title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Prior to the Zerolo law, employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation had been illegal in the country since 1995 but employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity was not banned nationwide. The first autonomous community to ban such discrimination was Navarre in 2009. The Basque Country followed suit in 2012, Andalusia, the Canary Islands, Catalonia, and Galicia in 2014, Extremadura in 2015, Madrid, Murcia, and the Balearic Islands in 2016, Valencia in April 2017, and Aragon in January 2019., Cantabria in November 2020 La Rioja in February 2022 and Castilla-La Mancha in May 2022.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Discrimination in the provisions of goods and services based on sexual orientation and gender identity was not banned nationwide either. The aforementioned autonomous communities all ban such discrimination within their anti-discrimination laws. Discrimination in health services and education based on sexual orientation and gender identity has been banned in Spain since 2011 and 2013, respectively.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Ten autonomous communities also ban discrimination based on sex characteristics, thereby protecting intersex people from discrimination. These autonomous communities are Galicia (2014), Catalonia (2014), Extremadura (2015), the Balearic Islands (2016), Madrid (2016), Murcia (2016), Valencia (2017), Navarre (2017), Andalusia (2018), and Aragon (2019).


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Hate speech on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender identity has been banned since 1995. Additionally, under the country's hate crime law, crimes motivated by the victim's sexual orientation or gender identity, amongst other categories, result in additional legal penalties.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: The Secretary of State for Security reported that instances of violence against LGBT people decreased 4% in 2018. This contrasted with figures from other sources. The "Observatorio Madrileño" reported a 7% increase in anti-LGBT violence in Madrid, while the Observatory Against Homophobia of Catalonia () reported a 30% increase in the first few months of 2019.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Since January 2019, teachers and students in Madrid are obliged to report cases of bullying, including against LGBT students.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In November 2006, the Zapatero Government passed a law that allows transgender people to register under their preferred sex in public documents such as birth certificates, identity cards and passports without undergoing prior surgical change. However a professional diagnosis is still required. The law came into effect on 17 March 2007. In July 2019, the Constitutional Court of Spain declared that prohibiting transgender minors from accessing legal gender changes is unconstitutional. The court ruled that transgender minors who are "mature enough" may register their new sex on their identity cards, and struck down the article of the 2007 legislation that limited this possibility only to those over 18. The first minor to change his legal gender did so in December 2019.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: A new bill was approved in June 2022 by the Spanish government that would grant permission for people above 16 to change their gender without restrictions, and for people between 12 and 16 under certain conditions. The bill was promoted by the left-wing Unidas Podemos party, but its approval was initially delayed because the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party opposed, questioning the bill's treatment of transgender teenagers and expressing concerns that it may cause gender inequality. The dispute was resolved when Carmen Calvo, the then Vice President of the government, left the Executive. Lawmakers have yet to approve the bill.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Many of Spain's autonomous communities have their own laws which allow trans people to change their legal gender identity. Catalonia (since 2014), Andalucía (since 2014), Valencia (since 2014), Extremadura (since 2015), Balearic Islands (since 2016), Madrid (since 2016), Murcia (since 2016), Navarre (since 2017), Aragón (since 2018), Basque Country (since 2019), Cantabria (since 2020), Canary Islands (since 2021), La Rioja (since 2022), and Castilla-La Mancha (since 2022) allow trans people to self-declare their gender identity. In Galicia, a gender change requires a medical diagnosis.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Intersex infants in Spain may undergo medical interventions to have their sex characteristics altered. Human rights groups consider these surgeries unnecessary and, they argue, should only be performed if the applicant consents to the operation (i.e. has reached the age of 18). Andalusia, Aragon, the Balearic Islands, Extremadura, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, and Valencia ban the use of medical interventions on intersex children.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In April 2019, the Catalan Department of Labor, Social Affairs and Families announced that official documents in Catalonia would include the option "non-binary" alongside male and female.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Gay and bisexual men are allowed to donate blood in Spain. For anyone regardless of sexual orientation, the deferral period is six months following the last sexual encounter.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: The autonomous community of Madrid approved a conversion therapy ban in July 2016. The ban went into effect on 1 January 2017, and applies to medical, psychiatric, psychological and religious groups. In August 2016, an LGBT advocacy group brought charges under the new law against a Madrid woman who offered conversion therapy. In September 2019, the woman was fined 20,000 euros.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Murcia approved a conversion therapy ban in May 2016, which came into effect on 1 June 2016. Unlike the other bans, the Murcia ban only applies to health professionals.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Valencia banned the use of conversion therapies in April 2017. Andalusia followed suit in December 2017, with the law coming into force on 4 February 2018. In January 2019, Aragon made it an offense to promote and/or perform conversion therapy.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In April 2019, the Government of the Community of Madrid announced it was investigating the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alcalá de Henares for violating conversion therapy laws. This followed reports that a journalist named Ángel Villascusa posed as a gay man and attended a counselling service provided by the diocese. Villascusa alleged the bishop was running illegal conversion therapy sessions. The bishop was defended by the Catholic Church in Spain. Minister of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare María Luisa Carcedo called for a nationwide ban on conversion therapy. She said, "they [the Church] are breaking the law therefore, in the first instance, these courses have to be completely abolished. I thought that, in Spain, accepting the various sexual orientations was assumed in all areas, but unfortunately we see that there are still pockets where people are told what their sexual orientation should be".


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: The first gay organisation in Spain was the Spanish Homosexual Liberation Movement (MELH, "", ""), which was founded in 1970 in Barcelona. The group also established centers in Madrid and Bilbao. It disbanded in 1973 because of police pressure, but following Franco's death, several members of the group formed the "Front d'Alliberament Gai de Catalunya" (FAGC) in 1975 to continue campaigning for LGBT rights. Several more groups were established, including the "Euskal Herriko Gay-Les Askapen Mugimendua" in the Basque Country, the "Frente Homosexual de Acción Revolucionaria" in Madrid, and the "Coordinadora de Frentes de Liberación Homosexual de Estado Español" (COFLHEE), all three in 1977. On 28 June 1977, the FAGC organised the first gay demonstration in Spain in the city of Barcelona with about 4,000 to 5,000 participants. Police repressed the event, with several arrests and injuries. Exactly one year later, the "Frente de Liberación Homosexual de Castilla" held a demonstration in Madrid with about 10,000 people. Disagreement within these groups caused many to shut down; many members advocated a more "radical" movement with public demonstrations and many felt the organizations had failed to properly address or campaign for the rights of lesbians and bisexuals. LGBT groups saw an important landmark moment in 1979 with the decriminalisation of homosexuality.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: During the 1980s, several LGBT groups and magazines were launched in various cities. The "Federación Estatal de Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales" (FELGTB), today Spain's largest LGBT organization, was founded in 1992 from members of the then-former COFLHEE. The groups campaign for legal rights for same-sex couples and LGBT people, societal acceptance, operate counseling centers about topics such as coming out, sex, relationships or health issues, and organize various events and festivals. Several gay villages exist in Spain, including Chueca in Madrid, "Gaixample" in Barcelona, Ibiza, Maspalomas in Gran Canaria, and Sitges.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Nowadays, numerous pride parades and other LGBT festivals are held throughout Spain, including Madrid Pride, whose 2019 edition had 400,000 participants according to police, Barcelona, Gran Canaria, Seville, Bilbao, A Coruña, Valencia, Zaragoza, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Cartagena, Valladolid, Benidorm, Ibiza, Sitges, Maspalomas, Torremolinos, and many more.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Homosexuality and bisexuality today are greatly accepted all around the country and intensely in larger and medium cities. That being said, a certain level of discrimination can still be encountered in small villages and among some parts of society.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: A Eurobarometer survey published December 2006 showed that 66 percent of Spanish people surveyed supported same-sex marriage and 43 percent supported same-sex couples' right to adopt (EU-wide averages were 44 percent and 33 percent, respectively).


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: On 4 March 2013, Interior Minister Jorge Fernández Díaz said that due to same-sex marriages the survival of the human species is not guaranteed. He also stated that same-sex marriages should not have the same protection under the law as opposite-sex ones, eight years after same-sex marriage was legalized.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Among the countries studied by the Pew Research Center in 2013, Spain was rated first in acceptance of homosexuality, with 88% of Spaniards believing that homosexuality should be accepted by society, compared to 11% who disagreed.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. Spain was ranked 13th with a GHI score of 68.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: BuzzFeed conducted a poll in December 2016 across several countries on the acceptance of transgender individuals. Spain ranked the most accepting in most categories, with 87% of those polled believing transgender people should be protected from discrimination, and only 8% believing there is something mentally or physically wrong with them. In addition, 77% believed transgender people should be allowed to use the bathroom that matches their gender identity rather than being forced to use the one of their birth-assigned gender, with over 50% strongly agreeing with this.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 84% of Spaniards thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 10% were against. The 2019 Eurobarometer showed that 91% of Spaniards believed gay and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexual people, and 86% supported same-sex marriage.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, Spanish authors, like Jacinto Benavente, Pedro de Répide and Antonio de Hoyos y Vinent, had to choose between ignoring the subject of homosexuality or representing it negatively. The only authors publishing literature with LGBT content were foreigners: Augusto d'Halmar from Chile published "Pasión y muerte del cura Deusto", Alfonso Hernández Catá from Cuba published "El ángel de Sodoma", and Alberto Nin Frías from Uruguay published "La novela del renacimiento y otros relatos", "La fuente envenenada", "Marcos, amador de la belleza", "Alexis o el significado del temperamento Urano" and, in 1933, "Homosexualismo creador", the first essay representing homosexuality in a positive light.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Others, such as the authors of the Generation of '27, took refuge in poetry. The gay and bisexual poets of this literary movement were amongst the most influential in Spanish literature: Federico García Lorca, Emilio Prados, Luis Cernuda, Vicente Aleixandre and Manuel Altolaguirre. These poets were highly influenced by the great gay authors of the rest of Europe, such as Oscar Wilde, André Gide, mainly his "Corydon", and Marcel Proust. In 1930, Emilio García Gómez also published his "Poemas arabigoandaluces", which included the pederastic poets of Al-Andalus. Around the mid-1930s, there was a slight liberalisation which ended with the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. After the Civil War, with García Lorca assassinated and the majority of gay and bisexual poets in exile, gay culture retired anew to the cryptic poetry of Vicente Aleixandre, who never admitted his homosexuality publicly. Other gay poets of this period are Francisco Brines, Leopoldo María Panero, Juan Gil-Albert and Jaime Gil de Biedma and, in Córdoba, Vicente Núñez, Pablo García Baena and Juan Bernier, belonging to the "Cántico" group.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Authors that appear after the Spanish Transition include Juan Goytisolo, Luis Antonio de Villena, Antonio Gala, Terenci Moix, Álvaro Pombo, Vicente Molina Foix, Antonio Roig, Biel Mesquida, Leopoldo Alas, Vicente García Cervera, Carlos Sanrune, Jaume Cela, Eduardo Mendicutti, Miguel Martín, Lluis Fernández, Víctor Monserrat, Alberto Cardín, Mariano García Torres, Agustín Gómez-Arcos, Óscar Esquivias, Luisgé Martín and Iñaki Echarte.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: No lesbian authors in Spain publicly acknowledged their homosexuality until the 1990s. Gloria Fuertes never wanted her sexual orientation to be public. The first lesbian author to be openly gay was Andrea Luca. Other authors who have treated love between women in their books include Ana María Moix, Ana Rosetti, Esther Tusquets, Carmen Riera, Elena Fortún, Isabel Franc and Lucía Etxebarría, whose novel "Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes" won the Nadal Prize in 1998.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Early representation of homosexuality in Spanish cinema was difficult due to censorship by the Franco regime. The first movie that shows any kind of homosexuality, very discreetly, was "Diferente", a musical from 1961, directed by Luis María Delgado. Up to 1977, if homosexuals appeared at all, it was to ridicule them as the "funny effeminate faggot".


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: During the Spanish transition to democracy, the first films appeared where homosexuality was not portrayed in a negative way. Examples are "La Muerte de Mikel" from Imanol Uribe and "Ocaña, retrat intermitent" from Ventura Pons. In these films, authors experiment with different visions of gay men: the transvestite in "Un hombre llamado Flor de Otoño" (1978), the manly and attractive gay man in "Los placeres ocultos" (1976) from Eloy de la Iglesia, the warring "queen" in "Gay Club" (1980), etc. Homosexuality is the center of the plot, and homosexuals are shown as vulnerable, in inner turmoil and in dispute with society.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Beginning in 1985, homosexuality loses primacy on the plot, in spite of still being fundamental. This trend begins with "La ley del deseo" (1987) from Pedro Almodóvar and continues with films like "Tras el cristal" (1986) from Agustí Villaronga, "Las cosas del querer" (1989) and "Las cosas del querer 2" (1995) from Jaime Chávarri. Successful films include "Perdona bonita, pero Lucas me quería a mí" (1997), "Segunda piel" (1999), "Km. 0" (2000), "Plata quemada" (2000), "Los novios búlgaros" (2003) and "Cachorro" (2004).


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Undoubtedly, Spain's best-known LGBT person is Pedro Almodóvar. Almodóvar has often intertwined LGBT themes in his plots, and his films have turned him into one of the most renowned Spanish movie directors. Apart from Almodóvar, Ventura Pons and Eloy de la Iglesia are two film directors who have worked on more LGBT themes in their movies. In September 2004, movie director Alejandro Amenábar publicly announced his homosexuality.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: There have not been as many Spanish films with a lesbian plot. The most renown may be the comedy "A mi madre le gustan las mujeres" (2002), and the romantic drama "Room in Rome" ("Habitación en Roma") (2010).


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: The most-important LGBT film festivals are LesGaiCineMad in Madrid and the "Festival internacional de cinema gai i lèsbic de Barcelona" (FICGLB). There are also many other smaller festivals and shows, including "Festival del Mar" in the Balearic Islands, "Festival del Sol" in the Canary Islands, "Zinegoak" in Bilbao, "LesGaiFestiVal" in Valencia or "Zinentiendo" in Zaragoza.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In 2018, Ángela Ponce became the first transgender woman to win the Miss Universe Spain title, and was the first transgender woman to contest for Miss Universe 2018.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: During Franco's dictatorship, musicians seldom made any reference to homosexuality in their songs or in public speeches. An exception was the "copla" singer Miguel de Molina, openly homosexual and against Franco. De Molina fled to Argentina after being brutally tortured and his shows prohibited. Another exception was Bambino, whose homosexuality was known in flamenco circles. Some songs from Raphael, as "Qué sabe nadie" ("What does anyone know") or "Digan lo que digan" ("Whatever they say"), have frequently been interpreted in a gay light.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In 1974, the folk rock band Cánovas, Rodrigo, Adolfo y Guzmán talked about a lesbian relationship in the song "María y Amaranta" ("María and Amaranta"), that surprisingly was not censored. During the transition to democracy, the duo Vainica Doble sung about the fight of a gay man against the prejudices of his own family in the song "El rey de la casa" ("The king of the house").


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Singer-songwriter Víctor Manuel has included LGBT subjects in several of his songs. In 1980, he released "Quién puso más" ("Who put more?"), a true love story between two men that ends after 30 years. He later mentioned transsexuality in his song "Como los monos de Gibraltar" ("As the monkeys in Gibraltar"), feminine homosexuality in "Laura ya no vive aquí" ("Laura doesn't live here any more") and bisexuality in "No me llames loca" (Don't call me fool/queen).


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: It was not until the La Movida Madrileña that homosexuality became visible in Spanish music. The duo Pedro Almodóvar and Fabio McNamara usually dressed as women during their concerts, where they sang provocative lyrics. Tino Casal never hid his homosexuality and became an icon for many gay people. Nevertheless, it would be the trio Alaska, Nacho Canut y Carlos Berlanga who would be identified from the beginning with the LGBT movement due to their constant references to homosexuality in their lyrics and their concerts. During their time as Dinarama, they recorded the song "¿A Quién le Importa?" ("Who cares?"), which became a gay anthem in Spain. After the Movida, several artists continued to make music with homosexual themes, such as Fabio McNamara, Carlos Berlanga in "Vacaciones" ("Holiday"), or Luis Miguélez, ex-guitarist of Dinarama and later member of Glamour to Kill.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: At the end of the 1980s, Mecano made a hit with the song "Mujer contra mujer" ("Woman against woman"), clearly defending the love of two women. There were French ("Une femme avec une femme") and Italian ("Per Lei Contro Di Lei") versions. The song was a huge hit in France in 1990 where it reached No. 1 in charts during seven weeks. The song was also a hit in Latin America and is one of the most remembered of the group. They later composed the song "Stereosexual" that talked about bisexuality. In 1988, Tam Tam Go!, in the album "Spanish shuffle", included the song "Manuel Raquel", the only song in Spanish in the album, which told the story of a transsexual. Tino Casal included in his 1989 album "Histeria" the very explicit song "Que digan misa".


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: At the beginning of the 1990s, new singer-songwriters also took up the subject, especially Inma Serrano, Javier Álvarez, and Andrés Lewin, but also Pedro Guerra in his song "Otra forma de sentir" ("Another way of feeling") or Tontxu in "¿Entiendes?" ("Do you understand?"). Other artists with diverse styles also used the theme, as "El cielo no entiende" ("Heaven doesn't understand") by OBK, "Entender el amor" ("Understand love") by Mónica Naranjo, "El día de año nuevo" ("New Year's Day") by Amaral, "Eva y María" by Materia Prima, "Sacrifícate" by Amistades Peligrosas, "La revolución sexual" by La casa azul, "Ángeles" by Merche, "Como una flor" by Malú, "Da igual" by Taxi, "El que quiera entender que entienda" by Mägo de Oz, etc.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Indie pop has also treated homosexuality from different points of view, as the band Ellos in the song "Diferentes" ("Different"), or L Kan in "Gayhetera" (Gayhereto). The duo Astrud has been related to gay culture. The leather subculture has the band Gore Gore Gays with themes that range from LGBT demands to explicit sex. Within the indie pop universe, many other bands produce songs almost exclusively for a gay public, especially gay-friendly or with a clear gay content (Nancys Rubias, Lorena C, Spunky, La Terremoto de Alcorcón, Putilatex, Putirecords, Borrachas provincianas, Vanity Bear, Modelé Fatale, Dos Hombres Solos, Postura 69, etc.) and some drag queens have a successful career in music, such as La Prohibida, Nacha la Macha, or La Otxoa.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Several openly gay politicians have served in public office in Spain. One of the most prominent gay politicians is Jerónimo Saavedra, who served as President of the Canary Islands twice from 1982 to 1987 and again from 1991 to 1993. Saavedra came out as gay in 2000. He served as a member of the Senate until 2004, and was Mayor of Las Palmas from 2007 to 2011. Another prominent gay politician and activist was Pedro Zerolo, who served on the City Council of Madrid until his death in June 2015. Zerolo was known for his LGBT activism and was one of the biggest promoters of the law extending the right to marriage to same-sex couples, leading many to label him a gay icon.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Others include Javier Maroto, formerly serving as mayor of the Basque capital of Vitoria-Gasteiz from 2011 to 2015 and currently serving as senator. Maroto married his fiancé José Manuel Rodríguez in September 2015. The marriage ceremony was attended by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. Máximo Huerta, Ángeles Álvarez and Fernando Grande-Marlaska are other gay politicians who serve/have served in the Cortes Generales. Grande-Marlaska has served as Minister of the Interior since June 2018.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Ada Colau, elected Mayor of Barcelona in 2015, revealed her bisexuality in December 2017. Other Catalan gay politicians include Antoni Comín, Santi Vila and Miquel Iceta.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Carla Antonelli, Víctor Casco, Iñigo Lamarca, Fran Ferri, Jesús Vázquez Abad, Iñaki Oyarzábal, Empar Pineda and Luis Alegre Zahonero are other openly LGBT politicians, variously serving as mayors or members of regional legislatures. In 2007, Manuela Trasobares won a seat as a councillor in the small Valencian town of Geldo, becoming the first openly transgender Spaniard to hold public office.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: Sports is traditionally a difficult area for LGBT visibility. Recently though, there have been professional sportswomen and sportsmen who have come out. These include Mapi León and Ana Romero in football, Víctor Gutiérrez in waterpolo, Carlos Peralta in swimming, Marta Mangué in handball, Javier Raya in figure skating and Miriam Blasco in judo.


title: LGBT rights in Spain

text: In February 2019, the far-right party Vox vetoed a motion calling for an official stance against homophobia in sports. The motion, supported by every other political party, required unanimity to be adopted.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle is a 1980 British mockumentary film directed by Julien Temple and produced by Don Boyd and Jeremy Thomas. It centres on the British punk rock band Sex Pistols and, most prominently, their manager Malcolm McLaren.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: Guitarist Steve Jones plays a shady private detective who – through a series of set piece acts – uncovers the truth about the band. Drummer Paul Cook and bass guitarist Sid Vicious play smaller roles, and the band's manager, Malcolm McLaren, is featured as "The Embezzler", the man who manipulates the Sex Pistols. Fugitive train robber Ronnie Biggs, performer Edward Tudor-Pole, sex film star Mary Millington, and actresses Irene Handl and Liz Fraser also make appearances. Singer and frontman Johnny Rotten refused to have anything to do with the film, stating that it was "a pile of rubbish" and "Malcolm's vision of what he believed – not true in any form".


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: The movie tells a stylised fictional account of the formation, rise and subsequent break-up of the band, from the point of view of their then-manager McLaren. In the film, McLaren claims to have created the Sex Pistols (in truth, they were already formed, and Jones and Cook asked him to be their manager), and manipulated them to the top of the music business, using them as puppets to both further his own agenda (in his own words: "Cash from chaos"), and to claim the financial rewards from the various record labels the band were signed to during their brief existence – EMI, A&M, Virgin, and Warner Bros. Records.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: In addition, the film also includes appearances by musician Dave Dee and reporter Alan Jones as themselves.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: The title of the movie was inspired by an article written by Skiffle musician Lonnie Donegan in the 1950's titled "Rock and Roll - It's a Swindle". A copy of the article resides in the Jamie Reid archive at the V&A.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: The footage was filmed in early to mid-1978, between the departure of singer John Lydon from the band and their subsequent split. The movie was finally released nearly two years later. Lydon (who was listed in the credits as "The Collaborator") and original bass guitarist Glen Matlock only appear in archive footage — Lydon refused to have anything to do with the production.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: The 2000 documentary "The Filth and the Fury", also directed by Julien Temple, re-tells the story of the Sex Pistols from the perspective of the band, thus serving as a response to and rebuttal of McLaren's insistence that he was the driving creative force of the band.


title: The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle

text: "The Swindle Continues in Your Own Home" was the tagline on the original 18 certificate UK VHS release from Virgin Video in 1982. Warner/Reprise Video released the film on US home video in 1992. In 2005, the film was released on DVD by Shout Factory.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Bergen (born Belgin Sarılmışer; 15 July 1958 – 14 August 1989) was a Turkish singer. She broke the sales record with her album, "Acıların Kadını". Bergen has become one of the symbols and faces of violence against women in Turkey with her life and death. Her personal life was influential in her gloomy sound and led to her success. Her husband threw nitric acid on her face resulting in blindness in her right eye. After that, she continued singing and chose to cover the blind eye with her long hair. She was murdered by her ex-husband, whom she divorced after releasing several successful albums.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Belgin Sarılmışer was born on 15 July 1958 in Mersin as the last child of a family of seven children. After her parents got divorced, she moved to Ankara with her mother.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Bergen, who completed her primary education at Yenimahalle Yunus Emre Primary School, was singing and playing the mandolin at school. Noticing Bergen's talent for music, the teachers encouraged her to study at the conservatory after graduation. The artist, who took the exams of the Ankara State Conservatory and won the piano department with the first place, studied piano and cello for the first two years. She left school unfinished due to financial difficulties and worked as a civil servant in the PTT for a while, raising her age with a court decision.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: In 1977, she took the stage at Feyman Night Club, where she went to have fun with her friends. When she was liked by the club owner, İlhan Feyman, she received an offer to work there. She accepted the offer and took the stage with the Grup Locomotive orchestra at Feyman Night Club with a repertoire of Turkish classical music and Turkish pop. When she finished his job at Feyman Night Club after a year of work, she accepted a car offer from Kuyubaşı Club in Adana in exchange for 8 months of singing work. But at the end of the job, the car was taken from her and she was in debt.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Bergen, who went to Adana for business in 1981 after Ankara, met Halis Serbest in Adana. He sent flowers to the singer every night and went to the club where Bergen worked every night and watched the singer from the front table. They married with the insistence and stubbornness of him. However, Serbest was married to someone else and has three children. Bergen ended the relationship when it turned out that her marriage, which she thought existed, was a lie arranged by Serbest.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Bergen, who returned to Ankara from Adana due to the violence by Serbest many times, took the stage again in nightclubs. She changed her name to 'Bergen', inspired by the Norwegian city of Bergen. In 1979, she started performing as an artist in Ankara Başkent Casino with Bülent Ersoy, İbrahim Tatlıses and Müjde Ar. In 1982, she released the album "Şikayetim Var". Bergen, who said that she fell in love despite the violence that Serbest inflicted on her, married Serbest again on January 9, 1982, and was officially married to Serbest. In the same year, on October 31, while working in İzmir, she was attacked by nitric acid by her husband's paid attacker. The artist lost one eye in the attack, and most of her body was burned. Bergen said the following about the incident:"Towards the end of our relationship, I found a woman's panties at home. That's when I was completely devastated and fled from Adana to Ankara. As soon as he found out that I had escaped, he followed me. Finally, he found me in a hostel in Izmir. He was threatening me because I didn't give heed. He would say "I will throw acid on your face". But I didn't believe it.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Halis Serbes gave 500 thousand liras to a hired killer and sent him to İzmir. On the night of October 31, 1982, at the gate of the New York pavilion in İzmir Alsancak, Bergen was about to get into a taxi with her mother, when the hired attacker threw a bucket of nitric acid on the singer. Bergen would describe the event as follows in a later interview::"In that moment, I lost sight in both my eyes. I was hardly aware of anything as I was a little drunk. I could only hear screams. "Get her to the water fountain" they said at one point. But the water was cut off. The water flowed like a thin pencil. They tore my clothes and wrapped me with clean ones. At that moment, everything was dark, I couldn't see anything, I couldn't even open my eyes. A short time later, a police car arrived. They took me to Ege University Hospital. I stayed in the hospital for 45 days, because of my wounds."


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Her mother, who was with her at the time of the incident, said: "Two years ago, he abducted my daughter. I told Bergen many times that she should not marry this man who is a punk, that he could not make her happy. But she said, "Once my name is on people's lips with him, I can't go back." She didn't listen. My daughter, who sang Turkish music in nightclubs, became a sought-after artist in a short time with her voice. My son-in-law, who was jealous of Bergen's success, was creating a disturbance and fighting every day. Finally, thinking that this marriage would not work anymore, she decided to divorce. Despite this, he did not give up on my daughter. He was constantly threatening her, saying, "I won't leave you to anyone else."


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Bergen was seriously injured in this incident. Onur Erol, the famous plastic surgeon of the period, who followed the event from the press, voluntarily helped Bergen.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Halis Serbes was caught and sentenced to 13 years in prison after 2 months of desertion. Serbes, who called the hospital after the attack, cried and lied, saying that he had nothing to do with the incident.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: After the treatment, with the persuasion of composer Cengiz Özşeker, the artist returned to the stage and met with the audience in the club Özşeker owned until 1985. In 1983, the artist entered the studio with Özşeker in İzmir and prepared the album "Kardeşiz Kader", consisting of 12 songs, with a limited budget. Invited to Istanbul by Yaşar Kekeva, owner of Yaşar Records, the artist met with music lovers in Istanbul for the first time on 29 March 1985. The singer prepared the long play album "İnsan Severse" in 1985 under the musical direction of Burhan Bayar, and gained great fame with the album "Acıların Kadını" in late 1986. Woman of Sorrow has sold over 1 million copies. Upon the interest of the album, the artist was given the Golden Record and Golden Cassette awards in 1987 with the title of "The Best Selling Arabesque Female Artist of the Year 1986". Bergen made her acting debut in 1987 with the movie "Woman of Pain", written and directed by Ülkü Erakalın. The singer was stabbed by a photographer of the club where she went for a concert in Adana. She survived the attack with minor injuries and recovered soon after receiving outpatient treatment. The artist, who left the stage for a while, released the albums "Burn him too God", "Sevgimin Bedeli" and "İstemiyorum" under the musical direction of Selami Şahin, Özer Şenay and Cengiz Tekin. Bergen, who made peace with Serbes, who was released from prison in 1988, left her music and cinema life behind and then divorced him April 1989. Returning to the stage in June of the same year, the artist presented his last album "Yıllar Affetmez" before her death in 1989.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: During the prison period, she sent money to Serbes and exchanged letters. Regarding her reconciliation with Serbes after he was released from prison, her cousin said:"She was afraid because his men were after her. How many times she tried to leave, he raided my house. Bergen was hiding in my house. He raided my house with the men we call the mafia in Mersin. He said, 'If you make a wrong move, I will shoot the gun, tell me where she is.' Bergen was hiding under the bed in my house. "


title: Bergen (singer)

text: In an interview shortly before the attacker was released from prison, Bergen said:"I have little feelings. It hurts to imagine the prison and him. Sometimes I hate him. The years that were hard for me... I am undecided yet.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: In the city she went to for the promotion of her latest album "Yıllar Affetmez", she was shot and killed at the age of 30 by her divorced husband in Adana. She was buried in her hometown, Mersin. Her mother was also injured in the attack. The cemetery in Tarsus, Mersin is open to visitors.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: The murderer Serbest, who fled abroad after the murder, was caught in Germany. The sentence of the murderer, who was sentenced to 15 years, was reduced from good behavior to 3 years. Considering his 16-month detention period in Germany and Turkey, he was sentenced to 7 months in prison.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Her mother said about the attack day:"Bergen had a concert in Kayseri, Halis came in front of the hotel where we stay and threatened, 'If you don't come back to me, I will kill you all'. Since we heard these threats so often, we didn't pay much attention... My daughter turned her back to the flowers in the back and said, 'It's all over now, I won't go back to you!' Hearing this word, he took out a pistol from his waistband. I shouted as loud as I could and asked for help. This time he aimed the gun at me to silence me and fired. They left us in blood and got in the car with his half-brother and ran away."


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Regarding his short sentence, the murderer said: "After committing the Bergen murder, I spent less time in prison; I stayed in prison for 7 months. Now, in underdeveloped countries, no matter what country it is, it's over if you're strong," he said, and claimed that his main target was the artist's mother.


title: Bergen (singer)

text: Her sister talked about her mother's situation after the incident: "After that pain, my mother buried herself in the grave. Then she always wore black; both at the wedding and at the feast... With Belgin's death, my mother died too. My mother was talking to herself. Belgin loved coffee very much. After my sister passed away, my mother made two Turkish coffees every morning, talked to Belgin and drank her coffee. She used to pray until the evening in my sister's room covered with her posters. She used to say, "My daughter is afraid of loneliness and the dark". We used to sit in the cemetery with my mother until the morning."


title: Bergen (singer)

text: The artist's grave is protected by a 6-lock cage due to the murderer's threats. Her sister said the following about this situation: "32 years ago, that man, before he killed Belgin, used to call at 2 in the morning and say, "I will not leave her bones to you all, I will kill her." My mother had that cage built because of that."


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: Robert the Magnificent (; 22 June 1000 – 1–3 July 1035) was the duke of Normandy from 1027 until his death in 1035.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: Owing to uncertainty over the numbering of the dukes of Normandy he is usually called Robert I, but sometimes Robert II with his ancestor Rollo as Robert I. He was the son of Richard II and brother of Richard III, who preceded him as the duke. Less than a year after his father's death, Robert revolted against his brother's rule, but failed. He would later inherit Normandy after his brother's death. He was succeeded by his illegitimate son, William the Conqueror, who became the first Norman king of England in 1066, following the Norman conquest of England.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: Robert was the son of Richard II of Normandy and Judith, daughter of Conan I, Duke of Brittany. He was also grandson of Richard I of Normandy, great-grandson of William I of Normandy and great-great grandson of Rollo, the Viking who founded Normandy. Before he died, Richard II had decided his elder son Richard III would succeed him while his second son Robert would become Count of Hiémois. In August 1026 their father Richard II died and Richard III became duke, but soon afterwards Robert rebelled against him, and was subsequently defeated and forced to swear fealty to Richard.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: When Richard III died a year later, there were suspicions that Robert had something to do with his death. Although nothing could be proven, Robert had the most to gain. The civil war Robert I had brought against his brother Richard III was still causing instability in the duchy. Private wars raged between neighbouring barons, which resulted in a new aristocracy arising in Normandy during Robert's reign. It was also during this time that many of the lesser nobility left Normandy to seek their fortunes in southern Italy and elsewhere. Soon after assuming the duchy, possibly in revenge for supporting his brother against him, Robert I assembled an army against his uncle, Robert, Archbishop of Rouen and Count of Évreux. A temporary truce allowed his uncle to leave Normandy in exile but this resulted in an edict excommunicating all of Normandy, which was only lifted when Archbishop Robert was allowed to return and his countship was restored. Robert also attacked another powerful churchman, his cousin Hugo III d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux, banishing him from Normandy for an extended period of time. Robert also seized a number of church properties belonging to the Abbey of Fecamp.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: Despite his domestic troubles, Robert decided to intervene in the civil war in Flanders between Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV, whom the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders. Baldwin V, supported by king Robert II of France, his father-in-law, was persuaded to make peace with his father in 1030 when Duke Robert promised the elder Baldwin his considerable military support. Robert gave shelter to Henry I of France against his mother, Queen Constance, who favoured her younger son Robert to succeed to the French throne after his father Robert II. For his help Henry I rewarded Robert with the French Vexin.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: In the early 1030s Alan III, Duke of Brittany began expanding his influence from the area of Rennes and appeared to have designs on the area surrounding Mont Saint-Michel. After sacking Dol and repelling Alan's attempts to raid Avranches, Robert mounted a major campaign against his cousin Alan III. However, Alan appealed to their uncle, Archbishop Robert of Rouen, who then brokered a peace between Duke Robert and his vassal Alan III. His cousins, the Athelings Edward and Alfred, sons of his aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred, King of England, had been living at the Norman Court and at one point Robert, on their behalf, attempted to mount an invasion of England but was prevented in doing so, it was said, by unfavourable winds, that scattered and sank much of the fleet. Robert made a safe landing in Guernsey. "Gesta Normannorum Ducum" stated that King Cnut sent envoys to Duke Robert offering to settle half the Kingdom of England on Edward and Alfred. After postponing the naval invasion, he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: Robert's attitude towards the Church had changed noticeably certainly since reinstating his uncle's position as Archbishop of Rouen. In his attempt to reconcile his differences with the Church, he restored property that he or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned all the properties he had earlier taken from the abbey of Fecamp.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he set out on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. According to the "Gesta Normannorum Ducum" he travelled by way of Constantinople, reached Jerusalem, fell seriously ill and died on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035. His son William, aged about eight, succeeded him.


title: Robert I, Duke of Normandy

text: According to the historian William of Malmesbury, decades later his son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea, charging it with bringing his father's body back to Normandy for burial. Permission was granted but, having travelled as far as Apulia (Italy) on the return journey, the envoys learned that William himself had meanwhile died. They then decided to re-inter Robert's body in Italy.


title: Richard Gomez

text: Richard Frank Icasiano Gomez (; born April 7, 1966) is a Filipino actor, television presenter and director, politician, and épée fencer. He has been serving as the Representative of Leyte's 4th district since 2022, and was mayor of Ormoc from 2016 to 2022.


title: Richard Gomez

text: Gomez was a leading actor in the early 1990s, earning several awards and nominations. He played the title character in "Super Islaw and The Flying Kids" (1986) and appeared in the romantic drama films "Nagbabagang Luha" and "Babaing Hampaslupa" (both 1988), and starred in "Hihintayin Kita sa Langit" (1991) opposite Dawn Zulueta. From 1987 to 1998, he co-starred in the ABS-CBN sitcom "Palibhasa Lalake" alongside John Estrada and Joey Marquez. In 1998, he married actress Lucy Torres, who later also became a politician. The couple starred in the ABS-CBN sitcom "Richard Loves Lucy" from 1998 to 2001. He was then part of the main casts of "Mano Po" (2002) and "The Trial" (2014), and appeared in the GMA sitcom "Lagot Ka, Isusumbong Kita" (2003–2007), and teleseryes "Captain Barbell" (2006–2007), "Marimar" (2007–2008), and "" (2008). He was paired again with Zulueta in "Walang Hanggan" (2012), "The Love Affair" (2015), and "You're My Home" (2015–2016). He also co-hosted the talk show "S-Files" (2002–2007), and presented the Philippine version of "Family Feud" (2008–2009).


title: Richard Gomez

text: In politics, Gomez had an unsuccessful start. His party was disqualified in the 2001 House of Representatives elections, and he then lost in the 2007 Senate election. He moved to his wife's hometown of Ormoc to run for the local House seat in 2010 but was disqualified for failing to establish residency. In 2013, he lost the mayoral election but won in 2016 and was re-elected in 2019. In fencing, he was a member of the Philippines team that won gold in the team men's épée event at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. He is also serving as president of the Philippine Fencing Association (PFA) since 2016.


title: Richard Gomez

text: He is the only child of race car driver Eddie Kelly Gomez and Josephine Icasiano (also known as, Stella Suarez), an actress in the 1960s. His cousin is Stella Suarez Jr. (also known as, Pinky Suarez) who was adopted by his parents and raised as his sibling. He was raised by his grandmother after his parents separated.


title: Richard Gomez

text: He was working at McDonald's when he was discovered by his late talent manager Douglas Quijano. He then became one of the faces of Bench, a Philippine clothing brand. He debuted in acting in the 1984 movie "Hindi Mo Ako Kayang Tapakan".


title: Richard Gomez

text: In 1998, he married Lucy Torres with whom he has a daughter. In 2002, he transferred to GMA network with his first melodrama show, "Ang Iibigin ay Ikaw" and its sequel "Ang Iibigin ay Ikaw Pa Rin" as well as presenting "S-Files". His first GMA sitcom was "Lagot Ka, Isusumbong Kita" which aired from 2003 to 2007.


title: Richard Gomez

text: He was a gold medalist in fencing at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games, and was elected president of the Philippine Fencing Association (PFA) in 2016; he was re-elected in 2021. He is an organizer for "Goma Cup" and MAD (Mamamayan Ayaw sa Droga), a campaign against use of illegal drugs. He became one of the owners of "FELIX", a restaurant in Greenbelt 5 Makati.


title: Richard Gomez

text: After his movie "Filipinas" in 2003, Gomez made a comeback in the indie film "Bente" which starred Senator Jinggoy Estrada and Iza Calzado. He briefly returned to GMA Network in the weekly drama anthology, "Claudine", and returned to the Kapatid Network The 5 Network after 17 years by hosting the weekend variety show, "P.O.5.". He appeared in the drama show, "My Driver Sweet Lover", and "Mga Nagbabagang Bulaklak". Gomez was part of the teleseries "Walang Hanggan" from January 16, 2012. He co-hosted "The Biggest Game Show In The World (Asia)" with Joey de Leon, and appeared in the comedy-drama, "Madam Chairman". In 2015, he starred in the mystery drama "You're My Home" with Dawn Zulueta and an ensemble cast.


title: Richard Gomez

text: He graduated from the University of the Philippines Open University (Associate in Arts, 2009) and the University of Perpetual Help System DALTA (Masters in Business Administration, 2016). He earned a doctorate in public administration from the Cebu Technological University in 2019.


title: Richard Gomez

text: Gomez was a nominee of Mamamayan Ayaw sa Droga (MAD) Partylist in the Congressional election of 2001. Their party won but was disqualified for failing to present proof of sectoral representation. He planned to run as governor of Bulacan province but, lacking the residency requirements, ran instead as an independent in the 2007 Senatorial elections which he lost.


title: Richard Gomez

text: In 2010, he ran for a seat in the Congress for the 4th district of Leyte but was disqualified by the Commission on Elections (Comelec) for failing to establish residency in Ormoc City. His wife, Lucy Torres-Gomez, took his place and won. He served as his wife's chief of staff during her term as congresswoman.


title: Richard Gomez

text: In 2013, he ran for mayor of Ormoc City but lost. He was finally elected as Mayor in 2016 and was reelected in 2019.


title: Richard Gomez

text: He ran for a seat in the Congress for the 4th district of Leyte in 2022, switching places with his wife and eventually won.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: AirTrain JFK is an elevated people mover system and airport rail link serving John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK Airport) in New York City. The driverless system operates 24/7 and consists of three lines and nine stations within the New York City borough of Queens. It connects the airport's terminals with the New York City Subway in Howard Beach, Queens, and with the Long Island Rail Road and the subway in Jamaica, Queens. Bombardier Transportation operates AirTrain JFK under contract to the airport's operator, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: A railroad link to JFK Airport was first recommended in 1968. Various plans surfaced to build a JFK Airport rail connection until the 1990s, though these were not carried out because of a lack of funding. The JFK Express subway service and shuttle buses provided an unpopular transport system to and around JFK. In-depth planning for a dedicated transport system at JFK began in 1990, but was ultimately cut back from a direct rail link to an intra-borough people mover. Construction of the current people-mover system began in 1998. During construction, AirTrain JFK was the subject of several lawsuits, and an operator died during one of the system's test runs. The system opened on December 17, 2003, after many delays. Since then, several improvements have been proposed, including an extension to Manhattan. AirTrain JFK originally had ten stations, but the Terminal 2 stop was closed in 2022.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: All passengers entering or exiting at either Jamaica or Howard Beach must pay a $8.00 fare, while passengers traveling within the airport can ride for free. The system was originally projected to carry 4 million annual paying passengers and 8.4 million annual inter-terminal passengers every year. The AirTrain has consistently exceeded these projections since opening. In 2019, the system had over 8.7 million paying passengers and 12.2 million inter-terminal passengers.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The first proposal for a direct rail link to JFK Airport was made in the mid-1940s, when a rail line was proposed for the median of the Van Wyck Expressway, connecting Midtown Manhattan with the airport. New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses, at the time an influential urban planner in the New York City area, refused to consider the idea. In 1968, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) suggested extending the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) to the airport as part of the Program for Action, an ambitious transportation expansion program for the New York City area. Ultimately, the rail link was canceled altogether due to the New York City fiscal crisis of 1975. Another proposal, made by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in 1987, called for a rail line to connect all of JFK Airport's terminals with a new $500 million transportation center. The Port Authority withdrew its plans in 1990 after airlines objected that they could not fund the proposal.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: In 1978, the MTA started operating the JFK Express, a premium-fare New York City Subway service that connected Midtown Manhattan to the Howard Beach–JFK Airport station. The route carried subway passengers to the Howard Beach station, where passengers would ride shuttle buses to the airport. The shuttle buses transported passengers between the different airport terminals within JFK's Central Terminal Area, as well as between Howard Beach and the terminals. The JFK Express service was unpopular with passengers because of its high cost, and because the buses often got stuck in traffic. The service was ultimately canceled in 1990.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: By the 1990s, there was demand for a direct link between Midtown Manhattan and JFK Airport, which are apart by road. During rush hour, the travel time from JFK to Manhattan could average up to 80 minutes by bus; during off-peak hours, a New York City taxi could make that journey in 45 minutes, while a bus could cover the same distance in an hour. The Port Authority, foreseeing economic growth for the New York City area and increased air traffic at JFK, began planning for a direct rail link from the airport to Manhattan. In 1991, the Port Authority introduced a Passenger Facility Charge (PFC), a $3 tax on every passenger departing from JFK, which would provide $120 million annually.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: In 1990, the MTA proposed a $1.6 billion rail link to LaGuardia and JFK airports, which would be funded jointly by federal, state, and city government agencies. The rail line was to begin in Midtown Manhattan, crossing the East River into Queens via the Queensboro Bridge. It would travel to LaGuardia Airport, then make two additional stops at Shea Stadium and Jamaica before proceeding to JFK. After the Port Authority found that the ridership demand might not justify the cost of the rail link, the MTA downgraded the project's priority. The proposal was supported by governor Mario Cuomo and Queens borough president Claire Shulman. The transport advocacy group Regional Plan Association (RPA) called the plan "misguided", and the East Side Coalition on Airport Access's executive director said, "We are going to end up with another [...] uncompleted project in this city."


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Port Authority started reviewing blueprints for the JFK rail link in 1992. At the time, it was thought that the link could be partially open within six years. In 1994, the Port Authority set aside $40 million for engineering and marketing of the new line, and created an environmental impact statement (EIS). The project's budget had grown to $2.6 billion by that year. The EIS, conducted by the New York State Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), found the plan to be feasible, though the project attracted opposition from area residents and advocacy groups.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The project was to start in 1996, but there were disputes over where the Manhattan terminal should be located. The Port Authority had suggested the heavily trafficked corner of Lexington Avenue and 59th Street, though many nearby residents opposed the Manhattan terminal outright. The Port Authority did not consider a connection to the more-highly used Grand Central Terminal or Penn Station because such a connection would have been too expensive and complicated. To pay for the project, the Port Authority would charge a one-way ticket price of between $9 and $12. By February 1995, the cost of the planned link had increased to over $3 billion in the previous year alone. As a result, the Port Authority considered abridging the rail link plan, seeking federal and state funding, partnering with private investors, or terminating the line at a Queens subway station.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The direct rail connection between Manhattan, LaGuardia Airport, and JFK Airport was canceled outright in mid-1995. The plan had failed to become popular politically, as it would have involved increasing road tolls and PATH train fares to pay for the new link. In addition, the 1990s economic recession meant that there was little chance that the Port Authority could fund the project's rising price. Following the cancellation, the planned connection to JFK Airport was downsized to a monorail or people mover, which would travel between Howard Beach and the JFK terminals. The Port Authority initially proposed building a $827 million monorail, similar to AirTrain Newark at Newark Airport, which would open the following year. In August 1995, the FAA approved the Port Authority's request to use the PFC funds for the monorail plan (the agency had already collected $114 million, and was planning to collect another $325 million). After the monorail was approved, the Port Authority hoped to begin construction in 1997 and open the line by 2002.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Port Authority voted to proceed with the scaled-down system in 1996. Its final environmental impact statement (FEIS) for the JFK people mover, released in 1997, examined eight possibilities. Ultimately, the Port Authority opted for a light rail system with the qualities of a people mover, tentatively called the "JFK Light Rail System". It would replace the shuttle buses, running from the airport terminals to either Jamaica or Howard Beach. The FEIS determined that an automated system with frequent headways was the best design. Although there would not be a direct connection to Manhattan, the Port Authority estimated it would halve travel time between JFK and Midtown, with the journey between JFK and Penn Station taking one hour. According to "The New York Times", in the 30 years between the first proposal and the approval of the light rail system, 21 recommendations for direct rail links to New York-area airports had been canceled.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: While Governor Pataki supported the revised people-mover plan, Mayor Rudy Giuliani voiced his opposition on the grounds that the city would have to contribute $300 million, and that it was not a direct rail link from Manhattan, and thus would not be profitable because of the need to transfer from Jamaica. The Port Authority was originally planning to pay for only $1.2 billion of the project, and use the other $300 million to pay the rent at the airport instead. In order to give his agreement, Giuliani wanted the Port Authority to study extending the Astoria elevated to LaGuardia Airport, as well as making the light-rail system compatible with the subway or LIRR to allow possible future interoperability. He agreed to the plan in 1997 when the state agreed to reimburse the city for its share of the system's cost. As part of the agreement, the state would also conduct a study on a similar train link to LaGuardia Airport. By that time, the Port Authority had collected $441 million in PFC funds.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: In 1999, the RPA published a report in which it recommended the construction of new lines and stations for the New York City Subway. The plan included one service that would travel from Grand Central Terminal to JFK Airport via the JFK Light Rail. Ultimately, the MTA rejected the RPA's proposal.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Port Authority could only use the funds from the Passenger Facility Charge to make improvements that exclusively benefited airport passengers. As a result, only the sections linking Jamaica and Howard Beach to JFK Airport were approved and built, since it was expected that airport travelers would be the sole users of the system. The federal government approved the use of PFC funds for the new light rail system in February 1998. Some $200 million of the project's cost was not eligible to be funded from the PFC tax because, according to the FAA, the tax funds could not be used to pay for "any costs resulting from an over-designed system", such as fare collection systems.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Construction of the system began in May 1998. Most of the system was built one span at a time, using cranes mounted on temporary structures that erected new spans as they progressed linearly along the structures. Several sections were built using a balanced cantilever design, where two separate spans were connected to each other using the span-by-span method. The Jamaica branch's location above the median of the busy Van Wyck Expressway, combined with the varying length and curves of the track spans, caused complications during construction. One lane of the Van Wyck had to be closed in each direction during off-peak hours, causing congestion. By the end of 1999, the columns in the Van Wyck's median were being erected. The project also included $80 million of tunnels within the airport, which was built using a cut-and-cover method. Two shifts of workers excavated a trench measuring deep, wide, and long. The water table was as shallow as beneath the surface, so contractors pumped water out of the trench during construction. For waterproofing, subcontractor Trevi-Icos Inc. poured a "U"-shaped layer of grout, measuring wide and between deep.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The route ran mostly along existing rights-of-way, but three commercial properties were expropriated and demolished to make way for new infrastructure. Members of the New York City Planning Commission approved the condemnation of several buildings along the route in May 1999 but voiced concerns about the logistics of the project. These concerns included the projected high price of the tickets, ridership demand, and unwieldy transfers at Jamaica.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Though community leaders supported the project because of its connections to the Jamaica and Howard Beach stations, almost all the civic groups along the Jamaica branch's route opposed it due to concerns about nuisance, noise, and traffic. There were multiple protests against the project; during one such protest in 2000, a crane caught fire in a suspected arson. Homeowners in the vicinity believed the concrete supports would lower the value of their houses. Residents were also concerned about the noise that an elevated structure would create; according to a 2012 study, the majority of residents' complaints were due to "nuisance violations". The Port Authority responded to residents' concerns by imposing strict rules regarding disruptive or loud construction activity, as well as implementing a streamlined damage claim process to compensate homeowners. Through 2002, there were 550 nuisance complaints over the AirTrain's construction, of which 98 percent had been resolved by April of that year. Not all community boards saw a high level of complaints; Queens Community Board 12, which includes the neighborhood of South Jamaica along the AirTrain's route, recorded few complaints about the construction process.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Air Transportation Association of America (ATA) filed a federal lawsuit in January 1999 alleging misuse of PFC funds. In March, a federal judge vacated the project's approval because the FAA had incorrectly continued to collect and make use of comments posted after the deadline for public comment, but found that the PFC funds had not been misused. The FAA opened a second request for public comment and received a second approval. In 2000, two local advocacy groups filed a second federal lawsuit, claiming that the FEIS had published misleading statements about the effects of the elevated structure on southern Queens neighborhoods. The ATA and the two advocacy groups appealed the funding decision. The ATA later withdrew from the lawsuit, but one of the advocacy groups proceeded with the appeal and lost.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: By the time the appeal was decided in October 2000, two-thirds of the system's viaduct structures had been erected. Construction progressed quickly, and the system was ready for its first test trains by that December. In May 2001, a $75 million renovation of the Howard Beach station was completed; the rebuilt station contained an ADA-compliant transfer to and from the AirTrain. The same month, work started on a $387 million renovation of the Jamaica LIRR station, which entailed building a transfer passageway to the AirTrain. Though the Jamaica station's rehabilitation was originally supposed to be finished by 2005, it was not completed until September 2006. Two AirTrain cars were delivered and tested after the system's guideway rails were complete by March 2001. The guideways themselves, between the rails, were completed in August 2001.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Port Authority predicted that the AirTrain's opening would create 118 jobs at JFK Airport. Service was originally planned to begin on the Howard Beach branch in October 2002, followed by the Jamaica branch in 2003, but was delayed because of several incidents during testing. In July 2002, three workers were injured during an AirTrain derailment, and in September 2002, a train operator died in another derailment. The National Transportation Safety Board's investigation of the second crash found that the train had sped excessively on a curve. As a result, the opening was postponed until June 2003, and then to December 17, 2003, its eventual opening date.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Southeast Queens residents feared the project could become a boondoggle, as the construction cost of the system had increased to $1.9 billion. Like other Port Authority properties, the AirTrain did not receive subsidies from the state or city for its operating costs. This was one of the reasons cited for the system's relatively high initial $5 fare, which was more than twice the subway's fare at the time of the AirTrain's opening.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Several projects were developed in anticipation of the AirTrain. By June 2003, a , 16-story building was being planned for Sutphin Boulevard across from the Jamaica station. Other nearby projects built in the preceding five years included the Jamaica Center Mall, Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building, the Civil Court, and a Food and Drug Administration laboratory and offices. After AirTrain JFK began operations, Jamaica saw a boom in commerce. A 15-screen movie theater opened in the area in early 2004, and developers were also planning a 13-floor building in the area. A proposed hotel above the AirTrain terminal was canceled after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: In 2004, the city proposed rezoning 40 blocks of Jamaica, centered around the AirTrain station, as a commercial area. The mixed-use "airport village" was to consist of of space. According to the RPA, the rezoning was part of a proposal to re-envision Jamaica as a "regional center" because of the area's high usage as a transit hub. During the average weekday, 100,000 LIRR riders and 53,000 subway riders traveled to or from Jamaica. In addition, the Port Authority had estimated that the AirTrain JFK would carry 12.4 million passengers a year.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Plans to extend the AirTrain to Manhattan were examined even before the system's opening. Between September 2003 and April 2004, several agencies, including the MTA and the Port Authority, conducted a feasibility study of the Lower Manhattan–Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project, which would allow subway or LIRR trains to travel directly from JFK Airport to Manhattan. The study examined 40 alternatives, but the project was halted in 2008 before an environmental impact statement could be created.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: On January 4, 2017, the office of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a $7–10 billion plan to renovate JFK Airport. As part of the project, the AirTrain JFK would either see lengthened trainsets or a direct track connection to the rest of New York City's transportation system, and a direct connection between the AirTrain, LIRR, and subway would be built at Jamaica station. Shortly after Cuomo's announcement, the Regional Plan Association published an unrelated study for a possible direct rail link between Manhattan and JFK Airport. Yet another study in September 2018, published by the MTA, examined alternatives for an LIRR rail link to JFK as part of a possible restoration of the abandoned Rockaway Beach Branch.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: In July 2017, Cuomo's office began accepting submissions for master plans to renovate the airport. A year later, in October 2018, Cuomo released details of the project, whose cost had grown to $13 billion. The improvements included lengthening AirTrains as well as adding lanes to the Van Wyck Expressway. The Terminal 2 station was closed on July 11, 2022, due to construction at JFK Airport and demolished shortly thereafter; the Terminal 1 station was renamed Terminals 1 & 2.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: AirTrain JFK connects the airport's terminals and parking areas with the Howard Beach and Jamaica stations. It runs entirely within the New York City borough of Queens. The system consists of three routes: two connecting the terminals with either the Howard Beach or Jamaica stations, and one route looping continuously around the central terminal area. It is operated by Bombardier under contract to the Port Authority.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Howard Beach Train route (colored green on the official map) begins and ends at the Howard Beach–JFK Airport station, where there is a direct transfer to the New York City Subway's . It makes an additional stop at Lefferts Boulevard, where passengers can transfer to parking lot shuttle buses; the Q3 bus to Jamaica; the B15 bus to Brooklyn; and the limited-stop Q10 bus. The segment from Howard Beach to Federal Circle, which is about long, passes over the long-term and employee parking lots.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Jamaica Train route (colored red on the official map) begins and ends at the Jamaica station, adjacent to the Long Island Rail Road platforms there. The Jamaica station contains a connection to the Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport station on the New York City Subway's . The AirTrain and LIRR stations contain transfers to the subway, as well as to ground-level bus routes. West of Jamaica, the line travels above the north side of 94th Avenue before curving southward onto the Van Wyck Expressway. The segment from Jamaica to Federal Circle is about long.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Howard Beach Train and Jamaica Train routes merge at Federal Circle for car rental companies and shuttle buses to hotels and the airport's cargo areas. South of Federal Circle, the routes share track for and enter a tunnel before the tracks separate in two directions for the terminal loop. Both routes continue counterclockwise around the loop, stopping at Terminals 1 & 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 in that order. A connection to the Q3 local bus is available at Terminal 8. The travel time from either Jamaica or Howard Beach to the JFK terminals is about eight minutes.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Airport Terminals Loop (colored gold on the official map), an airport terminal circulator, serves the terminals. It makes a continuous clockwise loop around the terminals, operating in the opposite direction to the Howard Beach Train and Jamaica Train routes. The terminal area loop is long.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Trains to and from Jamaica and Howard Beach were originally planned to run every two minutes during peak hours, with alternate trains traveling to each branch. The final environmental impact statement projected that trains in the central terminal area would run every ninety seconds. By 2014 actual frequencies were much lower: each branch was served by one train every seven to 12 minutes during peak hours. Trains arrived every 10 to 15 minutes on each branch during weekdays; every 15 to 20 minutes during late nights; and every 16 minutes during weekends.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: All AirTrain JFK stations contain elevators and are compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). Each platform is long and can fit up to four cars. The stations include air conditioning, as well as platform screen doors to protect passengers and to allow the unmanned trains to operate safely. Each station also contains safety systems such as CCTV cameras, alarms, and emergency contact points, and is staffed by attendants.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: All the stations have island platforms except for Federal Circle, which has a bi-level split platform layout. The Jamaica and Howard Beach stations are designed as "gateway stations" to give passengers the impression of entering the airport. There are also stations at Lefferts Boulevard, as well as Terminals 1 & 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Three former terminals, numbered 3, 6, and 9, were respectively served by the stations that were later renamed Terminals 2, 5, and 8. The four stations outside the Central Terminal Area were originally designated with the letters A–D alongside their names; the letters were later dropped. The Terminal 1 station was also renamed Terminals 1 & 2 in 2022.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The Jamaica station was designed by Voorsanger Architects, and Robert Davidson of the Port Authority's in-house architecture department designed the Howard Beach station. Most stations in the airport are freestanding structures connected to their respective terminal buildings by an aerial walkway. Access to Terminal 2 requires passengers to exit the Terminals 1 & 2 station and use crosswalks at street level, while the Terminal 4 station is inside the terminal building itself.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The AirTrain has a total route length of . The system consists of of single-track guideway viaducts and of double-track guideway viaducts. AirTrain JFK is mostly elevated, though there are short segments that run underground or at ground level. The elevated sections were built with precast single and dual guideway spans, the underground sections used cut-and-cover, and the ground-level sections used concrete ties and ballast trackbeds. The single guideway viaducts carry one track each and are wide, while the double guideway viaducts carry two tracks each and are wide. Columns support the precast concrete elevated sections at intervals of up to . The elevated structures use seismic isolation bearings and soundproof barriers to protect from small earthquakes as well as prevent noise pollution. AirTrain JFK's tunnels, all within the airport, pass beneath two taxiways and several highway ramps.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The AirTrain runs on steel tracks that are continuously welded across all joints except at the terminals; the guideway viaducts are also continuously joined. Trains use double crossovers at the Jamaica and Howard Beach terminals in order to switch to the track going in the opposite direction. There are also crossover switches north and south of Federal Circle, counterclockwise from Terminal 8, and clockwise from Terminal 1.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The tracks are set at a gauge of . This enables possible future conversion to LIRR or subway use, or a possible connection to LIRR or subway tracks for a one-trip ride into Manhattan, since these systems use the same track gauge. AirTrain's current rolling stock, or train cars, are not able to use either LIRR or subway tracks due to the cars' inadequate structural strength and the different methods of propulsion used on each system. In particular, the linear induction motor system that propels the AirTrain vehicles is incompatible with the traction motor manual-propulsion system used by LIRR and subway rolling stock. If a one-seat ride is ever implemented, a hybrid-use vehicle would be needed to operate on both subway/LIRR and AirTrain tracks.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: There are seven electrical substations. The redundancy allows trains to operate even if there are power outages at one substation. Since there are no emergency exits between stations, a control tower can automatically guide the train to its next stop in case of an emergency.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: AirTrain JFK is free to use for travel within the terminal area, as well as at the Lefferts Boulevard station, which is next to the long-term parking, and at the Federal Circle station, where there are car-rental shuttle buses and transfers to and from the airport hotels. Passengers entering or leaving the system only via the Jamaica or Howard Beach stations must pay using MetroCard. AirTrain JFK does not accept the OMNY fare-payment system, nor does it accept any other forms of payment, such as cash. , JFK Airport indicated in a Twitter post that OMNY would not be implemented on AirTrain JFK until 2024.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: AirTrain accepts pay-per-ride MetroCards for $8.00 for transiting through either the Jamaica or Howard Beach gates. The MetroCards are preloaded with monetary value and $8.00 is deducted for each use. A $1 fee is charged for any new MetroCards. Two types of AirTrain MetroCards can be purchased from vending machines at Jamaica and Howard Beach. The 30-Day AirTrain JFK MetroCard costs $40 and can be used for unlimited rides on the AirTrain for 30 days after first use. The AirTrain JFK 10-Trip MetroCard costs $25 and can be used for ten trips on the AirTrain within 31 days from first use. Both cards are only accepted on the AirTrain, and one trip is deducted for each use of the 10-Trip MetroCard. Other types of unlimited MetroCards are not accepted on the AirTrain.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: An additional $2.75 fare is required for passengers transferring to local buses or the subway, since the MTA does not offer free transfers to or from the AirTrain. Passengers pay a total of $10.75 if they transfer between the AirTrain and MTA subways or buses at either Howard Beach or Jamaica. Patrons transferring from the AirTrain to a Penn Station-bound LIRR train at Jamaica pay $18.75 during peak hours, or $13.00 during off-peak hours and weekends, using the railroad's CityTicket program.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The fare to enter or exit at Howard Beach and Jamaica was originally $5, though preliminary plans included a discounted fare of $2 for airport and airline employees. The original proposal also called for fare-free travel between airport terminals, a recommendation that was ultimately implemented. In June 2019, the Port Authority proposed raising AirTrain JFK's fare to $7.75, and the fare increase was approved that September. The new fares took effect on November 1, 2019, representing the first fare raise in the system's history. In November 2021, the Port Authority discussed plans to raise the fare again to $8; the second fare increase took effect on March 1, 2022.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: AirTrain JFK uses Bombardier Transportation's Innovia ART 200 rolling stock and technology. Similar systems are used on the SkyTrain in Vancouver, the Everline in Yongin, and the Kelana Jaya Line in Kuala Lumpur. The computerized trains are fully automated and use a communications-based train control system with moving block signals to dynamically determine the locations of the trains. AirTrain JFK is a wholly driverless system, and it uses SelTrac train-signaling technology manufactured by Thales Group. Trains are operated from and maintained at a train yard between Lefferts Boulevard and Federal Circle, atop a former employee parking lot. The system originally used pre-recorded announcements by New York City traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast, a longtime employee of the Port Authority.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: The 32 individual, non-articulated Mark II vehicles operating on the line draw power from a 750 V DC top-running third rail. A linear induction motor pushes magnetically against an aluminum strip in the center of the track. The vehicles also have steerable trucks that can navigate sharp curves and steep grades, as well as align precisely with the platform doors at the stations. The cars can run at up to , and they can operate on trackage with a minimum railway curve radius of .


title: AirTrain JFK

text: Each car is long and wide, which is similar to the dimensions of rolling stock used on the New York City Subway's B Division. Trains can run in either direction and can consist of between one and four cars. The cars contain two pairs of doors on each side, with each door opening being wide. An individual car has 26 seats and can carry up to 97 passengers with luggage, or 205 without luggage. Because most passengers carry luggage, the actual operating capacity is between 75 and 78 passengers per car.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: When AirTrain JFK was being planned, it was expected that 11,000 passengers per day would pay to ride the system between the airport and either Howard Beach or Jamaica, and that 23,000 more daily passengers would use the AirTrain to travel between terminals. This would amount to about 4 million paying passengers and 8.4 million in-airport passengers per year. According to the FEIS, the system could accommodate over 3,000 daily riders from Manhattan, and its opening would result in approximately 75,000 fewer vehicle miles ( kilometers) being driven each day.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: During the first month of service, an average of 15,000 passengers rode the system each day. Though this figure was less than the expected daily ridership of 34,000, the AirTrain JFK had become the second-busiest airport transportation system in the United States. Within its first six months, AirTrain JFK had transported one million riders.


title: AirTrain JFK

text: In the decade after the AirTrain opened, it consistently experienced year-over-year ridership growth. A "New York Times" article in 2009 observed that one possible factor in the AirTrain's increasing ridership was the $7.75 fare for AirTrain and subway, which was cheaper than the $52 taxi ride between Manhattan and JFK. In 2019, there were 8.7 million passengers who paid to travel between JFK Airport and either Howard Beach or Jamaica. This represented an increase of more than 300 percent from the 2.6 million riders who paid during the first full year of operation, 2004. An additional 12.2 million people were estimated to have ridden the AirTrain for free in 2019, placing total annual ridership at 20.9 million. Amid a decline in air travel caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the AirTrain had 3.4 million total riders in 2021.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: In the year 2022, Japan has entered a socio-political crisis since the government declared a coexistence between humans and the Kaijins, altered humans that came to be half a century ago via a classified government experiment. Aoi Izumi, a young human rights activist seeking to end Kaijin discrimination, meets two men named Kotaro Minami and Nobuhiko Akizuki, former members of the Gorgom movement that revere the dying Creation King. The clashing ideals between Kotaro and Nobuhiko will shatter their society’s status quo and determine the fate of all Kaijins.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: Plans for an adult-aimed "Kamen Rider" series were in place by 2019, planned for the franchise's 50th anniversary. Kazuya Shiraishi expressed interest in the project after learning of it from Toei producer Taisuke Furuya; A few months later, producer Shinichiro Shirakura offered Shiraishi the role of director, revealing the project to be a reboot of "Kamen Rider Black".


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: Due to Shiraishi's inexperience in tokusatsu, Shirakura sought an experienced concept artist to help flesh out the visual style; Shiraishi requested veteran tokusatsu director Shinji Higuchi. Higuchi, having not been approached to work on "Shin Kamen Rider" (directed by his "Shin Godzilla" co-director Hideaki Anno), believed he "probably wouldn't become involved in Kamen Rider." However, after learning of Shiraishi's involvement and the "Kamen Rider Black" basis, Higuchi accepted. Higuchi then invited Kiyotaka Taguchi to serve as special effects director, which the latter "accepted without a second thought."


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: Shiraishi watched the original "Kamen Rider Black" in preparation for work on "Black Sun". He began developing the story, focusing on the "sadness" of the original and emphasizing the relationship between Kohtaro Minami and Nobuhiko Akizuki. Similar to his previous works, Shiraishi also sought to tackle contemporary social issues within the story. Despite Toei aiming to appeal to adult viewers, Shiraishi hoped the series could be enjoyed by children as well. Principal photography wrapped in March 2022.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: The project was announced at a press conference on April 3, 2021, the 50th anniversary of "Kamen Rider"'s first broadcast. Shiraishi was confirmed as director during the conference, stating "the thought of being in charge of this amazing reboot of "Kamen Rider Black" gives me the shivers." The logo, designed by calligrapher Souun Takeda, was also unveiled. The series was given a release date of Spring 2022, with Toei "considering" a simultaneous worldwide release.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: Higuchi and Taguchi's involvement was confirmed on October 4, 2021, with the pair and Shiraishi appearing in a special interview on the program's website. A crowdfunding campaign was also announced, with rewards including a limited re-issue of the original Kamen Rider Black transformation belt toy and the chance to appear on the show as an extra.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: A press conference was announced on October 4 and held on November 20, posted on Toei's YouTube channel. The casting of leads Hidetoshi Nishijima as Kohtaro Minami / Kamen Rider Black Sun and Tomoya Nakamura as Nobuhiko Akizuki / Kamen Rider Shadow Moon was revealed.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: At a Tamashii Nations event on November 21, Toei released the first concept images of the titular character as well as teasing upcoming toys for the series. A redesigned version of Kamen Rider Black's bike, the Battle Hopper, was also unveiled, later being put on display at the 2021 Yokohama Hot Rod Show on December 5 to further promote the series.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: On March 19, 2022, it was announced that filming had wrapped and a new release date of Fall 2022 was given. The official website also revealed the first photographs of Kamen Rider Black Sun and Kamen Rider Shadow Moon, as well as their respective motorcycles, Battle Hopper and Road Sector.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: The first teaser trailer and posters were revealed on June 12, 2022, along with the announcement that the series would premiere through Amazon Prime Video. The same day, the official website was updated with additional staff information. A Bandai Spirits livestream on June 16 unveiled the SH Figuarts figure of the title character and an extended version of the teaser.


title: Kamen Rider Black Sun

text: The series received mixed-to-negative reviews from Japanese viewers, with criticism for its screenplay, political commentary, and excessive focus on Kokoro Hirasawa and Kengo Kimura's characters. In contrast, the show was viewed favorably by international viewers.


title: Flag of the German Empire

text: The Flag of the German Empire, or Imperial Flag, Realm Flag, (German: "Reichsflagge)" is a combination between the flag of Prussia and the flag of the Hanseatic League. The flag was first used as the flag of the North German Confederation which was formed in 1867. Later, during the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was founded (i.e., the South German states joined the Confederation). Germany would continue using it until the German Revolution of 1918–1919, which resulted in the founding of the Weimar Republic.


title: Flag of the German Empire

text: The Weimar Republic did not use it as a national flag though it did see use within the Reichswehr. Immediately after the electoral victory of the Nazi Party in March 1933, German President Paul von Hindenburg reinstated the flag by decree as the co-official flag of Germany. In 1935, a year after Hindenburg's death, the Imperial Flag was banned from use as the national flag in favour of the black-red-white swastika flag.


title: Flag of the German Empire

text: During World War II, German exiles in the Soviet Union adopted it as their new flag for a free German state. Due to this, after World War II, it was proposed that East Germany adopted the Imperial Flag as their national flag.


title: Flag of the German Empire

text: Due to the ban on Nazi swastika flag in modern Germany, many German Neo-Nazis instead adopted the Imperial Flag. However, the flag never originally had any racist or anti-Semitic meaning, despite its brief use in Nazi Germany.


title: Flag of the German Empire

text: The flag is almost graphically identical to the modern flag of the Republic of Yemen, albeit with the colours reversed and a different shade of red. The flag of Upper Volta, used in 1958–1984, had the same colour arrangement but with a slightly different shade of red.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: The varied carpet beetle (Anthrenus verbasci) is a 3 mm-long beetle belonging to the family Dermestidae. They are a common species, often considered a pest of domestic houses and, particularly, natural history museums, where the larvae may damage natural fibers and can damage carpets, furniture, clothing, and insect collections. "A. verbasci" was also the first insect to be shown to have an annual behavioral rhythm and to date remains a classic example of circannual cycles in animals.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Adult "A. verbasci" range in length from . The body is rounded, almost spherical. The elytra and pronotum are covered in fine scales of different colours, creating an irregular pattern of white, brownish and yellowish patches on these features. The white scales are focussed along the lateral margins of the pronotum and on the elytra, where they form three bright, wavy transverse bands. In addition to these morphological features, their antennae are 11-segmented, with a club of 3 segments.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: The larval form of "A. verbasci", commonly known as 'woolly bears' (a name shared with the larvae of "Arctia caja" and many other moths of the subfamily Arctiinae), measures up to in length. The larvae are elongated and densely covered in large setae (hairs). These hairs are organised into alternating, transverse groups of light and dark-brown patches: the larva appears covered in brown stripes. The body is usually wider at the back than at the front where it also bears 3 pairs of hair tufts along its rear abdomen that can be used for self-defense.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: "A. verbasci" has a life cycle ranging from 1–3 years, depending upon the environmental conditions. A study in 1958 found that temperature is able to affect larval development, concluding that the periods of incubation and pupation of "A. verbasci" decrease with increase of temperature (the life cycle is thus quickened with a moderate rise in temperature). Incubation decreased from 54 days at 15 °C to 12 days at 30 °C, and the pupation decreased from 89 days at 10 °C to 9 days at 25 °C. Relative humidity was shown to have little effect.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Larvae hatch from eggs in the spring and early summer, often in the nests of birds (including those of the house sparrow and house swift) or around stored fabrics.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Adults emerge between late May and early August (in England), flying to and feeding on the pollen and nectar of flowering plants. The life expectancy of the beetle is about two weeks. During this period, mating occurs and the eggs are laid, either close to the human environs or in bird nests, tree hollows and similar, dry places where larvae can find their food. Then the cycle begins anew.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: This species is present in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic realm, in the Near East, in the Nearctic realm, in North Africa and in North Asia, also in the Neotropics.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Larvae feed on keratin and chitin of natural fibers (dead insects, animal hair and feathers) throughout their development, eventually experiencing a dormancy period (also known as diapause) prior to pupation into the adult stage. The length of the dormancy appears to depend on environmental factors, with the most likely "zeitgeber", or trigger, being photoperiod. Adults feed on the pollen and nectar of flowering plants.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Among the natural predators of "A. verbasci", one of the most well-studied is the parasitoid wasp "Laelius pedatus" (in the family Bethylidae). Upon discovering an "A. verbasci" larva, a female wasp will land on the larva's dorsal side and attempt to line up its long, stinger-like ovipositor for a paralyzing blow to the thorax. In response, the larva will erect long hairs on their abdomen and attempt to brush these hairs against the encroaching wasp. The hairs detach and stick to the wasp on contact, presumably causing some sort of irritation. Evidently, such irritation is not enough to deter an attack on "A. verbasci" larvae, as the vast majority of attacks are successful. By comparison, the closely related beetle species "Anthrenus flavipes" – which has slightly longer hairs than "A. verbasci" – uses such a defense more effectively.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: After a single successful sting, the beetle is permanently paralyzed. The entire process from landing to complete paralysis lasts approximately 40 seconds. "L. pedatus" does not lay eggs immediately after the beetle is paralyzed, waiting as long as 24 hours before oviposition. During this time, she grooms herself, removing any hairs that might have stuck to her during the attack. During this lengthy process she appears to monitor the larva's state of paralysis by repeatedly biting it and monitoring its reaction. Once sufficiently clear of hairs, the wasp creates a bare patch on the larva's abdomen and lays 2–4 eggs. Eggs hatch in 3–4 days and the larvae feed on the beetle for 3–7 days, eventually killing the host. They then spin cocoons near the empty shell of the host, emerging some time later as adult wasps.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: The larvae of "A. verbasci" are a common household pest. Adult beetles usually lay their eggs in air ducts, in closets, under furniture, or under baseboards. Once hatched and until they pupate into adults, the larvae hide in dark, undisturbed areas and feed on organic material. The larvae are thus responsible for the damage of various items, such as furniture, clothing, blankets, furs, and carpets. They are commonly found in musical instruments which have been stored for lengthy periods of time, feeding on pads and felts most commonly found in woodwind instruments.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Collections of specimens, especially of insects, are also vulnerable to attack, making "A. verbasci" a common pest in museums. In a 1987 survey of British national history museums, at least five noted that "A. verbasci" was categorised as a major pest for biological collections. Larvae are often found in the nests of sparrows and wagtails, and so larvae and adults may enter museums at upper levels through windows and roof spaces.


title: Varied carpet beetle

text: Infestations can be prevented by removing the larvae and adults through regular vacuum cleaning, dry cleaning or airing clothing outside, placing naphthalene balls in closets, and removing abandoned bird and insect nests attached to the building. Signs of an infestation include the presence of damaged articles, moulted larval skins in dark areas, and an abundance of adult beetles near windows. Susceptible people may also find that hairs shed from the larvae cause irritated itchy welts that may be confused with bedbug bites. Deterring or killing "A. verbasci" can be accomplished using insecticides, oxygen deprivation, freezing, and pheromone and scent traps.


title: Something/Anything?

text: Something/Anything? is the third album by American musician Todd Rundgren, released in February 1972. It was his first double album, and was recorded in late 1971 in Los Angeles, New York City and Bearsville Studios, Woodstock. Three quarters of the album was recorded in the studio with Rundgren playing all instruments and singing all vocals, as well as being the producer. The final quarter contained a number of tracks recorded live in the studio without any overdubs, save for a short snippet of archive recordings from the 1960s.


title: Something/Anything?

text: Rundgren had become confident enough at other instruments beyond his standard guitar and keyboards that he had tackled in earlier releases, and this, coupled with a general dissatisfaction with other studio musicians, led him to temporarily relocate to Los Angeles in an attempt to record an entire album single-handedly. After he had created significantly more material than would fit on a standard LP, an earthquake struck LA. He decided to head back to New York for some live sessions, with the help of Moogy Klingman, to lighten the mood. The final sessions were in Bearsville, where the remainder of the recording and mixing took place, and this created enough material for a double album.


title: Something/Anything?

text: The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold three years after its release. A single taken from the album, "Hello It's Me", was a top-five hit in the US in late 1973, and it contained a further hit, "I Saw the Light". "Something/Anything?" later attracted critical acclaim as one of the most significant records of the 1970s. In 2003, the album was ranked number 173 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list, and later ranked at number 396 in the 2020 edition.