text: The University of Texas at Austin is also home to the Tejas Club, an all-male secret society founded in 1925 that is one of the oldest student organizations on the campus. The three pillars of Tejas are scholarship, leadership, and friendship, representing a desire to attract and mold male student leaders on campus. Prominent members of the Tejas Club include former U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, CarMax founder Austin Ligon, and numerous Austin-area leaders. The membership process is secretive and closed to the public.


title: Collegiate secret societies in North America

text: The Clariosophic Society, also known as ΜΣΦ (Mu Sigma Phi), is a literary society founded in 1806 at the University of South Carolina, then known as South Carolina College. It was formed after the splitting of the Philomathic Society, which had been formed within weeks of the opening of the college in 1805 and included virtually all students. At the Synapian Convention in February 1806, the members of Philomathic voted to split into two societies, Clariosophic and Euphradian. Two blood brothers picked the members for the new groups in a manner similar to choosing up sides for an impromptu baseball game. John Goodwin became the first president of Clariosophic. Other early presidents include Stephen Elliott, Hugh S. Legaré, George McDuffie and Richard I. Manning. The Society was reactivated in 2013 and became co-ed. The membership process and society roster are secretive and closed to the public. Members are identified by a key insignia on their diploma.


text: Secret societies have been a part of University of Virginia student life since the founding of the Eli Banana society in 1878. Early secret societies, such as Eli Banana and T.I.L.K.A., had secret initiations but public membership; some, such as the Hot Feet, now the IMP Society, were very public, incurring the wrath of the administration for public reveals.


text: The first truly "secret society" was the Seven Society, founded circa 1905. Two decades before, there had been a chapter of the Mystical 7 society at Virginia, which may have been an inspiration. Nothing is known about the Seven Society except for their philanthropy to the university; members are revealed at their death. A few other societies that flourished around the turn of the 20th century, such as the Z Society (formerly Zeta), who were founded in 1892, the IMP Society, reformulated in 1913 after the Hot Feet were banned in 1908, and Eli Banana, are still active at the university today. The Thirteen Society was founded February 13, 1889. After an unknown period of inactivity they reemerged in 2004. Currently The Thirteen Society operates as a mainly honorary society for those who demonstrate "unselfish service to the University and excellence in their respective fields of activity."


text: New societies have periodically appeared at the university during the 20th century. The most notable are the P.U.M.P.K.I.N. Society, a secret group that rewards contributions to the university and which was founded prior to 1970; and the Society of the Purple Shadows, founded 1963, who are only seen in public in purple robes and hoods and who seek to "safeguard vigilantly the University traditions". The A.N.G.E.L.S. Society started sometime in the late 1900s is known to place white roses and letters on doors of those mourning, needing encouragement, or showing "kind behavior" to others. They are known to promote a stronger community of kindness throughout the university, completing many acts of service for students and faculty. Many of the secret societies listed contribute to the university either financially or through awards or some other form of recognition of excellence at the university.


text: Founded in 1907, the Oval Club was founded to "promote student unity and cooperation, develop cultural leaders and preserve traditions of the University of Washington". Records for Oval Club meetings have been kept by the University of Washington Library's Special Collection dating up to 1963, and membership is publicly acknowledged for Oval Club.


text: U.S. military academies have often been hostile to fraternities and secret societies. No VMI cadet may join a secret society, on punishment of expulsion.


text: Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, has two secret societies: the Sigma Society and the Cadaver Society.


text: Founded in 1880, the Sigma Society is one of Washington and Lee's "oldest, continuous social organizations". While membership information is not necessarily anonymous, the group's purpose and inner workings remain a secret. The group has long had a connection to President George Washington, though the extent of that relationship is unknown to the public at large. Similarly, the acronym P.A.M.O.L.A. R.Y.E.—which can seen inscribed on buildings and in classrooms throughout the Lexington area—also bears an unknown significance to the group. The group has largely gone underground since 1994, when University officials tore down the Sigma cabin and paid the Sigmas $15,000. Associate Justice to the Supreme Court Lewis Powell, Jr. is one of the group's most prominent members.


text: The membership and organizational structure of the Cadaver Society are largely unknown. Cadaver has been in continuous operation since its founding in 1957. The Cadavers have a bridge that bears their name, connecting the main campus to Wilson Field, as well as their symbol in many prominent places throughout the campus. Cadavers are known for donating large sums of money to the university and for upholding the school’s historic values. They have been criticized for their secrecy and many of their activities which include running around dressed in all black and masks late at night as well as drawing their symbol all over campus. They have been known to run through the Sorority houses, talking in high voices and attempting to wake everyone in the houses up.


text: Three known secret societies operate at Washington University in St. Louis: ThurtenE, Lock & Chain, and Chimes. Instead of "secret societies", they are called Honoraries because of the public nature of their members and purposes within the community.


text: ThurtenE was formed in 1904 as a secret society of junior men chosen for their leadership, character, and participation in campus activities. Not much is known about the founding of the group or its selection process from early years other than the fact that only the members themselves knew who belonged to ThurtenE and membership varied from 4 to 14, before finally settling on a consistent 13. Members made themselves known at the end of their senior year during graduation by wearing a small skull pin and having a number “13” listed next to their names in Washington University's yearbook "The Hatchet". In recent years, the 13 new members are revealed when pieces of paper listing the names and the honorary's symbol are posted around campus. ThurtenE found its purpose in 1935 when it was approached by the Chancellor to rescue the floundering student circus from the senior honorary, which had merged with another group. Since 1935, Thurtene has held the Thurtene Carnival, which is the largest and oldest student-run Carnival in the nation. The society has been co-ed since 1991.


text: Lock & Chain was created in 1904 by six sophomore men. Since then, the honorary has expanded to 15 members from different backgrounds. Students are chosen during the spring from the freshman class based on academic merit, extracurricular involvement, leadership capabilities and roles, and personal qualities through an application and interview process. New members can be seen spotted around campus wearing chains across their chests. Lock & Chain is sponsors various events throughout the year and is does community engagement and philanthropic programming.


text: Chapter of Chimes Junior Honorary, founded in 1948 as a women's group, is a group of juniors who share values of scholarship, leadership, and service. Each class works together for one year on programming for Wash U's campus, the internal Chapter, and the chosen partner philanthropy, with the freedom to follow their own path for the year. Each member has a name assigned to them that represents an aspect of what they bring to the Honorary (such as intrepidity or flair). Their main campus program is Chimes Week, which explores a particular theme. Like ThurtenE, Chimes has been co-ed since 1991.


text: The term "secret society" at Yale University encompasses organizations with many shared but not identical characteristics. The oldest surviving undergraduate secret societies at Yale parallel various 19th-century fraternal organizations.


text: In the traditional Yale system societies were organized by class year. There were two, (then three), senior societies, three junior societies, two sophomore societies, and two freshman societies. All the societies were independent, all had their own traditions, and each class-year pair or trio shared common traits appropriate to their class year; the freshmen societies were rambunctious and owned little real property, the sophomore and junior ones were progressively more elaborate, (the sophomore ones regularly maintained live theater in their halls), and the senior ones were extremely small and elite, and with quite expensive property and celebrations.


text: Each of the societies had a link to a society in the class year before it and after it; that is, members of one freshman society would all get elected to the same sophomore society year after year, and so on, so that there were two or three parallel sets of linked societies. From time to time, there would be a coup, and one society would break the pattern, forcing the other societies to likewise change election strategies, or cause the creation of a new society. Delta Kappa Epsilon, a junior society, was created in reaction to a botched election process to the junior class societies in 1844.


text: This process held from the 1840s to the 1910s. This system kept Yale out of the more typical intercollegiate college fraternity system, although some regular college fraternities were created out of the Yale system. Yale-type class societies also extended across northeastern colleges.


text: This system has not survived the introduction of regular fraternities and other changes. The senior class societies continue to prosper today without any of the lower class societies. A similar system was introduced at Wesleyan University in nearby Middletown, Connecticut, but with a pair of societies in each class year and dual memberships between class societies and college fraternities, so that most class society members were also fraternity members. The older societies survived because of their endowments, real estate, and the vigor of their respective alumni organizations and their charitable Trusts.


text: In the past century, the size of Yale has allowed for a wider variety of student societies, including regular college fraternity chapters, and other models, so that it can be difficult to categorize the organizations. And there are societies like Sage and Chalice, Brothers in Unity and St. Anthony Hall which cross ordinary categories.


text: There are typical attributes of the Yale societies. They are often restricted by class year, especially the senior class. They usually have fifteen members per class year. They "tap" their members, mostly on the same "Tap Night", and a member is off-limits to recruitment by another secret society, (i.e. reciprocal exclusivity). The normal pattern now is that a group of secret societies places an advertisement in the "Yale Daily News" in early spring that informs students when Tap Night is taking place and when students should expect to receive formal offers (usually one week before official Tap Night). Tap Night is typically held on a Thursday in mid April; the most recently held Tap Night was April 10, 2014.


text: During 1854–1956, "'Sheff, the Sheffield Scientific School was the sciences and engineering college of Yale University, and it also had a fraternal culture that differed in some respects from the humanities campus.


text: Many societies have owned meeting halls, with different accommodations. Following the example of Skull & Bones, the halls are often referred to as 'tombs'. A series of articles on Dartmouth and Yale secret-society architecture provides an overview of the buildings. Societies that own tombs or halls are sometimes known as 'landed' societies. The three oldest landed societies are Skull and Bones (1832), Scroll and Key, (1841) and Wolf's Head, (1883). The surviving landed Sheffield societies are Berzelius (1848) and Book and Snake (1863), St. Elmo (1889), and the Aurelian Honor Society (1910). St. Anthony Hall (1867) calls itself a "final society". Three newer societies that own property include Elihu (1903) – whose building is the oldest of the senior society buildings at Yale – Manuscript Society (1952), and Mace and Chain (1956). Yale's Buildings and Grounds Department lists the societies with halls in its online architectural database.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story is a 2021 turn-based role-playing video game developed by Airship Syndicate and published by Riot Forge. A spin-off to Riot Games' "League of Legends", "Ruined King" uses characters and a setting originating in its parent title.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: The game is set in Bilgewater, a bustling pirate city, and the Shadow Isles, a cursed region filled with a corrupting force called the Black Mist. The player controls a party of six characters from "League of Legends" to find the source of the Black Mist. The playable characters are Pyke, Braum, Miss Fortune, Illaoi, Ahri, and Yasuo.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Originally revealed in 2019 during the 10th anniversary celebration of "League of Legends", "Ruined King" release was delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A release date was not provided by the developer or publisher until it was launched, alongside "", on November 16, 2021, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One. It is backwards compatible with the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, with free upgrades to the native versions to be available in the future.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Like Airship Syndicate's "", "Ruined King A League of Legends Story" is presented in a top-down perspective, with players directly navigating a party of characters around the world and through dungeons. As the group travels, they encounter enemies and bosses. When an enemy is encountered, the environment switches to a turn-based battle area in which characters and enemies await their turn to attack.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Each of the main characters has a passive and active Dungeon Ability that players can use while traversing the world map, but the group can contain only three characters at one time out of a possible six and only one character can be present on the map at a time, so the player must anticipate which abilities will be useful. Passive abilities will trigger in the right context, while active abilities have a cooldown and will give the player combat advantages when used on enemies. The game will often require the player to select a particular character for story progression or to obtain a rare item: Illaoi, as one of the Buhru people, is the only member of the team who can decipher Buhru text and artefacts, so she is a necessary inclusion for the Buhru Temple.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: The combat of "Ruined King" differs from traditional turn-based combat due to a mechanic called the Initiative Bar: it displays a timeline upon which every combatant (there can be up to six, three allies and three enemies) has a position, showing when they will act and sometimes giving information on enemy abilities. Some abilities are Instant, but some have the option to select a Lane of the Bar: Speed, Balance or Power, forcing the player to consider the trade-off between a weaker ability sooner or a stronger one later. Some abilities allow a character to move another character on the Bar, speeding up an ally or knocking back an enemy. Placing abilities in the right order can be important, for example when executing a synergetic combo, interrupting an enemy's ability before they can use it, and when trying to hit Boons or avoid Hazards, areas of the Initiative Bar that can infer bonuses or maluses on any character that lands within them. Some bosses are 'puzzle bosses' that are beaten more by mastery of the Initiative Bar than by damage alone.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Each character has three Ultimate abilities that they can unlock over the course of the game. Using an Ultimate requires filling a level gauge and each Ultimate has a level cost; typically each character's ultimates will cost 1, 2 or 3 levels, each stronger than the last. The Ultimate gauge carries over between battles but is shared between party members. The effects Ultimates have can vary greatly depending on the character's role: they can be purely damage-focused, buff or debuff, or even revive fallen allies.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: The game reuses the "Overcharge" mechanic from "Battle Chasers: Nightwar": during battle, non-magical attacks generate Overcharge that can be used in place of mana. This is useful for dungeons or longer fights in which being economical with mana is a consideration.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: "Ruined King: A League of Legends Story" takes the player on a journey through Bilgewater and the Shadow Isles, regions of the world of Runeterra, the canon setting of "League of Legends".


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Bilgewater is a port city on the Serpent Isles, a town of outlaws, opportunity and anarchy. The only law is that of the pirate captains - chief among them Gangplank the Saltwater Scourge, ruthless captain of the Dreadway and leader of the Jagged Hooks gang. Sarah Fortune saw Gangplank kill her mother with the selfsame pistols he commissioned from her: now a grown woman and a captain in her own right, Fortune has taken back the pistols that are her birthright and with them her revenge, blowing up the Dreadway with Gangplank on it. Fortune seeks to rule Bilgewater, but as we see at the beginning of the game there are still some captains who oppose her rule. Fortune is torn between her desire to be a fairer ruler than Gangplank and the anger she has nursed over the long years of plotting her revenge. Unbeknownst to her, Gangplank yet lives: Illaoi of the indigenous Buhru people, Priestess of Nagakaboros and his former lover, pulled him from the deep. Gangplank schemes and bides his time, making unusual allies in a bid to reclaim the throne that was usurped from him.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: The nearby Shadow Isles are Runeterra's domain of the undead, a land in which tormented spirits are trapped by a supernatural force called the Black Mist. Every year the Mist roils across the sea, seeking fresh souls to damn in an event known as the Harrowing. Bilgewater is close to the Shadow Isles and so is the Harrowing's first port of call - and over the years the Harrowings have been growing worse. But the Shadow Isles were not always thus: in times long past they were known as the Blessed Isles, a civilization of enlightened peoples living in a land of lush nature, all of it sustained by a well of magical life-giving waters. King Viego of Camavor came to the Blessed Isles, seeking the waters to revive his love Isolde. The natives denied him: the waters could cure any illness or injury, but no power could reverse death without dire consequences. In a fit of grief and rage Viego commanded his army to slay whoever stood in his way and had Grael (later Thresh) lead him to the waters. Isolde was revived, but as a ghostly image of herself; realising what Viego had done Isolde killed him with his own sword. Viego died, still deluding himself that Isolde loved him - and was soon after resurrected as the Ruined King, his defilement of the waters corrupting the Isles in an event that was later known as the Ruination, a cataclysmic event that killed everyone in the Isles, turning them into tormented shades. Viego, currently in a weakened state, thinks himself ruler of the Isles, desperately seeking a way to bring back Isolde. Thresh pretends to be his loyal servant, but the arrival of a vengeful Gangplank may be exactly the opportunity he needs.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Gangplank listens to Thresh and collects many artifacts to revive Viego on the Shadow Isles. Most of the artifacts belong to the Buhru people on the Serpent Isles. Illaoi, a Buhru Priestess, receives a vision from her goddess that she must travel to the Shadow Isles. As she looks for Captain Fortune, Illaoi meets Braum and Yasuo, two travellers from far-off lands, who have their own reasons to travel to the Shadow Isles: Braum seeks the life-giving waters to cure a plague in his homeland of Freljord; Yasuo was hired to protect Ahri, who has since run away from him to the Shadow Isles. As they travel, they found out Bilgewater was again attacked by the Black Mist from the Shadow Isles and Illaoi's temple invaded by Gangplank. They meet Fortune and, after some tense discussion, resolve to set sail for the Shadow Isles together.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: On the way they meet Pyke the Bloodharbour Ripper, an undying murderer of mysterious origin and motivation. Although he normally targets pirate captains, he says that he now wishes to kill only Gangplank; although the rest of the team is wary, Illaoi says that this is the will of her goddess and allows him to join them. As they reach the Shadow Isles, they travel through the Coastal Academy and reach the Grove. Maokai, a living tree who is guardian of the Grove, mistakes them for intruders and attacks - but before they can cut Maokai down, Ahri intervenes. Ahri reveals that she is the last of the Vesani, a race of fox-like people who have ties to the Isles. She entreats the party to help Maokai purify the corruption in his roots; to do so they travel to an underwater Buhru temple, and by overcoming the trials within gain the power necessary to help Maokai. In return, he clears the way deeper into the Isles and gives Braum some of what little remains of the untainted waters of life.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Meanwhile, Gangplank has assembled enough artefacts to revive Viego. Viego is restored, but still requires time to gather his power. Thresh keeps Gangplank interested by promising him Viego's throne. Thresh soon has a showdown with the party, who invade Thresh's dungeons and release many of the souls trapped inside: although the party is victorious, Thresh tells them that this fight was just a distraction and that his plan is already in motion. They rush to Gangplank and Viego, their pleas to Gangplank falling on deaf ears: attempting to take Viego's power Gangplank is himself possessed by Viego, forcing the party to fight him. Gangplank is defeated, but Viego remains at large and extends the Black Mist to Bilgewater, convinced (by Thresh) that the key to resurrecting Isolde is there - and that anyone in his way deserves to die for keeping him from his love.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: The party imprisons Gangplank and sets about finding a way to stop Viego. The Black Mist that protects him proves impenetrable, so to defeat him they need a way to weaken his resolve. They travel to a Vesani research institute on the Isles: there Ahri learns much of her heritage, including how her people were skilled in the art of emotion and memory manipulation - but is forced to make a choice between saving the memories of her people or acquiring Viego's memories. Making peace with her past, Ahri sacrifices the Vesani records to get the memories they need - and they learn that Viego's relationship with Isolde was not as perfect as his delusions say.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: On the way back, the party is forced by the storm Viego has caused at sea to land at a remote island. The island houses secrets of Yasuo's past, forcing him to confront the memory of his older brother Yone: Yasuo was falsely accused with the murder of an elder he was supposed to protect, and when Yone chased him down and confronted him, Yasuo killed Yone in the ensuing duel. By reliving the memory, Yasuo is finally able to come to terms with his guilt and resolves to stop running from his problems. The party returns to Bilgewater and prepares for the final fight with Viego.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: They sail out to meet the Black Mist at sea. Ahri uses her Vesani magic to return Viego's memories to him, reminding him of how possessive and cruel he was to Isolde, causing his resolve to falter and weakening the Black Mist that protects him. Viego resists as best he can, possessing members of the party to turn against their allies, but is ultimately defeated. Before the final blow is struck, Viego pleads with Fortune, saying he can give her the power she wants - but she turns him down, trapping him inside a Buhru artifact.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: Bilgewater is saved. The party discuss what they will do next before going their separate ways: most of them seem to have overcome their inner demons, but Illaoi worries that Fortune's second brush with Gangplank has reawakened her darker side, especially given that Gangplank escaped during the final fight. Her worries are later proven true, as Fortune goes after Gangplank and his followers with unrelenting bloodlust. Pyke, too, has unfinished business: his target has switched from Gangplank to Viego who, for now, remains in the artifact.


title: Ruined King: A League of Legends Story

text: "Game Informer" gave the game a seven out of ten, citing the game's action and imaginative characters as pillars that supported an otherwise conventional RPG with a forgettable story and uninspired level design. "PC Gamer" similarly called the cast of "Ruined King" an "entertaining bunch" and the combat "the heart of the game", while criticizing the uninteresting story and the lack of exciting content. "IGN" praised the game's art, voice acting, character development, and rewarding battle system while lamenting the presence of some major technical issues, the limited variety of locations, and the autosave system. "GameSpot" and "Nintendo Life" both called the game's story "incredible", and similarly lauded its world, characters, and battle system while deeming the technical issues and limited fast travel system to be annoyances.


title: Earthling (Eddie Vedder album)

text: Earthling is the third solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Eddie Vedder. The album was released on February 11, 2022, by Republic Records and Seattle Surf.


title: Earthling (Eddie Vedder album)

text: "Earthling" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 79, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 15 reviews. In March 2022 the album received a glowing review from "Record Collector" magazine: ""Earthling" gives an uplifting sense of the creative energy shared between Eddie Vedder and his keenly empathetic collaborators, distilled into striking, memorable songs, and unified by a fresh, cohesive sound."


title: Richard Greene

text: Richard Marius Joseph Greene (25 August 1918 – 1 June 1985) was a noted English film and television actor. A matinée idol who appeared in more than 40 films, he was perhaps best known for the lead role in the long-running British TV series "The Adventures of Robin Hood", which ran for 143 episodes from 1955 to 1959.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene of Irish and Scottish ancestry, and was born in Plymouth, Devon, England. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School (Kensington, London), which he left at age 18. His aunt was actress Evie Greene. His father, Richard Abraham Greene and his mother, Kathleen Gerrard, were both actors with the Plymouth Repertory Theatre. He was the grandson of Richard Bentley Greene and a descendant of four generations of actors.


title: Richard Greene

text: It has been stated elsewhere that he was the grandson of the inventor William Friese-Greene, (credited by some as the inventor of cinematography) but this was found to be false, as a result of two parallel lines of genealogical research, conducted by the British Film Institute and Paul Pert respectively, the latter being subsequently published in 2009.


title: Richard Greene

text: He started his stage career as a spear carrier in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" in 1933. A handsome young man, Greene added to his income by modelling shirts and hats.


title: Richard Greene

text: His professional career began at the age of 15, with a walk-on role in "Julius Caesar" at the Old Vic. He did some modelling work and appeared in a stage production of "Journey's End" and had a small role in "Sing As We Go" (1934), He joined the Jevan Brandon Repertory Company in 1936 with whom he appeared in "Antony and Cleopatra". He won accolades in the same year for his part in Terence Rattigan's "French Without Tears", which brought him to the attention of MGM, Alexander Korda and Darryl F. Zanuck, who all made offers for films. On 17 January 1938 Greene signed with Fox.


title: Richard Greene

text: At 20, he joined 20th Century Fox as a rival to MGM's Robert Taylor. His first film for Fox was John Ford's "Four Men and a Prayer" (1938). Greene was a huge success, especially with female film goers, who sent him mountains of fan mail which at its peak rivalled that of Fox star Tyrone Power.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene co-starred with Sonia Henie in "My Lucky Star" (1938) and was reunited with Ford in "Submarine Patrol" (1939). Zanuck put him in "Kentucky" (1938) with Loretta Young and Walter Brennan.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene was the romantic male lead in the Shirley Temple vehicle "The Little Princess" (1939) and was Sir Henry Baskerville in the 1939 Sherlock Holmes film "The Hound of the Baskervilles". The film marked the first pairing of Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce as Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, but it was Greene who was top billed.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene had a support part in "Stanley and Livingstone" (1939) with Spencer Tracy and the lead in "Here I Am a Stranger" (1939). He co-starred with Alice Faye and Fred MacMurray in "Little Old New York" (1940) and supported Vera Zorina in "I Was an Adventuress" (1940). He had failed to become a major star but he was still playing leads in "A" movies when World War II began.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene tried to enlist in the Seaforth Highlanders in Vancouver, but they would not give him a commission. He obtained a release from Fox and travelled to England where he enlisted in the 27th Lancers, where he distinguished himself. After three months, he went to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned and given the service number of 184251. He was promoted to captain in the 27th Lancers in May 1944.


title: Richard Greene

text: He was given leave in 1942 to appear in the British propaganda films "Flying Fortress" (1942) for Warners and "Unpublished Story" (1942) with Valerie Hobson. In 1943, he appeared in the Anna Neagle thriller "Yellow Canary" while on leave. He also appeared in a British comedy "Don't Take It to Heart" (1944).


title: Richard Greene

text: He later toured in Shaw's "Arms and the Man", entertaining the troops. Greene was discharged in December 1944 and appeared in the stage play "Desert Rats".


title: Richard Greene

text: After the war he starred in a British musical, distributed by Warners, "Gaiety George" (1946), which was a flop.


title: Richard Greene

text: He returned to Hollywood, and appeared in Fox's big budget "Forever Amber" (1947), but in support of Cornel Wilde. He went to Universal to play the villain in "The Fighting O'Flynn" (1948) with Douglas Fairbanks Jr. At Fox he was third billed in "The Fan" (1949), based on the play "Lady Windermere's Fan".


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene returned to England to appear in "That Dangerous Age" (1949) and "Now Barabbas" (1949). He went back to Universal in Hollywood to play the hero in a Yvonne de Carlo eastern, "The Desert Hawk" (1950). Director de Cordova said Greene was "everything a man or woman could want in a desert hero."


title: Richard Greene

text: In Britain he was in "My Daughter Joy" (1950), and "Shadow of the Eagle" (1950). He went to Italy to make "The Rival of the Empress" (1951). In 1951, he divorced his wife, Patricia Medina, whom he had married in 1941.


title: Richard Greene

text: In Hollywood Edward Small asked him to play the male hero of "Lorna Doone" (1951). He stayed on to star in "The Black Castle" (1952) and support Peter Lawford in "Rogue's March" (1952). For Small he made "The Bandits of Corsica" (1953), then he was in another swashbuckler, "Captain Scarlett" (1953) shot in Mexico.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene returned to Britain looking for work. Reflecting on his career he said "I haven't had the big build-up part I expected. They turned me into a cloak-and-dagger merchant. After four dungeon pictures in a row I decided to throw it up."


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene got a role on stage in a production of "I Capture the Castle" with Virginia McKenna. Then Yeoman Films of Great Britain approached him for the lead role in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1955–59). He was an immediate success in it. The series and a number of related marketing products bearing his likeness, such as comic books and "Robin Hood Shoes", solved his financial problems and made him a star.


title: Richard Greene

text: During the series' run he made the occasional film such as "Contraband Spain" (1955), "Beyond the Curtain" (1960), and "Sword of Sherwood Forest" (1960), as Robin Hood.


title: Richard Greene

text: He had a long love affair in the 1950s with Nancy Oakes, wealthy daughter of mining tycoon Sir Harry Oakes.


title: Richard Greene

text: Amongst other TV programmes, Greene was in "A Man For Loving", "The Doctors", "The Morecambe and Wise Show", "Dixon of Dock Green", "Scarf Jack", as corrupt businessman Neil Turvey in "The Professionals" episode "Everest Was Also Conquered", and the "Tales of the Unexpected" episode "Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat".


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene replaced Douglas Wilmer to play Sir Denis Nayland Smith in two of Harry Alan Towers's Fu Manchu films, "The Blood of Fu Manchu" (1968) and "The Castle of Fu Manchu" (1969). Both films were directed by Jess Franco and shot in Spain.


title: Richard Greene

text: In 1972 Greene was unwittingly embroiled in the "Lewis v Averay" court case, after a fraudster pretending to be Greene had purchased a vehicle.


title: Richard Greene

text: Greene died in 1985 of cardiac arrest at his home at Kelling Hall, Norfolk, England, aged 66. His daughter, Patricia, said he had never completely recovered from an injury sustained from a fall three years earlier. "He still had quite a fan club and was receiving letters requesting signed pictures", she said.


title: Vastus medialis

text: The vastus medialis (vastus internus or teardrop muscle) is an extensor muscle located medially in the thigh that extends the knee. The vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps muscle group.


title: Vastus medialis

text: The vastus medialis is a muscle present in the anterior compartment of thigh, and is one of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle. The others are the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris. It is the most medial of the "vastus" group of muscles. The vastus medialis arises medially along the entire length of the femur, and attaches with the other muscles of the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon.


title: Vastus medialis

text: The vastus medialis muscle originates from a continuous line of attachment on the femur, which begins on the front and middle side (anteromedially) on the intertrochanteric line of the femur. It continues down and back (posteroinferiorly) along the pectineal line and then descends along the inner (medial) lip of the linea aspera and onto the medial supracondylar line of the femur. The fibers converge onto the inner (medial) part of the quadriceps tendon and the inner (medial) border of the patella.


title: Vastus medialis

text: The obliquus genus muscle is the most distal segment of the vastus medialis muscle. Its specific training plays an important role in maintaining patella position and limiting injuries to the knee. With no clear delineation, it is simply the most distal group of fibers of the vastus medialis.


title: Vastus medialis

text: The vastus medialis is one of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh. It is involved in knee extension, along with the other muscles which make up the quadriceps muscle. The vastus medialis also contributes to correct tracking of the patella.


title: Vastus medialis

text: A division of the vastus medialis muscle into two groups of fibers has been hypothesized, a long and relatively inline group of fibres with the quadriceps ligament, the "vastus medialis longus"; and a shorter and more obliquely oriented with group of fibres, the "vastus medialis obliquus". There is as yet insufficient evidence to conclusively confirm or deny this hypothesis.


title: Vastus medialis

text: Knee pain is thought to be primarily associated with specific quadriceps muscle weakness or fatigue, especially in the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO). It is known that fatigue can be caused by many different mechanisms, ranging from the accumulation of metabolites within muscle fibers to the generation of an inadequate motor command in the motor cortex. Characteristics of the vastus medialis, including its angle of insertion, correlate with presence of knee joint pain (patellofemoral pain syndrome). However, this syndrome is complex and definitive evidence of causality has not yet been published.


title: Vastus medialis

text: Misfiring and fatiguing of the VMO causes mal-tracking of the patella and subsequent damage to surrounding structures creating increased force on the knees, often resulting in injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, anterior cruciate ligament rupture, chondromalacia, and tendinitis. Through the use of electromyography, researchers can evaluate and record the electrical activity produced by the skeletal muscle of the VMO to analyze the biomechanics and detect any possible abnormalities, weakness, or fatigue. With an analysis of muscle activity of the VMO through the use of electromyography, proper rehabilitative plans and goals can be established to not only correct the already established abnormality, but even prevent such injuries if tested sooner. Preventing injuries is crucial as well as teaching proper training techniques to ensure there are no valgus collapse forces causing unplanned stress on other structures of the knee, causing asymmetry, and predisposing that individual for injury.


title: Pecos Bill

text: Pecos Bill is a fictional cowboy and folk hero in stories set during American westward expansion into the Southwest of Texas, New Mexico, Southern California, and Arizona. These narratives were invented as short stories in a book by Tex O'Reilly in the early 20th century and is an example of American folklore. Pecos Bill was a late addition to the "big man" idea of characters, such as Paul Bunyan or John Henry.


title: Pecos Bill

text: The first known stories were published in 1917 by Edward O'Reilly for "The Century Magazine", and collected and reprinted in 1923 in the book "Saga of Pecos Bill". O'Reilly claimed they were part of an oral tradition of tales told by cowboys during the westward expansion and settlement of the southwest, including Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. But American folklorist Richard M. Dorson found that O'Reilly invented the stories as "folklore", and that later writers either borrowed tales from O'Reilly, or added further adventures of their own invention to the cycle.


title: Pecos Bill

text: Edward O'Reilly co-authored a cartoon strip with cartoonist Jack A. Warren, also known as Alonzo Vincent Warren, between 1929 and 1938. When O'Reilly died in 1946, Warren began a strip titled "Pecos Pete". This was a story about "Pecos Bill", who had received a "lump on the naggan" that caused him amnesia. The cartoons originally were published in "The Sun" and were later syndicated. He also has a wife, named Slue-Foot Sue.


title: Pecos Bill

text: Pecos Bill made the leap to film in the 1948 Walt Disney animated feature "Melody Time". He was portrayed by Steve Guttenberg in a 1985 episode of "Tall Tales & Legends" and by Patrick Swayze in Disney's 1995 film "Tall Tale".


title: Pecos Bill

text: "Pecos Bill" was also the nickname of Civil War general William Shafter, although this was before O'Reilly created the legend. Shafter was considered a hero in Texas, and even had some legendary poetry written about how tough he was.


title: Pecos Bill

text: According to legend, Pecos Bill is responsible for creating many landmarks. One landmark he is said to have created is the Gulf of Mexico. Apparently, there was a drought in Texas that was so horrible, that Pecos rushed to California and lassoed up a storm cloud and brought it to Texas. It rained so much that the Gulf of Mexico was created. Another story is of him creating the Rio Grande River. He and his horse got stranded in the desert and needed water. So Pecos grabbed a stick and dug the Rio Grande River. One other landmark that he is responsible for is the Painted Desert. He apparently started shooting at a tribe of Indigenous Americans, and as they ran away, the ritual paint they had on them came off and painted the desert.


title: Pecos Bill

text: According to the legend, Pecos Bill was born in Texas in the 1830s (or 1845 in some versions, the year of Texas's statehood). Pecos Bill's family decided to move out because his town was becoming "too crowded". Pecos Bill was traveling in a covered wagon as an infant when he fell out unnoticed by the rest of his family near the Pecos River (thus his nickname). He was taken in and raised by a pack of coyotes. Years later he was found by his real brother, who managed to convince him he was not a coyote.


title: Pecos Bill

text: He grew up to become a cowboy. Bill used a rattlesnake named Shake as a lasso and another snake as a little whip. His horse, Widow-Maker (also called Lightning), was so named because he was Texas's first and most notorious serial killer, leaving a trail of dead bodies clear across Texas (this is another version of how the Rio Grande was made). Dynamite was said to be his favorite food. It is also said Bill sometimes rode a cougar instead of a horse. On one of his adventures, Pecos Bill managed to lasso a twister. It was also said that he once wrestled the Bear Lake monster for several days until Bill finally defeated it.


title: Pecos Bill

text: Pecos Bill had a lover named Slue-Foot Sue, who rode a giant catfish down the Rio Grande. He was fishing with the pack when he saw her. Shake, Widow-Maker, and Slue-Foot Sue are as idealized as Pecos Bill.


title: Pecos Bill

text: After a courtship in which, among other things, Pecos Bill shoots all the stars from the sky except for one which becomes the Lone Star, Bill proposes to Sue. She insists on riding Widow-Maker before, during or after the wedding (depending on variations in the story). Widow-Maker, jealous of no longer having Bill's undivided attention, bounces Sue off; she lands on her bustle and begins bouncing higher and higher. Bill catches her, but then gets pulled with her. The town folks assumed both Bill and Sue were bounced away to another place or both ended up on the Moon where they stayed and were never seen again.


title: Pecos Bill

text: In Bowman's version of the story, Sue eventually recovers from the bouncing, but is so traumatized by the experience she never speaks to Pecos Bill ever again.


title: Pecos Bill

text: In a few other versions, Bill attempts, but fails, to lasso her, because of an interference by Widow-Maker who did not want her on his back again (or for that matter didn't want her coming between his and Bill's friendship), and she eventually hits her head on the moon. After she has been bouncing for days, Pecos Bill realizes that she would eventually starve to death, so he lassos her with Shake the rattlesnake and brings her back down to Earth. Widow-Maker, realizing that what he did to her was wrong, apologizes and is forgiven.


title: Pecos Bill

text: In other versions, Sue could not stop bouncing, and Bill could not stop her from bouncing either, so Bill had to shoot her to put her out of her misery. Though it is said that Bill was married many times, he never loved the others as much as Sue, and the other relationships did not work out.


title: Pecos Bill

text: In the "Melody Time" version, Bill was apparently responsible for the California Gold Rush and M.F. Stephenson's famous "There's gold in them thar hills" phrase. He knocked out the gold fillings of a gang of rustlers when they tried to steal his cow, scattering the fillings across the landscape. Bill also creates the Lone Star long before he meets Sue. Additionally, after Sue gets stranded on the moon due to Widow-Maker's interference in preventing Bill from lassoing her, a disheartened Bill leaves civilization to rejoin the coyotes, who now howl at the moon in honor of Bill's sorrow for Sue.


title: Pecos Bill

text: In the more popular versions, including many children's books, Bill and Sue reunite, and get married happily ever after.


title: Pecos Bill

text: In Laura Frankos' short story "Slue-Foot Sue and the Witch in the Woods" (1998), Sue's bustle-ride deposits her in Russia, where she must fight a duel with Baba Yaga.


title: Pecos Bill

text: Sue does not figure in the 1995 Pecos Bill film "Tall Tale"; however, her fatal "bouncing to the moon" story is briefly narrated by Patrick Swayze's Bill, with Sue substituted by a man named Lanky Hank.


title: United Australia Party

text: The United Australia Party (UAP) was an Australian political party that was founded in 1931 and dissolved in 1945. The party won four federal elections in that time, usually governing in coalition with the Country Party. It provided two prime ministers: Joseph Lyons (1932–1939) and Robert Menzies (1939–1941).


title: United Australia Party

text: The UAP was created in the aftermath of the 1931 split in the Australian Labor Party. Six fiscally conservative Labor MPs left the party to protest the Scullin Government's financial policies during the Great Depression. Led by Joseph Lyons, a former Premier of Tasmania, the defectors initially sat as independents, but then agreed to merge with the Nationalist Party and form a united opposition. Lyons was chosen as the new party's leader due to his popularity among the general public, with former Nationalist leader John Latham becoming his deputy. He led the UAP to a landslide victory at the 1931 federal election, where the party secured an outright majority in the House of Representatives and was able to form government in its own right.


title: United Australia Party

text: After the 1934 election, the UAP entered into a coalition with the Country Party; it retained government at the 1937 election. After Lyons' death in April 1939, the UAP elected Robert Menzies as its new leader. This resulted in the Country Party leaving the coalition, but a new coalition agreement was reached in March 1940. The 1940 election resulted in a hung parliament and the formation of a minority government with support from two independents. In August 1941, Menzies was forced to resign as prime minister in favour of Arthur Fadden, the Country Party leader; he in turn survived only 40 days before losing a confidence motion and making way for a Labor government under John Curtin. Fadden continued on as Leader of the Opposition, with Billy Hughes replacing Menzies as UAP leader. Hughes resigned after the 1943 election, and Menzies subsequently returned as UAP leader and Leader of the Opposition. The UAP ceased to exist as a parliamentary party in February 1945, when its members joined the new Liberal Party of Australia. The contemporary United Australia Party (2013) has no connection or relationship with the former party.


title: United Australia Party

text: Joseph Lyons began his political career as an Australian Labor Party politician and served as Premier of Tasmania. Lyons was elected to the Australian Federal Parliament in 1929 and served in Prime Minister James Scullin's Labor Cabinet. Lyons became acting Treasurer in 1930 and helped negotiate the government's strategies for dealing with the Great Depression. With Scullin temporarily absent in London, Lyons and acting Prime Minister James Fenton clashed with the Labor Cabinet and Caucus over economic policy, and grappled with the differing proposals of the Premier's Plan, Lang Labor, the Commonwealth Bank and British adviser Otto Niemeyer.


title: United Australia Party

text: While Health Minister Frank Anstey supported Premier of New South Wales Jack Lang's bid to default on debt repayments, Lyons advocated orthodox fiscal management. When Labor reinstated the more radical Ted Theodore as Treasurer in 1931, Lyons and Fenton resigned from Cabinet.


title: United Australia Party

text: The UAP was formed in 1931 by Labor dissidents and a conservative coalition as a response to the more radical economic proposals of Labor Party members to deal with the Great Depression in Australia. Lyons and Fenton's opposition to the economic policies of the Scullin Labor Government had attracted the support of a circle of socially prominent Melburnians known as "the Group" or "Group of Six", comprising stockbroker Staniforth Ricketson, insurance company president Charles Arthur Norris, metallurgist and businessman John Michael Higgins, writer Ambrose Pratt, state attorney-general Robert Menzies, and architect Kingsley Henderson. In parliament on 13 March 1931, though still a member of the ALP, Lyons supported a no confidence motion against the Scullin Labor government. Soon afterward, Lyons, Fenton and four other right-wing Labor MPs--Moses Gabb, Allan Guy, Charles McGrath and John Price—resigned from the ALP in protest of the Scullin government's economic policies. Five of the six Labor dissidents–all except Gabb–formed the "All for Australia League" and crossed over to the opposition benches. On 7 May, the All for Australia League, the Nationalist opposition (hitherto led by John Latham) and former Prime Minister Billy Hughes' Australian Party (a group of former Nationalists who had been expelled for crossing the floor and bringing down Stanley Bruce's Nationalist government in 1929), merged to form the UAP. Although the new party was dominated by former Nationalists, Lyons was chosen as the new party's leader, and thus became Leader of the Opposition, with Latham as his deputy. The Western Australia branch of the Nationalists, however, retained the Nationalist name.


title: United Australia Party

text: Claiming that the Scullin government was incapable of managing the economy, it offered traditional deflationary economic policies in response to Australia's economic crisis. Though it was basically an upper- and middle-class conservative party, the presence of ex-Labor MPs with working-class backgrounds allowed the party to present a convincing image of national unity transcending class barriers. This was especially true of the party leader, Lyons. Indeed, he had been chosen as the merged party's leader because he was thought to be more electorally appealing than the aloof Latham, and was thus better suited to win over traditional Labor supporters to the UAP. Its slogan was "All for Australia and the Empire".


title: United Australia Party

text: A further split, this time of left-wing NSW Labor MPs who supported the unorthodox economic policies of NSW Premier Jack Lang, cost the Scullin government its parliamentary majority. In November 1931, Lang Labor dissidents broke with the Scullin government and joined with the UAP opposition to pass a no-confidence motion, forcing an early election.


title: United Australia Party

text: With the Labor Party split between Scullin's supporters and Langites, and with a very popular leader (Lyons had a genial manner and the common touch), the UAP won the elections in December 1931 in a massive landslide which saw the two wings of the Labor Party cut down to 18 seats between them, and Lyons became Prime Minister in January 1932. He took office at the helm of a UAP majority government. The UAP initially hoped to renew the non-Labor Coalition with the Country Party of Earle Page after coming up four seats short of a majority in its own right. However, the five MPs elected from the Emergency Committee of South Australia, which stood in place of the UAP and Country Party in South Australia, joined the UAP party room, giving the UAP a bare majority of two seats. When negotiations with Page broke down, Lyons formed an exclusively UAP government. In 1934, the UAP lost six seats, forcing Lyons to take the Country Party into his government in a full-fledged Coalition.


title: United Australia Party

text: The Lyons government followed the conservative economic policies it had promised in opposition, and benefited politically from the gradual worldwide economic recovery as the 1930s went on.


title: United Australia Party

text: Lyons favoured the tough economic measures of the "Premiers' Plan", pursued an orthodox fiscal policy and refused to accept NSW Premier Jack Lang's proposals to default on overseas debt repayments. A dramatic episode in Australian history followed Lyons' first electoral victory when NSW Premier Jack Lang refused to pay interest on overseas State debts. The Lyons government stepped in and paid the debts and then passed the Financial Agreement Enforcement Act to recover the money it had paid. In an effort to frustrate this move, Lang ordered State departments to pay all receipts directly to the Treasury instead of into Government bank accounts. The New South Wales Governor, Sir Philip Game, intervened on the basis that Lang had acted illegally in breach of the state Audit Act and sacked the Lang Government, who then suffered a landslide loss at the consequent 1932 state election.


title: United Australia Party

text: Australia entered the Depression with a debt crisis and a credit crisis. According to author Anne Henderson of the Sydney Institute, Lyons held a steadfast belief in "the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence" and the Lyons period gave Australia "stability and eventual growth" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy – a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery. A devalued Australian currency assisted in restoring a favourable balance of trade. Tariffs had been a point of difference between the Country Party and United Australia Party. The CP opposed high tariffs because they increased costs for farmers, while the UAP had support among manufacturers who supported tariffs. Lyons was therefore happy to be perceived as "protectionist". Australia agreed to give tariff preference to British Empire goods, following the 1932 Imperial economic conference. The Lyons Government lowered interest rates to stimulate expenditure. Another point of difference was the issue of establishing national unemployment insurance. Debate on this issue became strained with the Country Party opposing the plan. On this issue, deputy leader Robert Menzies and Country Party leader Earle Page would have a public falling out.


title: United Australia Party

text: According to author Brian Carroll, Lyons had been underestimated when he assumed office in 1932 and as leader he demonstrated: "a combination of honesty, native shrewdness, tact, administrative ability, common sense, good luck and good humour that kept him in the job longer than any previous Prime Minister except Hughes". Lyons was assisted in his campaigning by his politically active wife, Enid Lyons. She had a busy official role from 1932 to 1939 and, following her husband's death, stood for Parliament herself, becoming Australia's first female Member of the House of Representatives, and later first woman in Cabinet, joining the Menzies Cabinet in 1951.


title: United Australia Party

text: Defence issues became increasingly dominant in public affairs with the rise of fascism in Europe and militant Japan in Asia. The UAP largely supported the western powers in their policy of appeasement, however veteran UAP minister Billy Hughes was an exception and he embarrassed the government with his 1935 book "Australia and the War Today" which exposed a lack of preparation in Australia for what Hughes correctly supposed to be a coming war. Hughes was forced to resign, but the Lyons government tripled its defence budget.


title: United Australia Party

text: On 7 April 1939, with the storm clouds of the Second World War gathering in Europe and the Pacific, Joseph Lyons became the first Prime Minister of Australia to die in office. Driving from Canberra to Sydney, en route to his home in Tasmania for Easter, he suffered a heart attack, dying soon after in hospital in Sydney, on Good Friday. The UAP's Deputy leader, Robert Menzies, had resigned in March, citing the coalition's failure to implement a plan for national insurance. In the absence of a UAP deputy, the Governor-General, Lord Gowrie, appointed Country Party leader Sir Earle Page as his temporary replacement, pending the selection of Lyons' successor by the UAP.


title: United Australia Party

text: Robert Menzies defeated Hughes for the UAP leadership and became Prime Minister on 26 April 1939. Page refused to serve under Menzies, leaving the UAP with a minority government.


title: United Australia Party

text: In addition to the office of Prime Minister, Menzies served as Treasurer. The First Menzies Ministry included the ageing former Prime Minister Billy Hughes and the young future Prime Minister Harold Holt. Menzies tried and failed to have the issue of national insurance examined by a committee of parliamentarians. Though no longer in formal coalition, his government survived because the Country Party preferred a UAP government to that of a Labor government.


title: United Australia Party

text: The growing threat of war dominated politics through 1939. Menzies supported British policy against Hitler's Germany (negotiate for peace, but prepare for war) and – fearing Japanese intentions in the Pacific – established independent embassies in Tokyo and Washington to receive independent advice about developments. Menzies announced Australia's entry into World War Two on 3 September 1939 as a consequence of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland. Australia was ill-prepared for war. A National Security Act was passed, the recruitment of a volunteer military force for service at home and abroad was announced, the 2nd Australian Imperial Force, and a citizen militia was organised for local defence.


title: United Australia Party

text: Troubled by Britain's failure to increase defences at Singapore, Menzies was cautious in committing troops to Europe, nevertheless in 1940–41, Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the Mediterranean theatre.


title: United Australia Party

text: A special War Cabinet was created;– initially composed of Menzies and five senior ministers (RG Casey, GA Street, Senator McLeay, HS Gullet and World War I Prime Minister Billy Hughes). In January 1940, Menzies dispatched potential leadership rival Richard Casey to Washington as Australia's first "Minister to the United States". In a consequent by-election, the UAP suffered a heavy defeat and Menzies re-entered coalition negotiations with the Country Party. In March 1940, troubled negotiations were concluded with the Country Party to re-enter Coalition with the UAP. The replacement of Earle Page as leader by Archie Cameron allowed Menzies to reach accommodation. A new Coalition ministry was formed including a number of Country Party members.


title: United Australia Party

text: With the 1940 election looming, Menzies lost his Chief of the General Staff and three loyal ministers in the Canberra air disaster. The Labor Party meanwhile experienced a split along pro and anti Communist lines over policy towards the Soviet Union for its co-operation with Nazi Germany in the invasion of Poland; this resulted in the formation of the Non-Communist Labor Party. The Communist Party of Australia (CPA) opposed and sought to disrupt Australia's war effort. Menzies banned the CPA after the fall of France in 1940, but by 1941 Stalin was forced to join the allied cause when Hitler reneged on the Pact and invaded the USSR. The USSR came to bear the brunt of the carnage of Hitler's war machine and the Communist Party in Australia lost its early war stigma as a result.


title: United Australia Party

text: At the general election in September 1940, there was a large swing to Labor and the UAP-Country Party coalition lost its majority, continuing in office only because of the support of two independent MPs, Arthur Coles and Alexander Wilson. The UAP–Country Party coalition and the Labor parties won 36 seats each. Menzies proposed an all party unity government to break the impasse, but the Labor Party under John Curtin refused to join. Curtin agreed instead to take a seat on a newly created Advisory War Council in October 1940. New Country Party leader Arthur Fadden became Treasurer and Menzies unhappily conceded to allow Earle Page back into his ministry.


title: United Australia Party

text: In January 1941, Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore's defences and sat with Winston Churchill's British War Cabinet. En route he inspected Singapore's defences – finding them alarmingly inadequate – and visited Australian troops in the Mid-East. He at times clashed with Churchill in the War Cabinet, and was unable to achieve significant assurances for increased commitment to Singapore's defences, but undertook morale boosting excursions to war affected cities and factories and was well received by the British press and generally raised awareness in Britain of Australia's contribution to its war effort. He returned to Australia via Canada and the United States – addressing the Canadian parliament and lobbying President Roosevelt for more arms production. After four months, Menzies returned to Australia to face a lack of enthusiasm for his global travels and a war-time minority government under ever increasing strain.


title: United Australia Party

text: In Menzies's absence, Curtin had co-operated with Fadden in preparing Australia for the expected Pacific War. With the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian army suffering badly in the Greek and Crete campaigns, Menzies re-organised his ministry and announced multiple multi-party committees to advise on war and economic policy. Government critics however called for an all-party government.


title: United Australia Party

text: In August, Cabinet decided that Menzies should travel back to Britain to represent Australia in the War Cabinet – but this time the Labor caucus refused to support the plan. Menzies announced to his Cabinet that he thought he should resign and advise the Governor General to invite Curtin to form Government. The Cabinet instead insisted he approach Curtin again to form a war cabinet. Unable to secure Curtin's support, and with an unworkable parliamentary majority, Menzies faced continuing problems with the administration of the war effort and the undermining of his leadership by members of his own coalition. Menzies resigned as prime minister on 29 August 1941, but initially stayed on as UAP leader.


title: United Australia Party

text: Following Menzies' resignation, a joint UAP–Country Party meeting chose Fadden to be his successor as prime minister, even though the Country Party was the junior partner in the coalition. Menzies became Minister for Defence Co-ordination.


title: United Australia Party

text: Australia marked two years of war on 7 September 1941 with a day of prayer, on which Prime Minister Fadden broadcast to the nation an exhortation to be united in the ‘supreme task of defeating the forces of evil in the world". With the Pacific on the brink of war, Opposition leader John Curtin offered friendship and co-operation to Fadden, but refused to join in an all-party wartime national government.


title: United Australia Party

text: Coles and Wilson were angered at how Menzies had been treated, and on 3 October voted with the Opposition in the House of Representatives to reject Fadden's budget; Fadden promptly resigned. This became a rare moment in Parliament in which a sitting government is defeated in the House. This did not occur in Australia again for another 78 years. Under the prodding of Governor-General Lord Gowrie, who wanted to avoid calling an election given the dangerous international situation, Coles and Wilson threw their support to Labor. Gowrie then duly swore Curtin in as prime minister on 7 October 1941. Eight weeks later, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.


title: United Australia Party

text: On 9 October, Menzies resigned as UAP leader, but not before calling for a partyroom meeting to determine whether the party should form a united opposition with the Country Party or go it alone. His preferred option was the latter, and he had intended to re-contest the leadership if he was successful. However, the party voted 19–12 to form a united opposition under the leadership of Fadden. Although the UAP had been in government for a decade, Menzies' resignation revealed a party almost completely bereft of leadership. With no obvious successor to Menzies, the UAP was forced to turn to the 79-year-old former prime minister Billy Hughes as its new leader. With Menzies out and the aged Hughes seen as a stop-gap leader, UAP members jostled for position.


title: United Australia Party

text: Having spent all but eight months of its existence prior to 1941 in government, the UAP was ill-prepared for a role in opposition. Curtin proved a popular leader, rallying the nation in the face of the danger of invasion by the Japanese after Japan's entry into the war in December 1941. Even allowing for the advantages a sitting government has in wartime, the Labor government seemed more effective than its predecessor, while Fadden and Hughes were unable to get the better of Curtin. By the time the writs were issued for the 1943 federal election, the Coalition had sunk into a state of near paralysis, and at the election, suffered a landslide defeat, being reduced to only 23 seats nationwide, including 14 for the UAP.


title: United Australia Party

text: After this election defeat, Menzies returned to the UAP leadership, and Fadden handed the post of opposition leader to him as well. However, as the Nationalists had a decade earlier, the party and its organisation now seemed moribund, particularly in NSW. UAP branches tended to become inactive between elections, and its politicians were seen as compromised by their reliance on large donations from business and financial organisations. In New South Wales, the party merged with the Commonwealth Party to form the Democratic Party, which merged with the Liberal Democratic Party the following year. In Queensland the state branch was absorbed into the Queensland People's Party.


title: United Australia Party

text: Menzies became convinced that the UAP was no longer viable, and a new anti-Labor party needed to be formed to replace it. He circulated a confidential memorandum expressing his wish for the UAP to be replaced:


title: United Australia Party

text: The name United Australia Party has fallen into complete disregard. It no longer means anything. Many of my own strongest supporters in my own electorate decline to have anything to do with the Party as such. [...] To establish a new party under a new name, it is, I think, essential to recognise that the new groups and movements which sprang up in the six months before the election were all expressions of dissatisfaction with the existing set-up. [...] The time between now and the next election is already beginning to run out!


title: United Australia Party

text: On 31 August 1945, the UAP was absorbed into the newly formed Liberal Party of Australia, with Menzies as its leader. The new party was dominated by former UAP members; with a few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room.


title: United Australia Party

text: The Liberal Party went on to become the dominant centre-right party in Australian politics. After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the new non-Labor Coalition (of the Liberal and Country parties) to victory at the 1949 election, defeating the incumbent Labor government led by Curtin's successor, Ben Chifley. The Coalition stayed in office for a record 23 years.


title: United Australia Party

text: Note: the United Australia Party did not run candidates in South Australia in 1931. The Emergency Committee of South Australia was the main anti-Labor party, but five MPs elected under that banner joined the parliamentary UAP after the election.


title: Adam Liaw

text: Adam Liaw (; born 8 September 1978) is a Malaysian-born Australian cook, television presenter and author. He was the winner of the second season of "MasterChef Australia", defeating student Callum Hann in the final.


title: Adam Liaw

text: Liaw was born in Penang, Malaysia, to a Malaysian Chinese father, Dr Siaw-Lin Liaw, and a Singaporean-born English mother, Dr Joyce Hill AM. He is the second of three children, with an older brother and younger sister. His family moved to Adelaide when Liaw was age 3. After his parents divorced and his mother moved to New Zealand, Liaw lived with his paternal grandmother whom he credits with a huge influence on his cooking and his life.


title: Adam Liaw

text: Liaw completed Year 11 at Prince Alfred College at age 14 and enrolled in university at 16. He graduated with a double degree in Science and Law from the University of Adelaide at 21.


title: Adam Liaw

text: After graduation Liaw was employed by Kelly & Co Lawyers in Adelaide where he worked in technology, commercial/corporate law, business advisory and international trade. He was also a committee member, legal adviser and secretary of the Hong Kong Australia Business Association, assisting South Australian companies to expand their business into Hong Kong and mainland China.


title: Adam Liaw

text: On 29 September 2009, Liaw announced via Twitter that he was considering auditioning for the second season of "MasterChef Australia". In April 2010 he was announced as one of the top 24 finalists. Despite winning a challenge cooking the dishes of celebrity chefs, Liaw doubted he had sufficient technique to win the title.


title: Adam Liaw

text: On 22 July 2010 Liaw was the first challenger awarded a place in the grand finale. On 25 July 2010 he was declared the winner of the second season of "MasterChef Australia", defeating Callum Hann 89–82 for the title in the final. His victory is still the most watched non-sporting television event in Australian history.


title: Adam Liaw

text: After winning the show Liaw considered a number of opportunities, including opening an izakaya restaurant with Tokyo-based Australian chef and friend Matthew Crabbe. He returned to "MasterChef Australia" as a guest judge for season 4 and season 6.


title: Adam Liaw

text: As the winner of season 2 of "MasterChef Australia", Liaw was given the opportunity to write his own cookbook. The book is called "Two Asian Kitchens" (), and was published by Random House Australia in April 2011. Split into two main sections - the Old Kitchen and the New Kitchen - Liaw explores recipes that he has grown up with, along with new creations. The book has received positive reviews in the Australian media.


title: Adam Liaw

text: Liaw has since published more cookbooks including "Asian After Work" (2013), "Adam's Big Pot" (2014), "Asian Cookery School" (2015) and "The Zen Kitchen" (2016). He also writes for Fairfax newspapers' "Good Food", "Sunday Life" magazine and The Guardian. He used to write for The Wall Street Journal's "Scene Asia".


title: Adam Liaw

text: On 14 March 2012, it was announced that Liaw will host his own travel/food TV show, "Destination Flavour", which premiered on the SBS network in August 2012. The series was also co-hosted by Renee Lim and Lily Serna. In September 2013, "Destination Flavour: Japan" premiered on SBS One with Liaw as the sole host; the series was followed by "Destination Flavour: Down Under" in September 2014. "Destination Flavour: Scandinavia" premiered on SBS in 2016, with "Destination Flavour: Singapore" premiering in January 2017 and "Destination Flavour: China" in November 2018.


title: Adam Liaw

text: In March 2017, "Hidden Japan with Adam Liaw" premiered on SBS Food. In 2019 he appeared on the seventh season finale of "Julia Zemiro's Home Delivery". In late 2020, Liaw hosted "Adam Liaw's Road Trip for Good" for SBS Food.


title: Adam Liaw

text: In April 2021, Liaw started hosting a nightly talk and cooking show on SBS Food titled "The Cook Up with Adam Liaw". With a 200 episode first season commitment, it was largest commission in SBS's history. The series sees Liaw chatting and cooking with guests including Colin Fassnidge, Julie Goodwin, Jock Zonfrillo, Yumi Stynes, Jessica Rowe and Jimmy Barnes. In October 2021, Liaw teamed up with season one "MasterChef Australia" runner-up Poh Ling Yeow to present "Adam and Poh’s Malaysia in Australia", which explored their shared Malaysian heritage.


title: Adam Liaw

text: Liaw is UNICEF Australia's National Ambassador for Nutrition. In 2016 he was appointed by the Japanese government as a Goodwill Ambassador of Japanese Cuisine. He is also on the board of the Australia-Japan Foundation.


title: Adam Liaw

text: Liaw is prolific on social media. In 2015, BuzzFeed Australia highlighted '19 Reasons You Need to Follow Aussie Chef Adam Liaw on Twitter and Instagram', and '17 Times Aussie Chef Adam Liaw Nailed It on Social Media in 2015'.


title: Adam Liaw

text: In 2017 Liaw was named by All Nippon Airways as the Culinary Ambassador for ANA Australia, and created two seasonal menus for the airline.


title: Adam Liaw

text: In May 2022 Liaw launched a seven-part podcast series on Audible called "How Taste Changed the World".


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Robert Andrew Woolmer (14 May 1948 – 18 March 2007) was an English cricket coach, cricketer, and a commentator. He played in 19 Test matches and six One Day Internationals for the England cricket team and later coached South Africa, Warwickshire and Pakistan.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: On 18 March 2007, Woolmer died suddenly in Jamaica, just a few hours after the Pakistan team's unexpected elimination at the hands of Ireland in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Shortly afterwards, Jamaican police announced that they were opening a murder investigation into Woolmer's death. In November 2007, a jury in Jamaica recorded an open verdict on Woolmer's death.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer was born in the Georgina McRobert Memorial Hospital across the road from the Green Park Stadium in Kanpur, India on 14 May 1948. His father was the cricketer Clarence Woolmer, who represented United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) in the Ranji Trophy. At the age of 10, Woolmer witnessed Hanif Mohammad scoring 499, setting a world record for the highest score in first-class cricket. Some 35 years later, Woolmer, as coach of Warwickshire County Cricket Club, was watching when the county's batsman Brian Lara passed that mark, setting a new record of 501 not out.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer went to school in Kent, first at Yardley Court in Tonbridge and then The Skinners' School in Royal Tunbridge Wells. When he was 15, Colin Page, the coach and captain of the Kent second XI, converted him from an off-spinner to a medium pace bowler.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer's first job was as a sales representative for ICI, and his first senior cricket was with the Tunbridge Wells Cricket Club club and with Kent's second XI. In 1967 he broke the Kentish Leagues' Bat and trap record for most consecutive strikes between the white posts: 13 in one game.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: In 1968, at the age of 20, Woolmer joined the Kent cricket staff and made his championship debut against Essex. His ability to move the ball about at medium-pace was ideally suited to one-day cricket at which he became a specialist. He won his county cap in 1969. Woolmer began his coaching career in South Africa in 1970–71 at the age of 22 and by 1975, when he made his Test debut, he had become a teacher of physical education at a prep school in Kent as well as running his own cricket school – at the time one of the youngest cricket school owners anywhere.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Bob Woolmer played English county cricket for Kent, initially as an all-rounder. He graduated to Test cricket with England in 1975 again, at first, as an all-rounder, having taken a hat-trick for MCC against the touring Australian cricket team with his fast-medium bowling. But he was dropped after his first Test, only reappearing in the final match of the series at The Oval where he scored 149, batting at number five, then the slowest Test century for England against Australia. Further batting success followed over the next two seasons, including two further centuries against Australia in 1977. Rarely for an Englishman since the Second World War, all his Test centuries were made against Australia.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer was also a regular in England ODI cricket from 1972 to 1976. But Woolmer's international career stalled after he joined the World Series break-away group run by Kerry Packer. He continued to have success with Kent, helping them to win the County Championship and the Benson and Hedges Cup in 1978, winning the man of the match award in the final of the latter. But though he was recalled to the Test team for four matches in 1980 and 1981 after the World Series Cricket affair was over, he never recaptured the form of the mid 1970s. He also took part in the first rebel tour of South Africa of 1982, a move that effectively ended his international career.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: After retiring from first-class cricket in 1984, he emigrated to South Africa, where he coached cricket and hockey at high schools. He also became involved in the Avendale Cricket Club in Athlone, Cape Town. He preferred to join a 'coloured' club rather than a 'white' one in apartheid South Africa. He was an inspiration to Avendale and was instrumental in assisting the club to grow and be successful. Because of him, there is still an annual programme for a talented Avendale cricketer to spend a summer at Lord Wandsworth College in Hampshire.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: He returned to England in 1987 to coach the second eleven at Kent. He went on to coach the Warwickshire County Cricket Club in 1991, the side winning the Natwest Trophy in 1993, and three out of four trophies contested the next year. He continued his success by leading Warwickshire to Natwest and County Championship success in 1995, before taking on the Post of South African National Coach.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer is thought to be the only man to have witnessed both Brian Lara's innings of 501 not out against Durham in 1994 and Hanif Mohammad's 499 in Karachi in 1958.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer was known for his progressive coaching techniques. He is credited with having made the reverse sweep a more popular shot for batsmen in the 1990s, as well as being one of the first to use computer analysis, and trying to adapt the knowledge of goalkeepers to wicketkeepers in cricket. He later attracted attention at the 1999 World Cup by communicating with his captain Hansie Cronje with an earpiece during matches. The practice was later banned.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: He was appointed coach of South Africa in 1994. Initially his team performed poorly, losing all six matches on his first outing in Pakistan. However, in the next five years, South Africa won most of their Test (10 out of 15 series) and One Day International matches (73%). However, the side failed to win either the 1996 World Cup or the 1999 World Cup, despite having the highest ODI success rate among international teams in that period.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: At the 1996 tournament on the Indian subcontinent, his team won all their preliminary group matches before succumbing to the West Indies in the quarter finals.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: At the 1999 tournament, South Africa faced Australia in the final match of the Super Six round; Australia needed to win to qualify for the semifinals, whereas South Africa had already done so. Australia boasted a superior recent record in must-win matches against South Africa. Media speculation was focused on Woolmer's team being less adept at handling high pressure situations. In the 1997/98 Australian international season, Australia had lost all four of their qualifying matches against South Africa in a triangular tournament and conceded a 1–0 finals series lead, before recovering to take the series 2–1. The Super Six match saw Australia win the match in the last over, after Herschelle Gibbs dropped Australian captain Steve Waugh in a premature celebration of a catch. Waugh went on to score an unbeaten century and score the winning runs. The semifinal rematch saw a late Australian comeback culminate in a tie, when with match scores level, South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald had a mix up, with Donald dropping his bat and being run out. As a result, South Africa were eliminated due to their inferior performance in the earlier matches. and Woolmer resigned.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer was a strong candidate to replace David Lloyd as coach of England in 1999 but wanted a break from cricket and was reluctant to lead England in a tour of South Africa so soon after having relinquished the South African coaching job.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: He later returned to Warwickshire, and gained attention when he called for the removal of a life ban on South African captain Hansie Cronje for match-fixing. Woolmer spoke openly about Cronje and match fixing in an interview on the BBC TV programme "Panorama" in May 2001. He then worked for the International Cricket Council in helping with cricket development in countries where the sport was not well established.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: He was appointed coach of the Pakistan team in 2004. This came after Javed Miandad was sacked when the Pakistanis conceded a 2–1 Test and 3–2 ODI series loss on home soil to arch rivals India, their first series win there in two decades. He was feted when his team reversed the result in early 2005 on their return tour to India, drawing the Tests 1–1 and winning the ODI series 4–2. In 2005 Pakistan beat England in a home series immediately after England had beaten the Australian team in England to secure the Ashes. In the home series against India that followed, Woolmer's side were victorious in the Test series, winning it 1–0; however, the side lost the ODI series that followed 4–1. Woolmer's side then beat Sri Lanka 2–0 in a 3 ODI series and achieved a 3rd consecutive Test series win with a 1–0 win in a 2 test series with Sri Lanka.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: In August 2006, on the eve of Pakistan's Twenty20 international against England in Bristol, Bob Woolmer was forced to defend his reputation when it was claimed Pakistani players lifted the seam of the ball when he was in charge of the team. Former International Cricket Council match referee Barry Jarman alleged that during the 1997 triangular one-day tournament involving South Africa, Zimbabwe and India, a match ball, still in Jarman's possession, that was confiscated after just 16 overs showed evidence of tampering by Woolmer's team. Woolmer could not recall any such incident and he denied advocating ball-tampering. He also indicated that he contacted the match officials from that game who also could not recall any such incident.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Woolmer stated in 2006 that he believed that ball-tampering should be allowed in cricket and that a modification to existing laws should be made.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: On 18 March 2007 – the day after Pakistan were knocked out of the 2007 World Cup, and three days before their final game of the tournament – Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room at the Jamaica Pegasus Hotel in Kingston, Jamaica. The initial report was that Woolmer had died of a heart attack. On 22 March, Jamaican police confirmed that an investigation had been launched because of the circumstances of Woolmer's death, based on a report by pathologist Ere Seshaiah that Woolmer had died of asphyxia via manual strangulation. Deputy Police Commissioner Mark Shields led the investigation.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: On 12 June 2007, Lucius Thomas, the commissioner of the Jamaica Constabulary Force, announced that the investigation had concluded that Woolmer had died of natural causes, and was not murdered as indicated by the earlier pathologist's report. Three independent pathologists' reports commissioned by the police had found that the initial conclusion of manual strangulation was incorrect, and toxicology tests found no evidence of poisoning. The findings of the pathologists, and of Metropolitan Police detectives who had visited Jamaica to assist with the investigation, were reported in the weeks leading up to the announcement, which was widely expected by the time it was made. Reports suggested that Woolmer suffered from health problems including an enlarged heart and diabetes, which may have contributed to his death.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: On 6 November, coroner Patrick Murphy asked for further tests to be carried out on samples taken from Woolmer's body following discrepancies in the toxicology reports by forensic scientists from the Caribbean and the UK.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: After hearing twenty-six days of evidence, the jury at the inquest returned an open verdict, refusing to rule out the controversial strangulation theory put forward by Ere Seshaiah.


title: Bob Woolmer

text: In an interview with "Fox News", former South African cricketer Clive Rice claimed that Woolmer was murdered by organised crime groups, saying "These mafia betting syndicates do not stop at anything and they do not care who gets in their way".


title: Bob Woolmer

text: Former Australian captain Ian Chappell has also gone on record stating that he "doubts that he died of natural causes" and speculated that Woolmer may have been about to reveal "some misgivings".


title: Bob Woolmer

text: An article appearing in the "Journal of Sport and Social Issues" in 2010 suggested that there were links in the reporting of context surrounding Woolmer's death and Islamophobia in the British media.


title: Below Deck Down Under

text: Below Deck Down Under is an Australian reality television series hosted by Peacock Original that premiered on March 17, 2022. The show is the 3rd spin-off of "Below Deck", after "Below Deck Mediterranean" and "Below Deck Sailing Yacht". Announced in February 2022, the series chronicles the lives of the crew members who work and reside aboard a 150-foot-plus superyacht during a charter season in Australia which consists of filming for around six weeks with the cast temporarily replacing the conventional crew. Viewers of "Below Deck Mediterranean" would recognise Aesha Scott from Seasons 4 and 5, but as a Stewardess. Frequent viewers of news in Australia may recognise Chambers. He was the captain of Superyacht Moatize as it crashed in Northern Queensland in 2019. Producers are already in talks about a second season to air in 2023.


title: Below Deck Down Under

text: "Below Deck Down Under" airs on Peacock in the U.S. and Hayu in the UK and Australia every Thursday. It began airing on the 17th of March, 2022 on Peacock and Hayu.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Happy Bhag Jayegi () is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film, written and directed by Mudassar Aziz, and produced by Aanand L. Rai and Krishika Lulla. It stars Diana Penty as the eponymous character; a free-spirited bride-to-be from Amritsar who runs away from her wedding ceremony and inadvertently arrives in Lahore, Pakistan. The production features an ensemble cast consisting of Penty, Abhay Deol, Jimmy Sheirgill, Ali Fazal, and Momal Sheikh.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Aziz began writing for the film in 2012 and later approached Rai to produce it. "Happy Bhag Jayegi" was conceived as a "cross-border" romantic comedy and was originally titled "Dolly Lahore Mein". Although a large part of the film is set in Lahore, the film was primarily shot in Chandigarh and Amritsar with Saurabh Goswami working as the director of photography. The film featured Pakistani actors Javed Sheikh and his daughter Momal Sheikh. The film is Momal Sheikh's Bollywood debut. The music for "Happy Bhag Jayegi" was composed by Sohail Sen and released under the label of Eros Music. Eros International acquired the worldwide distribution rights for the production, which runs for 126 minutes in its final cut.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: "Happy Bhag Jayegi" was released theatrically in India on 19 August 2016; it opened to mixed responses from film critics, who appreciated the performances of the ensemble cast and the humour. Criticism was focused on its scattered screenplay, inconsistent tone, and relatively poor characterisation of the central character. Despite mixed reviews, the film was an average grosser at the box office, collecting 465 million against a budget of 200 million. It was considered a sleeper hit by media outlets in India. A sequel titled "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi" was released on 24 August 2018.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Harpreet "Happy" Kaur is supposed to marry Corporator Daman Singh Bagga in Amritsar, India, but has planned to elope with her musician boyfriend Guddu. She inadvertently finds herself aboard a lorry destined for Lahore; she is trapped inside a fruit basket that is delivered to the house of Bilal Ahmed, the ex-local governor's son. Meanwhile, in Amritsar, Guddu is taken hostage by Bagga.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: After fleeing Bilal's house, Happy creates a ruckus at a local marketplace and is arrested by police officer Usman Afridi. The officer informs Bilal, who decides to arrange for Happy's deportation. Unwilling to return to Amritsar, Happy blackmails Bilal into helping her using a contrived story about her being abducted by Bilal and his father. Bilal is then confronted by his fiancée Zoya, who initially suspects him of having an affair with Happy. Zoya later suggests bringing Guddu to Lahore, have him marry Happy there, and deport them together. Bilal begrudgingly agrees to help Happy but has difficulty keeping her a secret from his father and struggles to keep Happy reined in. Bilal finds himself attracted to Happy, who develops a close friendship with him and Zoya.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: When Bilal's father travels to China for two weeks, he decides to go to India with Afridi to rescue Guddu. They pose as members of a Lahore-based music company and persuade Bagga they want Guddu to perform for their production in Lahore. Bagga realises their subterfuge and helplessly watches them board a bus to Lahore from Attari. He hires goons who abduct Happy from Bilal's house and sets off to Lahore along with Happy's father. Afridi arrests Bagga upon arrival and Happy's father escapes.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Afridi rescues Happy, who re-unites with Guddu. Completely smitten with Happy, Bilal begins to avoid Zoya but reconciles with her later. Happy's father, in his desperate attempts to find his daughter, is mistaken for an Indian spy who is planning to kill Bilal's father. Bilal arranges for Happy's marriage to Guddu at a mass wedding event. Having escaped prison, Bagga also arrives at the mass wedding disguised as a groom. The event turns chaotic when Happy's father makes a frenzied attempt to get the governor's attention using a police officer's gun. Happy marries Guddu and they head to the airport chased by Happy's father, Bilal and Zoya, and Bagga and his goons who lose track of the group. Before boarding the flight to Amritsar, Happy seeks validation from her father, who obliges. She embraces Zoya and Bilal and departs.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: In a post-credits scene, Bagga seeks support for his election campaign at a public rally with Happy and Guddu in attendance; he declares himself the couple's saviour. Onlookers react with complete bafflement, much to the duo's amusement.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Mudassar Aziz had been working on the script for "Happy Bhag Jayegi" since 2012; pre-production work for the project began when Aanand L. Rai agreed to produce it under the label Colour Yellow Productions with Aziz as the director. It was Rai's first venture as a producer and Aziz's first as a director in over four years. The film was conceived as a "cross-border" romantic comedy and was originally titled "Dolly Lahore Mein", a reference to film's setting, Lahore, Pakistan. The title was later changed to the current one because the central character was renamed Harpreet "Happy" Kaur. Rai talked about his transition from a director to producer, saying that being associated with a project as a producer would help him become "a complete filmmaker". Rai said he would not interfere with Aziz's creative process and would give him complete freedom as a director. Aziz also wrote the film's dialogue.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Abhay Deol had previously collaborated with Rai for the 2013 romantic drama "Raanjhanaa"; the latter was impressed by Deol's performance in that film and expressed his interest in working with him again. Subsequently, Rai offered Deol the role of Bilal Ahmed. Diana Penty was cast as the central character; it was Penty's first project since her screen debut in the romantic comedy "Cocktail" (2012). Penty said she was instantly attracted to the film's script and the character, which was nothing like her previous role and described Happy as a "very confident and ... quite a forthcoming character". Before filming began, Penty spent considerable time in Amritsar to acclimatise to the environment. Punjabi actor Nilima Sharma helped Penty further prepare for the role; she said, "I picked up a lot from [Sharma], especially things like her diction and body language".


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: "Happy Bhag Jayegi" marks the Bollywood debut of Pakistani actor Momal Sheikh, who was cast as Deol's fiancée. The production team approached Sheikh's father Javed Sheikh for a part in the film and sought his help with casting the role of Zoya. After auditioning, the actors suggested by Javed were unsuitable; the team then contacted Momal, who read through the script multiple times before agreeing to work on the production. Ali Fazal was offered the role of Guddu, an unsuccessful musician and Penty's love interest in the film. Faza described the character as "a very boy-next-door, vulnerable kind". Jimmy Sheirgill, who was one of the last actors to join the cast, said he was attracted to the film's "novel" concept. "Happy Bhag Jayegi" also features Kanwaljit Singh, Piyush Mishra, Jagat Rawat, Ayesha Raza Mishra, and Ashu Sharma in supporting roles.


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: Principal photography for "Happy Bhag Jayegi" began in September 2015; it took place in Amritsar, Chandigarh, and Mumbai in separate schedules. Saurabh Goswami worked as the director of photography and the production design was handled by Wasiq Khan. The costumes, which included traditional Indian clothing for Penty, and Pathani suits for Deol were designed by Ankita Jha and Nidhi Gambhir. While a large part of "Happy Bhag Jayegi" is set in Lahore, Pakistan, the film was shot at locations in various cities of Punjab, India. Most of the filming was done outdoors and the crew faced difficulties managing the sets at crowded locations such as Amritsar's Inter-state Bus Terminal and at ISBT sector 17 Chandigarh


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: The filming process for "Happy Bhag Jayegi" was completed in March 2016. The production's rough cut was edited by the Mumbai-based editor and technician Ninad Khanolkar and the sound mixing was done by Arun Nambiar. Co-produced by Rai under his label Colour Yellow Productions and Krishika Lulla of Eros International, the film was made on an estimated budget of . Its final cut runs for 126 minutes. The international distribution rights for "Happy Bhag Jayegi" were acquired by Eros International. Lulla released a statement discussing the project's "local milieu" and the universal theme; she said the film "brings out flavours of real India [and] highlights intricacies of human emotions and will touch everyone's heart".


title: Happy Bhag Jayegi

text: The soundtrack for "Happy Bhag Jayegi" was composed by music director and singer Sohail Sen. The lyrics were written by Mudassar Aziz, with the exception of the song "Gabru Ready To Mingle Hai", which features a rap segment with English lyrics written by Dee MC. Harshdeep Kaur, Shahid Mallya, Mika Singh, Neeti Mohan, Tarannum Malik, Danish Sabri, Arijit Singh, and Altamash Faridi provided vocals for the album's songs. The love song "Aashiq Tera"—the first track from the album to be released—was accompanied by a music video featuring Penty, Deol, Fazal, and Sheikh. The soundtrack was released on 1 August 2016 on the label Eros Music.