title: Ancient Roman units of measurement

text: Independent of the , astrologers kept a seven-day cycle called a "hebdomas" where each day corresponded to one of the seven classical planets, with the first day of the week being Saturn-day, followed by Sun-day, Moon-day, Mars-day, Mercury-day, Jupiter-day, and lastly Venus-day. Each astrological day was reckoned to begin at sunrise. The Jews also use a seven-day week, which began Saturday evening. The seventh day of the week they called Sabbath; the other days they numbered rather than named, except for Friday, which could be called either the Parasceve or the sixth day. Each Jewish day begins at sunset. Christians followed the Jewish seven-day week, except that they commonly called the first day of the week the , or the Lord's day. In 321, Constantine the Great gave his subjects every Sunday off in honor of his family's tutelary deity, the Unconquered Sun, thus cementing the seven-day week into Roman civil society.


title: Ancient Roman units of measurement

text: The Romans divided the daytime into twelve "horae" or hours starting at sunrise and ending at sunset. The night was divided into four watches. The duration of these hours varied with seasons; in the winter, when the daylight period was shorter, its 12 hours were correspondingly shorter and its four watches were correspondingly longer.


title: Ancient Roman units of measurement

text: Astrologers divided the solar day into 24 equal hours, and these astrological hours became the basis for medieval clocks and our modern 24-hour mean solar day.


title: Ancient Roman units of measurement

text: Although the division of hours into minutes and seconds did not occur until the Middle Ages, Classical astrologers had a "minuta" equal to of a day (24 modern minutes), a "secunda" equal to of a day (24 modern seconds), and a "tertia" equal to of a day (0.4 modern seconds).


title: Ancient Roman units of measurement

text: A number of special symbols for Roman currency were added to the Unicode Standard version 5.1 (April 2008) as the Ancient Symbols block (U+10190–U+101CF, in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane ).


title: Ancient Roman units of measurement

text: As mentioned above, the names for divisions of an coin (originally one libra of bronze) were also used for divisions of a libra, and the symbols U+10190–U+10195 are likewise also symbols for weights:


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: The Neanderthal genome project, established in 2006, presented the first fully sequenced Neanderthal genome in 2013.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Since 2005, evidence for substantial admixture of Neanderthal DNA in modern populations is accumulating.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: The divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages is estimated at between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: A significantly deeper time of parallelism, combined with repeated early admixture events, was calculated by Rogers et al. (2017).


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: In July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. It was hoped the comparison would expand understanding of Neanderthals, as well as the evolution of humans and human brains.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: In 2008 Richard E. Green et al. from Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, published the full sequence of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and suggested "Neanderthals had a long-term effective population size smaller than that of modern humans."


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: In the same publication, it was disclosed by Svante Pääbo that in the previous work at the Max Planck Institute, "Contamination was indeed an issue," and they eventually realised that 11% of their sample was modern human DNA. Since then, more of the preparation work has been done in clean areas and 4-base pair 'tags' have been added to the DNA as soon as it is extracted so the Neanderthal DNA can be identified.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: The project first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal in 2013 by extracting it from the phalanx bone of a 50,000-year-old Siberian Neanderthal.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Among the genes shown to differ between present-day humans and Neanderthals were "RPTN", "SPAG17", "CAN15", "TTF1", and "PCD16".


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: A visualisation map of the reference modern-human containing the genome regions with high degree of similarity or with novelty according to a Neanderthal of 50 ka has been built by Pratas et al.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Researchers addressed the question of possible interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMH) from the early archaeogenetic studies of the 1990s.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: As late as 2006, no evidence for interbreeding was found. As late as 2009, analysis of about one third of the full genome of the Altai individual showed "no sign of admixture". The variant of microcephalin common outside Africa, suggested to be of Neanderthal origin and responsible for rapid brain growth in humans, was not found in Neanderthals; nor was a very old MAPT variant found primarily in Europeans. However, more recent studies have concluded that gene flow between Neanderthals and AMH occurred multiple times over thousands of years.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Positive evidence for admixture was first published in May 2010. Neanderthal-inherited genetic material is found in all non-African populations and was initially reported to comprise 1 to 4 percent of the genome. This fraction was refined to 1.5 to 2.1 percent. Further analyses have found that Neanderthal gene flow is even detectable in African populations, suggesting that some variants obtained from Neanderthals posed a survival advantage.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Approximately 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survives in modern humans; however, a single human has an average of around 2% Neanderthal DNA overall with some countries and backgrounds having a maximum of 3% per human.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Modern human genes involved in making keratin, a protein constituent of skin, hair, and nails, contain high levels of introgression. For example, the genes of approximately 66% of East Asians contain a POUF23L variant introgressed from Neanderthals, while 70% of Europeans possess an introgressed allele of BNC2. Neanderthal variants affect the risk of developing several diseases, including lupus, biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2. The allele of MC1R linked to red hair in Neanderthals is not found in Europeans, but is present in Taiwanese Aborigines at a frequency of 70% and at moderately high frequencies in other East Asian populations; hence, there is no evidence Neanderthals had red hair.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: While interbreeding is viewed as the most parsimonious interpretation of these genetic findings, the 2010 research of five present-day humans from different parts of the world does not rule out an alternative scenario, in which the source population of several non-African modern humans was more closely related than other Africans to Neanderthals because of ancient genetic divisions within early Hominoids.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Research since 2010 refined the picture of interbreeding between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and anatomically modern humans.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Interbreeding appears asymmetrically among the ancestors of modern-day humans, and this may explain differing frequencies of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of modern humans. Vernot and Akey (2015) concluded the greater quantity of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of individuals of East Asian descent (compared with those of European descent) cannot be explained by differences in selection.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: They suggest "two additional demographic models, involving either a second pulse of Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of East Asians or a dilution of Neanderthal lineages in Europeans by admixture with an unknown ancestral population" are parsimonious with their data.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Kim and Lohmueller (2015) reached similar conclusions: " According to some researchers, the greater proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans is due to purifying selection is less effective at removing the so-called 'weakly-deleterious' Neanderthal alleles from East Asian populations. Computer simulations of a broad range of models of selection and demography indicate this hypothesis cannot account for the higher proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Instead, complex demographic scenarios, likely involving multiple pulses of Neanderthal admixture, are required to explain the data."


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: compiled an elementary Neanderthal genome based on the Altai individual and three Vindjia individuals.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Beyond confirming a greater similarity to the Neanderthal genome in several non-Africans than in Africans, the study also found


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: a difference in the distribution of Neanderthal-derived sites between Europeans and East Asians, suggesting recent evolutionary pressures. Asian populations showed clustering in


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Kuhlwilm et al. (2016) presented evidence for AMH admixture "to" Neanderthals at roughly 100,000 years ago.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: At minimum, research indicates three episodes of interbreeding. The first occurred with some modern humans. The second occurred after the ancestral Melanesians branched; these people seem to bred with Denisovans. The third involved Neanderthals and the ancestors of East Asians only.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: 2016 research indicates some Neanderthal males might not have viable male offspring with some AMH females.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: 2018 research indicates interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans led to the exposure of each species to unfamiliar viruses. Later on, the exchange of genes granted resistance to those viruses, too.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: On July 3, 2020, scientists reported finding a major genetic risk factor of the COVID-19 virus was inherited from archaic Neanderthals 60,000 years ago. It is estimated that 16% of people in Europe and 50% of people in south Asia have the particular sequence on chromosome III,


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: with 63% of Bangladeshis having these gene sequences. Africans, Middle Easterners and East Asians feature the presence of the chromosome in very negligible amounts.


title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Differential activity of HOX cluster genes lie behind many of the anatomical differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, especially in regards to limb morphology. In general, Neanderthals possessed shorter limbs with curved bones.


title: John Trumbull

text: John Trumbull (June 6, 1756November 10, 1843) was an American artist of the early independence period, notable for his historical paintings of the American Revolutionary War, of which he was a veteran. He has been called the "Painter of the Revolution".


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence" (1817), one of his four paintings that hang in the United States Capitol rotunda, is used on the reverse of the current United States two-dollar bill.


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1756, to Jonathan Trumbull and Faith (née Robinson) Trumbull. His father served as governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784. Both sides of his family were descended from early Puritan settlers in the state.


title: John Trumbull

text: He had two older brothers, Joseph Trumbull, the first commissary general of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War, and Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the second Speaker of the House of the United States.


title: John Trumbull

text: The young Trumbull entered the 1771 junior class at Harvard College at age 15 and graduated in 1773. Due to a childhood accident, Trumbull lost the use of one eye. This may have influenced his detailed painting style.


title: John Trumbull

text: As a soldier in the American Revolutionary War, Trumbull rendered a particular service at Boston by sketching plans of the British and American lines and works. He witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill. He was appointed second "aide-de-camp" to General George Washington, and in June 1776, deputy adjutant general to General Horatio Gates. He resigned from the army in 1777 after a dispute over the dating of his officer commission.


title: John Trumbull

text: In 1780, with funds depleted, Trumbull turned to art as a profession. He traveled to London, where upon introduction from Benjamin Franklin, Trumbull studied under Benjamin West. At West's suggestion, Trumbull painted small pictures of the War of Independence and miniature portraits. He painted about 250 in his lifetime. He also painted a portrait of Washington from memory during this time.


title: John Trumbull

text: On September 23, 1780, British agent Major John André was captured by Continental troops in North America; he was hanged as a spy on October 2, 1780. After news reached Great Britain, outrage flared and Trumbull was arrested for high treason, as he was an officer in the Continental Army of similar rank to André. He was imprisoned for seven months in London's Tothill Fields Bridewell.


title: John Trumbull

text: After being released, Trumbull returned to the United States on a voyage that lasted six months, ending in late January 1782. He then joined his brother David in supplying the army stationed at New Windsor, New York, during the winter of 1782–83.


title: John Trumbull

text: In 1784, following Britain's recognition of the United States' independence, Trumbull returned to London for painting study under West. His first major work, "The Deputation from the Senate Presenting to Cincinnatus the Command of the Roman Armies", was accepted and displayed by the Royal Academy of Arts in that year. In this work, Trumbull had painted Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus in the likeness of George Washington. The painting's location is unknown. While working in his studio, Trumbull painted "Battle of Bunker Hill" and "Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec"; both works are now in the Yale University Art Gallery.


title: John Trumbull

text: In July 1786, Trumbull went to Paris, where he made portrait sketches of French officers for the "Surrender of Lord Cornwallis." With the assistance of Thomas Jefferson, serving there as the American minister to France, Trumbull began the early composition of the "Declaration of Independence". Over the next 5 years, Trumbull painted small portraits of the signers, which he later used to piece together the larger painting. If the signer was deceased, a previous portrait would be copied, as was the case with Arthur Middleton, whose head position stands out in the painting. While visiting with each signer or his family, Trumbull, always looking for funding, used the occasion to sell subscriptions to engravings that would be produced from his paintings of the American Revolution.


title: John Trumbull

text: While in Paris, Trumbull is credited with having introduced Jefferson to Italian painter Maria Cosway; they became lifelong intimate friends. Trumbull's painting of Jefferson, commissioned by Cosway, became widely known due to a later engraving of it by Asher Brown Durand, which was reproduced.


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence" painting was purchased by the United States Congress, along with his "Surrender of General Burgoyne", "Surrender of Lord Cornwallis", and "General George Washington Resigning His Commission", all related to the Revolution. All now hang in rotunda of the United States Capitol. Congress reportedly authorized only funds sufficient to purchase these four paintings.


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull's portraits also include full lengths of General Washington (1790) and George Clinton (1791), now held in New York City Hall. New York City Hall also hangs Trumbull's portrait of Mayor Richard Varick, who commissioned the 1790 portrait of Washington. New York also bought his full-length paintings of Alexander Hamilton (1805, the source of the face on the $10 bill) and John Jay. Trumbull was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791 and elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1792.


title: John Trumbull

text: He painted portraits of John Adams (1797), Jonathan Trumbull, and Rufus King (1800); Timothy Dwight and Stephen Van Rensselaer (both at Yale), Alexander Hamilton (one in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and one in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, both taken from Ceracchi's bust), a self-portrait (1833), a full-length of Washington, held at Charleston, South Carolina; a full-length of Washington in uniform, "General George Washington at Trenton", (1792, at Yale); and portraits of President and Mrs. Washington (1794), in the National Museum of American History.


title: John Trumbull

text: In 1794, Trumbull acted as secretary to John Jay in London during the negotiation of the treaty with Great Britain, which largely settled the boundary with Canada and began cotton export to the country. In 1796, he was appointed by the commissioners sent by the two countries as the fifth member of a commission charged with carrying out the seventh article of the Jay Treaty, which mediated claims by American and British merchants and the opposing government stemming from actions that occurred during the war. Shortly after the end of Trumbull's service on this commission, he traveled to Stuttgart to pick up the completed engraving of the "Battle of Bunker's Hill". On the return trip, he passed through Paris and carried the first dispatch from the XYZ Affair out of France.


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull later encountered hard times during which he was failing to sell his paintings individually. In 1831, he sold a series of 28 paintings and 60 miniature portraits to Yale University for an annuity of $1,000. After many years of trying to create income from his paintings, he had finally found a way to sustain himself from his art. This is by far the largest single collection of his works. The collection was originally housed in a neoclassical art gallery designed by Trumbull on Yale's Old Campus, along with portraits by other artists.


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull was appointed president of the American Academy of the Fine Arts in New York City, serving from 1816 to 1836. Emphasizing classical traditions, Trumbull did not get along with the students. At the same time, his painting skills declined. In 1825, many of the students withdrew, founding the National Academy of Design. Unable to accommodate to changing tastes, the American Academy later closed in 1839 after a second fire destroyed its collections.


title: John Trumbull

text: Trumbull wrote his autobiography, which he published in 1841. He died in New York City at the age of 87 on November 10, 1843.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: Evans Timothy Fosu Fosu-Mensah (born 2 January 1998) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder, centre-back or full-back for Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen and the Netherlands national team. He formerly played for Dutch club Ajax's youth team and English club Manchester United's first team.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: Born in Amsterdam to Ghanaian parents, Fosu-Mensah began his career with Ajax, before moving to England in 2014. Fosu-Mensah has played for Manchester United's youth teams in a variety of positions, including centre-back, right-back and central midfield. He made his professional debut at left-back on 28 February 2016, in a 3–2 Premier League win at home to Arsenal, coming on as a 55th-minute substitute for Marcos Rojo.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 19 October 2016, he signed a new long-term contract with Manchester United until 2020, with the option to extend for a further year.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 10 August 2017, Fosu-Mensah joined Crystal Palace on a season-long loan, reuniting with his former boss at Ajax, Frank de Boer. He made his debut for Palace two days later on 12 August 2017 against newly promoted Huddersfield Town, losing 3–0. Despite the defeat, Fosu-Mensah was praised for his last-minute tackle on Steve Mounié, denying him a hat-trick.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 9 August 2018, Fosu-Mensah joined Fulham on a season-long loan. He made his debut for Fulham on 18 August 2018, in a 3–1 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League, playing the full 90 minutes. On 13 April 2019, he suffered a knee ligament injury which saw him returning to Manchester United.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 27 June 2020, Fosu-Mensah made his first United senior matchday squad since 21 May 2017 as he sat on the bench for 120 minutes in an FA Cup tie against Norwich City.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 16 July 2020, Fosu-Mensah started for United against former side Crystal Palace, his first start since 21 May 2017, when he faced Palace at Selhurst Park.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 13 January 2021, Fosu-Mensah completed a transfer from Manchester United to Bayer Leverkusen. On 28 February 2021, he suffered another knee ligament injury that ended his 2020–21 season.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: On 15 January 2022, Fosu-Mensah made his first appearance in 321 days, coming off the bench in the second half of a 2–1 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach.


title: Timothy Fosu-Mensah

text: Having played at under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels for the Netherlands but also eligible for Ghana, Fosu-Mensah was rewarded for his performances for Manchester United with his first call-up to the senior team for friendlies against the Republic of Ireland, Poland and Austria. He was also eligible to play for Ghana as he qualified through his parents. He received another call-up to the Dutch senior squad on 28 August 2017, replacing the injured Kenny Tete for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against France and Bulgaria. Fosu-Mensah made his first senior appearance for the Netherlands on 31 August 2017, when he was named in the starting line-up against France in a 4–0 defeat.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: "Caballo sin Nombre" is the second episode of the third season of the American television crime drama series "Breaking Bad", and the 22nd overall episode of the series. Written by Peter Gould and directed by Adam Bernstein, it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 28, 2010.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: While driving on a highway, Walt is pulled over by a police officer for his windshield, which was cracked by debris in the Wayfarer crash. When the officer alludes to having the car taken, Walt angrily snaps at him, leading him to be pepper sprayed and arrested. Hank picks him up from the station, and Walt tells him about his separation from Skyler. Walt also tells Saul, who believes Skyler won't tell the police to avoid consequences against her. He suggests Walt "find another woman" and continue with his trade, but Walt refuses, leading Saul to call Mike Ehrmantraut, who begins staking out the Whites' house.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: Jesse stops by his old house and discovers that his parents have had it renovated and have put it up for sale. Offended that his father won't let him see the property, Jesse approaches Saul with a plan to buy the house from his parents. Saul offers Jesse's parents $400,000 cash for their $875,000 house on behalf of an anonymous buyer. They are outraged by the offer until Saul threatens to reveal that the house contained a meth lab at one time, which the Pinkmans fraudulently failed to disclose when they put the house for sale. Frightened that this will entangle the house in legal action and make it sell for far less, Jesse's parents agree. After the sale is complete, Jesse confidently walks into the house as its owner in front of his parents.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: Walt Jr. experiences severe difficulty understanding why his mother refuses to let Walt back in, eventually snapping at her over dinner. Skyler, meanwhile, goes back to working for Ted. She refuses to keep signing his altered books and, drawing a parallel between Ted's and Walt's criminal acts, asks what his daughters would think of him if they found out of his wrongdoing. Ted believes he would say that he had been weak but that his actions were for the good of his family. She later receives a call from Walt, telling her that Walt, Jr. has gone to visit him. Walt does not tell his son the truth either and takes him home, where he tries to appease Skyler with pizza, to no avail. He later throws the pizza onto the roof in a fit of rage, and Skyler sends him a message, threatening to ask for a restraining order.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: Furious, Walt proceeds to break into the house in order to forcibly move back in, unaware that Mike is installing surveillance equipment in the house. Unbeknownst to Walt, the "Cousins" – Leonel and Marco Salamanca – approach their uncle, Hector Salamanca, who is now living in a retirement home following Tuco's death. He gives them Walt's name and they eventually find his house. The cousins prepare to kill Walt with an axe, but before they can approach him in the shower, an onlooking Mike has Gus Fring text them about a faked drug deal, prompting them to leave.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: The episode was written by Peter Gould, and directed by Adam Bernstein; it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 28, 2010. The name of the episode is Spanish for "horse without name", a reference to the song "A Horse With No Name" heard at the beginning and end of the episode.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: Donna Bowman of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a B+, especially praising the tense last five minutes of the episode.


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: The episode's original broadcast was viewed by 1.55 million people, which was a decrease from the 1.95 million of the previous episode, "No Más".


title: Caballo sin Nombre

text: During the episode, Walt accidentally throws an entire pizza on the roof of the White house. Cranston was able to throw the pizza onto the roof in a single take. The scene became an internet meme. Fans have occasionally shown up to the real home where the exterior of the White house is filmed and thrown pizza onto the roof, eventually causing much distress to the house's owners. The repeated incidents forced "Breaking Bad" creator Vince Gilligan to make a public plea for fans to stop throwing pizzas on the house's roof.


title: Lists of stars

text: The following are lists of stars. These are astronomical objects that spend some portion of their existence generating energy through thermonuclear fusion.


title: Lists of stars

text: The following is a list of particularly notable actual or hypothetical stars that have their own articles in Wikipedia, but are not included in the lists above.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: "Shchedryk" (, from , "Bountiful Evening") is a Ukrainian "shchedrivka", or New Year's song, known in English as "The Little Swallow". It was arranged by composer and teacher Mykola Leontovych in 1916, and tells a story of a swallow flying into a household to sing of wealth that will come with the following spring. "Shchedryk" was originally sung on the night of January 13, New Year's Eve in the Julian Calendar (December 31 Old Style), which is "Shchedry Vechir". Early performances of the piece were made by students at Kyiv University.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: "Shchedryk" was later adapted as an English Christmas carol, "Carol of the Bells", by Peter J. Wilhousky following a performance of the original song by Alexander Koshetz's Ukrainian National Chorus at Carnegie Hall on October 5, 1922. Wilhousky copyrighted and published his new lyrics (which were not based on the Ukrainian lyrics) in 1936, and the song became popular in the United States and Canada, where it became strongly associated with Christmas.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: Conceptually, the Ukrainian lyrics of this song meet the definition of a "shchedrivka", while the English content of "The Little Swallow" identifies it as a kolyadka.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: "Shchedryk" ("Bountiful Evening") is a Ukrainian "shchedrivka", or New Year's song, known in English as "The Little Swallow". It tells a story of a swallow flying into a household to proclaim the plentiful and bountiful year that the family will have. The title is derived from the Ukrainian word for "bountiful". The song is based on a traditional folk chant whose language was thought to have magical properties. The original traditional Ukrainian text used a device known as hemiola in the rhythm (alternating the accents within each measure from 3/4 to 6/8 and back again). The chant based on an ostinato four-note pattern within the range of a minor third is thought to be of prehistoric origins and was associated with the coming New Year which in Ukraine before the introduction of Christianity was originally celebrated in April. Conceptually, the Ukrainian lyrics of this song meet the definition of a "shchedrivka", while the English content of "The Little Swallow" identifies it as a kolyadka.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: With the introduction of Christianity to Ukraine, the celebration of the New Year was moved from April to January and "Shchedryk" became associated with the Feast of Epiphany also known in Ukrainian as "Shchedry vechir", January 18 in the Julian calendar. It was originally sung on the night of January 13, New Year's Eve in the Julian Calendar (December 31 Old Style), which is "Shchedry Vechir". In modern Ukraine, the song is again sung on the eve of the Julian New Year (January 13).


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: The four-note melody over a minor third of the chant was used by Ukrainian composer and teacher Mykola Leontovych as an ostinato theme in a number of arrangements he made. It is the most famous of all his songs.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: "Shchedryk" is generally said to have been first performed by students at Kyiv University on 25 December 1916. However, it was first performed on 29 December 1916 in the Kyiv Merchants' Assembly Hall, now part of the National Philharmonic of Ukraine. The arrangement for mixed voice choir a cappella was popularized by the Ukrainian Republic Capella directed by Oleksander Koshetz when it toured Europe in 1920/21. The first recording was made in New York in October 1922 for Brunswick Records.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: "Shchedryk" was later adapted as an English Christmas carol, "Carol of the Bells", by Peter J. Wilhousky of NBC Radio, following a performance of the original song by Alexander Koshetz's Ukrainian National Chorus at Carnegie Hall on October 5, 1922. Wilhousky copyrighted and published his new lyrics (which were not based on the Ukrainian lyrics) in 1936, and the song became popular in the United States and Canada, where it became strongly associated with Christmas.


title: Shchedryk (song)

text: Although "Carol of the Bells" uses the melody from "," the lyrics of these two songs have nothing in common. The ostinato of the Ukrainian song suggested to Wilhousky the sound of ringing bells, so he wrote lyrics on that theme. Several other lyricists have written for the same melody, usually retaining the Wilhousky’s bell theme. A 1947 version, "Ring, Christmas Bells," is a Christian devotional song. There is also an English adaptation of the original Ukrainian by Stepan Pasicznyk.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour Party politician. He co-founded and served as General Secretary of the powerful Transport and General Workers' Union in the years 1922–1940, and served as Minister of Labour and National Service in the war-time coalition government. He succeeded in maximising the British labour supply, for both the armed services and domestic industrial production, with a minimum of strikes and disruption.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: His most important role came as Foreign Secretary in the post-war Labour government, 1945–1951. He gained American financial support, strongly opposed communism, and aided in the creation of NATO. Bevin was also instrumental to the founding of the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret propaganda wing of the UK Foreign Office which specialised in disinformation, anti-communism, and pro-colonial propaganda. Bevin's tenure also saw the end of British rule in India and the independence of India and East and West Pakistan (Bangladesh and Pakistan), as well as the end of the Mandate of Palestine and the creation of the State of Israel. His biographer Alan Bullock said that Bevin "stands as the last of the line of foreign secretaries in the tradition created by Castlereagh, Canning and Palmerston in the first half of the 19th century".


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin was born in the village of Winsford in Somerset, England, to Diana Bevin who, since 1877, had described herself as a widow. His father is unknown. After his mother's death in 1889, the young Bevin lived with his half-sister's family, moving to Copplestone in Devon. He had little formal education, having briefly attended two village schools and then Hayward's School, Crediton, starting in 1890 and leaving in 1892.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: He later recalled being asked as a child to read the newspaper aloud for the benefit of adults in his family who were illiterate. At the age of eleven, he went to work as a labourer, then as a lorry driver in Bristol, where he joined the Bristol Socialist Society. In 1910 he became secretary of the Bristol branch of the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union, and in 1914 he became a national organiser for the union.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin was a large, strong man, and by the time of his political prominence, very heavy. He spoke with a strong West Country accent, so much so that on one occasion listeners at Cabinet had difficulty in deciding whether he was talking about "Hugh and Nye (Gaitskell and Bevan)" or "you and I". He had developed his oratorical skills from his time as a Baptist lay preacher, which he had given up as a profession to become a full-time labour activist.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin married Florence Townley, daughter of a wine taster at a Bristol wine merchants. They had one child, a daughter, Queenie Mildred Wynne (6 May 1911 – 31 January 2000). Florence Bevin (died 1968) was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1952.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: In 1922 Bevin was one of the founding leaders of the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU), which soon became Britain's largest trade union. Upon his election as the union's General Secretary, he became one of the country's leading labour leaders, and their strongest advocate within the Labour Party. Politically, he was on the right-wing of the Labour Party, strongly opposed to communism and direct action—allegedly partly due to anti-Semitic paranoia and seeing communism as a "Jewish plot" against Britain. He took part in the British General Strike in 1926, but without enthusiasm.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin had no great faith in parliamentary politics, but had nevertheless been a member of the Labour Party from the time of its formation, and unsuccessfully fought Bristol Central at the 1918 General Election, being defeated by the Coalition Conservative Thomas Inskip. He had poor relations with the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, and was not surprised when MacDonald formed a National Government with the Conservatives during the economic crisis of 1931, for which MacDonald was expelled from the Labour Party.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: At the 1931 general election, Bevin was persuaded by the remaining leaders of the Labour Party to contest Gateshead, on the understanding that if successful he would remain as general secretary of the TGWU. The National Government landslide resulted in Gateshead being lost by a large margin to the Liberal National Thomas Magnay.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin was a trade unionist who believed in getting material benefits for his members through direct negotiations, with strike action to be used as a last resort. During the late Thirties, for instance, Bevin helped to instigate a successful campaign by the Trades Union Congress to extend paid holidays to a wider proportion of the workforce. This culminated in the Holidays with Pay Act 1938, which extended entitlement to paid holidays to about 11 million workers by June 1939.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: During the 1930s, with the Labour Party split and weakened, Bevin co-operated with the Conservative-dominated National Government on practical issues, but during this period he became increasingly involved in foreign policy. He was a firm opponent of fascism and of British appeasement of the fascist powers. In 1935, arguing that Fascist Italy should be punished by sanctions for her recent invasion of Abyssinia, he made a blistering attack on the pacifists in the Labour Party, accusing the Labour leader George Lansbury at the Party Conference of "hawking his conscience around" asking to be told what to do with it. Bevin's efforts to promote sanctions were successful, with an overwhelming majority of delegates voting in favor of sanctions.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: After the vote at the conference. Lansbury resigned and was replaced as leader by his deputy Clement Attlee, who along with Lansbury and Stafford Cripps had been one of only three former Labour Ministers to be re-elected under that party label at the General Election in 1931. After the November 1935 General Election, Herbert Morrison, newly returned to Parliament, challenged Attlee for the leadership but was defeated. In later years, Bevin gave Attlee (whom he privately referred to as "little Clem") staunch support, especially in 1947 when Morrison and Cripps led further intrigue against Attlee.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: In 1940 Winston Churchill formed an all-party coalition government to run the country during the crisis of World War II. Churchill was impressed by Bevin's opposition to trade-union pacifism and his appetite for work (according to Churchill, Bevin was by 'far the most distinguished man that the Labour Party have thrown up in my time'), and appointed Bevin to the position of Minister of Labour and National Service. As Bevin was not actually an MP at the time, to remove the resulting constitutional anomaly, a parliamentary position was hurriedly found for him and Bevin was elected unopposed to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for the London constituency of Wandsworth Central.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act gave Bevin complete control over the labour force and the allocation of manpower, and he was determined to use this unprecedented authority not just to help win the war but also to strengthen the bargaining position of trade unions in the postwar future. Bevin once quipped: "They say Gladstone was at the Treasury from 1860 until 1930. I'm going to be at the Ministry of Labour from 1940 until 1990," suggesting he aspired to have his doctrines remain at the Ministry of Labour as long as Gladstone's economic policies had governed the Treasury's approach. The industrial settlement he introduced remained largely unaltered by successive postwar administrations until the reforms of Margaret Thatcher's government in the early 1980s.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: During the war, Bevin was responsible for diverting nearly 48,000 military conscripts to work in the coal industry (these workers became known as the Bevin Boys) while using his position to secure significant improvements in wages and working conditions for working-class people. He also drew up the demobilisation scheme that ultimately returned millions of military personnel and civilian war workers into the peacetime economy. Bevin remained Minister of Labour until 1945 when Labour left the Coalition government. On VE Day he stood next to Churchill, looking down on the crowd on Whitehall.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: After the 1945 general election, Attlee had it in mind to appoint Bevin as Chancellor and Hugh Dalton as Foreign Secretary, but ultimately changed his mind and swapped them round. One of the reasons may well have been the poor relations which existed between Bevin and Herbert Morrison, who was scheduled to play a leading role in Labour domestic policy.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: At that time diplomats were recruited from public schools, and it was said of Bevin that it was hard to imagine him filling any other job in the Foreign Office except perhaps that of an old and truculent lift attendant. In praise of Bevin, his Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office (Alexander Cadogan) wrote, "He knows a great deal, is prepared to read any amount, seems to take in what he does read, and is capable of making up his own mind and sticking up for his (and our) point of view against anyone." An alternative view is offered by Charmley, who writes that Bevin read and wrote with some difficulty, and that examination of Foreign Office documents shows little sign of the frequent annotations made by Anthony Eden, suggesting that Bevin preferred to reach most of his decisions after oral discussion with his advisers.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: However, Charmley dismisses the concerns of contemporaries such as Charles Webster and Lord Cecil of Chelwood that Bevin, a man of very strong personality, was “in the hands of his officials”. Charmley argues that much of Bevin's success came because he shared the views of those officials: his earlier career had left him with an intense dislike of communists, whom he regarded as workshy intellectuals whose attempts to infiltrate trade unions were to be resisted. His former Private Secretary Oliver Harvey thought Bevin's staunchly anti-Soviet policy was what Eden's would have been had he not been hamstrung, as at the Potsdam Conference, by Churchill's occasional susceptibility to Stalin's flattery, whilst Cadogan thought Bevin “pretty sound on the whole”.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Historian Martin H. Folly argues that Bevin was not automatically pro-American. Instead he pushed his embassy in Washington to project a view of Britain that neutralised American criticisms. He felt Britain's problems were in part caused by American irresponsibility. He was frustrated with American attitudes. His strategy was to bring Washington around to support Britain's policies, arguing Britain had earned American support and ought to compensate it for its sacrifices against the Nazis. Bevin was not coldly pragmatic, says Folly, nor was he uncritically pro-American; nor was he a puppet manipulated by the British Foreign Office.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin's complex position on the US is betrayed in the following quotation, given in response to an American visitor who asked Bevin why he had a portrait of George III behind his desk: "[He's] my hero. If he hadn't been so stupid, you wouldn't have been strong enough to come to our rescue in the War."


title: Ernest Bevin

text: In 1945 Britain was virtually bankrupt as a result of the war and yet was still maintaining a huge air force and conscript army, in an attempt to remain a global power. He played a key role in securing the low-interest $3.75 billion Anglo-American loan as the only real alternative to national bankruptcy; he had asked originally for $5 billion.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: The cost of rebuilding necessitated austerity at home in order to maximise export earnings, while Britain's colonies and other client states were required to keep their reserves in pounds as "sterling balances". Additional funds—that did not have to be repaid—came from the Marshall Plan in 1948–50, which also required Britain to modernise its business practices and remove trade barriers.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin looked for ways to bring Western Europe together in a military alliance at the beginning of the Cold War. One early attempt was the Dunkirk Treaty with France in 1947. His commitment to the West European security system, made him eager to sign the Treaty of Brussels in 1948. It drew Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg into an arrangement for collective security, opening the way for the formation of NATO in 1949. NATO was primarily aimed as a defensive measure against Soviet expansion, but it also helped bring its members closer together and enabled them to modernize their forces along parallel lines, and encourage arms purchases from Britain.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Britain was still closely allied to France and both countries continued to be treated as major partners at international summits alongside the US and USSR until 1960. Broadly speaking, all this remained Britain's foreign policy until the late 1950s, when the humiliation of the 1956 Suez Crisis and the economic revival of Continental Europe, now united as the "Common Market", caused a reappraisal.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin was unsentimental about the British Empire in places where the growth of nationalism had made direct rule no longer practicable, and was part of the Cabinet which approved a speedy British withdrawal from India in 1947, and from neighbouring colonies. Yet at this stage Britain still maintained a network of client states in the Middle East (Egypt until 1952, Iraq and Jordan until 1959), major bases in such places as Cyprus and Suez (until 1956) and expected to remain in control of parts of Africa for many more years, Bevin approving the construction of a huge new base in East Africa. Bevin wrote “we have the material resources in the Colonial Empire, if we develop them … which will show clearly that we are not subservient to the United States … or to the Soviet Union”. In this era colonial exports earned $150m a year, mostly Malayan rubber, West African cocoa, and sugar and sisal from the West Indies. By the end of 1948 colonial exports were 50% higher than before the war, whilst in the first half of 1948 colonial exports accounted for 10.4% of Britain's imports. After the war Britain helped France and the Netherlands recover their Far Eastern empires in the French Indochina and Dutch East Indies, hopeful that this could lead towards the formation of a third superpower bloc. Bevin agreed with Duff Cooper (British Ambassador in Paris) that the Dunkirk Treaty would be a step in this direction and thought that Eden's objection – in 1944 when Cooper first proposed it – that such moves might alienate the Soviets no longer applied.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: In December 1947 Bevin hoped (in vain) that the USA would support Britain's “strategic, political and economic position in the Middle East”. In May 1950 Bevin told the London meeting of foreign ministers that “the United States authorities had recently seemed disposed to press us to adopt a greater measure of economic integration with Europe than we thought wise” (he was referring to the Schuman Plan to set up the European Coal and Steel Community). In May 1950 he said that, because of links with the US and the Commonwealth, Britain was “different in character from other European nations and fundamentally incapable of wholehearted integration with them”.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin remained a determined anti-Communist, and critic of the Soviet Union. In 1946 during a conference, the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov repeatedly attacked British proposals whilst defending Soviet policies, and in total frustration Bevin stood and lurched towards the minister whilst shouting "I've had enough of this I 'ave!" before being restrained by security.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: He strongly encouraged the United States to take a vigorously anti-Communist foreign policy in the early years of the Cold War. He was a leading advocate for British combat operations in the Korean War. Two of the key institutions of the post-war world, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the Marshall Plan for aid to post-war Europe, were in considerable part the result of Bevin's efforts during these years. This policy, little different from that of the Conservatives ("Hasn't Anthony Eden grown fat?" as wags had it), was a source of frustration to some backbench Labour MPs, who early in the 1945 Parliament formed a "Keep Left" group to push for a more Left-Wing foreign policy.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: In 1945, Bevin advocated the creation of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, saying in the House of Commons that "There should be a study of a house directly elected by the people of the world to whom the nations are accountable."


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Attlee and Bevin worked together on the decision to produce a British atomic bomb, despite intense opposition from pro-Soviet elements of the Labour Party, a group Bevin detested. The decision was taken in secret by a small Cabinet committee. Bevin told the committee in October 1946, that 'We've got to have this thing over here whatever it costs ... We've got to have the bloody Union Jack flying on top of it.' It was a matter of both prestige and national security. Those ministers who would have opposed the bomb on grounds of cost, Hugh Dalton and Sir Stafford Cripps, were excluded from the meeting in January 1947 at which the final decision was taken.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin was Foreign Secretary during the period when the Mandate of Palestine ended and the State of Israel was created. Bevin failed to secure the stated British objectives in this area of foreign policy, which included a peaceful settlement of the situation and the avoidance of involuntary population transfers. Regarding Bevin's handling of the Middle East situation, at least one commentator, David Leitch, has suggested that Bevin lacked diplomatic finesse.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Leitch argued that Bevin tended to make a bad situation worse by making ill-chosen abrasive remarks. Bevin was undeniably a plain-spoken man, some of whose remarks struck many as insensitive. Critics have accused him of being anti-Semitic. One remark which caused particular anger was made when President Truman was pressing Britain to immediately admit 100,000 Jewish refugees, survivors of the Holocaust who wanted to immigrate to Palestine. Bevin told a Labour Party meeting that American pressure to admit Jews was being applied because "There has been agitation in the United States, and particularly in New York, for 100,000 Jews to be put in Palestine. I hope I will not be misunderstood in America if I say that this was proposed by the purest of motives. They did not want too many Jews in New York." He was merely restating what he said he had been told by James F. Byrnes, the United States Secretary of State.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: For refusing to remove limits on Jewish immigration to Palestine in the aftermath of the war, Bevin earned the hatred of Zionists. According to historian Howard Sachar, his political foe, Richard Crossman, a fellow Labour Party member of parliament and a pro-Zionist member of the post-war Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry into the Problems of European Jewry and Palestine, characterised his outlook during the dying days of the Mandate as "corresponding roughly with "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion"", a Tsarist fabrication written to inflame anti-Semitic prejudice. In Sachar's account, Crossman intimated that "the main points of Bevin's discourse were ... that the Jews had successfully organised a conspiracy against Britain and against him personally." Bevin's biographer Alan Bullock rejected suggestions that Bevin was motivated by personal anti-Semitism.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Britain's economic weakness and its dependence on the financial support of the United States (Britain had received a large American loan in 1946 and the Marshall Plan began in mid-1947), left him little alternative but to yield to American pressure over Palestine policy. At the reconvened London Conference in January 1947, the Jewish negotiators were only prepared to accept partition and the Arab negotiators only a unitary state (which would automatically have had an Arab majority). Neither would accept limited autonomy under British rule. When no agreement could be reached, Bevin threatened to hand the problem over to the United Nations. The threat failed to move either side, the Jewish representatives because they believed that Bevin was bluffing and the Arabs because they believed that their cause would prevail before the General Assembly. Bevin accordingly announced that he would "ask the UN to take the Palestine question into consideration."


title: Ernest Bevin

text: A week later, the strategic logic of Britain retaining a presence in Palestine was removed when the intention to withdraw from India in August of that year was announced. The decision to allow the United Nations to dictate the future of Palestine was formalised by the Attlee government's public declaration in February 1947 that Britain's Mandate in Palestine had become "unworkable." Of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which resulted, Bevin commented: "The majority proposal is so manifestly unjust to the Arabs that it is difficult to see how, in Sir Alexander


title: Ernest Bevin

text: During the remainder of the Mandate, fighting between the Jewish and Arab communities intensified. The end of the Mandate and Britain's final withdrawal from Palestine was marked by the Israeli Declaration of Independence and the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when five Arab states intervened in the inter-communal fighting. The Arab armies were led by Jordan, the most effective state, whose military forces were trained and led by British officers. The war ended with Israel, in addition to the territory assigned by the UN for the creation of a Jewish state, also in control of much of the Mandate territory which had been assigned by the UN for the creation of an Arab state. The remainder was divided between Jordan and Egypt. Hundreds of thousands of, overwhelmingly Arab, civilians had become displaced.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin was infuriated by attacks on British troops carried out by the more extreme of the Jewish militant groups, the Irgun and Lehi, commonly known as the Stern Gang. The Haganah carried out less direct attacks, until the King David Hotel bombing, after which it restricted itself to illegal immigration activities. According to declassified MI6 files, the Irgun and Lehi attempted to assassinate Bevin himself in 1946.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Bevin negotiated the Portsmouth Treaty with Iraq (signed on 15 January 1948), which, according to the Iraqi foreign minister Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali, was accompanied by a British undertaking to withdraw from Palestine in such a fashion as to provide for swift Arab occupation of all its territory.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Owing to failing health, Bevin reluctantly allowed himself to be appointed Lord Privy Seal in March 1951. "I am neither a Lord, nor a Privy, nor a Seal", he is said to have commented. He died from a heart attack in the following month, still holding the key to his red box. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: When, on Stafford Cripps's death in 1952, Attlee (by this time Leader of the Opposition) was invited to broadcast a tribute by the BBC, he was looked after by announcer Frank Phillips. After the broadcast, Phillips took Attlee to the hospitality room for a drink and in order to make conversation said:"I suppose you will miss Sir Stafford, sir."Attlee fixed him with his eye: "Did you know Ernie Bevin?""I have met him, sir," Phillips replied."There's the man I miss."


title: Ernest Bevin

text: James Chuter Ede, Home Secretary throughout the time that Bevin was at the Foreign Office (and for a few months after his death), had worked with Churchill, Attlee, Keynes and many other significant figures. When Bevin's biographer, Alan Bullock, asked Chuter Ede for his view of Bevin, he replied:"Was he the biggest man I met in the Labour movement? He was the biggest man I met in any movement."


title: Ernest Bevin

text: A bust of Bevin has been placed opposite Devon Mansions and the former St Olave's Grammar School in Tooley Street, South London. Bevin was offered many honours as his reputation grew, but declined all of them.


title: Ernest Bevin

text: Martin Folly argues that assessments on Bevin as foreign secretary divide into two schools. After the opening of the British archives, historians, led by biographer Alan Bullock celebrated Bevin as one of the great men in British diplomatic history. They argued he dominated foreign-policy, led the Foreign Office by strength of character and clarity of vision, and carried through on his grand design for Britain's revised role in world affairs, especially in close alliance with the United States, his support for NATO, and his rejection of an alternative of Britain as a neutral third force as advocated by the left wing of his party. He succeeded in convincing the United States to take over some of Britain's burdens, especially in Greece. He thereby became a major influence in pushing the United States into a leadership role through the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the Cold War. However, a revisionist approach appeared in the late 1980s. It portrays Bevin as a narrow-minded anti-Communist and gives more credit to the Foreign Office for the new foreign-policy. In this interpretation, Bevin lost the opportunity to make Britain a leader in European affairs, and it instead became more of a tail on the American kite.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Russell Mulcahy ( ; born 23 June 1953) is an Australian film director. Mulcahy's work is recognisable by the use of fast cuts, tracking shots and use of glowing lights, neo-noir lighting, windblown drapery, and fans. He directed music videos in the 1980s, worked in television since the early 1990s and directed the films "Razorback" (1984), "Highlander" (1986) and "" (2007).


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy was born in Melbourne. He grew up in in the Illawarra region of New South Wales and attended Corrimal High School.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: When he was 14 he received an 8mm camera and began making short films with his friends. After school he began working as a film editor for Australia's Seven Network. He later said he "used to creep in there at 3am and make my own movies". He also acted on stage and was unsure whether to focus on acting or directing. Two of his films won the City Film Festival Award for Best Independent Short Film and he won Best Short Film at the Sydney Film Festival for "Contrived Mind Flashes".


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He was approached by the producer of a Seven pop show and asked to film some original footage and compile a music video (then known as a "film clip") to accompany the Harry Nilsson hit "Everybody's Talkin'" (for which no original video was available).


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy soon found that he was in demand as a music video director, and made a number of successful film clips for bands from Australia and New Zealand, including Dragon, Hush and AC/DC, and the classic music video for The Saints' "(I'm) Stranded" (1976).


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Tony Hogarth from Woods Records sent Mulcahy to England to do a video for a punk band in Birmingham. It was well received and Mulcahy decided to stay on in the country. He joined Jon Roseman Productions International and made successful music videos for several noted British pop acts—his early UK credits included Culture Club, The Human League, The Stranglers, XTC's "Making Plans for Nigel" (1979), the Sex Pistols and Paul McCartney.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He directed The Vapors' hit "Turning Japanese" (1980) and his landmark video for The Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star" (1979) which became the first music video played on MTV in 1981. Mulcahy recalled "Nobody knew the impact that the video would have and how timely it was when we were shooting it. We went into the video with no concept of what it was going to do... It was a one day shoot. I just had this idea of it being set in a strange laboratory, with a girl coming down a tube on a wire."


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: In 1978, he went to the United States (for Roseman) and directed videos for The Cryers and Candi Staton - where he first used the "jump cut" - under producer Paul Flattery. Other Mulcahy innovations included spot color, body painting, glass matte shots and faux widescreen aspect ratio (first used on his Ultravox and Rod Stewart videos) which have all become standards for the genre.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy was a friend of Richard Branson and had done videos for Virgin Records. Branson had an idea for making a film about Derek and Clive and hired Mulcachy to shoot one of their albums over two nights. This became "Derek and Clive Get the Horn" (1979), Mulcahy's first feature.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: For the next few years, Mulcahy focused on music videos, becoming one of the leading directors in the field. In 1980 he joined Lexi Godfrey, Scott Millaney, Brian Grant, and David Mallet to form the video company MGMM. He had notable collaborations in particular with Ultravox, Duran Duran (especially "Hungry Like the Wolf"), Kim Carnes, Icehouse, Spandau Ballet, Fleetwood Mac ("Gypsy") (1982), Billy Joel ("Allentown" & "Matter of Trust"), Bonnie Tyler (including "Total Eclipse of the Heart") (1983), The Motels, Rod Stewart ("Young Turks") (1981) and Elton John.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He has a cameo appearance in the video for "I'm Still Standing" (1983) by Elton John, that he also directed.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy later recalled "When people were first asking me to do videos, there was never really a need or a request for a concept. They would just send me a cassette of the song. I'd listen to it with my eyes closed, come up with some ideas and write something down. We'd shoot the video the next day or two days later. It really was just grab what you can and do it."


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Warner Bros music chief Jo Berggman called Mulcahy's style "everything but the kitchen sink and more school of video. Russell's work is expensive by music video standards but look at what you get. "Wizard of Oz", "Singing in the Rain" - I mean, name your favorite MGM musical, they're all there."


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy worked with Duran Duran, directing the key early songs by the band which helped launch them internationally. "We just hit it off," he said. "They were young and brave, as was I really."


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: In 1982, Mulcahy said he had been approached to make a feature film about a movie palace by David Puttnam, who had success working with first time directors from TV commercials. However, the film was never made.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy's first dramatic feature was in Australia, "Razorback" (1984). The film was a box office disappointment but has become a cult favorite. He later said:


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: From my videos and continuing on through RAZORBACK and after, I've always made sure I have a group around me that are as important as me, and people whose expertise and talent I want and encourage. I want them to be part and parcel of the team and to be proud of their work. I guess there has to be a captain of the ship, but it only takes one crew member to screw everything up. You just encourage everyone to do their best and have fun. The more they feel part of it, and the more fun they have, the day goes faster, and the better the work is.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy went back to video clips working with Culture Club, Elton John, Berlin and The Rolling Stones. His work for Duran Duran was particularly acclaimed, including the clip for "Wild Boys", "Arena (An Absurd Notion)" and the "As the Lights Go Down" concert video.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: In 1985, Mulcahy directed the cult film "Highlander", starring Christopher Lambert and Sean Connery, featuring music from Queen. Mulcahy said "I loved the genre, I loved the action, and I loved the strange complexity of the intercutting timelines. What really grabbed me though was the sense of tragic, epic romance in the story."


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy directed several Queen video clips for the "Highlander" soundtrack (including "A Kind of Magic") as well as works for Billy Joel, Kim Carnes, Kenny Loggins, Def Leppard, Elton John (including "I Don't Wanna Go on with You Like That") and Rod Stewart.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He later directed the "Highlander" sequel, "" (1991), but disowned it after the completion-bond company interfered with production. He wanted to have his credit changed to Alan Smithee, but as he was not a member of the Directors Guild of America, he had no way of forcing the film-guaranty company to change the credit. He eventually took the opportunity to restore his vision for the film, to a large extent, with the video release of "Highlander II: The Renegade Version".


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy began to focus on features, mostly action/thrillers, such as "Ricochet" (1991) with Denzel Washington, "Blue Ice" (1992) with Michael Caine, "The Real McCoy" (1993) with Kim Basinger, "The Shadow" (1994) with Alec Baldwin and "Silent Trigger" (1996) with Dolph Lundgren.


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He was hired by Carolco Pictures to direct "Rambo III" (1988), but was replaced with second-unit director Peter MacDonald. The collaboration had started well but it became apparent that he had major creative differences with star/writer Sylvester Stallone so Mulcahy left the project. "It was nobody's fault," said Mulcahy later. "Sly is a wonderful man, and we still remain friends."


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He continued to direct the occasional video clip for artists like Elton John and began to direct TV shows like "Tales from the Crypt", "Perversions of Science" and "The Hunger". He directed the features "Tale of the Mummy" (1998) and "Resurrection" (1999), the latter with Christopher Lambert of "Highlander".


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: In the 21st century, Mulcahy's work was increasingly on the small screen: "On the Beach" (2000), filmed in Australia based on the novel by Neville Shute; "The Lost Battalion" (2001), with Rick Schroder; and "1st to Die" (2003); he also did episodes of "Queer as Folk", "The Young Lions", "Jeremiah" and "Skins".


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: He returned to features with the Australian "Swimming Upstream" (2003) but mostly directed TV movies, including "" (2004), "Mysterious Island" (2005), "The Curse of King Tut's Tomb" (2006), "The Sitter" (2007), "Crash and Burn" (2007), "" (2008), and "Prayers for Bobby" (2009).


title: Russell Mulcahy

text: Mulcahy was a key director on the "Teen Wolf" TV series throughout its run and also directed episodes of "Eye Candy" and "The Lizzie Borden Chronicles". He returned to features with "In Like Flynn" (2018).


title: Nü Sensae

text: Nü Sensae is a punk and grunge trio from Vancouver, British Columbia, composed of bassist-vocalist Andrea Lukic, drummer Daniel Pitout, and guitarist Brody McKnight. In 2012, "Spin" magazine named them in their list of top 5 best new artists. Nü Sensae are currently signed to Suicide Squeeze Records. Due to Pitout pursuing education in England, the group went on hiatus in August 2014.


title: Nü Sensae

text: The band was formed as a duo in 2008, by Andrea Lukic and Daniel Pitout. From 2008 to 2011 the band released several EP's on labels such as Fast Weapons, Deranged Records, Isolated Now Waves, Swill Children and Critiscum Internationale.


title: Nü Sensae

text: Nü Sensae released their first album, "TV, Death And The Devil" in 2010 on Nominal Records which was named one of the top 10 punk albums of the year by "Exclaim!" magazine. In September 2011, Nü Sensae announced the addition of guitarist Brody McKnight to the band. Their second album, "Sundowning", was released on August 7, 2012 via Suicide Squeeze Records and was given an 8.0 rating by Pitchfork Media.


title: Nü Sensae

text: Nü Sensae have also been associated with the queercore or queer rock genre, with the band's openly gay drummer, Daniel Pitout, having been featured in several gay publications and for his work in AIDS activism as founder of the AIDS Day Music Project (or ADMP). Pitout was named one of the most eligible gay bachelors of 2013 by OUT magazine. Pitout also performs masked as country singer Orville Peck.


title: Ayame Misaki

text: Misaki won the "29th Horipro Tarento Scout Caravan" in the Weekly Young Sunday award (best gravure award) and debuted. Her advertising slogan is "Heisei-born F Cup". On January 15, 2005, Misaki debuted in the gravure magazine, "Weekly Young Sunday". On October 12, 2005, she served as the first police chief in the Harajuku police station. In 2006, Misaki was elected in "Five Star Girl". On March 2, 2006, she became in the entertainer women's futsal team Xandu loves NHC. In December 2006, in "Ninki ko gekidan to Gravure Idol no Collaboration" of "Otaiba Show-Geki-jō", Misaki debuted in "Nirubauna" directed by Seiji Nozoe. In October 2007, she appeared in "" as Miki Saotome. In 2012, Misaki appeared in "Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters" as Escape starting from episode 22.


title: Harry Lawtey

text: Harry James C. Lawtey (born 1996) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Robert Spearing in the HBO series "Industry".


title: Harry Lawtey

text: Lawtey was born in Oxford to parents from Barton-upon-Humber while his father, an aircraft engineer, was stationed at RAF Brize Norton. He has a brother. The family moved to Cyprus when Lawtey was four.


title: Harry Lawtey

text: Lawtey was introduced to drama through school and a touring production of "Oliver" that played at a Cypriot amphitheatre when he was thirteen. While on holiday back in England, Lawtey auditioned for the Sylvia Young Theatre School, where he would attend secondary school as a boarding student, staying with a host family in Abbey Wood alongside four other boys. He went on to graduate from the Drama Centre London in 2018.


title: Art Pepper

text: Arthur Edward Pepper Jr. (September 1, 1925 – June 15, 1982) was an American alto saxophonist and very occasional tenor saxophonist and clarinetist. Active in West Coast jazz, Pepper came to prominence in Stan Kenton's big band. He was known for his emotionally charged performances and several stylistic shifts throughout his career, and was described by critic Scott Yanow as having "attained his goal of becoming the world's great altoist" at the time of his death.


title: Art Pepper

text: Art Pepper was born in Gardena, California, United States. His mother was a 14-year-old runaway; his father, a merchant seaman. Both were violent alcoholics, and when Pepper was still quite young, he was sent to live with his paternal grandmother. He expressed early musical interest and talent, and he was given lessons. He began playing clarinet at nine, switched to alto saxophone at 13, and immediately began jamming on Central Avenue, the black nightclub district of Los Angeles.


title: Art Pepper

text: At the age of 17, he began playing professionally with Benny Carter and then became part of the Stan Kenton orchestra, touring with that band until he was drafted in 1943. After the war, he returned to Los Angeles, and joined the Kenton Innovations Orchestra. By the 1950s, Pepper was recognized as one of the leading alto saxophonists in jazz, finishing second only to Charlie Parker as Best Alto Saxophonist in the "DownBeat" magazine Readers Poll of 1952. Along with Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, and Shelly Manne, and perhaps due more to geography than playing style, Pepper is often associated with the musical movement known as West Coast jazz, as contrasted with the East Coast (or "hot") jazz of Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis. Some of Pepper's best known albums from the 1950s are "Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section", "Art Pepper + Eleven – Modern Jazz Classics", "Gettin' Together", and "Smack Up". Other recordings from this time appear on "The Aladdin Recordings" (three volumes), "The Early Show", "The Late Show", "Surf Ride", and "Art Pepper with Warne Marsh" (also issued as "The Way It Was!"), which features a session recorded with Warne Marsh.


title: Art Pepper

text: His career was repeatedly interrupted by several prison stints stemming from his addiction to heroin, but Pepper managed to have several productive "comebacks". Remarkably, his substance abuse and legal travails did not affect the quality of his recordings, which maintained a high level of musicianship throughout his career until his death in 1982.


title: Art Pepper

text: His last comeback saw Pepper, who had started his career in Stan Kenton's big band, becoming a member of Buddy Rich's Big Band from 1968 to 1969. After beginning methadone therapy in the mid-1970s, he toured Europe and Japan with his own groups and recorded many albums, mostly for Galaxy Records, a subsidiary of Fantasy Records., Pepper's later albums include "Living Legend", "Art Pepper Today", "Among Friends", and "Live in Japan".


title: Art Pepper

text: Pepper lived for many years in the hills of Echo Park, in Los Angeles. He became a heroin addict in the 1940s, and his career was interrupted by drug-related prison sentences in 1954–56, 1960–61, 1961–64, and 1964–65; the final two sentences were served in San Quentin. While in San Quentin, he played in an ensemble with saxophonist Frank Morgan. In the late 1960s, Pepper spent time in Synanon, a rehabilitation program that turned out to be a cult.


title: Art Pepper

text: His autobiography, "Straight Life" (1980, co-written with his third wife Laurie Pepper), discusses the jazz music world, as well as drug and criminal subcultures of mid-20th century California. Among the many anecdotes shared from his life, Pepper boasts of raping a woman while stationed in London during the Second World War (deserved, in his view, because he had shared whiskey and walked several miles with her). Soon after the publication of this book, director Don McGlynn released the documentary film "Art Pepper: Notes from a Jazz Survivor", discussing his life and featuring interviews with both Art and his wife Laurie, as well as footage from a live performance in a Malibu jazz club. Laurie Pepper also released an interview to NPR.


title: Art Pepper

text: Pepper died of a stroke in Los Angeles on June 15, 1982, aged 56. He is interred in the Abbey of the Psalms Mausoleum in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī (, full name , also known under his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis; December 973 – May 1057) was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer. Despite holding a controversially irreligious worldview, he is regarded as one of the greatest classical Arabic poets.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria) during the later Abbasid era, he became blind at a young age from smallpox but nonetheless studied in nearby Aleppo, then in Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Described as a "pessimistic freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial rationalist of his time, citing reason as the chief source of truth and divine revelation. He was pessimistic about life, describing himself as "a double prisoner" of blindness and isolation. He attacked religious dogmas and practices, was equally critical and sarcastic about Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Zoroastrianism, and became a deist. He advocated social justice and lived a secluded, ascetic lifestyle. He was a vegan, known in his time as moral vegetarian, entreating: "do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals / Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for their young". Al-Ma'arri held an antinatalist outlook, in line with his general pessimism, suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of the pains and suffering of life.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri wrote three main works that were popular in his time: "The Tinder Spark", "Unnecessary Necessity", and "The Epistle of Forgiveness". Al-Ma'arri never married and died at the age of 83 in the city where he was born, Ma'arrat al-Nu'man. In 2013, a statue of al-Ma'arri located in his Syrian hometown was beheaded by jihadists from the al-Nusra Front.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria), southwest of Aleppo, whence his "nisba" ("al-Ma'arri"). At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third Islamic caliphate, during the Islamic Golden Age. He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Ma'arra, belonging to the larger Tanukh tribe. One of his ancestors was probably the first qadi of Ma'arra. The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox. Later in his life he regarded himself as "a double prisoner", which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Ma'arra and Aleppo, later also in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh. This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE, when al-Ma'arri was still a child. Al-Ma'arri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his "Risālat al-ghufrān". Al-Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli, al-Ma'arri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to debates about Hellenistic philosophy, which planted in him the seeds of his later scepticism and irreligiosity; but other historians such as Ibn al-Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: In 1004–05 al-Ma'arri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an elegy where he praised his father. Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in the literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure. After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Ma'arri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works. He returned to his native town of Ma'arra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: He remained in Ma'arra for the rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict moral vegetarian diet. His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town. In that incident, al-Ma'arri went to Aleppo to intercede with its Mirdasid emir, Salih ibn Mirdas, to release his brother Abuʿl-Majd and several other Muslim notables from Ma'arra who were held responsible for destroying a winehouse whose Christian owner was accused of a molesting a Muslim woman. Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others. He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad. Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and was the most revered person in his area. Al-Ma'arri never married and died in May 1057 in his home town.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri was a skeptic who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker. One of the recurring themes of his philosophy was the right of reason against the claims of custom, tradition, and authority. Al-Ma'arri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri criticized many of the dogmas of Islam, such as the Hajj, which he called "a pagan's journey". He rejected claims of any divine revelation and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic, for whom reason provides a moral guide, and virtue is its own reward.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: His religious scepticism and positively antireligious views extended beyond Islam and included both Judaism and Christianity, as well. Al-Ma'arri remarked that monks in their cloisters or devotees in their mosques were blindly following the beliefs of their locality: if they were born among Magians or Sabians they would have become Magians or Sabians. Encapsulating his view on organized religion, he once stated: "The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains."


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence. In Baghdad, while being well received, he decided not to sell his texts, which made it difficult for him to live. This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in India during his time.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: In al-Ma'arri's later years he chose to stop consuming meat and all other animal products (i.e., he became a practicing vegan). He wrote:


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri's fundamental pessimism is expressed in his antinatalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life. In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life:


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri's self-composed epitaph, on his tomb, states (in regard to life and being born): "This is my father's crime against me, which I myself committed against none."


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Al-Ma'arri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the Arab world. In 2013, almost a thousand years after his death, the al-Nusra Front, a branch of al-Qaeda, beheaded a statue of al-Ma'arri during the Syrian civil war. The statue had been crafted by the sculptor Fathi Muhammad. The motive behind the beheading is disputed; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the Assad family.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Despite the controversy surrounding him, al-Ma'arri is sometimes referred to as one of the greatest classical Arab poets. Some have drawn connections between him and the Roman poet Lucretius, calling them progressive for their time.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: An early collection of his poems appeared as "The Tinder Spark" ("Saqṭ al-zand"; ). The collection of poems included praise of notable people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid ruler Sa'd al-Dawla. It gained great popularity and established his reputation as a poet. A few poems in the collection were about armour.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: A second, more original collection appeared under the title "Unnecessary Necessity" ("Luzūm mā lam yalzam" ), or simply "Necessities" ("Luzūmīyāt" ). The title refers to how al-Ma'arri saw the business of living and alludes to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: His third famous work is a work of prose known as "The Epistle of Forgiveness" ("Resalat Al-Ghufran" ).


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al-Qarih, whom al-Ma'arri mocks for his religious views. In this work, the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period. This view is shared by Islamic scholars, who often argued that pre-Islamic Arabs are indeed capable of entering paradise.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: Because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise, the "Resalat Al-Ghufran" has been compared to the "Divine Comedy" of Dante which came hundreds of years after. The work has also been noted to be similar to Ibn Shuhayd's "Risala al-tawabi' wa al-zawabi", though there is no evidence that al-Ma'arri was inspired by Ibn Shahayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by al-Ma'arri. Algeria reportedly banned "The Epistle of Forgiveness" from the International Book Fair held in Algiers in 2007.


title: Al-Ma'arri

text: "Paragraphs and Periods" ("Al-Fuṣūl wa al-ghāyāt") is a collection of homilies. The work has also been called a parody of the Quran.


title: Roshan Meka

text: Roshan Meka is an Indian actor who works in Telugu films. He is the son of actors Srikanth and Ooha. He made his debut in a lead role with "Nirmala Convent" (2016) and went on to win SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu. He later played the lead in "Pelli SandaD" (2021).


title: Roshan Meka

text: Roshan Meka is the son of actors Srikanth and Ooha. Meka was formally trained in acting in Mumbai and moved to US. He worked as an assistant director in Bollywood before foraying into acting.


title: Roshan Meka

text: He first appeared on screen in the film "Rudhramadevi" (2015). The following year, he made his debut as a lead in "Nirmala Convent" (2016), alongside Nagarjuna. Reviewing his performance, Pranitha Jonnelagadda from "The Times of India" called him very promising. "His diction, style and even dances are commendable for a start," Jonnelagadda added. Among other positive reviews, a reviewer from "The Hindu" wrote, "Roshan [...] looks an assured actor on-screen. His body language oozes confidence with sharp dialogue delivery."


title: Roshan Meka

text: In 2021, Meka appeared in "Pelli SandaD", a sequel to the 1996 film "Pelli Sandadi" which starred his father Srikanth. Thadagath Pathi of "The Times of India" wrote, "Roshan pulls off the emotions required of him well, it's the perfect launch for him as a hero." A reviewer from "The Hans India" also appreciated Meka's performance, stating: "He has all the qualities of a good-looking hero. He dances very well and also emoted well in a few scenes. There is a long career for him in the industry."


title: OnePlus 9

text: The OnePlus 9 5G and 9 Pro 5G are Android-based smartphones manufactured by OnePlus, unveiled on March 23, 2021. The phones feature upgraded cameras developed in partnership with Hasselblad.


title: OnePlus 9

text: Both the OnePlus 9 and 9 Pro use the Snapdragon 888 processor with the Adreno 660 GPU, with either 128 or 256 GB of non-expandable UFS 3.1 storage. Both have 8 GB or 12 GB of LPPDDR5 RAM. Both have stereo speakers with active noise cancellation and no audio jack, similar to the previous generation OnePlus 8/8Pro and OnePlus 8T.


title: OnePlus 9

text: The OnePlus 9 and 9 Pro have similar designs to the previous generation OnePlus 8 and 8 Pro, with Gorilla Glass 5 on the front and back, and a "hole punch"-style camera in the upper left-hand corner. The 9's screen is flat with a plastic frame and a 2.5D edge, while the 9 Pro's screen is curved with an aluminum frame. Only the 9 Pro has an official IP Code (IP68); the regular OnePlus 9 is claimed by OnePlus to have water resistance, but has no official IP certification. The OnePlus 9 is available in three colors: Winter Mist, Arctic Sky, and Astral Black. The OnePlus 9 Pro is available in three different colors: Morning Mist, Pine Green, and Stellar Black.


title: OnePlus 9

text: Both the OnePlus 9 and 9 Pro have an AMOLED HDR10+ screen with a 120 Hz refresh rate, with the 9 Pro featuring an adaptive refresh rate (meaning that the refresh rate is adjusted based on task) as it uses an LTPO backplane. The OnePlus 9 has a 6.55 inch FHD+ display and a pixel density of 402 ppi, while the 9 Pro has a 6.7 inch QHD+ display and a pixel density of 525 ppi. The 9 Pro has 10-bit color depth, which allows it to display up to 1 billion colors, like its predecessor.


title: OnePlus 9

text: Both have an in-display optical fingerprint scanner and facial recognition as biometric options. The fingerprint sensor is placed lower than in the OnePlus 8 series.


title: OnePlus 9

text: The OnePlus 9 and 9 Pro both feature upgraded camera systems from their previous generations. The main upgrade is in the optics and color processing, which were co-developed with Hasselblad, specifically in the ultra-wide camera. Both phones now feature the same ultra-wide cameras. The wide sensor is a 1/1.43" Sony IMX789 on the OnePlus 9 Pro and an IMX689 on the OnePlus 9 (as in the previous generation OnePlus 8 Pro) and the ultra-wide sensor is a 1/1.56" Sony IMX766.


title: OnePlus 9

text: The 9 Pro features an additional 77 mm, 8 MP, telephoto camera that uses the same sensor as the previous generation OnePlus 8 Pro.


title: OnePlus 9

text: Both phones feature a 4500 mAh lithium polymer battery. This is an increase from the regular OnePlus 8, and a slight decrease from the 8 Pro. Both feature 65 W fast charging, termed "Warp Charge 65T", with the included USB-C power brick. The regular OnePlus 9 now features 15 W fast wireless charging, which in the previous series was only included with the 8 Pro, though the feature is only available in certain regions. The 9 Pro now features 50 W fast wireless charging with the purchase of the official OnePlus-branded 50 W wireless charger. This is an increase from 30 W fast wireless charging in the previous generation.


title: OnePlus 9

text: Both phones shipped originally with OxygenOS 11, based on Android 11. Since then, both phones have been updated to ColorOS 12, based on Android 12, and will receive Android updates up to Android 14.


title: OnePlus 9

text: An investigation by "AnandTech" revealed on July 6, 2021, that the OnePlus 9 and 9 Pro throttle the performance of popular apps by limiting them to the processor's slower cores. As a result, benchmarks in apps such as Google Chrome performed up to 85% slower than competing phones that use the same Snapdragon 888 processor, such as the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra and Asus Zenfone 8. News website "Android Authority" then performed their own tests, and found that both devices perform approximately 74% worse in Chrome benchmarks than the predecessor OnePlus 8. When running the same benchmark in the Microsoft Edge web browser, which is not throttled, the 9 Pro outperformed the OnePlus 8's Chrome result by about 7%. The next day, OnePlus admitted in a statement to multiple news outlets that it was throttling the performance of as many as 300 popular apps, claiming the decision was made after complaints from users about battery life and overheating issues with the devices.


title: OnePlus 9

text: Multiple outlets criticised OnePlus for introducing the throttling feature without informing device owners. The day after the AnandTech report, performance benchmarking app Geekbench removed the OnePlus 9 and 9 Pro from its website, calling it "benchmark manipulation".


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Hans Axel von Fersen (; 4 September 175520 June 1810), known as Axel de Fersen in France, was a Swedish count, Marshal of the Realm of Sweden, a General of Horse in the Royal Swedish Army, one of the Lords of the Realm, aide-de-camp to Rochambeau in the American Revolutionary War, diplomat and statesman, and a friend of Queen Marie-Antoinette of France. He died at the hands of a Stockholm lynch mob.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Axel von Fersen was born in 1755 to Field Marshal Axel von Fersen the Elder and countess Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie. He was nephew of Eva Ekeblad and grandson of General Hans Reinhold Fersen. Axel was the second of four children; he had two sisters, Hedvig Eleonora and Eva Sophie, and one brother, Fabian Reinhold. Two female cousins, Ulrika von Fersen and Christina Augusta von Fersen, were Swedish ladies-in-waiting and leading socialites of the Gustavian age.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Von Fersen's ancestors came from Estonia to Sweden at the time of the Thirty Years' War, which took place from 1618 to 1648. The family made their name during the reigns of Christina (queen regnant), Charles X, and Charles XI. In 1735, the von Fersen family purchased Steninge Palace, which overlooks Mälaren, a lake outside Stockholm, Sweden.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Von Fersen's father, the de facto parliamentary leader of the Hats party, was the most politically influential man in Sweden at that time and also one of the richest in the realm. He was the lord of four grand houses in Sweden: Löfstad [inherited through his wife], Steninge, Ljung and Mälsåker. He also owned mines, land, forests and iron foundries in Sweden and Finland, and a large share of Sweden's East India Company, the country's most profitable undertaking ever.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: The younger Axel was influenced by French culture, owing in part to his father's services to Louis XV of France. Under his childhood tutor, von Fersen learned several languages including French, Latin, English, German and Italian. His later education was primarily military.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: On 3 July 1770, von Fersen made his first journey abroad with the intention of seeing the world and finishing his studies at military academies, including Brunswick, Turin, Strasbourg and Lüneburg. In October 1771, he passed through Switzerland and in Ferney, he met the philosopher, Voltaire. In England nearly seven years later, von Fersen looked back on that meeting:


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: In November 1772, von Fersen continued on to Turin, Italy, where he paid a visit to King Charles Emmanuel III. In January 1774 his travels took him to France where he paid court to the reigning monarch, Louis XV, and his mistress, Madame du Barry. While at Versailles he attended the ceremony of the Order of the Holy Spirit. A little over a week later, von Fersen met Marie-Antoinette, then Dauphine, for the first time:


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Von Fersen continued the Grand Tour by travelling to England where he stayed for roughly four months and met King George III and Queen Charlotte. By the beginning of 1775, von Fersen had returned to Sweden, where he remained for approximately three years, serving under his king, Gustavus III.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: In the late summer of 1778, von Fersen travelled to Normandy with his friends, Barrington Beaumont and the Baron de Stedingk, to see a large army camp that was training under the command of the Duke of Broglie. Besides military matters, they were treated to dinner and dances attended by the officers and their wives. Von Fersen later paid his respects to the French royal family for the first time since his grand tour more than three years earlier:


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Marie-Antoinette's personal property, the Petit Trianon, was on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles. In contrast to Versailles, the dress and manners at the Petit Trianon were simple and down-to-earth; her guests were personally invited and treated equally, as friends. However, the private festivities often caused jealousy among those who were excluded from them.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: In the 1770s, the American Revolutionary War began with the passage of the Intolerable Acts, and the battles of Lexington and Concord, and Bunker Hill. Von Fersen told Beaumont that in France "it is the fashion to rhapsodise over the Americans' rebelliousness against England". France had officially declared war against her "natural enemy" (Great Britain) in February 1778, but it wasn't until the beginning of 1780 that a French contingent was finally being outfitted to fight with the rebels on North American soil.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: On 4 May 1780, von Fersen secured the position of aide-de-camp to General Rochambeau and sailed from the port of Brest. Nearly two months later, his ship made anchor at Narragansett Bay in Newport, Rhode Island, where the French made camp until June of the next year. In mid-September 1780, von Fersen set off as part of Rochambeau's suite to meet the American General, George Washington, in Hartford, Connecticut. Washington's retinue included the young Alexander Hamilton, General Henry Knox and the Marquis de Lafayette. On meeting Washington, von Fersen remarked:


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: After spending 11 months in Newport, Rhode Island, in total inaction, the men under Rochambeau began a march on 12 June 1781, to link up with Washington's army at Philipsburg on the Hudson. On 15 August, von Fersen was tasked with conveying a letter from Rochambeau to Comte de Barras, who had been waiting for a signal to join Comte de Grasse's fleet at the Chesapeake Bay. Word reached the troops in early September of Grasse's victory in gaining control of the Chesapeake, and by the end of the month Washington surrounded Cornwallis in Yorktown. By 19 October, the British surrendered the town, hastening the end of the war.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Von Fersen and the rest of the French wintered in Williamsburg. Anticipating the American Civil War nearly 80 years later, von Fersen remarked that he wouldn't be surprised to see Virginia separate herself from the rest of the states at some point due to the strain of "aristocracy" prevalent there as opposed to the northern states. In December 1782, the French made sail for the West Indies and Venezuela but word reached them of the signing of peace and the ships headed back to France. Von Fersen arrived back in Brest in June 1783.


title: Axel von Fersen the Younger

text: Following the end of hostilities, the United States and Sweden concluded a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Von Fersen was awarded the Order of Cincinnatus by Washington, though he was forbidden by his monarch to wear a medallion earned fighting in a republican war.