film a "game changer" in Nani's career, and one that can "penetrate minds with intelligent moves in every scene". Writing for "The Hindu", Sangeetha Devi Dundoo gave three and a half stars out of five and called "Gentleman" an "intriguing tale marked by fine performances". Dundoo praised Nani's performance and found it "swiftly moving between being vulnerable and ominous". Suresh Kavirayani of the "Deccan Chronicle" also gave the film three and a half stars out of five, praising the performances of the principal cast and Sharma's score. He also praised Indraganti's screenplay and dialogues but criticised the climax and the love story of Nani and Surbhi.


title: Gentleman (2016 film)

text: Karthik Keramalu of News18 gave "Gentleman" three stars out of five and stated, "I wouldn't say this is the most experimental film [Nani] has worked on; I'd say this is an excellent film he has chosen to work on within the limited space of [the] commercial cinema." Sify also gave the film a rating of three stars and called it a "neat thriller" that "doesn't move to the next level after promising best in the interval period". In contrast, L.Ravichander of "The Hans India" rated the film two stars out of five and criticised the performances of the principal cast except that of Nani for lacking authenticity, adding that the actor "fights a lone battle to bring credibility".