title: TV5Monde

text: (*)TV5MONDE États-Unis has certain programs subtitled in English, particularly some newscasts and most movies. It is unusual to watch a French movie without English language subtitles on TV5MONDE États-Unis.


title: TV5Monde

text: From 1984, for this television network, there are five different logos. The first logo of television network is used from 1984 to 1988, the second logo is used from 1988 to 1990, the third logo is used from 1990 to 1995, the fourth logo is used from 1995 to 2006, and the fifth and current logo is in use from 2006.


title: TV5Monde

text: From 1991 to 2003, the digital on-screen graphic was located on the upper right corner of the screen. From 2003 onwards, it has been moved to the upper left corner of the screen and dropped from upper right corner.


title: TV5Monde

text: TV5 Canada is a French Canadian version of TV5MONDE that offers largely the same programming schedule, but programming from Radio-Canada, which is already available across Canada, is replaced with content from the provincial educational networks Télé-Québec and TFO. As with TV5MONDE, TV5 Québec Canada is also a co-operative effort but involving French Canadian networks and producers through l'Association des producteurs de films et de télévision du Québec. The Canadian license also includes "Unis", a channel focused on francophone communities outside Quebec.


title: TV5Monde

text: In the United States, TV5MONDE États-Unis is one of several foreign-language premium channels offered through International Media Distribution. Broadcast is in standard definition only. The channel is offered nationwide on Dish Network, AT&T U-verse and Verizon FiOS and offered in most major markets on traditional cable systems such as Charter Spectrum, Cox Communications, Xfinity and Bright House Networks. TV5MONDE is offered on cable and satellite as an à la carte selection for $9.99 a month. On most systems, a subscription to another programming tier or a digital cable package may be required. Purportedly because of underfunding, TV5MONDE cannot yet offer accurate advance scheduling or on-time programming, but progress is being made in those fronts.


title: TV5Monde

text: In addition, TV5MONDE États-Unis offers a French-language children's channel, TiVi5MONDE, which offers a selection of children's and young adult programming in French. The channel is currently available on Dish Network, as part of the TV5MONDE subscription. Daily blocks of TiVi5MONDE programming is also seen on the main TV5MONDE channel.


title: TV5Monde

text: TV5MONDE launched TV5MONDE Cinema on Demand, a video on demand service available to Xfinity subscribers in July 2013 that features a selection of francophone films.


title: TV5Monde

text: In Mexico and most countries of Central America and the Caribbean, TV5MONDE Amérique Latine & Caraïbes is available SKY México, a satellite television platform, on Channel 277.


title: TV5Monde

text: In Brazil is transmitted with subtitles in Portuguese on their schedule. Negotiations are currently being held to launch the first original channel productions in the country. TV5MONDE Brésil is available on SKY Brasil on channel 108, Claro TV on channel 132, Net on channel 141 as well as Vivo TV.


title: TV5Monde

text: TV5MONDE Amérique Latine & Caraïbes is not free-to-air in South America. The channel is available on main pay-TV operators in most Hispanic countries, with programming subtitled in Spanish.


title: TV5Monde

text: In French Guiana, a French overseas territory in northern South America, the channel is free and broadcast with programming entirely in French.


title: TV5Monde

text: The channel is free to air from the AsiaSat 3S satellite, covering most of Asia and Australia. Triangle TV in Auckland, Nepal (Everest) and Wellington rebroadcasts some news programmes. In Nepal (Everest), TiVi5 Monde is broadcast by Dish Home on Channel no D-864. In Singapore, the StarHub TV service broadcasts it on Channel 152 for its digital service customers on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 and MediaCorp TV HD5. TV5Monde Asie is available in television providers in Bangladesh. In Australia, multilingual broadcaster SBS broadcasts network news bulletin "64' Le Monde en français" every day as part of WorldWatch programming.


title: TV5Monde

text: In India, Zee Network provides the channel for its Dish Network DTH services subscribers. Also, many others like Hathway cable TV and local cable TV operators offer TV5Monde free of cost. The channel is also available in Japan on the Fuji Television platform (as TV5MONDE Pacifique though Japan is a part of the Asia) and on Television New Zealand in New Zealand.


title: TV5Monde

text: TV5Monde is also available in two former French colonies in Southeast Asia (Vietnam and Cambodia) with English and Vietnamese subtitles via PPCTV in Cambodia and VTVCab in Vietnam.


title: TV5Monde

text: In most of the region, TV5MONDE Maghreb-Orient is available on Nilesat 101 and Badr 4 under the frequencies of 11900.00 V 27500 3/4 and 12073.00 H 27500 3/4, respectively. In Lebanon, it is also available on Cablevision, a cable television platform serving the country, and via Tele Liban's French channel, Tele Liban Le Neuf.


title: TV5Monde

text: High-definition (HD) broadcasting of TV5MONDE FBSM started on 1 July 2015 via satellite in the CanalSat mux as an upscaled HD feed. In March 2017, the HD feed was changed from upscaled into native HD (1440x1080).


title: TV5Monde

text: TV5MONDE Asie has been broadcast in HD in Taiwan since September 2014 and Singapore via StarHub TV since October 2015.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) was a security algorithm for 802.11 wireless networks. Introduced as part of the original IEEE 802.11 standard ratified in 1997, its intention was to provide data confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network. WEP, recognizable by its key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits (40 or 104 bits), was at one time widely used, and was often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that WEP had been superseded by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). In 2004, with the ratification of the full 802.11i standard (i.e. WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 have been deprecated.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: WEP was the only encryption protocol available to 802.11a and 802.11b devices built before the WPA standard, which was available for 802.11g devices. However, some 802.11b devices were later provided with firmware or software updates to enable WPA, and newer devices had it built in.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: WEP was ratified as a Wi-Fi security standard in 1999. The first versions of WEP were not particularly strong, even for the time they were released, due to U.S. restrictions on the export of various cryptographic technology. These restrictions led to manufacturers restricting their devices to only 64-bit encryption. When the restrictions were lifted, the encryption was increased to 128-bit. Despite the introduction of 256-bit WEP, 128-bit remains one of the most common implementations.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: WEP was included as the privacy component of the original IEEE 802.11 standard ratified in 1997. WEP uses the stream cipher RC4 for confidentiality, and the CRC-32 checksum for integrity. It was deprecated in 2004 and is documented in the current standard.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Standard 64-bit WEP uses a 40-bit key (also known as WEP-40), which is concatenated with a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to form the RC4 key. At the time that the original WEP standard was drafted, the U.S. Government's export restrictions on cryptographic technology limited the key size. Once the restrictions were lifted, manufacturers of access points implemented an extended 128-bit WEP protocol using a 104-bit key size (WEP-104).


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: A 64-bit WEP key is usually entered as a string of 10 hexadecimal (base 16) characters (0–9 and A–F). Each character represents 4 bits, 10 digits of 4 bits each gives 40 bits; adding the 24-bit IV produces the complete 64-bit WEP key (4 bits × 10 + 24 bits IV = 64 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter the key as 5 ASCII characters (0–9, a–z, A–Z), each of which is turned into 8 bits using the character's byte value in ASCII (8 bits × 5 + 24 bits IV = 64 bits of WEP key); however, this restricts each byte to be a printable ASCII character, which is only a small fraction of possible byte values, greatly reducing the space of possible keys.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: A 128-bit WEP key is usually entered as a string of 26 hexadecimal characters. 26 digits of 4 bits each gives 104 bits; adding the 24-bit IV produces the complete 128-bit WEP key (4 bits × 26 + 24 bits IV = 128 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter it as 13 ASCII characters (8 bits × 13 + 24 bits IV = 128 bits of WEP key).


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: 152-bit and 256-bit WEP systems are available from some vendors. As with the other WEP variants, 24 bits of that is for the IV, leaving 128 or 232 bits for actual protection. These 128 or 232 bits are typically entered as 32 or 58 hexadecimal characters (4 bits × 32 + 24 bits IV = 152 bits of WEP key, 4 bits × 58 + 24 bits IV = 256 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter it as 16 or 29 ASCII characters (8 bits × 16 + 24 bits IV = 152 bits of WEP key, 8 bits × 29 + 24 bits IV = 256 bits of WEP key).


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Two methods of authentication can be used with WEP: Open System authentication and Shared Key authentication.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In Open System authentication, the WLAN client does not provide its credentials to the Access Point during authentication. Any client can authenticate with the Access Point and then attempt to associate. In effect, no authentication occurs. Subsequently, WEP keys can be used for encrypting data frames. At this point, the client must have the correct keys.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In Shared Key authentication, the WEP key is used for authentication in a four-step challenge-response handshake:


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: After the authentication and association, the pre-shared WEP key is also used for encrypting the data frames using RC4.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: At first glance, it might seem as though Shared Key authentication is more secure than Open System authentication since the latter offers no real authentication. However, it is quite the reverse. It is possible to derive the keystream used for the handshake by capturing the challenge frames in Shared Key authentication. Therefore, data can be more easily intercepted and decrypted with Shared Key authentication than with Open System authentication. If privacy is a primary concern, it is more advisable to use Open System authentication for WEP authentication, rather than Shared Key authentication; however, this also means that any WLAN client can connect to the AP. (Both authentication mechanisms are weak; Shared Key WEP is deprecated in favor of WPA/WPA2.)


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Because RC4 is a stream cipher, the same traffic key must never be used twice. The purpose of an IV, which is transmitted as plain text, is to prevent any repetition, but a 24-bit IV is not long enough to ensure this on a busy network. The way the IV was used also opened WEP to a related key attack. For a 24-bit IV, there is a 50% probability the same IV will repeat after 5,000 packets.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In August 2001, Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin, and Adi Shamir published a cryptanalysis of WEP that exploits the way the RC4 ciphers and IV are used in WEP, resulting in a passive attack that can recover the RC4 key after eavesdropping on the network. Depending on the amount of network traffic, and thus the number of packets available for inspection, a successful key recovery could take as little as one minute. If an insufficient number of packets are being sent, there are ways for an attacker to send packets on the network and thereby stimulate reply packets, which can then be inspected to find the key. The attack was soon implemented, and automated tools have since been released. It is possible to perform the attack with a personal computer, off-the-shelf hardware, and freely available software such as aircrack-ng to crack "any" WEP key in minutes.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Cam-Winget et al. surveyed a variety of shortcomings in WEP. They wrote ""Experiments in the field show that, with proper equipment, it is practical to eavesdrop on WEP-protected networks from distances of a mile or more from the target."" They also reported two generic weaknesses:


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In 2005, a group from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation gave a demonstration where they cracked a WEP-protected network in three minutes using publicly available tools. Andreas Klein presented another analysis of the RC4 stream cipher. Klein showed that there are more correlations between the RC4 keystream and the key than the ones found by Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir which can additionally be used to break WEP in WEP-like usage modes.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In 2006, Bittau, Handley, and Lackey showed that the 802.11 protocol itself can be used against WEP to enable earlier attacks that were previously thought impractical. After eavesdropping a single packet, an attacker can rapidly bootstrap to be able to transmit arbitrary data. The eavesdropped packet can then be decrypted one byte at a time (by transmitting about 128 packets per byte to decrypt) to discover the local network IP addresses. Finally, if the 802.11 network is connected to the Internet, the attacker can use 802.11 fragmentation to replay eavesdropped packets while crafting a new IP header onto them. The access point can then be used to decrypt these packets and relay them on to a buddy on the Internet, allowing real-time decryption of WEP traffic within a minute of eavesdropping the first packet.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In 2007, Erik Tews, Andrei Pychkine, and Ralf-Philipp Weinmann were able to extend Klein's 2005 attack and optimize it for usage against WEP. With the new attack it is possible to recover a 104-bit WEP key with a probability of 50% using only 40,000 captured packets. For 60,000 available data packets, the success probability is about 80%, and for 85,000 data packets, about 95%. Using active techniques like Wi-Fi deauthentication attacks and ARP re-injection, 40,000 packets can be captured in less than one minute under good conditions. The actual computation takes about 3 seconds and 3 MB of main memory on a Pentium-M 1.7 GHz and can additionally be optimized for devices with slower CPUs. The same attack can be used for 40-bit keys with an even higher success probability.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: In 2008 the Payment Card Industry (PCI) Security Standards Council updated the Data Security Standard (DSS) to prohibit use of WEP as part of any credit-card processing after 30 June 2010, and prohibit any new system from being installed that uses WEP after 31 March 2009. The use of WEP contributed to the TJ Maxx parent company network invasion.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: The Caffe Latte attack is another way to defeat WEP. It is not necessary for the attacker to be in the area of the network using this exploit. By using a process that targets the Windows wireless stack, it is possible to obtain the WEP key from a remote client. By sending a flood of encrypted ARP requests, the assailant takes advantage of the shared key authentication and the message modification flaws in 802.11 WEP. The attacker uses the ARP responses to obtain the WEP key in less than 6 minutes.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Use of encrypted tunneling protocols (e.g., IPSec, Secure Shell) can provide secure data transmission over an insecure network. However, replacements for WEP have been developed with the goal of restoring security to the wireless network itself.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: The recommended solution to WEP security problems is to switch to WPA2. WPA was an intermediate solution for hardware that could not support WPA2. Both WPA and WPA2 are much more secure than WEP. To add support for WPA or WPA2, some old Wi-Fi access points might need to be replaced or have their firmware upgraded. WPA was designed as an interim software-implementable solution for WEP that could forestall immediate deployment of new hardware. However, TKIP (the basis of WPA) has reached the end of its designed lifetime, has been partially broken, and had been officially deprecated with the release of the 802.11-2012 standard.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: This stopgap enhancement to WEP was present in some of the early 802.11i drafts. It was implementable on "some" (not all) hardware not able to handle WPA or WPA2, and extended both the IV and the key values to 128 bits. It was hoped to eliminate the duplicate IV deficiency as well as stop brute force key attacks.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: After it became clear that the overall WEP algorithm was deficient (and not just the IV and key sizes) and would require even more fixes, both the WEP2 name and original algorithm were dropped. The two extended key lengths remained in what eventually became WPA's TKIP.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: WEPplus, also known as WEP+, is a proprietary enhancement to WEP by Agere Systems (formerly a subsidiary of Lucent Technologies) that enhances WEP security by avoiding "weak IVs". It is only completely effective when WEPplus is used at "both ends" of the wireless connection. As this cannot easily be enforced, it remains a serious limitation. It also does not necessarily prevent replay attacks, and is ineffective against later statistical attacks that do not rely on weak IVs.


title: Wired Equivalent Privacy

text: Dynamic WEP refers to the combination of 802.1x technology and the Extensible Authentication Protocol. Dynamic WEP changes WEP keys dynamically. It is a vendor-specific feature provided by several vendors such as 3Com.


title: Grinding Gear Games

text: Grinding Gear Games ( GGG) is a New Zealand video game developer company founded in 2006 and based in Auckland. A former independent developer, the studio was acquired by Chinese tech company Tencent in May 2018, after the Chinese company had published the studio's sole title, "Path of Exile", in China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau). The open-beta build of "Path of Exile" was released worldwide in January 2013 and the 1.0 version of the game was released in October 2013.


title: Grinding Gear Games

text: Grinding Gear Games games was founded in 2006 in Auckland, New Zealand. The company states that its founding members come from various countries and backgrounds.


title: Grinding Gear Games

text: GGG developed "Path of Exile", which was released on 23 October 2013. During the open beta, from 23 January 2013 to release, more than 46,000 people participated. GGG crowd funded "Path of Exile" through allowing users to pre-purchase in-game microtransactions ahead of the games launch date. In only 6 days, GGG was able to raise over $245,000. The company is now focusing on releasing for more platforms, more regions, and on creating cosmetic items available for purchase through microtransactions.


title: Grinding Gear Games

text: In 2018, Tencent became a majority holder in GGG, acquiring 86.67% of the company's shares. Three of the co-founders hold the remaining 13.33%. Two of the co-founders also sit on the board of directors, alongside 3 appointed by Tencent in April 2018.


title: Windows key

text: The Windows logo key (also known as Windows-, win-, start-, logo-, flag-, or super-key) is a keyboard key which was originally introduced on the Microsoft Natural keyboard in 1994. This key became a standard key on PC keyboards. In Windows tapping the key brings up the start menu. performs the same function, in case the keyboard lacks this key.


title: Windows key

text: Historically, the addition of two Windows keys and a menu key marked the change from the 101/102-key to 104/105-key layout for PC keyboards. Compared to the former layout, a Windows key was placed between the left and the left and another Windows key and the menu key were placed between the right (or ) and the right key.


title: Windows key

text: The key is predated by the key on Apple computers in the 1980s, and before that by the (or ) key on Lisp/Unix workstation computers in the 1970s.


title: Windows key

text: In laptop and other compact keyboards it is common to have just one Windows key (usually on the left). On Microsoft's Entertainment Desktop sets (designed for Windows Vista), the Windows key is in the middle of the keyboard, below all other keys (where the user's thumbs rest).


title: Windows key

text: Some keyboards during the Windows Vista and 7 era feature a circular bump surrounding the logo which distinguishes its feeling from the other buttons.


title: Windows key

text: On Windows 8 tablet computers, hardware certification requirements initially mandated that the Windows key be centered on the bezel below the screen, except on a convertible laptop, where the button is allowed to be off-center in a tablet configuration. This requirement was relaxed in Windows 8.1, allowing the Windows key to be placed on any bezel or edge of the unit, though a centered location along the bottom bezel is still preferred.


title: Windows key

text: Microsoft regulates the appearance of the Windows key logo picture with a specially crafted license for keyboard manufacturers ("Microsoft Windows Logo Key Logo License Agreement for Keyboard Manufacturers"). With the introduction of a new Microsoft Windows logo, first used with Windows XP, the agreement was updated to require that the new design be adopted for all keyboards manufactured after 1 September 2003. However, with the release of Windows Vista, Microsoft published guidelines for a new Windows Logo key that incorporates the Windows logo recessed in a chamfered lowered circle with a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 with respect to background that the key is applied to.


title: Windows key

text: In Common Building Block Keyboard Specification, all CBB compliant keyboards were to comply with the Windows Vista Hardware Start Button specification beginning on 1 June 2007.


title: Windows key

text: From the Windows 95 to Windows 7 releases of the operating system, tapping the Windows key by itself traditionally revealed Windows Taskbar (if not visible) and opened the Start menu. In Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8, this key launches the Start screen but doesn't show the taskbar. However, this feature was added back into Windows 10.


title: Windows key

text: Pressing the key in combination with other keys allows invoking many common functions through the keyboard. Holding down will not substitute for the Windows key in these combinations. Which Windows key combinations ("shortcuts") are available and active in a given Windows session depends on many factors, such as accessibility options, the type of the session (regular or Terminal Services), the Windows version, the presence of specific software such as IntelliType and Group Policy if applicable.


title: Windows key

text: Below is a list of notable shortcuts which work natively. Unless otherwise noted, they are valid in the next version of Windows. Using aftermarket scripts, users can also make custom shortcuts.


title: Windows key

text: Additional installed software may introduce other shortcuts using the Windows key. For example, various Microsoft Office applications add shortcuts of their own:


title: Windows key

text: On Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the key is usually given the X keysym "Super" (on earlier versions "Meta" was often used), and turns on the shift bit called MOD4. Most desktop environments use it much like Windows, with press+release popping up a primary menu similar to the Windows start menu (GNOME Shell bringing up the Activities Overview, KDE Plasma, Cinnamon and most other desktop environments pop up their main system menus), and with combinations with letters performing actions such as run-command, often with the shortcuts and actions copied from Windows. A common action that is not shared with Windows is for the key to allow dragging a window around from any location without raising it, and in the Compiz window manager it causes the scroll wheel to zoom in or out of any part of the desktop.


title: Windows key

text: If one plugs a Windows keyboard into a macOS computer, the Windows key acts as the . This swaps the locations of and from standard Macintosh keyboards. Plugging a Macintosh keyboard into a Windows (or Linux) machine makes act like , again with the locations swapped with from standard.


title: Windows key

text: If one plugs a Windows keyboard into a ChromeOS computer, the Windows key acts as the key. This key is in the location where the Caps Lock key would be on other keyboards.


title: Windows key

text: If one plugs a Windows keyboard into an Xbox 360, pressing the Windows key performs the same action as the Guide button on Xbox 360 Controller or remote controls, opening the Xbox Guide. Holding down the Windows key and pressing M opens a pop up conversation window over gameplay, if an instant message conversation is in progress. On a PlayStation 3 console, pressing the Windows key performs the same action as the PS Button on the Sixaxis Controller, opening the XrossMediaBar.


title: Windows key

text: If one plugs a Windows keyboard into an Xbox One or Xbox Series S|X, pressing the Windows key performs the same action as pressing the Xbox button on a controller.


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: Dedicated is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen. It was released on May 17, 2019, by 604 Records in Canada, and School Boy and Interscope Records in the United States. The album was preceded by the release of the singles "Party for One", "Now That I Found You", "No Drug Like Me", "Julien", and "Too Much". To support the album Jepsen embarked on The Dedicated Tour with dates in Europe, North America and Asia. A companion album, "Dedicated Side B", featuring outtakes from "Dedicated", was released just over a year later on May 21, 2020.


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: The album received generally positive reviews and debuted at number 18 in the US, becoming her third top-twenty album. The album also peaked inside the top 20 in Jepsen's home country, at number 16 on the Canadian Albums Chart and at number 17 on the Scottish Albums Chart. "Dedicated" was named in many year-end lists of best albums of 2019.


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: In April 2016, Jepsen spoke to "Stereogum" that she was eager to work on new music, hoping to halve the production time consumed by her previous record. She cited a stroke of inspiration that wasn't apparent when development on her third studio album "Emotion" (2015) began, which ultimately took three years to produce as Jepsen sought creative control and an evolution in sound. She aimed to release new music by the next year.


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: Work on her fourth studio album commenced in June 2016, where she traveled to Sweden on the first of four trips. Frameworking the project was the notion of how music is consumed in her own life, "which is sometimes a little more homestyle, dance parties in the living room with your friends." Her relationship with photographer David Larkins came to an end during the same trip, which prompted Jepsen to explore the melancholy that pervaded her life:"I think the album goes through that process of like, 'Shit, what do I do now?' And, at the same time, singlehood for the first time in a while, which I'm kind of new at! So there was an arc of like, full-on heartbreak to a new story. I think I do pull a lot of inspiration from the complexities of relationships in all of its phases. It was a real painful thing in my life, but a real helpful thing for being inspired."Jepsen described producer John Hill, whom she met further along in the process, as being a "hero on this project, in terms of his production seeming really fresh to me and kind of dark in their tastes, and so it was fun to have these falsetto, almost more soft toplines on top of the dark production." Other contributors to the album include Jack Antonoff, Noonie Bao, Pontus Winnberg of Bloodshy & Avant and Captain Cuts. Early in development, Jepsen was particularly looking forward to meeting Patrik Berger, being a fan of his work on Swedish singer Robyn's 2010 single "Dancing On My Own".


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: Under the working title of "Music to Clean Your House To", Jepsen conceived the album as "an understated disco, living room dance party thing", an inclination that arose from digging into ABBA's back catalogue. These influences from the '70s era, namely Donna Summer and the Bee Gees, were channeled into an incarnation of the project titled "Disco Sweat". It was shelved as Berger advised her against working too rigidly, Jepsen expressing, "You might be shooting yourself in the foot and limiting where you can go." She further explained:"When I showed up with that mission statement that was so pigeonholed, it really wasn't helping the writing process. It was fun to get a few songs that landed naturally in that zone — I think 'Julien' was the most understated disco song that made the album — but I think it was Patrik [Berger] who said, 'It'll be much more fun if you just allow yourself to play in all directions.' I knew at that time that I was gonna take a beat with this thing, so it felt like the right move to just experiment."


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: "Dedicated" is a "collection of forward-thinking" pop, electropop, synth-pop, disco and dance-pop songs inspired by music from the 1980s and 1990s with elements of house and R&B. Its lyrics span themes of "crushing hard, having anxiety about a new relationship, experiencing true lovesickness, breaking up, and finally coming to terms with being alone".


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: "Party for One" was released as the lead single on November 1, 2018. On February 27, 2019, "Now That I Found You" and "No Drug Like Me" were issued as a double A-side single. "Now That I Found You" was written at a writing camp in Nicaragua. A music video for "Now That I Found You" was released on March 14, 2019. On March 31, 2019, Jepsen teased an upcoming announcement on her social media accounts. On April 1, 2019, the title and release date for "Dedicated" were announced, along with US dates for The Dedicated Tour. On April 17, 2019, Jepsen revealed the album's track listing and cover. The album was made available to pre-order on April 19, 2019, along with the fourth single "Julien". "Julien" was written at Maderas Village, Nicaragua in August 2016.


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: "Too Much" was released as the album's fifth and final single on May 9, 2019. Its music video was released on May 17, 2019. On June 28, Jepsen released a Mansionair remix of "No Drug Like Me" as a promotional single to mark the launch of the North American leg of The Dedicated Tour. On September 19, 2019, a video for the album's fourth track, "Want You in My Room", was uploaded to Jepsen's YouTube channel. A live version of the song recorded at Electric Lady Studios in New York City was released as a single on October 2, 2019, exclusively on Spotify alongside a cover of No Doubt's "Don't Speak" as a B-side. On October 18, 2019, a live video for the album's ninth track, "The Sound", was uploaded to YouTube. Jepsen and the band performed on a dock in a lake in Finland. MTV called the performance "adorably autumnal and simply sublime". The recording was also released on digital retailers as a promotional single.


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: "Dedicated" received generally positive reviews from music critics; aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalized rating of 79, based on 22 critical reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Heather Phares gave a rating of four and a half stars out of five, writing that "Jepsen is just as committed to her music as she is to the ideal of true love, and the way she's grown without sacrificing her uniqueness makes "Dedicated" a master class in what a 2010s pop album can be." Laura Snapes of "The Guardian" gave a rating of four stars out of five, stating that "[Jepsen] belts less, but leaves a stronger impression: swooning into the gently funky 'Julien'; seductively in control on the looser 'No Drug Like Me'; cheeky as Cyndi Lauper on 'Want You in My Room'." Giving a rating of four stars out of five, Elisa Bray of "The Independent" describes "Dedicated" as "an album of polished pop" that "perhaps... will put [Jepsen] at the top where she belongs."


title: Dedicated (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: "Dedicated" debuted at number 16 in Canada. The album debuted at number 18 on the US "Billboard" 200. In the UK, it debuted at number 26. In Japan, the album debuted at number 28.


title: John Washington

text: John Washington (1633–1677) was an English merchant who emigrated across the Atlantic Ocean and became a planter, soldier and politician in colonial Virginia. In addition to leading the local militia, and running his own plantations, Washington also served for many years in the House of Burgesses representing Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the first member of the Washington family to live in America as well as the patrilineal great-grandfather of George Washington, general of the Continental Army and first president of the United States of America.


title: John Washington

text: John Washington was born to rector Lawrence Washington and the former Amphillis Twigden, about 1633 (when his father resigned his fellowship at Oxford that required him to remain unmarried),


title: John Washington

text: When John was eight his father enrolled him in Charterhouse School in London to begin preparing for an academic career, but the boy never attended the school. In 1633 the senior Washington had left Oxford to become the rector of All Saints Parish in Purleigh, Essex. During the English Civil War, in 1643 Parliamentary Puritans stripped the royalist Rev. Washington of that clerical position, alleging misconduct that was disputed. Rev. Lawrence Washington then became vicar of an impoverished parish in Little Braxted, Essex, where he died in January 1652. His widow returned to her parents' family home in Tring, Hertfordshire, and in 1655 John became administrator of his widowed mother's estate.


title: John Washington

text: John Washington was apprenticed with a London merchant through the help of his Sandys relatives. He gained a valuable education in colonial trade, as England had colonies in the Caribbean and North America.


title: John Washington

text: In 1656 John Washington invested with Edward Prescott in a merchant ship which transported tobacco from North America to European markets. He secured tobacco contracts in Europe, joined Prescott's ship (the "Sea Horse of London") in Denmark, and sailed as second mate for the Colony of Virginia. A storm on February 28, 1657, caused the ship fully laden with tobacco for the return journey to run aground in the Potomac River at a shoal near its confluence with Mattox Creek. Although the vessel was repaired, Washington elected to remain in the colony. However, when he asked for his wages, Prescott said he owed him money instead, so Colonel Nathaniel Pope (his future father-in-law discussed below) gave Prescott beaver skins to settle the alleged debt. However, his cousin, James Washington, the son of Robert Washington (1616 - 1674), who worked in the London-Rotterdam trade of the Merchant Adventurers, who had also sailed on that voyage, returned on Prescott's ship.


title: John Washington

text: Complicating matters, this John Washington also had a younger brother, Lawrence Washington, who became a merchant, married Mary Jones of Luton in Bedford County in England, then also emigrated from England to the Virginia Colony, where he died. That Lawrence also had a son named John Washington (usually distinguished as "of Chotank" the name of his plantation in King George County, Virginia). That John Washington raised the children of his cousin Lawrence Washington (1659-1698) (this man's firstborn son): John Washington (1692-1746) and Augustine Washington (1693-1743) when they returned from England.


title: John Washington

text: Washington continued to stay at the home of Col. Nathaniel Pope, who had emigrated from England to Maryland about twenty years earlier, then moved to Virginia where he became a planter on the Northern Neck and a justice of the peace for Northumberland County in 1651 and Lt.Col. of the militia in 1655. During his stay, Washington fell in love with his host's daughter Anne, whom he married late in 1658 or early in 1659. She gave birth to their first son, Laurence in October 1659. Around that time, Washington learned that his nemesis Capt. Prescott had hanged a woman as a witch and brought murder charges against him in the Maryland General Court; however, the trial conflicted with Laurence's baptism, so Prescott went free for lack of evidence.


title: John Washington

text: Col. Pope gave the couple a wedding gift of on Mattox Creek as well as a loan of 80 pounds for startup expenses, which he forgave in his will, which was filed in April 1660. In 1664, Washington bought 100 acres on Bridges Creek near the confluence with the Potomac River, and settled there, in what is now part of George Washington Birthplace National Monument. Washington became a successful planter, depending on the labour of African slaves and British indentured servants to cultivate tobacco as a commodity crop as well as kitchen crops needed to support his household and workers. By 1668 he was growing tobacco, with holdings of . His will disposed of more than of land.


title: John Washington

text: Washington's first public office was vestryman of the local Appomattox Parish church in 1661 (although the parish would cease to exist four years later after a reorganization). Washington also served as trustee of Westmoreland County estates and guardian of children. In 1661, Washington also became the county coroner and in 1662 became one of the judges of the county court (with administrative as well as judicial responsibilities) and Major of the militia -- both signifying his acceptance into the gentry.


title: John Washington

text: Westmoreland County voters first elected Washington as one of their representatives in the House of Burgesses in 1665, and he continually won re-election until his death more than a decade later. He served alongside planters Isaac Allerton, Gerrard Fowke and his cousin Nicholas Spencer.


title: John Washington

text: In 1672, Washington received promotion to lieutenant colonel in the local militia, as relations with Native Americans again became troubled. (Settlers in the Northern Neck area had been massacred in 1622 and 1644) In 1675 (by which time Washington's rank had increased to colonel), he and fellow Virginia planter and militia officer Isaac Allerton and Maryland Major Truman led retaliation against Maryland natives who had killed three Virginia colonists after a trade dispute. During a planned parley with the disgruntled opposition and their allied American Indian leaders, Maryland militia killed at least five surrendered or parlaying Doeg and Susquehannock warriors. For his efforts in the suppression of the Native Americans, the Susquehannock gave John the nickname of "Town Destroyer". Some eight decades later, during the French-Indian War, the Seneca would bestow the same title upon Washington's great-grandson, George, for both his own prowess in warfare against the tribes, and in remembrance of the destruction incurred by his ancestor.


title: John Washington

text: The resultant damages to the colonists and their holdings later contributed to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, during which Col. Washington supported Governor William Berkeley. During the rebellion, Bacon's forces plundered Washington's estate, among others. Following Bacon's death and the suppression of Bacon's Rebellion, an investigating commission criticized Governor William Berkeley, who returned to England, so John's cousin Nicholas Spencer who had traveled with Berkeley to Virginia, became Virginia's acting governor. However, Washington died within months, as discussed below.


title: John Washington

text: After Anne Pope's death, Washington married Anne Gerard, daughter of Dr. Thomas Gerard; she was a widow who had survived husbands Walter Brodhurst and Henry Brett, but did not have children with Washington.


title: John Washington

text: After his second wife's death, John Washington married her sister Frances Gerard (also a daughter of Thomas Gerard, and widow of Thomas Speke, Valentine Peyton, and John Appleton). This third marriage occurred about 10 May 1676 when a "joynture" was recorded between Mrs. Frances Appleton and John Washington in Westmoreland County, Virginia.


title: John Washington

text: Although the exact date has not been recorded, it occurred after Washington attended a meeting concerning taxes and the suppressed rebellion on August 14, 1677. Washington's will was admitted to probate on September 26, 1677. His estate consisted of more than 8,500 acres. John and his first wife Anne Pope are buried near present-day Colonial Beach, Virginia, at what is now called the George Washington Birthplace National Monument. His vault is the largest in the small family burial plot.


title: John Washington

text: During his lifetime name of the local parish of the Anglican Church (the established church in colonial Virginia, and thereby also a tax district of the county) was changed to Washington in his honour.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Santa Fe de Nuevo México (; shortened as Nuevo México or Nuevo Méjico, and translated as New Mexico in English) was a Kingdom of the Spanish Empire and New Spain, and later a territory of independent Mexico. The first capital was San Juan de los Caballeros (at San Gabriel de Yungue-Ouinge) from 1598 until 1610, and from 1610 onward the capital was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: The name of "New Mexico", the capital in Santa Fe, the gubernatorial office at the Palace of the Governors, "vecino" citizen-soldiers, and rule of law were retained as the New Mexico Territory and later state of New Mexico became part of the United States. The New Mexican citizenry, primarily consisting of Hispano, Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, and Comanche peoples, became citizens of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848).


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: "" is often incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the post-independent nation of Mexico. The term "New Mexico" () first appears in the "Crónica Mexicayotl" as an Aztec legend of a mystical empire at the center of the Seven Cities of Gold.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Nuevo México was centered on the upper valley of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte): from the crossing point of Oñate on the river south of Ciudad Juárez, it extended north, encompassing an area that included most of the present-day U.S. state of New Mexico. It had variably defined borders, and included sections of present-day U.S. states: western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle. Actual Spanish settlements were centered at Santa Fe, and extended north to Taos pueblo and south to Albuquerque. Except for the first decade of the province's existence, its capital was in the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains at the ancient city of La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís (modern day Santa Fe).


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: In 1536 the legendary explorers Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico, and two other men, survived an ill-fated expedition that wrecked on the Texas coast. For 8 years they wandered across what is today northern Mexico and the Southwest United States. In 1539 Fray Marcos de Niza led an expedition north from Mexico City. He caught glimpse of a Zuni town in the distance, probably Hawikuh, and returned to Mexico City claiming it might have been one of the fabled Seven Cities of Gold. The disappearance of Estevanico in the region prompted future expeditions to be more heavily armed, and far more cautious. 1540-1542 with Marcos de Niza's tales in mind, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado began the most ambitious expedition. Fears caused by rumors surrounding Estevanico's disappearance eventually led to tensions underlying the Tiguex War. In two years the Coronado expedition journeyed from present day Mexico throughout the Southwest United States and as far east as Kansas.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: 1581-1582 Fray Augustin Rodriguez, two other friers, and a few soldiers and servants walked across much of present day New Mexico seeking converts.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: 1590-1591 An order had arrived from Spain requiring all expeditions to be authorized by the crown. But Lt.Gov. Gaspar Castano de Sosa of Nuevo Leon launched an expedition on his own authority. He planned to start a colony in New Mexico and persuade the viceroy to accept it after the fact. Pursued through New Mexico, he was arrested and taken back to Mexico City.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: On July 12, 1598, Don Juan de Oñate Salazar established the New Spain colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo Méjico at the new village of San Juan de los Caballeros adjacent to the Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo at the confluence of the Río Bravo (Rio Grande) and the Río Chama. The expedition had been authorized by Philip II to survey the region. Though the Spanish believed that cities of gold such as Tenochtitlan of the Aztecs, whom they had previously conquered, lay to the north in the unexplored territory, the major goal was to spread Catholicism. Other expeditions had taken place before Oñate's 1598 expedition. He was unable to find any riches, however. As governor, he mingled with the Pueblo people and was responsible for the establishment of Spanish rule in the area. Oñate served as the first governor of the Nuevo México Province from 1598 to 1610. He hoped to make it a separate viceroyalty from New Spain in an original agreement made in 1595, but the terms failed when the Viceroy changed hands in 1596. After a two-year delay and lengthy vetting by the new viceroy, Oñate was finally allowed to cross the Rio Grande River into modern day Texas and New Mexico.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Most of the Spanish missions in Nuevo México were established during the early 17th century with varying degrees of success and failure, oftentimes building directly atop ancient pueblo ruins, and in the centers of pueblos. The encounter between different worlds-Native and Spanish-took place all across New Mexico, but especially at the missions. They were small communities, centers of Spanish religious and economic life, and a permanent intrusion into Pueblo ways and beliefs. Here the clash of faiths, customs, and people was immediate, personal, and sometimes bitter and violent. At missions across New Mexico, Franciscan priests baptized thousands of Native Americans in the 1600s, mostly Pueblo people. The missionaries commanded new converts to take part in Catholic services and rituals. They also destroyed Pueblo religious objects, banned ceremonies, and persecuted holy men. Despite the spread of Catholicism across the province, Pueblo men and women worshiped in secret and their traditional faith endured.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Some pueblos were friendly to the foreigners, but after cultural differences and the banishment of local religions, tensions against the Spanish rose significantly. After compounding misdeeds and overbearing taxes by the Spanish invaders, the indigenous communities rebelled in what is now referred to as the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. This rebellion saw the Spanish expelled from Nuevo México for a period of 12 years and the pueblo people were able to regain lost lands. They returned to battle against the Spanish who sought restoration in 1692 of the conquered holdings. The reoccupation of Santa Fe was accomplished by Diego de Vargas. The province came under the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara, with oversight by the Viceroy of New Spain at Mexico City.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: In 1777, with the creation of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas, the Nuevo México Province was removed from the oversight of the Viceroy and placed solely in the jurisdiction of the Commandant General of the Provincias Internas. This caused much unrest, due to the sudden lack of representation in Santa Fe for the region of Nuevo México.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: The province remained in Spanish control until Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821. Under the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, it became the federally administered Territory of New Mexico.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: The part of the former province east of the Rio Grande was claimed by the Republic of Texas which won its independence in 1836. This claim was disputed by Mexico. In 1841, the Texans sent the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, ostensibly for trade but with hopes of occupying the claimed area, but the expedition was captured by New Mexican troops under New Mexico governor Manuel Armijo.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: The United States inherited the unenforced claim to the east bank with the Texas Annexation in 1845. The U.S. Army under Stephen Kearny occupied the territory in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, a provisional government was established, and Mexico recognized its loss to the United States in 1848 with the Mexican Cession in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Texas continued to claim the eastern part, but never succeeded in establishing control except in El Paso. However, in the Compromise of 1850 Texas accepted $10 million in exchange for its claim to areas within and north of the present boundaries of New Mexico and the Texas panhandle.


title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Presidents Zachary Taylor and Abraham Lincoln both proposed that New Mexico immediately become a state to sidestep political conflict over slavery in the territories. As the already established rule of law passed from New Spain and Mexico within New Mexico already outlawed slavery, as was the legal precedent with genízaros.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Virginia Lee Gregg (March 6, 1916 – September 15, 1986) was an American actress known for her many roles in radio dramas and television series.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Born in Harrisburg, Illinois, she was the daughter of musician Dewey Alphaleta (née Todd) and businessman Edward William Gregg. She had a stepsister, Mary.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: When Gregg was 5, she and her family moved to Pasadena, California. She attended Jefferson High School, Pasadena Junior College and Pacific Academy of Dramatic Art.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Before going into radio, Gregg played the double bass with the Pasadena Symphony and Pops. She was a member of the Singing Strings group heard initially on KHJ in Los Angeles in 1937 and later on CBS and Mutual.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Gregg was a prolific radio actress, heard on such programs as "The Adventures of Sam Spade", "Dragnet", "Dr. Kildare", "Gunsmoke", "The Jack Benny Program", "Let George Do It", "Lux Radio Theatre", "One Man's Family", "Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar", "The Screen Guild Theater", "CBS Radio Mystery Theatre", "The Zero Hour", and" Mutual Radio Theater".


title: Virginia Gregg

text: On the radio series "Have Gun–Will Travel" (starring John Dehner as Paladin), Gregg portrayed Miss Wong (the girlfriend of Hey Boy), and also appeared in very different roles in the concurrent television series with Richard Boone. She had the role of Betty Barbour on "One Man's Family" and played Richard Diamond's girlfriend, the wealthy Helen Asher, on the radio series "Richard Diamond, Private Detective" (starring Dick Powell as Diamond). She later guest-starred in an episode of the television version of "Richard Diamond," starring David Janssen.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Beginning with "Body and Soul" (1947), Gregg made more than 45 films, including "I'll Cry Tomorrow" (1955), "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing" (1955), "Portland Exposé" (1957), "The D.I." (1957), "Operation Petticoat" (1959), "All the Fine Young Cannibals" (1960), "Man-Trap" (1961), "House of Women" (1962), "Spencer's Mountain" (1963), "Two on a Guillotine" (1965), "A Big Hand for the Little Lady" (1966), "The Bubble" (1966), "Madigan" (1968), "Heaven with a Gun" (1969), "Quarantined" (1970), "A Walk in the Spring Rain" (1970), "No Way Back" (1976), and "S.O.B." (1981)


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Gregg once said of her work as a character actress on television: "I work steadily, but I have no identity." She added, "When casting people have a call for a woman who looks like the wrath of God, I'm notified."


title: Virginia Gregg

text: On television, Gregg appeared in nearly every narrative television series in the late 1950s through the early 1970s, including "Bourbon Street Beat", "Hawaiian Eye", "77 Sunset Strip", "Gunsmoke" (murderous & revenge-filled wife “Mrs. Tillman” in the S3E27's “Joke’s On Us”), "Bonanza", "Lawman", "Perry Mason", "Maverick", "Wanted Dead or Alive", "The Virginian", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Wagon Train", "Mannix" (S3-Episode 02 & S4-Episode 22), "Trackdown", "Make Room for Daddy", "Philip Marlowe", "Mr. Adams and Eve", "My Favorite Martian", "The Twilight Zone", "Hazel", "Bewitched", "Kung Fu," and "The Rockford Files", and "My Three Sons".


title: Virginia Gregg

text: In 1978, she played the role of herbal healer Ada Corley in a two-part episode of "The Waltons" titled "The Ordeal". Years earlier, she appeared as school teacher Miss Parker in the film "Spencer's Mountain" – an earlier adaptation of the Earl Hamner stories on which "The Waltons" was based.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Gregg may be best remembered for her many appearances in "Dragnet". Jack Webb used her in dozens of roles on both the radio and TV versions of the show, as well as in the 1954 film version of "Dragnet". In later years, she appeared on other shows produced by Webb's production company, Mark VII Limited (e.g. "Adam-12" and "Emergency!)".


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Gregg was the voice for Riabouchinska, the ventriloquist doll in the 1956 "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" TV episode "And So Died Riabouchinska". Gregg supplied the voice of Mrs. Bates in "Psycho" (1960), as did Jeanette Nolan and Paul Jasmin, all uncredited. Only Gregg did the voice in the sequels "Psycho II" and "Psycho III". She voiced Tarra on the 1967 animated TV series "The Herculoids". She reprised that role when the series was revived in 1981 as part of the "Space Stars" animated series.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Gregg married producer Jaime del Valle in 1948 (another source says October 15, 1947, in Las Vegas, Nevada). They had three children, Gregg, Jaime, and Ricardo. They were divorced on December 22, 1959.


title: Virginia Gregg

text: Gregg was active with Recording for the Blind, making recordings as a volunteer and serving on the group's board of directors.


title: Imperial Seal of Japan

text: The Imperial Seal of Japan or National Seal of Japan, also called the ', ' or , is one of the national seals and a crest ("mon") used by the Emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family. It is a contrast to the Paulownia Seal used by the Japanese government.


title: Imperial Seal of Japan

text: During the Meiji period, no one was permitted to use the Imperial Seal except the Emperor of Japan, who used a 16-petalled chrysanthemum with sixteen tips of another row of petals showing behind the first row. Therefore, each member of the Imperial family used a slightly modified version of the seal. Shinto shrines either displayed the imperial seal or incorporated elements of the seal into their own tag.


title: Imperial Seal of Japan

text: Earlier in Japanese history, when Emperor Go-Daigo, who tried to break the power of the shogunate in 1333, was exiled, he adopted the seventeen-petalled chrysanthemum in order to differentiate himself from the Northern Court's Emperor Kōgon, who kept the imperial 16-petalled "mon".


title: Imperial Seal of Japan

text: The symbol is a yellow or orange chrysanthemum with black or red outlines and background. A central disc is surrounded by a front set of 16 petals. A rear set of 16 petals are half staggered in relation to the front set and are visible at the edges of the flower. An example of the chrysanthemum being used is in the badge for the Order of the Chrysanthemum.


title: Imperial Seal of Japan

text: Other members of the Imperial Family use a version with 14 single petals, while a form with 16 single petals is used for Diet members' pins, orders, passports, and other items that carry or represent the authority of the Emperor. The Imperial Seal is also used on the standards of the Imperial Family.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Club Atlético Lanús () is an Argentine sports club from the Lanús district of Greater Buenos Aires. Founded in 1915, the club's main sports are football and basketball. In both sports, Lanús plays in Argentina's top divisions: Primera División (football) and Liga Nacional de Básquet (basketball). Domestic football major titles won by the club include two Primera División championships, the Copa Bicentenario and one Supercopa Argentina. At international level, Lanús has won one Copa CONMEBOL, and one Copa Sudamericana.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Apart from football, Lanús hosts many other sports such as athletics, gymnastics, martial arts, handball, field hockey, roller skating, swimming, tennis, volleyball, and weightlifting. Besides, the club has a futsal team in Colombia that was founded in 2011.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1854 Anacarsis Lanús arrived from France and acquired the lands where he would later establish the city of Lanús, one of the biggest suburbs of Greater Buenos Aires. Two institutions were named "Lanús" by that time. One of them was Lanús Athletic Club, which took part of the 1897 Argentine Primera División championship although the club then abandoned the tournament. The other club was Lanús United (predecessor of current Club Atlético Lanús) which participated in the Copa de Competencia, organised by dissident Federación Argentina de Football in 1913 and 1914.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: On 3 January 1915, a new club was established from the merging of two institutions, Lanús United (that was in a desperate financial situation) and Club El Progreso. Miguel Usaray was designed as president, the first in the history of the club. In an assemble held on 27 January 1915, the name "Club Atlético Lanús" was officially established.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: The club began to play its matches in División Intermedia (the second division of Argentine football league system by then) at Lanús United old stadium, located in Margarita Wield and General Deheza streets. In 1919 the club got promotion to the top division, Primera División, after beating Argentino de Quilmes. In the first division, Lanús played its first games in the official association, then switching to dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football (AAmF), where the team joined on 8 August 1920, when the squad was defeated by Racing Club by 1–0. That first season in the top division Lanús finished 11th of 20th.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: During successive years, Lanús did not achieve great campaigns in Primera, even finishing last in 1923. That season the squad only achieved two wins and lost 14 games of 20. In 1926 Lanús finished 6th and the 1927 season the team finished 3rd to San Lorenzo and Boca Juniors. Lanús earned 50 points with 22 wins over 33 matches played, being defeated 5 times.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: On 24 February 1929 Lanús opened its new stadium in the intersection of Héctor Guidi and General Arias streets. The stadium (with wood stands as it was usual for that time) was built on a 50,000 m2 land given by the British-owned company Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway ("Ferrocarril del Sud". Then president of the club, Silvio Peri, made the arrangements to get the cession did not have any cost for the institution, at least for the first years. On 24 March 1929 Lanús played its first match there facing Platense, defeating it by 5–2.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1931 football became professional in Argentina. Lanús did not make a good campaign, finishing penultimate achieving only 22 points, 28 less than champion Boca Juniors. One year later the club inaugurated a new grandstand in its stadium. The first version of the Lanús Anthem, composed by Domingo Ilvento (music) and Daniel Cao (lyrics) was also released.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1933 founding member Miguel Iguzguiza made the arrangements to acquire the lands where the new headquarters would be built, on José C. Paz avenue (current 9 de Julio avenue). This was approved in a meeting held on 23 December. One year later the Association obliged both Club Lanús and rival team Talleres de Remedios de Escalada to join in order to play the tournament under the name "Unión Talleres-Lanús", threatening them to be relegated if they did not accept. This fusion was ended in 1935 when both clubs played again separately.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Some of the most notable players of those years were Atilio Ducca (the most capped player in Lanús' history with 291 games). In 1939 forward Luis Arrieta came to the club, scoring 31 goals during his first season with the club. Arrieta was also the top-scorer in 1943 along with Ángel Labruna (River Plate) and Raúl Frutos (Platense). Arrieta would later become the all-time top scorer of Lanús, with 120 goals.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Lanús remained in Primera until 1949 when the team was relegated after a controversial decision from the Association. At the end of the tournament, Boca Juniors was placed last and Lanús penultimate. On 8 December Boca smashed Lanús by 5–1, which finished last along with Huracán. In order to define which team would be relegated, Lanús and Huracán had to play a relegation series. Huracán won the first game 1–0 and Lanús took revenge by 4–1 in the second match so a third game was played. With a partial score of 3–3 the referee awarded a penalty kick to Lanús. The Huracán players, in disagreement with the decision, abandoned the field being the match suspended. The Argentine Association not only did not punished Huracán but it decided to play a new match. During that fourth game the referee did not award a penalty kick to Lanús while Huracán was winning the match by 3–2. As a result, the Lanús players left the field (as their rivals had done before). But the Association decided to punish Lanús relegating the club to Primera B.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: After the controversial decision made by the AFA, Lanús played the 1950 season in the second division. With still 1 fixture to play, Lanús won the championship when the team defeated Argentinos Juniors by 3–1 therefore promoting to Primera División. In Primera B, Lanús played 22 matches with 15 wins and 3 losses. The team achieved large victories over El Porvenir (5–1), Colón (4–2), Temperley (4–1 and 4–0), Argentinos Juniors (4–0), Unión de Santa Fe (6–1) and Nueva Chicago (6–1). The line-up for the game that set up the return to Primera was: Alvarez Vega; Daponte, Mercado; Vargas, Strembel, Vivas; Contreras, Gil, Pairoux, Florio, Moyano. Former Boca Juniors coach Mario Fortunato led the team to the title.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Back in the top division, Lanús would be the sensation of 1951 championship, finishing the first round in the 1st place along with Independiente. Forward José Florio was the top scorer with 21 goals, having been sold to Italian club Torino for a record $ 1,500,000. The club later used the money to build a gym.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Lanús finished 5th in 1954 and 1955. One year later Lanús would achieve its best performance in Primera División until then, finishing 2nd. to River Plate. Due to an outstanding line of forwards (that scored 49 goals in 30 games) and their skills with the ball, that squad was nicknamed "The Globetrotters" honoring the famous basketball team. The team suffered a lot of injuries all season long, with only Dante Lugo playing all matches. The usual team was Vega; Prato, Beltrán; Daponte, Hector Guidi, Nazionale; Carranza, Lugo, Alfredo Rojas, Urbano Reynoso, Moyano.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: The "Globetrotters" thrashed their rivals with large victories over Argentinos Juniors (4–0), Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (5–3), San Lorenzo (4–0) and Huracán (4–2). Nevertheless, the team was beaten by 3–1 by River Plate, that would be later the champion. River Plate squad had players with less individual skills than Lanús', but they were more experienced and those qualities helped them to get the championship at the end of the season.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: After some very irregular performances in Primera División, Lanús was relegated in 1961. The team finished 12th of 24th but it was relegated (along with Los Andes) due to the league system calculated the average during the last three championships (1959, 1960, 1961).


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Three years later Lanús won the Primera B title, returning to Primera División. The two forwards of the team, Manuel Silva and Bernardo Acosta, soon got recognition due to the famous "wall pass" they did together, being nicknamed ""Los Albañiles" ("The Construction Workers)".


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1966 Héctor Guidi, one of the most notable players in club's history, left football. Three years later Acosta would be transfer to Sevilla. Manuel Silva moved to his new club Newell's Old Boys in 1970, finishing with the "Albañiles" era. That same year the team was relegated to the second division (along with Unión de Santa Fe) after finishing 7th of 7 in the "Torneo reclasificatorio".


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1971 Guidi became manager and Lanús started a new season in Primera B. The team made a great campaign winning a new title in second division and therefore promoting to Primera División. Lanús played a total of 28 games, winning 17 with 4 losses. The squad scored 68 goals and received 31. Unfortunately for the club, the tenure of Lanús on 1972 Primera División season was the worst in its history, being relegated again at the end of the championship.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Four years later, Lanús returned to Primera after winning the promotion tournament. Once more, the team remained a very short time in Primera so Lanús was relegated after the 1977 season. Lanús was relegated after a controversial decision by penalty kicks in a match against Platense. After 20 penalties shot by all outfield players, it was the goalkeepers' turn. The Lanús goalkeeper shot first, but missed. It was the Platense goalkeeper's turn, but instead, Platense striker Miguel Ángel Juárez took it, breaking the rules. The referee allowed the goal, and Lanús were relegated illegitimately. The club reclaimed, but the Argentine football association did not respond.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In Primera B Lanús had a very poor season and was eventually relegated to the Third Division (Primera C). With debts of over US$2 million, the club faced its worst crisis. By 1979 the club only had 2,000 members facing its first season in the Third Division. The political groups linked with the club's debts decided to forget its differences with the club and helped the club face forward.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Lanús won the 1981 Primera C title various fixtures before the season ended. The club, with help from the fans, was promoted to the Second Division once again having more than 10,000 members. In 1984 the team reached the semifinals of the promotion playoff to the First Division, when the team had to face Racing Club. In the first leg, Racing Club beat Lanús 2–0. In the second leg, played in Independiente's stadium, the referee gave Racing Club a controversial penalty kick after disallowing a Lanús goal. Racing Club scored a goal, but the match was eventually suspended because of Lanús' fans. The match was continued at Atlanta's stadium some days after, and Lanús were down 2–1 after dominating the game. The referee, Emilio Misic, mistakenly gave the final whistle 5 minutes before the end of regulation. The Racing Club players already started celebrating, so the referee used that excuse not to reverse the decision. Lanús was once again disadvantaged because of a referee error, therefore losing the series and failing to gain promotion to the First Division.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Already having more than 25,000 members, the team was promoted to the Second Division in 1986. With Miguel Ángel Russo as manager, the team returned to the First Division after 13 years. Thanks to the team's goalkeeper, Alcides Herrera, the team beat Quilmes in the finals of the promotion playoff. The club also started to repair the old stadium made of wood. Lanús made a poor campaign in Primera División being relegated to Primera B Nacional (the second division since 1986). The club's executives decided to keep Miguel Ángel Russo as manager, regardless of relegation.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Lanús returned to the top division on 24 May 1992, when more than 30,000 supporters saw how Lanús beat Deportivo Maipú 2–0 winning the 1991–92 Primera B Nacional title. The line-up for the final was Ojeda, Gómez, Agüero, Mainardi, González; H. Enrique, Kuzemka, Schurrer, Angelello; Gambier, Villagrán, with Russo as manager. At the end of the season, Lanús had totalized 57 points in 42 games, with 21 wins and 6 losses, scoring a total of 64 goals and receiving 34.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: The good campaign of the team during the 1993 Apertura allowed it to qualify for the Copa CONMEBOL, where Lanús participated for the first time in an international tournament. The team was eventually eliminated by San Lorenzo in the quarter-finals. On 1 October, Ariel Ibagaza made his debut for the team, where he and Hugo Morales formed a midfield duo highly praised by Lanús' fans.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1995 Héctor Cúper took charge of the team at the start of the Apertura. Lanús finished 3rd by goal difference and points. The next year turned out to be one of the club's most important. Lanús brought in Claudio Enría from Newell's and Gonzalo Belloso. In the Clausura, Lanús eventually finished 3rd. In the second spell of the year, the club brought in Oscar Mena, Gustavo Falaschi and Gustavo Siviero. Lanús had to face two tournaments at once for the first time in their history, the local tournament and the Copa CONMEBOL. In the local tournament, they finished 3rd once again.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1996 Lanús won the Copa CONMEBOL, a tournament created in 1992. The team eliminated Bolívar in the first stage (4–1, 0–1), then passed Guaraní (2–0, 6–2). In semi-finals defeated Rosario Central (3–0, 3–1) reaching the finals against Independiente Santa Fe of Colombia. In the first leg, Lanús won 2–0. In the second leg, Lanús lost 1–0, resulting in an aggregate score of 2–1, which made Lanús champion. It was Lanús' first major and international title. The line-up for the final match was: Roa; Serrizuela, Falaschi, Siviero, Bresen; Mena, Cravero, Ibagaza, Coyette; Enría, Ariel López. With Mario Gómez as head coach, Lanús also reached the cup final in 1997 but was defeated by Brazilian team Atlético Mineiro (1–4, 1–1).


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 1998, Lanús finished 2nd once more with 40 points behind Vélez Sarsfield, which to date being the club's best campaign in terms of points. Four years later Lanús had to play a relegation playoff versus Huracán de Tres Arroyos, winning 2–1 in Platense's stadium and drawing 1–1 in their stadium. With an aggregate score of 3–2 in favor, Lanús remained in Primera División.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 2003 the stadium repairs were finished. Three years later, with a team based from its youth divisions, Lanús was the runner-up of Torneo Clausura. In 2007 the club got qualification for the 2nd time in a row to the Copa Sudamericana and -for the first time in club's history- to the Copa Libertadores.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Lanús also won its first Primera División title, the 2007 Apertura, being coached by Ramón Cabrero. Lanús celebrated in the 18th fixture with a 1–1 tie to Boca Juniors at La Bombonera. The line-up for that match was: Bossio; Graieb, Ribonetto, Hoyos, Velázquez; Blanco, Pelletieri, Fritzler, Valeri; Acosta, Sand. The squad totalized 38 points in 19 matches, with Sand as the topscorer of the tournament with 15 goals.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: The next year Lanús participated in the 2008 Copa Libertadores, finishing unbeaten in the first stage. In the second round, Lanús was eliminated by Mexican Atlas. In domestic competitions, Lanús once again finished sub-champions of 2011 Clausura, behind Vélez Sarsfield.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: Lanús qualified to play the 2012 Copa Libertadores, where the squad got its biggest win in international competitions in history (6–0 against Paraguayan Olimpia in La Fortaleza). The team led by Gabriel Schürrer won its group and reached the round of 16, where it was eliminated by Vasco Da Gama in penalty shootout.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In 2013, Lanús obtained its second international title, the Copa Sudamericana after beating Brazilian club Ponte Preta in the finals.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: In May 2016, Lanús won its second league title, the 2016 Primera División after thrashing San Lorenzo by 4–0 in the final match played at River Plate stadium. The goals were scored by Junior Benítez, Miguel Almirón, José Sand and Lautaro Acosta. The line-up for the match was Fernando Monetti; José Luis Gómez, Gustavo Gómez, Diego Braghieri,Maximiliano Velázquez; Román Martínez, Iván Marcone, Miguel Almirón; Oscar Benítez, José Sand,Lautaro Acosta. The squad was coached by Jorge Almirón.


title: Club Atlético Lanús

text: On 31 October 2017, the club advanced for the first time in its history to the 2017 Copa Libertadores final, after completing a historic feat, defeating fellow Argentine club River Plate by 4–3 on aggregate in the semi-finals, when they were out 3–0 before the end of the first half in the second leg. They lost the final to Grêmio in both legs.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: WWE, an American professional wrestling promotion based in Stamford, Connecticut, United States, has been promoting events in Saudi Arabia since 2014. After initially holding non-televised house shows, in 2018 WWE announced a 10-year strategic partnership with the General Sports Authority (GSA), which would include the hosting of pay-per-view (PPV) events in Saudi Arabia. WWE announced on November 4, 2019 that it had "expanded" its partnership with the General Authority for Entertainment through 2027, under which it would hold two "large-scale events" in the country per-year. These events have been held at venues in either the capital city of Riyadh, or Jeddah.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: The first event in the agreement was Greatest Royal Rumble—a spin-off from WWE's annual Royal Rumble PPV—on April 27, 2018. In November of that year, WWE held a second PPV in Saudi Arabia, Crown Jewel. Beginning in 2019, WWE began to regularly hold two PPVs in Saudi Arabia per-year, with one Super ShowDown event in the first half of the year, and Crown Jewel in late-October or early-November. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and WWE's suspension of touring, Crown Jewel was not held in 2020, nor was Super ShowDown held in 2021. Crown Jewel would return in 2021, and Super ShowDown was replaced in 2022 by Elimination Chamber—marking the first time that WWE had hosted one of its previously-established PPV events in Saudi Arabia.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: The partnership has faced criticism over Saudi Arabia's poor human rights record (including its suppression of women's and LGBT rights), the country's use of sport to direct public attention from it, as well as the 2018 assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Some WWE performers have declined to participate in the Saudi shows due to objections over the government's policies. Due to the aforementioned restrictions on women's rights, members of WWE's women's division did not perform in the Saudi shows until Crown Jewel in 2019, where Natalya and Lacey Evans participated in WWE's first women's match in the country.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: The "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" gave the relationship between WWE and Saudi Arabia their annual "Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic" award in both 2018 and 2019, the first time in history it has been given twice to the same maneuver. WWE's Saudi shows also took the publication's "Worst Major Wrestling Show" for three consecutive years, including 2018's Crown Jewel, and the 2019 and 2020 Super ShowDown respectively.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: In December 2013, it was announced that WWE would begin holding shows in Saudi Arabia. In April 2014, WWE held their first house shows in Riyadh. These shows were three separate shows at the Green Halls Stadium. In October 2015, WWE did three house shows from Jeddah, at the King Abdullah Sports City Sports Hall. In November 2016, the WWE again returned to Green Halls Stadium in Riyadh, for two additional live events. The 2016 events were exclusive to the SmackDown brand. In 2017, WWE launched a new Arabic-language television program, "WWE Wal3ooha", to target the MENA region (which includes Saudi Arabia).


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: On March 5, 2018, WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble, a live event to be held on April 27, 2018, at King Abdullah International Stadium, part of the King Abdullah Sports City, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event was the first in a 10-year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia's social and economic reform program.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: WWE announced on November 4, 2019 that it had "expanded" its partnership with the General Entertainment Authority through 2027, under which it would hold two "large-scale events" in the country per-year.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: WWE had been criticized for holding the events without female wrestlers, who were unable to perform in Saudi Arabia between 2014 to 2019 due to the limited rights women have in Saudi Arabia. Triple H, WWE's Executive Vice President of Talent, Live Events and Creative, responded to the criticism: "I understand that people are questioning it, but you have to understand that every culture is different and just because you don’t agree with a certain aspect of it, it doesn’t mean it’s not a relevant culture...You can’t dictate to a country or a religion about how they handle things but, having said that, WWE is at the forefront of a women’s evolution in the world and what you can’t do is effect change anywhere by staying away from it...While women are not competing in the event, we have had discussions about that and hope that, in the next few years they will be".


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: Consistent with the change in law for sporting events in 2017, women are in attendance for the events, though only if accompanied by a male guardian. This was a major change from previous events, which were only open to men. Associated Press noted that this is due to "a series of social changes" by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: During the Greatest Royal Rumble, WWE aired a promotional video, which included female wrestlers in their ring gear. The Saudi General Sports Authority issued an apology for "indecent material" that aired at the event.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: During the second show, Crown Jewel (2018), Renee Young provided commentary at the show. She did the same at 2019's Super ShowDown.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: Just hours before Super ShowDown on June 7, 2019, reports emerged that WWE were attempting to add a women's match to the card, which would have seen Alexa Bliss face Natalya. The two women joined WWE personnel for the trip, but the match was ultimately rejected by the Saudi Arabian government.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: On October 30, 2019, WWE announced that a match between Natalya and Lacey Evans had been approved for the 2019 Crown Jewel event, making it the first-ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. At the event, Evans wore a full bodysuit instead of her normal ring attire (Natalya's normal ring attire is a full bodysuit) and both wore T-shirts promoting their WWE shirts for sale, due to the country's conservative dress policy. WWE largely celebrated the match as groundbreaking, which they later nominated for a WWE Year-End Award for Moment of the Year, with WWE CBO Stephanie McMahon stating in an interview: "You can either sit on the sidelines and there are plenty of companies and brands that decide to do that or you can be a part of hopefully enacting change. You can be a part of progress. Nothing worthwhile is ever easy. It takes time. It takes perseverance. Now here we are with the first ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. It's pretty mind blowing."


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: However, reactions from other media outlets were mixed. While some were positive, such as "Heavy.com", who stated that the match was "put in place to break barriers and further WWE's 'Women’s Evolution' for the proud ladies in attendance and watching all over the world. And for that, I have to give it the utmost props", or "Canoe.com" who stated that "The historic match was about and meant so much more [than its result]." "Newsweek" called the match part of "Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's [intent on] luring major sports event [...] to position the ultra-conservative Islamic country as more liberal and diversify its economy away from depending on the oil industry as part of its Saudi Vision 2030 plan", with Saudi Arabian Amnesty International researcher Dana Ahmed calling the match "a prime example how the Saudi Arabian authorities are using elite sports to try to 'sportswash' their dire human rights record and image internationally". "CBS Sports" criticized Michael Cole's commentary, pointing out that he was "trying to put over the progressiveness of Saudi Arabia" during the match.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: At Super ShowDown in 2020, Bayley defended her SmackDown Women's Championship against Naomi, making it the first time a women's championship was defended in Saudi Arabia.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: One month prior to the 2018 edition of Crown Jewel, Saudi Arabia received substantial negative press due to the killing of Jamal Khashoggi at the hands of Saudi agents. This led to the WWE facing calls to cancel the event, with prominent U.S. Democratic and Republican politicians criticizing the company's endeavors in Saudi Arabia. Questions were raised whether because of the position of then-Administrator of the Small Business Administration Linda McMahon, who is the wife of WWE Chairman Vince McMahon and a former WWE executive herself, WWE's endeavors in Saudi Arabia could still be viewed as a strictly private business enterprise. Due to this, Democratic Senator Bob Menendez urged the US government to pressure WWE into canceling the event, while Republican Lindsey Graham, among others, called for WWE to reconsider their business deal with the Saudi kingdom. WWE continued to promote the show, but erased all references to Saudi Arabia as the event's location.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: On October 19, the day tickets were to go on sale, the Saudi government confirmed the death of Khashoggi within the consulate and WWE.com removed ticket information from the event page. On October 25, WWE confirmed the event would go on as planned, citing contractual obligations to the General Sports Authority. Speaking with Sky Sports on pushing forward with the event despite the murder, Stephanie McMahon spoke of "an incredibly tough decision, given that heinous act", but said that in the end it was strictly a business decision.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: Sami Zayn did not participate in the Greatest Royal Rumble as Zayn is of Syrian descent, and Saudi Arabia has strained relations with Syria. Noam Dar, an Israeli wrestler, of 205 Live has never participated in any of the Saudi events due to the Arab League boycott of Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: During Crown Jewel (2018), Daniel Bryan was scheduled to face AJ Styles for the WWE Championship, but he refused to work the show due to the Khashoggi murder. As a result, his title match was bumped up to the October 30 episode of "SmackDown", and he was replaced by Samoa Joe. John Cena, who was scheduled to participate in the WWE World Cup at the event had called it "an honor and a privilege" to compete in Saudi Arabia during the Greatest Royal Rumble, was replaced by Bobby Lashley, as he reportedly refused to work the show in wake of the Khashoggi murder. In February 2019, "Fightful" reported that prior to his leukemia diagnosis, Roman Reigns had informed Vince McMahon that he also would not be taking part in the Crown Jewel PPV due to the controversy surrounding the event.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: In 2019 for Super ShowDown, Kevin Owens and Aleister Black told WWE that they would not travel to Saudi Arabia, in addition to Zayn and Bryan once again not competing on the show. Kevin Owen's refusal to work the show allegedly comes from his friendship with Sami Zayn. As a result of his absence, he was replaced in the WWE Championship match by Dolph Ziggler.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: Despite Dar not participating in the Saudi Arabia shows due to the Arab-Israeli conflict, Bill Goldberg and Paul Heyman have worked multiple Saudi Arabia shows without incident despite both being Jewish and in Heyman's case his own mother having been a Holocaust survivor. Goldberg would go on to defend WWE on the shows following his victory over Bobby Lashley at the 2021 Crown Jewel, saying that he feels the country is heading in the right direction in "Westernizing" the country and the Middle East region as a whole, citing the progress just in WWE's shows alone in the Kingdom. Goldberg did, however, later admit on Pat McAfee's podcast that he was initially scared to go to Saudi Arabia due to his strong Jewish heritage, but felt more comfortable after receiving a positive response from the Saudi fans and understood the bigger picture of the shows.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: Since Saudi Arabia has strict laws against atheism which is punishable by death, Montel Vontavious Porter (Hassan Assad), who is a former Muslim converted during his prison term, avoided travel to the country for Crown Jewel in 2022.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: After Crown Jewel in 2019, a charter flight back to the United States carrying roughly 200 WWE employees (including performers and other staff) was delayed at King Fahd International Airport for multiple hours. WWE and the airline Atlas Air officially stated that the flight had been grounded for mechanical issues, but reports from former WWE Spanish-language commentator Hugo Savinovich and wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer suggested that disputes with the Saudi government over missed payments to WWE for the previous shows were a factor in the delays (including the presence of Saudi military police). 20 WWE employees, including CEO Vince McMahon and 12 wrestlers, booked their own flights back to the United States, while the following night's "SmackDown" in Buffalo was retooled to primarily feature talent from the women's division and NXT (which did not participate in the event).


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: On March 6, 2020, a retirement fund for firefighters filed a lawsuit against WWE in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, stemming from concerns related to the fund's holding of WWE stock. According to "Forbes", it is "an attempt at class action alleging that WWE defrauded investors via its handling of their deals with the Saudi royal family, who also control OSN, the network that airs WWE programming in Saudi Arabia." The lawsuit claims that the Saudi Arabian government failed to pay WWE millions of dollars owed from their deal with the company, that WWE's failed to disclose said payment issues and that OSN unlawfully terminated a broadcast deal with WWE.


title: WWE in Saudi Arabia

text: In April 2020, several shareholders and investment firm filed a class action lawsuit against WWE for their alleged ties with Saudi Arabia. As per the portion of the filing, wrestlers were rumored held hostage after the 2019 Crown Jewel event. A statement from the filing read: "[The] Saudi Government was effectively holding a number of WWE wrestlers 'hostage.'" WWE's lawyer, Jerry McDevitt, denied the claim as a rumor, which was initially spread by former WWE Spanish commentator, Hugo Savinovich.


title: Gold Digger (TV series)

text: Gold Digger is a six-part drama miniseries created and written by Marnie Dickens and starring Julia Ormond and Ben Barnes broadcast weekly from Tuesday 12 November 2019 on BBC One. Unusually for a BBC series, all episodes became available on BBC iPlayer on the day of the first episode's television broadcast and the series was broadcast internationally. The series has been described by the BBC as a contemporary relationship thriller, about second chances, family and betrayal.


title: Gold Digger (TV series)

text: After putting her own life behind the lives of everyone around her, a wealthy 60-year-old woman enters into a relationship with a man half her age. Her adult children worry that he's a gold digger.


title: Gold Digger (TV series)

text: It was announced in August 2018 that Julia Ormond would be starring in the six part miniseries, commissioned by the BBC. The first three episodes of the series were directed by Vanessa Caswill. Ben Barnes was cast later that month. The supporting cast, including Alex Jennings, Jemima Rooper and Sebastian Armesto, was added as filming began between Devon and London. Filming commenced in September 2018.


title: Gold Digger (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the show holds an approval rating of 57%. The critical consensus reads: "Visually gorgeous and thematically ambitious, but ultimately void of cohesion, Gold Digger bites off more than it can chew."


title: Gold Digger (TV series)

text: Lucy Mangan of "The Guardian", however called the show "a bold and hugely entertaining attempt by writer Marnie Dickens."


title: Host (biology)

text: In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist "guest" (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing) viruses, a bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. More specifically in botany, a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators, which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism. The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner.


title: Host (biology)

text: Symbiosis spans a wide variety of possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an association is much larger than the other, it is generally known as the host. In parasitism, the parasite benefits at the host's expense. In commensalism, the two live together without harming each other, while in mutualism, both parties benefit.


title: Host (biology)

text: Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with a host and only become parasitic when environmental conditions deteriorate.


title: Host (biology)

text: A parasite may have a long-term relationship with its host, as is the case with all endoparasites. The guest seeks out the host and obtains food or another service from it, but does not usually kill it. In contrast, a parasitoid spends a large part of its life within or on a single host, ultimately causing the host's death, with some of the strategies involved verging on predation. Generally, the host is kept alive until the parasitoid is fully grown and ready to pass on to its next life stage. A guest's relationship with its host may be intermittent or temporary, perhaps associated with multiple hosts, making the relationship equivalent to the herbivory of a wild-living animal. Another possibility is that the host–guest relationship may have no permanent physical contact, as in the brood parasitism of the cuckoo.


title: Host (biology)

text: Parasites follow a wide variety of evolutionary strategies, placing their hosts in an equally wide range of relationships. Parasitism implies host–parasite coevolution, including the maintenance of gene polymorphisms in the host, where there is a trade-off between the advantage of resistance to a parasite and a cost such as disease caused by the gene.


title: Host (biology)

text: It is not always easy or even possible to identify which host is definitive and which secondary. As the life cycles of many parasites are not well understood, sometimes the subjectively more important organism is arbitrarily labelled as definitive, and this designation may continue even after it is found to be incorrect. For example, sludge worms are sometimes considered "intermediate hosts" for salmonid whirling disease, even though the myxosporean parasite reproduces sexually inside them. In trichinosis, a disease caused by roundworms, the host has reproductive adults in its digestive tract and immature juveniles in its muscles, and is therefore both an intermediate and a definitive host.


title: Host (biology)

text: Micropredation is an evolutionarily stable strategy within parasitism, in which a small predator lives parasitically on a much larger host plant, eating parts of it.


title: Host (biology)

text: The range of plants on which a herbivorous insect feeds is known as its host range. This can be wide or narrow, but it never includes all plants. A small number of insects are monophagous, feeding on a single plant. The silkworm larva is one of these, with mulberry leaves being the only food consumed. More often, an insect with a limited host range is oligophagous, being restricted to a few closely related species, usually in the same plant family. The diamondback moth is an example of this, feeding exclusively on brassicas, and the larva of the potato tuber moth feeds on potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco, all members of the same plant family, Solanaceae. Herbivorous insects with a wide range of hosts in various different plant families are known as polyphagous. One example is the buff ermine moth whose larvae feed on alder, mint, plantain, oak, rhubarb, currant, blackberry, dock, ragwort, nettle and honeysuckle.


title: Host (biology)

text: Plants often produce toxic or unpalatable secondary metabolites to deter herbivores from feeding on them. Monophagous insects have developed specific adaptations to overcome those in their specialist hosts, giving them an advantage over polyphagous species. However, this puts them at greater risk of extinction if their chosen hosts suffer setbacks. Monophagous species are able to feed on the tender young foliage with high concentrations of damaging chemicals on which polyphagous species cannot feed, having to make do with older leaves. There is a trade off between offspring quality and quantity; the specialist maximises the chances of its young thriving by paying great attention to the choice of host, while the generalist produces larger numbers of eggs in sub-optimal conditions.


title: Host (biology)

text: Some insect micropredators migrate regularly from one host to another. The hawthorn-carrot aphid overwinters on its primary host, a hawthorn tree, and migrates during the summer to its secondary host, a plant in the carrot family.


title: Host (biology)

text: The host range is the set of hosts that a parasite can use as a partner. In the case of human parasites, the host range influences the epidemiology of the parasitism or disease.


title: Host (biology)

text: For instance, the production of antigenic shifts in Influenza A virus can result from pigs being infected with the virus from several different hosts (such as human and bird). This co-infection provides an opportunity for mixing of the viral genes between existing strains, thereby producing a new viral strain. An influenza vaccine produced against an existing viral strain might not be effective against this new strain, which then requires a new influenza vaccine to be prepared for the protection of the human population.