title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: As the season progressed, Banfield gradually consolidated his leadership, being challenged by Rosario's Newell's Old Boys team, who also emerged as another strong candidate to win the title. Finally, after Banfield and Newell's victories against Club Atlético Tigre and Gimnasia de La Plata, respectively, the two rivals went on to the last game of the season with Banfield with a two-point lead over Newell's.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: On 13 December 2009, although Banfield was defeated by Boca Juniors 0–2, the club achieved the championship because Newell's Old Boys, its closest rival, was also defeated by San Lorenzo 2–0. These results allowed Club Atlético Banfield to win its first championship in the highest category of Argentine football. There, in Banfield, about 40,000 people received the brand-new champions, who finally made the Olympic turn before their public after having obtained the first title in their history. The fans of the Buenos Aires team eagerly awaited the arrival of the players, after the defeat suffered against Boca at the La Bombonera stadium. Beyond the fall, Banfield kept the title, and after having received the trophy in La Boca, the players and the coaching staff moved to their stadium. Around 10 pm, the delegation arrived at the stadium, where some 40,000 spectators waited to continue with the festivities. "It is a dream come true, It is a miracle ...", acknowledged captain Cristian Lucchetti, one of the most applauded by the crowd.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: After winning his first title, Banfield played the 2010 Copa Libertadores where the team, second in the first round behind Nacional de Montevideo, qualified for the next stage, but Banfield was eliminated by Internacional de Porto Alegre (which would become champion). In the national tournament, Banfield finished fifth in the Clausura 2010.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield also played some South American tournaments such as the Copa Sudamericana 2010 (defeating Vélez Sarsfield, but the team lost to Colombian Deportes Tolima. After finishing 15th in the 2010 Apertura, Falcioni resigned, ending his second successful tenure at the club later to be hired by Boca Juniors to replace Claudio Borghi as coach.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In January 2011 Sebastián Méndez was named manager of the club. Banfield finished eighth in the 2011 Clausura and started the following tournament (2011 Apertura) losing four consecutive matches, which led to Méndez's resignation. After some provisional replacements as coaches, Ricardo La Volpe was chosen as new manager. La Volpe was fired only three months after his hiring. He had been involved in some controversies with some representative players of the institution, who even called president Carlos Portell to tell him they "Could not stand La Volpe anymore".


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Uruguayan manager Jorge da Silva (who had previously worked in Godoy Cruz achieving a qualification to the Copa Libertadores) was hired to replace La Volpe since the 2012 Clausura. Banfield did not achieve good results, what precipitated Da Silva's resignation and his return to his country of origin. Eduardo Acevedo succeeded Da Silva but the team had another bad campaign, earning only 7 points from a possible 42.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In June 2012, Banfield was relegated to the second division (Primera B Nacional) after being defeated by Colón de Santa Fe 3–0. Banfield had placed last (19th of 19 teams) in the last two tournaments of Argentina. The team only won five games in both competitions, with 7 ties and 26 losses. Two days after, president Carlos Portell resigned, being accused of corruption by the fans and members of the club. Apart from Portell, of the managing left the club (including vice-president and treasurers), so a new election had to be held in order to choose a new chairman and managing for Banfield. The election was finally held in July 2012, being Eduardo Spinosa chosen as new chairman of the club. Espinoza won with a big margin of 77%.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In the season (2012–2013), playing in the National B tournament, where the form of dispute to 38 dates, Banfield is at the door of promotion, a new team led by Daniel Garnero, who then due to the poor results will give a step to side, then the assumption of Matías Almeyda at the head of the professional team in the middle of the second round, infuses him with a new look, Banfield ends in 4th place, where the most outstanding thing is the promotion of many youth who begin to have filming in the first team.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: For the 2013/14 Season, with Matías Almeyda as coach, he formed a very competitive squad. Looking to return to the First Division, players such as Nicolás Bertolo, Nicolás Tagliafico and Enrique Bologna returned. In addition, men of great value such as Nicolás Domingo, Nicolás Bianchi Arce and Santiago Salcedo joined. In the mid-tournament break, Walter Erviti returned to the club. The quality of the squad not only made Banfield obtain the title in an unobjectionable way but also valued the players of his quarry such as Chávez, Toledo and Tagliafico.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The promotion came in the 1–1 draw against Douglas Haig and the title in the 2–1 victory against Talleres.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Already in the First Division, Banfield kept the base and his coach. The campaign in the 2014 Transition Tournament had the logical ups and downs of any newly promoted team. In any case, the victory against the American champion San Lorenzo and the draw against Boca stand out.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: By 2015, with 30 teams in the First Division, the goal was to return to international competitions. After a long tournament and a Liguilla in which they eliminated Argentinos Juniors and Aldosivi, the Drill again qualified for a cup. In this case, the Sudamericana 2016.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: For that year, in which Banfield turned 120 years of life and in which Argentine soccer was turning towards a new rearrangement of the calendars, the transition tournament in the first semester was used to promote youth.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In that tournament, values such as Iván Rossi, Jorge Rodríguez, Alexis Soto, Emanuel Cecchini, among others, were affirmed in the First Division. Also in that tournament, Julio Falcioni returned to the technical direction to replace Claudio Vivas, who in turn had taken the place of Matías Almeyda in 2015.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The 2016/17 season saw Banfield return to the international level with his brief participation in the Copa Sudamericana. The most unsettling of that year was the great campaign, supported by many youth players and the contribution of referents such as Renato Civelli and Darío Cvitanich that allowed Boca to fight for the championship and qualify for the Copa Libertadores.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In the 2017/18 season, Banfield prepared to face the sporting challenge imposed by a competition like the Copa Libertadores with a competitive squad and the return of Jesús Datolo, another man from the house. In continuity with the institution's project, multiple youths were promoted to the first team and as many as Remedi, Sporle and Carranza managed to consolidate and become important pieces of the team. After participating in the Copa Libertadores, Banfield accessed the second phase of the Copa Sudamericana 2018 through the competition system, which would be played the following semester.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Green and White: In the 1900 traveler's manual, it is stated that the colors of Banfield Athletic Club were brown and old gold. Due to the railroad origin of most of the partners, these colors are understood because they were identified with the danger signs on the barriers. The Banfield history book continues by pointing out that in the critical period of 1903–1904, the sisters of Alberto Dehenen, who was an important protagonist so that the club did not disappear, were in charge of making shirts with large red and white squares.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In the reorganization of 1904 white and green was adopted. The journalist Julio César Pasquato considered it possible that the green was due to the Irish origin of some of his players. Since 1907, the banfileña jacket has been green and white with batons, although it would undergo various modifications.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: For example, under the influence of the brilliant 1974 Dutch national team "A Clockwork Orange", Banfield introduced orange into his clothing. Currently, that color persists in the alternative shirt, always mixed with green and white.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Drill: In 1940 Florencio Sola totally renewed the team. With players such as Rafael Sanz, Eduardo Silvera, Juan Bautista Busuzzo, Alfredo De Terán, Armando Farro and others, Banfield carried out a surprising and atypical campaign for newly promoted clubs, which is why the newspaper "El Pampero" baptized the team with the name of "the Drill", since his rivals had their arches drilled, a nickname that went down in history as the official pseudonym of the institution.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: There are other versions that indicate that the nickname comes from the fact that he grabbed the big teams and "drilled them", referring to the fact that he led them to lower positions in the table.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Julio César Falcioni: Coach for 4 periods of the club, architect of the first championship of the first division of Banfield and maximum idol, undisputed, of the institution. Banfield fans consider Falcionismo as the best philosophy of the game in football and call themselves Falcionistas. A famous phrase that is always seen in one of the flags that fans hang in the stadium has the legend: "The happiest days were always Falcionistas."


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Banfield fans are known in Argentina as La Banda del Sur. The fans come from the neighborhood where the club is located and from other neighborhoods in the south of Greater Buenos Aires. But it is easy to find Banfield fans throughout the south of Greater Buenos Aires and even in the City of Buenos Aires. According to a survey published by the magazine El Gráfico, in November 1998, Banfield had 0.3% of the fans in Argentina, which is equivalent to 104 thousand people at that time.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The rivalry between Lanús and Banfield is known as the Clásico del Sur. The clásico began to be contested as such in the late 1980s and early 1990s.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The second most important clásico for Banfield fans is against Quilmes, the team from the southern area of the Buenos Aires suburbs that played the most games after Lanús. El Taladro has the advantage in history with the El Cervecero,


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Another important rivalry is with Temperley, the third team in the Southern Zone with the most games played. Other teams in the area such as Talleres (RdE), El Porvenir, Los Andes, Defensa y Justicia and Arsenal de Sarandí consider Banfield to be an important rival.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: And from other areas, important rivals of Banfield are considered: Morón (West Zone) and Chicago (Federal Capital).


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The stadium Florencio Sola was built in 1940 and is named after former President of the institution in the most glorious period in its history: Don Florencio "Lencho" Sola.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: To celebrate its inauguration, a match took place against Independiente de Avellaneda which the team won 1–0 on a goal by Arsenio Erico. At this stage, the "Drill" played a record 39 matches unbeaten from 1950 to 1953. The stadium was considered advanced for its time because it was the first club of so-called "medium" to possess concrete grandstands, even before some of the big teams.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: It is situated on the corner of Peña and Arenales in the city of Banfield. It recently opened a new area of two with silver trays, boxes, changing rooms and booths for radio and TV. The stadium holds 37,245 spectators. [1]


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: A plan was put together to extend the stadium. The board of directors of the club, decide to approve the project and work began in 2011. The extension is to build a second tray on the podium Eliseo Mouriño and also perform a second tray in the visitor sector. Also to be added are rounded elbows and transmission towers. Therefore, the stadium's capacity would be 45,326 spectators.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: The club's head office is located in Vergara 1635 (Banfield) and is the headquarters where athletes meet for various activities. Also, here are held steering committee meetings.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: At headquarters, trainings are also held in other sports such as volleyball, futsal, skate, chess, children's football, gymnastics, taekwondo and the club has a training gym and a circle of lifetime partners, as well as a teamroom open to general public, where supporters gather.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: There are several clubs with the "Banfield" name (also wearing green and white colors) along Argentina, some of them are C.A. Banfield de Chaco in the city of Sánez Peña, Chaco; In Entre Ríos, there are two clubs, Banfield de Victoria in the homonymous city, and


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: Two "Club Atlético Banfield" are located in Buenos Aires Province, one of them in San Pedro, and the other in Mar del Plata ||. "Club Deportivo Banfield" is based in the city of San Vicente, Córdoba, with another C.A. Banfield sited in Alta Gracia.


title: Club Atlético Banfield

text: In Mendoza Province, the "Club Sportivo Banfield", founded in 1944, is located in Perdriel, at south of Luján de Cuyo, while "C.A. Defensores de Banfield" is a traditional club in Casilda, Santa Fe Province.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: The Impact World Tag Team Championship (formally known as the TNA World Tag Team Championship) is a professional wrestling world tag team championship which is owned by the Impact Wrestling promotion. The current champions are The Motor City Machine Guns (Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley), who are in their third reign as a team.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: It was created and debuted on May 14, 2007 at the taping of then-TNA's primary television program, "TNA Impact!". It was officially introduced worldwide on the May 17, 2007 edition of TNA's online podcast "TNA Today". Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a pre-determined match.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: The Total Nonstop Action Wrestling promotion formed in May 2002. Later that same year, TNA were granted control over the NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) governing body, subsequently becoming an official NWA territory as NWA–TNA. On June 19, 2002, NWA–TNA held its first show: a weekly pay-per-view (PPV) event. The main event of the telecast was a twenty–man Gauntlet for the Gold match—involving all twenty men trying to throw each other over the top rope and down to the floor in order to eliminate them, until there are two men left who wrestle a standard match—to become the first ever TNA–era NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Ken Shamrock defeated Malice to win the vacant championship with Ricky Steamboat as Special Guest Referee at the event. TNA crowned the first TNA–era NWA World Tag Team Champions at their third weekly PPV event on July 3, 2002, when the team of A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn defeated The Rainbow Express (Bruce and Lenny Lane) in a tournament final to win the championship.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: The NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships were contested for in TNA until the morning of May 13, 2007. On that day, NWA's Executive Director Robert Trobich announced that the NWA were ending their five–year agreement with TNA, which had allowed them full control over both titles. Trobich went on to state that effective that morning, then-NWA World Heavyweight Champion Christian Cage and the Team 3D pairing of Brother Devon and Brother Ray, then-NWA World Tag Team Champions, were stripped of their respective championships. The motivation behind these actions was that Cage refused to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against wrestlers from NWA territories. That same day, TNA were scheduled to produce their Sacrifice 2007 PPV event, in which both Cage and Team 3D were to defend their respective championships. On the card, Cage was scheduled to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Kurt Angle and Sting in a three-way match. Team 3D were set to defend the NWA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Scott Steiner and Tomko and the team made up of Hernandez and Homicide, who were known as The Latin American Xchange (LAX), in another three-way match.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: That night before each contest, the on-screen graphic used to refer to the champions and their respective championships, credited both Cage and Team 3D as still being NWA Champions. Team 3D defeated Steiner and Tomko and LAX in the three-way tag team match to retain the "World Tag Team Championship", while Angle defeated Cage and Sting to win the "World Heavyweight Championship".


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: On May 17, 2007, Jeremy Borash and TNA's primary authority figure at the time, Jim Cornette, unveiled the TNA World Tag Team Championship belt on that day's edition of TNA's online podcast "TNA Today" and awarded it to Team 3D as a result of them being the NWA Tag Team Champions before the NWA/TNA split; in the process making them the first official champions.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: During the championship's entire history, it has had three designs. Until Destination X (2017), it had a leather strap covered with four small gold plates that has an imprint of the earth centered in the middle with TNA's official logo at the top of each. The center golden plate of the belt also has an imprint of a globe, with TNA's official logo engraved over it. The words "World Tag Team" are placed above the globe, while the words "Wrestling Champion" are placed below it.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: At Destination X 2017, a recoloured version of the GFW Tag Team Championships from the original promotion was revealed as the new tag team championships. The main plate had the Global Force Wrestling logo to the left and the words "Tag Team Champions" centered on the bottom of the belt. The top of the main plate had a globe, with a bird below it. The sideplates had the words "Tag Team" on the top and "Champions" on the bottom, with the "GFW Impact!" logo on the left sideplate and the GFW logo on the right sideplate. After Jeff Jarrett left the company and took the GFW name with him, all championships have been updated with an Impact Wrestling logo to cover the GFW logo.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: At Redemption on April 22, 2018, Impact revealed new championships. The main plate is oblong, similar to the WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. It has the Impact logo at a diagonal angle centered between the words "Tag Team" on the top and "Champion" on the bottom. It features two designs of an owl above and below the words.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: Between March 14 and March 16, 2015 episodes of "Impact Wrestling" a tournament was held to crown new TNA World Tag Team Champions.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: The inaugural champions were Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray), who were awarded the championship on the May 17, 2007 edition of "TNA Today". At days, The North's (Ethan Page and Josh Alexander) reign is the longest in the title's history. Eric Young/Super Eric and Kaz's only reign holds the record for shortest reign in the title's history at a half day.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: Individually, James Storm holds the record with seven reigns, while Beer Money and The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) share the record of five reigns as a team.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: Although the title is a World Tag Team Championship, three wrestlers have held the championship by themselves — Samoa Joe, Kurt Angle, and Matt Morgan. Joe held the championship during his entire reign alone; however, Angle held the championship alone for 15 days until Sting won a match involving three other competitors to become Angle's partner, and Morgan held the title after turning on and (kayfabe) injuring his tag team championship partner Hernandez. Overall, there have been 63 reigns shared between 65 wrestlers and 42 teams.


title: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: The current champions are The Motor City Machine Guns (Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley) who are in their third reign both as a team and individually. They defeated Heath and Rhino on December 9, 2022 in Pembroke Pines, Florida during the "Impact" tapings to win the titles (aired on December 15).


title: Dike (geology)

text: A dike or dyke, in geological usage, is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Magmatic dikes form when magma flows into a crack then solidifies as a sheet intrusion, either cutting across layers of rock or through a contiguous mass of rock. Clastic dikes are formed when sediment fills a pre-existing crack.


title: Dike (geology)

text: A magmatic dike is a sheet of igneous rock that cuts across older rock beds. It is formed when magma fills a fracture in the older beds and then cools and solidifies. The dike rock is usually more resistant to weathering than the surrounding rock, so that erosion exposes the dike as a natural wall or ridge. It is from these natural walls that dikes get their name.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Dikes preserve a record of the fissures through which most mafic magma (fluid magma low in silica) reaches the surface. They are studied by geologists for the clues they provide on volcanic plumbing systems. They also record ancient episodes of extension of the Earth's crust, since large numbers of dikes ("dike swarms") are formed when the crust is pulled apart by tectonic forces. The dikes show the direction of extension, since they form at right angles to the direction of maximum extension.


title: Dike (geology)

text: The thickness of a dike is much smaller than its other two dimensions, and the opposite walls are roughly parallel, so that a dike is more or less constant in thickness. The thickness of different dikes can range from a few millimeters to hundreds of meters, but is most typically from about a meter to a few tens of meters. The lateral extent can be tens of kilometers, and dikes with a thickness of a few tens of meters or more commonly extend for over 100 km. Most dikes are steeply dipping; in other words, they are oriented nearly vertically. Subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike propagates so that the dike becomes horizontal.


title: Dike (geology)

text: It is common for a set of dikes, each a few kilometers long, to form "en echelon". This pattern is seen in the Higganum dike set of New England. This dike set consists of individual dikes that are typically four kilometers in length at the surface and up to 60 meters wide. These short segments form longer groups extending for around 10 km. The entire set of dikes forms a line extending for 250 km. Individual segments overlap, with the overlapping portions thinner, so that the combined thickness of the two overlapped portions is about the same as the thickness of a single segment. Other examples of "en echelon" dikes are the Inyo dike of Long Valley, California, US; the Jagged Rocks complex, Arizona, US; and the dikes of oceanic spreading centers.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Dikes range in composition from basaltic to rhyolitic, but most are basaltic. The texture is typically slightly coarser than basalt erupted at the surface, forming a rock type called diabase. The grain size varies systematically across the dike, with the coarsest grains normally at the center of the dike. Dikes formed at shallow depth commonly have a glassy or fine-grained chilled margin 1 to 5 cm thick, formed where the magma was rapidly cooled by contact with the cold surrounding rock. Shallow dikes also typically show columnar jointing perpendicular to the margins. Here the dike rock fractures into columns as it cools and contracts. These are usually 5- to 6-sided, but 3- to 4-sided columns are also common. These are fairly uniform in size within a single dike, but range from a few centimeters to over 0.3 meters across in different dikes, tending to be thicker in wider dikes. Larger columns are likely a consequence of slower cooling.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Dike rock is usually dense, with almost no vesicles (frozen bubbles), but vesicles may be seen in the shallowest part of a dike. When vesicles are present, they tend to form bands parallel to walls and are elongated in direction of flow. Likewise, phenocrysts (larger crystals) on the margins of the dike show an alignment in the direction of flow.


title: Dike (geology)

text: In contrast to dikes, which cut across the bedding of layered rock, a sill is a sheet intrusion that forms within and parallel to the bedding.


title: Dike (geology)

text: At the shallowest depths, dikes form when magma rises into an existing fissure. In the young, shallow dikes of the Hawaiian Islands, there is no indication of forceful intrusion of magma. For example, there is little penetration of magma into the walls of dikes even when the walls consist of highly porous volcanic clinker, and little wall material breaks off into the molten magma. These fissures likely open as a result of bulging of the rock beds above a magma chamber that is being filled with magma from deeper in the crust.


title: Dike (geology)

text: However, open fractures can exist only near the surface. Magma deeper in the crust must force its way through the rock, always opening a path along a plane normal to the minimum principal stress. This is the direction in which the crust is under the weakest compression and so requires the least work to fracture. At shallow depths, where the rock is brittle, the pressurized magma progressively fractures the rock as it advances upwards. Even if the magma is only slightly pressurized compared with the surrounding rock, tremendous stress is concentrated on the tip of the propagating fracture. In effect, the magma wedges apart the brittle rock in a process called "hydraulic fracture". At greater depths, where the rock is hotter and less brittle, the magma forces the rock aside along brittle shear planes oriented 35 degrees to the sides of the dock. This bulldozer-like action produces a blunter dike tip. At the greatest depths, the shear planes become ductile faults, angled 45 degree from the sides of the dike. At depths where the rock is completely plastic, a diapir (a rising plug of magma) forms instead of a dike.


title: Dike (geology)

text: The walls of dikes often fit closely back together, providing strong evidence that the dike formed by dilatation of a fissure. However, a few large dikes, such as the 120-meter-thick Medford dike in Maine, US, or the 500-meter-thick Gardar dike in Greenland, show no dilatation. These may have formed by "stoping", in which the magma fractured and disintegrated the rock at its advancing tip rather than prying the rock apart. Other dikes may have formed by "metasomatism", in which fluids moving along a narrow fissure changed the chemical composition of the rock closest to the fissure.


title: Dike (geology)

text: There is an approximate relationship between the width of a dike and its maximum extent, expressed by the formula:


title: Dike (geology)

text: Here formula_2 is the thickness of the dike; formula_3 is its lateral extent; formula_4 is the excess pressure in the magma relative to the host rock; formula_5 is the density of the host rock; and formula_6 is the P-wave velocity of the host rock (essentially, the speed of sound in the rock). This formula predicts that dikes will be longer and narrower at greater depths below the surface. The ratio of thickness to length is around 0.01 to 0.001 near the surface, but at depth it ranges from 0.001 to 0.0001. A surface dike 10 meters in thickness will extend about 3 km, while a dike of similar thickness at depth will extend about 30 km. This tendency of intruding magma to form shorter fissures at shallower depths has been put forward as an explanation of "en echelon" dikes. However, "en echelon" dikes have also been explained as a consequence of the direction of minimum principal stress changing as the magma ascends from deep to shallow levels in the crust.


title: Dike (geology)

text: An "en echelon" dike set may evolve into single dike with "bridges" connecting the formerly separate segments and "horns" showing former segment overlaps. In ancient dikes in deformed rock, the bridges and horns are used by geologists to determine the direction of magma flow.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Where there is rapid flow of molten magma through a fissure, the magma tends to erode the walls, either by melting the wall rock or by tearing off fragments of wall rock. This widens the fissure and increases flow. Where flow is less rapid, the magma may solidify next to the wall, narrowing the fissure and decreasing flow. This causes flow to become concentrated at a few points. At Hawaii, eruptions often begin with a "curtain of fire" where lava erupts along the entire length of a fissure several kilometers long. However, the length of erupting fissure diminishes over time, becoming focused on a short segment of less than half a kilometer. The minimum possible width of a dike is determined by the balance between magma movement and cooling.


title: Dike (geology)

text: There may be more than one injection of magma along a given fissure. When multiple injections are all of similar composition, the dike is described as a "multiple dike". However, subsequent injections are sometimes quite different in composition, and then the dike is described as a "composite dike". The range of compositions in a composite dike can go all the way from diabase to granite, as is observed in some dikes of Scotland and northern Ireland.


title: Dike (geology)

text: After the initial formation of a dike, subsequent injections of magma are most likely to take place along the center of the dike. If the previous dike rock has cooled significantly, the subsequent injection be characterized by fracturing of the old dike rock and the formation of chilled margins on the new injection.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Sometimes dikes appear in swarms, consisting of several to hundreds of dikes emplaced more or less contemporaneously during a single intrusive event. Dike swarms are almost always composed of diabase and most often are associated with flood basalts of large igneous provinces. They are characteristic of divergent plate boundaries. For example, Jurassic dike swarms in New England, northern England, and the west coast of Scotland record the early opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Dike swarms are forming in the present day along the divergent plate boundary running through Iceland. Dike swarms often have a great cumulative thickness: Dikes in Iceland average 3 to 5 meters in width, but one 53-kilometer stretch of coast has about 1000 dikes with total thickness of 3 kilometers. The world's largest dike swarm is the Mackenzie dike swarm in the Northwest Territories, Canada.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Dike swarms (also called "dike complexes") are exposed in the eroded rift zones of Hawaiian volcanoes. As with most other magmatic dikes, these were fissures through which lava reached the surface. The swarms are typically 2.5 to 5 km in width, with individual dikes about a meter in width. The dike swarms extend radially out from volcano summits and parallel to the long axis of the volcanic shield. Sills and stocks are occasionally present in the complexes. They are abruptly truncated at the margins of summit calderas. Typically, there are about 50 to 100 dikes per kilometer at the center of the rift zone, though the density can be as high as 500 per kilometer and the dikes then make up half the volume of the rock. The density drops to 5 to 50 per kilometer away from the center of the rift zone before abruptly dropping to very few dikes. It is likely that the number of dikes must increase with depth, reaching a typical value of 300 to 350 per kilometer at the level of the ocean floor. In some respects, these dike swarms resemble those of western Scotland associated with the flood eruptions that preceded the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Dikes often form as radial swarms from a central volcano or intrusion. Though they appear to originate in the central intrusion, the dikes often have a different age and composition from the intrusion. These radial swarms may have formed over the intrusion and were later cut by the rising body of magma, or the crust was already experiencing regional tension and the intrusion triggered formation of the fissures.


title: Dike (geology)

text: In rock of the oceanic crust, pillow lava erupted onto the sea floor is underlain by "sheeted dike complexes" that preserve the conduits through which magma reached the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges. These sheeted dikes characteristically show a chilled margin on only one side, indicating that each dike was split in half by a subsequent eruption of magma.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Ring dikes and cone sheets are special types of dikes associated with caldera volcanism. These are distributed around a shallow magma chamber. Cone sheets form when magma is injected into a shallow magma chamber, which lifts and fractures the rock beds above it. The fractures take the form of a set of concentric cones dipping at a relatively shallow angle into the magma chamber. When the caldera is subsequently emptied by explosive volcanic activity, the roof of the magma chamber collapses as a plug of rock surrounded by a ring fracture. Magma rising into the ring fracture produces a ring dike. Good examples of ring dikes and cone sheets are found in the Ardnamurchan peninsula of Scotland.


title: Dike (geology)

text: A feeder dike is a dike that acted as a conduit for magma moving from a magma chamber to a localized intrusion. For example, the Muskox intrusion in arctic Canada was fed by a large dike, with a thickness of 150 meters.


title: Dike (geology)

text: A sole injection is a dike injected along a thrust fault plane, where rock beds were fractured and thrust up over younger beds.


title: Dike (geology)

text: Clastic dikes (also known as sedimentary dikes) are vertical bodies of sedimentary rock that cut off other rock layers. They can form in two ways:


title: Malaysians

text: Malaysians are nationals and citizens who are identified with the country of Malaysia. Although citizens make up the majority of Malaysians, non-citizen residents and overseas Malaysians may also claim a Malaysian identity.


title: Malaysians

text: The country is home to people of various national, ethnic and religious origins. As a result, many Malaysians do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance to Malaysia. Majority of the population, however, belong to several clearly defined racial groups within the country with their own distinct cultures and traditions: Malays, Orang Asli (aboriginal population), Malaysian Chinese (primarily Han Chinese), Malaysian Indians (primarily Tamils). The majority of the non-Malay and non-aboriginal population in modern Malaysia is made up of immigrants and their descendants. Following the initial period of Portuguese, Dutch and then significantly longer British colonisation, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over the course of nearly five centuries and continue today.


title: Malaysians

text: Malayan independence from United Kingdom in 1957 grew gradually over the course of latter part of the 20th century since the formation of the Federation of Malaya in 1948 (excluding Crown Colony of Singapore, Crown Colony of North Borneo and Crown Colony of Sarawak). World War II in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Malayans to have their country recognised as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship.


title: Malaysians

text: As of 2010, Malaysians make up 0.4% of the world's total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth and social development. Approximately 30% of current Malaysians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Malaysian residents in the 2000s were not born in Malaysian soil. It is estimated, by 2031, nearly one-half of Malaysians above the age of 15 will be foreign born or have one foreign born parent. Bumiputera, according to the 2010 Malaysian Census, numbered at 17,523,508 or 61.85% of the country's 28,334,135 population.


title: Malaysians

text: The Malaysian diaspora has a population of 1,730,152 in 2019, according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Malaysia does not keep track of emigration and counts of Malaysians abroad are thus only available courtesy of statistics kept by the destination countries. The diaspora includes both descendants of early emigrants from Malaysia, as well as more recent emigrants from Malaysia.


title: Malaysians

text: Since independence, a total of 688,766 naturalised foreigners had been granted Malaysian citizenship while 10,828 individuals had their citizenships revoked. The community of Malaysians in Australian external territory of Christmas Island makes up the majority of the population, while Singapore has the largest minority community of Malaysians, with 952,261 people, followed by Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Malaysians

text: Classification of 2010 Census ethnic group is as set by Inter-Agency Technical Committee (IATC) in Appendix 1. IATC is a committee formed to co-ordinate and monitor the implementation and use of standardised codes, classifications and definitions used by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia and other government agencies. For the purpose of tabulation and analysis, as well as taking into account the diverse ethnic group in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Federal Territory of Labuan and Sarawak, major ethnic groups according to region as follows:


title: Malaysians

text: Information collected in the census including ethnic group and citizenship was based on respondent's answer and did not refer to any official document.


title: Malaysians

text: Information on citizenship should be used with caution as it is subject to content and coverage errors especially for non-citizens as in censuses in most countries.


title: Malaysians

text: Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages, 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia. Malaysian, or Standard Malay, is the official language, while English is considered the de facto language for business. The Bumiputeras speak various Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages as well as smaller language families such as Tai-Kadai and Creoles. Chinese Malaysians predominantly speak varieties of Chinese from the southern provinces of China. The more common varieties in the country are Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Teochew, Hainanese, and Fuzhou. Tamil is the predominant among Indian Malaysians, though languages like Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi are also spoken.


title: Malaysians

text: The Malaysian constitution guarantees freedom of religion while making Islam the state religion. According to the Population and Housing Census 2010 figures, ethnicity and religious beliefs correlate highly. Approximately 61.3% of the population practice Islam, 19.8% practice Buddhism, 9.2% Christianity, 6.3% Hinduism and 1.3% practice Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions. 0.7% declared no religion and the remaining 1.4% practised other religions or did not provide any information.


title: George P. Cosmatos

text: George Pan Cosmatos (4 January 1941 – 19 April 2005) was a Greek-Italian film director and screenwriter. Following early success in his home country with drama films such as "Massacre in Rome" with Richard Burton (based on the real-life Ardeatine massacre), Cosmatos retooled his career towards mainstream "blockbuster" action and adventure films, including "The Cassandra Crossing" and "Escape to Athena", both of which were British-Italian co-productions. After relocating to North America, he directed the horror film "Of Unknown Origin". This was followed by some of his best-known work, including the action films "" and "Cobra" (both of which star Sylvester Stallone), the science-fiction horror film "Leviathan", and the critically acclaimed Western "Tombstone".


title: George P. Cosmatos

text: Cosmatos was born to a Greek family in Florence, Italy, and grew up in Egypt and Cyprus. He is said to have spoken six languages. After studying film at the London Film School, where he met his future wife, Swedish sculptor and artist Birgitta Ljungberg, when they both were 17, he became assistant director to Otto Preminger on "Exodus" (1960), based on Leon Uris's novel about the birth of Israel. In 1960, he married Birgitta, born in Haverö, Ånge municipality in Medelpad, 26 July 1941. Thereafter he worked on "Zorba the Greek" (1964), in which Cosmatos had a small part as Boy with Acne. On 1 Feb. 1974, the couple had their first and only child, Panos Cosmatos, born in Rome. In the early 80s, the family moved to Victoria, British Columbia.


title: George P. Cosmatos

text: Cosmatos found success in Italy for directing the films "Rappresaglia" (1973) with Marcello Mastroianni and "The Cassandra Crossing" (1976) with Sophia Loren. In 1979, he made the successful British World War II adventure movie "Escape to Athena", starring an all-star ensemble cast including Roger Moore, David Niven, Telly Savalas, Elliott Gould and Claudia Cardinale. He made his North American directorial debut with the Canadian horror film "Of Unknown Origin". He then directed the box-office hit "" starring Sylvester Stallone, and "Cobra", another successful Stallone vehicle, in 1986. That year, on August 8, 1986, George P. Cosmatos signed an exclusive agreement with De Laurentiis Entertainment Group in order to direct four films, but none of these would eventually come out of the agreement. In 1989, he directed the science-fiction horror film "Leviathan", starring Peter Weller, Richard Crenna, Ernie Hudson, and Amanda Pays, with special effects designed by Stan Winston.


title: George P. Cosmatos

text: Late in his career, Cosmatos received more praise for "Tombstone", a 1993 Western movie about Doc Holliday and Wyatt Earp. This film was particularly praised for the exceptional performance of Val Kilmer as Doc Holliday. Kurt Russell, who played Wyatt Earp, said Stallone recommended Cosmatos to him after the removal of the first director, writer Kevin Jarre, but Cosmatos had also worked with "Tombstone" executive producer Andrew G. Vajna before on "Rambo: First Blood Part II".


title: George P. Cosmatos

text: On 6 July, 1997, his wife Birgitta died (she is buried where she was born), and Cosmatos' career came to a halt. Outside of his film career, Cosmatos was a notable collector of rare books, focusing mainly on 19th-20th Century English literature and signed & inscribed works. His library was sold through Sotheby's.


title: George P. Cosmatos

text: George P. Cosmatos died of lung cancer on 19 April 2005, at his home in Victoria, British Columbia at the age of 64. He was survived by his son, Panos Cosmatos, who has said that his independently released surreal film "Beyond the Black Rainbow" was funded primarily by royalties from his father's film "Tombstone". Panos would later go on to become a director in his own right, working primarily in the horror genre, where he is noted for the surreal atmosphere of his films.


title: Rib fracture

text: A rib fracture is a break in a rib bone. This typically results in chest pain that is worse with inspiration. Bruising may occur at the site of the break. When several ribs are broken in several places a flail chest results. Potential complications include a pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, and pneumonia.


title: Rib fracture

text: Rib fractures usually occur from a direct blow to the chest such as during a motor vehicle collision or from a crush injury. Coughing or metastatic cancer may also result in a broken rib. The middle ribs are most commonly fractured. Fractures of the first or second ribs are more likely to be associated with complications. Diagnosis can be made based on symptoms and supported by medical imaging.


title: Rib fracture

text: Pain control is an important part of treatment. This may include the use of paracetamol (acetaminophen), NSAIDs, or opioids. A nerve block may be another option. While fractured ribs can be wrapped, this may increase complications. In those with a flail chest, surgery may improve outcomes. They are a common injury following trauma.


title: Rib fracture

text: This typically results in chest pain that is worse with inspiration. Bruising may occur at the site of the break.


title: Rib fracture

text: When several ribs are broken in several places a flail chest results. Potential complications include a pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, and pneumonia.


title: Rib fracture

text: Rib fractures can occur with or without direct trauma during recreational activity. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has also been known to cause thoracic injury, including but not limited to rib and sternum fractures. They can also occur as a consequence of diseases such as cancer or rheumatoid arthritis. While for elderly individuals a fall can cause a rib fracture, in adults automobile accidents are a common event for such an injury.


title: Rib fracture

text: Plain X-rays often pick up displaced fractures but often miss undisplaced fractures. CT scanning is generally able to pick up both types of fractures.


title: Rib fracture

text: Because children have more flexible chest walls than adults do, their ribs are more likely to bend than to break; therefore the presence of rib fractures in children is evidence of a significant amount of force and may indicate severe thoracic injuries such as pulmonary contusion. Rib fractures are also a sign of more serious injury in elderly people.


title: Rib fracture

text: There is no specific treatment for rib fractures, but various supportive measures can be taken. In simple rib fractures, pain can lead to reduced movement and cough suppression; this can contribute to formation of secondary chest infection. Flail chest is a potentially life-threatening injury and will often require a period of assisted ventilation. Flail chest and first rib fractures are high-energy injuries and should prompt investigation of damage to underlying viscera (e.g., lung contusion) or remotely (e.g., cervical spine injury). Spontaneous fractures in athletes generally require a cessation of the cause, e.g., time off rowing, while maintaining cardiovascular fitness.


title: Rib fracture

text: Nerve blocks that may be used to help with pain and reduce respiratory complications related to rib fractures. These include rhomboid intercostal block, epidural anesthesia, paravertebral block, erector spinae plane block and serratus anterior plane block. There is very little evidence to support the use of one nerve block over another on the basis of analgesia or safety.


title: Adult World

text: Adult World is a 2013 American comedy-drama film directed by Scott Coffey and written by Andy Cochran. The film stars Emma Roberts, Evan Peters, and John Cusack. It premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2013, and was released to select theaters and through video on demand on February 14, 2014, by IFC Films.


title: Adult World

text: Recent college graduate Amy believes she's destined to be a great poet. Pressed by her parents to earn a living, she takes a job at a small sex shop, Adult World, where she works with the manager, Alex. When her car is stolen, her parents discover that she had canceled the car's theft insurance to afford submission fees for poetry journals, and call her a child, which causes her to pack and leave. She briefly moves in with a coworker, trans woman Rubia, before finding her own apartment.


title: Adult World

text: She meets one of her favorite poets, Rat Billings, and talks her way into being his protégée by offering to clean his house. After some cajoling, Billings reads her poetry and offers to feature her work in an anthology he is working on. One night, she gets drunk and makes a clumsy attempt to seduce him, but he rebuffs her advances.


title: Adult World

text: Alex fires Amy after she fails to catch a shoplifter; angered, she says she is too good to work there. She soon discovers that she misses Alex, however, and realizes that she has feelings for him. She apologizes to him and asks for her job back. Alex rehires her, and they begin hanging out. At Amy's birthday party, Billings gives her a copy of the poetry anthology he featured her work in—"Shit Poems: An Anthology of Bad Verse". Furious and humiliated, she confronts him and calls him a has-been. She goes home and tries to commit suicide by asphyxiating herself with a plastic bag, but changes her mind at the last second.


title: Adult World

text: The next day, she makes peace with Billings: he tells her that she needs to do more living before she can fulfill her potential as a writer, while she tells him not to take himself so seriously. Later, she sleeps with Alex, and they become a couple. She finds out she has been published in an erotica magazine that she submitted prose to as a joke. She and Alex go to a party together to celebrate, and he encourages her to keep writing. The film ends with Amy reading "Shit Poems" with a smile on her face.


title: Adult World

text: In the epilogue, next to the credits, she becomes a well-known poet and arranges her first poetry book on a shelf in a bookstore to be more prominently shown.


title: Adult World

text: Principal photography took place over three and a half weeks in February and March 2012 in Syracuse, New York. Local landmarks such as Syracuse University, the Carrier Dome, Little Italy, Clinton Square, and the green-over-red traffic light on Tipperary Hill appear in the film.


title: Adult World

text: An actual sex shop named Adult World exists in Syracuse, but it is several miles away on a different street and was not used in the production. A vacant storefront in the Little Italy neighborhood was used for the location of the shop in the movie. The building was one of four contiguous structures damaged beyond repair in a large fire in August 2018 and was demolished soon after.


title: Adult World

text: Canadian singer-songwriter Dan Boeckner contributed many of the songs in the film, along with music by his bands Handsome Furs and Divine Fits.


title: Adult World

text: The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2013. Shortly after the premiere, it was announced IFC Films had acquired distribution rights to the film. The film also premiered at the Syracuse International Film Festival on October 6, 2013 The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand beginning on February 14, 2014. The film was released in the United Kingdom on August 4, 2014 on DVD and was released in Sweden on May 11, 2015 through DVD.


title: Adult World

text: "Adult World" has received mixed reviews, currently holding a 52% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic, the film garnered a 61/100 rating, citing "generally positive reviews". Andrew O'Hehir of "Salon" praised Roberts and Cusack's performances, calling it Cusack's "best role in years".


title: Adult World

text: "The Village Voice" described the film as "a terrific small-budget indie" and "weirdly moving", and praised Roberts' performance as "both breezy and carefully tuned".


title: Adult World

text: The film's review in the "Los Angeles Times" concludes: "Brimming with sharp asides and clever throwaways (Billings' passing parsing of nom de plume and nom de guerre, for one), plus astute observations on literary pretension and misguided youth, "Adult World" is a winner."


title: Adult World

text: "The New York Times" calls the film a "smart but wince-inducing satirical comedy" and Cusack's character as Rat Billings "a sardonic, understated portrayal".


title: Adult World

text: On June 10, 2014, the film was released on DVD in the United States and was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on August 4, 2014 and in Sweden on May 11, 2015.


title: Peter Benton

text: Peter Benton, M.D. is a fictional character from the NBC medical drama series "ER," portrayed by actor Eriq La Salle, appearing as a primary character from the pilot episode until part way through the eighth season.


title: Peter Benton

text: La Salle made two guest appearances in later episodes of the eighth season, before returning again for two more episodes in the fifteenth season, including the series finale.


title: Peter Benton

text: Although Benton was an original character, according to an interview La Salle gave in 1997, he was cast late in the role, after the first season had already started filming. He recalled, "I was surprisingly calm. When casting waits that long, they're basically waiting for someone to come in and take the role. I was ready and completely focused. I came into the office with a stethoscope and surgical greens I had left over from [a previous role in] "The Human Factor". When I left, I wanted them to say 'That's Dr. Benton'". Within three days of his audition, La Salle was offered the role of Dr. Benton.


title: Peter Benton

text: The name of the character was inspired by The Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now part of the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts) which was a teaching hospital for Harvard Medical School, where series originator Michael Crichton studied medicine, although (perhaps coincidentally) the birth name of Crichton's wife at the time, Anne-Marie Martin, was also Benton.


title: Peter Benton

text: Several relationships were scripted into the character's narrative. In Season 4 he began dating Dr. Elizabeth Corday, played by Alex Kingston. Both surgeons, the characters competed with each other professionally and failed to be adequately supportive of each other in their personal crises, so Corday ends the relationship in Season 5. According to an article published in "Jet" in 1999, Eriq La Salle was the reason why the romance dissolved. He was unhappy that Benton's interracial romance with Corday was being shown as less problematic than his prior romances with black characters, such as Jeanie Boulet (played by Gloria Reuben) and Carla Reese (played by Lisa Nicole Carson). In an interview La Salle stated, "As an African-American man, it becomes a bit offensive if the negative things are all you're showing. Because in real life we romance and get on each other's nerves and laugh and do all the things that any other race of people do. So if the only time you show a balanced relationship is in an interracial relationship, whether it's conscious or sub-conscious, it sends a message I'm not comfortable with." Mindful of the image that he was portraying on television, La Salle asked producers to end Benton's interracial romance. While being interviewed by Johnnie Cochran on Johnnie Cochran Tonight, La Salle commented, "We have to take care of the message that we're sending as African-Americans or any other group of minorities, that we have the exact same type of exchanges with our mates that we get to see our White counterparts have." In a subsequent episode, Benton was shown being compassionate to his former girlfriend, Jeanie.


title: Peter Benton

text: Benton was first introduced in the pilot as a second year surgical resident. When all the attending surgeons are occupied in other surgeries, Benton decides to operate without supervision to control a bleeding aneurysm and keep a man alive until a qualified surgeon is available. Although he does this technically against regulations, he is supported after the fact by attending physician (and ER chief) David Morgenstern.


title: Peter Benton

text: In Season 1, we learn that Dr. Benton's mother has had a stroke and is mostly being cared for by his sister Jackie, who wants to move her into an assisted living facility, an option to which Peter is strongly opposed. One night when Benton is watching his mother in Jackie's home, she falls down the stairs and breaks her hip.


title: Peter Benton

text: Benton meets Jeanie Boulet, a married Physician Assistant, at the hospital. Impressed, he hires her to work with his mother as a physical therapist. Benton's mother dies, devastating him, and when Jeanie comforts him, they end up having an affair. In Season 2, Benton's affair with Jeanie ends. Jeanie separates from her husband Al and learns that he contracted HIV from an affair, and furthermore that he passed the disease on to her; however, Jeanie does not pass the virus to Peter.


title: Peter Benton

text: In Season 3, Peter becomes involved with a former girlfriend, Carla Reese, who soon becomes pregnant. She gives birth to a son, Reese Benton, who is born prematurely. It is later discovered that, possibly from complications from Reese's prematurity or his NICU treatment, the boy is deaf. Peter at first has difficulty accepting that his son is deaf and looks into surgeries to restore his ability to hear, but he later makes his peace with who Reese is, and he and Carla teach him to communicate through sign language. Later, Carla begins a new relationship with a man named Roger McGrath (which she clumsily, and unsuccessfully, tried to keep a secret from a non-plussed Peter) and eventually marries him. At the end of Season 5, Carla more or less tells Peter that her new marriage to Roger means she will be taking Reese with them to Roger's new job in Germany, and responds to Peter's shocked and angry response by saying "this WILL happen".


title: Peter Benton

text: At the start of Season 6, legal proceedings have begun over Peter's refusal to agree to Carla's demands. Carla once again angers Peter by whining that he should just step aside and agree with her, and then shocks Peter by telling him that he may not be Reese's father, saying that she needed him to be a father at the time but Roger can fill that role in the future (back in Season 3, Carla hypocritically was angry when Peter asked if she was sure he was the father, implying he was a jerk for suggesting what turned out to be entirely true). Peter takes a DNA test to determine whether or not Carla's suspicions are true, but he chooses not to receive the results and decides he will be Reese's father regardless of biology. Carla does not respond to Peter's pleas to end the legal fight, but on Christmas Eve shows up angrily at the hospital with Reese and bitterly tells him "you win" and sarcastically thanks him for ruining her and Roger's lives, as Roger's boss booted him from the Germany-based promotion over the time he spent in court and they will have to remain in Chicago; Peter bluntly says he is sorry about the job but completely NOT sorry that his son will remain in the same city as him. In Season 7, Carla shows up anew to openly flirt with Peter, cause problems between him and new girlfriend Cleo Finch, and lie to Roger about Peter hitting on her to the point where Roger and Peter have an altercation in the ER.


title: Peter Benton

text: In the 2nd episode of Season 8, Carla is killed in a car accident. Peter takes Reese into his full custody, but when Roger continues to appeal for time with his stepson, Peter insists that Roger move on with his life and stay away. Roger sues Peter for custody of Reese, and his lawyers force Peter to address the fact that he may not be Reese's biological father. Peter takes another paternity test and this time learns the truth—he is not Reese's biological father. Roger's lawyer makes issue of the long hours Peter's job demands, whereas Roger works from home and commands his own schedule.


title: Peter Benton

text: During court, Peter perjures himself on the witness stand and proclaims that he has been given a new schedule with reduced working hours at County General Hospital. A furious Roger confronts Peter about lying, but quickly turns abusive when he dares Peter to hit him and then says Peter "can't give your sister a new kid!" (Jackie Robbins’s son Jesse was murdered in Season 7 by gang members). Peter later goes to his supervisor, Dr. Robert Romano, and asks for such a schedule, but Romano cannot offer only daytime hours. Peter hands in his resignation, and he goes to the out-of-town clinic where girlfriend Cleo Finch now works to try to get a job there. He is successful and gets the hours he had promised the judge, and he is awarded sole custody of Reese with Roger receiving visitation rights. When a saddened Roger brings Reese's Christmas presents to the hospital later that day, Peter, knowing that Roger is important to Reese, tells Roger to come to his and Cleo's home on Christmas Day and give the presents to Reese himself. He does tell Roger he is doing this not for Roger's sake but for Reese and both men tacitly acknowledge Peter has won.


title: Peter Benton

text: When British surgeon Dr. Elizabeth Corday starts work at County General Hospital, she is quickly attracted to Benton, though he initially disregards her attentions. At length, Elizabeth tells him she believes that he does not want to pursue a relationship with her because of their racial difference, and Benton finally grudgingly admits to her that "I "do" have a problem dating white women." Professionally, Benton and Corday attempt to outdo each other several times, and both are eventually given the opportunity to work with Dr. Robert Romano. Later in the year, Benton assists on a surgery performed by his mentor Dr. David Morgenstern. Morgenstern (who has been somewhat hesitant about surgery following his heart attack) makes a serious mistake that endangers the patient's life. Benton shoves him out of the way to take over the operation, with Elizabeth walking in too late to see Morgenstern's mistake but witnessing Benton's actions toward Morgenstern. Benton is suspended and comes close to losing his job before Morgenstern finally comes forward with the videotape of the operation, which exonerates his former student.


title: Peter Benton

text: Morgenstern then resigns from the hospital, and a distraught Peter begins an affair with Elizabeth. They remain together through much of the following two years, although their relationship eventually begins to suffer due to Peter's needing to spend more time attending to Reese. Elizabeth helps him realize that their romance isn't going anywhere, and they end their affair, though they remain close friends and colleagues. Their friendship is troubled, however, when Elizabeth approaches the hospital staff with the idea of a trauma surgical fellowship. Benton withdraws his tentative commitment to Romano's cardiothoracic fellowship (which would be extremely time-consuming) and campaigns for and is granted the trauma fellowship. Elizabeth feels betrayed by Peter and, wishing to stay at County, takes Romano's cardiothoracic fellowship offer.


title: Peter Benton

text: Americans were reportedly disturbed by Benton and Corday's interracial relationship, many simply assuming Corday was black in order to cope. Alex Kingston, who played Corday, later said: "[Y]ou see interracial relationships all over the place [outside America]. I kind of naively thought it would be even more liberal in America. And it couldn't have been further from the truth. In fact, I'm trying to think if there's a television show right now [in 2013] where there's an African American and Caucasian relationship. They're few and far between."


title: Peter Benton

text: In Season 6, Benton began dating Dr. Cleo Finch, an ER pediatrician. Their relationship was stormy because of Peter's ex-girlfriend Carla, but in Season 8 they leave Chicago along with Benton's son Reese to start a new life. Peter Benton and Cleo Finch transfer to a different hospital. In the season 15 episode "Old Times," Benton is seen wearing a wedding ring, and it is assumed he and Cleo are now married. Later in the episode, as Carter awakes from surgery, he asks Benton who is watching Reese; Peter matter-of-factly answers "he's at home with Cleo".


title: Peter Benton

text: In the pilot episode, John Carter is introduced as a third-year medical student on his ER rotation. He is assigned to Benton, who proceeds to give Carter a hard time. They seldom get along and their personalities clash on many occasions. Benton is more ambitious and focused on surgery whereas Carter is more compassionate and willing to spend time with patients, a trait that "drove [Benton] crazy" as he put it to Cleo, although he considered Carter to be a talented and smart doctor. In Season 3, Benton develops appendicitis and Carter operates on him. However, Carter eventually decided to leave surgery for emergency medicine, a decision that caused him to clash with Benton. Nonetheless, the two have reconciled and, despite the fact that they have interacted less since Carter's transition to emergency medicine, formed a deep friendship.


title: Peter Benton

text: In Season 6, Benton was visibly concerned about Carter after he was stabbed by a schizophrenic patient, and eventually operates on him along with Dr. Anspaugh. During the surgery, Benton has become protective of Carter, and expresses reluctance to leave his former protégé for another patient. Soon after, upon hearing Carter becoming addicted to painkillers, he refuses to watch Carter self-destruct and convinces Carter to enter rehab.


title: Peter Benton

text: In Season 8, before Dr. Benton departs County General, his final farewell is to Carter. As a going-away present, Carter hands Benton a train token; it is the same one Benton had given him shortly after he started in the ER. Carter was left exhausted and distraught after a shift where the ER had handled a mass casualty, and when he admitted the night had devastated him Benton simply gave him the token and said that if he was serious about being a good doctor, he would use it to come back to work the next day. Carter did return for his scheduled shift but kept that token as a reminder of what the job entailed.


title: Peter Benton

text: In Season 15, he reunited with Carter when he was in need of a kidney transplant. Benton supervises the operation at the hospital where he works and makes sure that his old friend and colleague gets the best medical support. As Benton knew that Carter has gone to Africa for the past 4 years, it is likely that both doctors kept in limited contact with each other while working at different hospitals.


title: Peter Benton

text: Dr. Romano eventually offers Benton an attending trauma surgeon position, but when a Medicare patient needs a surgery that Romano refuses to allow to be performed, Benton calls social services and informs them of the refusal of care. Romano intercepts the patient as social services arrives and performs the surgery, but he is enraged at Peter for calling them. Romano then retracts the idea of an attending trauma surgeon, explaining to Peter that the fines social services and Medicare inflicted on the hospital roughly equal what Peter's yearly salary would have been. Romano then offers Benton a per diem surgical position with reduced benefits and more difficult scheduling, but Benton refuses. Romano also uses his considerable influence to blacklist Benton throughout the medical community, making it impossible for Benton to find a job in Chicago. Corday finds a new job for him in Philadelphia, but Carla will not continue joint custody of Reese if Peter leaves town (citing Peter's resistance to her and her husband Roger's plans to move the year before). Peter is then forced to go to Romano and accept the per diem position.


title: Peter Benton

text: After the court battle between Roger and himself, Benton is forced to move away from County to work better hours in another hospital, in order to gain custody of Reese. In his last surgery at County, Benton miraculously saves a six-year-old victim of a shooting accident.


title: Peter Benton

text: After leaving the series, Benton was seen a few more times. The first time was when he was passing the torch to Dr. Corday and she told him that her marriage to Benton's friend and colleague Dr. Mark Greene was in trouble. His next appearance was at the funeral of Greene. Benton appears in a photo as part of a slideshow at Dr. Carter's farewell party, and Benton is heard in a voiceover memory as Carter leaves the ER for the last time in the 11th-season finale. Eriq La Salle made an uncredited appearance in the opening of "Heal Thyself" to tell the audience of the death of the show's creator Michael Crichton.


title: Peter Benton

text: During the 15th and final season of "ER", at the end of the episode "The Book of Abby", long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Among them, the tag "Benton" can be seen.


title: Peter Benton

text: Benton returns in the 19th episode of the 15th (final) season of "ER" in the episode "Old Times" which first was broadcast on 12 March 2009. In the episode he visits old friend and former student John Carter who is awaiting a kidney transplant, and it is revealed that Benton has left private practice for a surgical attending position at Northwestern University Hospital now that Reese is thirteen. He is seen wearing a wedding ring, so it is assumed he has married Cleo Finch who Benton states is at home watching Reese. Benton decides to observe Carter's transplant and Benton's insistence on being thorough, which annoys the surgeon, allows a complication to be resolved and the surgery to be a success.


title: Peter Benton

text: In the series finale, Benton goes to Carter's opening of his new hospital with Reese. He also goes to the afterparty with Carter, Susan Lewis, and Kerry Weaver and meets Elizabeth Corday and Rachel Greene.


title: Peter Benton

text: Dr. Peter Benton was named the #10 Top TV Dad by SocialTechPop in 2011. "Entertainment Weekly" included him in their list of the "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever".


title: António Egas Moniz

text: António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz (), was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery, having developed the surgical procedure "leucotomy"better known today as "lobotomy"for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949 (shared with Walter Rudolf Hess).


title: António Egas Moniz

text: He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911, he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz was born in Avanca, Estarreja, Portugal, as António Caetano de Abreu Freire de Resende. He attended Escola do Padre José Ramos and the Jesuit-run and studied medicine at the University of Coimbra, graduating in 1899. For the next 12 years, he served as a lecturer for basic medical courses at Coimbra. In 1911, he became a neurology professor at the University of Lisbon, where he worked until his retirement in 1944.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: His uncle and godfather, Father Caetano de Pina Resende Abreu e Sá Freire, convinced his family to change his surname to Egas Moniz since he was convinced that the Resende family was descended from medieval nobleman Egas Moniz o Aio.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Politics was an early passion for Moniz. He supported a republican government, diverging from his family's support for the monarchy. As a student activist, he was jailed on two separate occasions for participating in demonstrations. While serving as Dean of the Medical School at the University of Lisbon, he was arrested a third time for preventing police from settling a student-run protest.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz's formal political career began when he was elected to parliament in 1900. During World War I, he was appointed the Ambassador to Spain, and afterward, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1917, and in 1918 led the Portuguese delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. He retired from politics in 1919 following a duel resulting from a political quarrel.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: In 1926, at age 51, Moniz retired from politics and returned to medicine full-time. He hypothesized that visualizing blood vessels in the brain with radiographic means would allow for more precise localization of brain tumors. During his experiments, Moniz injected radiopaque dyes into brain arteries and took X-rays to visualize abnormalities. In his initial tests, Moniz used strontium and lithium bromide in three patients with a suspected tumor, epilepsy, and Parkinsonism, but the experiment failed and one patient died. In the next set of trials, he achieved success using 25% sodium iodide solution on three patients, developing the first cerebral angiogram.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz presented his findings at the Neurological Society in Paris and the French Academy of Medicine in 1927. He was the first person to successfully visualize the brain using radiopaque substances, as previous scientists had only visualized peripheral structures. He also contributed to the development of Thorotrast for use in the procedure and delivered many lectures and papers on the subject. His work led to the use of angiography to detect internal carotid occlusion, as well as two Nobel Prize nominations in this area.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz thought that mental illness originated from abnormal neural connections in the frontal lobe. He described a "fixation of synapses," which in mental illness, was expressed as "predominant, obsessive ideas." Moniz also referenced the experiments of Yale physiologists John Fulton and C.F. Jacobsen, who found that removing the frontal lobes of a chimpanzee made it calmer and more cooperative. In addition, Moniz observed "changes in character and personality" among soldiers who had had injuries to their frontal lobes.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz hypothesized that surgically removing white matter fibers from the frontal lobe would improve a patient's mental illness. He enlisted his long-time staff member and neurosurgeon Almeida Lima to test the procedure on a group of 20 patients, mainly with schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. The surgeries took place under general anesthesia. The first psychosurgery was performed in 1935 on a 63-year-old woman with depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and insomnia. The patient experienced a rapid physical recovery, and two months later, a psychiatrist noted that she was calmer, less paranoid, and well oriented. In the first set of surgeries, Moniz reported a total of seven cures, seven improvements, and six unchanged cases.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz never performed a surgery himself, partially because of his lack of neurosurgical training but also because he had limited use of his hands as a complication of gout. Instructed by Moniz, Lima performed ten of the first twenty surgeries by injecting absolute alcohol to destroy the frontal lobe. Later on, Moniz and Lima developed a new technique using a leucotome, a needle-like instrument with a retractable wire loop. By rotating the wire loop, they were able to surgically separate white matter fibres.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz judged the results acceptable in the first 40 or so patients he treated, claiming, "Prefrontal leukotomy is a simple operation, always safe, which may prove to be an effective surgical treatment in certain cases of mental disorder." He also claimed that any behavioral and personality deterioration that may occur was outweighed by reduction in the debilitating effects of the illness. He conceded that patients who had already deteriorated from the mental illness did not benefit much. The procedure enjoyed a brief vogue, and in 1949 he received the Nobel Prize "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Critics accused Moniz of understating complications, providing inadequate documentation, and not following up with patients. After his initial procedures, other physicians, such as Walter Jackson Freeman II and James W. Watts, adopted a modified technique in the United States and renamed it "lobotomy."


title: António Egas Moniz

text: Moniz was a prolific writer, publishing work in Portuguese literature, sexology, and two autobiographies. Upon graduating from medical school, he gained notoriety for publishing a series of controversial books, called "A Vida Sexual" (The Sexual Life). His other writings included biographies of Portuguese physician Pedro Hispano Portucalense and José Custódio de Faria, a monk and hypnotist. In the field of medicine, Moniz published 112 articles and 2 books on angiography alone. He also wrote on neurological war injuries, Parkinson's disease, and clinical neurology.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: In 1939, Moniz was shot multiple times by a patient with schizophrenia. Subsequently, Moniz used a wheelchair.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: He continued in private practice until 1955. Moniz died from an internal haemorrhage on 13 December 1955.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: After Moniz's death, antipsychotic medications were developed and put into use, and leucotomies fell out of favour. Moniz's legacy suffered towards the end of the 20th century, as leucotomies were then perceived overwhelmingly negatively, thought of as an outdated experimental procedure. Well-known experts including Elliot Valenstein, a psychologist, and Oliver Sacks, a neurologist, were particularly critical of Moniz's methods and of his Nobel Prize.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: There have been calls to rescind Moniz's Nobel Prize, especially from relatives of family members that underwent leucotomies. However, others have defended Moniz for his scientific contributions, stressing the need to examine his legacy in context.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: In his native Portugal, Moniz is highly regarded, being featured on commemorative banknotes and postage stamps. A statue of him stands outside the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, and his country house in Avanca is now a museum.


title: António Egas Moniz

text: In 2020, a biographical made-for-television film was produced by RTP2 titled "O Ego de Egas" ("The Ego of Egas"), which explores Moniz's work and motives.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: Lisitsa independently launched her career on social media, without initially signing with a tour promoter or record company. By 2012, Lisitsa was among the most frequently viewed pianists on YouTube. The Toronto Symphony canceled her 2015 engagements as soloist with them because of her social media postings in support of pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: Lisitsa was born in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). Her mother, also named Valentina, is a seamstress and her father, Evgeny, was an engineer. Her older brother Eugene died in 2009.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: She started playing the piano at the age of three, performing her first solo recital at the age of four. She is of Russian and Polish descent on her mother's side, while her father is of Ukrainian heritage.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: Lisitsa attended the Lysenko music school and, later, the Kyiv Conservatory, where she and her future husband, Alexei Kuznetsoff, studied under Dr. Ludmilla Tsvierko. When Lisitsa met Kuznetsoff, she began to take music more seriously. In 1991, they won the first prize in The Murray Dranoff Two Piano Competition in Miami, Florida. That same year, they moved to the United States to further their careers as concert pianists. In 1992, the couple married. Their New York debut was at the Mostly Mozart Festival at Lincoln Center in 1995.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: Lisitsa posted her first YouTube video in 2007. Her set of Chopin etudes reached the number-one slot on Amazon's list of classical video recordings, and became the most-viewed online collection of Chopin etudes on YouTube.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: To advance her career, in 2010 Lisitsa and her husband put their life savings into recording a CD of Rachmaninoff concertos with the London Symphony Orchestra. In the spring of 2012, before her Royal Albert Hall debut, Lisitsa signed with Decca Records, who later released her Rachmaninoff CD set.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: By mid-2012, she had logged nearly 50 million views of her YouTube videos. By mid-2020, her videos reached 200 million views. Her YouTube channel had over 650,000 followers in early 2022. Lisitsa signed a three-year contract with French record label Naïve in 2021.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: Lisitsa has performed in Carnegie Hall, David Geffen Hall, Benaroya Hall, Musikverein, Wigmore Hall and the Royal Albert Hall. She has posted online recitals and practicing streams. She has also collaborated with violinist Hilary Hahn in recital engagements.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: In April 2015, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra cancelled concerts with Lisitsa, citing her "provocative" online remarks on her Twitter account; the orchestra initially did not specify which tweets or other commentary it believed crossed a line. Lisitsa said that the orchestra threatened her if she spoke about the cancellation. The CEO of Toronto Symphony later provided a seven-page compilation of her tweets that prompted this decision and noted that it was "not a free speech issue, but rather an issue of someone practicing very intolerant and offensive expression through Twitter".


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: The "Toronto Star" criticised the orchestra's decision in an editorial, noting that, "Lisitsa was not invited to Toronto to discuss her provocative political views. She was scheduled to play the piano. And second, banning a musician for expressing "'opinions that some believe to be offensive' shows an utter failure to grasp the concept of free speech." The "Ukrainian Weekly" has described her postings as "hate speech." In response, she commented that "satire and hyperbole [are] the best literary tools to combat the lies". In 2022, Benjamin Ivry, wrote in "International Piano Magazine" that Lisitsa had "parrot[ted] Putin’s propagandistic talking points about Ukraine".


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: She performed in front of Ukrainian Embassy in Moscow on 2 May 2022, to commemorate victims of 2014 Trade Unions House fire. She performed in ruins of Mariupol on 9 May 2022.


title: Valentina Lisitsa

text: Her recording of the four sonatas for violin and piano by composer Charles Ives, made with Hilary Hahn, was released in October 2011 on Deutsche Grammophon label. Her album "Valentina Lisitsa Live at the Royal Albert Hall" (based on her debut performance at that venue 19 June 2012) was released 2 July 2012.


title: Chili powder

text: Chili powder (also spelled chile, chilli, or, alternatively, powdered chili) is the dried, pulverized fruit of one or more varieties of chili pepper, sometimes with the addition of other spices (in which case it is also sometimes known as chili powder blend or chili seasoning mix). It is used as a spice (or spice blend) to add pungency (piquancy) and flavor to culinary dishes. In American English, the spelling is usually "chili"; in British English, "chilli" (with two "l"s) is used consistently.


title: Chili powder

text: Chili powder is used in many different cuisines, including American (particularly Tex-Mex), Chinese, Indian, Bangladeshi, Korean, Mexican, Portuguese, and Thai. A chili powder blend is the primary flavor in American chili con carne.


title: Chili powder

text: Chili powder is sometimes known by the specific type of chili pepper used. Varieties of chili peppers used to make chili powder include Aleppo, ancho, cayenne, chipotle, chile de árbol, jalapeño, New Mexico, pasilla, and piri piri chili peppers. "Gochugaru" is a variety used in Korean cuisine traditionally made from sun-dried Korean red chili peppers known as "taeyang-cho", with spicier varieties using Cheongyang peppers. Kashmiri chili powder is bright red, but mild in heat and used in Indian cuisine, named after the region of Kashmir.


title: Chili powder

text: Traceability of unknown chili powders can be detected by using spectrophotometry methods. Studies had found that origin of chili powders can be detected by analysing the trace elements in the chili powder.


title: Chili powder

text: Chili powder blends are composed chiefly of chili peppers and blended with other spices including cumin, onion, garlic powder, and sometimes salt. The chilis are most commonly red chili peppers; "hot" varieties usually also include cayenne pepper. As a result of the varying recipes used, the spiciness of any given chili powder is variable.


title: Chili powder

text: The first commercial blends of chili powder in the U.S. were created by D.C. Pendery and William Gebhardt for this dish. Gebhardt opened Miller's Saloon in New Braunfels, Texas. Chili was the town's favorite dish. However, chili peppers could only be found at certain times of the year. Gebhardt imported some ancho peppers from Mexico and ran the peppers through a small meat grinder three times and created the first commercial chili powder, which became available in 1894.


title: Chili powder

text: Chili powder is very commonly seen in traditional Latin American, west Asian and east European cuisines. It is used in soups, tacos, enchiladas, fajitas, curries and meat.


title: Chili powder

text: Chili can also be found in sauces and curry bases, such as chili con carne. Chili sauce can be used to marinate and season things such as meat.


title: Oceanids

text: In Greek mythology, the Oceanids or Oceanides (; , pl. of ) are the nymphs who were the three thousand (a number interpreted as meaning "innumerable") daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys.


title: Oceanids

text: The Oceanids' father Oceanus was the great primordial world-encircling river, their mother Tethys was a sea goddess, and their brothers the Potamoi (also three thousand in number) were the personifications of the great rivers of the world. Like the rest of their family, the Oceanid nymphs were associated with water, as the personification of springs. Hesiod says they are "dispersed far and wide" and everywhere "serve the earth and the deep waters", while in Apollonius of Rhodes' "Argonautica", the Argonauts, stranded in the desert of Libya, beg the "nymphs, sacred of the race of Oceanus" to show them "some spring of water from the rock or some sacred flow gushing from the earth".


title: Oceanids

text: The Oceanids are not easily categorized, nor confined to any single function, not even necessarily associated with water. Though most nymphs were considered to be minor deities, many Oceanids were significant figures. Metis, the personification of intelligence, was Zeus' first wife, whom Zeus impregnated with Athena and then swallowed. The Oceanid Doris, like her mother Tethys, was an important sea-goddess. While their brothers, the Potamoi, were the usual personifications of major rivers, Styx (according to Hesiod the eldest and most important Oceanid) was also the personification of a major river, the underworld's river Styx. And some, like Europa, and Asia, seem associated with areas of land rather than water.


title: Oceanids

text: The Oceanids were also responsible for keeping watch over the young. According to Hesiod, who described them as "neat-ankled daughters of Ocean ... children who are glorious among goddesses", they are "a holy company of daughters who with the lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping—to this charge Zeus appointed them".


title: Oceanids

text: Like Metis, the Oceanids also functioned as the wives (or lovers) of many gods, and the mothers, by these gods, of many other gods and goddesses. Doris was the wife of the sea-god Nereus, and the mother of the fifty sea nymphs, the Nereids. Styx was the wife of the Titan Pallas, and the mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia. Eurynome, Zeus' third wife, was the mother of the Charites. Clymene was the wife of the Titan Iapetus, and mother of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. Electra was the wife of the sea god Thaumas and the mother of Iris and the Harpies. Other notable Oceanids include: Perseis, wife of the Titan sun god Helios and mother of Circe, and Aeetes the king of Colchis; Idyia, wife of Aeetes and mother of Medea; and Callirhoe, the wife of Chrysaor and mother of Geryon.


title: Oceanids

text: Sailors routinely honored and entreated the Oceanids, dedicating prayers, libations, and sacrifices to them. Appeals to them were made to protect seafarers from storms and other nautical hazards. Before they began their legendary voyage to Colchis in search of the Golden Fleece, the Argonauts made an offering of flour, honey, and sea to the ocean deities, sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection from the dangers of their journey. They were also recorded as the companions of Persephone when she was abducted by Hades.


title: Oceanids

text: The goddess Artemis requested that sixty Oceanids of nine years be made her personal choir, to serve her as her personal handmaids and remain virgins.


title: Oceanids

text: Hesiod gives the names of 41 Oceanids, with other ancient sources providing many more. While some were important figures, most were not. Some were perhaps the names of actual springs, others merely poetic inventions. Some names, consistent with the Oceanids' charge of having "youths in their keeping", represent things which parents might hope to be bestowed upon their children: Plouto ("Wealth"), Tyche ("Good Fortune"), Idyia ("Knowing"), and Metis ("Wisdom"). Others appear to be geographical eponyms, such as Europa, Asia, Ephyra (Corinth), and Rhodos (Rhodes).


title: Oceanids

text: As a group, the Oceanids form the chorus of the ancient Greek tragedy "Prometheus Bound", coming up from their cave beneath the ground to console the chained Titan Prometheus. There they are described as moving with haste, in contrast to the hero's immobility. In his new interpretation of the Greek play's continuation, "Prometheus Unbound" (1820), Percy Bysshe Shelley included three Oceanids among his characters. Ione and Panthea accompany the suffering hero and are joined by his lover, Asia. The setting is in the Caucasus mountains and Shelley describes these characters as winged beings.


title: Oceanids

text: Two 19th century artists depicted the mourning of the Oceanids about the rock on which Prometheus is chained, which was interpreted in this case as rising mid-ocean. The first of these was "La Désolation des Océanides" (1850) by Henri Lehmann, presently in the Musée départemental de Gap. The other, titled simply The Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea) (1869), was by Gustave Doré. Lehmann’s painting was savaged as lacking in Classical decorum by the critics of the Salon at which it was exhibited; in particular, the nymphs clustered about the sea-girt rock on which Prometheus is chained were compared to “a troop of young seals clambering onshore”. Doré's naiads, engaged in the same occupation, were eventually identified more elegantly by Dorothea Tanning as akin to mermaids.


title: Oceanids

text: Later artists reinterpreted the nymphs tumbling among the waves, as depicted by both painters, in order to portray individual Oceanids as female manifestations of sea foam. Examples include Wilhelm Trübner’s study of a female form in a frothy wave ("Weiblicher Akt im Schaum einer Welle"), which he titled "Oceanide" (1872); and William-Adolphe Bouguereau’s "Océanide" (1904), portraying a nude extended on the shore in the track of the incoming tide, of which a more sympathetic critic of the 1905 Salon noted how the artist delights in comparing a lissom body to the sea's undulations. Manchester-born Annie Swynnerton’s "Oceanid" emerging from the sea was painted the same year and is presently in the Cartwright Hall Art Gallery, Bradford.


title: Oceanids

text: Sculptures of the subject are comparable to the paintings in some respects. In Johann Eduard Müller's marble statue of "Prometheus and the Oceanides" (1868–79), the nymphs scramble upwards in an attempt to alleviate the Titan's suffering, as they do in Lehmann's canvas. The smaller-scale "Océanides" (1905) of Auguste Rodin cluster like waves breaking at the base of a rock, their "supple feminine forms emerging from rough marble". A larger scale version of the sculpture was finally cast in bronze in 1925 and is in Philadelphia's Rodin Museum.


title: Oceanids

text: The fountain at York House, Twickenham concentrates on a purely marine theme and is of much wider extent. This gave the turn of the century sculptor, Oscar Spalmach (1864-1917), the opportunity to drape his white marble Oceanids about the rocks of the cascade in a variety of painterly poses. Henri Laurens created a bronze "Océanide" in 1933 which was equally suited for outdoor display. Largely abstract in conception, the sea connection is suggested by the shell-like wave shape that upholds one of her legs. Several copies of the sculpture exist, displayed in the Middelheim Open Air Sculpture Museum outside Antwerp, the German Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. And in Australia Helen Leete went on to create an equally abstracted group of "Oceanides" in 1997 to mount on the seaside rocks off Manly, New South Wales.


title: Oceanids

text: A musical interpretation of these mythical figures was the result of the visit by Jean Sibelius to the USA in 1914, before which he was commissioned to compose a tone poem. Though this is generally titled "The Oceanides" (Opus 73), Sibelius referred to it in his diary as "Aallottaret": the Finnish word for "nymphs of the waves".


title: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann

text: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann (30 May 1922 – 4 July 1946) was a German overseer in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. She was tried and executed for war crimes after the war.


title: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann

text: Barkmann is believed to have spent her childhood in Hamburg. In 1944, she became an "Aufseherin", or overseer, in the Stutthof SK-III women's subcamp, where she brutalized prisoners, some to death. She also selected women and children for the gas chambers. She was so merciless that the women prisoners nicknamed her the "Beautiful Specter".


title: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann

text: Barkmann fled Stutthof as the Soviet Red Army approached. She was arrested in May 1945 while trying to leave a train station in Gdańsk. She became a defendant in the first Stutthof Trial, where she and other defendants were convicted for their crimes at the camp. Barkmann is said to have giggled through the trial, flirted with her prison guards; she was apparently seen arranging her hair while hearing testimony. She was found guilty, after which she declared, "Life is indeed a pleasure, and pleasures are usually short."


title: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann

text: Barkmann was publicly executed by short-drop hanging along with 10 other defendants from the trial on Biskupia Górka Hill near Gdańsk on 4 July 1946. She was 24 years old, and the first to be hanged.


title: Ghats in Varanasi

text: Ghats in Varanasi are riverfront steps leading to the banks of the Ganges river. The city has 88 ghats. Most of the ghats are bathing and puja ceremonial ghats, while two ghats, Manikarnika and Harishchandra, are used exclusively as cremation sites.


title: Ghats in Varanasi

text: Most of the ghats in Varanasi were rebuilt in the 18th century under the maratha patronage. The patrons of current ghats are Marathas, Shindes (Scindias), Holkars, Bhonsles, Peshwes (Peshwas), and Maharajas of Benares. Many ghats are associated with legends or mythologies while other ghats have private histories and users. A morning boat ride on the Ganges along the ghats is a popular visitor attraction.


title: Ghats in Varanasi

text: The word ghat is explained by numerous Dravidian etymons such as Kannada "gatta" (mountain range) Tamil "kattu" (side of a mountain, dam, ridge, causeway) and Telugu "katta" and "gattu" (dam, embankment).


title: Ghats in Varanasi

text: "Ghat", a term used in the Indian subcontinent, depending on the context could either refer to a range of stepped-hill such as Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats; or the series of steps leading down to a body of water or wharf, such bathing or cremation place along the banks of a river or pond, Ghats in Varanasi, Dhoby Ghaut or Aapravasi Ghat. Roads passing through ghats are called Ghat Roads.


title: Ghats in Varanasi

text: The ghats as named and counted by the city of Varanasi with supplementing links, listed in ascending order according to their location (from Assi Ghat to Adi Keshava Ghat):


title: Ghats in Varanasi

text: According to the puranic sources, there are five key ghats on the riverfront which are important because of their association with a defining feature of the holy city of "Kashi": Assi Ghat, Dashashwamedh Ghat, Manikarnika Ghat, Panchganga Ghat, Rajendra Prasad Ghat, and Adi Keshav Ghat.