title: Timo Glock

text: Glock lives in Switzerland with his wife, German model Isabell Reis. She travels the world with him during the season. Glock and Reis are neighbours and close friends with former Caterham F1 driver Heikki Kovalainen and his British wife Catherine Hyde.


title: Timo Glock

text: Half points were awarded at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix as less than 75% of the race distance was completed.


title: Christmas in July

text: Christmas in July, Christmas in Summer or Christmas in Winter is a second Christmas celebration held around the summer season, mainly during July. It is centered around Christmas-themed activities and entertainment, including small gatherings, seasonal music and specials, and shopping, with the goal of getting the public in the "Christmas spirit" during the summer season in the Northern hemisphere.


title: Christmas in July

text: "Werther", an 1892 French opera with libretto by Édouard Blau, Paul Milliet, and Georges Hartmann, had an English translation published in 1894 by Elizabeth Beall Ginty. In the story, a group of children rehearses a Christmas song in July, to which a character responds: "When you sing Christmas in July, you rush the season." It is a translation of the French: This opera is based on Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther". Christmas features in the book, but July does not.


title: Christmas in July

text: In 1935, the National Recreation Association's journal "Recreation" described what a Christmas in July was like at a girl's camp in Brevard, North Carolina, writing that "all mystery and wonder surround this annual event."


title: Christmas in July

text: The term, if not the exact concept, was given national attention with the release of the Hollywood movie comedy "Christmas in July" in 1940, written and directed by Preston Sturges. In the story, a man is fooled into believing he has won $25,000 in an advertising slogan contest. He buys presents for family, friends, and neighbors, and proposes marriage to his girlfriend.


title: Christmas in July

text: In 1942, the Calvary Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. celebrated Christmas in July with carols and the sermon "Christmas Presents in July". They repeated it in 1943, with a Christmas tree covered with donations. The pastor explained that the special service was patterned after a program held each summer at his former church in Philadelphia, when the congregation would present Christmas gifts early to give ample time for their distribution to missions worldwide. It became an annual event, and in 1945, the service began to be broadcast over local radio.


title: Christmas in July

text: The U.S. Post Office and U.S. Army and Navy officials, in conjunction with the American advertising and greeting card industries, threw a Christmas in July luncheon in New York in 1944 to promote an early Christmas mailing campaign for service men overseas during World War II. The luncheon was repeated in 1945.


title: Christmas in July

text: American advertisers began using Christmas in July themes in print for summertime sales as early as 1950. In the United States, it is more often used as a marketing tool than an actual holiday. Television stations may choose to re-run Christmas specials, and many stores have Christmas in July sales. Some individuals choose to celebrate Christmas in July themselves, typically as an intentionally transparent excuse to have a party. This is in part because most bargainers tend to sell Christmas goods around July to make room for next year's inventory.


title: Christmas in July

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, seasons are in reverse to the Northern Hemisphere, with summer falling in December, January, and February, and with winter falling in June, July, and August. Therefore, in some southern hemisphere countries, such as Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, and New Zealand, Christmas in July or Midwinter Christmas events are undertaken in order to have Christmas with a winter feel in common with the northern hemisphere. These countries still celebrate Christmas on December 25, in their summer, like the northern hemisphere.


title: Christmas in July

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, a Christmas in July celebration is deliberately ironic; the July climate is typically hot and either sunny or rainy with thunderstorms, as opposed to the cold and snowy conditions traditionally associated with Christmas celebrations in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Some people throw parties during July that mimic Christmas celebrations, bringing the atmosphere of Christmas but with warmer temperatures. Parties may include Santa Claus, ice cream and other cold foods, and gifts. Nightclubs often host parties open to the public. Christmas in July is usually recognized as July 25 but also sometimes celebrated on July 12.


title: Christmas in July

text: The Hallmark Channel and its companion outlets (Hallmark Drama and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries) run blocks of their original Christmas television films in July to coincide with the release of the Keepsake Ornaments in stores, thus literally making the event a Hallmark holiday (an accusation that Hallmark Cards officially denies).


title: Christmas in July

text: Every July, the television home shopping channel QVC has Christmas in July sales, mostly decor and early gift ideas for children. What was once a 24-hour block of holiday shopping every July 25 (or the closest weekend day to it) has become a month-long event: generally, the sales begin on July 1 and are showcased throughout the day, with various blocks of holiday sale programming sales throughout the month. Generally during the last week of July, QVC will dedicate entire days to holiday sales.


title: Christmas in July

text: There is also Christmas in June. In some western countries, July has a limited number of marketing opportunities. In the United States and Canada, for example, there are no national holidays between the first week of July (Canada Day on July 1 in Canada and American Independence Day on July 4 in the United States) and Labor/Labour Day (the first Monday in September for both the US and Canada), leaving a stretch of about two months with no holidays (some Canadian provinces hold a Civic Holiday, but neither Canada nor the United States has ever recognized a national holiday during that time). The late July period provides relatively few opportunities for merchandising, since it is typically after the peak of summer product sales in June and early July, but before the "back to school" shopping period begins in August. Therefore, to justify sales promotions, shops (such as Leon's in Canada) will sometimes announce a "Christmas in July" sale.


title: Christmas in July

text: 25 June is 6 months before, or 6 months after (depending how one chooses to look at it), the traditional Christmas celebration.


title: Christmas in July

text: It is celebrated at this particular moment, as a statement and a reaction to the traditional Christmas celebration: there is no need to wait for one specific day to celebrate love, friendship and peace. The movement started in Italy, Europe, where traditional Christmas is celebrated in winter, leading to the alternative celebration, 6 months later, to be celebrated in summer.


title: Christmas in July

text: While it started out as an improvised summer celebration in Venice, it has now become a yearly tradition. In the last 8 years, the celebrations have taken place mainly in Sardinia, but the tradition is spreading across the world and becoming a worldwide movement.


title: Christmas in July

text: In parts of Denmark people may have small Christmas celebrations and put up decorations for what is known as 'Jul i Juli' (translated as 'Christmas in July'). It is a simple play on words that has come to be celebrated by some, although it is not an official holiday.


title: Christmas in July

text: In the 1950s, the Christmas in July celebration became a Christmas in August celebration at Yellowstone National Park. There are multiple theories concerning the origin of this celebration. Park employees, who were nicknamed "Savages" until the mid-1970s, were known to throw large employee parties in July complete with floats, skits, and dances. Some have speculated that the Christmas in August celebration was a way to extend the mid-summer festivities to the public and subdue the employee-only celebration. Another theory is that the celebration began as a way to incorporate a performance of Handel's 'Messiah' by a student ministry working in the park.


title: Christmas in July

text: Christmas in July in September has been marked as a celebration by some. For example, Parker, Arizona had a celebration for it in September 2020. While in the Philippines, Christmas celebrations begin four months early and run through the end of the year until Epiphany. Celebrations will unofficially start in September and run through months that end in "-ber" (September, October, November, and December).


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara () (ISO: Sātārā) is a city located in the Satara District of Maharashtra state of India, near the confluence of the river Krishna and its tributary, the Venna. The city was established in the 16th century and was the seat of the Chhatrapati of Maratha Empire, Shahu I. It is the headquarters of Satara Tehsil, as well as the Satara District. The city gets its name from the seven forts (Sat-Tara) which are around the city. The city is known as a Soldier's city as well as Pensioner's city.


title: Satara (city)

text: The first Muslim invasion of the Deccan took place in 1296. In 1636, the Nizam Shahi dynasty came to an end. In 1663, Chattrapati Shivaji conquered Parali and Satara fort. After the death of Shivaji, Shahu Shivaji, heir apparent to the Maratha Empire, captured by Mughals when he was only seven years old, remained their prisoner till the death of his father in 1700. The Dowager Maharani Tarabai proclaimed his younger half-brother, and her son, Shahu Sambhaji as Chhatrapati Maharaj under her regency. Mughals released Shahu under certain preconditions in 1707, so that Marathas would face an internal war for the throne. Shahu returned to the Maratha Empire and claimed his inheritance. Aurangzeb's son Muhammad Azam Shah conquered Satara fort Ajinkyatara after a 6-month siege, later won by Parshuram Pratinidhi in 1706. In 1708, Chattrapati Shahu, the son of Chattrapati Sambhaji, was crowned at the Satara fort. The direct descendants of Chattrapati Shivaji continue to live in Satara. Chattrapati Udayanraje Bhonsle is the 13th descendant of Shivaji.


title: Satara (city)

text: It lies in the Satara District. Satara city is surrounded by seven mountains. Satara lies on the slope of Ajinkyatara fort. It lies on the western side of the Deccan Plateau. Pune , sangli and Solapur are the main cities close to Satara. The city is surrounded by the tehsils of Koregaon on the West, Karad and Patan on the South, Jawali on the East and Wai on the North.


title: Satara (city)

text: Khatgun is the oldest village in Satara district residing on the banks of river Yerala. It is one of the historic village in Khatav Taluka with LAWAND clan from many years residing here. The Lawand family belongs to the 96 Kuli Maratha clan. Khatgun is considered to be the native of Lawand clan from all over India. Khatgun is also famous for Raje Bagsavar Dargha, which is one of the historic Dargha's of Satara district and one of the oldest in the world. It is said that many kings have visited Khatgun Dargha in the 16th century. The Dargha is very famous for Hindu-Muslim unity as both the community people workship together. The daily pooja is performed my Lawand family which is a Hindu family. In the 17th century devotees from Afghanistan and various other Arabic countries use to visit Khatgun Dargha. Khatgun Dargha is very unique as you would find many small temples inside the premises of the Dargha.


title: Satara (city)

text: National Highway 48 (formerly National Highway 4) passes through Satara, between Karad and Khandala. Kaas Plateau, a valley of flowers, is situated 25 km away from Satara .


title: Satara (city)

text: The Satara District experiences earthquakes of minor magnitudes. the epicenter of these earthquakes are scattered in Patan Taluka.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara is famous for the Kaas Plateau, Thoseghar, and a lot of natural sites present in the vicinity of the city. Kass Plateau has been awarded as a UNESCO's World Heritage Site (WHS). In the monsoon months, the Kaas Pathar, as it is locally known, transforms into a wildflower wonderland. More particularly so in September when vivid shades of pink balsams, yellow Smithia flowers, and blue utricularias carpet the vast grasslands. It’s a must-visit for serious botanists, amateur photographers to witness the spectrum of Western Ghats monsoon montane grasslands flora, some of which are rare and endangered.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara city has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification: "Aw") that is influenced by the relatively high altitude and mountains surrounding the city. Summers are more hot than the winters. Satara city receives rainfall from 900 mm to 1,500 mm depending on the strength of the monsoon.


title: Satara (city)

text: As of 2011 India census, Satara had a population of 120,079; 61,129 are males while 59,066 are females, thus males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Satara has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 76%. In Satara, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Marathi is the native and most widely spoken language. Hindi is spoken by 1.5% of the population.


title: Satara (city)

text: Maharashtra state's sex ratio is 883 girls per 1000 boys, and Satara fares worse still at 881, in spite of the high level of literacy.


title: Satara (city)

text: The population of Satara has crossed the municipal limits and actual urban agglomerate population 326,765. The city is surrounded with census towns viz. Pratikash B. Karanje, Khed, Godoli and Vilaspur. These census towns are considered as suburban of Satara city.


title: Satara (city)

text: limit expansion was given by Devendra Fadnavis then chief minister of Maharashtra on 16 September 2019. The matter was pending for 40 years.


title: Satara (city)

text: The city's border will be extended to NH4 towards east, to Ajinkyatara on the south, the whole region south to Venna River, Shahupuri, Sambhajinagar, Vilaspur and Dare Budruk grampanchayats will become a part of Satara city.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara city falls under Satara Lok Sabha constituency, represented by MP Shriniwas Patil from the Nationalist Congress Party. The city also elects an MLA from the Satara Vidhan Sabha constituency, represented by BJP's Shivendrasinh Abhayasinh Bhosale.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara is a Municipal Council city in district of Satara, Maharashtra. Satara Municipal Council, with population of about 1.2 lakh is Satara sub district's only municipal council located in Satara sub district of Satara district in the state Maharashtra in India. Total geographical area of Satara municipal council is 8 square km. Population density of the city is 14748 persons per square km.


title: Satara (city)

text: The Satara city is divided into 39 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. Among them Satara Ward No 19 is the most populous ward with population of 4691 and Satara Ward No 23 is the least populous ward with population of 2206.


title: Satara (city)

text: Water from the Kaas lake is supplied to Satara city for drinking purposes. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran supplies water to Satara city. 19 MLD is supplied , but because of water leakage during transmission, only 17.2 MLD gets supplied effectively.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara Municipal Council is responsible for providing sanitation and solid waste management services in the city, through private contractors. 70 MT/day of solid waste is generated per day. 18 Mt/ day is disposed off through composting. 8.17 sq km of the city, covering 20972 households, are covered under door to door collection.


title: Satara (city)

text: 12.8 MLD of sewage is generated in the city. Satara Municipal Council has plans to construct a STP of 17.5 MLD capacity.


title: Satara (city)

text: The Maharashtra Right to Public Service Act, 2015 is a revolutionary Act. Citizens can get complete information regarding which services are available under this Act by accessing either the mobile app RTS Maharashtra or ‘Aaple Sarkar’ Web Portal. Citizens can even apply online for availing these services.


title: Satara (city)

text: Sugarcane is the single biggest crop of Satara along with turmeric and ginger. The Satara district has around 302 banks. The per capita of Satara district is nearly 1.2 times the state average. The British had, during the pre-Independence period started a variety of industries in Satara for Menthol and soap manufacturing in 1905. Bigger industries for copper were started in 1922. After independence, the whole district was stagnant in industrial growth. From 1950-60, industrial growth restarted and the manufacture of jaggery was started in the Satara Tehsil area. There is tanning industry in Satara city. It existed during the British rule, and after independence, the Maharashtra government established a modern tanning center in 1957.


title: Satara (city)

text: The fort's historical significance is due to the Battle of Pratapgad, which took place here on 10 November 1659, between Chatrapti Shivaji and Bijapur Sultanate general Afzal Khan. Killing of Afzal Khan by Chatrapati Shivaji was followed by decisive Maratha victory over the Bijapur army.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara is located at foot of the famous Ajinkyatara fort. It is located on Kas plateau / Flower plateau, now a World Natural Heritage site. Satara has two palaces in the heart of the city, the Old Palace (Juna Rajwada) and the New Palace (Nava Rajwada) adjoining each other. The Old Palace was built around 300 years ago, and the New Palace was built about 200 years ago.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara has a unique statue of chatrapati Shivaji maharaj standing near a canon, at Powai Naka. Generally, a statue of Shivaji Maharaj has seen him riding the horse.


title: Satara (city)

text: Thoseghar Waterfalls around 20  km west of Satara. It is one of the best monsoon tourist places in the Western Ghats. People come from all over Maharashtra to visit the falls, especially during the monsoon season between July and October. Vajrai Waterfall, India's highest waterfall, is around 22 km from Satara. And Sajjangad, around 15 km from Satara.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara hosts 'Satara Half Hill Marathon' each year. In 2015, they entered the Guinness World Records book for Most People in a Mountain Run (Single Mountain) with 2,618 runners.


title: Satara (city)

text: Apshinge Military is a small village in Satara district but it has historical significance as at least one member of every family in the village has served or is serving in the armed forces. The contribution of the village was recognized by the British government, which installed a memorial in the village in the memory of 46 soldiers who laid down their lives fighting for Britain during World War I. Food


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara is well known for its sweet: "Kandi Pedhe". Kandi Pedhe is a special delicacy of Milk which is prepared by pure full-fat milk available in nearby villages. It has its natural richness and sweetness. Kandi pedha has its unique taste and is not sugar loaded like other pedhas available in the market.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara is well known for Sainik School, Satara - The first among the chains of Sainik Schools established in the country on 23 June 1961 under the Ministry of Defence.


title: Satara (city)

text: Rayat Shikshan Sanstha's Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil college of engineering, Satara is the oldest engineering college in Satara city. Government Medical college start from year 2022. GMC (Government Medical College) Satara has first batch in the year 2022, it is located near the Civil Hospital Satara


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara is about 250  km from Mumbai on National Highway 48 (via Mumbai Pune Expressway and PB road) & 110 km away from Pune. Train services from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus railway station, Mumbai to Kolhapur via Satara. Private travels and government state transport buses are available from Borivali, Dadar, Mumbai Central, and Thane to Satara.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara city is well connected with the rest of Maharashtra by road and rail. National Highway 48 a part of the Golden Quadrilateral running between Delhi and Chennai passes through Satara connecting Mumbai and Pune on north side and kolhapur on south side in Maharashtra. A bypass was constructed to avoid traffic congestion in the city. National Highway 965D connects Kedgaon, Supe, Morgaon, Nira, Lonand, Wathar up to Satara. National Highway 548C starts from Satara, Satara-Akluj-Latur Highway connects Satara city to Latur, it passes through Koregaon, Pusegaon, Mhaswad, Akluj, Tembhurni and Murud. It will also be a 4 lane highway, work is going to start soon. State Highway 58 connects Satara with Mahabaleshwar and Solapur.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara railway station lies on the Pune-Miraj line of the Central Railways and is administered by the Pune Railway Division. The railway station is located a small distance east of the city and is served by several express trains. Sahyadri Express, Koyna Express, Mahalaxmi Express, Maharashtra Express, Goa Express are daily trains that have stops at Satara. Satara Mahad Bankot is a newly declared national highway connecting Satara to the Konkan region.


title: Satara (city)

text: Satara has railway station situated near Mahuli about 07 km distance on the Satara Pandharpur road from Satara Bus stand. Satara is On Route from Mumbai to Miraj, Sangli, Kolhapur, and Bangalore (some trains).


title: Satara (city)

text: You can reach Satara from Mumbai or Pune easily by road or rail ("Mahalaxmi Express", "Koyna Express","Goa Express", "Chalukya Express").


title: Artificial City

text: Artificial City () is a South Korean television series directed by Jeon Chang-geun and starring Soo Ae, Kim Mi-sook, Kim Kang-woo and Lee Hak-joo. This psychological series is about a society whose characters have different desires and psychology, which pushes them to conceal their dark sides. It premiered on JTBC on December 8, 2021 and aired every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:30 (KST).


title: Artificial City

text: A psychological mystery thriller that tells the story of things which lose their meaning when greed and power comes into play. A big conglomerate, Sungjin Group, which has clout over political and financial circles in South Korea, owns an art museum called “Space Jin”. Yoon Jae-hee (Soo Ae), second daughter-in-law of the family, is in-charge of the art museum. She hates poverty so she ditched her long-time lover and married Jung Joon-hyuk (Kim Kang-woo), an illegitimate son of Sungjin Group. She even fights her in-laws in order to make her husband the country's President, with the help of the future Public Prosecutor General. The husband poses as if he has no such ambition, but inside he waits for the day when he can have the control.


title: Artificial City

text: In December 2020, Studio Santa Claus Entertainment, Soo Ae's agency, announced that she was offered a role in "Artificial City". This would be her first drama since the 2016 series "Sweet Stranger and Me". On 6 January 2021, King Entertainment announced that Kim Kang-woo was offered the leading role for the series. His last appearance was in "Woman of 9.9 Billion" in 2019. This is the second common project for Kim Kang-woo and Soo Ae, who had previously worked together in the 2018 film "High Society" and attends to 2007 Busan's International Film Festival.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: Maria Grazia Chiuri (; born February 2, 1964) is an Italian fashion designer. After stints working at Fendi and Valentino, Chiuri was named creative director at Dior.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: Her maternal grandfather died during the Second World War, leaving her grandmother to raise their five children alone. Her mother joined a sewing workshop at a young age before opening her own boutique in Rome, but pushed her daughter, Maria Grazia Chiuri, to study.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: Her father was in the military and her mother was a dressmaker, she had five sisters. She has cited her grandmother, mother and sisters as an inspiration. She studied at IED, Istituto Europeo di Design in Rome, then started at Fendi where she designed handbag lines.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: Maria Grazia Chiuri joined Fendi in 1989. While at Fendi, she helped develop the famous Baguette bag and recruited the designer Pierpaolo Piccioli to join the department.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: In 1999, she joined the Italian fashion house Valentino, where she was responsible for the accessories lines. Already, she was approached by the House of Dior to be in charge of the handbag line; too restrictive a proposal, which she refused. In 2008, when Valentino Garavani retired, she was promoted within the Italian company to co-Artistic Director of the brand, alongside Pier Paolo Piccioli, whom she had known since her studies at the Istituto Europeo di Design. Her beginnings were difficult but she knew how to make the Roman brand evolve in a few years. Her collections are characterized by an "Italian style, romantic and precious". Later in 2003 the pair also began to manage creative direction for the Red Valentino diffusion collection. Chiuri and Piccioli were named co-creative directors of Valentino in 2008 overseeing full artistic direction for the brand including Womenswear, Menswear & Haute Couture, and both were awarded the CFDA International Award for their work in 2015.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: In 2016, she was appointed, by Sidney Toledano, artistic director of the women's collections of Christian Dior (haute couture and ready-to-wear, six collections per year). Succeeding Raf Simons, she becomes the first woman to hold this position since the creation of the brand in 1946. Her first shows for the French house are characterized by its minimalism and feminist claims.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: On July 6, 2020, Maria Grazia Chiuri presents the Haute Couture Autumn-Winter 2020-2021 collection. Due to the health crisis, this one is presented for the first time in the form of a film, in collaboration with Matteo Garrone, an Italian film director. They will also collaborate on the film of the Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2021 collection.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: In July 2016 Chiuri was appointed the creative director of Dior. Vanessa Freidman of "The New York Times" reported "She will be the first woman to lead the creative side in the label’s 69-year history, and the role will be her first solo appointment after more than two decades of working with Pierpaolo Piccioli, who has been named creative director at Valentino." The Irish Times remarked "As artistic director of the storied Paris fashion house, Ms Chiuri will follow in the footsteps of designers like Yves Saint Laurent, Gianfranco Ferre and John Galliano."


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: In September 2016 Chiuri debuted her first collection for Christian Dior SE in Paris. The show featured many feminist references including a T-shirt bearing the title of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's essay "We Should All Be Feminists". Chiuri would continue this theme in subsequent shows including a reference to Linda Nochlin's essay Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? for SS18 as well as a collaboration with artist Judy Chicago and The Chanakya School of Craft for the set of her SS20 Haute Couture collection at Dior. According to Chiuri “The new generation has raised big questions about gender, race, environment and cultures that we have to reflect in fashion,”.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: Maria Grazia Chiuri has often been inspired by feminism for the clothes she has created for Dior. In addition, she regularly invites committed artists to present her collections.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: In 2021, Maria Grazia Chiuri published the book "Her Dior: Maria Grazia Chiuri's New Voice". It features the work of 33 photographers who have worked with Maria Grazia Chiuri and Dior. The book illustrates the work of these artists who represent an important part of contemporary photography and celebrates the innovative and feminist spirit of Maria Grazia Chiuri.


title: Maria Grazia Chiuri

text: Maria Grazia Chiuri is, along with Pierpaolo Piccioli, author of the book "Valentino: Objects of Couture", published on November 5, 2013. This book presents the legacy of accessory design by the legendary Valentino fashion house.


title: Li Mu

text: Li Mu (; died 229 BC), personal name Zuo (繓), courtesy name Mu (牧), was a Chinese military general of the State of Zhao during the Warring States period. He was named by Chinese historians as one of the four greatest generals of the late Warring States period, along with Bai Qi, Wang Jian, and Lian Po. He's highly regarded as one of the best defensive tacticians commanders of ancient warfare.


title: Li Mu

text: In 265 BC, Li Mu was stationed in Yanmen Commandery and ordered to defend northwestern commanderies of Yanshan (雁山) and Daijun (代郡) from raids instigated by the Xiongnu (匈奴) and other tribes. He initially adopted an extremely defensive strategy, for which he was accused of cowardice and thereafter replaced by a more aggressive general.


title: Li Mu

text: The Zhao state prepared an army of 1,300 war chariots, 13,000 cavalry, 50,000 infantry and 100,000 archers. The army was scattered in the countryside. The Xiongnu sent a small force to raid the border, and Li Mu pretended to be defeated, and abandoned a few thousand men to the Xiongnu. The chanyu (or shan-yü, title for the chief of the Xiongnu) heard of this and then sent a large force to invade Zhao. The Zhao divided into two armies, encircled and beat the Xiongnu, killing hundreds of thousands of men and horses. Then the Zhao exterminated the Dan Lan, defeated the Dong Hu, forced the Lin Hu to surrender, making the shan-yü flee.


title: Li Mu

text: In 243 BC, Li Mu took over command in the war against Yan and managed to conquer Wusui (武遂) and Fangcheng (方城).


title: Li Mu

text: Later, as the threat from Qin increased with the previous ascension of King Zheng, Li Mu turned his focus more towards the western parts of Zhao. However, the State of Zhao was significantly weakened. After having previously suffered utter defeat at the hands of Qin forces led by Bai Qi during, and in the aftermath of, the Battle of Changping in 260 BC, in which Zhao had lost virtually its entire army, most of the core Zhao territories had fallen to Qin. Furthermore, Zhao was diplomatically isolated as the Kingdoms of Wei, Yan, and Han were too weak to offer any kind of support, while Qi and Chu were more willing to see the kingdom extinguished than face the powerful Qin.


title: Li Mu

text: Nevertheless, Li Mu could still hold out against and compete with the much stronger Qin forces. So while Qin could raid Wei and Han at will, they had a much harder time pillaging in Zhao.


title: Li Mu

text: In 233 BC, when Qin forces attacked the cities of Chili (赤麗) and Xuan'an (宣安), Li Mu erected a fortified camp at Feidi (肥地; in present-day Gaocheng District, Hebei) and waited for the Qin general Huan Yi (桓齮) to divide his army and attack one of the divisions. The plan succeeded, and Li Mu defeated the Qin army at Yi'an (宜安; around present-day Shijiazhuang, Hebei). He was rewarded with the title of Marquis of Wu'an (武安君). A year later, he again defeated the Qin army at Fanwu (番吾; in present-day Pingshan, Hebei).


title: Li Mu

text: Eliminating Li Mu became a necessity for Qin to conquer Zhao and ultimately to unify China. In 229 BC, in light of Wang Jian's invasion of Zhao, the Qin sent spies to the Zhao court, bribing key courtiers such as Guo Kai (郭開) and Han Cang (韓倉) in order to convince them to persuade the King of Zhao to replace Li Mu and Sima Shang (司馬尚) with Zhao Cong (趙蔥) and Yan Ju (顏聚) as generals by alleging that the former were planning a rebellion. The plan succeeded.


title: Li Mu

text: Li Mu was expelled from his position and soon thereafter either executed or forced to commit suicide on the king's orders.


title: Li Mu

text: With Li Mu's death, the fall of Zhao became inevitable. In just a few years' time King Dai would fall and the State of Zhao would fade into history.


title: Li Mu

text: Li Mu sometimes appears as a menshen on Chinese and Taoist temples, usually paired with Bai Qi. He is also commemorated at Zhenbian Hall, a temple beside the Tianxian Gate at Yanmen Pass in Shanxi.


title: Li Mu

text: In Hara Yasuhisa's famous manga "Kingdom" he is portrayed as a major antagonist known as "Ri Boku" under the Japanese pronunciation of the same name. He considers himself a pacifist but nonetheless is actually a genius strategist and one of the "Three Great Heavens of Zhao", making him one of the best generals in the series. He held the position of "Prime Minister of the State of Zhao" until he was stripped of that title by the king. His excellent skills at warfare are on par with other prominent tacticians like Wang Jian and Lord Changping.


title: Li Mu

text: In a one-shot manga that Yasuhisa wrote before publishing "Kingdom", it details his background and youth.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Guy Laliberté, (born 2 September 1959) is a Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. Along with Gilles Ste-Croix, he is the co-founder of Cirque du Soleil. In January 2018, Laliberté was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 1984, Laliberté founded Cirque du Soleil. The Canadian circus company's shows have since been seen by more than 90 million people worldwide. Before founding the company, he had busked, performing as an accordion player, stiltwalker and fire-eater. In 2006, he was named the Ernst & Young Canadian Entrepreneur of the Year. In 2007, he was named Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Of The Year.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Laliberté was born in 1959 in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. His interest in show business began when his parents took him to watch the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus, an experience which led him to read the biography of P. T. Barnum. While he was still in school, he produced several performing arts events.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: After school, Laliberté left Canada to hitchhike around Europe at the age of 18. While travelling, he made money by playing the accordion. He also learned fire-eating and stilt-walking during his time abroad, and after returning to Canada, became a street performer on the streets of Quebec. Laliberté joined a performing troupe called Les Échassiers, which included fire-breathers, jugglers, and acrobats who hitchhiked around the country to shows. He later returned to Quebec, where he obtained a full-time job at a hydroelectric dam. However, soon after his employment began, the company's employees went on strike. Laliberté took the opportunity to return to his life as a street performer.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 1980, he ran as a Rhinoceros Party candidate for the electoral district of Charlevoix in the 1980 federal election.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Laliberté co-founded Cirque du Soleil in 1984 with Gilles Ste-Croix and a small group of colleagues. The group obtained the support of a government grant for the celebration of the 450th anniversary of Jacques Cartier's discovery of Canada. Cirque du Soleil was originally set up as a one-year project. However, the government of Quebec wanted a touring event that would perform in other provinces. The name 'Cirque du Soleil' ("circus of the sun"), which Laliberté came up with while he was in Hawaii, reflects his notion that "the sun stands for energy and youth" and that the circus is about those two words.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Cirque du Soleil now has activities on five continents. Its shows employ approximately 4,000 people from over 40 countries and generate an estimated annual revenue exceeding US$810 million.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 2015 he sold 90% of his stock in the company. On 17 February 2020, he sold the remaining 10% to Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Laliberté started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. In April 2007, he finished fourth in the World Poker Tour Season Five event at Bellagio in Las Vegas and won $696,220. He also played on GSN's "High Stakes Poker" Season 4 show and took part in "Poker After Dark" season 4 alongside Tom Dwan and Phil Hellmuth. He was also known for frequenting the highest stakes games on Full Tilt Poker.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 2011 Laliberté announced the Big One, a US$1 million buy-in tournament which was featured at the 2012 World Series of Poker. Part of the prize money was donated to Laliberté's philanthropic organization One Drop Foundation, which primary goal is to provide clean drinking water and hygiene products around the globe. 48 players participated in the tournament and Antonio Esfandiari won the $18,346,673 first-place prize. The tournament raised $5,333,328 for the One Drop foundation.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Laliberté has lost the most money on online poker cash games. Over his six accounts, noataima, patatino, lady marmelade, elmariachimacho, Esvedra and Zypherin, Laliberté has lost approximately US$31,000,000.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In September 2009, Laliberté became the first Canadian space tourist. He launched on the Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft and landed in the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft. His spaceflight was dedicated to raising awareness on water issues facing humankind. The event was accompanied by a 120-minute webcast program featuring various artistic performances in 14 cities on five continents, including the International Space Station.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In May 2020, Canada's Federal Court of Appeals ruled that his trip should be considered primarily personal, and not work related, and directed that income tax be assessed on 90% of the cost of the trip. The cost of the spaceflight was $41,816,954.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In June 2011, Laliberté published a book, entitled "Gaia", containing photos of Earth from his space flight. Proceeds from his book were to go to the One Drop Foundation.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 2007, Laliberté became the owner of the atoll of Nukutepipi in the French Polynesia. In May 2014, Laliberté told the "Journal de Montréal" that he wanted to make the atoll a shelter that could accommodate his family and friends in the event of a global catastrophe. "Because of all that's happening in the world, I said to myself: that could be the place where, in case of an epidemic or a total war, I could bring people I like and my family so that we'd be protected. It will be completely autonomous in terms of operation: solar, environmental, ecologic, all that."


title: Guy Laliberté

text: On 13 November 2019, following his arrest for cannabis cultivation, Laliberté's investment firm Lune Rouge stated that "Laliberté is being questioned in respect of cultivation of cannabis for his personal use only at the residence on the island of Nukutepipi" in Tahiti.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 1997, Laliberté received the National Order of Quebec, the highest distinction awarded by the Government of Quebec. In 2001, he was named a Great Montrealer by the Académie des Grands Montréalais. In 2003, he was honored by the Condé Nast group as part of the Never Follow Program, a tribute to creators and innovators. In 2004, he received the Order of Canada, the highest distinction in the country, from the Governor General of Canada. The same year, he was recognized by "Time" magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: In 2006, Laliberté won the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international. In 2007, he was named Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Of The Year.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Université Laval (Québec) awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2008. On 22 November 2010, he and Cirque du Soleil were honoured with the 2,424th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Guy Laliberté

text: Laliberté's son Kami is a racing driver competing in the European junior formulae. He recorded one race victory in F4 but has no record of racing after 2017. His daughter Naïma is a competitive dressage rider.


title: Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow

text: Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow is a series of novels for young readers written by Rob Kidd. The series is published by Disney Press and was written as a literary companion to the "Pirates of the Caribbean" films. The events in the series take place before the events in the movies. The books are about Jack Sparrow's teen years before he becomes a pirate. It is followed by the series "", set thirteen years before "".


title: Fordism

text: Fordism is a manufacturing technology that serves as the basis of modern economic and social systems in industrialized, standardized mass production and mass consumption. The concept is named after Henry Ford. It is used in social, economic, and management theory about production, working conditions, consumption, and related phenomena, especially regarding the 20th century. It describes an ideology of advanced capitalism centered around the American socioeconomic systems in place in the post-war economic boom.


title: Fordism

text: Fordism is "the eponymous manufacturing system designed to produce standardized, low-cost goods and afford its workers decent enough wages to buy them." It has also been described as "a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes using special purpose machinery and unskilled labor." Although Fordism was a method used to improve productivity in the automotive industry, the principle could be applied to any kind of manufacturing process. Major success stemmed from three major principles:


title: Fordism

text: The principles, coupled with a technological revolution during Henry Ford's time, allowed for his revolutionary form of labor to flourish. His assembly line was revolutionary though not original as it had previously been used at slaughterhouses. His most original contribution to the modern world was breaking down complex tasks into simpler ones, with the help of specialised tools. Simpler tasks created interchangeable parts that could be used the same way every time. That allowed for a very adaptable flexibility, creating an assembly line that could change its constituent components to meet the needs of the product being assembled. In reality, the assembly line had existed before Ford, although not in quite the same effectiveness as he would create. His real accomplishment was recognizing the potential by breaking it all down into its components, only to build it back up again in a more effective and productive combination, thereby producing an optimum method for the real world.


title: Fordism

text: The major advantages of such a change was that it cut down on the manpower necessary for the factory to operate, and it deskilled the labour itself, cutting down on costs of production.


title: Fordism

text: The Ford Motor Company was one of several hundred small automobile manufacturers that emerged between 1890 and 1910. After five years of producing automobiles, Ford introduced the Model T, which was simple and light but sturdy enough to drive on the country's primitive roads. The mass production of this automobile lowered its unit price, making it affordable for the average consumer. Furthermore, Ford substantially increased his workers' wages to combat rampant absenteeism and employee turnover, which approached 400% annually, which had the byproduct of giving them the means to become customers. That led to massive consumption. In fact, the Model T surpassed all expectations because it attained a peak of 60% of the automobile output within the United States.


title: Fordism

text: The production system that Ford exemplified involved synchronization, precision, and specialization within a company.


title: Fordism

text: Ford and his senior managers did not use the word "Fordism" themselves to describe their motivations or worldview, which they did not consider an "ism". However, many contemporaries framed their worldview as one and applied the name Fordism to it.


title: Fordism

text: The term gained prominence when it was used by Antonio Gramsci in 1934 in his essay "Americanism and Fordism" in his "Prison Notebooks". Since then, it has been used by a number of writers on economics and society, mainly but not exclusively in the Marxist tradition.


title: Fordism

text: According to historian Charles S. Maier, Fordism proper was preceded in Europe by Taylorism, a technique of labor discipline and workplace organization, based upon supposedly scientific studies of human efficiency and incentive systems. It attracted European intellectuals, especially in Germany and Italy, from the "fin de siècle" to World War I.


title: Fordism

text: After 1918, however, the goal of Taylorist labor efficiency thought in Europe moved to "Fordism", the reorganization of the entire productive process by the moving assembly line, standardization, and the mass market. The grand appeal of Fordism in Europe was that it promised to sweep away all the archaic residues of precapitalist society, by subordinating the economy, society, and even the human personality to the strict criteria of technical rationality. The Great Depression blurred the utopian vision of American technocracy, but World War II and its aftermath revived the ideal.


title: Fordism

text: Later, under the inspiration of Gramsci, Marxists picked up the Fordism concept in the 1930s and developed Post-Fordism in the 1970s. Antonio and Bonanno (2000) trace the development of Fordism and subsequent economic stages, from globalization to neoliberal globalization, during the 20th century, and emphasized the United States role in globalization. "Fordism," for Gramsci, meant routine, intensified labor to promote production. Antonio and Bonanno argue that Fordism peaked in the post-World War II decades of American dominance and mass consumerism but collapsed from political and cultural attacks on the people in the 1970s.


title: Fordism

text: Advances in technology and the end of the Cold War ushered in a new "neoliberal" phase of globalization in the 1990s. Antonio and Bonanno further suggest that negative elements of Fordism, such as economic inequality, remained, allowing related cultural and environmental troubles, which inhibited America's pursuit of democracy to surface.


title: Fordism

text: Historian Thomas Hughes has detailed how the Soviet Union, in the 1920s and the 1930s, enthusiastically embraced Fordism and Taylorism by importing American experts in both fields as well as American engineering firms to build parts of its new industrial infrastructure. The concepts of the Five-Year Plan and the centrally-planned economy can be traced directly to the influence of Taylorism on Soviet thinking. Hughes quotes Joseph Stalin:


title: Fordism

text: Hughes describes how, as the Soviet Union developed and grew in power, both the Soviets and the Americans chose to ignore or deny the contribution of American ideas and expertise. The Soviets did so because they wished to portray themselves as creators of their own destiny and not indebted to their rivals, while the Americans did so because they did not wish to acknowledge, during the Cold War, their part in creating a powerful rival.


title: Fordism

text: The period after Fordism has been termed Post-Fordist and Neo-Fordist. The former implies that global capitalism has made a clean break from Fordism, including overcoming its inconsistencies, but the latter implies that elements of the Fordist ROA continued to exist. The Regulation School preferred the term After-Fordism (or the French "Après-Fordisme") to denote that what comes after Fordism was or is not clear.


title: Fordism

text: The mass-produced robots in Karel Čapek's play "R.U.R." have been described as representing "the traumatic transformation of modern society by the First World War and the Fordist assembly line."


title: Fordism

text: A religion based on the worship of Henry Ford is a central feature of the technocracy in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World", where the principles of mass production are applied to the generation of people as well as to industry.


title: Amin al-Hafiz

text: Amin al-Hafiz (12 November 1921 – 17 December 2009), also known as Amin Hafez was a Syrian politician, general, and member of the Ba'ath Party who served as the President of Syria from 27 July 1963 to 23 February 1966.


title: Amin al-Hafiz

text: The 1963 Syrian coup d'état, led by the Military Committee, introduced al-Hafiz to public life. In the aftermath of the coup, the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) became the country's supreme organ. The NCRC was dominated by the Syrian branch of the radical, pan-Arab Ba'ath Party. Al-Hafiz became President, instituted socialist reforms, and oriented his country towards the Eastern Bloc.


title: Amin al-Hafiz

text: On 23 February 1966, al-Hafiz was overthrown by a radical Ba'athist faction headed by Chief of Staff Salah Jadid. A late warning telegram of the coup d'état was sent from Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser to Nasim al-Safarjalani (The General Secretary of Presidential Council), on the early morning of the coup d'état. The coup sprung out of factional rivalry between Jadid's "regionalist" ("qutri") camp of the Ba'ath Party, which promoted ambitions for a Greater Syria, and the more traditionally pan-Arab al-Hafiz faction, called the "nationalist" ("qawmi") faction. Jadid's supporters were also seen as more radically left-wing. The coup was also supported and led by officers from Syria's religious minorities, especially the Alawites and the Druze, whereas al-Hafiz belonged to the majority Sunni population.


title: Amin al-Hafiz

text: After being wounded in the three-hour shootout that preceded the coup, in which two of his children were seriously injured, al-Hafiz was jailed in Damascus's Mezzeh prison before being sent to Lebanon in June 1967. A year later, he was relocated to Baghdad. In 1971, the courts of Damascus sentenced him to death "in absentia"; however, Saddam Hussein "treated him and his fellow exile, Ba'ath founder Michel Aflaq, like royalty", and the sentence was not carried out. After the fall of Saddam in the Iraq War of 2003, al-Hafiz was quietly allowed to return to Syria. He died in Aleppo on December 17, 2009; reports of his age differ, but he was believed to be in his late 80s. He received a state-sponsored funeral.


title: Trump Force One

text: Trump Force One is an informal name—analogous to Air Force One—for The Trump Organization's Boeing 757 used by Donald Trump prior to and after his presidency. The name was in use during his presidential campaign of 2016. The 757 was in long-term storage with one engine removed from 2019 until 2021. In November 2021, it was flown to Louisiana, reportedly for restoration and upgrading. It has now been restored and is back in service. The plane was spotted at Trump rally in Robstown,Texas on October 22, 2022 and at the Dayton, OH Rally on November 7th, 2022 where he had the plane taxi to the stage.


title: Trump Force One

text: The plane was jokingly referred to by some as Trump Force One during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.


title: Trump Force One

text: The Boeing 757-200 is registered in the United States as N757AF and was built in 1991. It was originally delivered to Denmark's Sterling Airlines and by 1993 was operated by Mexico's TAESA. In 1995, it became a corporate jet for Paul Allen's enterprises. Trump's DJT Operations I LLC bought the plane in 2011.


title: Trump Force One

text: The aircraft has two Rolls-Royce RB211 turbofan engines, and is configured to seat 43 people. It has a dining room, bathroom, shower, bedroom, guest room, and galley. Many fixtures are plated in 24k gold.


title: Trump Force One

text: Donald Trump had planned to use the 757 for campaigning during his putative 2012 presidential bid. Trump used the 757 for transportation during his successful 2016 presidential campaign. After becoming President, Trump began to travel on the Boeing VC-25s commonly referred to as Air Force One.


title: Trump Force One

text: The Boeing 757 was used by The Trump Organization for executive trips until mid-2019 when it was put into storage on a fenced-off tarmac at Stewart International Airport. The left Rolls-Royce RB211 engine has been removed, and a one cycle (1 takeoff/landing) replacement/loaner engine has not been found since it has been placed in storage. Once an engine was sourced, the aircraft was scheduled to be flown to a maintenance, repair and overhaul facility (MRO) in Lake Charles, Louisiana, for overdue maintenance.


title: Trump Force One

text: As of March 20, 2021, the plane was still awaiting service at Stewart International Airport. Flight records showed that the plane had not been flown since the end of Trump's presidency. On May 21, 2021, Trump announced in a press release that the plane would be restored and upgraded at a service facility in Louisiana.


title: Trump Force One

text: On November 1, 2021, the plane was flown to Chennault International Airport near Lake Charles, Louisiana, with a one-hour stopover in Nashville, Tennessee, after declaring an emergency.


title: Trump Force One

text: On October 22, 2022, the plane would take its first flight back after major upgrades. It was flown right back to Trump in West Palm Beach, Florida.


title: Trump Force One

text: When Trump visited Trump Tower in Manhattan in March 2021 he used the Trump Organization's 1997 Cessna 750 Citation X. The plane seats eight passengers and has a cabin height of 5 feet 7 inches (170 centimeters). When it was first purchased it was the fastest business jet in the world. It is the only operational airplane in the Trump Organization's fleet, which also has three helicopters. The FAA reportedly cited the plane in 2016 when the Trump organization did not renew its registration. The Citation X became the main jet of Donald Trump after his presidency.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Stadler FLIRT (Fast Light Intercity and Regional Train; ) is a passenger multiple unit trainset made by Stadler Rail of Switzerland. The baseline design of FLIRT is an electric multiple unit articulated trainset that can come in units of two to twelve cars with two to six motorized axles. The maximum speed is . Standard floor height is , but high floors are also available for platform heights of .


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The FLIRT train was originally developed for the Swiss Federal Railways and was first delivered in 2004. The trains quickly became a success and were ordered by operators in Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and, most recently (2018), Canada. As of October 2021, more than 2500 units have been sold.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Other than electric (EMU), the FLIRT is produced in diesel-electric version (DEMU), and recently also as electro-diesel (bi-mode/BMU), first ordered by the Aosta Valley region in Italy (), and then by Greater Anglia (British Rail Class 755), , and Wales & Borders ("tri-mode" version: diesel/overhead electric/battery).


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The FLIRT is a new generation of multiple units, even though it has a striking resemblance with GTW vehicles. The trains can have two to six sections and electric variants are available for all commonly used power supply systems (AC and DC) as well as standard and broad gauge. It has Jacobs bogies shared between the individual coaches, with wide walk-through gangways. The floor height at the entrances can be chosen by the operator, providing level boarding at most stations. Automatic couplers of either Schwab type (on all Swiss units) or Scharfenberg type at both ends of the train allow up to four trains to be connected.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: All FLIRT variations use IGBT-based traction converters from ABB, which drive the TSA induction motors located in the two bogies at either end of the train. On the two-section trains, only one bogie is powered, while on longer versions it is possible to have a third powered bogie in the middle, found on the trains for Vy in Norway and for PKP Intercity in Poland. Each bogie usually has a continuous power rating of giving a typical four-section train total power output as well as maximum power output of over a short time. Depending on the number of powered bogies, the length and weight, they will reach top speeds between (typically ). Acceleration also varies between .


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The diesel version is essentially an electric version with a diesel power module inserted, generating electricity for the electric motors. In TEXRail application, the diesel power module contains two 520 kW (697 hp) Deutz AG TCD 16.0 V8 that complies with US EPA Tier 4 emission standard.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Diesel, bi-mode electro-diesel, hybrid diesel-battery, or battery versions are essentially baseline design with an additional one-third length non-passenger car inserted in the trainset – called a "PowerPack" car – which contains the electricity generating and storage components, such as diesel engines and batteries, that provide electricity to the train to run "off-wire". It has a gangway through the centre to allow passengers to pass between the two parts of the train.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: On 18 March 2006, the Algerian operator SNTF announced that it had ordered 64 four-car EMUs for suburban services in Algiers. The trains were delivered between 2008 and 2010.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In November 2019, it was announced that Azərbaycan Dəmir Yolları (Azerbaijan Railways) had placed a €115 million order for ten Russian gauge Stadler FLIRT units in various configurations, for delivery to start taking place in 2022.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Because the Azerbaijan Railway is currently converting the electrification voltage of many lines on its network from 3 kV DC to 25 kV AC, the diesel fleet will be introduced first, allowing the service to be upheld during this conversion process.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Ten Russian gauge units were delivered to the Belarusian Railways in 2011. Six more were delivered from 2013 to 2014.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The trains are mostly used on various suburban routes around Minsk, such as Minsk-Pasažyrski to Minsk National Airport. The Stadler FLIRT trains are also used as inter-regional transport in Belarus, on the routes Minsk–Homieĺ, and Minsk–Brest.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Two Stadler FLIRT units with an interior optimised for longer distance (EP-class) were delivered to Belarus in 2015 to 2016, and in January 2019, ten more of these trains were ordered for delivery in 2020.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: On 3 May 2018 it was announced that the city of Ottawa would be purchasing 7 diesel-electric FLIRT trains to use on its upgraded and extended Trillium Line. The trains started tests for service in January 2022.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The Czech private operator LEO Express ordered 5 units. Units are modified as InterCity trains. All 5 units have operated on the Prague–Ostrava line since December 2012. Since December 2013 one unit is operated on the Prague–Staré Město u Uherského Hradiště and since December 2014 next one unit is operated on the international route Prague–Košice (Slovak Republic). The maximum speed of these units is , but in service it is limited to .


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Elron ordered 18 electric (6 4-car and 12 3-car) and 20 diesel (6 4-car, 8 3-car and 6 2-car) broad-gauged trains. By June 2014 all 38 trains were delivered. This has been the first time FLIRT DMUs were produced. First 5 trains went into service on 1 July 2013 and by January 2014 all old trains were replaced by the new ones. On 16 April 2014 one of the new DMUs that had been operating for just 5 months had an accident near Raasiku (truck collision). The unit was badly damaged. It will go back into service by 2015 when the two damaged carriages will be replaced with new ones.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In November 2014, Elron initiated an investigation into suspected flaws in some diesel trains. Two different build flaws were found in many of the trains and faulty components were replaced under warranty.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: 81 4-section broad-gauged FLIRT units, classified as Sm5 in the Finnish system, have been ordered by Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy (a joint venture between the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen) for service on the Helsinki commuter rail network. The Sm5 units are leased by Pääkaupunkiseudun junakalusto to the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, but they are currently operated by the VR Group. The initial order in 2006 was for 32 trainsets. 9 further units were ordered in 2011 and 34 further units in 2014.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The first Sm5 unit arrived in Finland on 11 November 2008. Following preliminary testing the first unit was displayed to the public in Helsinki on 17 December 2008. During the remainder of on 2008 and for most of 2009 the Sm5 units were extensively tested in different parts of Finland. The first unit entered passenger service on 18 November 2009.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The Cantus Verkehrsgesellschaft, a joint subsidiary of Hessische Landesbahn and Hamburger Hochbahn, became the first German FLIRT operator when they received their first train in 2006. Their fleet consists of 14 three-car and 6 four-car units.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Since December 2007 Abellio Rail NRW has operated 9 3-car and 8 2-car FLIRT trains for regional routes between Essen, Hagen, Iserlohn and Siegen. This was the first time that a FLIRT with only two sections was ordered.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Also since December 2007 WestfalenBahn uses 14 3-car and 5 five-car trains for trains services in the Teutoburg Forest region.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In 2006 DB Regio, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn ordered 5 5-section vehicles for regional services on the German east coast. The trains were delivered in August 2007 and, until December 2019, were used on the routes Rostock–Stralsund–Lietzow–Sassnitz (Hanse-Express), Sassnitz–Stralsund and Binz–Lietzow. Since October 2020, they run the RB17 (Wismar – Ludwigslust).


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The biggest order from Germany so far came in October 2006 from the leasing company Angel Trains Europa when they ordered 25 4-car FLIRT trains. All 25 units have been leased to Eurobahn who uses them on the Hellweg Network in North Rhine-Westphalia. Only a year later, in November 2007, Angel Trains ordered 4 more four-car and 14 five-car trains that will also be used by Eurobahn. In 2017, Eurobahn also took over the WestfalenBahn operation of the Teutoburger-Wald-Network, taking over 18 FLIRT 1 units, as well as ordering 8 new FLIRT 3 units.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: On the InnoTrans 2008, a trade fair focused on rail transport, Vias announced their order for 12 four-section and 7 three-section units. Starting in December 2010, the trains were put on the Frankfurt–Koblenz route. The same year, the Hessische Landesbahn (HLB) started to operate 3 three- and 5 six car FLIRT units on the Frankfurt – Gießen – Siegen line.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Starting in December 2013, the Bayerische Oberlandbahn, called Bayerische Regiobahn (BRB) since 2020, uses 3 three car and 28 six car FLIRTs for their Meridian services, which run between Munich-Salzburg and Kufstein. Since August 2014, the ownership of the trains was transferred to AlphaTrains, only to be leased back for the Meridian.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: From December 2014 on, the RE 1 (Koblenz – Trier (– Luxembourg /) – Saarbrücken – Ludwigshafen – Mannheim), RE 2 (Koblenz – Frankfurt), RE 4 (Frankfurt (Main) – Mainz – Ludwigshafen – Karlsruhe), RE 14 (Frankfurt (Main) – Mainz – Ludwigshafen – Mannheim), are operated with FLIRT 3 units, with the RE 1 being coupled with a CFL-operated KISS between Trier and Koblenz.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Transdev ordered 64 3-car units in November 2018, planned to enter service in 2021 on Hanover S-Bahn lines. In June 2019, Transdev subsidiary NordWestBahn awarded Stadler a €100m order to supply 16 Flirt electric multiple-units for the Bremen/Niedersachsen S-Bahn services. The trains will enter service starting December 2022.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In July 2019, Schleswig-Holstein rail authority NAH.SH awarded Stadler a €600m order for 55 battery-powered Flirt Akku multiple unit trains along with maintenance for 30 years. The trains, which offer of battery range, will start entering service in 2022 and replace DMUs on non-electrified routes.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Hungary has the largest fleet of Stadler Flirt EMU trains. MÁV operates 123 units, while GYSEV operate 20 units from this series. (2020)


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: It's planned that the first 60 units will be equipped with ETCS L2 signaling, control and train protection system, while all newer units are already equipped with ETCS L2. The units will also receive the blue and white colour scheme.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In Italy FLIRT are used by 6 regional railways, in total units ordered and built are so divided among the following companies:


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: SAD used on Val Pusteria Railway name ETR 155 and ETR 170. C.a dual voltage 15 kV AC / 3 kV DC. Fleet: 4 units (ETR 155) and 6 units (ETR 170), In July 2011 have been ordered 8 new units for routes within the jurisdiction of SAD. Now there are (2020) 8 Flirt dual voltage 001-008 (005-008 ex ETR 155) and 24 ETR 170.1/.2 dual / tri voltage (3 kV DC / 15 kV AC / 25 kV 50 Hz)


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Sistemi Territoriali: name ETR 340, single voltage to 3 kV DC, maximum speed [10]. Fleet: 2 units from 2008, 4 and 16 FLIRT ordered in 2009. The FLIRT ordered in 2009 will be built in conjunction with the AnsaldoBreda: the Stadler Rail will carry vehicles head of convoys, systems of traction and onboard auxiliary, the bogies and bearing while AnsaldoBreda realize intermediate cars, the staging and the final composition of the train and the delivery to the operators at the plant in Pistoia.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Tilo (Switzerland / Italy): RABe 524/ETR 150 C.a dual voltage 15 kV AC / 3 kV DC. Maximum speed . The first 19 units of this type to be delivered were 4 sections long, and were followed by 11 units ordered that 6 sections long and are additionally equipped with the ETCS Level 2 train control system.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Ferrovie Emilia Romagna: 12 units, in conjunction with the construction AnsaldoBreda: the Stadler Rail will carry out the head of the convoys of vehicles, systems, traction and onboard auxiliary, engines and carriages bearing while AnsaldoBreda carry out intermediate cars, the staging and the final composition of the train and the delivery to the operators at the plant in Pistoia.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Valle d'Aosta region (licensed to Trenitalia): BTR 813, EMU-DMU tractions, maximum speed [Electric] - [Diesel]


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: On 23 April 2015 the Netherlands' railway operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen announced that it was ordering 58 Stadler FLIRT EMUs, comprising 25 4-car units and 33 3-car units, to be delivered by the end of 2016. The very short delivery deadline (20 months), to meet capacity needs, allowed NS to invoke 'urgency mode' provisions in EU procurement rules and place the order without tendering. The 58 FLIRT EMUs for NS were produced at Stadler's plant in Siedlce, Poland, 92 km east of Warsaw, following the order which that plant completed for PKP Intercity in Poland. Meanwhile, Arriva Nederland also ordered two- and three-car units for operation in the province of Limburg.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: 50 Flirt units were ordered by Vy (formerly Norwegian State Railways (NSB)), with a further 100 on option. 26 units were placed on the Oslo Commuter Rail and the remaining 24 units were used on regional and express routes. During spring and summer 2012 all Flirt trains used by Vy were fitted with free wireless Internet access for the passengers. In the Vy's system, the FLIRT trains are classified as "class 74" for regional trainsets and "class 75" for local trainsets.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: All trains have 5 cars. However, in contrast to previous 5-car FLIRTs they will have a third powered bogie giving them a maximum power output of and a top speed of . Trial runs started on the Bergen Line in 2009, using a SBB-CFF-FFS unit. The first units were scheduled to enter passenger service on 29 February 2012. The FLIRT's introduction was delayed after a unit derailed during tests by NSB on 15 February 2012, injuring five people. The train had much too high speed and there were no safety systems along the railway that could catch the driver's error.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The first train entered into regular service on 2 May 2012 on the line from Skien to Lillehammer. The last of the 50 trains was delivered on 24 January 2014. Vy has ordered a further 57 trains, for a total of 107, as of October 2015. In 2017 an order for additional 18 was placed, current total is 125, with 40 short regional trains, and the rest as the local commuter train. In July 2018, a total of 100 trains have been delivered, 36 short regional and 64 local commuter trains.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Local class 75 trains are configured with 5 seats (2+3) abreast. The class 74 regional trains were also delivered with 2+3 seating on regional trains except in the premium "Komfort" section that had 2+2 seating. Significant passengers complaints over cramped seating led Vy to reconfigure the regional trains into 2+2 seating during 2014.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: These fleets have floor without steps. Since many Norwegian platforms are too low to access to these fleets, they will have to be raised to platform height to be accessible. These fleets cannot operate for low platform lines (e.g. Bergen Line, Sørlandet Line west of Kongsberg, Dovre Line north of Lillehammer). Raised platforms will be matched with conventional train steps, hence vertical gaps between this fleet and platforms will remain.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In 2018 the last options were used, which includes 25 trainsets, most of which include the Class 75 and 74 that are set to operate on Gjøvikbanen and Vossebanen.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The two last are bi-mode/hybrid trains named Class 76. These are similar to the FLIRT 3's owned by Greater Anglia in the UK will have an extra carriage for diesel generators, in order to operate fully electric on electrified parts of the railway and diesel supported by batteries on tracks without wires.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In total 14 trainsets of the bi-modal type 76 will be delivered to serve the Trønder Commuter Rail as well as the Meråker and Røros Lines. These will replace the aging Class 92's built by Duewag which are fully diesel. All this is included Bane Nor's (Norway's Rail Management Agency) and Jernbaneverkets plan to finally modernize the Trøndelag Railways, which have outdated buildings and infrastructure. These lines are also already partially electrified (between Støren and Trondheim), and are planned to be further electrified in stages.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Koleje Mazowieckie in 2008 bought 10 4-car 3 kV DC (class ER75) units for services in the Warsaw region.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Koleje Śląskie (KŚ) bought 4 4-car 3 kV DC units (class EN75) for service in Silesia. Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna (ŁKA) in 2012 ordered 20 2-car FLIRT3 units for service in the region around Łódź, for delivery by February 2015.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: PKP Intercity in August 2013 ordered 20 8-car 3 kV DC FLIRT3 units (class ED160) with interiors for long-distance travel and top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph), for service on four long-distance routes in Poland, from a consortium of Stadler Polska and Newag for delivery by October 2015. In 2018 Koleje Mazowieckie started another order of total 61 5-car 3 kV DC FLIRT3 units (class ER160) in 5 batches slated for deliveries from 2020 to 2022.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In October 2020, Comboios de Portugal have ordered a delivery of 22 FLIRT units in for the renewal of its regional fleet, these are the first FLIRT trains in the Iberian Peninsula. The order of 22 trains comprises 10 electric units (EMU) and 12 bimodal units (BMU). They will consist of 3 aluminium car-bodies with a maximum capacity for 375 passengers, 214 of them seated, with one additional generator car in bimodal units. These trains can reach a maximum speed of 160 respectively 140 kilometres per hour, depending on the power source used. The trains will have a length of (EMU) and (BMU). Delivery is expected for late 2024.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Serbian Railways have ordered 21 FLIRT3 EMUs for regional traffic and were delivered in 2014 and 2015. Trains are numbered ŽS 413/417.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Slovenian Railways ordered 11 235-passenger FLIRT EMUs (SŽ 510/515) and 5 171-passenger DMUs (SŽ 610/615) in April 2018, for delivery by early 2020 and exercised an option for a further 10 EMUs and 16 DMUs in May 2019 for delivery by late 2021, bringing the total order up to 21 4-car EMUs and 21 3-car DMUs. Together with 10 Stadler KISS units there are 52 Stadler trainsets in Slovenia as of October 2022.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Renfe's Cercanías division ordered 24 trains and 35 combined FLIRT/KISS EMUs in for Cercanías Madrid and Rodalies de Catalunya in 2021, which are expected to enter service in 2024, replacing older rolling stock dating from the 1970s to the early-1990s. The 100 m variants will consist of two single-deck FLIRT end cars connected to two bilevel KISS intermediate cars, while the 200 m variants will feature additional two single-deck FLIRT intermediate cars.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: MTRX ordered six Flirt EMUs for inter-city operation between Stockholm and Gothenburg. They are very similar to the Norwegian units, maximum 200 km/h, but have more comfortable seats aimed for longer distances, and a small café area. The first unit was delivered in November 2014. They started customer operation in March 2015.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Transitio in 2014 signed an agreement with Stadler, CAF and Bombardier, that these three companies are chosen to get orders for regional and local trains during 2015–2021. Transitio is a train purchasing company owned by the regional transport authorities in Sweden. The rolling stock chosen was ER1 which was delivered from 2020.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The Swiss Federal Railways were Stadler's first customer for the FLIRT when they ordered 42 units with options for 100 more in September 2002. The first vehicle was delivered in 2004 for the use on the Stadtbahn Zug.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Meanwhile, the Swiss Federal Railways have ordered a total of 117 units that can be broken down into 4 different types that differ in their equipment for driving in neighboring countries. The base version is the RABe 523 that is used on the Stadtbahn Zug and the RER Vaud. These 43 4-section units can only be used within Switzerland. The 30 RABe 521 and 14 RABe 522 are versions that can also be used in Germany and France respectively. They also consist of 4 sections and are used on the Basel S-Bahn. The last version is the Italy-capable RABe 524/ETR 150 that is used on Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia (TILO) services in Ticino and northern Italy. The first 19 units of this type to be delivered were 4 sections long, and were followed by eleven units ordered that six-sections long and are additionally equipped with the ETCS Level 2 train control system.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In December 2018, SBB ordered 7 trains, with an option of 7 more. They will be manufactured 2019–2021. Each train has four single-deck cars, with a total of 27 seats in first class and 154 in second class. The SBB name is 'Mouette' (Seagull).


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Besides the Swiss Federal Railways two other companies in Switzerland operate FLIRT trains: The Südostbahn (SOB) uses several trains with the designation RABe 526 (FLIRT and FLIRT-III, including the "Traverso" used as "Voralpen Express", "Treno Gottardo", and "Aare-Linth"). The Transports Publics Neuchâtelois (TransN) owns 3 RABe 527 and 4 RABe 523 trains.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: BLS AG ordered 58 6-car EMU sets in May 2017 for service on RegioExpress and Bern S-Bahn routes, with delivery scheduled to take place between 2021 and 2026.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In August 2016 Greater Anglia selected Stadler FLIRT electric and bi-mode units for the East Anglia franchise, to replace its Class 90 electric locomotives, Mark 3 carriages and Driving Van Trailers, Class 153, 156 and 170 diesel multiple units and Class 379 electric multiple units. This was to comprise 14 3-car and 24 4-car bi-mode multiple units (Class 755) and 20 12-car electric multiple units (Class 745) (of which 10 will be used for Stansted Express and 10 for Intercity services).


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: In June 2018, KeolisAmey Wales announced it would purchase thirty-five FLIRTs: 24 tri-mode (7 3-car and 17 4-car) units and 11 4-car diesel-electric units for the South Wales Metro.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: On 9 June 2015 Trinity Metro signed a contract for the supply of eight 4-car articulated FLIRT3 diesel-electric multiple units for the TEXRail commuter line, which opened in January 2019. The contract was signed at a ceremony held at Fort Worth Central Station. The contract is valued at $107 million, and includes the supply of components for 10 years. The contract also includes an option for an additional 24 DMUs. This is Stadler's first order for its FLIRT family in the US (previous orders have been for the GTW), and the first to include federal funding and thus be subject to the Buy America Act. As such, one element of the contract is that the final assembly of the trains will take place in the US, and several assembly sites such as in Lewisville were considered for the facility. Stadler eventually leased space from the Utah Transit Authority in their former Union Pacific shops in Salt Lake City, Utah.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Public unveiling events for the completed American-built FLIRT units occurred in both Atlanta, Georgia on 9 October 2017 and Salt Lake City, on the Salt Lake, Garfield and Western Railway, on 13 October 2017 as Stadler broke ground for their permanent Salt Lake facility.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Three 2-car FLIRT sets were built for Arrow service in Redlands, California, which started operation in 2022. The $31.4 million contract includes the vehicles themselves, spare parts, and training for servicing and operation. In November 2019, the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority ordered an additional FLIRT powered via hydrogen fuel cell, the first such train in the United States. In September 2022, an order of four additional hydrogen-powered trains were announced by Stadler and CalSTA for Amtrak California inter-city services.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: Eight 4-car sets are to enter service with Dallas Area Rapid Transit on the Silver Line when it opens in 2024.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: The Department of Transportation (DOTr) is procuring 56 airport express EMU cars for its North–South Commuter Railway project, which will be operated by the Philippine National Railways (PNR). Bids commenced on 15 October 2021 with three contractors offered their proposed designs. One of the three bidders is Japanese firm Marubeni who partnered with Stadler Rail and formed their own joint venture. The venture proposes a high-floor variant of the FLIRT200. Unlike the presently-available variants of the FLIRT, the trains will have a floor height of to support the line's platforms. It will also run on standard gauge track and will use 1.5 kilovolt DC power. The maximum operational speed for these trains shall be at and the maximum line speed will be at .


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: If this bid succeeds, manufacture will also coincide with the completion of Stadler/INKA plant in Banyuwangi, Indonesia. The trains are expected to be supplied between 2023 and 2027, entering trial service between Clark International Airport and Buendia station by 2026.


title: Stadler FLIRT

text: On 1 July 2014 Latvian rail operator Pasažieru vilciens announced that it would acquire FLIRT trains as part of a hire/purchase contract, however Pv owner Latvian Railways ultimately withdrew the contract and no procurement went ahead.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: The Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone is an American twin-row, supercharged, air-cooled, radial aircraft engine with 18 cylinders displacing nearly . Power ranged from 2,200 to over 3,700 hp (1,640 to 2,760 kW), depending on the model. Developed before World War II, the R-3350's design required a long time to mature before finally being used to power the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. After the war, the engine had matured sufficiently to become a major civilian airliner design, notably in its turbo-compound forms, and was used in the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners into the 1990s. The engine is commonly used on Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat Unlimited Class Racers at the Reno Air Races. Its main rival was the , Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, first run some seven years after the Duplex-Cyclone's beginnings.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: In 1927, Wright Aeronautical introduced its famous "Cyclone" engine, which powered a number of designs in the 1930s. After merging with Curtiss to become Curtiss-Wright in 1929, an effort was started to redesign the engine to the class. The new Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 first ran successfully in 1935, and became one of the most-used aircraft engines in the 1930s and WWII, powering all frontline examples (the -C through -G models) of the B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber aircraft serving in the war, each powerplant assisted by a General Electric-designed turbocharger for maximum power output at high altitudes.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: By 1931 Pratt & Whitney had started a development of their equally famous single-row, Wasp nine-cylinder design into a larger and much more powerful fourteen-cylinder, twin-row design — the R-1830 Twin Wasp — of a nearly identical 30-liter displacement figure, that would easily compete with this larger, single-row Cyclone. In 1935 Wright followed P&W's lead, and developed much larger engines based on the mechanics of the Cyclone. The result was two designs with a somewhat shorter stroke, a 14-cylinder design of almost 43 liters displacement that would evolve into the Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone, and a much larger 18-cylinder design that became the R-3350. A larger twin-row 22-cylinder version, the Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22, was experimented with as a competitor to the 71.5 liter-displacement four-row, 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, but was not produced.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: With Pratt & Whitney starting development of their own 46 liter-displacement 18-cylinder, twin-row high-output radial as the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp in 1937, Wright's first R-3350 prototype engines — itself having a nearly 55 liter displacement figure — were initially run in May of the same year. Continued development was slow, both due to the complex nature of the engine, as well as the R-2600 receiving considerably more attention. The R-3350 did not fly until 1941, after the prototype Douglas XB-19 had been redesigned from the Allison V-3420 to accept the R-3350.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: Things changed dramatically in 1940 with the introduction of a new contract by the USAAC to develop a long-range bomber capable of flying from the US to Germany with a 20,000 lb (9000 kg) bomb load. Although smaller than the Bomber D designs that led to the Douglas XB-19, the new designs required roughly the same amount of power. When preliminary designs were returned in the summer of 1940, three of the four designs were based on the R-3350. Suddenly the engine was seen as the future of army aviation, and serious efforts to get the design into production started. In 1942 Chrysler started the construction of the Dodge Chicago Plant and the new factory, designed by Albert Kahn, was in full operation by early 1944.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: By 1943 the ultimate development of the new bomber program, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, was flying. The engines remained temperamental, and showed an alarming tendency for the rear cylinders to overheat, partially due to minimal clearance between the cylinder baffles and the cowl. A number of changes were introduced into the Superfortress' production line to provide more cooling at low speeds, with the aircraft rushed into operational use in the Pacific in 1944. This proved unwise, as the early B-29 tactics of maximum weights, when combined with the high temperatures of the tropical airfields where B-29s were based, produced overheating problems that were not completely solved, and the engines having an additional tendency to swallow their own valves. Because of a high magnesium content in the potentially combustible crankcase alloy, the resulting engine fires — sometimes burning with a core temperature approaching 5,600 °F (3,100 °C) — were often so intense the main spar could burn through in seconds, resulting in catastrophic wing failure.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: Early versions of the R-3350 had carburetors, though the poorly-designed elbow entrance to the supercharger led to serious problems with fuel/air distribution. Near the end of WWII, the system was changed to use gasoline direct injection where fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber. This improved engine reliability. After the war the engine was redesigned and became popular for large aircraft, notably the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-7.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: Following the war, the Turbo-Compound system was developed to deliver better fuel efficiency. In these versions, three power-recovery turbines (PRT) were inserted into the exhaust piping of each group of six cylinders, and geared to the engine crankshaft by fluid couplings to deliver more power. The PRTs recovered about 20% of the exhaust energy (around ) that would have otherwise been wasted, but reduced engine reliability (Mechanics tended to call them Parts Recovery Turbines, since increased exhaust heat meant a return of the old habit of the engine destroying exhaust valves). The fuel burn for the PRT-equipped aircraft was nearly the same as the older Pratt and Whitney R-2800, while producing more useful power. Effective 15 October 1957 a DA-3/DA-4 engine cost $88,200.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: By this point reliability had improved with the mean time between overhauls at 3,500 hours and specific fuel consumption in the order of 0.4 lb/hp/hour (243 g/kWh, giving a 34% fuel efficiency). Engines in use as of the 2020s are limited to manifold pressure, giving with 100/130 octane fuel (or 100LL) instead of the and possible with 115/145, or better, octane fuels, which are no longer available because such formulations are exceedingly toxic due to the extremely high tetraethyllead content of these avgas versions.


title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

text: Several racers at the Reno Air Races use R-3350s. Modifications on one, Rare Bear, include a nose case designed for a slow-turning prop, taken from a R-3350 used on the Lockheed L-1649 Starliner, mated to the power section (crankcase, crank, pistons, and cylinders) taken from a R-3350 used on the Douglas DC-7. The supercharger is taken from a R-3350 used on the Lockheed EC-121 and the engine is fitted with nitrous oxide injection. Normal rated power of a stock R-3350 is at 2,600 rpm and of manifold pressure. With these modifications, Rare Bear's engine produces at 3,200 rpm and of manifold pressure, and with nitrous oxide injection.


title: Rats in New York City

text: Rats in New York City are widespread, as they are in many densely populated areas. They are considered a cultural symbol of the city. For a long time, the number of rats in New York City was unknown, and a common urban legend declared there were up to five times as many rats as people. However, a 2014 study estimates that there are approximately 2 million rats in New York, which is close to a quarter of New York's human population.


title: Rats in New York City

text: The city's rat population is dominated by the brown rat (also known as the Norway rat). The average adult body weight is in males and about in females. The adult rat can squeeze through holes or gaps wide, jump a horizontal distance of up to (or vertically from a flat surface to ), survive a fall from a height of almost , and tread water for three days.


title: Rats in New York City

text: New York City rats carry pathogens that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in humans – especially in children. The pathogens they carry include bacteria such as "Clostridium difficile" ("C. diff"), "Salmonella", "E. coli", and "Leptospira". "Bartonella" bacteria cause cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carron disease. These bacteria may be spread through contact with rat saliva, urine or feces. Rats can carry disease-causing viruses such as sapoviruses, cardioviruses, kobuviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, hepaciviruses, and Seoul virus. Rats may carry fleas that are vectors of diseases such as bubonic plague, typhus, and spotted fever. In addition, some people have an allergic reaction to the presence of rodent hair, urine or feces.


title: Rats in New York City

text: New York City rodent complaints can be made online, or by dialing 3-1-1, and the New York City guide "Preventing Rats on Your Property" discusses how the New York City Health Department inspects private and public properties for rats. Property owners that fail inspections receive a Commissioner's Order and have five days to correct the problem. If, after five days, the property fails a second inspection, the owner receives a notice of violation and can be fined. The property owner is billed for any clean-up or extermination carried out by the Health Department.


title: Rats in New York City

text: Rarely seen in daylight, rats have been reported in New York City since early colonial days. As recently as 1944, two distinct species were prevalent: the brown rat (Norway rat) and the black rat (ship rat, roof rat). Over the next few decades, the more aggressive brown variety displaced the black rats, typically by attacking and killing them, but also by out-competing them for food and shelter. By 2014, the city's rat population was dominated by the brown rat.


title: Rats in New York City

text: The brown rat is long and weighs . It is brown or gray in color with a lighter-colored belly. It is nocturnal, and sleeps approximately 10 hours a day. The black rat is between long (not including the tail) and weighs between . It is usually black to light brown in color with a lighter-colored belly.


title: Rats in New York City

text: Rats are elusive by nature, and public health officials have not developed any reliable way to estimate their numbers. However, a 2014 study by Jonathan Auerbach, which was reported in the Royal Statistical Society's "Significance" magazine, estimated that there were closer to 2 million rats in the city. This disagrees with the often-repeated statistic that there are more rats than people in the five boroughs of New York City (8.4 million in 2014), with some estimates putting the number of rats far higher at as many as five rats per person (33.6 million).


title: Rats in New York City

text: In 2014, the television channel Animal Planet named New York City the "Worst Rat City in the World". Compared to other cities within the United States, studies indicate New York is particularly well-suited for rats. This conclusion is based on characteristics such as human population patterns, public sanitation practices, climate, housing construction standards and other variables. Experts consider that the actual population of rats varies, depending on climate, sanitation practices, efforts to control the population, and season.


title: Rats in New York City

text: Studies have repeatedly failed to find restricted gene flow in Manhattan's rats due to the island's buildings. However Combs "et al.", 2018 presents a more geographically detailed analysis. They find that the island's buildings "are" restricting gene flow, especially in Midtown.


title: Rats in New York City

text: Rats only require an ounce (28 grams) of food and water a day to live. The rodents primarily find food and shelter at human habitations and therefore interact with humans in various ways. In particular, the city's rats adapt to practices and habits among New Yorkers for disposing of food waste. Curbside overnight garbage disposal from residences, stores, subway and restaurants, as well as littering, contribute to the sustenance of the city's rats. Rats nearly always use the same routes to their food sources. Rat infestations have increased as a result of budget reductions and more wasteful disposal of food.


title: Rats in New York City

text: Rats burrow underground or create nests in suitable soft material, with a small group of rats in each nest. Brown rats in New York City prefer to live at ground level or basement level. They congregate in colonies of 30 to 50 rats. Rats live to from their food source.


title: Rats in New York City

text: The rat can squeeze through holes or gaps the size of a quarter (), because unlike many mammals its skull is not plated together so it can change the shape of its head and squeeze through a very small opening. They are able to leap laterally and can fall five floors without any injuries. An adult rat can tread water for three days. They typically travel tight, well-worn paths. Each litter has up to a dozen pups. Rats can mate at the age of two or three months and then produce a new litter every two months. The rats live for approximately one year, mostly due to predation rather than natural lifespan. They rarely travel more than from where they were born.


title: Rats in New York City

text: The greatest danger posed to humans from rats are the diseases that the latter can transmit. City-dwelling rats carry pathogens that can cause diarrhea and vomiting in humans. Disease-causing bacteria commonly carried by rats include "E. coli", "Clostridium difficile" ("C. diff"), and "Salmonella". The bacteria can be spread by contact with rat saliva, urine or feces. Viral diseases spread by rats include rat-bite fever and hemorrhagic fevers caused by Seoul hantavirus.


title: Rats in New York City

text: A survey conducted by Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in 2014 studied 133 brown rats from residential buildings in Manhattan. The rats carried numerous pathogens that can cause serious illness in humans, including bacteria ("Salmonella" and "E. coli") that cause food poisoning and dermatitis, pathogens that cause fevers (such as Seoul hantavirus and "Leptospira"), sapoviruses, cardioviruses, kobuviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, and hepaciviruses, including some never before seen in New York. While at least 18 of the viruses found are known to cause disease in humans, it is unclear how infectious the rats are to residents. Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit scientific organization that researches links between human health and wildlife, called the study "shocking and surprising". Given the close quarters shared by rats and New York City residents, he found it to be "a recipe for a public health nightmare".


title: Rats in New York City

text: A 2015 joint study by Columbia University and Cornell University found that the rats are commonly infested with fleas, lice, and mites that carry bacteria that can cause disease in humans, including bubonic plague, typhus, and spotted fever. They found an average of five fleas per rat, a sharp increase from a 1925 study that found one out of five rats had no fleas at all. "Bartonella" pathogens (which can cause cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carron disease) and various viruses were also found in New York City's rats in this study. These results were confirmed by a study published in 2015 in the "Journal of Medical Entomology". A higher risk of allergies and asthma is linked to exposure to rodent hair, droppings, and urine, especially in children.


title: Rats in New York City

text: The NYC Health Department recommends that people bitten by a rat seek immediate medical attention, as bacteria from the rat's teeth can cause tetanus as well as rat bite fever, which can be fatal.<ref name="alisonbowen/metro"></ref>


title: Rats in New York City

text: The New York City Department of Health handles enforcement of rat infestation problems in New York City. Local authorities in New York have long recognized that eliminating rats from the city is unrealistic, but have made various efforts to control their prevalence. The approach has traditionally been reactive: after receiving complaints of infestation, officials would commence control efforts at that site by placing rodent poison, traps, or contraceptives.


title: Rats in New York City

text: In recent years, the city adopted a more proactive approach to rodent control known as integrated pest management, which focuses on preventive measures. Such efforts include developing a rodent control map using geotagging to focus countermeasures more systematically, instituting a "Rodent Control Academy" that trains city employees on rat behavior and control, and emphasizing building integrity and garbage disposal. In 2009, the Health Department began offering a half-day course in combating rat infestations. In 2010, the city cut its budget for rodent control programs by $1.5 million to help reduce an overall deficit of $2 billion.