title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas is an officially recognized holiday in Spain. In most of Spain, the Christmas period () lasts from Christmas Eve (, that is, 'Good Night') on December 24 to Epiphany on January 6. Many homes and most churches display a Nativity scene, a Christmas tree, or both. The or (Nativity scene) has a long tradition and is present in many homes, schools and stores, while the Christmas tree is not traditional, but it has become very popular. In Catalonia on the 26th, (Saint Stephen) is celebrated with a family gathering.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In most of Spain (though not in a few areas, such as Catalonia), a large family dinner is celebrated on Christmas Eve () and can last until late in the night. There is a wide variety of typical foods one might find on plates across Spain on this particular night, and each region has its own distinct specialties. It is particularly common to start the meal with a seafood dish such as prawns or salmon, followed by a bowl of hot, homemade soup. The main meal will often consist of roast lamb, or seafood, such as cod or shellfish. For dessert, there is quite a spread of delicacies, among them "turrón", a dessert made of honey, egg and almonds. Special dishes and desserts include shellfish and fish, marzipan, turkey with truffles, and "polvorones" (shortbread made of almonds, flour and sugar).


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Even though there is still the traditional "Misa del Gallo" at midnight, few Spaniards continue to follow the old custom of attending.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In most of Spain, Christmas day was not associated with presents for children until recently; instead, the Three Magi brought the presents on the night of January 5, as they still do. Now children often receive some presents on Christmas Day or Christmas Eve, brought by ('Father Noel'), which is a non-traditional version of Santa Claus, as depicted in U.S. media, but in some regions there are other more traditional characters, for example, the Olentzero in the Basque Country.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In the evening of December 31 () there is also a large family feast. Young people typically go out to a , a very big feast in bars and pubs, and they drink and dance until the next morning, when it is common to have churros with chocolate for breakfast.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In the evening of January 5 a huge parade or cavalcade () welcomes the Three Magi to the city. Children put their shoes in the window on January 5 in the hope that the Three Wise Men will deliver them presents.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas in France ( on the French calendar) is celebrated mainly in a religious manner, though secular ways of celebrating the occasion also exist, such as Christmas decorations and carols. Children do not hang Christmas stockings but put their shoes by the fireplace or under the Christmas tree so (Father Christmas or Santa Claus) can give them gifts (a practice also among French-speaking Switzerland). Some families also attend Midnight Mass and decorate their homes with Nativity scenes depicting the birth of Jesus. Additional ('little saints') may be added in the nativity scenes.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In France and in other French-speaking areas (see French Canada), a long family dinner, called a "réveillon", is held on Christmas Eve. The name of this dinner is based on the word (meaning 'waking'), because participation involves staying awake until midnight and beyond. is generally of an exceptional or luxurious nature. Appetizers may include lobster, oysters, escargots or foie gras, etc. One traditional dish is turkey with chestnuts. in Quebec will often include some variety of "tourtière". Dessert may consist of a "bûche de Noël". In Provence, the tradition of the 13 desserts is followed, almost invariably including (a flavoured bread), dates, etc. Quality wine is usually consumed at such dinners, often with champagne or similar sparkling wines as a conclusion. Christmas carols may also be sung.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In the United Kingdom Christmas decorations are put up in shops and town centres from early November. Many towns and cities have a public event involving a local or regional celebrity to mark the switching on of Christmas lights. Decorations in people's homes are commonly put up from early December, traditionally including a Christmas tree, cards, and lights both inside and outside the home. Every year, Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the Second World War. Christmas carolers at Trafalgar Square in London sing around the tree on various evenings up until Christmas Eve and Christmas decorations are traditionally left up until the evening of January 5 (the night before Epiphany); it is considered bad luck to have Christmas decorations up after this date. In practice, many Christmas traditions, such as the playing of Christmas music, largely stop after Christmas Day.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Mince pies are traditionally sold during the festive season and are a popular food for Christmas. It is common in many UK households for children and adults to put up advent calendars in their homes, which may either contain chocolates or Christmas scenes behind their doors.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: A common feature of the Christmas season is the Nativity play which is practiced in most primary and some secondary schools across the UK. This practice is becoming less common, and other plays may be performed instead with less overt religious tones. Midnight Mass is also celebrated by Anglicans, Catholics, and other denominations, and services take place in nearly all Church of England parishes on Christmas Eve.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: On Christmas Eve, presents are supposedly delivered in stockings and under the Christmas tree by Father Christmas, who previously had been something like the Ghost of Christmas Present in Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" (1843), but who has now become mainly conflated with Santa Claus. The two names are now used interchangeably and are equally known to British people, though some distinctive features still remain. Many families tell their children stories about Father Christmas and his reindeer. One tradition is to put out a plate of carrots for the reindeer, and mince pies and sherry for Father Christmas to help him on his way.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: The majority of families open their presents on the morning of Christmas Day, the Royal family being a notable exception, as they open their gifts on Christmas Eve, following German tradition introduced by the Hanoverians. Queen Victoria as a child made note of it in her diary for Christmas Eve 1832; the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote, "After dinner ... we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees..". Since the first commercial Christmas card was produced in London in 1843, cards are sent in the weeks leading up to Christmas, many of which contain the English festive greeting "Merry Christmas".


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: On Christmas Day, a public holiday in the United Kingdom, nearly the whole population has the day off to be with their family and friends, so they can gather round for a traditional Christmas dinner, traditionally comprising a turkey with cranberries, brussels sprouts, parsnips, Yorkshire pudding and roast potatoes, quite like the Sunday roast, and followed by a Christmas pudding. During the meal, Christmas crackers, containing toys, jokes, and a paper hat are pulled. Attendance at a Christmas Day church service has become less popular in modern times, with fewer than 3 million now attending a Christmas Day Church of England service.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: The monarch releases a royal message on Christmas Day, in the form of a short programme carried on radio and television. The messages typically reflect on topics such as the year's events, the state of the royal family, and themes such as unity. The message averages 7 million viewers, and is often one of the most-watched programmes of the day on Christmas.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: The celebration of Boxing Day, on the day after Christmas Day, is a tradition practiced in the UK. It is a bank holiday, and if it happens to fall on a weekend then a special Bank Holiday Monday will occur. Top-level football competitions such as the Premier League have traditionally held fixtures on Boxing Day.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Other traditions include carol singing – many carols are sung by children on people's doorsteps and by professional choirs – and sending Christmas cards. In public, there are decorations and lights in most shops, especially in town centres, and even in Indian and Chinese restaurants. Churches and cathedrals across the country hold masses, with many people going to midnight mass or a service on Christmas morning. Even though church attendance has been falling over the decades some people who do not go to church often think it is still important to go at Christmas, so Church attendance increases. Most theatres have a tradition of putting on a Christmas pantomime for children. The pantomime stories are traditionally based on popular children's stories such as "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Aladdin", rather than being directly concerned with Christmas as such, although there is sometimes a link. Television is widely watched.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Public transport and vital transport services are closed-down on Christmas Day. The Christmas wind-down starts early, with last trains running out of the major cities as early as 19:00 on December 24. Bus, night bus, and underground services are also unavailable from about 21:00 hours. Individual transport companies start making announcements as early as October, and while one train operating company may choose to run no trains on Boxing Day another may run a limited Saturday service but totally close major stations.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In England, telling ghost stories, local legends, and other strange, bizarre, and fantastic "winter stories" (as Charles Dickens – author of "A Christmas Carol" – termed them) is a centuries-old tradition, to which William Shakespeare contributed with "The Winter's Tale" (1623) but which was well known even before Shakespeare's time. (In contrast, Ireland, Scotland, and the USA favor Halloween as a time for telling ghostly tales.) Colin Fleming details other contributors to this tradition in the "Paris Review".


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas in Scotland was traditionally observed very quietly, because the Church of Scotland never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival. However, in Catholic areas people would attend Midnight Mass or early morning mass before going to work. This tradition derives from the Church of Scotland's origins including St Columba's monastic tradition, under which every day is God's day and there is none more special than another; thus Good Friday is not an official public holiday in Scotland.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas Day was commonly a normal working day in Scotland until the 1960s, and even into the 1970s in some areas. The New Year's Eve festivity, Hogmanay, was by far the largest celebration in Scotland. The gift-giving, public holidays and feasting associated with mid-winter were traditionally held between December 11 and January 6. However, since the 1980s, the fading of the Church's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the UK and elsewhere, Christmas and its related festivities are now nearly on a par with Hogmanay and Ne'erday, New Year's Day. The capital city of Edinburgh now has a traditional German Christmas market from late November until Christmas Eve and on the first Sunday in Advent a Nativity scene is blessed by the Cardinal Archbishop in the main square. Bannock cakes made of oatmeal are traditionally eaten at Christmas.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas in Ireland is the largest celebration of the Irish public holidays and lasts from December 24 to January 6, although many view December 8 as being the start of the season, as schools used to close on this day, making it a traditional Christmas shopping time. This is no longer compulsory and many schools stay open.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Almost the entire workforce is finished by lunchtime on Christmas Eve, or often a few days beforehand. Christmas Day and St. Stephen's Day are public holidays, and many people do not return to work until after New Year's Day. In 2006, the total amount spent in Ireland to celebrate Christmas was €16 billion, which averages at approximately €4,000 for every single person in the country.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: It is extremely popular on Christmas Eve to go for "the Christmas drink" in the local pub, where regular punters are usually offered a Christmas drink. Many neighbours and friends attend each other's houses for Christmas drinks and parties on the days leading up to and after Christmas Day. Although religious devotion in Ireland today is considerably less than it used to be, there are huge attendances at religious services for Christmas Day, with Midnight Mass a popular choice. Most families arrange for their deceased relatives to be prayed for at these masses as it is a time of remembering the dead in Ireland. It is traditional to decorate graves at Christmas with a wreath made of holly and ivy. Even in the most undevout of homes in Ireland the traditional crib takes centre stage along with the Christmas tree as part of the family's decorations. Some people light candles to signify symbolic hospitality for Mary and Joseph. Therefore, it is usual to see a white candle, or candle set, placed in several windows around people's homes. The candle was a way of saying there was room for Jesus's parents in these homes even if there was none in Bethlehem. It is traditional to leave a mince pie and a bottle or a glass of Guinness for Santa Claus along with a carrot for Rudolph on Christmas Eve.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Santa Claus, often known in Ireland simply as Santy or in Irish, brings presents to children in Ireland, which are opened on Christmas morning. Family and friends also give each other gifts at Christmas. The traditional Christmas dinner consists of turkey or goose and ham with a selection of vegetables and a variety of potatoes. Dessert includes Christmas pudding, Christmas cake, and mince pies with rich sauces such as brandy butter.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas celebrations in Ireland finish with the celebration of Little Christmas also known as in Irish on January 6. This festival, which coincides with Epiphany, is also known as "Women's Christmas" in Cork and Kerry.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas traditions in the Netherlands are almost the same as those in Dutch-speaking parts of Belgium (Flanders). The Dutch recognize two days of Christmas as public holidays in the Netherlands, calling December 25 ('first Christmas day') and December 26 ('second Christmas day'). In families, it is customary to spend these days with either side of the family.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In Catholic parts of the country, it used to be common to attend Christmas Eve Midnight Mass; this custom is upheld, but mostly by the elder generation and by fewer people every year. Christmas Eve is these days a rather normal evening without any special gatherings or meals. On Christmas Day, throughout both Flanders and the Netherlands elaborate meals are prepared by the host or together as a family. It is also common to have meals where each guest prepares and brings one dish.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas decorations start appearing in stores right after Sinterklaas. The week before Christmas is important to the retail trade because it is the biggest sales week in the country. Christmas songs are heard everywhere. The cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Eindhoven are the busiest cities in terms of entertainment on Christmas Day. Traditionally, people in the Netherlands and Flanders do not exchange gifts on Christmas, since this is already done during a separate holiday (Sinterklaas) a few weeks before Christmas. However, more and more people have in the 2000s and 2010s started to give presents on Christmas as well, possibly under the influence of commerce and from other countries where Christmas is celebrated with many presents (notably the US). In the north/east, the West Low German part of the Netherlands, some people will blow the Midwinter horns from Advent until Epiphany.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany, or , on January 6. Children, especially in the north of the Netherlands, dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns, re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts. In return they are rewarded with cakes and sweets. This practice is less common south of the great rivers. In the south and east of the Netherlands it is common practice to burn the Christmas trees of the community on a big pile on January 6 to celebrate the end of Christmas and the start of the new year.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: In Australia, as with all of the Southern Hemisphere, Christmas occurs during the height of the summer season. Christmas Day and Boxing Day (December 25–26) are recognized as national public holidays in Australia, and workers are therefore entitled to a day off with pay.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: The Australian traditions and decorations are quite similar to those of the United Kingdom and North America, and similar wintry iconography is commonplace. This means a red fur-coated Santa Claus riding a sleigh, carols such as "Jingle Bells", and various snow-covered Christmas scenes on Christmas cards and decorations appear in the middle of summer. There have also been depictions of Christmas traditions tailored to Australian iconography, such as Santa partaking in activities such as surfing (in 2015, a world record was set on Bondi Beach for the world's largest surf lesson, featuring 320 participants in Santa suits), parodies of traditional carols, and original songs such as Rolf Harris's "Six White Boomers" (which depicts Santa Claus as using a ute pulled by kangaroos instead of reindeer and a sleigh).


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: A notable Christmas event in Australia is "Carols by Candlelight"—an annual concert and charity appeal benefiting the charity Vision Australia.


title: Observance of Christmas by country

text: Christmas Day and Boxing Day are both statutory holidays in New Zealand. While Boxing Day is a standard statutory holiday, Christmas Day is one of the three-and-a-half days of the year where all but the most essential businesses and services must close. Many of New Zealand's Christmas traditions are similar to those of Australia in that they are a mix of United Kingdom and North American traditions conducted in summer. New Zealand celebrates Christmas with very little traditional Northern Hemisphere winter imagery. The pohutukawa ("Metrosideros excelsa"), which produces large crimson flowers in December, is an often used symbol for Christmas in New Zealand, and subsequently the pohutukawa has become known as the "New Zealand Christmas tree".


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: The Speed Freak Killers is the name given to serial killer duo Loren Herzog and Wesley Shermantine, together initially convicted of four murders — three jointly — in and around San Joaquin County, California. They received the "speed freak" moniker due to their methamphetamine abuse.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Herzog committed suicide in 2012. Shermantine remains on death row in San Quentin State Prison, in San Quentin, California.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Herzog and Shermantine grew up as childhood friends in the town of Linden, California. The citizens of Linden, a small town with fewer than 2,000 people, 95 miles east of San Francisco, were long aware of the duo's reputation as methamphetamine users. They were regulars at the Linden Inn, a bar owned by the father of 25-year-old Cyndi Vanderheiden of Clements, California. Vanderheiden went missing after leaving the Linden Inn with Herzog and Shermantine on November 14, 1998.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Investigation into Vanderheiden's disappearance continued into 1999, and Shermantine was the prime suspect. In mid-January 1999, Shermantine's car was repossessed and was subsequently searched by the San Joaquin Sheriff's Department. Blood from Cyndi Vanderheiden was discovered in the car, and while DNA test results were being confirmed, the sheriff's department focused on Loren Herzog, Shermantine's friend and suspected accomplice. He was extensively questioned.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Herzog described how Shermantine shot a hunter they ran into while on vacation in Utah in 1994. Utah police confirmed that a hunter was killed, but his murder was still classified as unsolved. Herzog also said Shermantine was responsible for killing Henry Howell, who was found parked off the road on Highway 88 in Alpine County with his teeth and head bashed in. Herzog said he and Shermantine passed Howell parked on the highway, and Shermantine stopped, grabbed Howell's shotgun, killed him, and stole what little money he had. Additionally, Herzog gave specific details about how Shermantine killed Robin Armtrout.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Herzog and Shermantine were arrested by the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Department and charged with several counts of murder each in March 1999.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2001, a jury found Shermantine guilty of four murders: those of Vanderheiden, Howard King, and Paul Cavanaugh – each shot dead in his car in 1984, and 16-year-old Chevelle "Chevy" Wheeler, who disappeared in 1985 from Franklin High School in Stockton after telling friends, she was leaving school to go with Shermantine to his family's cabin in San Andreas. Shermantine was sentenced to death and is on death row at San Quentin State Prison.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Herzog was charged with five counts of murder in 1999: that of Cyndi Vanderheiden, Henry Howell, Paul Raymond Cavanaugh, Howard Michael King III, and Roberta "Robin" Ray Armtrout. In his 2001 trial, a jury found him guilty on three murder counts (Vanderheiden, Cavanaugh, and King), the lesser charge of accessory to murder in the Howell count, and acquitted him on the Armtrout count. Herzog was given a 78-year sentence.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: An appeals court overturned all of Herzog's convictions in August 2004, ruling that three of Herzog's four confessions were coerced. In the case of the fourth, that of Cyndi Vanderheiden, a retrial was ordered. This retrial never took place. Rather, a plea bargain was reached, and Herzog pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and furnishing amphetamine in the Vanderheiden case and to being an accessory to murder in the Cavanaugh, King, and Howell cases. Accordingly, Herzog's sentence was reduced to 14 years, with credit for six years served. With credit off his sentence for good behavior, Herzog served 11 years in prison and was in a position to be paroled by 2010.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Opposition to the inevitability of Herzog's parole was extremely vocal, especially from victims' families. That no California county wanted to take him for parole led the California Department of Corrections to parole him to a trailer stationed outside the front gate of the High Desert State Prison in Susanville, California in Lassen County in September 2010.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Herzog committed suicide in January 2012, hanging himself inside his trailer. He did so shortly after bounty hunter Leonard Padilla informed Herzog that Shermantine was planning to disclose the location of a well and two other locations where the duo buried their victims. Previously, none of their victims' bodies had been found. Both men maintained that the other did the killing in all cases.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In February 2010, while Wesley Shermantine waited on death row, his sister Barbara received letters from him identifying the locations of victims in an abandoned well on Flood Road near Linden, California. She turned these letters over to the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department followed up on the lead, but in an interview with the property owner, the owner stated that the wells in question were sealed before the victims disappeared. No further action was taken at that time.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: More came out in February 2012, based on bounty hunter Leonard Padilla's promise to pay Shermantine $30,000 for information. A map drawn by Shermantine and additional information given again led authorities to the same Linden, California well site he mentioned in 2010. More than 1,000 human bone fragments were recovered. The bones were to be tested by the California Department of Justice for DNA profiling. In March 2012, the FBI's Evidence Recovery Team was asked to assist with the overall investigation, in part because of how the excavation of the Linden well was handled.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: The identity of the remains recovered in the well was announced to the public on March 30, 2012. They were those of two Stockton, California teens missing since the mid-1980s: Kimberly Ann Billy, 19, who disappeared December 11, 1984, and Joann Hobson, 16, who disappeared August 29, 1985. The remains of an additional victim and an unidentified fetus were found in the well.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Two separate burial sites in Calaveras County, California were also investigated in February 2012 based on a letter Shermantine wrote to Padilla that detailed possible locations of victims. Shermantine indicated sites near property formerly owned by Shermantine's parents. Bodies from these two sites were recovered and identified as those of Chevelle "Chevy" Wheeler and Cyndi Vanderheiden.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Shermantine was briefly released from death row into police custody in September 2012 to lead authorities to four additional abandoned wells where he stated more victim remains would be found, all near the town of Linden, done because Leonard Padilla paid him $28,000. In early January 2013, the FBI began excavating a well site, which they hoped would yield more victims' remains. Shermantine declined to speak further to authorities. On February 22, 2013, the FBI announced that it had ended the search for victims based on Shermantine's information. Two sites he had indicated had turned up nothing, and "other directions from him were misguided".


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Shermantine also claimed to know the locations in the Cow Mountain Recreation Area of bodies of victims killed by other death row inmates. Lake County sheriffs were skeptical that any bodies could be successfully recovered in the large park.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: Since 2012, several victims' families and elected officials have alleged that the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Office (SJCSO) interfered with and deliberately hampered the continued search for additional possible victims of the "Speed Freak Killers."


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2010, Shermantine wrote a letter to California State Senator Cathleen Galgiani—whose cousin, 19-year-old Dena McHan, disappeared in 1981—revealing the locations of the remains of additional victims. In 2012, Galgiani sponsored the use of taxpayer funds to search for additional victims of the pair and sought to simplify protocol granting incarcerated persons like Shermantine permission to participate in search excursions. Galgiani turned the letter over to law enforcement and later alleged that missing person records related to the "Speed Freak Killers" case had been deleted, hampering the further investigation.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2014, the mother of a missing woman filed suit against the SJCSO for mishandling the remains found in the Linden well. In 2015, a retired FBI agent corroborated her claims, alleging that the SJCSO deliberately used a backhoe to dig up remains, mangling them to prevent identification, so that the absence of certain files would not be discovered.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2018, the Sheriff-elect of San Joaquin County announced that the "Speed Freak Killers" case would be re-opened.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In August 2012, Shermantine wrote a letter to "The Stockton Record" after Herzog committed suicide in January 2012, in which he pointed out that Herzog bore a resemblance to the composite of the person who kidnapped "that Hayward girl." Commenting on the likeness Herzog bore to Garecht's kidnapper, witness Katrina Rodriguez commented: "I thought then and I think now he could be the kidnapper...  I think there are features that look very much like the man...It seems like a strong lead."


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: At Shermantine's direction, law enforcement began excavating an abandoned well in rural Linden, California in February 2012, where Herzog and Shermantine disposed of their victims. Thousands of bone fragments belonging to five different individuals were recovered from the well, some of which were believed to potentially belong to Garecht. However, DNA profiling completed later that year excluded Garecht as a possibility; the bones believed to have been hers were determined to be those of 19-year-old Kimberly Billy, who had disappeared in 1984. In January 2013, further excavations of abandoned wells in the area were completed, but yielded no further remains.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2015, a legal motion was filed by attorney Mark Geragos on behalf of a detective who was informed by a San Joaquin sheriff's deputy that a pair of Mary Jane shoes discovered in one of the Linden wells bore similarity to the shoes Garecht was last seen wearing. According to the detective, San Joaquin police refused to show him the shoes, both physically as well in photographs, and, as of March 2015, the shoes had not been examined by the Hayward Police Department.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: This case was featured on episode 178 of the series "American Justice", "Vanished", which first aired September 4, 2002. With the episode's 2002 production date, newer details relating to this case were not a part of the program. Two of the victims' families (the Wheelers and Vanderheidens) did not yet know where their daughters' bodies were, and Herzog was (still) serving a 78-year sentence.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2013, popular British true crime television program Born to Kill? made an episode about the deadly duo.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: The story was covered on the 2015 episode “Where Evil Lives”, on the crime documentary series "On the Case with Paula Zahn". The episode included updates on Herzog’s release and suicide, and the discovery of victims’ remains, including Wheeler and Vanderheiden—with comments from Wheeler‘s and Vanderheiden’s families.


title: Speed Freak Killers

text: In 2022, a Parcast production titled ‘Serial Killers’ chronicled the murders and lives of both Herzog and Shermantine in an episode titled ‘Speed Freak Killers’.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: Happy is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by A. Karunakaran and produced by Allu Aravind under his production Geetha Arts banner. The film stars Allu Arjun, Genelia D'Souza and Manoj Bajpayee while Deepak Shirke, Brahmanandam, Kishore and Tanikella Bharani play supporting roles. The music was scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film is inspired from the 2004 Tamil film "Azhagiya Theeye" with Radha Mohan providing the story while Karunakaran wrote the screenplay and Kona Venkat penning the dialogues.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: Madhumathi is the daughter of Suryanarayana, a politician who turns out to be a martinet at home with his attachment to power. He believes that his daughter's behavior would influence his caste politics, so he tries to keep her from continuing her MBBS as she goes to college and moves with friends of different mentalities. However, Madhumathi comes to her third year of medicine by maintaining her dignity, focusing completely on studies, and not being involved in any affairs of love. She goes for a medical camp with her classmates to Araku Valley where she meets Bunny in the woods. Her initial encounter with him is funny and playful. Bunny comes to Hyderabad and joins in a pizza shop as a delivery boy and continues his MBA by attending evening classes.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: In an incident, Surya thinks that his daughter is dating someone and comes to believe that it's none other than Bunny. Due to this, he decides to get her married to a person of his own caste: Arvind, who is settled as the DCP.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: Madhumati is more attached to her studies than marriage. She goes to Bunny and places the blame on him, saying that he was the reason for her marriage. Getting to know that, Bunny plans to stop the marriage and meets Arvind. Bunny lies to Arvind and convinces him that he is in love with Madhumathi. Arvind believes the latter and cancels the wedding. Later on, Surya plans to get her married to his friend's son Subba Rao, an illiterate who doesn't want his newly wed wife to be educated. He visits DCP Arvind and gives him the marriage invitation. Shocked Arvind meets Bunny and gets him married to Madhumathi in a registrar's office. He also gives his new flat for the couple to live in.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: Madhumathi becomes estranged from her family and in another series of events, she ends up living with Bunny (or rather Bunny ends up living with her, as he loses his job). Throughout their times together, mishaps and comedic events happen; Bunny ends up falling for Madhumati. Being separated from her family, she has no way of paying for fees and one day, she expresses this to Bunny. He gets into the film industry as a stuntman taking a high risk to his life to pay the semester fees for her MBBS.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: Madhumathi scores lowest marks in a subject and gets negative feedback from her professor. To focus on her studies, she scorns Bunny and wants him to be out of the house. She then focuses on her studies and achieves her MBBS degree with honors. On the day of her graduation, she admits to her friend that she is indeed in love with Bunny. Her friend reveals that he risked his life to pay her college tuition fee by doing dangerous stunts. He told her not to tell Madhumathi, and he is going back to Vishakhapatnam that day. With regret, she tries to reconcile with Bunny and goes to meet him at the railway station. On the way there, she gets caught by a roadblock set up by ACP Ratnam, who is her father's nemesis. As she was giving a lift to a sex worker (she did not know at the time), she is jailed under prostitution charges. Soon, Surya is arrested as he storms into the police station and slaps Ratnam, who arrested her in a rage of fury. She manages to contact Bunny with a cell phone provided by one of the inmates, and Bunny comes to the station. He also had an incident with Ratnam as he once berated him in public for smoking in a gas station. He becomes enraged and begins to fight with the police. Bunny and Ratnam have a long and bloody fight until Arvind comes and stops the fight. Bunny then bursts into tears emotionally and tells Arvind that Ratnam falsely arrested Madhumathi. Realizing how much the two love each other, Arvind allows the police to release Madhumathi from jail. He asks Bunny and Madhumati to leave and says that he will take care of everything and the couple reunite with each other.


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: Songs released on 30 December 2005, was a major highlight and main strength of the film. It features six tracks with 'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry, Chandrabose, Kulasekhar, Viswa, Pothula Ravi Kiran, Ananta Sriram having each penned lyrics for one song. Music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja received critical acclaim for the foot-tapping, brilliant and excellent music of "Happy".


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: "Idlebrain.com" rated the film 3.5/5 and stated: ""Happy" is a happy film watch for its songs and comedy." He appreciated the performance of Allu Arjun, songs picturization, and technical values while criticizing the tempo in the latter half."Indiaglitz" wrote that: "With a simple story and imaginative screenplay, the movie keeps you engrossed. The combination of enjoyable fun, good music and easy emotions make the film work."


title: Happy (2006 film)

text: This movie's dubbed version was also released in Kerala titled as Happy be Happy. It ran over 150 days in Kerala and was a blockbuster at the box office. The film created a big wave among the Malayali youth. When Allu Arjun got fans through Arya movie, that stardom got assured in Kerala through this movie.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM Television Worldwide Group and Digital (alternatively Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Television Group and Digital, commonly known as MGM Television and then-known as MGM/UA Television; common metonym: Lion) is an American television production/distribution studio launched in 1956 as "MGM-TV" as a division of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: MGM Television

text: From 2005 to 2006, MGM television programs were distributed by Sony Pictures Television (as a result from a Sony-led consortium buying MGM). Since May 31, 2006, MGM Television has resumed sole production and distribution of its programs on television. MGM Television has rejoined the first-run syndication market for the first time in many years with "Paternity Court".


title: MGM Television

text: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer first used television for promotional purposes having a tie in with "The Ed Sullivan Show" (on CBS) in the early 1950s. When "The Ed Sullivan Show" switched to 20th Century Fox, however, MGM attempted to arrange a promotional agreement with NBC, but could not come to terms on the specifics. The 30-minute show, "The MGM Parade", one of MGM's first television programs, was produced by MGM's trailer department as one of the compilation and promotional shows that imitated Disneyland, which was also on ABC. However, this program was canceled by ABC in mid-1956.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM took bids for its movie library in 1956 from Lou Chesler, PRM, Inc. owner (the WB pre-1948 library purchaser) and others. Chesler had offered $50 million for the film library. MGM then offered three-year term leases of film series, "Andy Hardys" "Maisies" and "Dr. Kildares" to TV film distributors. but decided on entering the TV market itself.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM-TV was started with the hiring of Bud Barry to head up the operation in June 1956. MGM-TV was to distribute its 770 films to TV (starting with the networks), TV production and purchasing TV stations. TV production was expect to start with the 1957–58 season and was to include half-hour remakes of or series based on its pictures. Initial feature film sales focused on selling to the networks. On August 6, 1956, C. Pete Jaeger was appointed as the general sales executive of MGM-TV. The same day, Monroe Mendelsohn was also hired. Both of them originally were executives of Guild Films. MGM then acquired 25% of KTTV in Los Angeles on August 20, 1956, in cash along with a $4 million film lease contract. MGM-TV began producing commercials by April 1957 creating ads for Knickerbocker and Standard Oil of Indiana.


title: MGM Television

text: By April 1957, MGM-TV was sued by the United States Department of Justice for Block booking to TV stations for selling its movie library as a whole. MGM-TV denied the charges as the stations have the options of 3; 100 film groups licensed for 2 years with three runs, 2 different 350 packages with rights for 3 to 4 years and unlimited runs, the full library for seven years with unlimited runs. Substitute of a film in another package for an equal value movie were allowed, as each film is also individual prices based on several factors including its age and its stars. Then a discount is applied, 50% for the full library, 37.5% on the 350 packages and 25% on the 100 groups.


title: MGM Television

text: In December 1957, the division had 10 TV series deal under consideration with plans for 8 to be in production with two outright owned and produced by MGM and the other six co-productions with independent producers. MGM-TV was also in negotiation with California National Productions, NBC's syndicated distribution subsidiary, for a deal to place two series into syndication.


title: MGM Television

text: By 1959, MGM was producing no primetime shows on television after NBC decided not to go with the "Jeopardy" pilot. They would resume producing primetime shows for the 1960-61 TV season. Paul Monash joined the company, who served as executive producer of the programs. He later left the studio to join 20th Century-Fox Television. In 1960, Norman Felton, formerly of CBS joined the studio to serve as program producer. In late 1960, MGM received a contract with NBC to obtain two series, that was on the air.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM TV started its own Television network, MGM Family Network (MFN), or MGM Television Network, on September 9, 1973, on 145 stations.


title: MGM Television

text: Due to mounting financial difficulties and decreased output, MGM closed its distribution offices in October 1973 and outsourced distribution for its film library for a ten-year period along with selling its music publishing arm to United Artists.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1981, Fred Silverman and George Reeves via InterMedia Entertainment struck a deal with the studio to produce films and TV shows.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1982, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Television was renamed MGM/UA Television Distribution after the merger with United Artists the previous year. In 1984, MGM/UA TV again launched an ad hoc TV network, MGM/UA Premiere Network, with movies. Also that same year, producer David Gerber, who was lured from Columbia Pictures struck a deal with MGM to produce television shows. In 1983, producer Jerry Ludwig has struck a two-year contract with MGM to produce programming. On June 12, 1985, David Gerber himself was appointed president of MGM/UA Television.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM/UA from Kirk Kerkorian, including all of the movies and television shows by MGM/UA. Due to a crushing debt, however, Turner was forced to return Kerkorian all of United Artists and the MGM trademark 74 days later on June 8. Turner kept the pre-May 1986 MGM television shows (the holdings of Associated Artists Productions). Thus, when Time Warner acquired Turner Broadcasting System in October 1996, the pre-May 1986 MGM/UA TV shows became part of Warner Bros. (via its Turner Entertainment unit). After Turner's sale, the television division was renamed MGM/UA Television Productions, through a merger of the separate United Artists Television, which was headed by John J. McMahon.


title: MGM Television

text: On October 15, 1986, the international television branch of MGM/UA Communications, headed by former Embassy Telecommunications executive Ross Brown, is planning on to speed the release of fourteen "James Bond" motion pictures in many markets to which the division had owned the rights, and the strategy at the upcoming MIPCOM television market at the Cannes to get more Bond films to television that went all around the world.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1987, the TV distribution arm MGM/UA Telecommunications Group (aka MGM/UA Telecommunications) was launched under the new company MGM/UA Communications Co. MGM/UA Television still kept producing the television series "Fame" until 1987, the 1980s version of The Twilight Zone until 1989, and Kids Incorporated until 1993. That year, the company sued a Danish distribution company, threatening to sell Scandinavian TV stations it has exclusive rights to MGM/UA programming in that territory. Also, in late August 1987, MGM/UA Telecommunications partnered with CBS Broadcast International to sell a package of new "Twilight Zone" half-hour episodes to syndication, comprising 60 half-hour segments from the first two network series, then 30 new first-run syndicated episodes to form a half-hour 90-episode package.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1992, MGM/UA Television Productions was reverted to MGM Television. The television company was reformed as MGM Worldwide Television Group and its distributor MGM Telecommunications Group. Also in 1992, the MGM TV Group has been dissolved, and David Gerber would leave the studio.


title: MGM Television

text: With Credit Lyonnais' taking control of MGM Studios in mid-1993 and bring in new chief executive Frank Mancuso, Mancuso soon started up a TV production division. In 1995, Gross-Weston Productions has struck a deal with the studio. Also later that year, MGM/UA Telecommunications has struck a deal with Seven Network to co-produce projects.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1996, the company was reformed for the television brand labels MGM Television Entertainment, MGM Domestic Television Distribution and MGM International Television Distribution when Kerkorian returned to MGM; however, MGM uses other names in the credits of their television shows such as MGM Global Television, Inc., MGM Global Holdings, Inc. and MGM Television Entertainment, Inc.


title: MGM Television

text: In 1997, MGM bought Orion Pictures Corporation, The Samuel Goldwyn Company, and Motion Picture Corporation of America from Metromedia. The purchase brought a number of TV series with them. As of the present time, MGM Television owns nearly all of the films and television programs originally handled by Filmways, Inc., Orion Television, American International Television, Heatter-Quigley Productions and Samuel Goldwyn Television.


title: MGM Television

text: In March 2001, MGM signed a multi-year international distribution deal for the NBC Studios catalog including current and future programs. Later in 2002, MGM and NBC Enterprises formed a joint advertising venture to sell national advertising barter time for the two companies' syndicated programs and handling the licensing of feature film and television programming product in the domestic television syndication market. The joint venture terminated on December 31, 2004, when the latter was merged with Universal Domestic Television and eventually became NBC Universal Domestic Television Distribution.


title: MGM Television

text: In 2005, MGM was purchased by a consortium which includes the Sony Corporation, Comcast and private equity investors. As a result, Sony Pictures Television assumed worldwide distribution and certain domestic distribution of the television library from MGM Television. After Sony bought MGM, the company was referred to as MGM Worldwide Television Distribution.


title: MGM Television

text: On May 31, 2006, MGM announced that it would drop Sony as its TV and home entertainment distributor by shifting its home video output to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, and relaunching its TV production/distribution arm. In October, MGM announced that they will distribute the film and television library from New Line Cinema. In 2008, rights reverted to Warner Bros. after consolidating New Line into WB.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM started entering the TV network and cable channel field in the mid-2000. MGM started with This TV, a joint venture network with Weigel Broadcasting, launched on November 1, 2006. MGM HD cable channel was launched in 2007. MGM and Comcast launched the Impact video on demand channel in mid-August 2008. The national Me-TV network launched on December 15, 2010, with MGM domestic television sales division handling the distribution of the network for Weigel Broadcasting. MGM was partnering on KIN TV, an African-American subchannel, with Lee Gaither of Basil Street Media and was involved in the launch of TV One, an African-American cable network, shopping it to stations in late 2011. MGM launched The Works in April 2014.


title: MGM Television

text: In 2009, MGM TV place eight series into development while signing Emma Roberts' and manager/producing partner David Sweeney's production company, Bossy Boots Production, to a first look deal to produce for MTV. MGM formed a TV finance and distribution entity, Orion TV Production. In December 2012, MGM Television announced they'd be launching a tabloid talk/nontraditional court show, "Paternity Court", through its Orion TV Productions.


title: MGM Television

text: On September 22, 2014, MGM acquired a 55% stake in Lightworkers Media and One Three Media, which were formed by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey with a partial stake held by Hearst Corporation, and consolidated the two companies into MGM's new TV production division, United Artists Media Group, with Burnett as CEO. On December 14, 2015, MGM announced that it had acquired the remaining stake in UAMG in a stock and cash deal, and that Burnett would become the new CEO of MGM Television replacing the outgoing president Roma Khanna. As a result, Burnett's reality show franchises ("Survivor", "The Voice", "The Celebrity Apprentice", and "Shark Tank") are now being co-produced by MGM Television with their other respective original producers.


title: MGM Television

text: While continuing its first look deal with Content Media Corporation, Caryn Mandabach Productions signed a multi-year scripted production deal with MGM TV in October 2015. In November 2016, MGM formed Gato Grande Productions, a joint venture with Mexican entrepreneurs Miguel Aleman and Antonio Cué. Gato Grande's first project was a TV series about recording artist Luis Miguel.


title: MGM Television

text: On October 31, 2015, MGM launched a new digital television network with Sinclair Broadcast Group known as Comet, with a focus on science fiction and related genres (including content from MGM's library). In December 2016, MGM launched Light TV—another new network focusing on family and faith-based entertainment, and in February 2017, MGM launched a second venture with Sinclair, Charge!, which largely replaced The Works. Charge!, another Sinclair network, began broadcasting on February 28, 2017, with MGM programming once again.


title: MGM Television

text: On July 18, 2017, MGM Television acquired Evolution Media, a non-scripted studio best known for the "Real Housewives" franchise. In June 2018, MGM Television acquired Big Fish Entertainment, the production company behind A&E's "Live PD".


title: MGM Television

text: A new post, senior vice-president of digital and new platform, was created then filled in March 2017 by Sam Toles. In July 2017, MGM Television announced that it would revive the "Stargate" franchise with a new, digital-exclusive series, "Stargate Origins", as part of a new subscription streaming service known as Stargate Command launched in third quarter 2017. By August 2018, MGM's Digital Group had formed United Artists Digital Studios to produce show such as "Stargate Origins". The streaming service was closed on December 31, 2019, as it reached only 75,000 subscribers.


title: MGM Television

text: Burnett in June 2018 was promoted to chairman when he renewed his contract until 2022. In late 2019, the group assigned a number of first look agreements with 42, a British-American production and management firm, The Big Picture Co. owned by Renee Zellweger and Carmella Casinelli, Weed Road Pictures and Escape Artists.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM Television Group expanded by adding additional new labels. MGM Global Formats and Unscripted Content, its international formats division, was started in April 2019 with the hiring of Scot Cru as executive vice president and Patrice Choghi as senior vice president. MGM International TV was formed in 2019. One of the division's focus is developing projects with Latinx talent. The division's first development project is "Tacowood", a comedy series produced by and starring Paz Vega based on an idea by Frank Ariza, announced in early February 2020. By 2020, Orion Television was formed as three development executives were hired and placed under Barry Poznick, MGM's President of Unscripted & Alternative Television and Orion Television. One of the development executives would also work as studio development head for its partnership with Brat TV to develop young adult scripted content. In February 2020, the group formed the MGM/UA Television division head by president Steve Stark, who previously was MGM's president of scripted television production and development.


title: MGM Television

text: In 2020, MGM Television invested in podcast producer AudioUp. As part of the agreement, AudioUp will produce and distribute five podcasts a year for MGM.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM launched two more subchannel networks in late 2016 and early 2017. Light TV, a co-venture with Burnett and Downey and Hearst, started up on December 22, 2016.


title: MGM Television

text: MGM previous attempted a TV network starting in 1973 MGM Family Network (MFN), or MGM Television Network, using its movies on Sundays before Big Three network programming and again starting in 1984 with MGM/UA Premiere Network movie network.


title: MGM Television

text: The Works subchannel network went off the air in early 2017 when apparently most affiliates switch to Charge! In January 2020, Roku launched the MGM Sci-Fi channel.


title: MGM Television

text: In October 2020, Byron Allen's Allen Media Group (which also controls Entertainment Studios) announced that it would acquire This TV and Light TV from MGM.


title: MGM Television

text: The Impact video on demand channel was announced by Comcast and MGM in August 2008 to feature action movies and TV shows to be rolled out market by market starting that week. At the time of channel's launch mid-August, Comcast owned 20% of MGM. MGM was seeking other cable providers to carry the channel. Impact is the third channel by MGM into TV broadcasting field as MGM formed a partnership with Weigel Broadcasting for the digital subchannel network, This TV, in July and MGM HD, its year old cable channel. With Impact expecting to be streaming via its website in 2009.


title: MGM Television

text: The channel is programmed from the MGM library with 20 to 30 films (some in HD) available per month out of 1,000 action movies and shows in the library. With in the channel, the movies and shows are categorized into thrillers, crime, war films, martial arts, westerns and espionage groups. Most selections will be free but supported by advertising and come from the post-DVD film window of pay-TV providers. The "James Bond", "Rocky" and "Robocop" franchises are amongst the available films for the channel. "The Terminator", "Enter the Ninja" and "Windtalkers" were amongst the first 25 movies available on the channel. "The Magnificent Seven", "American Ninja 2", "Bulletproof Monk", "Into the Blue" and "Roadhouse" are also expected to be available in time through the channel.


title: DMX discography

text: American rapper DMX released eight studio albums, seven compilation albums, three mixtapes, 47 singles (including 17 as a featured artist) and 24 music videos.


title: DMX discography

text: In 1998, DMX released his debut studio album, "It's Dark and Hell Is Hot", peaking at number 1 on the "Billboard" 200 and being certified 4× Platinum. In the same year, DMX's second album "Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood" achieved similar success, selling 3.5 million copies to date. From 1998 to 2003, DMX released five consecutive number 1 albums, including the former two as well as "... And Then There Was X" (1999), "The Great Depression" (2001) and "Grand Champ" (2003). Eleven of DMX's solo singles charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100, including "Ruff Ryders' Anthem", "What's My Name?", "What These Bitches Want", and "Party Up (Up in Here)".


title: DMX discography

text: As of June 2014, DMX became the fifth best-selling rap or hip-hop artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era in the United States, with the sales of 23.3 million albums.


title: The Lovers

text: The Lovers (VI) is the sixth trump or Major Arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks. It is used in game playing as well as in divination.


title: The Lovers

text: According to A.E. Waite's 1910 book "Pictorial Key to the Tarot", the Lovers card carries several divinatory associations:


title: The Lovers

text: 6. THE LOVERS.—Attraction, love, beauty, trials overcome. "Reversed:" Failure, foolish designs. Another account speaks of marriage frustrated and contrarieties of all kinds.


title: The Lovers

text: In some traditions, the Lovers represent relationships and choices. Its appearance in a spread indicates some decision about an existing relationship, a temptation of the heart, or a choice of potential partners. Often an aspect of the Querent's life will have to be sacrificed; a bachelor(ette)'s lifestyle may be sacrificed and a relationship gained (or vice versa), or one potential partner may be chosen while another is turned down. Whatever the choice, it should not be made lightly, as the ramifications will be lasting.


title: The Lovers

text: The Lovers is associated with the star sign Gemini, and indeed is also known as The Twins in some decks. Other associations are with Air, Mercury, and the Hebrew letter ז (Zayin).


title: The Lovers

text: In the Rider Waite deck, the imagery for this card is changed significantly from the traditional depiction. Instead of a couple receiving a blessing from a noble or cleric, the Rider–Waite deck depicts Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. By reducing the number of human beings depicted in the card from three to two, Waite was able to reinforce its correspondence with Gemini. The Rider–Waite card also includes the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil with a serpent wrapped around its trunk. The symbolism of no return from making bad decisions, and the consequences of innocence lost, would be more widely understood from this imagery.


title: Novares Group

text: The Novares Group is a French manufacturer of car parts. It was started in 1955 by Charles Manni, and was previously known as Mecaplast. Thierry Manni is chairman of the board, and the chief executive officer is Pierre Boulet. Mecaplast merged with Key Plastics in 2016, and in 2017 the combined firm changed its name to Novares.


title: Novares Group

text: During the financial crisis of 2007–2008 some workers were made redundant, and some plants were closed.


title: Novares Group

text: In August 2009 the company was nominated as a strategic supplier for PSA and Renault, and so benefitted from the Modernization Fund for Automobile Equipment Suppliers (FMEA) which increased the company’s capital by €55 million/33% stake.


title: Novares Group

text: The Chennai plant in India was opened on 3 June 2010. A factory was opened in Zrenjanin, Serbia, in 2012.


title: Novares Group

text: In 2016 a majority holding in the company was sold to Equistone Partners Europe, a private investment company. Later that year, Mecaplast acquired and merged with Key Plastics, an American car parts company. About a year later the combined operation was renamed Novares. In 2018 the group arranged for its shares to be floated on the Euronext Paris exchange, but the flotation was cancelled.


title: Novares Group

text: In March 2020 the company received a cash injection af €45 million from its stockholders Equistone and BPI Paris. In April of that year it went into receivership.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Knight Rider 2000 is a 1991 American made-for-television science fiction action film based on the 1982–1986 television series "Knight Rider".


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: In the year 2000, conventional handguns have been banned, with law enforcement carrying non-lethal "ultrasound" pistols. Nationwide budget changes have resulted in the adoption of cryonic suspension over standard incarceration for convicted criminals. Following the assassination of a mayor in San Antonio, his replacement demands a solution, which is found in the form of the "Knight 4000", a car that will become the next generation of the Knight Industries' supercar KITT.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Thomas J. Watts is released from prison and assassinates the mayor. Police officer Shawn McCormick confronts the masked Watts holding the next mayor at gunpoint. She shoots Watts, who flees. The city's new mayor demands the gunman be found, while his councilmen reprimand him for disarming the police and setting up the cryo-prison where the inmates "sleep away" their sentences and emerge the same people as before.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: The Knight Foundation, created from a combination of Knight Industries and the Foundation for Law and Government, offers a possible solution – the "Knight 4000". Devon Miles and his partner, Russel Maddock, are green-lit on the idea, but the city wants to see a working prototype. Devon brings in Michael Knight as the test driver. The Knight 4000 has most of KITT's original features, but adds an amphibious mode that allows the car to drive on water, a heads-up display, and a stun device that can remotely incapacitate a human.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Watts shoots Shawn after she discovers that some of her colleagues are working with the assassin to rearm criminals so the city will give the police their guns back. Doctors save Shawn by installing a microchip implant into her brain. She recovers, but cannot remember the details of the attack.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Michael is furious that KITT has been dismantled and rebuilds KITT's AI unit, which is difficult since Maddock has sold most of KITT's technology to medical research. He reactivates KITT's logic module and installs him in the dashboard of his 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Shawn quits the police force after she learns her chief, Daniels, did not want to authorize her brain chip implant nor get involved in her case. She seeks employment with the Foundation, and Michael learns one of KITT's cybernetic chips is in her head. KITT links up with the chip and extracts her missing memories. Shawn remembers that Watts shot her and that her fellow officers were with him, including her partner.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Watts learns Shawn is alive and sends the corrupt cops to eliminate her and Michael, who are chased down when they try fleeing in KITT. KITT helps them evade capture by driving off a pier where he quickly sinks. Michael and Shawn are safe, but KITT is damaged when water enters his circuitry. With Watts believing Michael and Shawn dead, he captures Devon and uses mind scanning technology to discover what Devon knows, killing him afterward.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Michael and Shawn swim to safety and return to the Foundation, learning of Devon's death. After Devon's funeral, the mayor terminates FLAG's contract. Michael quits, but after Shawn confronts him, he returns and retrofits the Knight 4000 with KITT's AI.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Michael and Shawn follow her former partner to a warehouse where guns are stored. Shawn arranges a gun transaction with her former partner. Before he can cooperate with FLAG's investigation, Watts shoots him. Michael saves Shawn from being killed.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Maddock sends KITT a copy of the prison release papers for Watts, signed by the murdered mayor. Michael has KITT print more copies, sending one with a fake signature to Daniels using her name, and a similar one to the mayor, this time with his name. Following the mayor's limo, they record a conversation between the mayor and Watts discussing the papers.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: After ambushing a caravan of corrupt cops, they find no guns. KITT informs Michael there is another group of police cars headed for the local mall. Maddock convinces Daniels to allow KITT to pursue them.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Watts has begun a transaction with a gun buyer. When one of the corrupt cops guarding Watts sights Shawn moving in, he shoots her, and the buyer and Watts flee. Michael catches up to Watts and disarms him. A fight ensues between Michael and Watts, Michael only stopping when Watts picks up his handgun. Shawn, only slightly wounded, arrives with the other handgun, instructing Watts to drop his. Michael talks Shawn down from shooting Watts. Watts then draws another gun hidden under his coat but Michael draws out an ultrasound gun and shoots Watts, who falls to his death.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: After Watts' defeat, the mayor is incarcerated, Michael returns to retirement, and KITT remains at the Knight Foundation with Shawn and Maddock. The trio continue their police work.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Actor James Doohan makes a cameo appearance as an innocent bystander that KITT mistakes for a criminal stealing money from an ATM. KITT stuns the suspect and the man collapses. When Michael and Maddock pick up the man to arrest him, they find Mr. Doohan, delirious (from being stunned), and mumbling various lines from his role of Scotty on "".


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: The studio was unable to use the real Pontiac Banshee IV concept car for the movie, so instead it hired Jay Ohrberg Star Cars Inc. to customize a 1991 Dodge Stealth for the Knight 4000. After filming wrapped, the custom car was used on other TV productions of the time and can also be seen, albeit briefly, as a stolen supercar in "CHiPs '99", a future police vehicle in "Power Rangers Time Force", and in an episode of the television series "Black Scorpion" in 2001. After lying abandoned and unmaintained for 10 years, one of the cars was offered for sale in January 2021 by Bob's Prop Shop in Las Vegas.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: It was filmed in San Antonio, Texas and features some of the city's landmarks such as the Botanical Gardens, the Tower of the Americas and Shops at Rivercenter (then known as Rivercenter Mall).


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Because David Hasselhoff was already committed to "Baywatch", he wouldn't have been available to play Michael Knight full time had "Knight Rider 2000" actually made it to series. Hasselhoff as a compromise, suggested to NBC entertainment chief Brandon Tartikoff to do four "Knight Rider" movies-of-the-week. NBC ultimately said to Hasselhoff that they were going to make movies-of-the-week for "Knight Rider" just like he suggested. But as it turned out, NBC ordered Universal to produce just one movie-of-the-week instead of four. Universal replied by saying that they couldn't figure out how to make money unless they make at least two films and produce them back-to-back. When NBC refused to order more than one movie, that effectively ended this particular "Knight Rider" revival.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: Although the ratings for "Knight Rider 2000" were excellent, when NBC tested the audience reaction to Susan Norman, who was expected to front-line this proposed new "Knight Rider" series, she was given a thumbs down. According to David Hasselhoff, "Knight Rider 2000" missed the point of the original series and had taken the wrong direction. Instead, the story is about a former cop turned psychotic killer who brings terror to the city of San Antonio in the year 2000.


title: Knight Rider 2000

text: As well as being available as a single DVD, it is included in the Region 1, Region 2 and Region 4 versions of the "Knight Rider" Season One box set.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: The Dragon Tattoo Stories film series, consists of American films based on the "Millennium" novels which were written by Stieg Larsson and David Lagercrantz. The plot centers around the novels' primary protagonists, Lisbeth Salander and Mikael Blomkvist, as they investigate criminal injustices; with Salander being a vigilante, computer-hacker that takes matters into her own hands. The film series is distributed jointly by Sony Pictures through Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Releasing.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: A disgraced journalist, Mikael Blomkvist (Daniel Craig) investigates the disappearance of a wealthy patriarch's niece who has been missing for forty years. He is aided by the young computer hacker named Lisbeth Salander (Rooney Mara). As they work together in the investigation, Blomkvist and Salander uncover immense corruption beyond anything anyone could have anticipated.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: Lisbeth Salander (Claire Foy) and Mikael Blomkvist (Sverrir Gudnason) once again teamup, this time to become involved in a conspiracy of spies, cybercriminals, and corrupt government officials, and discover the deception runs closer than they understand, with familiar ties to the pair.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: The success of Stieg Larsson's novel created Hollywood interest in adapting the book, as became apparent in 2009, when Lynton and Pascal pursued the idea of developing an "American" version unrelated to the Swedish film adaptation released that year. By December, two major developments occurred for the project: Steven Zaillian became the screenwriter, while producer Scott Rudin finalized a partnership allocating full copyrights to Sony. Zaillian, who was unfamiliar with the novel, got a copy from Rudin. The screenwriter recalled, "They sent it to me and said, 'We want to do this. We will think of it as one thing for now. It's possible that it can be two and three, but let's concentrate on this one.'"


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: was astounded by the series' size and success. Fincher stated: "The ballistic, ripping-yarn thriller aspect of it is kind of a red herring in a weird way. It is the thing that throws Salander and Blomkvist together, but it is their relationship you keep coming back to. I was just wondering what 350 pages Zaillian would get rid of." Because Zaillian was already cultivating the screenplay, the director avoided interfering. Once the script was completed Fincher was comfortable that "they were headed in the same direction". The writing process lasted approximately six months, including three months reviewing the script, creating notes and analyzing the novel. Given the book's sizable length, Zaillian deleted elements to match Fincher's desired running time. Even so, Zaillan took significant departures from the book. Zaillian stated that during the writing process, the production team intended to stay close to the source material though there would be differences.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: The production team decided early in the development process that they would not stray away from the novel's darker themes, planning instead to delve deeper into them. Instead of the typical three-act structure, they chose a five-act structure, with Fincher comparing the plot to "a lot of TV cop dramas."


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: In November 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Sony Pictures Entertainment was planning to develop a new film series based on the "Millennium" novels, starting with an adaptation of "The Girl in the Spider's Web" by David Lagercrantz. In the same announcement, it was confirmed that Rooney Mara and Daniel Craig, nor Fincher would return to the series. Steven Knight was announced in early negotiations to develop the adaptation, while the producers would be Scott Rudin, Amy Pascal, Elizabeth Cantillon, Berna Levin, Søren Stærmose, and Ole Sondberg.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: By November 2016, Sony had entered negotiations with Fede Álvarez to direct the film, with Eli Bush slated to act as an additional producer. In March 2017, it was announced that the film would feature an entirely new cast as the director wanted to be able to create his own interpretation of the source material. Production set to begin in September 2017. In September 2017, Foy was officially cast in the starring role.


title: Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series)

text: By October, Sylvia Hoeks joined the cast as Camilla Salander. The rest of the cast was announced over the next five months.<ref name="Merchant/Lund"></ref>


title: Tom Attenborough

text: Thomas Frederick Richard Attenborough (born 13 October 1986) is an English voice actor and theatre director. He is the son of theatre director Michael Attenborough, grandson of the late film actor and director Richard Attenborough and the great nephew of broadcaster David Attenborough.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: Born in October 1986, the first of two boys for Michael Attenborough and Karen, his wife. Attenborough was raised in London and attended St Paul's School. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge to study English Literature. He graduated in 2009 and became artistic director of Rhapsody of Words Productions in 2010. In 2011 he won a runner-up prize for the JMK Award, and in 2012 was made an Associate Artist of HighTide Festival Theatre. In 2016 he became associate director of the Watermill Theatre, Newbury.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: His career began as a voiceover artist. After joined Hobson's International's children's division, he voiced Christopher Robin in "The Tigger Movie" and Harry Potter in the "Harry Potter" video games.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: Attenborough works as a freelance theatre director in and around London. His first job was as an assistant director to Rachel Chavkin on "The American Capitalism Project". Since then his career has included work at the National Theatre, the Minerva Theatre Chichester, the Almeida Theatre, MCS Oxford, The Old Vic, the Menier Chocolate Factory, the Hampstead Theatre, Theatre Royal Bath and the West End. Early productions included "The Shape of Things" by Neil LaBute at The Gallery Soho in London, and the regional premiere of "The Mountaintop" by Katori Hall for Derby LIVE.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: Rhapsody of Words presented a revival of Conor McPherson's play "Port Authority" at the Southwark Playhouse, starring Ardal O'Hanlon, John Rogan and Andrew Nolan in 2012. They then produced Rashid Razaq's new play, "The President and the Pakistani", at the Waterloo East Theatre. Both productions were directed by Attenborough. Their production of "Cinderella and the Beanstalk", the world's first 3-man family pantomime, at Theatre503, which premiered in December 2014 and returned in 2015 to sell-out audiences and great critical acclaim.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: Attenborough directed a new play by Rob Hayes, "Step 9 (of 12)", starring Blake Harrison, at London's Trafalgar Studios in May 2012. He directed revivals of "Abigail's Party" and "Noises Off", both of which toured the UK in the first half of 2013. In 2015 Attenborough directed Morgan Lloyd Malcolm's new play "The Wasp" at the Hampstead Theatre Downstairs, starring Sinead Matthews and MyAnna Buring. He also had hits with "The Whipping Man" at Theatre Royal Plymouth and the Pulitzer-Prize winning "Dinner with Friends" at Park Theatre.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: "The Wasp" transferred to the West End in 2016, with Buring reprising her role opposite Laura Donnelly. In 2016 Attenborough also directed a major UK tour of Noël Coward's "Private Lives", as well as the regional premiere of "Untold Stories" by Alan Bennett.


title: Tom Attenborough

text: In March 2017, Attenborough directed the West End debut of Tony Award Winner Stephen Karam's play "Speech and Debate" at London's Trafalgar Studios.


title: Karina Longworth

text: Karina Longworth (born July 10, 1980) is an American film critic, author, and journalist based in Los Angeles.


title: Karina Longworth

text: Longworth writes, hosts and produces the podcast "You Must Remember This", about the "secret and/or forgotten histories of Hollywood's first century".


title: Karina Longworth

text: Longworth received a BFA in Film and a Master of Arts in Cinema Studies from the San Francisco Art Institute.


title: Karina Longworth

text: She is one of the founders of the film culture blog "Cinematical" and formerly edited both "Cinematical" and the film blog "SpoutBlog" and, while living in New York, was heard regularly on the Public Radio International show "The Takeaway". From 2010–2012, she was the Film Editor and lead critic at "LA Weekly".


title: Karina Longworth

text: Longworth has contributed to numerous magazines, including "New York Magazine", "Filmmaker", "Time Out New York", "Cineaste", and "Las Vegas Weekly", as well as the online publications "Slate", "indieWIRE", "The Daily Beast", "The Huffington Post", "The Village Voice", and "Vanity Fair's Little Gold Men blog".


title: Karina Longworth

text: When she was still a web critic for "SpoutBlog", Longworth appeared in the documentary "", explaining the virtues of blogging – for creating a back-and-forth dialogue with readers. About blogging she went on to say, "I have a Master's Degree in Film Studies, but I’m no more qualified to blog than a high school student in Vermont." "The New York Times" has called Longworth "freakishly smart", and "Variety" said, "... it's the ever-proliferating bloggers – "Spout", "Cinematical", "Movie City" "News and Hollywood Elsewhere" – that have become the instant barometers for how a film plays."


title: Karina Longworth

text: In 2007, "Variety" said, "As the pool of well-paid print critics shrinks in size, the next generation of film fans may come to trust critic/bloggers like … Spout's Karina Longworth, who helped to create the major film blog Cinematical". "The New York Times" has commented, "Are print critics really so all-important and sacrosanct with the Web full of debates about all manner of film in places like indiewire.com, cinematical.com and blog.spout.com?"


title: Karina Longworth

text: In April 2014, Longworth launched "You Must Remember This", a podcast that covers lesser-known Hollywood stories from the early- to mid-twentieth century. Distributed by the Panoply network in association with Slate Magazine, there have been 189 episodes so far, all written and narrated by Longworth. It has become one of the top film podcasts; the "Washington Post" called it "knowledgeable and laceratingly funny". Podcast Magazine gave the show five out of five mics. The show won the 2016 award for "TV & Film" at the Academy of Podcasters Awards and was a finalist in the 2017. The podcast's most talked about series to date was adapted from the unfinished memoir of academy award nominated production designer and film producer Polly Platt.


title: Karina Longworth

text: Longworth married director Rian Johnson in 2018. She received a special thanks in the credits of Johnson's film "Knives Out".


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Dartmouth ( ) is an urban community and former city located in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada. Dartmouth is located on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour. Dartmouth has been nicknamed the City of Lakes, after the large number of lakes located within its boundaries.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: On April 1, 1996, the provincial government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM). Dartmouth and its neighbouring city of Halifax, the town of Bedford and the Municipality of the County of Halifax were dissolved. The city of Dartmouth forms part of the urban core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the "capital district" by the Halifax Regional Municipality. At the time that the City of Dartmouth was dissolved, the provincial government altered its status to a separate community to Halifax; however, its status as part of the metropolitan "Halifax" urban core existed prior to municipal reorganization in 1996.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Dartmouth is still an official geographic name that is used by all levels of government for legal purposes, postal service, mapping, 9-1-1 emergency response, municipal planning, and is recognized by the Halifax Regional Municipality as a civic addressing community. The official place name did not change, due to the confusion with similar street names, land use planning set out by the former "City of Dartmouth," and significant public pressure. Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force, as well as specific bylaws created prior to April 1, 1996.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Miꞌkmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War. The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Miꞌkmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1751), Lunenburg (1753), and Lawrencetown (1754).


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: In 1750, the sailing ship "Alderney" arrived with 151 immigrants. Municipal officials at Halifax decided that these new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. During the early years, eight Acadian and Miꞌkmaq raids were made on the new British settlement, such as the Raid on Dartmouth (1751).


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: The original settlement was made in an area the Miꞌkmaq called Ponamogoatitjg (Boonamoogwaddy), which has been varyingly translated as "Tomcod Ground" or "Salmon Place" in reference to the fish that were presumably caught in this part of Halifax Harbour. The community was later given the English name of Dartmouth in honour of William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth, who was a former secretary of state. By 1752, 53 families consisting of 193 people lived in the community.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Dartmouth was initially a sawmill and agricultural outpost of Halifax. In the mid-19th century, though, it grew, first with the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal and more importantly with the rise of successful industrial firms such as the Dartmouth Marine Slips, the Starr Manufacturing Company, and the Stairs Ropeworks.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: In 1873, Dartmouth was incorporated as a town, and a town hall was established in 1877. In 1955, the town was permanently linked to Halifax by the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, which led to rapid suburban growth. The Town of Dartmouth amalgamated with several neighbouring villages into the City of Dartmouth in 1961. The A. Murray MacKay Bridge opened in 1970, furthering commercial and residential growth. The Dartmouth General Hospital opened in 1976.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: The city was dissolved on April 1, 1996, when its government was amalgamated into the Halifax Regional Municipality.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: The HRM community council for Dartmouth, the Harbour East - Marine Drive Community Council, is held in various locations on the first Thursday of every month.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Residents of Dartmouth are known as Dartmouthians. As a community, Dartmouth has often tended to distinguish itself from the community and former city of Halifax, even under the present municipal amalgamation. Dartmouth is also the Halifax Regional Municipality's Public Works Eastern Region.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: The city was not only a bedroom community for Halifax, but also had commerce and industries of its own, including the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant, and a molasses plant dating back to the days of the triangular trade with the West Indies. Today, Dartmouth is home to the shopping district of Dartmouth Crossing, as well as federal government offices, many located in the Queen Square building on Alderney Drive.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Dartmouth is linked to Halifax by the oldest continuously operating saltwater ferry service in North America with the first crossing having taken place in 1752. Early ferries were powered by horses, which were replaced with steam engines in 1830. During the early 20th century, ferries shuttled pedestrians and vehicles between the downtown areas of Halifax and Dartmouth. A railway trestle was built across Halifax Harbour in the late 19th century to bring rail service to Dartmouth, but it was destroyed by a storm, requiring the present railway connection built around Bedford Basin.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: During the early 1950s, construction began on the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, a suspension bridge crossing Halifax Harbour. It opened in 1955, ushering in an unprecedented development boom in Dartmouth. New subdivisions, shopping centres, office buildings, and industrial parks have been built in recent decades. A second bridge, the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, was opened in 1970 and the Highway 111 Circumferential Highway was built around Dartmouth to Woodside at this time.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: The former City of Dartmouth, at the time of the 1996 census, covered 58.57 km and housed 65,629 people. After 1 April 1996, the former city was turned into an urban community of the Halifax Regional Municipality.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: The oldest structure in Dartmouth is the house of William Ray, a Quaker and cooper from Nantucket who moved to Dartmouth in 1785-86 as a whaler. Its materials and construction methods closely resemble Quaker architecture in Nantucket, such as the asymmetrical façade design and stone foundation. It is located at 59 Ochterloney Street, and is believed to have been built around 1785 or 1786. Today, it is a museum, furnished as a typical modest dwelling of a merchant of that time.


title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

text: Dartmouth's city hall was built in the early 1960s on the waterfront adjacent to the Alderney Ferry Terminal. The building was declared surplus and sold to Starfish Properties, and was to be redeveloped.


title: EICAR test file

text: The EICAR Anti-Virus Test File or EICAR test file is a computer file that was developed by the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research (EICAR) and Computer Antivirus Research Organization (CARO), to test the response of computer antivirus (AV) programs. Instead of using real malware, which could cause real damage, this test file allows people to test anti-virus software without having to use a real computer virus.


title: EICAR test file

text: Anti-virus programmers set the EICAR string as a verified virus, similar to other identified signatures. A compliant virus scanner, when detecting the file, will respond in more or less the same manner as if it found a harmful virus. Not all virus scanners are compliant, and may not detect the file even when they are correctly configured. Neither the way in which the file is detected nor the wording with which it is flagged are standardized, and may differ from the way in which real malware is flagged, but should prevent it from executing as long as it meets the strict specification set by European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research.


title: EICAR test file

text: The use of the EICAR test string can be more versatile than straightforward detection: a file containing the EICAR test string can be compressed or archived, and then the antivirus software can be run to see whether it can detect the test string in the compressed file. Many of the AMTSO Feature Settings Checks are based on the EICAR test string.


title: EICAR test file

text: The file is a text file of between 68 and 128 bytes that is a legitimate .com executable file (plain x86 machine code) that can be run by MS-DOS, some work-alikes, and its successors OS/2 and Windows (except for 64-bit due to 16-bit limitations). When executed, the EICAR test file will print "EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!" and then will stop. The test string was written by noted anti-virus researchers Padgett Peterson and Paul Ducklin and engineered to consist of ASCII human-readable characters, easily created using a standard computer keyboard. It makes use of self-modifying code to work around technical issues that this constraint imposes on the execution of the test string.


title: EICAR test file

text: The developers of one anti-virus software, Malwarebytes, have said that they did not add the EICAR test file to their database, because "adding fake malware and test files like EICAR to the database takes time away from malware research, and proves nothing in the long run".


title: EICAR test file

text: According to EICAR's specification, the antivirus detects the test file only if it starts with the 68-byte test string and is not more than 128 bytes long. As a result, antiviruses are not expected to raise an alarm on some other document containing the test string. The test file can still be used for some malicious purposes, exploiting the reaction from the antivirus software:


title: Ganges Delta

text: The Ganges Delta (also known as the Sundarbans Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the Bengal region of South Asia, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the world's largest river delta and it empties into the Bay of Bengal with the combined waters of several river systems, mainly those of the Brahmaputra river and the Ganges river. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname the "Green Delta". The delta stretches from the Hooghly River east as far as the Meghna River.


title: Ganges Delta

text: The Ganges Delta has the shape of a triangle and is considered to be an "arcuate" (arc-shaped) delta. It covers more than and lies mostly in Bangladesh and India, with rivers from Bhutan, Tibet, and Nepal draining into it from the north. Most of the delta is composed of alluvial soils made up by small sediment particles that finally settle down as river currents slow down in the estuary. Rivers carry these fine particles with them, even from their sources at glaciers as fluvio-glacial. Red and red-yellow laterite soils are found as one heads farther east. The soil has large amounts of minerals and nutrients, which is good for agriculture.


title: Ganges Delta

text: It is composed of a labyrinth of channels, swamps, lakes, and flood plain sediments (chars). The Gorai-Madhumati River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges, divides the Ganges Delta into two parts: the geologically young, active, eastern delta, and the older, less active, western delta.


title: Ganges Delta

text: Between 125 and 143 million people live on the delta, despite risks from floods caused by monsoons, heavy run-off from the melting snows of the Himalayas, and North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. A large part of the nation of Bangladesh lies in the Ganges Delta; many of the country's people depend on the delta for survival.


title: Ganges Delta

text: It is believed that upwards of 300 million people are supported by the Ganges Delta; approximately 400 million people live in the Ganges River Basin, making it the most populous river basin in the world. Most of the Ganges Delta has a population density greater than 200/km (520 people per square mile), making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world.


title: Ganges Delta

text: Three terrestrial ecoregions cover the delta. The Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion covers most of the delta region, although the forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture and only small enclaves remain. Thick stands of tall grass, known as canebrakes, grow in wetter areas. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests ecoregion lies closer to the Bay of Bengal; this ecoregion is flooded with slightly brackish water during the dry season, and fresh water during the monsoon season. These forests, too, have been almost completely converted to intensive agriculture, with only of the protected. Where the delta meets the Bay of Bengal, Sundarbans mangroves form the world's largest mangrove ecoregion, covering an area of in a chain of 54 islands. They derive their name from the predominant mangrove species, "Heritiera fomes", which are known locally as "sundri" or "sundari".


title: Ganges Delta

text: Animals in the delta include the Indian python ("Python molurus"), clouded leopard ("Neofelis nebulosa"), Indian elephant ("Elephas maximus indicus") and crocodiles, which live in the Sundarbans. Approximately 1,020 endangered Bengal tigers ("Panthera tigris tigris") are believed to inhabit the Sundarbans. The Ganges–Brahmaputra basin has tropical deciduous forests that yield valuable timber: sal, teak, and peepal trees are found in these areas.


title: Ganges Delta

text: It is estimated that 30,000 chital ("Axis axis") are in the Sundarbans part of the delta. Birds found in the delta include kingfishers, eagles, woodpeckers, the shalik ("Acridotheres tristis"), the swamp francolin ("Francolinus gularis"), and the doel ("Copsychus saularis"). Two species of dolphin can be found in the delta: the Irrawaddy dolphin ("Orcaella brevirostris") and the Ganges river dolphin ("Platanista gangetica gangetica"). The Irrawaddy dolphin is an oceanic dolphin which enters the delta from the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges river dolphin is a true river dolphin, but is extremely rare and considered endangered.


title: Ganges Delta

text: Trees found in the delta include sundari, garjan ("Rhizophora" spp.), bamboo, mangrove palm ("Nypa fruticans"), and mangrove date palm ("Phoenix paludosa").


title: Ganges Delta

text: The Ganges Delta lies at the junction of three tectonic plates: the Indian Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Burma Plate. The edge of the Eocene paleoshelf runs approximately from Kolkata to the edge of the Shillong Plateau. The edge of the paleoshelf marks the transition from the thick continental crust in the northwest to the thin continental or oceanic crust in the southeast. The enormous sediment supply from the Himalayan collision has extended the delta about seaward since the Eocene. The sediment thickness southeast of the edge of the paleoshelf beneath the Ganges Delta can exceed 16 km (10 miles).


title: Ganges Delta

text: Approximately two-thirds of the Bangladesh people work in agriculture and grow crops on the fertile floodplains of the delta. The major crops that are grown in the Ganges Delta are jute, tea, and rice. Fishing is also an important activity in the delta region, with fish being a major source of food for many of the people in the area.


title: Ganges Delta

text: In the last decades of the 20th century, scientists helped the poor people of the delta to improve fish farming methods. By turning unused ponds into viable fish farms and improving methods of raising fish in existing ponds, many people can now earn a living raising and selling fish. Using new systems, fish production in existing ponds has increased 800%. Shrimp are farmed in containers or cages that are submerged in open water. Most are exported.


title: Ganges Delta

text: As there is a maze of many river branches, the area is difficult to pass. Most islands are only connected with the mainland by simple wooden ferryboats. Bridges are rare. Some islands are not yet connected to the electric grid, so island residents tend to use solar cells for a bit of electric supply.


title: Ganges Delta

text: Arsenic is a naturally occurring substance in the Ganga Delta that has detrimental effects on health and may enter the food chain, especially in key crops such as rice.


title: Ganges Delta

text: The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone, and receives between of rainfall each year in the western part, and in the eastern part.. Hot, dry summers and cool, dry winters make the climate suitable for agriculture.


title: Ganges Delta

text: In November 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone of the twentieth century hit the Ganges Delta region. The 1970 Bhola cyclone killed 500,000 people (official death toll), with another 100,000 missing. The Guinness Book of World Records estimated the total loss of human life from the Bhola cyclone at 1,000,000.


title: Ganges Delta

text: Another cyclone hit the delta in 1991, killing about 139,000 people. It also left many people homeless.


title: Ganges Delta

text: People have to be careful on the river delta as severe flooding also occurs. In 1998, the Ganges flooded the delta, killing about 1,000 people and leaving more than 30 million people homeless. The Bangladesh government asked for $900 million to help feed the people of the region, as the entire rice crop was lost.


title: Ganges Delta

text: The history of the Bengal delta has been a concern of emerging scholarship by environmental historians.


title: Ganges Delta

text: Indian historian Vinita Damodaran has extensively profiled famine management practices by the East India Company, and related these practices to major ecological changes wrought about by forest and land management practices. Debjani Bhattacharyya has shown how Calcutta was constructed as an urban centre through tracing ecological changes wrought upon by colonial powers involving land, water and humans throughout the mid-18th to the early 20th centuries.


title: Ganges Delta

text: In terms of recent scholarship that focuses more on the eastern part of the Bengal/Ganges Delta, Iftekhar Iqbal argues for the inclusion of the Bengal Delta as an ecological framework within which to study the dynamics of agrarian prosperity or decline, communal conflicts, poverty and famine, especially throughout the colonial period. Iqbal has tried to show how resistance movements such as the Faraizi movement can be studied in relation to colonial ecological management practices.


title: Ganges Delta

text: A strong criticism of environmental history scholarship with regards to the Bengal/Ganges delta is that most of the scholarship is limited to the 18th to the 21st centuries, with a general dearth of ecological history of the region prior to the 18th century.