title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: During his years scoring films, he still composed some non-film works, such as "Passover Psalm", Opus 30, for chorus and orchestra (1941); "Tomorrow When You Have Gone", Opus 33, for chorus and orchestra (1942); and "Prayer", Opus 32 for chorus and orchestra (1942). In 1946 he composed an opera, "Die stumme Serenade", which he recorded privately hoping to attract interest in making a full production. On the never-released private recording, he can be heard humming as he played the piano.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: In the studio during the day, he worked with orchestrators, such as Hugo Friedhofer, with whom he would make elaborate sketches marking out exactly what he wanted. He once told Friedhofer that he felt "Tosca" was the best film score ever written. With the orchestra in session, Korngold would conduct.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: In 1924, Korngold married Luzi von Sonnenthal (1900–1962), granddaughter of actor Adolf von Sonnenthal, an actress, writer, singer and pianist, with whom he had fallen in love at age 19. They had two children, Ern[e]st Werner and Georg[e] Wolfgang. Luzi's biography of her husband was published in 1967.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: In 1943, Korngold became a naturalized citizen of the United States. The year 1945 became an important turning point in his life. His father, who had never been entirely comfortable in Los Angeles, and who had never approved of Erich's decision to work exclusively on film composition, died after a lengthy illness.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: Around the same time, World War II in Europe drew to an end. At this stage in his career Korngold had grown increasingly disillusioned with Hollywood and with the kinds of pictures he was being given, and he was eager to return to writing music for the concert hall and the stage.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: Korngold lived at 9936 Toluca Lake Avenue, Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, a few blocks from Warner Brothers Studio, where he worked. In October 1956 he suffered a severe stroke and although he partially recovered, he "endured many physical and emotional difficulties" before his death on November 29, at the age of 60, the following year. He was survived by his wife, Luzi (Louise), two sons, George Korngold and Ernst Korngold; his mother, Josephine Korngold; a brother, Hans Robert Korngold, and three grandchildren. He was interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: Despite his achievements, Korngold for years attracted almost no positive critical attention, but considerable critical disdain. Then, in 1972, RCA Victor released an LP titled "The Sea Hawk: The Classic Film Scores of Erich Wolfgang Korngold," featuring excerpts performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. This was followed by recordings of Korngold's operas and concert works, which led to performances of his Symphony in F-sharp major and concertos, as well as other compositions. Following the success of the Korngold album, the Classic Film Scores series was extended through thirteen additional discs, including a second Korngold collection. These records have been credited with inspiring the revival of symphonic music in films, most prominently in the Star Wars series, which features prominent allusions to Korngold's style.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: The American Film Institute ranked Korngold's score for "The Adventures of Robin Hood" as number 11 on their list of the greatest film scores. His scores for the following films were also nominated for the list:


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: Further recognition came in the 1990s; two full-scale biographies of him appeared almost simultaneously. One is Jessica Duchen, "Erich Wolfgang Korngold". The other is Brendan G. Carroll, "Erich Korngold: The Last Prodigy" Carroll is President of the International Korngold Society. Carroll released excerpts of acetates with Korngold conducting the Warner Bros. studio orchestra in music from his film scores, some possibly taken from KFWB radio broadcasts.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: In 2019 the Bard Music Festival (at Bard College, New York) celebrated Korngold with an extensive series of performances and lectures and the publication of "Korngold and His World," edited by Daniel Goldmark and Kevin C. Karnes. In addition, Bard sponsored the first U.S. production of "Das Wunder der Heliane"—more than ninety years after its troubled debut.


title: Erich Wolfgang Korngold

text: There have also been a number of new digital recordings of Korngold's film scores, as well as some of his concert works:


title: 2024 European Parliament election

text: The 2024 European Parliament election is scheduled to be held in 2024 in line with the Treaty of Lisbon. As a result of Brexit, 27 seats from the British delegation were distributed to other countries in January 2020 (those elected but not yet seated took their seats). The other 46 seats were abolished with the total number of MEPs decreasing from 751 to 705 after that.


title: 2024 European Parliament election

text: This will be the tenth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979, and the first European Parliament election after Brexit.


title: 2024 European Parliament election

text: The chart below depicts opinion polls conducted for the 2024 European Parliament election using a 6-poll moving average. From 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom is not included.


title: 2024 European Parliament election

text: The following table shows the projected popular vote share for the groups in the EU Parliament aggregated on the European level. EU27 excludes the United Kingdom in this context. EU28 includes the United Kingdom.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The Eurovision Song Contest 2005 was the 50th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Kyiv, Ukraine, following the country's victory at the with the song "Wild Dances" by Ruslana. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU), the contest was held at the Palace of Sports, and consisted of a semi-final on 19 May, and a final on 21 May 2005. The two live shows were presented by Ukrainian television presenters Maria Efrosinina and Pavlo Shylko.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Thirty-nine countries participated in the contest, three more than the previous record of thirty-six, that took part the year before. Bulgaria and Moldova made their first participation this year, while Hungary returned to the contest after a six-year absence, having last taken part in .


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The winner was with the song "My Number One", performed by Helena Paparizou and written by Manos Psaltakis, Christos Dantis and Natalia Germanou. This was Greece's first victory in the contest after 31 years of participation. Malta, Romania, Israel and Latvia rounded out the top five. Malta equalled their best result from , while Romania achieved their best result in their Eurovision history. Unusually, all "Big Four" countries (France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom) ended up as the "Last Four", all placing in the bottom four positions in the final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper. The Palace of Sports, a multi-purpose indoor arena, was confirmed by officials as the host venue on 6 September 2004. However, in order to host the contest, the facilities had been brought up to the standard required by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU).


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: of the hall, for which approximately 4 million francs were allocated. Renovation works were to be finished by 20 April, however, they were completed at the beginning of May. The arena could accommodate over 5,000 seated spectators. Additionally 2,000 press delegates were catered for.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Hotel rooms were scarce as the contest organisers asked the Ukrainian government to put a block on bookings they did not control themselves through official delegation allocations or tour packages: this led to many people's hotel bookings being cancelled.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Organizers hoped that by hosting Eurovision, it would boost Ukraine's image abroad and increase tourism, while the country's new government hoped that it would also give a modest boost to the long-term goal of acquiring European Union membership.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The official logo of the contest remained the same from the 2004 contest with the country's flag in the heart being changed. Following Istanbul's 'Under The Same Sky', the slogan for the 2005 show was 'Awakening', which symbolised the awakening of the country and city ready to present itself to Europe. The postcards (short clips shown between performances) for the 2005 show illustrated Ukraine's culture and heritage along with a more modern and industrial side to the country.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The hosts of the Eurovision Song Contest in Kyiv were television presenter Maria "Masha" Efrosinina and DJ Pavlo "Pasha" Shylko. Previous winner Ruslana returned to the stage in Kyiv to perform in the interval act and to interview the contestants backstage in the 'green room'. The Ukrainian boxers Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko opened the televoting, while a special trophy was presented to the winner by Ukraine's president, Viktor Yushchenko.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: An official CD and DVD was released and a new introduction was an official pin set, which contains heart-shaped pins with the flags of all thirty-nine participating countries. The EBU also commissioned a book "The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History" by British/American author John Kennedy O'Connor to celebrate the contest's fiftieth anniversary. The book was presented on screen during the break between songs 12 and 13 (Serbia and Montenegro, Denmark). The book was published in English, German, French, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Finnish.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: During the semi final, there were a few sound faults, most notably during the Norwegian song, shortly after the intro and also during the Irish song. These were not fixed for the DVD release.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: 2005 was no exception for scandals regarding the representatives from the countries participating. Germany's entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest rejected calls to quit after her producer admitted manipulating the country's pop charts with mass purchases of her single.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Gracia Baur defended her producer David Brandes, also behind Swiss entry "Cool Vibes" by Vanilla Ninja, and said she would go to the finals in Kyiv despite complaints from other German singers. Bulgaria's debut was overshadowed by a scandal. The song "Lorraine" by Kaffe was accused of plagiarism. The song sounded too similar to another one released by Ruslan Mainov in 2001. There were also problems in Malta with the electricity supply during the contest, so TV viewers were unable to watch their national selection from the very beginning. There was a controversy regarding the Turkish entry: TRT got a false jury which led to the victory of the song "Rimi Rimi Ley" by Gülseren, which the 2003 winner Sertab Erener said was not the best choice. There were similar controversies in Macedonia which led to an eventual victory for Martin Vučić. The Ukrainian song had to be changed because it would bring a political message to the people, and EBU stated that no politics could be involved in the contest. The entry for Serbia and Montenegro was also overshadowed by a scandal and an accusation of plagiarism. Portugal's entry, "Amar", had very poor sound quality, with the female singer's microphone failing many times on stage.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: It is also notable that the programme lasted just short of 3.5 hours. This was mainly due to the extremely long voting procedure, where 39 countries voted, reading out every single score. Many people, including United Kingdom commentator Terry Wogan, noticed this and commented about the marathon-like voting procedure, when Russia voted he stated "How many more [countries] have we got to go? What time is it?". Because the show overran so badly, the EBU changed the way the votes were announced in 2006 into a much shorter method, where only the top 3 scores were read out (the rest appeared on the scoreboard automatically).


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Ruslana was also intended to be a presenter for the show, but was pulled out before the contest for numerous reasons, including her poor English skills. She opened the contest, and did do a few brief interviews in the green room at a few different stages in the event.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: In the semifinal, the first qualifier was Hungary as shown on the card, but instead of showing Hungary's flag, it showed the Bulgarian flag accidentally.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Thirty-nine countries participated in the 2005 contest. Hungary returned to the contest after a six-year absence, last competing in 1998. Bulgaria and Moldova competed in the contest for the first time.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The semi-final was held on 19 May 2005 at 21:00 (CET). 25 countries performed but all 39 participants voted.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The EBU introduced an undisclosed threshold number of televotes that would have to be registered in each voting country in order to make that country's votes valid. If that number was not reached, the country's backup jury would vote instead. This affected Albania, Andorra and Monaco in the semi-final, and Andorra, Moldova and Monaco in the final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The order in which each country announced their votes was compiled by placing the countries that failed to qualify from the semi-final first in the running order they performed in during the semi-final, followed by the finalists which voted in the order they performed in during the final. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: In addition to the main winner's trophy, the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award were contested during the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The Marcel Bezençon Awards, organised since 2002 by Sweden's then-Head of Delegation and 1992 representative Christer Björkman, and 1984 winner Richard Herrey, honours songs in the contest's final. The awards are divided into three categories: Artistic Award which was voted by previous winners of the contest, Composer Award and Press Award.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The Barbara Dex Award is a humorous fan award given to the worst dressed artist each year. Named after Belgium's representative who came last in the 1993 contest, wearing her self-designed dress, the award was handed by the fansite House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 and is being carried out by the fansite songfestival.be since 2017.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2005 was the official compilation album of the 2005 contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI Records and CMC International on 2 May 2005. The album featured all 39 songs that entered in the 2005 contest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2005

text: The original cover designed for the album was changed after 's withdrawal from the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 after announcing they would show advertisements over the Israeli entry. Had they entered, they would have been on track 4, disc 2 with the song "Quand tout s'enfuit" by Aline Lahoud.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Lance Leipold ( ; born May 6, 1964) is an American football coach who has been the head coach at the University of Kansas since 2021. Leipold served as the head football coach at the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (UWW) from 2007 to 2014 and at University at Buffalo from 2015 to 2020. During his tenure at UWW, the Wisconsin–Whitewater Warhawks won the NCAA Division III Football Championship in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2014 and were runners-up in 2008. During his time at Wisconsin-Whitewater, Leipold led the Warhawks to 5 undefeated seasons.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold reached 100 victories faster than any coach in NCAA history, doing so in his 106th game on October 18, 2014. This broke the previous mark of 108 games set by Gil Dobie in 1921.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold signed with the Bulls for the 2015 season, initially on a five-year contract. After a 5–7 record in his inaugural season in Buffalo, Leipold received an additional one-year extension that kept him with the Bulls through 2020. Leipold signed a contract extension in February 2020 that was to run through the 2024 season. In May 2021, Leipold accepted the head coach position at the University of Kansas.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold was born in Jefferson, Wisconsin, and attended Jefferson High School. He played quarterback, earning all-area honors and honorable mention all-state his senior year after completing 114 of 198 passes for 1,848 yards and 19 touchdowns. Due to the teams prolific passing game, they earned the nickname "Air Jefferson." Leipold played in the North-South All-State Shrine Bowl throwing for two touchdowns in the South's 23–7 victory. He was also all-conference in basketball.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold attended the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater from 1983 to 1986, seeing playing time as a starter and backup his first two seasons and becoming the outright starter for his junior and senior seasons. He helped win the Wisconsin State University Athletic Conference championship in 1984. In a 35–28 loss to Wisconsin–River Falls, Leipold set school records for single game passing yards, attempts, completions, and total offense with his 37 completions on 57 passes for 474 yards and four touchdowns, all records still stand. He was nominated all conference honorable mention his junior season and 2nd team for his senior campaign. Leipold was inducted into the college's hall of fame in 2003.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Following his graduation from Wisconsin–Whitewater in 1987, Leipold spent the next seven years as an assistant coach, starting at his alma mater from 1987 to 1988, and then again in 1990. He spent one year (1989) at Doane University, an NAIA school in Crete, Nebraska, and three (1991–1993) as a graduate assistant at the University of Wisconsin. During his first stint at Wisconsin–Whitewater he overlapped with Roger Hughes, future head coach at Stetson University, president of Doane University, and a life-long friend.


title: Lance Leipold

text: In 1994, new University of Nebraska–Omaha (UNO) head coach Pat Behrns hired Leipold as one of his assistants. It was Leipold's first full-time, paid coaching position. During Leipold's seven years at UNO (1994–2000) he developed a strong reputation as a recruiter.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold was announced as the head coach at Wisconsin–Whitewater after the 2006 season over three other finalists for the position: Stan Zweifel, Curt Wiese, and Rick Willis. In his first season, Leipold's team went 14–1, winning the NCAA Division III Football Championship with a victory in the title game over Mount Union, 31-21. The only loss of the season was to DII St. Cloud State. The next season, his team reached the National Championship game but fell to Mount Union 31–26, finishing 13–2. From 2009 to 2011, he led each team to a 15–0 record, beating Mount Union in the National Championship each time. The 2012 season was Leipold's worst at Whitewater. His team earned a record of 7–3 with two conference losses and missing the playoffs. Leipold's final two seasons again saw the Warhawks go undefeated, beating Mount Union to secure the national championship.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold left Wisconsin–Whitewater with an overall record of 109–6 and a conference mark of 53–3 . He earned six Division III National Championships and seven WIAC championships in eight seasons. Other than the 2012 season, his teams were never ranked below No. 15 in any D3football.com poll. The 2010, 2011, and 2014 teams were ranked No 1 throughout the season.


title: Lance Leipold

text: On December 1, 2014, it was announced that Leipold had agreed to become the head football coach at the University at Buffalo. The announcement was made while Leipold was preparing for Whitewater's quarterfinal playoff game against Wartburg. In Leipold's first three seasons at Buffalo, the Bulls had records of 5–7, 2–10, and 6–6. The 2018 team won ten games en route to a MAC East Division title and a bid to the Dollar General Bowl. The next season, the Bulls finished 8–5 with a win in the Bahamas Bowl over Charlotte. Leipolds final season with Buffalo was the shortened 2020 season. The bulls finished 6–1 with a 17–10 win over Marshall in the Camellia Bowl and ranked No. 25.


title: Lance Leipold

text: Leipold left Buffalo with a record of 37–33, two MAC East Division titles, three bowl bids and two bowl wins.


title: Lance Leipold

text: On April 30, 2021, Leipold was hired at Kansas. In his first game as head coach, the Jayhawks defeated South Dakota, 17–14, for the program's first win in over 22 months. Later that season, Kansas defeated Texas for only the second time in the Big 12's existence, and the first time on the road. The victory ended multiple losing streaks for the Jayhawks, including 8 straight overall losses, 18 straight within the Big 12, 20 straight to FBS opponents, and 56 straight in road conference games. Leipold finished 2–10 overall and 1–8 in conference play in his first season as the Jayhawks head coach.


title: Lance Leipold

text: The Jayhawks won their first two games to start the 2022 season 2–0 for the first time since 2011. With a win over West Virginia on September 10, the Jayhawks had their first conference opening victory since they defeated Iowa State in 2009. The following week after defeating Houston, the Jayhawks began the season with a 3–0 record, which is their best start since the 2009 season. In the poll released on September 18, the Jayhawks received votes to be ranked for the first time since the 2009 season. Two weeks later after a 5–0 start, the Jayhawks entered the poll at 19, their first time being ranked since 2009. The Jayhawks would lose 3 straight games and fall out the polls afterwards. They ended their losing streak with a bowl eligibility clinching 6th win over Oklahoma State. The win over Oklahoma State was the Jayhawks first win over an AP poll ranked team since 2010 and their first ever win over a team ranked in the College Football Playoff poll since its inception in 2014.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: Bimini Bon-Boulash (also known mononymously as Bimini; born 12 May 1993) is the stage name of Thomas Hibbitts, an English drag queen, author, and model based in East London, and born in Great Yarmouth, England. They are best known for competing on the second series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", where they placed as a runner-up.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: Hibbitts' parents separated when Hibbitts was a child. Hibbits describes themself as being raised in a working-class environment. Hibbitts attended Lynn Grove Academy, moving to London in 2012 to study journalism at the London College of Communication. In London Hibbitts discovered drag, beginning their career as a drag performer in 2017.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: Bimini has professionally fulfilled their career as a drag queen since 2019, and was heavily inspired to kick-start their career by the spirit of their fashion heroes Alexander McQueen, Vivienne Westwood, Iris van Herpen, and John Galliano. Bimini has stated that their greatest inspiration as to their look and aesthetic is Pamela Anderson. Their drag name derives from what they would be called if they were assigned female at birth, and the name of their first cat, Bonnie Boulash. Bimini is based in East London, and regularly performs across the capital.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: In December 2020, Bimini was announced as one of twelve contestants competing on the second series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK". In Episode 1, Bimini lip-synced against Joe Black to "Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, which they won, sending Joe home. They later won four challenges, including the Snatch Game, where they portrayed Katie Price, becoming the first contestant in the British version to win four challenges. In Episode 9, Bimini became the first contestant to reach the finale after lip-syncing in the first episode. After a final lip-sync in Episode 10, they were announced as a runner-up, along with fellow competitor Tayce, to eventual winner Lawrence Chaney.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: In February 2021, Bon Boulash made their London Fashion Week runway debut alongside fellow "Drag Race" contestant A'Whora with "Art School London", a genderless fashion label for designer Eden Loweth's AW21 collection. In March 2021, Bimini, alongside their fellow "Drag Race" finalists, was photographed and interviewed for "The Guardian". In July 2021, Bimini embarked on a sold-out UK tour alongside A'Whora, Tayce and Lawrence Chaney for the United Kingdolls Tour with promoter Klub Kids, and in February 2022 Bimini will embark on "RuPaul's Drag Race UK: The Official Tour" alongside the entire cast of the second series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", in association with World of Wonder and promoter Voss Events.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: It was announced via Bimini's Instagram account in March 2021 they would be writing a book with the working title "A Drag Queen's Guide to Life", scheduled for release in October 2021, and published by Penguin Books and Viking Books. The book was released with the title "Release the Beast: A Drag Queen's Guide to Life". "Release the Beast" is a reference to Bimini's verse on "UK Hun?", which she performed with The United Kingdolls in "RuPaul's Drag Race UK".


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: In June 2021, Bimini released their first single "God Save This Queen", as well as a corresponding music video.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: On 21 August 2021, they presented the Saturday-afternoon slot on BBC Radio 1 from 1pm alongside Dean McCullough, as part of the radio station's "drag day". Boulash made a cameo in the 2021 Christmas advertisement for supermarket Sainsbury's.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: In November 2021, Bimini was awarded the "GAY TIMES" magazine's Honour for Drag Hero at a celebration in London, as well as featuring as the cover star for the "GAY TIMES" Honours edition.


title: Bimini Bon-Boulash

text: Bimini currently resides in East London, England. Bimini is non-binary and uses they/them pronouns when out of drag and she/her pronouns when in drag. They spoke about coming to terms with their gender identity in a conversation on the third episode "Drag Race" with fellow non-binary contestant Ginny Lemon. Their open conversation was praised by viewers and sparked confidence in many to discuss their gender identity with those closest to them. Bimini has consumed an exclusively vegan diet for eight years.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: The Springfield Model 1892–99 Krag–Jørgensen rifle is a Norwegian-designed bolt-action rifle that was adopted in 1892 as the standard United States Army military longarm, chambered for U.S. caliber .30-40 Krag cartridges. All versions and variants were manufactured under license by the Springfield Armory between 1892 and 1903 and famously served as the longarm during the Spanish–American War.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: Although "Krags" were popular, unique and efficient, the side loading gate mechanism was slow and cumbersome to reload in combat compared to the clip loaded Spanish Mausers the Krag was up against. Thus, the U.S. Krag was replaced beginning in 1903 with the introduction of the M1903 Springfield rifle, which was essentially a copy of a Mauser, although some design elements of the Krag remained, such as the cocking piece.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: American Krags are the most plentiful and affordable of all three Krag variants, although many are sporterized, and they remain popular with collectors today.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: Like many other armed forces, the U.S. Army searched for a new rifle in the early 1890s to replace their old Springfield Model 1873 "trapdoor" single-shot rifles. A competition was held in 1892, comparing rifle designs from Lee, Krag–Jørgensen, Mannlicher, Mauser, Schmidt–Rubin, and about 40 other military and civilian designs. The trials were held at Governors Island, New York. Despite protests from domestic inventors and arms manufacturers—two designers, Russell and Livermore, even sued the U.S. government over the choice—the Krag–Jørgensen design was chosen by the board of officers.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: Approximately 500,000 "Krags" were produced at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts from 1894 to 1904. The Springfield Krag rifles and carbines had been introduced into combat in the later years of the American Indian Wars where its performance surpassed the Trapdoor rifles and carbine where as the Trapdoor was single shot weapon but the Krags were five shot. It was the U.S. Army's primary rifle from 1894 to 1903 (when it was replaced by the M1903 Springfield rifle with its ballistically similar .30-03 cartridge), and found use in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. In this later war the rifle was referred to in a song popular with U.S. troops, a parody of "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!", with a verse running:


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: According to contemporary, perhaps sensationalized accounts, the Krag's complex design was outclassed by the 7mm 1893 Spanish Mauser during the Spanish–American War, and proved ill-suited for use in tropical locales such as Cuba and the Philippines. American soldiers found themselves unable to match the volume of fire displayed by the Spanish 1893 Mauser rifle, with its internal box magazine that could be quickly and fully reloaded with five-round stripper clips, and a high-velocity, flat-shooting 7mm cartridge which was quickly dubbed the "Spanish Hornet".


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: During the American assault on the strategic Cuban city of Santiago, a small force of 750 Spanish troops armed with Model 1893 Mauser rifles defended positions on San Juan and Kettle hills. The attacking force consisted of approximately 6,600 American soldiers, most of them regulars, armed with the then-new smokeless-powder Krag–Jørgensen rifle and supported by artillery and Gatling gun fire. Though the assault was successful, the Americans soon realized that they had suffered more than 1,400 casualties in the assault. A U.S board of investigation pinned the blame on the superior firepower of the Spanish Model 1893 Mauser rifles, although modern analysis has determined that many of the casualties were due to superior Spanish fortifications on the high ground. With the Krag's replacement with the Mauser-derived M1903, the rifle is tied for the shortest service life of any standard-issue firearm in US military history (1892–1903).


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: The Krag was phased out of service with the regular Army by 1907, as M1903 Springfields became available; however, the Krag was issued for many more years with the National Guard and the Army Reserve, including service in World War I with rear-echelon U.S. troops in France and as training arms at various Stateside bases. Phased out Krag rifles and carbines were also used by law enforcement agency such as the U.S Marshals, Texas Rangers Division, and even bounty hunters and local town sheriffs and deputies in the American frontier. Later, many were issued to veterans' organizations such as the American Legion, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars for use in military ceremonies. Still others were sold to civilians through the Civilian Marksmanship Program, and American Krag rifles are a popular and common military surplus collectible.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: The U.S. Krags were chambered for the rimmed .30-40 Krag round, also known as ".30 Army." From 1890 to 1893 a 230-grain steel- or cupro-nickel-jacketed bullet was issued, for which no ballistic data is known. From 1894 to September 1899 a 220-grain jacketed bullet loading was issued using 40 grains of nitrocelluose powder, which developed some 40,000 psi and a muzzle velocity of in the Krag rifle and in the shorter carbine.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: In October 1899, after reviewing the experiences of the Spanish–American War, a new loading was developed for the .30 Army in an attempt to match the ballistics of the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge. The new loading increased the Krag rifle's muzzle velocity to 2,200 f/s at 45,000 psi. However, once the new loading was issued, reports of cracked locking lugs on service Krags began to surface. In March 1900 the remaining stocks of this ammunition, some 3.5 million rounds, was returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original specification.


title: Springfield Model 1892–99

text: Although the .30-40 Krag was the first smokeless powder round adopted by the U.S. military, it retained the "caliber-charge" designation of earlier black powder cartridges, thus the .30-40 Krag employs a .30 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet propelled by 40 grains (3 g) of smokeless powder. As with the .30-30 Winchester, the use of black powder nomenclature led to the incorrect assumption that the .30-40 Krag was once a black powder cartridge. As such, the .30-40 Krag round was one of the last cartridges to be named in this fashion.


The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (in case citations, Fed. Cir. or C.A.F.C.) is a United States court of appeals that has special appellate jurisdiction over certain types of specialized cases in the U.S. federal court system. It has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal cases involving patents, trademarks, government contracts, veterans' benefits, public safety officers' benefits, federal employees' benefits, and various other categories. Unlike other federal courts, the Federal Circuit has no jurisdiction over cases involving criminal, bankruptcy, immigration, or U.S. state law.


title: United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

text: Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the Federal Circuit was created in 1982 with passage of the Federal Courts Improvement Act, which merged the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims, making the judges of the former courts into circuit judges. The court occupies the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building as well as the adjacent Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House, former Cosmos Club building, and the Cutts-Madison House in Washington, D.C., on Lafayette Square. The court sits from time to time in locations other than Washington, and its judges can and do sit by designation on the benches of other courts of appeals and federal district courts. , Washington and Lee University School of Law's Millhiser Moot Courtroom had been designated as the continuity of operations site for the court.


text: The Federal Circuit is unique among the courts of appeals as it is the only court that has its jurisdiction based wholly upon subject matter rather than geographic location. The Federal Circuit is an appellate court with jurisdiction generally given in . The court hears certain appeals from all of the United States District Courts, appeals from certain administrative agencies, and appeals arising under certain statutes. Among other things, the Federal Circuit has exclusive jurisdiction over appeals from:


text: Although the Federal Circuit typically hears all appeals from any United States District Court where the original action included a complaint arising under the patent laws, the Supreme Court decided in "Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc." (2002) that the Federal Circuit does not have jurisdiction if the patent claims arose solely as counterclaims by the defendant. However, Congress changed the law in the America Invents Act of 2011, requiring the Federal Circuit to hear all appeals where the original action included a complaint or compulsory counterclaim arising under the patent laws. Thus, the Supreme Court's 2002 "Holmes" ruling no longer has the force of law.


text: The decisions of the Federal Circuit, particularly in regard to patent cases, are unique in that they are binding precedent throughout the U.S. within the bounds of the court's subject-matter jurisdiction. This is unlike the other courts of appeals as the authority of their decisions is restricted by geographic location and thus there may be differing judicial standards depending on location. Decisions of the Federal Circuit are only superseded by decisions of the Supreme Court or by applicable changes in the law. Also, review by the Supreme Court is discretionary, so Federal Circuit decisions are often the final word, especially since there are usually no circuit splits given the Federal Circuit's exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction. In its first decision, the Federal Circuit incorporated as binding precedent the decisions of its predecessor courts, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims.


text: Because the Court is one of national jurisdiction, panels from the court may sit anywhere in the country. Typically, once or twice a year, the court will hold oral arguments in a city outside of its native Washington D.C. The panels may sit in Federal courthouses, state courthouses, or even at law schools.


text: The Federal Circuit may have a total of 12 active circuit judges sitting at any given time, who are required to reside within 50 miles of the District of Columbia, as set by . Judges on senior status are not subject to this restriction. As with other federal judges, they are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. Their terms last during the "good behavior" of the judges, which typically results in life tenure. When eligible, judges may elect to take senior status. This allows a senior judge to continue to serve on the court while handling fewer cases than an active service judge. Each judge in active service employs a judicial assistant and up to four law clerks, while each judge in senior status employs a judicial assistant and one law clerk.


text: Notwithstanding the foregoing, when the court was initially created, Congress had to resolve which chief judge of the predecessor courts would become the first chief judge. It was decided that the chief judge of the predecessor court who had the most seniority, as chief judge, would be the new chief judge. This made Howard T. Markey, former chief judge of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, the first chief judge.


text: The court has twelve seats for active judges, numbered in alphabetical order by their occupant at the time the court was formed, with the sole vacant seat being numbered last. Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant. That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the President.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, (; 17 February 1930 – 2 May 2015) was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Rendell is best known for creating Chief Inspector Wexford. A second string of works was a series of unrelated crime novels that explored the psychological background of criminals and their victims. This theme was developed further in a third series of novels, published under the pseudonym Barbara Vine.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Rendell was born as Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930, in South Woodford, Essex (now Greater London). Her parents were teachers. Her mother, Ebba Kruse, was born in Sweden to Danish parents and brought up in Denmark; her father, Arthur Grasemann, was English. As a result of spending Christmas and other holidays in Scandinavia, Rendell learned Swedish and Danish. Rendell was educated at the County High School for Girls in Loughton, Essex, the town to which the family moved during her childhood.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: After high school, she became a feature writer for her local Essex paper, the "Chigwell Times". However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a local sports club dinner she hadn't attended and failing to report that the after-dinner speaker had died midway through the speech.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Rendell met her husband Don Rendell when she was working as a newswriter. They married when she was 20, and in 1953 had a son, Simon, now a psychiatric social worker who lives in the U.S. state of Colorado. The couple divorced in 1975 but remarried two years later. Don Rendell died in 1999 from prostate cancer.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: She made the county of Suffolk her home for many years, using the settings in several of her novels. She lived in the villages of Polstead and later Groton, both east of Sudbury. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1996 Birthday Honours and a life peer as Baroness Rendell of Babergh, of Aldeburgh in the County of Suffolk, on 24 October 1997. She sat in the House of Lords for the Labour Party. In 1998 Rendell was named on a list of the party's biggest private financial donors. She introduced into the Lords the bill that would later become the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 (the intent was to prevent the practice).


title: Ruth Rendell

text: In August 2014, Rendell was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Baroness Rendell's awards include the Silver, Gold, and Cartier Diamond Daggers from the Crime Writers' Association, three Edgars from the Mystery Writers of America, The Arts Council National Book Awards, and The Sunday Times Literary Award. A number of her works (see the section below) have been adapted for film or television. She was also a patron of the charity Kids for Kids which helps children in rural areas of Darfur. There is a blue plaque on one of her homes, 45 Millsmead Way, in Loughton. This was unveiled by her son Simon on 24 February 2016. Four of her novels appear on the British-based Crime Writers Association Poll (1990) of the best crime fiction novels ever written: two under the Rendell name and two under her pen name of Barbara Vine.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: The Ruth Rendell award was introduced in 2016 by the National Literacy Trust. It is awarded to authors for their work in inspiring children and improving their literacy.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Rendell wrote two unpublished novels before the 1964 publication of "From Doon with Death", which was purchased for £75 by John Long; it was the first mystery to feature Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford. Rendell said that the character of Wexford was based on herself. "The Monster in the Box", released in October 2009, was widely suggested to be Wexford's last case. This was incorrect; however it was the final novel featuring Wexford as an employed policeman. In the two following novels, "The Vault" and "No Man's Nightingale," he was retired but was still involved in police investigations as a "consultant".


title: Ruth Rendell

text: In "Introducing Chief Inspector Wexford" by Daniel Mallory he says (based on a 1990 interview with Rendell by Marilyn Stasio) that Rendell refers to "the hated Agatha" (Christie) and "that awful Marple woman"; and says of St. Mary Mead that she "can hardly bear to say the name of that village" where "one finds a lot of normal, law-abiding people living ordinary, blameless lives, who suddenly decide to murder their aunt. Well, I don’t believe that." ("Introducing Chief Inspector Wexford" by Daniel Mallory; from 1990 Rendell interview with Marilyn Stasio)


title: Ruth Rendell

text: In addition to these police procedurals starring Wexford, Rendell wrote psychological crime novels exploring such themes as romantic obsession, misperceived communication, the impact of chance and coincidence, and the humanity of the criminals involved. Among such books are "A Judgement in Stone", "The Face of Trespass", "Live Flesh", "Talking to Strange Men", "The Killing Doll", "Going Wrong" and "Adam and Eve and Pinch Me". For the last novel published in her lifetime, "The Girl Next Door", she returned to the Loughton of her childhood, with an implied comparison of the moral climate of wartime England and 2014.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of "A Dark-Adapted Eye" under her pseudonym Barbara Vine (the name was derived from her own middle name and her great grandmother's maiden name). "King Solomon's Carpet", "A Fatal Inversion" and "Asta's Book" (alternative U.S. title, "Anna's Book"), among others, inhabited the same territory as her psychological crime novels while further developing themes of human misunderstandings and the unintended consequences of family secrets and hidden crimes. The author was noted for her elegant prose and sharp insights into the human mind, as well as her cogent plots and characters. Rendell injected the social changes of the last 40 years into her work, bringing awareness to such issues as domestic violence.


title: Ruth Rendell

text: The Inspector Wexford series was successfully televised, starring George Baker as Inspector Wexford and Christopher Ravenscroft as Detective Mike Burden, under the title "The Ruth Rendell Mysteries", with 48 episodes from 1987 to 2000. Rendell praised Baker's performance, stating "It was a marvellous achievement as an actor to make him more and better than the author intended." Many of her other works have been adapted for film and television. She said that Chabrol's 1995 version of "A Judgement in Stone", "La Cérémonie" with Sandrine Bonnaire, was one of the few film adaptations of her work that she was happy with. The novel was also filmed in 1986 with Rita Tushingham. Chabrol made "La Demoiselle d'honneur" in 2004, based on "The Bridesmaid".


title: Ruth Rendell

text: Other adaptations are "Diary of the Dead" (1976), from the book "One Across, Two Down"; the 1997 Pedro Almodóvar film "Live Flesh"; "The Tree of Hands", directed by Giles Foster for Granada with Lauren Bacall (U.S. title: "Innocent Victim"); and another version of "The Tree of Hands", "Betty Fisher et autres histoires" (2001, a.k.a. "Alias Betty"), with screenplay and direction by Claude Miller. Francois Ozon's 2015 film "The New Girlfriend" was based on Rendell's short story of the same name. Two episodes of "Tales of the Unexpected" were based on Rendell's short stories - "A Glowing Future" (series 4, episode 15) and "People Don't Do Such Things" (series 8, episode 1).


title: Ruth Rendell

text: A critical essay on Rendell's crime novels appears in S. T. Joshi's book "Varieties of Crime Fiction" (Wildside Press, 2019) .


title: Skid Row (Skid Row album)

text: Skid Row is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Skid Row, released on January 24, 1989, by Atlantic Records. After signing with manager Doc McGhee, Skid Row signed with Atlantic and began recording its debut. The album was recorded in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin with producer Michael Wagener, and received mixed reviews upon its release. The band toured behind the album mainly as an opening act, supporting Bon Jovi and Aerosmith in 1989–1990. The album peaked at number six on the "Billboard" 200 and was certified 5× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1995 for shipping five million copies in the United States. It generated four singles: "Youth Gone Wild", "18 and Life", "I Remember You" and "Piece of Me", all of which were accompanied by music videos and received heavy rotation on MTV. The album's commercial and critical success made Skid Row a regular feature in rock magazines and brought the group nationwide popularity.


title: Skid Row (Skid Row album)

text: Skid Row was formed in 1986, in Toms River, New Jersey, when guitarist Dave Sabo met bassist Rachel Bolan in a local guitar store where Sabo worked. As they shared similar musical influences, they began rehearsing in Bolan's parents' garage. Guitarist Scotti Hill came from Bolan's previous club band, and Sabo's acquaintance, upstate New Yorker, Rob Affuso, played drums in a Rush tribute band. Once the band was formed, Skid Row started gigging in nightclubs throughout the Eastern United States and quickly built a small following. Sabo was a childhood friend of Jon Bon Jovi and they had agreed if one of them succeeded in the music business, to help the other out. Skid Row caught the attention of Bon Jovi's manager Doc McGhee while opening for Bon Jovi on their 1987 Slippery When Wet Tour. McGhee suggested the band replace original singer Matt Fallon because he lacked the rest of the group's drive.


title: Skid Row (Skid Row album)

text: Sebastian Bach was introduced to Skid Row by the parents of Jon Bon Jovi, who saw Bach sing at rock photographer Mark Weiss' wedding. After completing the lineup, the group signed with Richie Sambora's and Bon Jovi's publishing company Underground, unknowingly giving them the lion's share of the group's royalties. Skid Row later restored Sambora's share of the royalties, but Bon Jovi kept his, which caused a rift between Bon Jovi and Bach. After negotiating with Geffen and A&M, Skid Row finally settled with Ahmet Ertegun and Atlantic in 1988. The band used the Royal Recorders studio in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin with producer Michael Wagener to record its debut album. The unpretentious studio was in the back end of a hotel, where the band stayed. Skid Row worked according to a schedule made by Wagener and stayed "dry" while recording. The sessions went smoothly as the band had been playing and performing the songs for the past year. The label initially pressed 150,000 copies of the album and booked the band an opening slot on Bon Jovi's 1988–1989 New Jersey Syndicate Tour.


title: Skid Row (Skid Row album)

text: Upon its release in January 1989, "Skid Row" did not immediately connect with listeners and received mixed reviews from the music press. With the success of the "I Remember You" single which cracked the Billboard Top 10 in the autumn of 1989, the album took off and eventually sold over 5 million copies, establishing the band as one of the top metal acts of the late 80s. Phil Wilding of "Kerrang!" found the album quite formulaic, but wrote that the praises for Skid Row expressed by Bon Jovi band members and the range of diversity in their music were "a big hint that they could be something very special in the future." "Q" magazine described the album as a fusion of rock riffs and commercial hooks, and proclaimed it a notable debut. "Spin"'s Erik Davis said "Skid Row" was slightly different from contemporary albums by Warrant and Great White because it contained less "fake-gutter narratives of sluts and bad boys", and instead leaned more towards Bon Jovi's earnest anthems. Aniss Garza was more critical in the "Los Angeles Times", finding the record "highly unoriginal" and lacking any lyrical substance or musical ingenuity. Robert Christgau in his negative review remarked how the band attempted some social commentary and was not "offensively sexist" if only by heavy metal standards, jokingly saying that the disreputable women in the songs were at least "characters rather than objects". "Rock Hard" reviewer wrote that this album is an example of how "independence and originality are by no means as in demand" in the US music world as the following of the "success schemes" established by bands like Guns N' Roses, with only a couple of good songs saving it from "sad mediocrity".


title: Skid Row (Skid Row album)

text: Modern reviews are generally more positive. Canadian journalist Martin Popoff described the album as a "basic well-executed corporate metal feast" and praised Bach's performance for carrying the record and "raising the average to something worth reckoning." He thought Skid Row represented a "grittier, more street version of hair metal", unlike its California-based peers. AllMusic's Steve Huey classified the album as "typical pop-metal fluff" of the late 1980s, but praised it for the consistent songwriting and said Bach's vocals gave the songs the much-needed nasty attitude. Sputnikmusic's Dave Donnelly considered Skid Row one of the more talented bands of the glam era because of its charismatic frontman, and described the group's debut as mainly a "party album" best remembered for its ballads. The critical and commercial success of "Skid Row" made the band a regular feature in rock magazines such as "Hit Parader", "Circus", and "Metal Edge" in the late 1980s and early 1990s.


title: Skid Row (Skid Row album)

text: The 17-month worldwide tour included an appearance at Moscow Music Peace Festival in August 1989 to a crowd of 70,000. The event was organized by McGhee as a penance for drug smuggling and featured artists managed by him or his brother. Skid Row made its UK debut at the Milton Keynes Bowl supporting Bon Jovi, and headlined London's Hammersmith Odeon two months later. After finishing the tour in support of Bon Jovi's "New Jersey" album, Skid Row opened on Aerosmith's Pump Tour, which launched in October 1989 and lasted a year. At the concert in Springfield, Massachusetts in December, a fan threw a bottle onstage during Skid Row's set. Upset, Bach threw the bottle back into the crowd and hit a 17-year-old female fan in the face. The incident was filmed by a fan and Bach was arrested after the show. He was set free on $10,000 bail and received three years of probation. At another show in 1990, Bach wore a T-shirt with the anti-gay slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead". Bach said he put the T-shirt on after a fan threw it onstage, but later regretted the incident, saying he does not support homophobia. Thanks to heavy touring and the band's exposure on MTV, "Skid Row" quickly went platinum and remained a "Billboard" top 10 album three months after its release. The album spawned three singles: "Youth Gone Wild", "18 and Life", and "I Remember You", of which the last two charted in the top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Piece of Me" was released as a promo single and also featured a music video.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP (originally an acronym for Accelerated Mobile Pages) is an open source HTML framework developed by the AMP Open Source Project. It was originally created by Google as a competitor to Facebook Instant Articles and Apple News. AMP is optimized for mobile web browsing and intended to help webpages load faster. AMP pages may be cached by a CDN, such as Microsoft Bing or Cloudflare's AMP caches, which allows pages to be served more quickly.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP was first announced on October 7, 2015. After a technical preview period, AMP pages began appearing in Google mobile search results in February 2016. AMP has been criticized for potentially giving further control over the web to Google and other concerns. The AMP Project announced it would move to an open governance model on September 18, 2018.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: The AMP Project was announced by Google on October 7, 2015, following discussions with its partners in the Digital News Initiative (DNI), and other news publishers and technology companies around the world, about improving the performance of the mobile web. More than 30 news publishers and several technology companies (including Twitter, Pinterest, LinkedIn and WordPress) were initially announced as collaborators in the AMP Project.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP pages first appeared to web users in February 2016, when Google began to show the AMP versions of webpages in mobile search results. Initially links to AMP pages were restricted to a "Top Stories" section of Google's mobile search results; by September 2016 Google started linking to AMP content in the main mobile search results area. At the time, Google search distinguished AMP links with an icon.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: According to one of the co-founders of the AMP Project, Malte Ubl, AMP was originally called PCU, which stood for Portable Content Unit.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: In February 2017, a year after the public launch of AMP, Adobe reported AMP pages accounted for 7% of all web traffic for top publishers in the United States.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: In May 2017, Google reported 900,000 web domains were publishing AMP pages with more than two billion AMP pages published globally.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: On December 7, 2018, AMP announced their official WordPress plugin, which allowed WordPress websites to include AMP-ready pages.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: As announced by AMP's tech lead Malte Ubl at AMP Conf '19, AMP is now just AMP, and does not stand for Accelerated Mobile Pages anymore. AMP is designed to be mobile friendly but isn't just for mobile. It works across many device types, including desktop and tablet, and comes with helpful responsive design features.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Starting in 2021, support for AMP is being discontinued in some apps. In November, Twitter updated its developer guidelines to say that "We’re in the process of discontinuing support for this feature"; the Twitter mobile apps for Android and iOS simply load the non-AMP versions of webpages. In April 2021, Google removed AMP as an SEO criterion in favor of page loading speed and other "page experience" metrics. In search results, the Top Stories list will no longer be restricted to AMP pages, and AMP pages will no longer be distinguished by an icon.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: On April 20, 2022, Brave Browser rolled out new features to automatically bypass AMP pages. Also on the same day, DuckDuckGo announced that they will also automatically bypass AMP pages on their DuckDuckGo browser and on their DuckDuckGo Privacy Essentials browser extension.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Most AMP pages are delivered by Google's AMP cache, but other companies can support AMP caches. Internet performance and security company Cloudflare launched an AMP cache in March 2017.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Web Stories, known as AMP Stories until April 2020, were introduced in 2018. Web stories are a mobile-focused format for delivering news and information as tap-through stories.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: In 2018, Google announced the new AMP Email section of the AMP framework. AMP for email allows senders to include interactive AMP components inside emails. Email clients that support AMP are able to display components directly inside the email. When viewed in an unsupported email client, AMP emails display fallback HTML no different than a standard HTML email as an alternative.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP Ads are new way to deliver digital ads for AMP enabled pages. These ads are different from traditional HTML/JavaScript ads. AMPHTML ads load as fast as content, increasing viewability and enticing engagement. AMPHTML ads are only delivered after being validated, ensuring that the ads are free of malware.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP pages are published online and can be displayed in most current browsers. When a standard webpage has an AMP counterpart, a link to the AMP page is usually placed in an HTML tag in the source code of the standard page.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Any organization or individual can build products or features which will work on AMP pages, provided they comply with the AMP Project specifications. As of July 2017, the AMP Project's website listed around 120 advertising companies and around 30 analytics companies as AMP Project participants.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Google reports that AMP pages served in Google search typically load in less than one second and use ten times less data than the equivalent non-AMP pages. CNBC reported a 75% decrease in mobile page load time for AMP Pages over non-AMP pages, while Gizmodo reported that AMP pages loaded three times faster than non-AMP pages.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: An academic paper about AMP reveals that AMP pages' page load time is 2.5 times faster than non-AMP versions in Google's search result page without pre-rendering. With pre-rendering, the AMP version is approximately nine times faster than the non-AMP version, though pre-rendering may consume additional mobile data.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Google has announced that as of February 1, 2018, it will require the content of canonical pages and those displayed through AMP be substantially the same. This is aimed at improving the experience of users by avoiding common difficulties with the user interface, and increase security and trust (see below).


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP is often compared to Facebook Instant Articles and Apple News. All three formats were announced in 2015 with the stated goal of making mobile content faster and easier to consume. AMP Project supporters claim that AMP is a collaborative effort among publishers and technology companies, and that AMP is designed to work on the web instead of proprietary mobile apps.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: However, some critics believe that AMP is an impending walled garden as Google begins to host AMP-restricted versions of their websites directly on google.com:


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: AMP has been criticized by figures inside the tech industry as an attempt by Google to exert its dominance on the web by dictating how websites are built and monetized, and that "AMP is Google's attempt to lock publishers into its ecosystem".


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Joshua Benton, director of the Nieman Journalism Lab at Harvard University, said: "There is a sense in which AMP is a Google-built version of the web. We are moving from a world where you can put anything on your website to one where you can't because Google says so." Ramon Tremosa, a Spanish member of the European Parliament, said: "AMP is an example of Google dialing up its anti-competitive practices under the nose of the competition regulators."


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Matthew Ingram of "Fortune" expressed concerns about Google's role and motives regarding the AMP Project:


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: These charges were rebutted by Google. Madhav Chinnappa stated that AMP must be a collaborative industry initiative in order for it to succeed in the long term:


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: In September 2018, Google began transitioning AMP to a more open governance model with governing committees composed of different stakeholders in the project, ranging from publishers that use AMP including "The Washington Post" and "Axios" to other companies such as Microsoft and Twitter.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Some AMP implementations such as Google search results use pre-rendering to improve loading speeds of AMP pages. As in other cases where pre-rendering is used, this is out of the user's control and may increase data usage.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Some publishers reported that AMP pages generate less advertising revenue per page than non-AMP pages. "The Wall Street Journal" Jack Marshall said:


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Other publishers have reported better success with AMP monetization. "The Washington Post" has been able to generate approximately the same amount of revenue from AMP pages as from standard mobile pages, according to director of product Joey Marburger. CNN chief product officer Alex Wellen said AMP Pages "largely monetize at the same rate" as standard mobile pages.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: To improve advertising performance, the AMP Project launched the AMP Ads Initiative which includes support for more advertising formats and optimizations to improve ad load speed.


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: Some observers believe AMP allows more effective phishing attempts. One serious flaw, noted by tech writer Kyle Chayka, is that disreputable parties who misuse AMP (as well as Facebook's similar Instant Articles) enable junk websites to share many of the same visual cues and features found on legitimate sites. Chayka stated that "All publishers end up looking more similar than different. That makes separating the real from the fake even harder."


title: Accelerated Mobile Pages

text: In September 2017, Russian hackers used an AMP vulnerability in phishing e-mails sent to investigative journalists critical of the Russian government, and hacked into their websites. Google announced on November 16, 2017, that it would prevent sites in Google search results from exploiting AMP to bait-and-switch users. Since February 2018, AMP pages in Google search results must contain content equivalent to that of the non-AMP page.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Heat recovery ventilation (HRV), also known as mechanical ventilation heat recovery (MVHR), is an energy recovery ventilation system which works between two air sources at different temperatures. Heat recovery is a method which is used to reduce the heating and cooling demands of buildings. By recovering the residual heat in the exhaust gas, the fresh air introduced into the air conditioning system is preheated (pre-cooled) and the fresh air enthalpy is increased (reduced) before the fresh air enters the room or the air cooler of the air conditioning unit performs heat and moisture treatment. A typical heat recovery system in buildings consists of a core unit, channels for fresh and exhaust air, and blower fans. Building exhaust air is used as either a heat source or heat sink depending on the climate conditions, time of year and requirements of the building. Heat recovery systems typically recover about 60–95% of the heat in exhaust air and have significantly improved the energy efficiency of buildings.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: A heat recovery system is designed to supply conditioned air to the occupied space to maintain a certain temperature. A heat recovery system keeps a house fully ventilated while recovering heat being emitted from the inside environment. The purpose of heat recovery systems is to transfer the thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid, from one fluid to a solid, or from a solid surface to a fluid at different temperatures and in thermal contact. There is no direct interaction between fluid and fluid or fluid and solid in most heat recovery systems. In some heat recovery systems fluid leakage is observed due to pressure differences between fluids, resulting in a mixture of the two fluids.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Rotary thermal wheels are a mechanical means of heat recovery. A rotating porous metallic wheel transfers thermal energy from one air stream to another by passing through each fluid alternately. The system operates by working as a thermal storage mass whereby the heat from the air is temporarily stored within the wheel matrix until it is transferred to the cooler air stream.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Two types of rotary thermal wheel exist: heat wheels and enthalpy (desiccant) wheels. Though there is geometrical similarity between heat and enthalpy wheels, there are differences that affect the operation of each design. In a system utilizing a desiccant wheel, the moisture in the air stream with the highest relative humidity is transferred to the opposite air stream after flowing through the wheel. This can work in both directions of incoming air to exhaust air and exhaust air to incoming air. The supply air can then be used directly or employed to further cool the air. This is an energy intensive process.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Fixed plate heat exchangers are the most commonly used type of heat exchanger and have been developed for 40 years. Thin metal plates are stacked with a small spacing between plates. Two different air streams pass through these spaces, adjacent to each other. The heat transfer occurs as the temperature transfers through the plate from one air stream to the other. The efficiency of these devices have shown values of 90% sensible heat efficiency in transferring sensible heat from one air stream to another. The high levels of efficiency are attributed to the high heat transfer coefficients of the materials used, operational pressure and temperature range.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Heat pipes are a heat recovery device that use a multi-phase process to transfer heat from one air stream to another. Heat is transferred using an evaporator and condenser within a wicked, sealed pipe containing a fluid which undergoes constant phase change to transfer heat. The fluid within the pipes changes from a fluid to a gas in the evaporator section, absorbing the thermal energy from the warm air stream. The gas condenses back to a fluid in the condenser section where the thermal energy is dissipated into the cooler air stream raising the temperature. The fluid/gas is transported from one side of the heat pipe to the other through pressure, wick forces or gravity, depending on the arrangement of the heat pipe.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Run-around systems are a hybrid heat recovery system that incorporates characteristics from other heat recovery technology to form a single device, capable of recovering heat from one air stream and delivering to another a significant distance away. There is the general case of run-around heat recovery, two fixed plate heat exchangers are located in two separate airstreams and are linked by a closed loop containing a fluid which is continually pumped between the two heat exchangers. The fluid is heated and cooled constantly as it flows around the loop, providing the heat recovery. The constant flow of the fluid through the loop requires pumps to move between the two heat exchangers. Though this is an additional energy demand, using pumps to circulate fluid is less energy intensive than fans to circulate air.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Phase change materials, or PCMs, are a technology that is used to store sensible and latent heat within a building structure at a higher storage capacity than standard building materials. PCMs have been studied extensively due to the ability to store heat and transfer heating and cooling demands from conventional peak times to off-peak times.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: The concept of thermal mass of a building for heat storage, that the physical structure of the building absorbs heat to help cool the air, has long been understood and investigated. A study of PCMs in comparison to traditional building materials has shown that the thermal storage capacity of PCMs is twelve times higher than standard building materials over the same temperature range. The pressure drop across PCMs has not been investigated to be able to comment on the effect that the material may have on air streams. However, as the PCM can be incorporated directly into the building structure, this would not affect the flow in the same way other heat exchanger technologies do, it can be suggested that there is no pressure loss created by the inclusion of PCMs in the building fabric.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: O’Connor et al. studied the effect that a rotary thermal wheel has on the supply air flow rates into a building. A computational model was created to simulate the effects of a rotary thermal wheel on air flow rates when incorporated into a commercial wind tower system. The simulation was validated with a scale model experiment in a closed-loop subsonic wind tunnel. The data obtained from both tests were compared in order to analyze the flow rates. Although the flow rates were reduced compared to a wind tower which did not include a rotary thermal wheel, the guideline ventilation rates for occupants in a school or office building were met above a external wind speed of 3 m/s, which is lower than the average wind speed of the UK (4–5 m/s).


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: No full scale experimental or field test data was completed in this study, therefore it cannot be conclusively proved that rotary thermal wheels are feasible for integration into a commercial wind tower system. However, despite the air flow rates decrease within the building after the introduction of the rotary thermal wheel, the reduction was not large enough to prevent the ventilation guideline rates being met. Sufficient research has not yet been conducted to determine the suitability of rotary thermal wheels in natural ventilation, ventilation supply rates can be met but the thermal capabilities of the rotary thermal wheel have not yet been investigated. Further work would beneficial to increase understanding of the system.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Mardiana et al. integrated a fixed plate heat exchanger into a commercial wind tower, highlighting the advantages of this type of system as a means of zero energy ventilation which can be simply modified. Full scale laboratory testing was undertaken in order to determine the effects and efficiency of the combined system. A wind tower was integrated with a fixed plate heat exchanger and was mounted centrally on a sealed test room.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: The results from this study indicate that the combination of a wind tower passive ventilation system and a fixed plate heat recovery device could provide an effective combined technology to recover waste heat from exhaust air and cool incoming warm air with zero energy demand. Though no quantitative data for the ventilation rates within the test room was provided, it can be assumed that due to the high pressure loss across the heat exchanger that these were significantly reduced from standard operation of a wind tower. Further investigation of this combined of technology is essential in understanding the air flow characteristics of the system.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Due to the low pressure loss of heat pipe systems, more research has been conducted into the integration of this technology into passive ventilation than other heat recovery systems. Commercial wind towers were again used as the passive ventilation system for integrating this heat recovery technology. This further enhances the suggestion that commercial wind towers provide a worthwhile alternative to mechanical ventilation, capable of supplying and exhausting air at the same time.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Flaga-Maryanczyk et al. conducted a study in Sweden which examined a passive ventilation system which integrated a run-around system using a ground source heat pump as the heat source to warm incoming air. Experimental measurements and weather data were taken from the passive house used in the study. A CFD model of the passive house was created with the measurements taken from the sensors and weather station used as input data. The model was run to calculate the effectiveness of the run-around system and the capabilities of the ground source heat pump.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Ground source heat pumps provide a reliable source of consistent thermal energy when buried 10–20 m below the ground surface. The ground temperature is warmer than ambient air in winter and cooler than ambient air in summer, providing both heat source and heat sink. It was found that in February, the coldest month in the climate, that the ground source heat pump was capable of delivering almost 25% of the heating needs of the house and occupants.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: The majority of research interest in PCMs is the application of phase change material integration into traditional porous building materials such as concrete and wall boards. Kosny et al. analyzed the thermal performance of buildings which have PCM enhanced construction materials within the structure. Analysis showed that the addition of PCMs is beneficial in terms of improving the thermal performance.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: A significant drawback of PCM use in a passive ventilation system for heat recovery is the lack of instantaneous heat transfer across different airstreams. Phase change materials are a heat storage technology, whereby the heat is stored within the PCM until the air temperature has fallen to a significant level where it can be released back into the air stream. No research has been conducted into the use of PCMs between two airstreams of different temperature where continuous, instantaneous heat transfer can occur. An investigation into this area would be beneficial for passive ventilation heat recovery research.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: Energy saving is one of the key issues for both fossil fuel consumption and protection of global environment. The rising cost of energy and the global warming underlined that developing of the improved energy systems is necessary to increase the energy efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The most effective way to reduce energy demand is to use energy more efficiently. Therefore, waste heat recovery is becoming popular in recent years since it improves energy efficiency. About 26% of industrial energy is still wasted as hot gas or fluid in many countries. However, during last two decades there has been remarkable attention to recover waste heat from various industries and to optimize the units which are used to absorb heat from waste gases. Thus, these attempts enhance reducing of global warming as well as of energy demand.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: In most industrialized countries, HVAC are responsible for one-third of the total energy consumption. Moreover, cooling and dehumidifying fresh ventilation air composes 20–40% of the total energy load for HVAC in hot and humid climatic regions. However, that percentage can be higher where 100% fresh air ventilation is required. This means more energy is needed to meet the fresh air requirements of the occupants. The heat recovery is getting a necessity due to an increasing energy cost for treatment of fresh air. The main purpose of heat recovery systems is to mitigate the energy consumption of buildings for heating, cooling and ventilation by recovering the waste heat. In this regard, stand alone or combined heat recovery systems can be incorporated into the residential or commercial buildings for energy saving. Reduction in energy consumption levels can also notably contribute in reducing greenhouse gas emissions for a sustainable world.


title: Heat recovery ventilation

text: CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change. Therefore, the greenhouse gas emissions are frequently denoted as CO equivalent emissions. Total global greenhouse gas emissions increased 12.7% between 2000 and 2005. In 2005, around 8.3 Gt CO was released by building sector. Moreover, buildings are responsible for more than 30% of greenhouse gas emissions each year in most of developed countries. According to another study, buildings in European Union countries cause about 50% of the CO emissions in the atmosphere. It is possible to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions by 70% compared to the levels expected to be seen in 2030 if the proper measures are taken. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to high demand of energy use concluded as global warming. In this regard, mitigating gas emissions in the atmosphere stands out as one of the most crucial problems of the world today that should be resolved. Heat recovery systems have a remarkable potential to contribute in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the energy required to heat and cool buildings. The Scotch Whisky Association has carried out a project at Glenmorangie distillery to recover latent heat from new wash stills to heat other process waters. They have found that 175 t a year of CO will be saved with a payback period of under one year. In another report, it is underlined that 10 MW of recovered heat can be utilized for saving €350,000 per year in emission costs. UK Climate Change Act of 2008 is targeting a 34% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared with 1990 levels and an 80% reduction by 2050. They emphasize the notable potential and importance of heat recovery technologies to achieve this goal.


title: Louis Tomlinson World Tour

text: The Louis Tomlinson World Tour was the first concert tour by English singer Louis Tomlinson in support of his debut studio album "Walls" (2020). The tour began on 9 March 2020 in Barcelona but was postponed after two shows due to the COVID-19 pandemic until it restarted on 1 February 2022 in Dallas and concluded on 3 September 2022 in Milan.


title: Louis Tomlinson World Tour

text: On 23 October 2019, Tomlinson announced via Twitter and his official website that he would be embarking on his first ever solo tour in support of his debut album, "Walls" (2020). Additional dates in New York City and Los Angeles were added on 31 October along with an additional date in London added on 1 November. Dates in Santiago and Mexico City were added on 25 November. Dates in Oakland and Moscow were added on 6 December. Additional date in Milan and dates in Palmanova and Rome were added on 29 January 2020. A date in Kyiv was added on 6 February 2020. A date in Scarborough was added on 10 February 2020. A date in Madrid was added on 4 March 2020. An additional date in Mexico City and dates in Guadalajara and Monterrey were added on 11 March 2020.


title: Louis Tomlinson World Tour

text: On 27 February, Tomlinson announced Only The Poets, whom also opened Tomlinson's performance for BRITs week, as the supporting act for a majority of his first European leg. In March 2020, the 11 March show in Milan was cancelled, with the remaining March shows rescheduled to August and September of the same year, due to increased health concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, the remaining dates for the first European leg were postponed, following continued concerns of the pandemic. In May, he postponed the North American dates of the tour. In July, Tomlinson announced that the tour would be postponed to 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Louis Tomlinson World Tour

text: An additional date in New York was added on 31 July 2020. On 19 October of the same year, an additional date in Melbourne was added to the tour itinerary.


title: Louis Tomlinson World Tour

text: On 15 December 2020, UK and European dates have been rescheduled to August and September 2022, and new dates in Reykjavik, Oslo, Warsaw, Prague, Vienna and Zurich along with an additional date in Paris were added.


title: Louis Tomlinson World Tour

text: This set list is representative of the show on 10 March 2020 in Madrid. It is not intended to represent all concerts for the tour.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The Constitution of Ireland (, ) is the fundamental law of Ireland. It asserts the national sovereignty of the Irish people. The constitution, based on a system of representative democracy, is broadly within the tradition of liberal democracy. It guarantees certain fundamental rights, along with a popularly elected non-executive president, a bicameral parliament, a separation of powers and judicial review.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: It is the second constitution of the Irish state since independence, replacing the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State. It came into force on 29 December 1937 following a statewide plebiscite held on 1 July 1937. The Constitution may be amended solely by a national referendum. It is the longest continually operating republican constitution within the European Union.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The Constitution of Ireland replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State which had been in effect since the independence, as a dominion, of the Irish state from the United Kingdom on 6 December 1922. There were two main motivations for replacing the constitution in 1937. Firstly, the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted parliamentary autonomy to the six British Dominions (now known as Commonwealth realms) within a British Commonwealth of Nations. This had the effect of making the dominions sovereign nations in their own right. The Irish Free State constitution of 1922 was, in the eyes of many, associated with the controversial Anglo-Irish Treaty. The anti-treaty faction, who opposed the treaty initially by force of arms, was so opposed to the institutions of the new Irish Free State that it initially took an abstentionist line toward them, boycotting them altogether. However, the largest element of this faction became convinced that abstentionism could not be maintained forever. This element, led by Éamon de Valera, formed the Fianna Fáil party in 1926, which entered into government following the 1932 general election.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: After 1932, under the provisions of the Statute of Westminster, some of the articles of the original Constitution which were required by the Anglo-Irish Treaty were dismantled by acts of the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State. Such amendments removed references to the Oath of Allegiance, appeals to the United Kingdom's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the British Crown and the Governor-General. The sudden abdication of Edward VIII in December 1936 was quickly used to redefine the Royal connection. Nevertheless, the Fianna Fáil government still desired to replace the constitutional document they saw as having been imposed by the British government in 1922.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The second motive for replacing the original constitution was primarily symbolic. De Valera wanted to put an Irish stamp on the institutions of government, and chose to do this in particular through the use of Irish language nomenclature.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: De Valera personally supervised the writing of the Constitution. It was drafted initially by John Hearne, legal adviser to the Department of External Affairs (now called the Department of Foreign Affairs). It was translated into Irish over a number of drafts by a group headed by Micheál Ó Gríobhtha (assisted by Risteárd Ó Foghludha), who worked in the Irish Department of Education. De Valera served as his own External Affairs Minister, hence the use of the Department's Legal Advisor, with whom he had previously worked closely, as opposed to the Attorney General or someone from the Department of the President of the Executive Council. He also received significant input from John Charles McQuaid, the then President of Blackrock College, on religious, educational, family and social welfare issues. McQuaid later became, in 1940, the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Other religious leaders who were consulted were Archbishop Edward Byrne (Roman Catholic), Archbishop John Gregg (Church of Ireland), William Massey (Methodist) and James Irwin (Presbyterian).


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: There are a number of instances where the texts in English and Irish clash, a potential dilemma which the Constitution resolves by favouring the Irish text even though English is more commonly used in the official sphere.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: A draft of the constitution was presented personally to the Vatican for review and comment on two occasions by the Department Head at External Relations, Joseph P. Walsh. Prior to its tabling in Dáil Éireann and presentation to the Irish electorate in a plebiscite, Vatican Secretary of State Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, said of the final amended draft: "We do not approve, neither do we disapprove; We shall maintain silence." The "quid pro quo" for this indulgence of the Catholic Church's interests in Ireland was the degree of respectability which it conferred on De Valera's formerly denounced republican faction and its reputation as the 'semi-constitutional' political wing of the 'irregular' anti-treaty forces.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: During the Great Depression, as social polarisation generated campaigns and strikes, Catholic social jurists aimed to forestall class conflict. Taoiseach Éamon de Valera and clericalist advisors such as John Charles McQuaid considered constitutional provisions to incorporate land redistribution, credit system regulation, and welfare rights. Late in the drafting process, however, de Valera re-wrote these initially robust socio-economic rights as non-binding 'directive principles', primarily to satisfy the Department of Finance's preferences for minimal state spending. In line with Ireland's banks and grazier farming interests, the final wording thus preserved the state's existing currency and cattle trading relations with the United Kingdom.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The text of the draft constitution, with minor amendments, was approved on 14 June by Dáil Éireann (then the sole house of parliament, the Seanad having been abolished the previous year).


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The draft constitution was then put to a plebiscite on 1 July 1937 (the same day as the 1937 general election), when it was passed by a plurality. 56% of voters were in favour, comprising 38.6% of the whole electorate. The constitution formally came into force on 29 December 1937 and, to mark the occasion, the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs issued two commemorative stamps on that date.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: Among the groups who opposed the constitution were supporters of Fine Gael and the Labour Party, Unionists, and some independents and feminists. The question put to voters was simply ""Do you approve of the Draft Constitution which is the subject of this plebiscite?"".


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: When the draft new constitution was published, the "Irish Independent" described it as one of De Valera's "finest tributes to his predecessors". "The Irish Times" criticised the constitution's assertion of a territorial claim on Northern Ireland, and the absence in its text of any reference to the British Commonwealth. The London-based "Daily Telegraph" included in its criticism the special position assigned to the Church of Rome under the new constitution. "The Sunday Times" concluded it would only help to "perpetuate division" between Dublin and Belfast. "The Irish Catholic" concluded it was a "noble document in harmony with papal teachings".


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: When the new constitution was enacted, the British government, according to "The New York Times", "contented itself with a legalistic protest". Its protest took the form of a communiqué on 30 December 1937, in which the British stated:


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The other governments of the British Commonwealth countries chose to continue to regard Ireland as a member of the British Commonwealth. A proposal by the Northern Ireland government that Northern Ireland be renamed "Ulster" in response to the new Irish constitution was aborted after it was determined that this would require Westminster legislation.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The Irish government received a message of goodwill from 268 United States congressmen, including eight senators. The signatories expressed "their ardent congratulations on the birth of the State of Ireland and the consequent coming into effect of the new constitution", adding that "We regard the adoption of the new constitution and the emergence of the State of Ireland as events of the utmost importance."


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: Feminists such as Hannah Sheehy Skeffington claimed that certain articles threatened their rights as citizens and as workers. Article 41.2, for example, equated womanhood with motherhood and further specified a woman's 'life within the home'. The Women Graduates' Association, the Joint Committee of Women's Societies and Social Workers, together with the Irish Women Workers' Union mobilised a two-month campaign seeking the provisions' amendment or deletion.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The Republican Congress also critiqued the constitution's "stone-age conception of womanhood". Writing in the Irish Democrat, Peadar O'Donnell and Frank Ryan condemned the 1937 Constitution for upholding private property as a sacred, 'natural right' and declaring that capitalism was 'something ordained by Providence forever, amen!' The Congress further opposed the Roman Catholic Church's position as a 'State or semi-State church' in violation of republican principles and an offence to Protestants throughout the island. The 'Roman Catholic Bishops of the South', O'Donnell claimed, now functioned as 'the watchdogs of the private property classes'.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The official text of the Constitution consists of a Preamble and fifty Articles arranged under sixteen headings. Its overall length is approximately 16,000 words. The headings are:


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The Constitution also includes a number of "Transitory Provisions" (Arts. 51–63) which have, in accordance with their terms, been omitted from all official texts since 1941. These provisions are still in force but are now mostly spent.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: Interpretation of these provisions has been contentious. The Constitution itself is enrolled in both languages, and in case of conflict the Irish language version takes precedence, even though in practice the Irish text is a translation of the English rather than "vice versa". The 1937 Constitution introduced some Irish-language terms into English, such as "Taoiseach" and "Tánaiste", while others, such as "Oireachtas", had been used in the Free State Constitution. The use in English of "Éire", the Irish-language name of the state, is deprecated.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The Constitution establishes a government under a parliamentary system. It provides for a directly elected, largely ceremonial President of Ireland (Article 12), a head of government called the Taoiseach (Article 28), and a national parliament called the Oireachtas (Article 15). The Oireachtas has a dominant directly elected lower house known as Dáil Éireann (Article 16) and an upper house Seanad Éireann (Article 18), which is partly appointed, partly indirectly elected and partly elected by a limited electorate. There is also an independent judiciary headed by the Supreme Court (Article 34).


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: Under Article 28.3.3° the Constitution grants the state sweeping powers "in time of war or armed rebellion", which may (if so resolved by both Houses of the Oireachtas) include an armed conflict in which the state is not a direct participant. During a national emergency the Oireachtas may pass laws that would otherwise be unconstitutional, and the actions of the executive cannot be found to be "ultra vires" or unconstitutional provided they at least "purport" to be in pursuance of such a law. However, the constitutional prohibition on the death penalty (Article 15.5.2°), introduced by an amendment made in 2001, is an absolute exception to these powers.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: There have been two national emergencies since 1937: an emergency declared in 1939 to cover the threat to national security posed as a consequence of World War II (although the state remained formally neutral throughout that conflict), and an emergency declared in 1976 to deal with the threat to the security of the state posed by the Provisional IRA.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: Article 45 outlines a number of broad principles of social and economic policy. Its provisions are, however, intended solely "for the general guidance of the Oireachtas", and "shall not be cognisable by any Court under any of the provisions of this Constitution" (preamble to Article 45).


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The "Directive Principles of Social Policy" feature little in contemporary parliamentary debates. However, no proposals have yet been made for their repeal or amendment.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The "Directive Principles" have influenced other constitutions. Notably, the famous "Indian Directive Principles of State Policy" contained in the Constitution of India are influenced by the Constitution of Ireland. Moreover, the previous Constitution of Nepal adopted in 1962 and in force for 28 years and commonly called "Panchayat Constitution" contained a verbatim translation of the "Directive Principles" of the Irish constitution.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: The transitory provisions of the constitution consist of thirteen articles that provide for a smooth transition from the state's pre-existing institutions to the newly established state. Article 51 provides for the transitional amendment of the constitution by ordinary legislation. The remaining twelve deal with such matters as the transition and reconstitution of the executive and legislature, the continuance of the civil service, the entry into office of the first president, the temporary continuance of the courts, and with the continuance of the attorney general, the comptroller and auditor general, the Defence Forces and the police.


title: Constitution of Ireland

text: Under their own terms the transitory provisions are today omitted from all official texts of the constitution. The provisions required that Article 51 be omitted from 1941 onwards and the remainder from 1938. However, paradoxically, under their own provisions Articles 52 to 63 continue to have the full force of law and so may be considered to remain an integral part of the constitution, even though invisible. This created the anomalous situation that, in 1941, it was deemed necessary, by means of the Second Amendment, to make changes to Article 56 despite the fact that it was no longer a part of the official text.