title: Max (2015 film)

text: Max, a Belgian Malinois military dog used to help U.S. Marines in Afghanistan, is handled by Kyle Wincott (Robbie Amell) (Marine MWD). Kyle is questioned when weapons seized by his squad go missing. Realizing his friend Tyler Harne (Luke Kleintank) is among those involved with the shady dealings, he warns Tyler that he cannot cover for him. The two then go into the battlefield with their squad, with Max on point. While advancing on a suicide bomber, Max is injured by an explosion. In the ensuing gunfight, Kyle is shot and killed.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: Kyle's brother Justin (Josh Wiggins), who makes money selling illegally copied video games, their mother Pamela (Lauren Graham) and their father Ray (Thomas Haden Church) are informed of his death. After Kyle's body is brought home for burial, the other Marines notice that Max is only calm when he is around Justin, apparently sensing that he is Kyle's brother. The family adopts the dog, who would otherwise be euthanized for his disturbed behavior. Justin initially wants little to do with Max but eventually warms up to him. While meeting up with his friend Chuy (Dejon LaQuake), Justin meets Chuy's cousin Carmen (Mia Xitlali), who offers to go to his house and show him some handling tricks for Max. Little by little, Max's behavior improves around other people.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: Tyler visits the Wincotts one evening, provoking an aggressive response by Max. Later, after the Fourth of July, Ray asks Tyler what really happened. Tyler implies that Max turned on Kyle and caused him to discharge his weapon on himself, leading to his death. Justin decides to investigate the matter. He receives a DVD of Kyle training Max; he later contacts a friend of Kyle, Sergeant Reyes, for help.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: Later, Justin is approached by Chuy's other cousin Emilio (Joseph Julian Soria), a cartel member, who presses him over a video game bootleg. Afterwards, Justin and Max follow Emilio into the woods, where they secretly observe a meeting between cartel members and Tyler, who tries selling stolen weapons to them. The cartel's dogs sense Max and run after him. Max fights them off, severely wounding one of the dogs, while Justin runs away and leaves his bike behind. When he gets home, he finds Tyler and Stack, the cartel's dog handler, who was injured in the melee. Feigning innocence, they accuse Max of doing harm and demand his euthanization.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: Max is taken by animal control officers but escapes. Meanwhile, Ray catches Tyler making a business deal with the cartel but is held hostage by Emilio. Max makes it home and leads Justin, Chuy, and Carmen into the woods to rescue Ray. Confronting the cartel, they incapacitate Emilio and the last cartel dog and rescue Ray. Tyler and Stack chase after Justin and Ray, but Stack is killed after crashing his off-road pickup truck. Tyler corners Justin at a damaged bridge and is threatening to shoot him and Max attacks Tyler and saves Justin's life. The two are knocked over the side of the bridge; while Tyler is killed by the fall, Max survives. Afterwards, Emilio is arrested and sent to jail.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: The family welcomes Max into their home. After Justin and Max visit Kyle's grave, they invite Chuy and Carmen over for dinner.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: In May 2014, "Variety" reported that Boaz Yakin would direct the family film titled "Max" for Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Principal photography began in North Carolina on May 12, 2014.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: The film was scheduled for release in the United States on January 30, 2015. Then it was pushed back to August 21, 2015, and on March 3, 2015, it was moved two months forward to June 26, 2015.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Max" opened simultaneously with the comedy "Ted 2" across 2,850 theaters and was projected to earn around $10 million in its opening weekend. It earned $500,000 from its Thursday night showings and $4.3 million on its opening day (including the Thursday previews). Through its opening weekend, it grossed $12.2 million, fourth place among all films behind "Jurassic World", "Inside Out", and "Ted 2".


title: Max (2015 film)

text: "Max" received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 38%, based on 98 reviews, with an average rating of 4.82/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Max" has good intentions and tries to hearken back to classic family-friendly features, but its disjointed, manipulative plot overwhelms the efforts of its talented human and canine stars." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Max (2015 film)

text: In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave "Max" an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: A sequel, "", was released theatrically on May 5, 2017. It was released digitally on May 9, 2017, and released on Blu-ray and DVD on May 23, 2017. However, this sequel is more lighthearted and family-friendly than the previous film.


title: Smartwings

text: Smartwings, a.s. (formerly "Travel Service, a.s.") is a low-cost leisure Czech airline, with its head office on the property of Václav Havel Airport Prague in Ruzyně, 6th district, Prague. It is the biggest airline in the Czech Republic and it operates scheduled and chartered flights, mainly to leisure destinations, and also wet and dry leases its aircraft to other airlines. It also owns 30% of Czech Airlines, and has subsidiaries in Poland, Hungary and Slovakia.


title: Smartwings

text: Smartwings was founded in 1997 originally under the name Travel Service and focused on operating charter flights mainly for Czech tour operators. Its first airplane was a Tupolev Tu-154M. In the year 2000 Travel Service received its first Boeing 737-400. Since then the airline has been operating a mainly Boeing fleet.


title: Smartwings

text: In 2004, Travel Service launched its low-cost brand Smartwings. Travel Service leased two Boeing 737-500s from Lufthansa which were primary intended for Smartwings flights. Both aircraft were painted in the new Smartwings livery. Former Czech president Václav Klaus attended the opening ceremony, which was held on May 1, 2004.


title: Smartwings

text: In 2007, the company carried 2.2 million passengers, and a year later about 2.3 million passengers. In 2014, it carried 4.3 million passengers, about 1.2 of them on regular flights under the brand name Smartwings.


title: Smartwings

text: On 18 September 2007, the Icelandair Group acquired 50% stake in the carrier, and purchased further shares to bring its holding up to 80% by April 2008. In December 2008 it reduced its holding to 66% by selling shares to the other shareholders, Unimex. In 2009 their stake was further diluted to 50.1% through a new share issue; they also sold a portion of their stake to fellow owners, reducing their holding to 30% In 2009 Icelandair spun its 30% stake in Travel Service into a new company, which was taken over by Icelandair's creditors. Chinese investment group CEFC China Energy now holds a 49.9% stake in Travel Service.


title: Smartwings

text: Travel Service owned 98 percent of Czech Airlines; it bought 64% from Prisko and Korean Air in 2017. Before, it owned 34%, bought in 2014. After Czech Airlines went through business restructuring Smartwings retained 30% of the company.


title: Smartwings

text: In 2013, Travel Service has cancelled their order for Boeing 787 Dreamliner and ordered Boeing 737 Max 8.


title: Smartwings

text: In October 2017 it was announced that Travel Service planned to transfer its branding from an airline to a holding company, and would move all of its operations under the Smartwings brand. In 2018, it was announced that the Travel Service livery would be replaced by the Smartwings livery. Also in that year, deliveries of the new Boeing 737 MAX began.


title: Smartwings

text: Travel Service was renamed to Smartwings, the name of its former low-cost subsidiary, in December 2018.


title: Smartwings

text: In March 2019, Smartwings announced plans to create a German subsidiary by late 2019, and to transition its Czech Airlines subsidiary to an all Boeing 737 fleet. However, as of 2022 these plans have not materialized, and Czech Airlines maintains its all-Airbus fleet.


title: Smartwings

text: In February 2021, Smartwings announced the return of their stored Boeing 737 MAX to service by the end of the month, the first European airline to do so.


title: Smartwings

text: Smartwings also operates business jets that are available for private air charter. As of January 2017 the business jet fleet consists of the following aircraft:


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: "Drop It Like It's Hot" is a song by American rapper Snoop Dogg featuring fellow American musician Pharrell Williams. It was released on September 27, 2004, as the lead single from Snoop Dogg's seventh studio album, "" (2004). The song was produced by the Neptunes. It is regarded as an iconic song, with Snoop performing the chorus and the second and third verses while Pharrell performs the first verse.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: The song topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for three weeks, making it both artists' first number one on the chart. It was also Snoop's fourth top-ten as a solo artist, first since 2003's "Beautiful" (the others being 1993's "What's My Name?" and 1994's "Gin and Juice"). The song also gave him his first number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It also peaked at number one for four consecutive weeks in New Zealand, and number ten in the UK Singles Chart. It gained some critical attention for its minimal, extremely sparse production, consisting of tongue clicks, keyboards, a drum machine beat and white noise. It was nominated at the 2005 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. Two songs "Jesus Walks" by Kanye West and "Let's Get It Started" by Black Eyed Peas respectively won the former and latter awards. The single was Pharrell's biggest hit worldwide, until 2013's "Get Lucky", "Blurred Lines", and "Happy", the latter being his biggest single as a lead artist.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: On December 10, 2009, "Drop It Like It's Hot" was named the most popular rap song of the decade by "Billboard".


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: The phrase "drop it like it's hot" was already in common use before the song was released, and had been used in various songs since the 1990s. It is a metaphorical description of a dance move commonly performed by women, and is performed by various women throughout the music video. It was used in Positive K's 1992 album "The Skills Dat Pay Da Bills", in the song "Ain't No Crime." It was also used by Lil Wayne as a guest rapper on Juvenile's 1999 hit single "Back That Azz Up" from his album "400 Degreez", and in his own song called "Drop It Like It's Hot" from his 1999 debut album "Tha Block is Hot" featuring B.G. and Mannie Fresh. Clark Kent said "drop it like it's hot" in the song "Cashmere Thoughts" from Jay-Z's 1996 debut album, "Reasonable Doubt". DJ Quik used the phrase in the song "Sexuality" from his album "Balance & Options". Another song with the same name is "Drop It Like It's Hot", sung by the Big Tymers, and featuring Chilli, Juvenile, and Lac. This version of the song was featured in the Big Tymers' predecessor of their debut, "How You Luv That Vol. 2".


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: Outside of hip-hop, it was also the title of a song on indie rock band Minus the Bear's 2002 EP "Bands Like It When You Yell "Yar!" at Them".


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: "USA Today" called the song "scorching". "Rolling Stone"s Tom Moon said "The serpentine down-tempo single 'Drop It Like It's Hot', produced by the Neptunes, links Snoop's slyly exuberant delivery to a relentless dance-floor bounce". Steve "Flash" Juon of "Rap Reviews" wrote: "the stripped down sound of the Neptunes produced 'Drop it Like It's Hot' has produced one of Snoop's biggest hits to date. Ironically it may be in some ways more gangsterish than his "Deep Cover" debut in some aspects, but he's so chill about his delivery it doesn't sound the least bit menacing: That's quintessential Snoop for you - hard when you're not looking, but still velvet enough to appeal to the ladies and drive off in a fly Mercedes". Similarly, AllMusic's David Jeffries stated: "the ultrahot production team the Neptunes' contribution to the killer single 'Drop It Like It's Hot' had been duly noted, but lost in all the chatter was how inspired and on-fire Snoop sounds".


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: The music video of the single was released in 2004. It was directed by Paul Hunter and shot in black-and-white. It shows Snoop Dogg doing the dance step known as the Crip Walk in the very beginning and end. The video included both of Snoop Dogg's sons, Corde and Cordell. Other appearances in the video include Terry Kennedy, Lauren London, Pharrell Williams' fellow Neptunes member Chad Hugo, and Pusha T.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: The video won the award for the best hip hop video at the 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards and a MOBO Award for Best Video in 2005.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: There are two radio edits for the song: one is a standard radio edit that removes profanities and drug references while the other is an "Extra Clean" edit that removes phrases with gun and gang references (and the word "roll" from the chorus) as well.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: "Drop It Like It's Hot" was the highest-ranking debut for the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated October 2, 2004, entering the chart at number 51. The song topped the US "Billboard Hot" 100 for three weeks from December 10, 2004. The song also reached number one on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Rap Songs, Rhythmic Songs, Digital Songs and Hot 100 Airplay.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: Since its release the song has been certified Gold by the RIAA. The Mastertone (ringtone) version received certification of double platinum by the RIAA.


title: Drop It Like It's Hot

text: The song topped the Recorded Music NZ for four weeks, making it Snoop Dogg's first number one on the chart. The single reached number ten on the UK Singles Chart, and reached the top ten in several countries.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Clyde William Tombaugh (February 4, 1906 January 17, 1997) was an American astronomer. He discovered Pluto in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the Kuiper belt. At the time of discovery, Pluto was considered a planet, but was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. Tombaugh also discovered many asteroids, and called for the serious scientific research of unidentified flying objects.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois, son of Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer, and his wife Adella Pearl Chritton. After his family moved to Burdett, Kansas, in 1922, Tombaugh's plans for attending college were frustrated when a hailstorm ruined his family's farm crops.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Beginning in 1926, he built several telescopes with lenses and mirrors by himself. To better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents, and was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter. He sent drawings of Jupiter and Mars to the Lowell Observatory, at Flagstaff, Arizona, which offered him a job. Tombaugh worked there from 1929 to 1945.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: It was at Lowell in 1930 that Tombaugh discovered Pluto. Following his discovery, Tombaugh earned bachelor's and master's degrees in astronomy from the University of Kansas in 1936 and 1938.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: While a young researcher working for the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, Tombaugh was given the job to perform a systematic search for a trans-Neptunian planet (also called Planet X), which had been predicted by Percival Lowell based on calculations performed by his student mathematician Elizabeth Williams and William Pickering.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Starting April 6, 1929, Tombaugh used the observatory's astrograph to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a blink comparator to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of Neptune. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Three classical mythological names were about equally popular among proposals for the new planet: Minerva, Cronus and Pluto. However, Minerva was already in use and the primary supporter of Cronus was widely disliked, leaving Pluto as the front-runner. Outside of Lowell staff, it was first proposed by an 11-year-old English schoolgirl, Venetia Burney. In its favor was that the Pluto of Roman mythology was able to render himself invisible, and that its first two letters formed Percival Lowell's initials. In order to avoid the name changes suffered by Neptune, the name was proposed to both the American Astronomical Society and the Royal Astronomical Society, both of which approved it unanimously. The name was officially adopted on May 1, 1930.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Following the discovery, it was recognized that Pluto wasn't massive enough to be the expected ninth planet, and some astronomers began to consider it the first of a new class of object – and indeed Tombaugh searched for additional trans-Neptunian objects for years, though due to the lack of any further discoveries he concluded that Pluto was indeed a planet. The idea that Pluto was not a true planet remained a minority position until the discovery of other Kuiper belt objects in the late 1990s, which showed that it did not orbit alone but was at best the largest of a number of icy bodies in its region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body, dubbed Eris, was more massive than Pluto, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) reclassified Pluto on August 24, 2006, as a dwarf planet, leaving eight planets in the Solar System.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh's widow Patricia stated after the IAU's decision that while he might have been disappointed with the change since he had resisted attempts to remove Pluto's planetary status in his lifetime, he would have accepted the decision now if he were alive. She noted that he "was a scientist. He would understand they had a real problem when they start finding several of these things flying around the place." Hal Levison offered this perspective on Tombaugh's place in history: "Clyde Tombaugh discovered the Kuiper Belt. That's a helluva lot more interesting than the ninth planet."


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh continued searching for over a decade after the discovery of Pluto, and the lack of further discoveries left him satisfied that no other object of a comparable apparent magnitude existed near the ecliptic. No more trans-Neptunian objects were discovered until 15760 Albion, in 1992.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: However, more recently the relatively bright object has been discovered. It has a relatively high orbital inclination, but at the time of Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border of Taurus and Auriga, at an apparent magnitude of 16. This position was also very near the galactic equator, making it almost impossible to find such an object within the dense concentration of background stars of the Milky Way. In the fourteen years of looking for planets, until he was drafted in July 1943, Tombaugh looked for motion in 90 million star images (two each of 45 million stars).


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh is officially credited by the Minor Planet Center with discovering 15 asteroids, and he observed nearly 800 asteroids during his search for Pluto and years of follow-up searches looking for another candidate for the postulated Planet X. Tombaugh is also credited with the discovery of periodic comet 274P/Tombaugh–Tenagra. He also discovered hundreds of variable stars, as well as star clusters, galaxy clusters, and a galaxy supercluster.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: The asteroid 1604 Tombaugh, discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto and his searches for other celestial objects. Tombaugh named some of them after his wife, children and grandchildren. The Royal Astronomical Society awarded him the Jackson-Gwilt Medal in 1931.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh was probably the most eminent astronomer to have reported seeing unidentified flying objects. On August 20, 1949, Tombaugh saw several unidentified objects near Las Cruces, New Mexico. He described them as six to eight rectangular lights, stating: "I doubt that the phenomenon was any terrestrial reflection, because... nothing of the kind has ever appeared before or since... I was so unprepared for such a strange sight that I was really petrified with astonishment.".


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh observed these rectangles of light for about 3 seconds and his wife saw them for about seconds. He never supported the interpretation as a spaceship that has often been attributed to him. He considered other possibilities, with a temperature inversion as the most likely cause.From my own studies of the solar system I cannot entertain any serious possibility for intelligent life on other planets, not even for Mars... The logistics of visitations from planets revolving around the nearer stars is staggering. In consideration of the hundreds of millions of years in the geologic time scale when such visits may have possibly occurred, the odds of a single visit in a given century or millennium are overwhelmingly against such an event.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: A much more likely source of explanation is some natural optical phenomenon in our own atmosphere. In my 1949 sightings the faintness of the object, together with the manner of fading in intensity as it traveled away from the zenith towards the southeastern horizon, is quite suggestive of a reflection from an optical boundary or surface of slight contrast in refractive index, as in an inversion layer.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: I have never seen anything like it before or since, and I have spent a lot of time where the night sky could be seen well. This suggests that the phenomenon involves a comparatively rare set of conditions or circumstances to produce it, but nothing like the odds of an interstellar visitation.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Another sighting by Tombaugh a year or two later while at a White Sands observatory was of an object of −6 magnitude, four times brighter than Venus at its brightest, going from the zenith to the southern horizon in about 3 seconds. The object executed the same maneuvers as in Tombaugh's first sighting.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh later reported having seen three of the mysterious green fireballs, which suddenly appeared over New Mexico in late 1948 and continued at least through the early 1950s. A researcher on Project Twinkle reported that Tombaugh "... never observed an unexplainable aerial object despite his continuous and extensive observations of the sky."


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: According to an entry in "UFO updates", Tombaugh said: "I have seen three objects in the last seven years which defied any explanation of known phenomenon, such as Venus, atmospheric optic, meteors or planes. I am a professional, highly skilled, professional astronomer. In addition I have seen three green fireballs which were unusual in behavior from normal green fireballs... I think that several reputable scientists are being unscientific in refusing to entertain the possibility of extraterrestrial origin and nature."


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Shortly after this, in January 1957, in an Associated Press article in the "Alamogordo Daily News" titled "Celestial Visitors May Be Invading Earth's Atmosphere", Tombaugh was again quoted on his sightings and opinion about them. "Although our own solar system is believed to support no other life than on Earth, other stars in the galaxy may have hundreds of thousands of habitable worlds. Races on these worlds may have been able to utilize the tremendous amounts of power required to bridge the space between the stars ...". Tombaugh stated that he had observed celestial phenomena which he could not explain, but had seen none personally since 1951 or 1952. "These things, which do appear to be directed, are unlike any other phenomena I ever observed. Their apparent lack of obedience to the ordinary laws of celestial motion gives credence."


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: In 1949, Tombaugh had also told the Naval missile director at White Sands Missile Range, Commander Robert McLaughlin, that he had seen a bright flash on Mars on August 27, 1941, which he now attributed to an atomic blast. Tombaugh also noted that the first atomic bomb tested in New Mexico would have lit up the dark side of the Earth like a neon sign and that Mars was coincidentally quite close at the time, the implication apparently being that the atomic test would have been visible from Mars.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: In June 1952, Dr. J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force's Project Blue Book UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh's offer may have led to his involvement in a search for Near-Earth objects, first announced in late 1953 and sponsored by the Army Office of Ordnance Research. Another public statement was made on the search in March 1954, emphasizing the rationale that such an orbiting object would serve as a natural space station. However, according to Donald Keyhoe, later director of the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), the real reason for the sudden search was because two near-Earth orbiting objects had been picked up on new long-range radar in the summer of 1953, according to his Pentagon source.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: By May 1954, Keyhoe was making public statements that his sources told him the search had indeed been successful, and either one or two objects had been found. However, the story did not break until August 23, 1954, when "Aviation Week" magazine stated that two satellites had been found only 400 and 600 miles out. They were termed "natural satellites" and implied that they had been recently captured, despite this being a virtual impossibility. The next day, the story was in many major newspapers. Dr. LaPaz was implicated in the discovery in addition to Tombaugh. LaPaz had earlier conducted secret investigations on behalf of the Air Force on the green fireballs and other unidentified aerial phenomena over New Mexico. "The New York Times" reported on August 29 that "a source close to the O. O. R. unit here described as 'quite accurate' the report in the magazine Aviation Week that two previously unobserved satellites had been spotted and identified by Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico as natural and not artificial objects. This source also said there was absolutely no connection between the reported satellites and flying saucer reports." However, in the October 10 issue, LaPaz said the magazine article was "false in every particular, in so far as reference to me is concerned."


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Both LaPaz and Tombaugh were to issue public denials that anything had been found. The October 1955 issue of "Popular Mechanics" magazine reported: "Professor Tombaugh is closemouthed about his results. He won't say whether or not any small natural satellites have been discovered. He does say, however, that newspaper reports of 18 months ago announcing the discovery of natural satellites at 400 and 600 miles out are not correct. He adds that there is no connection between the search program and the reports of so-called flying saucers."


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: At a meteor conference in Los Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for "natural satellites" had been unsuccessful. In 1959, Tombaugh was to issue a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search. His personal 16-inch telescope was reassembled and dedicated on September 17, 2009, at Rancho Hidalgo, New Mexico (near Animas, New Mexico), adjacent to "Astronomy"s new observatory.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: During World War II he taught naval personnel navigation at Northern Arizona University. He worked at White Sands Missile Range in the early 1950s, and taught astronomy at New Mexico State University from 1955 until his retirement in 1973. In 1980 he was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame. In 1991, he received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award presented by Awards Council member Glenn T. Seaborg.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Direct visual observation became rare in astronomy. By 1965 Robert S. Richardson called Tombaugh one of two great living experienced visual observers as talented as Percival Lowell or Giovanni Schiaparelli. In 1980, Tombaugh and Patrick Moore wrote a book "Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto". In August 1992, JPL scientist Robert Staehle called Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip." The call eventually led to the launch of the "New Horizons" space probe to Pluto in 2006. Following the passage of Pluto by "New Horizons" on July 14, 2015, the "Heart of Pluto" was named Tombaugh Regio.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Clyde Tombaugh had five siblings. Through the daughter of his youngest brother, Robert, he is the great-uncle of Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Clayton Kershaw.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh was an active Unitarian Universalist, and he and his wife helped found the Unitarian Universalist Church of Las Cruces, New Mexico.


title: Clyde Tombaugh

text: Tombaugh died on January 17, 1997, in Las Cruces, New Mexico, at the age of 90, and he was cremated. A small portion of his ashes was placed aboard the "New Horizons" spacecraft. The container includes the inscription: "Interred herein are remains of American Clyde W. Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto and the Solar System's 'third zone'. Adelle and Muron's boy, Patricia's husband, Annette and Alden's father, astronomer, teacher, punster and friend: Clyde W. Tombaugh (1906–1997)". Tombaugh was survived by his wife, Patricia (1912–2012), and their children, Annette and Alden.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: Andrew-Lee Potts (born 29 October 1979) is an English actor and director. He is best known for his role as the quirky Connor Temple on ITV's British science fiction programme "Primeval" and Space's Canadian spinoff "". He also starred as the Hatter on the SyFy mini-series "Alice" and was a series regular on the long-running programme "Ideal". Since 2006, Potts has written and directed short films through his production house, Keychain Productions. In 2008, he directed a documentary about the filming of "Primeval" called "Through the Anomaly".


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: Potts was born and raised in Bradford, West Yorkshire. His parents are Alan and Susan Potts, and he has one sister, actress Sarah-Jane Potts, with whom he attended Bradford's Scala Kids stage school. He studied at Intake High School Arts College, in Leeds, which specializes in performing arts. Potts left school at 16 to pursue acting full-time.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: Potts started in drama classes at age seven and was cast pretty quickly in small shows that were based in Northern England. At ten years old, he made his first television appearance in "Children's Ward". When he was 18, he landed a small role in HBO's "Band of Brothers". He played Private Eugene Jackson, a character who is killed by a wound from his own grenade. Potts appeared steadily on television after that. In 2003, he appeared on two critically acclaimed programmes: twice on "Buried" and then the recurring role of Toby in six episodes of "Strange". The same year, he appeared as Nero in the feature film "Boudica". The following year, he was cast as Jonathan Chadwick for two episodes of "Fat Friends". In 2006, Potts played a killer in a two-episode arc of "Trial & Retribution". He had a role in the American movie "Caffeine" playing the ex-boyfriend of Katherine Heigl, an experience playing a stoner in comedy role that filmed prior to "Ideal".


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: Beginning in 2005, Potts joined the cast of the sitcom "Ideal" as drugged-out Lee, front man of the synth-pop band Silicone Valets with a serious messiah complex. The show, which starred Johnny Vegas as a small-time dope dealer, was a cult favourite and ran for over 50 episodes and 7 series.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2007, Potts originated the role of Connor Temple in the science fiction programme, "Primeval". Although critically panned as campy on its debut, it became a hit show and pop cultural phenomenon. The storyline saw a team of scientists battling prehistoric and future beasts falling into the present through anomalies in time. Potts played geeky antihero Connor Temple, the vulnerable and innocent student of lead Nick Cutter (Douglas Henshall). "Connor just came really easy to me. It was something organic that I discovered quite naturally with the character and everyone on "Primeval" allowed me to run with that." During the course of programme, Potts became romantically coupled with co-star Hannah Spearritt both on-screen and off-screen, which garnered media attention for both the couple and the show.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: "Primeval" relied heavily on special effects which made it a costly show to produce. It was cancelled due to financial considerations after its third season, despite very high ratings. Following a public appeal, the production company Impossible Pictures partnered with ITV and their corporate competitor, UKTV, to finance a renewal.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: The show returned with five webisodes in late 2010. Series four and five followed, featuring Potts and Spearritt and co-star Ben Miller with additional new cast members including Ben Mansfield and Ciarán McMenamin. During the break in filming, Potts and Spearritt underwent a physical transformation to conform with the plotline of the programme, which had matured their characters. "I'd played Connor for a few years and in a way he was always kind of the underdog and told what to do. In series four and five, though, he stepped up a bit and wanted to show and prove what he could do and what Cutter believed was in him from the start...I'm very grateful for what the writers gave me to do and I just hope that I did the material justice."


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2012, Potts reprised the character of Connor in the Canadian spinoff, "" as an "organic link between the original mythology and the new series universe". He appeared in 2 of the series' 13 episodes (first and last) which were filmed in Vancouver. The reboot starred Niall Matter as Evan Cross with Crystal Lowe as Toby Nance, the character corollary to Potts' Connor in the original. Despite the popularity of the original in North America, the new programme was cancelled after its initial run. In the finale several plot points were wrapped up, including an allusion that Connor and on-screen partner Abby Maitland married. Pott's acting in this episode was especially well received; "Andrew Lee Potts as Connor continues to light up this episode with a great mix of humour and pathos and really makes the piece."


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2009, Potts played the role of Hatter in the SyFy television miniseries "Alice". Nick Willing wrote and directed the re-imagining of the "Alice in Wonderland" as a fantasy adventure. "Andrew Lee Potts does a fair job as the Hatter, who acts as Alice's guide through the craziness of Wonderland." The cast featured Caterina Scorsone in the title role, with Kathy Bates, Colm Meaney, and Matt Frewer. The programme received mixed reviews but Pott's acting in the roguish romantic role was considered a bright spot; "The true standouts here are Potts and Frewer, both of whom are exceptionally funny and charismatic." Despite the tepid critical response, "Alice" was a popular hit with high ratings and a 72% "fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2009, Potts guest starred on an episode of "Inspector George Gently" as mixed-race young adult who is the chief suspect in his girlfriend's murder. In 2010, Potts appeared in the television adaptation of Kay Mellor's "A Passionate Woman" as the lead's (Billie Piper) adult son, Mark. In October 2011 he was featured in an episode of "Doc Martin" as Michael Dunwich; "Born with a Shotgun".


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: Potts starred in the SyFy original movie "True Bloodthirst" (called "Vampyre Nation" or "Vampire Nation" in some markets) which was a "bloody, violent, traditional vampire movie". Pott's character was a descendant of Jonathan Harker, one of the protagonists of Bram Stoker's original Dracula story. It was broadcast in the summer of 2012.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In October 2012 Potts appeared onstage in "Dracula" with Max Wrottesley and Charlie Bond at the Leicester Square Theatre. Directed by Adam Morley, the drama was part of seasonal horror festival.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2013, Potts was cast in the BBC crime procedural "By Any Means". The programme, which features Warren Brown, is a 6-parter about a team of elite cops.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2006, Potts created Keychain Productions with Alex Moss and Tony Denman. The low-budget production house has released a variety of shorts, including; "Blood on Benefits", "Idance!" and "Colour Blind ". Two of his films have been nominated for Virgin Media Short Film Awards: "Little Larry" in 2012 and "Atwood Alley" in 2013.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: In 2008, Potts spent 5 months directing a behind-the-scenes documentary, "Through the Anomaly", for "Primeval". Potts found the direction of a documentary to be a new challenge; "I started directing. It's something that I want to do. I started directing short films. The producers saw the short films - and the "making of" the year before was quite dry - and came to me, which was funny because I was asking the same question. So they gave me a camera and off I went and never stopped filming, trying to capture as many moments as I could." Produced by Potts and Ross, the documentary was broadcast before being released as part of the "Primeval" series DVD.


title: Andrew-Lee Potts

text: Potts met Hannah Spearritt in 1997 and they dated briefly. In 2006, they were both cast in "Primeval", later they rekindled their relationship. Potts proposed while they were on a holiday in Mallorca in 2008. The couple owned a home in London, where they lived with their dog, Stanley. However, the relationship ended in early 2013, as confirmed by Potts. In addition to "Primeval", the couple collaborated in several Keychain Productions shorts and appeared together at 2013's Midlands Comic Con. On 20 August 2014, Potts married singer Mariama Goodman. He has one step-daughter born to Mariama in 2011. The couple have a son Grayson, born on 17 August 2016.


title: Ayesha Raza Mishra

text: Ayesha Raza Mishra began her career working in theatre, advertisements, and television shows. She went on to portray motherly roles in several films including Madaari, Befikre (2016), Toilet – Ek Prem Katha (2017) and Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety (2018). She garnered acclaim for her portrayal of a noisy, comical Punjabi mother in Veere Di Wedding. She went on to play Gunjan Saxena's mother in .


title: Ayesha Raza Mishra

text: Ayesha is married to actor Kumud Mishra. They have a son Kabir. Her grand aunts include Zohra Sehgal and Uzra Butt.


title: Elya Baskin

text: Ilya Zalmanovich Baskin (; ; born 11 August 1950), known professionally as Elya Baskin, is a Latvian-American character actor. He first gained attention for his role in "Moscow on the Hudson" (1984), as Robin Williams' character's best friend. He is also known for playing Peter Parker's landlord, Mr. Ditkovich, in "Spider-Man 2" (2004) and "Spider-Man 3" (2007).


title: Elya Baskin

text: Baskin was born to a Jewish family in Riga, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union, the son of Frieda and Zalman Baskin. He attended Moscow's prestigious Theatre and Variety Arts College and won a Festival of Young Actors Award at the Moscow Comedy Theatre.


title: Elya Baskin

text: He defected to the United States in 1976. He has built a considerable career in TV and film, and is often cast as Eastern European characters.


title: ER (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the American fictional drama television series "ER" first aired on September 30, 1999, and concluded on May 18, 2000. The sixth season consists of 22 episodes.


title: ER (season 6)

text: In the first major cast change in "ER", the sixth season sees the addition of four new characters: Dr. Luka Kovač; nurse, later third-year medical student, Abby Lockhart; Dr. Cleo Finch; and Dr. Dave Malucci. Paul McCrane's Robert Romano is now billed as a series regular and we also see the return of Deb Chen from season one, now preferring to be called Dr. Jing-Mei Chen. Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet leaves to care for her HIV-positive child. Lucy Knight and John Carter are attacked and stabbed by a psychotic patient. The ER staff work to save Carter and Lucy. Despite everyone's best efforts, they are unable to save Lucy who succumbs to her wounds and dies.


title: ER (season 6)

text: In addition Croatian doctor Luka Kovač joins the team and struggles to gain the respect and trust from his new colleagues in the ER. Hathaway struggles to begin parenting on her own, then decides to leave Chicago to begin a new life with Doug Ross. Greene and Corday begin their relationship and he deals with the death of his father. Abby Lockhart begins her third-year-med-student rotation. While still recovering from the violent attack that left him near death and killed Lucy, Carter develops an addiction to pain medication, forcing Greene, Chen, and Weaver along with Benton and the other doctors into an intervention to get Carter to realize that he's an addict. Carter then accepts that he's an addict and checks into a rehab in the season finale with Benton accompanying him.


title: ER (season 6)

text: Original executive producers John Wells and Michael Crichton reprised their roles. Lydia Woodward also returned as an executive producer but left the crew with the close of the season. Long-time crew member and fifth season executive producer Christopher Chulack moved on to executive produce Wells' new series "Third Watch" but remained a consulting producer for "ER". Fifth season supervising producers Jack Orman and Neal Baer were promoted to co-executive producers for the sixth season. R. Scott Gemmill joined the crew as a supervising producer and writer. Fifth season producers Penny Adams and Wendy Spence Rosato returned for the sixth season. Fifth season co-producers Richard Thorpe and Jonathan Kaplan were promoted to producers for the sixth season. They were joined by new producers Doug Palau and Patrick Harbinson. Palau left the crew mid-season and Adams and Harbinson left at the end of the season. Michael Salmunovich returned as a co-producer and Teresa Salamunovich joined the crew, initially as a production co-ordinator but was promoted to associate producer mid-season. She was joined by new associate producer Vicki Voltarel who was on staff for the second half of the season only.


title: ER (season 6)

text: Wells and Woodward continued to write episodes and Wells contributed two episodes while Woodward wrote three. Orman wrote four episodes and Baer, Harbinson, and Gemmill each wrote three. Series medical expert and fifth season story editor Joe Sachs was promoted to executive story editor for the sixth season and he wrote a further two episodes. Regular writer Linda Gase replaced him as story editor and contributed a further episode. New writer Sandy Kroopf wrote a single episode.


title: ER (season 6)

text: Producers Kaplan and Thorpe served as the seasons regular directors; Kaplan directed five episodes and Thorpe helmed three. Cast members Laura Innes and Anthony Edwards each directed a further episode. Returning directors were Lesli Linka Glatter, Félix Enríquez Alcalá, Christopher Misiano, David Nutter, and Steve De Jarnatt. New directors include Ken Kwapis, Marita Grabiak, medical consultant Fred Einesman, Kevin Hooks, and Peter Markle.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: A reconnaissance satellite or intelligence satellite (commonly, although unofficially, referred to as a spy satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: The first generation type (i.e., Corona and Zenit) took photographs, then ejected canisters of photographic film which would descend back down into Earth's atmosphere. Corona capsules were retrieved in mid-air as they floated down on parachutes. Later, spacecraft had digital imaging systems and downloaded the images via encrypted radio links.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: In the United States, most information available about reconnaissance satellites is on programs that existed up to 1972, as this information has been declassified due to its age. Some information about programs before that time is still classified information, and a small amount of information is available on subsequent missions.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case of KH-11 photographs which were sent to "Jane's Defence Weekly" in 1984.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: On 16 March 1955, the United States Air Force officially ordered the development of an advanced reconnaissance satellite to provide continuous surveillance of "preselected areas of the Earth" in order "to determine the status of a potential enemy’s war-making capability".


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: On 28 August 2013, it was thought that "a $1-billion high-powered spy satellite capable of snapping pictures detailed enough to distinguish the make and model of an automobile hundreds of miles below" was launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base using a Delta IV Heavy launcher, America's highest-payload space launch vehicle at the time.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: On 17 February 2014, a Russian Kosmos-1220 originally launched in 1980 and used for naval missile targeting until 1982, made an uncontrolled atmospheric entry.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: Reconnaissance satellites have been used to enforce human rights, through the Satellite Sentinel Project, which monitors atrocities in Sudan and South Sudan.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: During his 1980 State of the Union Address, President Jimmy Carter explained how all of humanity benefited from the presence of American spy satellites:


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: Additionally, companies such as GeoEye and DigitalGlobe have provided commercial satellite imagery in support of natural disaster response and humanitarian missions.


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: During the 1950s, a Soviet hoax had led to American fears of a bomber gap. In 1968, after gaining satellite photography, the United States' intelligence agencies were able to state with certainty that "No new ICBM complexes have been established in the USSR during the past year." President Lyndon B. Johnson told a gathering in 1967:


title: Reconnaissance satellite

text: Spy satellites are commonly seen in spy fiction and military fiction. Some works of fiction that focus specifically on spy satellites include:


title: Wall Drug

text: Wall Drug Store, often called simply Wall Drug, is a roadside attraction and tourist stop located in the town of Wall, South Dakota, adjacent to Badlands National Park. Wall Drug consists of a collection of cowboy-themed stores, including a drug store, gift shop, several restaurants, and various other stores, as well as an art gallery and an 80-foot (24 m) brontosaurus sculpture. Unlike a traditional shopping mall, all the stores at Wall Drug operate under a single entity rather than being run individually. "The New York Times" has described Wall Drug as "a sprawling tourist attraction of international renown [that] draws some two million annual visitors to a remote town."


title: Wall Drug

text: The small town drugstore made its first step towards fame when it was purchased by Ted Hustead in 1931. Hustead was a Nebraska native and pharmacist who was looking for a small town with a Catholic church in which to establish his business. He bought Wall Drug, located in a 231-person town in what he referred to as "the middle of nowhere," and strove to make a living. Business was very slow until his wife, Dorothy, thought of advertising free ice water to parched travelers heading to the newly opened Mount Rushmore monument to the west. From that time on, business was brisk.


title: Wall Drug

text: Ted’s son, Bill Hustead, also a pharmacist, returned to Wall and joined the family business in 1951. Under his direction, Wall Drug grew into a cowboy-themed mall and department store. He created the Art Gallery Cafe, with a design inspired by Club “21” in New York City, one of his favorite restaurants. Wall Drug includes a western art museum, a chapel based on the one found at New Melleray Abbey near Dubuque, Iowa, another Bill Hustead creation, and an brontosaurus that can be seen right off Interstate 90. It was designed by Emmet Sullivan who also created the dinosaurs at Dinosaur Park in Rapid City and Dinosaur World in Arkansas.


title: Wall Drug

text: Bill Hustead had seven children and his oldest child, Rick Hustead, is the current proprietor of Wall Drug Store.


title: Wall Drug

text: Wall Drug earns much of its fame from its self-promotion. Billboards advertising the establishment can be seen for hundreds of miles throughout South Dakota and the neighboring states. In addition, many visitors of Wall Drug have erected signs throughout the world announcing the miles to Wall Drug from famous locations. By 1981 Wall Drug was claiming it was giving away 20,000 cups of water per day during the peak tourist season, lasting from Memorial Day until Labor Day, and during the hottest days of the summer.


title: Wall Drug

text: Most of Wall Drug's advertisement billboards can be found on an approximately stretch of Interstate 90 from Minnesota to Billings, Montana. The signs are created by South Dakota billboard artists, including Dobby Hansen and Barry Knutson of Philip.


title: Wall Drug

text: To date, Wall Drug still offers free ice water, but as they have become more popular, they have started to offer free bumper stickers to aid in promotion, and coffee for 5 cents. Some popular free bumper stickers read "Where the heck is Wall Drug?" and "Have You Dug Wall Drug?".


title: Wall Drug

text: Wall Drug has over 300 original oil paintings in the Western art Gallery Dining Rooms. This acquisition represents one of the best private collections of original Western and Illustration Art in the country. Artists featured include N. C. Wyeth, Harvey Dunn, Dean Cornwell, Louis Glanzman, and Harold Von Schmidt.


title: Wall Drug

text: When the United States Air Force was still operating Minuteman missile silos in the western South Dakota plains, Wall Drug used to offer free coffee and donuts to service personnel if they stopped in on their way to or from Ellsworth Air Force Base ( west on Interstate 90). Wall Drug continues to offer free coffee and donuts to active military personnel.


title: Wall Drug

text: Ted Hustead died in 1999. The following day, South Dakota Governor Bill Janklow began his annual State of the State address by commemorating Hustead as "a guy that figured out that free ice water could turn you into a phenomenal success in the middle of a semi-arid desert way out in the middle of someplace."


title: Vada pav

text: Vada pav, alternatively spelt wada pao, is a vegetarian fast food dish native to the Indian state of Maharashtra. The dish consists of a deep fried potato dumpling placed inside a bread bun ("pav") sliced almost in half through the middle. It is generally accompanied with one or more chutneys and a green chili pepper. Although it originated as an affordable street food in Mumbai, it is now served in food stalls and restaurants across India. It is also called Bombay burger in keeping with its origins and its resemblance in physical form to a burger.


title: Vada pav

text: "Batata vada" in Marathi literally means "potato fritter". It is a combination of the word for "potato" ("batata") and "vada", a type of fried savoury snack. "Pav" is a derivative of the Portuguese word "pão", which means bread.


title: Vada pav

text: The most common theory of the vada pav's origin is that it was invented in the erstwhile mill-heartland of Central Mumbai.


title: Vada pav

text: Ashok Vaidya of Dadar is often credited with starting the first vada pav stall outside Dadar railway station in 1966. Some sources credit Sudhakar Mhatre who started his business around the same time. One of the earliest kiosks selling vada pav is said to be "Khidki Vada Pav", located in Kalyan. It was started in the late 1960s by the Vaze family, who used to hand out vada pavs from a window ("Khidki") of their house facing the road.


title: Vada pav

text: The carbohydrate-rich snack catered to the cotton mill workers of what was then known as Girangaon. This potato dumpling ("batata vada") placed inside a "pav" was quick to make, cheap (~10-15 paisa in 1971), and much convenient over the batata bhaji and chapati combination, which couldn't be eaten in overcrowded local trains.


title: Vada pav

text: The closing of textile mills in central Mumbai led to turmoil in the 1970s. Shiv Sena, the homegrown party formed during this transformative time, based itself as a party with Mill workers' interests.


title: Vada pav

text: The party chief, Balasaheb Thackeray encouraged Marathi people in the 1960s to become entrepreneurs, i.e. start food stalls in ways similar to the South Indians setting up Udupi restaurants. Shiv Sena attempted to physically and ideologically claim the streets through agitations as well as neighborhood-level events such as "Vada pav sammelan (Vada pav jamboree)". This theme has continued even in the recent years, e.g. the 2009 introduction of "Shiv vada pav".


title: Vada pav

text: There are over 20,000 stalls selling vada pav in Mumbai. Mumbai alone has many variations of the food based on the locality. Large fast food restaurant chains such as "Kunjvihar Jumbo King" in Mulund and Goli Vada Pav also primarily serve vada pav. Outside of Mumbai, a variant of vada pav is "pav vada" which is famous in Nashik.


title: Vada pav

text: A boiled potato is mashed and mixed with chopped green chilli and garlic, mustard seeds, and spices (usually asafoetida and turmeric). The mass is then shaped into a ball, dipped into gram flour batter and deep fried. The resultant fritter is served by placing inside a bread bun, accompanied with one or more chutneys and fried green chilli.


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse ("née" Messel, previously Armstrong-Jones; 8 February 1902 – 3 July 1992), was an English socialite and one of the founders of The Victorian Society. She was the mother of Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon and Brendan Parsons, 7th Earl of Rosse.


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: Anne Messel was born 8 February 1902, in London, the second child and only daughter of Maud (daughter of Edward Linley Sambourne) and Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Messel. Her family was of German-Jewish background. Messel was the sister of Linley Messel (1899–1971) and the stage set designer Oliver Messel (1904–1978). She was raised in Sussex, close to the home of her grandparents at Nymans and educated at home. Needlework and gardening were among her early interests. The presence of illustrations in surviving family letters and diaries reveals that she also had some artistic talent.


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: Anne made her debut in society in 1922. Her poise and fashion sense were praised by society columnists in newspapers such as the "Daily Express" and "Evening News". Her friends included Edward James and Tilly Losch, Zita Jungman, and society photographer Cecil Beaton.


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: At a Guy Fawkes night party in 1957, inspired by her house at 18 Stafford Terrace and the reaction of its 32 visitors, Anne, Countess of Rosse proposed founding a Victorian Society to encourage the preservation and appreciation of what was then unfashionable art and architecture. A handful of enthusiasts, including Sir John Betjeman and Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, agreed to support the cause. The Victorian Society was founded at 18 Stafford Terrace in February 1958 with the aim of preserving Victorian and Edwardian architecture and encouraging research into the art and history of the period.


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: She married Ronald Armstrong-Jones on 22 July 1925 and they were divorced in early 1935. They had two children:


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: Anne married Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse, on 19 September 1935. Rosse had extensive estates in Ireland and was nicknamed "The Adonis of the Peerage".


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: The couple travelled extensively, and Anne was present at the coronations of both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse

text: In 1947, the house at Nymans was badly damaged by fire, and the countess travelled to Staplefield to help. Her parents vacated the house and bought Holmsted Manor nearby as their new home. The earl and countess continued to use the house, following repairs, and it passed to the National Trust on her father's death in 1953. After the Earl's death in 1979, the countess returned to live at Nymans and retained some responsibility for the appearance of the gardens.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: The muscles of the hand are the skeletal muscles responsible for the movement of the hand and fingers. The muscles of the hand can be subdivided into two groups: the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm. The intrinsic group are the smaller muscles located within the hand itself. The muscles of the hand are innervated by the radial, median, and ulnar nerves from the brachial plexus.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar (thumb) and hypothenar (little finger) muscles; the interossei muscles (four dorsally and three volarly) originating between the metacarpal bones; and the lumbrical muscles arising from the deep flexor (and which are special because they have no bony origin) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism. Palmaris brevis which is a superficial muscle and adductor pollicis are also intrinsic muscles.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (opponens and abductor brevis muscle), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor, used, for instance, for pointing. The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius, while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna. The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: The radial nerve innervates the finger extensors and the thumb abductor; that is, the muscles that extend at the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) and abduct and extend the thumb. The median nerve innervates the flexors of the wrist and digits, the abductors and opponens of the thumb, the first and second lumbricals. The ulnar nerve innervates the remaining intrinsic muscles of the hand.


title: Muscles of the hand

text: All muscles of the hand are innervated by the brachial plexus (C5–T1) and can be classified by innervation:


title: Panjabi MC

text: Rajinder Singh Rai (Punjabi: ਰਜਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ), better known by his stage name Panjabi MC, is a British-Indian recording artist, rapper, producer and DJ. He is best known for the worldwide 2002 bhangra hit "Mundian To Bach Ke", which sold 10 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. Among other songs, he gained acclaim with the 2003 release "Jogi". AllMusic has called him "one of the most prominent names in bhangra".


title: Panjabi MC

text: Rajinder Singh adopted his stage name from the Punjabi language he used in the music he plays and raps. "One of [his] main goals is to fuse the two worlds [of Bhangra and hip hop]."


title: Panjabi MC

text: Nachural Records signed Panjabi MC following a remix of Kuldeep Manak's "Ghariah Milan De". Although the single was taken off the market, Panjabi MC continued making records. Another successful release was "Mundian To Bach Ke" ("Beware of the Boys") (1998; it first appeared on the album "Legalised") which mixed the theme of the TV series "Knight Rider" with Bhangra. An underground hit on the internet, it was picked up by the German record label Superstar Recordings, and became a hit record in Germany and across Europe, including the UK. A version of this recording in 2003 featured American rapper Jay-Z titled "Beware of the Boys".


title: Panjabi MC

text: His work, particularly the early singles and the "Mundian To Bach Ke" remix with Jay-Z, brought Bhangra music genre to a global audience via the BBC. He continues to produce and remix music. In 2004, he made music called "Mirza" and mixed this song with Turkish singer Mustafa Sandal's "Isyankar", but they did not release the mixed version.


title: Panjabi MC

text: His album "African Timing" was released in 2008. His music video "Snake Charmer" was screened at Deejay Ra's music video night in Toronto at the FILMI festival, North America's longest running South Asian film festival.


title: Panjabi MC

text: The remix of "Mundian To Bach Ke" with Jay-Z appears on the soundtrack of the 2021 Netflix film "The White Tiger".


title: Panjabi MC

text: Rock" ("Pyar Wich (Planet Rock Remix)" on the album "Legalised") before Afrika Bambaataa recorded "Indian Planet Rock". On ""Jatt Ho Giya Sharabee"", Panjabi MC uses the theme music from the TV show "Magnum, P.I." "Mundian To Bach Ke" (along with the subsequent remix version featuring Jay-Z, "Beware of the Boys") uses the bassline from the television show "Knight Rider".


title: Panjabi MC

text: In 2001, Panjabi MC made his Canadian premiere at the Payal Banquet Hall in Mississauga (Ontario). Deejay Ra hosted a TV special covering the event entitled "The Bhangramentary", which was aired on the Asian Television Network (ATN). His single, "Jatt Ho Giya Sharabee", from "Beware", was featured on the television show "Heroes" (episode 2, "Don't Look Back", which aired 2 October 2006). The single "Mundian To Bach Ke" was featured in an episode of "Queer as Folk" and in the 2002 movie "Bend It Like Beckham". It also features in the BAFTA-nominated film "The White Tiger" in 2020. The song "Yaaran Kollon Sikh Kuriye" was featured in the show "Wild Boyz" as a music video. Panjabi MC has appeared on "Top of the Pops", from which the video to "Mundian To Bach Ke" began to appear on music channels across the globe.


title: Panjabi MC

text: Together with Sukhwinder Singh and Sapna Awasthi, Panjabi MC remixed the popular song "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from the Bollywood film, "Dil Se..". This song was used as the background during opening credits for the Hollywood movie "Inside Man". Their song "Land of Five Rivers", used as a theme song for the WWE wrestler The Great Khali, features on "".


title: Touchdown

text: A touchdown (abbreviated as TD) is a scoring play in gridiron football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, a team scores a touchdown by advancing the ball into the opponent's end zone. In American football, a touchdown is worth six points and is followed by an extra point or two-point conversion attempt.


title: Touchdown

text: To score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. In all gridiron codes, the touchdown is scored the instant the ball touches or "breaks" the plane of the front of the goal line (that is, if any part of the ball is in the space on, above, or across the goal line) while in the possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. This particular requirement of the touchdown differs from other sports in which points are scored by moving a ball or equivalent object into a goal where the whole of the relevant object must cross the whole of the goal line for a score to be awarded. The play is dead and the touchdown scored the moment the ball touches plane in possession of a player, or the moment the ball comes into possession of an offensive player in the end zone (having established possession by controlling the ball and having one or both feet depending on the rules of the league or another part of the body, excluding the hands, touch the ground). The slightest part of the ball touching or being directly over the goal line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a player's helmet, foot, or any other part of the body. Touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes "breaking the plane" as well.


title: Touchdown

text: Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball. The former is called a "rushing touchdown", and in the latter, the quarterback throws a "touchdown pass" or "passing touchdown" to the receiver, who either catches the ball in the field of play and advances it into the end zone, or catches it while already being within the boundaries of the end zone; the result is a "touchdown reception" or "touchdown catch". However, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, or on a return after a missed or blocked field goal attempt or blocked punt. In short, any play in which a player legally carries any part of the ball over or across the opponent's goal line scores a touchdown, as is any play in which a player legally gains possession of the ball while it is on or across his opponent's goal line and both the player and ball are legally in-bounds - beyond this, the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. In the NFL, a touchdown may be awarded by the referee as a penalty for a "palpably unfair act", such as a player coming off the bench during a play and tackling the runner, who would otherwise have scored.


title: Touchdown

text: A touchdown is worth six points. The scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team that scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team, if there is any time left in the half. In most codes, a conversion is not attempted if the touchdown ended the game and the conversion cannot affect the outcome.


title: Touchdown

text: The officials' hand signal for a touchdown is both arms extended vertically above the head, with palms facing inward—the same signal used for a field goal or conversion.


title: Touchdown

text: Unlike a try scored in rugby, and contrary to the event's name, the ball does not need to touch the ground when the player and the ball are inside the end zone. The term "touchdown" is a holdover from gridiron's early days when the ball "was" required to be touched to the ground as in rugby, as rugby and gridiron were still extremely similar sports at this point. This rule was changed to the modern-day iteration in 1889.


title: Touchdown

text: When the first uniform rules for American football were enacted by the newly formed Intercollegiate Football Association following the 1876 Rugby season, a touchdown required touching the ball to the ground past the goal line, and counted for of a kicked goal (except in the case of a tie) and allowed the offense the chance to kick for goal by placekick or dropkick from a spot along a line perpendicular to the goal line and passing through the point where the ball was touched down, or through a process known as a "punt-out", where the attacking team would kick the ball from the point where it was touched down to a teammate. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, or resume play as normal (in an attempt to touch down the ball in a spot more advantageous for kicking). The governing rule at the time read: "A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns; but in case of a tie a goal kicked from a touchdown shall take precedence over four touchdowns."


title: Touchdown

text: The ability to score a touchdown on the point-after attempt (two-point conversion) was added to NCAA football in 1958 and also used in the American Football League during its ten-year run from 1960-69. It was subsequently adopted by high school football in 1969, the CFL in 1975 and the NFL in 1994. The short-lived World Football League, a professional American football league that operated in 1974 and 1975, gave touchdowns a seven-point value.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In Christianity, exorcism involves the practice of casting out one or more demons from a person whom they are believed to have possessed. The person performing the exorcism, known as an exorcist, is often a member of the Christian Church, or an individual thought to be graced with special powers or skills. The exorcist may use prayers and religious material, such as set formulas, gestures, symbols, icons, or amulets. The exorcist often invokes God, Jesus, angels and archangels, and various saints to aid with the exorcism. Christian exorcists most commonly cast out demons in Jesus' name.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In general, people considered to be possessed are not regarded as evil in themselves, nor wholly responsible for their actions, because possession is considered to be manipulation of an unwilling victim by a demon resulting in harm to self or others. Accordingly, practitioners regard exorcism as more of a cure than a punishment. The mainstream rituals usually take this into account, making sure that there is no violence to the possessed, only that they be tied down if there is potential for violence.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The "Catholic Encyclopedia" says that there is only one apparent case of demonic possession in the Old Testament, of King Saul being tormented by an "evil spirit" (1 Samuel 16:14), but it relies on an reading of the Hebrew word ""rûah"" as "evil spirit", an interpretation doubted by the "Catholic Encyclopedia". The "Catholic Encyclopedia" ties exorcism methods mentioned in extra-canonical Jewish literature to the driving off of a demon in the Book of Tobias. Some theologians such as Ángel Manuel Rodríguez say that mediums like the ones mentioned in Leviticus 20:27 were possessed by demons.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In the Book of Tobit is narrowed of the demon Asmodeus being banished by the archangel Raphael, sent from God to heal Tobit and his future wife. As a deuterocanonical book, it is not accepted in the biblical canon of some Protestant Churches.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The archangel Michael is referenced in Daniel 12:1 about the end times, followed in Revelation 12 (about the falling from Paradise).


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Christian exorcism is founded on the belief that Jesus commanded his followers to expel evil spirits in his name. The "Catholic Encyclopedia" article on Exorcism says Jesus points to this ability as a sign of his Messiahship, and that he has empowered his disciples to do the same.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod traces the practice of exorcism to the Scriptural claim that Jesus Christ expelled demons with a simple command (Mark 1:23–26; 9:14–29; Luke 11:14–26). The apostles continued the practice with the power and in the name of Jesus (Matthew 10:1; Acts 19:11–16).


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Jewish Encyclopedia article on Jesus states that Jesus, "was devoted especially to casting out demons," and also believed that he passed this on to his followers; however, "his superiority to his followers was shown by his casting out demons which they had failed to expel."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: St. Cyril of Jerusalem wrote, "Receive the exorcisms with devotion...Divine exorcisms, borrowed from the Scripture, purify the soul."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Lollardy opposed the practice of exorcisms. The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards written in 1395 asserts that the exorcisms and hallowings carried out by priests are a sort of witchcraft and are incompatible with Christian theology.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In the 15th century, Catholic exorcists were both clerical and lay, since every Christian has the power to command demons and drive them out in the name of Christ.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Roman Missal promulgated by Pope Paul V contained the Latin exorcism titled "De exorcizzandis obsessiis a daemonio" ("On the exorcism of the people possessed by Satan").


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: After the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther abbreviated the Roman ritual used for exorcism. In 1526, the ritual was further abbreviated and the exsufflation was omitted. This form of the "Lutheran Ritual for Exorcism" was incorporated into the majority of the Lutheran service-books and implemented.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In 1974, the Church of England set up the "Deliverance ministry". As part of its creation, every diocese in the country was equipped with a team trained in both exorcism and psychiatry. According to its representatives, most cases brought before it have conventional explanations, and actual exorcisms are quite rare; blessings, though, are sometimes given to people with psychological conditions.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Anglican priests may not perform an exorcism without permission from the Diocesan bishop. An exorcism is not usually performed unless the bishop and his team of specialists (including a psychiatrist and physician) have approved it.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In the Episcopal Church, the "Book of Occasional Services" discusses provision for exorcism, stating that cases are to be referred to the diocesan bishop for consultation. There is no specific rite, nor an office of "exorcist". Diocesan exorcists usually continue in their role when they have retired from all other church duties.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Albert Mohler, the ninth president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, states that Baptists, among other evangelical Christians, do


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: As a result of this theology, Baptists see the weapons of "warfare are spiritual, and the powers that the forces of darkness most fear are the name of Jesus, the authority of the Bible, and the power of his Gospel."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In Catholic dogma, exorcism is a sacramental but not a sacrament, unlike baptism or confession. Unlike a sacrament, exorcism's "integrity and efficacy do not depend ... on the rigid use of an unchanging formula or on the ordered sequence of prescribed actions. Its efficacy depends on two elements: authorization from valid and licit Church authorities, and the faith of the exorcist."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Catholic Church revised the Rite of Exorcism in January 1999, though the traditional Rite of Exorcism in Latin is allowed as an option. The act of exorcism is considered to be an incredibly dangerous spiritual task. The ritual assumes that possessed persons retain their free will, though the demon may hold control over their physical body, and involves prayers, blessings, and invocations with the use of the document "Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications". In the modern era, Catholic bishops rarely authorize exorcisms, approaching would-be cases with the presumption that mental or physical illness is the more probable cause.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Solemn exorcisms, according to the Canon law of the Church, can be exercised only by an ordained priest or higher prelate, with the express permission of the local bishop, and only after a careful medical examination of the victim to exclude the possibility of mental illness, and in the ritual people cannot in any circumstance be harmed. The "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1908) enjoined: "Superstition ought not to be confounded with religion, however much their history may be interwoven, nor magic, however white it may be, with a legitimate religious rite." Signs listed in the Roman Ritual as being indicators of possible demonic possession include: speaking foreign or ancient languages of which the possessed has no prior knowledge; supernatural abilities and strength; knowledge of hidden or remote things which the possessed has no way of knowing; an aversion to anything holy; and profuse blasphemy and/or sacrilege.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Fr. Gabriele Amorth, who claimed to have performed 160,000 exorcisms, said exorcists have the ability to detect an evil presence. However, he notes that "they are not always right: their 'feelings' must be checked out." In his examples, they are able to detect the events that caused the demon to enter, or are able to discover the evil object that has cursed the individual. He notes that exorcists "are always humble."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church has a rich and complex tradition of exorcism, tracing the practice back to Christ and his apostles. Orthodox Christians believe demonic activity is the devil's primary means of corrupting humanity and rebelling against God. Disease, blight, and other maladies are widely associated with satanic influence, which can influence or infest even objects. As a result, exorcisms are quite common, even finding their way in rituals involving the blessing of fields.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: All liturgical books, such as the "Euchologion", contain prayers of exorcism, namely by St. Basil the Great and St. John Chrysostom. The Eastern Orthodox Church lacks a special organization of exorcists akin to the Catholic International Association of Exorcists; rather, all priests are trained and equipped to perform exorcisms. This is due in part to the baptismal liturgy in Eastern Orthodoxy containing an exorcism ritual.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Orthodox theology holds that every Christian performs an exorcism through their struggle against sin and evil:[T]he whole Church, past, present and future, has the task of an exorcist to banish sin, evil, injustice, spiritual death, the devil from the life of humanity ... Both healing and exorcising are ministered through prayers, which spring from faith in God and from love for man ... All the prayers of healing and exorcism, composed by the Fathers of the Church and in use since the third century, begin with the solemn declaration: In Thy Name, O Lord.Though officially discouraged by the church, many lay Orthodox Christians believe in "Vaskania", or the "evil eye", in which malevolent thoughts or intentions (namely jealously and envy) can cause harm and destruction to their recipients. Although the church rejects the power of the evil eye, which it traces to pagan superstition, it recognizes the phenomenon as being morally and spiritually problematic, such that it is a legitimate target for exorcism.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Lutheran Church traces the practice of exorcism to the Scriptural claim that Jesus Christ expelled demons with a simple command (Mark 1:23–26; 9:14–29; Luke 11:14–26). The apostles continued the practice with the power and in the name of Jesus (Matthew 10:1; Acts 19:11–16). Contrary to some denominations of Christianity, Lutheranism affirms that the individual, both the believer and the non-believer, can be plagued by demons, based on several arguments, including the one that "just as a believer, whom Jesus Christ has delivered from sin (Romans 6:18), can still be bound by sin in his life, so he can still be bound by a demon in his life."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: After the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther abbreviated the Roman ritual used for exorcism. In 1526, the ritual was further abbreviated and the exsufflation was omitted. This form of the "Lutheran Ritual for Exorcism" was incorporated into the majority of the Lutheran service-books and implemented. According to a Pastoral Handbook of the Lutheran Church,


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: These pastoral manuals warn that often, symptoms such as ecstasy, epileptic seizures, lethargy, insanity, and a frantic state of mind, are the results of natural causes and should not be mistaken for demon possession. According to the Lutheran Church, primary symptoms that may indicate demon possession and the need of an exorcism include:


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The Church lists the secondary symptoms of horrible shouting (Mark 5:5), blasphemy of God and jeering at one's neighbor, deformation of movements (e.g. ferocious movements, facial contortion, immodest laughing, gnashing of teeth, spitting, removing clothes, lacerating self, Mk. 9:20; Lk. 8:27.), inhuman revelry (e.g. when they take food beyond the capability of nature), torment of bodies, unusual injuries of the body and of those nearby, extraordinary motion of bodies (e.g., an elderly man who, being demon-possessed, was able to run as fast as a horse), and forgetfulness of things done. Other symptoms include the corruption of reason in man, which make him like an animal, melancholy, the acceleration of death (Mark 9:18 [suicide attempts]), and the presence of other supernatural occurrences.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: After these determinations have been made, the Church recommends experienced physicians to determine whether there is a medical explanation for the behaviour of the individual. When a true possession is recognized, the poor one is to be committed to the care of a minister of the Church who teaches sound doctrine, is of a blameless life, who does nothing for the sake of filthy lucre, but does everything from the soul. The pastor is then to diligently inquire what kind of life the possessed one led up to this point and lead him or her through the law to the recognition of his sins. After this admonition or consolation has taken place, the works of a natural physician are to be used, who will cleanse the possessed one from malicious fluids with the appropriate medicines. The Pastoral Handbook then states:


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Many Mennonite colleges and seminaries include training for the ministry of exorcism. The Mennonite minister and exorcist Dean Hochstetler states that powwowing, a practice done by some in the Pennsylvania Dutch community, "brings people under bondage to Satan." On 30 July to 1 August 1987, the "Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries, Mennonite Board of Missions (MC) and the Indiana-Michigan Mennonite Conference (MC) sponsored a consultation on 'Bondage and Deliverance'."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The British Methodist Church acknowledges three differing views about exorcism: either that it involves "the casting out of an objective power of evil which has gained possession of a person"; "exorcism is a necessary or at least an effective psychological


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: means of reassuring those who believe themselves to be possessed"; or "since demons do not exist … exorcism would be inappropriate, since what is to be dealt with is false belief." According to the first viewpoint, "the authority to exorcise has been given to the Church as one of the ways in which Christ's Ministry is continued in the world." A minister must first consult the District Chair in order to perform an exorcism. The Methodist Church holds that it is of great importance to ensure that the presence and love of Christ is assured to the individual(s) seeking help. In addition, the ministry of the "Bible, prayer and sacraments" should be extended to these individuals as well. A combination of these things has been proven to be effective.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: For example, in one particular situation, a Roman Catholic woman believed that her house was haunted, and therefore consulted her priest for assistance. Since he was not available to drive the demons from the woman's home, she contacted a Methodist minister, who exorcised the evil spirits from a room, which was believed to be the source of distress in the house, and celebrated Holy Communion in the same place; following these actions, there was no longer any problem in the house. In another situation, The Reverend Jay Bartlett writes that a young lady who was involved with "drug abuse, self mutilation, severe abuse, mental torment, Satanism, occult activity, communion with demons, and other evils" was exorcised at Mt. Olive Free Methodist Church in Dallas over a period of seven nights, with "anointing oil, the Word of God (the sword of the Spirit), holy water, the sacred symbols of the cross, the blood of Christ, and consecrated materials [being] utilized to drive out the demons."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, priests intervene and perform exorcisms on behalf of those believed to be afflicted by demons or "buda". According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study, 74% of Christians in Ethiopia claim to have experienced or witnessed an exorcism. Demon-possessed persons are brought to a church or prayer meeting. Often, when an ill person has not responded to modern medical treatment, the affliction is attributed to demons. Unusual or especially perverse deeds, particularly when performed in public, are symptomatic of a demoniac. Superhuman strength – such as breaking one's bindings, as described in the New Testament accounts – along with glossolalia are observed in the afflicted. Amsalu Geleta, in a modern case study, relates elements that are common to Ethiopian Christian exorcisms:


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: It includes singing praise and victory songs, reading from the Scripture, prayer and confronting the spirit in the name of Jesus. Dialogue with the spirit is another important part of the exorcism ceremony. It helps the counselor (exorcist) to know how the spirit was operating in the life of the demoniac. The signs and events mentioned by the spirit are affirmed by the victim after deliverance.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The exorcism is not always successful, and Geleta notes another instance in which the usual methods were unsuccessful, and the demons apparently left the subject at a later time. In any event, "in all cases the spirit is commanded in no other name than the name of Jesus."


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: In the Pentecostal Church, Charismatic Movement, and other, less formalized Christian groups, the exorcism ritual can take many forms and belief structures. The most common of these is the deliverance ceremony. Deliverance differs from the exorcism ceremony in that the Devil may have gotten a foothold into a person's life rather than gaining complete control. If complete control has been gained, a full-fledged exorcism is necessary. However, a "spirit-filled Christian" cannot be possessed, based on their beliefs. Within this belief structure, the reasons for the devil to get a foothold are usually explained to be some sort of deviation from theological doctrine or because of pre-conversion activities (like dealing with the occult).


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: The traditional method for determining if a person needs deliverance is done by having someone present who has the gift of discerning of spirits. This is a gift of the Holy Spirit from 1 Corinthians 12 that allows a person to "sense" in some way an evil presence. While the initial diagnosis is usually uncontested by the congregation, when many people are endowed with this gift in a single congregation, results may vary.


title: Exorcism in Christianity

text: Critics of exorcism contend that so-called 'possession' is often, in fact, undiagnosed mental illness and the performance of an exorcism in such cases exacerbates the condition and can even be considered abuse. There have also been cases where exorcists have abused their position for financial gain.


title: Amulet (comics)

text: Amulet is a graphic novel series illustrated and written by Kazu Kibuishi and published by Graphix, an imprint of Scholastic. It follows the adventures of Emily, a young girl who discovers a sentient and autonomous magical circular amulet in her maternal great-grandfather's house.


title: Amulet (comics)

text: After David Hayes died in a car accident, his widow, Karen, and their children, Emily and Navin, move to a house in the town of Norlen, as Karen can no longer afford to live in the house she owned with David. The house, which has been in her family for years, is large and needs care and attention. As they clean the house, Emily finds a strange amulet in the library where her great-grandfather, Silas Charnon, worked, and puts it on. That night, Karen is kidnapped by a monstrous "arachnopod".


title: Amulet (comics)

text: Emily and Navin follow in order to save their mother through the basement into another world, Aleddia. They are pursued by a mysterious elf but are rescued by a rabbit-like robot called Miskit. Miskit brings them to Silas' house, and they meet his other robots Cogsley, Morrie, Theodore, Ruby, and Bottle. Emily talks to Silas, who dies soon afterward. Emily is spoken to by the voice of the amulet, which tells her to accept the powers of the amulet in order to save their mother. Emily accepts, despite Navin's disagreement. They then hunt down the arachnopod in a plane with Navin as the pilot, and Emily uses her stone as a defense when Miskit's gun fails. They fail to rescue Karen at first, but the mysterious elf named Trellis reappears and kills the arachnopod, freeing Karen. Trellis attempts to control Emily's mind using a creature named "Sybrian" and bring her to the Elf King. However, Emily uses the stone to kill Sybrian, and scares Trellis away. Emily brings Karen back to the others, and Cogsley transforms the house into a walking mech, and sets course to find a cure for Karen.


title: Amulet (comics)

text: The group journeys into the city of Kanalis, searching for a cure for Karen, whilst servants of the Elf King are searching for them. Coglsey informs the group that the people of Kanalis have been slowly turning into animals over the years due to a curse. They meet a foxlike man named Leon Redbeard who helps them escape from the elves, Leon claims that he has information about stonekeepers, and brings the group to a doctor. The doctor informs Emily that the only thing that can cure Karen is a fruit from the peak of Demon's Head Mountain. The elves, led by Luger and Trellis attack the city, which prompts an evacuation. Emily, Miskit, and Leon travel to Demon Head's Mountain to find the curable fruit, Navin parts ways from Emily and Leon, and he meets Balan, a blue-furred horned creature, who is from the resistance, a group fighting against the Elf King. Balan and the other rebels declare Navin as the commander of the Resistance. They help them repower the robots in the house after they were shut down to prevent the elves from gathering information, while Emily, Leon, and Miskit walk up the mountain. Along the way, Leon helps Emily use the amulet better, as well as warning her to not let the stone control her. He also teaches her the history of the Elf King. Emily, Leon, and Miskit arrive at their destination and encounter the Gadoba trees, which are future-telling trees that bear the fruit that can cure Emily's mother. Using her stone's powers, Emily finds a non-poisonous fruit, and commences her journey back to Kanalis. The elves find the Gadoba forest, and burn it down in anger. Emily finds herself at the top of the mountain, where she encounters Luger and the elves. As Luger is about to execute Emily, he is attacked by Trellis, who is unhappy with how Luger treated him. In an effort to fight back, Luger gives up control to his amulet, and he transforms into a giant. Suddenly, Navin and the others arrive at the top of the mountain, and combined with Emily's amulet, the house-mech defeats Luger. Emily falls unconscious. When she wakes up, she finds her mother back in full health.


title: Amulet (comics)

text: Trellis finds Luger in a cave at the foothills of Demon's Head Mountain, and finds that Luger has destroyed the amulet. Luger apologises, and he and Trellis proceed to renounce the Elf King as their commander. Leon suggests that the team should seek out the Council of Stonekeepers, who reside in Cielis, a city that is said to be gone. However, Leon believes that the city still exists, but it is hidden in the clouds. The group travels to a city with many airship docks, and they search for a pilot to escort them to Cielis. They find Enzo and Rico, who own a small ship named the Luna Moth. Before they depart, they run into Luger and Trellis, who are running away from the elf army and the Elf King's new commander, Gabilan, a mercenary who steals the memories of people. The group allows them to come along, and they escape the city. During their trip, wyverns attack the ship, damaging it and taking Cogsley and Miskit. The group stops for repairs, and after some more traveling, they find a flying temple. Trellis and Emily solve a puzzle inside of the temple, as it will unlock the path to Cielis. However, Gabilan attacks, reveals that Luger and Trellis are siblings, and battles them. Emily is able to overpower him, but she shows him mercy. After the battle, a young man named Max arrives and claims that he will be Emily's guide and escort to Cielis.


title: Amulet (comics)

text: Emily has a dream where she speaks with the voice of the stone. The voice says that due to magic, it will not be able to speak with Emily while she is in Cielis, and it also warns her not to pass through a certain hallway there. The party arrives at Cielis, but they are split up. Emily, Navin, and Karen are brought to an apartment, Enzo, Rico, and Leon are left on the streets of the city, and Trellis and Luger are locked in prison, as they are suspected to be workers of the Elf King. Meanwhile, Cogsley and Miskit are saved from a Wyvern's nest by a man named Vigo, and old stonekeeper who left the Council after they forced Silas out. Emily has suspicious feelings, and Leon is surprised as how quiet the streets are. Rico, Enzo, and Leon learn that many of the people in Cielis are "ghosts". Leon breaks Luger and Trellis out of prison, and defeats guards, who turn to stone upon death. The next day, Emily is woken up and taken to a Garden, where she meets other young stonekeepers. Emily discovers that she is competing for a place on the council, and she protests to Max, saying that she only wanted to speak with them. The council arrives, and tells the stonekeepers that they will enter the void and face challenges. The stonekeepers are transported to caves and she runs away from monsters called grouls. After escaping, Only Emily, Max, Pierce, and Ronan remain. They find a room with a children's playground game. The 4 beat the challenge, and they walk through a hallway, the same one that the voice warned her not to go through. Max enters the room and finds the mother stone, the material that amulets are made from. Max reveals that they were in the catacombs of Cielis, and that he had set up Emily to help him acquire the mother stone. Vigo, Cogsley, and Miskit arrive at Cielis and try to stop Max, but he escapes with the elves.