title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: By the fall of the Carolingian Empire, the area was part of Lotharingia and later part of the County of Provence. In 1295, Charles II, Duke of Anjou, then Count of Provence, enticed the inhabitants of Montolivo and surroundings to settle closer to the coastline in order to secure the area from pirates. By charter, he established Villefranche as a "free port", thus the name, granting tax privileges and port fee rights that lasted well into the 18th century.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: By 1388, East Provence became part of the Duchy of Savoy as a result of the disputed succession to the heirless Queen Joan I of Naples. For the next 400 years, the area known as the County of Nice was hotly disputed between the Holy Roman Empire to which Savoy was an ally and the French.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: In 1543, the Franco-Turkish armies sacked and occupied the city after the siege of Nice, prompting Duke Emmanuel Philibert to secure the site by building an impressive citadel and a fort on nearby Mont Alban. In the late 17th century, the area fell to the French but was returned to Savoy after the Peace of Utrecht.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: During the 18th century, the city lost some of its maritime importance to the new harbour being built in Nice but remained a military and naval base. In 1744, a Franco-Spanish army under the Prince of Conti overran the Piedmontese regiments of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia at the Fort of Mont Alban in the heights above the town.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: In 1793, the French returned to re-occupy Villefranche and the county of Nice remained part of the Napoleonic Empire until 1814. It was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: In 1860, as a consequence of the Risorgimento, it was given to France by treaty following a plebiscite.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: By the late 19th century, it had become an important Imperial Russian Navy base and the Russians established an oceanographic laboratory in the old lazaret.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: Villefranche's bay is notable for reaching a significant depth only a short distance from shore. As a result, it has become an important port over the years. Since World War I, the United States Navy has called on a regular basis, making Villefranche the home port of the U.S. 6th Fleet from 1948 to February 1966, when French President Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from NATO and required U.S. forces to leave. Just prior to 1966, the flagship of the Commander Sixth Fleet rotated between and . Since the 1980s Villefranche has been used by cruise ships. It is the most visited cruise ship port of call in France.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: Villefranche is now part of the Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur and so can be considered a suburb of the Nice metropolitan area. The decrease in population in recent years and especially in the 1990s can be attributed to the cost of real estate and an increase of part-time residents, who typically are not counted in the census. But Villefranche's aging population, like elsewhere in the eastern part of the Alpes-Maritimes, is not being replaced by younger people at the same rate as in the rest of the département.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: The main activity remains tourism, with hotels and restaurants employing a sizeable portion of the population. Traditional activities, like fishing, have now given way to sea-related activities, such as sailing and deep sea diving. Some dockyard activity remains at the harbour of “la Darse” but most of it has now been moved to Antibes.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: Residential construction and maintenance, which provided a lot of employment in the mid 20th century, has now subsided considerably.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: The old town and the bay have offered for years a natural set for movie makers. Among many productions to name just a few:


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: The façades of the buildings in the harbour were the inspiration for the film set in the Moteurs... Action! Stunt Show Spectacular at the Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris and Disney's Hollywood Studios in Walt Disney World, Florida.


title: Villefranche-sur-Mer

text: It was also at Villefranche-Sur-Mer that The Rolling Stones recorded their 1972 album "Exile on Main St.", at the Belle Epoque-era mansion Nellcôte.


title: Thracian language

text: The Thracian language () is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians. The linguistic affinities of the Thracian language are poorly understood, but it is generally agreed that it was an Indo-European language with satem features.


title: Thracian language

text: A contemporary, neighboring language, Dacian is usually regarded as closely related to Thracian. However, there is insufficient evidence with respect to either language to ascertain the nature of this relationship.


title: Thracian language

text: The point at which Thracian became extinct is a matter of dispute. However, it is generally accepted that Thracian was still in use in the 6th century AD: Antoninus of Piacenza wrote in 570 that there was a monastery in the Sinai, at which the monks spoke Greek, Latin, Syriac, Egyptian, and Bessian – a Thracian dialect.


title: Thracian language

text: Other theories about Thracian remain controversial. A classification put forward by some linguists, such as Harvey Mayer, suggests that Thracian (and Dacian) belonged to the Baltic branch of Indo-European, or at least is closer to Baltic than any other Indo-European branch. However, this theory has not achieved the status of a general consensus among linguists. These are among many competing hypotheses regarding the classification and fate of Thracian.


title: Thracian language

text: The Thracian language or languages were spoken in what is now Bulgaria, Romania, North Macedonia, Northern Greece, European Turkey and in parts of Bithynia (North-Western Asiatic Turkey).


title: Thracian language

text: Modern-day Eastern Serbia is usually considered by paleolinguists to have been a Daco-Moesian language area. Moesian (after Vladimir Georgiev et al.) is grouped with the Dacian language.


title: Thracian language

text: Little is known for certain about the Thracian languages, since no phrase beyond a few words in length has been satisfactorily deciphered, and the sounder decipherments given for the shorter phrases may not be completely accurate. Some of the longer inscriptions may indeed be Thracian in origin but they may not reflect actual Thracian language sentences, but rather jumbles of names or magical formulas.


title: Thracian language

text: Enough Thracian lexical items have survived to show that Thracian was a member of the Indo-European language family and that it was a satemized language by the time it is attested.


title: Thracian language

text: Besides the aforementioned inscriptions, Thracian is attested through personal names, toponyms, hydronyms, phytonyms, divine names, etc. and by a small number of words cited in Ancient Greek texts as being specifically Thracian.


title: Thracian language

text: Other ancient Greek lexical items were not specifically identified as Thracian by the ancient Greeks but are hypothesized by paleolinguists as being or probably being of Thracian origin. Other lexical items are hypothesized on the basis of local anthroponyms, toponyms, hydronyms, oronyms, etc. mentioned in primary sources (see also List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia, List of Dacian plant names).


title: Thracian language

text: Below is a table showing both words cited as being Thracian in classical sources, and lexical elements that have been extracted by paleolinguists from Thracian anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. In this table the closest cognates are shown, with an emphasis on cognates in Bulgarian, Albanian, Baltic, Slavic, Greek, and substratum and/or old-layer words in the Eastern Romance languages: Romanian, Aromanian, et cetera. See also the List of reconstructed Dacian words.


title: Thracian language

text: Significant cognates from any Indo-European language are listed. However, not all lexical items in Thracian are assumed to be from the Proto-Indo-European language, some non-IE lexical items in Thracian are to be expected.


title: Thracian language

text: There are 23 words mentioned by ancient sources considered explicitly of Thracian origin and known meaning.


title: Thracian language

text: The proposed Thracian words in the Ancient Greek lexicon are not numerous. They include the "parth-" element in Parthenon; "balios" ("dappled"; < PIE "*bhel-", "to shine", Bul. "bel/bial" (бял) "white" or "bljaskav" 'bright, shiny'; Pokorny also cites Illyrian as a possible source, the non-Greek origin is argued on phonological grounds), "bounos", "hill, mound".


title: Thracian language

text: The Thracian horseman hero was an important figure in Thracian religion, mythology, and culture. Depictions of the Thracian Horseman are found in numerous archaeological remains and artifacts from Thracian regions. From the Duvanlii ring and from cognates in numerous Indo-European languages, is seen to be a Thracian word for "horse", deriving from PIE "*mend-". Another Thracian word for "horse" is hypothesized, but it looks certain, there is no disagreement among Thracologists: , , "asb-" (and some other variants; < PIE "*ekwo" , the Thracian showing a satem form similar to Sanskrit "áśva-", "horse", Avestan "aspa", "horse", Ossetic "jäfs", Prussian "aswinan" ‘mare milk’, Lithuanian "ašvíenis" ‘stallion’, ašvà, dial. ešvà ‘mare’), from , , an inscription associated with the Thracian horseman. "Ut-" based on the PIE root word "ud-" (meaning "up") and based on several Thracic items, would have meant "upon", "up", and is theorized to have meant "On horse(back)", parallel to ancient Greek .


title: Thracian language

text: The early Indo-European languages had more than one word for horse; for example Latin had "equus" from PIE "*ekwo-" and "mannus" ("a pony") from another IE root, later receiving "cabalus" as a loanword.


title: Thracian language

text: In many cases in current Thracology, there is more than one etymology for a Thracian lexical item. For example, Thracian "Diana Germetitha" ("Diana" is from Latin while the epithet "Germetitha" is from Thracian) has two different proposed etymologies, "Diana of the warm bosom" (Olteanu; et al.?) or "Diana of the warm radiance" (Georgiev; et al.?). In other cases, etymologies for the Thracian lexical items may be sound, but some of the proposed cognates are not actually cognates, thus confusing the affinity of Thracian.


title: Thracian language

text: The following are the longest inscriptions preserved. The remaining ones are mostly single words or names on vessels and other artifacts.


title: Thracian language

text: Only four Thracian inscriptions of any length have been found. The first is a gold ring found in 1912 in the village of Ezerovo (Plovdiv Province of Bulgaria); the ring was dated to the 5th century BC. On the ring an inscription is found written in a Greek script and consisting of 8 lines, the eighth of which is located on the edge, the rim, of the rotating disk; it reads without any spaces between:


title: Thracian language

text: A second inscription, hitherto undeciphered, was found in 1965 near the village of Kyolmen, Varbitsa Municipality, dating to the sixth century BC. Written in a Greek alphabet variant, it is possibly a tomb stele inscription similar to the Phrygian ones; Peter A. Dimitrov's transcription thereof is:


title: Thracian language

text: A third inscription is again on a ring, found in Duvanlii, Kaloyanovo Municipality, next to the left hand of a skeleton. It dates to the 5th century BC. The ring has the image of a horseman with the inscription surrounding the image. It is only partly legible (16 out of the initial 21):


title: Thracian language

text: If this reading is correct, the Thracian word "mezenai" might be cognate to Illyrian "Menzanas" (as in "Juppiter/Jove Menzanas" 'Juppiter of the foals' or 'Juppiter on a horse'); Albanian "mëz" 'foal'; Romanian "mînz" 'colt, foal'; Latin "mannus" 'small horse, pony'; Gaulish "manduos" 'pony' (as in tribe name "Viromandui" 'men who own ponies').


title: Thracian language

text: The Thracian language in linguistic textbooks is usually treated either as its own branch of Indo-European, or is grouped with Dacian, together forming a Daco-Thracian branch of IE. Older textbooks often grouped it also with Illyrian or Phrygian. The belief that Thracian was close to Phrygian is no longer popular and has mostly been discarded.


title: Thracian language

text: No definite evidence has yet been found that demonstrates that Thracian or Daco-Thracian belonged on the same branch as Albanian or Baltic or Balto-Slavic or Greco-Macedonian or Phrygian or any other IE branch. For this reason textbooks still treat Thracian as its own branch of Indo-European, or as a Daco-Thracian/Thraco-Dacian branch.


title: Thracian language

text: The generally accepted clades branched from the Proto-Indo-European language are, in alphabetical order, the Proto-Albanian language, Proto-Anatolian language, Proto-Armenian language, Proto-Balto-Slavic language, Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Greek language, Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Italic language, and the Proto-Tocharian language. Thracian, Dacian, Phrygian, Illyrian, Venetic, and Paeonian are fragmentarily attested and cannot be reliably categorized.


title: Thracian language

text: Note: Asterisk indicates reconstructed IE sound. "M" is a cover symbol for the row of voiced stops (mediae), "T" for unvoiced stops (tenues) and "TA" for aspirated stops (tenues aspiratae). ∅ indicates zero, a sound that has been lost.


title: Thracian language

text: For a large proportion of the 300 Thracian geographic names there are cognates within the Baltic toponymy, most similarities between Thracian and Balto-Slavic personal and geographic names were found, especially Baltic. According to Duridinov the "most important impression make the geographic cognates of Baltic and Thracian" "the similarity of these parallels stretching frequently on the main element and the suffix simultaneously, which makes a strong impression". According to him there are occasional similarities between Slavic and Thracian because Slavic is related to Baltic, while almost no lexical similarities within Thracian and Phrygian were found. This significant relatedness show close affinity and kinship of Thracian with Baltic.


title: Thracian language

text: The following table shows the cognate Thracian and Baltic place names, some Polish and related Lechitic names from the transitional area of the ancient Veneti-Eneti along the Amber Road were added:


title: Thracian language

text: According to Skordelis, when Thracians were subjected by Alexander the Great they finally assimilated to Greek culture and became as Greek as Spartans and Athenians, although he considered the Thracian language as a form of Greek. According to Crampton (1997) most Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th century. According to Marinov the Thracians were likely completely Romanized and Hellenized after the last contemporary references to them of the 6th century. This theory holds the Christianization of the Roman Empire as the main factor of immediate assimilation.


title: Thracian language

text: A quick extinction would intensely contrast the avoidance of Hellenization at least by Albanian till the present, possibly with the help of isolated mountainous areas.


title: Thracian language

text: Another author considers that the interior of Thrace have never been Romanized or Hellenized (Trever, 1939). This was followed also by Slavonization. According to Weithmann (1978) when the Slavs migrated, they encountered only a very superficially Romanized Thracian and Dacian population, which had not strongly identified itself with Imperial Rome, while Greek and Roman populations (mostly soldiers, officials, merchants) abandoned the land or were killed. Because Pulpudeva survived as Plovdiv in Slavic languages, not under Philippopolis, some authors suggest that Thracian was not completely obliterated in the 7th century.


title: Bilocation

text: Bilocation, or sometimes multilocation, is an alleged psychic or miraculous ability wherein an individual or object is located (or appears to be located) in two distinct places at the same time. Reports of bilocational phenomena have been made in a wide variety of historical and religious contexts, ranging from ancient Greek legends and Christian traditions to modern occultism.


title: Bilocation

text: The ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras is said to have been capable of bilocation. According to Porphyry (writing several centuries after Pythagoras):


title: Bilocation

text: A similar story is told of Apollonius of Tyana, who was supposedly present simultaneously in Smyrna and Ephesus.


title: Bilocation

text: The concept of bilocation has been linked with shamanism, Theosophy, Islam (especially Sufism), and Jewish mysticism.


title: Bilocation

text: It is also one of the "siddhis" of Hinduism and Buddhism. Several prominent Hindu gurus, including Neem Karoli Baba, Sri Yukteswar, and Lahiri Mahasaya, have been reported to have this ability.


title: Bilocation

text: The history of Christianity contains many reports of miraculous bilocations. Among the earliest of these is the apparition of Our Lady of the Pillar. This is an alleged appearance of the Virgin Mary in Caesaraugusta, Spain, in the year 40CE, at a time when she is believed to have been still alive and living in Jerusalem.


title: Bilocation

text: Other Christian figures said to have experienced bilocation include Saint Drogo, Anthony of Padua, Francis of Paola, Francis Xavier, Martin de Porres, María de Ágreda, María de León Bello y Delgado, Alphonsus Liguori, Gerard Majella, and Pio of Pietrelcina.


title: Bilocation

text: However, Catholic philosophers disagree as to whether a person can really be physically located in two places at once, or whether the bilocations of the saints only take the form of non-substantial apparitions.


title: Bilocation

text: In the 17th century, persons accused of witchcraft were often reported to appear to their victims in visions, even if they were known to be elsewhere at the time. The trials at Bury St. Edmunds and Salem included this "spectral evidence" against defendants. Matthew Hopkins described the phenomenon in his book "The Discovery of Witches".


title: Bilocation

text: Émilie Sagée, a French teacher working in 1845 in a boarding school in Latvia, supposed to had the ability of bilocation.


title: Bilocation

text: The English occultist Aleister Crowley was reported by acquaintances to have the ability to bilocate, even though he said he was not conscious of its happening at the time.


title: Bilocation

text: Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell has written that there is no scientific evidence that bilocation is a real phenomenon and that cases are often from anecdotal reports that cannot be verified. Nickell listed self-delusion, hoaxing and illusion to explain alleged cases of bilocation.


title: Bilocation

text: Bilocation figures heavily in David Lynch's film "Lost Highway" (1997) and Thomas Pynchon's novel "Against the Day" (2006). Bilocation also plays a part in the Christopher Priest novel "The Prestige". Additionally, the phenomenon is explored in an episode of "The X-Files", "Fight Club", and several season two episodes of "", including "Dead Ringer".


title: Bilocation

text: A mystical story that involved Soviet author Yevgeny Petrov served as inspiration for the film "Envelope" (2012), starring Kevin Spacey.


title: DaBaby discography

text: The discography of American rapper DaBaby consists of four studio albums, two extended plays, thirteen mixtapes, and 123 singles (including eighty-eight as a featured artist).


title: DaBaby discography

text: DaBaby, who was known as Baby Jesus at the time, released his debut mixtape "NonFiction" in 2015, he then released three more mixtapes from 2015 to 2016. He followed them up with his "Baby Talk" mixtape series. His thirteenth mixtape, "Blank Blank" was released in 2018.


title: DaBaby discography

text: DaBaby released his debut studio album, "Baby on Baby" in March 2019. It included his breakthrough hit single, "Suge", which reached number 7 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his first entry on the chart. His second studio album, "Kirk" was released months later in September 2019, and became his first album to top the US "Billboard" 200 chart. In April 2020, he released his third album "Blame It on Baby", which includes the chart-topping single "Rockstar", featuring Roddy Ricch. In November 2020, he released his first EP, titled "My Brother's Keeper (Long Live G)".


title: DaBaby discography

text: In 2021, DaBaby dropped multiple non-album singles and released his second EP, "Back on My Baby Jesus Sh!t Again", which acted as a sequel to his 2017 mixtape "Back On My Baby Jesus Shit".


title: DaBaby discography

text: In 2022, DaBaby collaborated with fellow rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again on a mixtape, titled "Better than You", which charted in the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200.


title: Charles Matthau

text: Charles Marcus Matthau (born December 10, 1962) is an American actor, director, producer, and writer. He is the son of actor Walter Matthau and actress/author Carol Grace. Matthau gained recognition for his directorial work encapsulating humanity and humor, and is known for his film adaptations of books. He transitioned from an audio commentator in the Paramount Centennial Collection edition of "The Odd Couple" to a director over the years.


title: Charles Matthau

text: Apart from being a director, Matthau has an avid interest in reading about history and raising funds for cancer research. He gained wide recognition making it to the list of 10 Best Films of 1990 by the Council of Film Organizations.


title: Charles Matthau

text: Matthau was born on December 10, 1962, in New York City, to actor Walter Matthau and actress Carol Grace, who was the model for the flighty personality of Holly Golightly in "Breakfast at Tiffany's". Matthau-Grace family is Platinum Circle Award honoree from the American Film Institute. He appeared as a child actor alongside his father in such films as "Charley Varrick" (1973), "The Bad News Bears" (1976), and "House Calls" (1978). He became active in his father's production company, Walcar Productions, in 1978. Among his directorial projects have been "The Grass Harp", from a novella by Truman Capote, and the made-for-TV movie "The Marriage Fool", both of which starred his father. He also directed "Doin' Time on Planet Earth" (1988), "Her Minor Thing" (2005), "Baby-O" (2009), "The Book of Leah" (2019), and "Freaky Deaky" (2012), which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival.


title: Charles Matthau

text: In 1986, he had received an agreement with film production/distribution studio The Cannon Group, Inc., to develop, direct and distribute a feature film that was made by the Cannon studio.


title: Charles Matthau

text: In 2012, Matthau wrote, produced, and directed the film "Freaky Deaky", an adaptation of Elmore Leonard's novel, with outstanding performances from Christian Slater and Crispin Glover. The heist-laden plot with heightened reality chronicles the exploits of two bomb-loving, eco-terrorist, radical antagonists, with a trailblazing cop, reviving the indie film idealistic with isolated eccentric characters surpassing the threshold for liberating presentation.


title: Charles Matthau

text: Matthau played the role of the sarcastic boyfriend in the 2005 "Going Shopping". He directed the well-received romantic comedy feature, "Her Minor Thing" starring Estella Warren, Christian Kane, and Michael Weatherly. The film tells the story of the repercussions of the off and on-line life clashes.


title: Charles Matthau

text: In 1991, he directed a TV movie, "Mrs. Lambert Remembers Love", starring Walter Matthau, Ellen Burstyn, and Ryan Todd. The movie tells the moving story of a grandmother's love, who has dementia, for her orphaned grandson.


title: Charles Matthau

text: In 1995, he directed and produced the critically acclaimed evocative rendering of Truman Capote's autobiographical novel, "The Grass Harp." The story is based on an orphaned boy's atmospheric tale watching the eccentric grown-ups in a small town experiencing freedom, love, individuality, and storytelling, with upstanding tech touches. "The Grass Harp is a low-key character drama with flourishes of humor, and it's loaded with wonderful performances from an all-star ensemble cast... In fact, the film is so mature and sensitive that it's hard to believe the director is only in his mid-30s." "-" Chris Hicks, Movie Critic"." Matthau poured all the nostalgia of the far-gone era as a sweet, nice-and-easy, and sentimental piece, invoking modernistic standards with characteristic dimensions. He featured his father Walter Matthau, saying, "At that time, as my dad was turning 70, my goal was, 'Who cares what people are going to say? I want to work with him.'" He, too, played the role of Barbershop Regular.


title: Charles Matthau

text: In 1995, Matthau appeared as Scotty Youngman in the film "Number One Fan". In 1997, he appeared in the TV movie documentary, "Walter Matthau: Diamond in the Rough". A year later, he directed the television movie, "The Marriage Fool" (aka "Love After Death"), casting his father, Walter Matthau, and Carol Burnett, telling a story of boundless love free from the conformity chains and preconceived notions of time. He also played the role of a salesperson. "The Marriage Fool" was ranked the number 1 program of the week with a 14.0 Nielsen rating and a 23 share on CBS Television Network.


title: Charles Matthau

text: He is overseeing two television mini-series, "1920 The Year of The Six Presidents", based on the book by historian David Pietrusza and T.D. Riznor's "Freaky Deaky High," book series for TV, accumulating Riznor's novels, Killer Ride, Student Boy, Photo Bomb, and The Locker, untangling the high school gambit with a touch of suspense. "The project is being billed as a Black Mirror but set at the same high school, with each episode in regards to its protag running the social gamut of freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, rich kid, poor kid, model, cast-out, tech-head and more." - Anthony D'Alessandro, Box Office Editor.


title: Charles Matthau

text: He was named for his mother's stepfather, aviation industrialist Charles Marcus and for his godfather, Charlie Chaplin. He attended the University of Southern California, where he met his first wife, Michele Bauer. His former wife, Ashley, and he were seen on an episode of HGTV's "Selling New York" in June 2013. Ashley is a dancer and working on her own teahouse.


title: Charles Matthau

text: Charlie Matthau is one of three founding directors for the Maria Gruber Foundation, a nonprofit charitable foundation based in Beverly Hills, California. He has expressed that the Maria Gruber Foundation aligns with his philanthropic goals. The foundation's mission focuses on raising awareness through education by creating collaborative educational tools, a support system with guidance counselors, grief counselors, and volunteers, and removing some of the personal and familial helplessness from the diagnosis of a terminal disease.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Jack Campbell (born January 9, 1992) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Prior to his professional career, Campbell played for the Windsor Spitfires and Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League. He was selected in the first round (11th overall) by the Dallas Stars in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft and made his NHL debut in 2013. After spending several years in the minors, Campbell was traded to the Los Angeles Kings, serving as the team's backup before joining the Toronto Maple Leafs in 2020, where he emerged as an effective starting netminder and was named an NHL All-Star in 2022. He left Toronto after the 2021–22 season to sign with the Oilers.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Internationally, Campbell has represented the United States at both a junior and senior level. During the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Campbell backstopped the Americans to a victory over the Canadians in the gold medal game.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Campbell was born on January 9, 1992, in Port Huron, Michigan, to parents Jack Sr. and Debbie. Campbell was inspired by his older cousin Marshall to become a goaltender. Although his father, uncle, and coaches tried to convince Campbell to play other positions, he continued as a goaltender.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: As a youth, Campbell played in the 2005 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Detroit Little Caesars minor ice hockey team. Little Caesars lost the first game of the tournament 2-0 to Burnaby, placing them in the losers' bracket. From there, they would go on to win the tournament, defeating Detroit Compuware in the finals.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: He eventually graduated to the Detroit Honeybaked midget team. From there, Campbell was drafted 108th overall in the 2008 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection. Despite his selection, Campbell joined the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (NTDP) in 2008. In his second season within the North American Hockey League (NAHL), Campbell received the Dave Peterson Goalie of the Year Award.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: On November 24, 2009, Campbell withdrew his verbal intent to play Division 1 hockey for the University of Michigan Wolverines in order to qualify to play in the OHL. By the conclusion of his two seasons with the NTDP, Campbell had set a new franchise record for lowest goals-against average and most shutouts in a career. He also earned a gold medal for Team USA at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and 2010 IIHF World U18 Championships. As a result, Campbell was drafted 11th overall by the Dallas Stars in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Campbell was also chosen in the seventh round (170th overall) by Dinamo Minsk in the 2010 Kontinental Hockey League Junior Draft.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: On July 28, 2010, Campbell left the NTDP and joined the Windsor Spitfires who had drafted him in 2008. He struggled in his first season, putting up poor numbers and was eventually traded to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds for MacKenzie Braid, Patrick Sieloff, a 2012 third-round pick, a 2013 second- and third-round pick, two second-round picks in 2014, a second-round pick in 2015 and a conditional 15th-round pick in 2016.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Following the conclusion of the 2011–12 season with the Greyhounds, the Stars assigned Campbell to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Texas Stars. On March 23, he made his professional debut against the Oklahoma City Barons in a loss. Two nights later, on March 25, he won his first professional game against the Toronto Marlies. He made 32 saves on the way to a 4–2 win. On March 30, he had his first professional shutout over the Lake Erie Monsters by making 30 saves in the 4–0 win.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: After attending the Stars' training camp, Campbell was assigned to the American Hockey League to begin the 2013–14 season. On October 20, 2013, Campbell was recalled from Texas and made his NHL debut with Dallas, posting a 6–3 loss against the Anaheim Ducks. He was returned to the American Hockey League where he helped lead the Stars to the 2014 Calder Cup.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Despite his championship season, Campbell was assigned to the American Hockey League to begin the 2014–15 season after attending the Stars' training camp. Prior to the 2015–16 season, Campbell injured his hand which delayed his season debut. Upon his return to the lineup, Campbell went 1–3–0 in each of his starts. However, on December 28, 2015, Campbell was reassigned to the Texas Stars' East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) affiliate, Idaho Steelheads for an undetermined amount of time. Campbell describes this time as difficult for his mental health and he felt unmotivated to play hockey. He said he would "view myself in the mirror as like if I'm a good or bad person based on if I won or lost." However, upon his return to the American Hockey League, Campbell recorded 11 wins out of 14 starts.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Unable to progress within the Stars organization, on June 25, 2016, Campbell was traded to the Los Angeles Kings for defenseman Nick Ebert. On July 11, 2016, Campbell signed as a restricted free agent to a two-year, two-way contract with the Kings. On November 22, 2017, he signed a two-year contract extension with the Kings. On February 27, 2018, Campbell made 41 saves and earned his first NHL win in a 4–1 victory over the Vegas Golden Knights. On October 11, 2018, Campbell recorded his first NHL shutout with 40 saves against the Montreal Canadiens. He developed a friendship with fellow goaltender Jonathan Quick and accompanied him to the 2018 NHL Awards as his "backup", carrying a towel and water bottle with him.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: His success was short lived, however, as he suffered a knee injury on November 10. At the time of his injury, Campbell had played in 13 games with a 5–7–0 record. On December 19, the Kings assigned Campbell to the Ontario Reign on a conditioning assignment. He was recalled from the Reign on December 31, 2018, and started the Kings following game on January 1, 2019, against the Vegas Golden Knights.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: On February 5, 2020, the Kings traded Campbell (alongside Kyle Clifford) to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Trevor Moore, a third-round pick in 2020, and a conditional third-round pick in 2021. He made his Maple Leafs debut on February 7, resulting in a 5–4 overtime win against the Anaheim Ducks.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Initially acquired to strengthen team goaltending depth and serve as a backup to starting netminder Frederik Andersen, Campbell quickly emerged as a skilled goalie in Toronto and became the team's starter the following season, overtaking Andersen's role through strong play. Since arriving in Toronto, Campbell has experienced much success and become a fan favourite, setting several records and joining the league leaders in goaltending statistics. On April 7, 2021, Campbell set a Maple Leafs record for consecutive wins by a goaltender, with 10. The previous franchise record of 9 was shared by Felix Potvin, Jacques Plante and John Ross Roach. He additionally tied the league record with Montreal Canadiens goalie Carey Price for consecutive wins to start a season, and later setting a new and final record of 11 in the following game on April 10, 2021, when the Leafs beat the Ottawa Senators 6–5. Campbell would remain the team's starter for the rest of the season, helping them qualify for the playoffs, where he would make his post-season debut. Despite strong play from the netminder, the team would lose in the opening round.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Campbell continued his strong play the following season, remaining the team's starter and elevating himself to be among the leaders in several goaltending categories. On November 2, 2021, he achieved the fifth shutout of his career against the Golden Knights. Campbell's success in Toronto was rewarded when, on January 13, 2022, he was selected for the 2022 NHL All-Star Game, his first NHL all star game, along with teammate Auston Matthews. At the time of his selection to the game, Campbell had a record of 18–5–3 with a .935 save percentage (second in the league for goaltenders) and a 2.02 goals-against average. Following the All-Star break, Campbell's play pronouncedly declined, coinciding with ongoing struggles of his tandem partner Petr Mrazek that put the Maple Leafs' goaltending into question. A February 26 game against the Detroit Red Wings was widely identified as the nadir, with Campbell giving up four goals in six minutes in the third period and being pulled, while Mrazek and both Red Wings goalies also struggled, leading to a 10–7 Leafs victory. In March, it was announced that Campbell was dealing with a rib injury and would miss several weeks. In his absence, Mrazek was also injured, greatly expanding the role of Marlies goaltender Erik Källgren. Campbell returned to the crease for the remainder of the season, and saw his play improve. He finished the regular season with a 31–9–6 record and a .914 save percentage. The Leafs entered the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs for a round one matchup with the Tampa Bay Lightning. Campbell was considered a key factor opposite Vezina- and Conn Smythe Trophy-winning Lightning goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy. In a closely fought series, the Leafs were eventually eliminated in seven games.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: With the conclusion of Campbell's contract, he was seen as one of the strongest free agent goaltenders available, and it was perceived as unlikely that the Maple Leafs would re-sign him at his desired price and term. Days prior to the opening of free agency it was announced that the Leafs had traded for Ottawa Senators goaltender Matt Murray, which was widely taken as confirmation that Campbell would not be returning.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: On July 13, 2022, Campbell signed as a free agent to a five-year, $25 million contract with the Edmonton Oilers.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Campbell represented the United States numerous times over the course of his career, but his most memorable youth international competition was the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships where he backstopped the Americans to an upset victory over the host Canadians in the gold medal game. For his efforts, he was named Goaltender of the Tournament. Following this tournament, he was again invited to the USA Hockey National Junior Evaluation Camp prior to the 2012 IIHF World Junior Championship.


title: Jack Campbell (ice hockey)

text: Campbell finally made his international senior debut during the 2015 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships where Team USA won bronze.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy (not to be confused with "arts therapy", which includes other creative therapies such as drama therapy and music therapy) is a distinct discipline that incorporates creative methods of expression through visual art media. Art therapy, as a creative arts therapy profession, originated in the fields of art and psychotherapy and may vary in definition.


title: Art therapy

text: There are three main ways that art therapy is employed. The first one is called analytic art therapy. Analytic art therapy is based on the theories that come from analytical psychology, and in more cases, psychoanalysis. Analytic art therapy focuses on the client, the therapist, and the ideas that are transferred between the both of them through art. Another way that art therapy is utilized is art psychotherapy. This approach focuses more on the psychotherapist and their analysis of their clients' artwork verbally. The last way art therapy is looked at is through the lens of art as therapy. Some art therapists practicing art as therapy believe that analyzing the client's artwork verbally is not essential, therefore they stress the creation process of the art instead. In all of these different approaches to art therapy, the art therapist's client goes on the journey to delve into their inner thoughts and emotions by the use of paint, paper and pen, clay, sand, fabric, or other media.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy can be used to help people improve cognitive and sensory motor function, self-esteem, self awareness, and emotional resilience. It may also aide in resolving conflicts and reduce distress.


title: Art therapy

text: Current art therapy includes a vast number of other approaches such as person-centered, cognitive, behavior, Gestalt, narrative, Adlerian, and family. The tenets of art therapy involve humanism, creativity, reconciling emotional conflicts, fostering self-awareness, and personal growth.


title: Art therapy

text: In the history of mental health treatment, art therapy (combining studies of psychology and art) emerged much later as a new field. This type of unconventional therapy is used to cultivate self-esteem and awareness, improve cognitive and motor abilities, resolve conflicts or stress, and inspire resilience in patients. It invites sensory, kinesthetic, perceptual, and sensory symbolization to address issues that verbal psychotherapy cannot reach. Although art therapy is a relatively young therapeutic discipline, its roots lie in the use of the arts in the 'moral treatment' of psychiatric patients in the late 18th century.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy as a profession began in the mid-20th century, arising independently in English-speaking and European countries. Art had been used at the time for various reasons: communication, inducing creativity in children, and in religious contexts. The early art therapists who published accounts of their work acknowledged the influence of aesthetics, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, rehabilitation, early childhood education, and art education, to varying degrees, on their practices.


title: Art therapy

text: The British artist Adrian Hill coined the term "art therapy" in 1942. Hill, recovering from tuberculosis in a sanatorium, discovered the therapeutic benefits of drawing and painting while convalescing. He wrote that the value of art therapy lay in "completely engrossing the mind (as well as the fingers)…releasing the creative energy of the frequently inhibited patient", which enabled the patient to "build up a strong defence against his misfortunes". He suggested artistic work to his fellow patients. That began his art therapy work, which was documented in 1945 in his book, "Art Versus Illness".


title: Art therapy

text: The artist Edward Adamson, demobilised after WW2, joined Adrian Hill to extend Hill's work to the British long stay mental hospitals. Other early proponents of art therapy in Britain include E. M. Lyddiatt, Michael Edwards, Diana Raphael-Halliday and Rita Simons. The British Association of Art Therapists was founded in 1964.


title: Art therapy

text: U.S. art therapy pioneers Margaret Naumburg and Edith Kramer began practicing at around the same time as Hill. Naumburg, an educator, asserted that "art therapy is psychoanalytically oriented" and that free art expression "becomes a form of symbolic speech which ... leads to an increase in verbalization in the course of therapy." Edith Kramer, an artist, pointed out the importance of the creative process, psychological defenses, and artistic quality, writing that "sublimation is attained when forms are created that successfully contain ... anger, anxiety, or pain." Other early proponents of art therapy in the United States include Elinor Ulman, Robert "Bob" Ault, and Judith Rubin. The American Art Therapy Association was founded in 1969.


title: Art therapy

text: National professional associations of art therapy exist in many countries, including Brazil, Canada, Finland, Lebanon, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Romania, South Korea, and Sweden. International networking contributes to the establishment of standards for education and practice.


title: Art therapy

text: Diverse perspectives exist on history of art therapy, which complement those that focus on the institutionalization of art therapy as a profession in Britain and the United States.


title: Art therapy

text: The British Association of Art Therapists defines art therapy as: "a form of psychotherapy that uses art media as its primary mode of expression and communication." They also add that "clients who are referred to an art therapist need not have previous experience in art, the art therapist is not primarily concerned with making an aesthetic or diagnostic assessment of the client's image."


title: Art therapy

text: The American Art Therapy Association defines art therapy as: "an integrative mental health and human services profession that enriches the lives of individuals, families, and communities through active art-making, creative p rocess, applied psychological theory, and human experience within a psychotherapeutic relationship."


title: Art therapy

text: As a regulated mental health profession, art therapy is employed in many clinical and other settings with diverse populations. It is increasingly recognized as a valid form of therapy. Art therapy can also be found in non-clinical settings, as well as in art studios and in creativity development workshops. Licensing for art therapists can vary from state to state with some recognizing art therapy as a separate license and some licensing under a related field such a professional counseling or mental health counseling. Art therapists must have a master's degree that includes training in the creative process, psychological development, and group therapy, and they must complete a clinical internship. Art therapists may also pursue additional credentialing through the Art Therapy Credentials Board. Art therapists work with populations of all ages and with a wide variety of disorders and diseases. Art therapists provide services to children, adolescents, and adults, whether as individuals, couples, families, or groups.


title: Art therapy

text: Using their evaluative and psychotherapy skills, art therapists choose materials and interventions appropriate to their clients' needs and design sessions to achieve therapeutic goals and objectives. Other ways that therapists may choose to use art therapy with their clients include types of art like drawing self-portraits, closing their eyes while drawing, spiral drawing, and lastly drawing their emotions. They use the creative process to help their clients increase insight, cope with stress, work through traumatic experiences, increase cognitive, memory and neurosensory abilities, improve interpersonal relationships and achieve greater self-fulfillment. The activities an art therapist chooses to do with clients depend on a variety of factors such as their mental state or age. Art therapists may draw upon images from resources such as the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism to incorporate historical art and symbols into their work with patients. Depending on the state, province, or country, the term "art therapist" may be reserved for those who are professionals trained in both art and therapy and hold a master or doctoral degree in art therapy or certification in art therapy obtained after a graduate degree in a related field. Other professionals, such as mental health counselors, social workers, psychologists, and play therapists, optionally combine art-making with basic psychotherapeutic modalities in their treatment. Therapists may better understand a client's absorption of information after assessing elements of their artwork.


title: Art therapy

text: A systemic literature review compiled and evaluated different research studies, some of which are listed below. Overall, this survey publication revealed that both the high level of variability (such as incorporating talk therapy) and limited number of studies done with certified art therapists made it difficult to generalize over findings. Despite these limitations, art therapy has, to an extent, proved its efficacy in relieving symptoms and improving quality of life.


title: Art therapy

text: Art-making is a common activity used by many people to cope with illness. Art and the creative process can alleviate many illnesses (cancer, heart disease, influenza, etc.). This form of therapy helps benefit those with mental illnesses as well (chronic depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, etc.). It is difficult to measure the efficacy of art therapy as it treats various mental illnesses to different degrees; although, people can escape the emotional effects of various illness through art making and many creative methods.


title: Art therapy

text: Sometimes people cannot express the way they feel, as it can be difficult to put into words, and art can help people express their experiences. "During art therapy, people can explore past, present and future experiences using art as a form of coping". Art can be a refuge for the intense emotions associated with illness; there are no limits to the imagination in finding creative ways to express emotions.


title: Art therapy

text: Hospitals have started studying the influence of arts on patient care and found that participants in art programs have better vitals and less difficulty sleeping. Artistic influence does not need to be participation in a program, but studies have found that a landscape picture in a hospital room had reduced need for narcotic pain killers and less time in recovery at the hospital. In addition, either looking at or creating art in hospitals helped stabilize vital signs, speed up the healing process, and in general, bring a sense of hope and soul to the patient. Family, care workers, doctors and nurses are also positively affected.


title: Art therapy

text: Using art therapy, it can also be a good way for those with general illnesses to express their feelings and emotions through art, when it may or may not be difficult to explain their feelings through words. Art helps give security to emotions to those if they are not comfortable sharing their emotions to others, but can trust a canvas or sheet of paper to hold onto those emotions.


title: Art therapy

text: Many studies have been conducted on the benefits of art therapy on cancer patients. Art therapy has been found useful for supporting patients during the stress of such things as chemotherapy treatment.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapists have conducted studies to understand why some cancer patients turn to art making as a coping mechanism and a tool to creating a positive identity outside of being a cancer patient. Women in the study participated in different art programs ranging from pottery and card making to drawing and painting. The programs helped them regain an identity outside of having cancer, lessened emotional pain from their ongoing fight with cancer, and also gave them hope for the future.


title: Art therapy

text: In a study involving women facing cancer-related difficulties such as fear, pain, altered social relationships, it was found that: Another study showed those who participated in these types of activities were discharged earlier than those who did not participate.


title: Art therapy

text: Furthermore, another study revealed the healing effects of art therapy on female breast cancer patients. Studies revealed that relatively short-term art therapy interventions significantly improved patients' emotional states and perceived symptoms.


title: Art therapy

text: Studies have also shown how the emotional distress of cancer patients has been reduced when utilizing the creative process. The women made drawings of themselves throughout the treatment process while also doing yoga and meditating; these actions combined helped to alleviate some symptoms.


title: Art therapy

text: Another study, with 111 participants, looked at the efficacy of mindfulness-based art therapy, combining meditation with art. The study used measurements such as quality of life, physical symptoms, depression, and anxiety to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. This yielded positive results that there was a significant decrease in distress and significant improvement in quality of life.


title: Art therapy

text: A review of 12 studies investigating the use of art therapy in cancer patients by Wood, Molassiotis, and Payne (2010) investigated the symptoms of emotional, social, physical, and global functioning, and spiritual concerns of cancer patients. They found that art therapy can improve the process of psychological readjustment to the change, loss, and uncertainty associated with surviving cancer. It was also suggested that art therapy can provide a sense of "meaning-making" through the physical act of creating the art. When given five individual sessions of art therapy once per week, art therapy was shown to be useful for personal empowerment by helping the cancer patients understand their own boundaries in relation to the needs of other people. In turn, those who had art therapy treatment felt more connected to others and found social interaction more enjoyable than individuals who did not receive art therapy treatment. Furthermore, art therapy improved motivation levels, ability to discuss emotional and physical health, general well-being, and increased global quality of life in cancer patients.


title: Art therapy

text: In sum, relatively short-term intervention of art therapy that is individualized to patients has the potential to significantly improve emotional state and quality of life, while reducing perceived symptoms relating to the cancer diagnosis.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy has been used in a variety of traumatic experiences, including disaster relief and crisis intervention. Art therapists have worked with children, adolescents and adults after natural and manmade disasters, encouraging them to make art in response to their experiences. Some suggested strategies for working with victims of disaster include: assessing for distress or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), normalizing feelings, modeling coping skills, promoting relaxation skills, establishing a social support network, and increasing a sense of security and stability.


title: Art therapy

text: Although art therapy seems to help patients with dementia, a recent systematic review did not find consistent support. It is important that the art tools are easy to use and relatively simple to understand, since mobility can also be a problem. Although art therapy helps with behavioral issues, it does not appear to affect worsening mental abilities. Tentative evidence supports benefits with respect to quality of life. Art therapy had no clear results on affecting memory or emotional well-being scales. However, Alzheimer's Association states that art and music can enrich people's lives and allow for self expression. D.W Zaidel, a researcher and therapist at VAGA, claims that engagement with art can stimulate specific areas of the brain involved in language processing and visuo-spatial perception, two cognitive functions which decline significant in dementia patients.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy is increasingly recognized to help address challenges of people with autism. Art therapy may address core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders by promoting sensory regulation, supporting psychomotor development and facilitating communication. Art therapy is also thought to promote emotional and mental growth by allowing self expression, visual communication, and creativity. Most importantly, studies have found that painting, drawing or music therapies may allow people with autism to communicate in a manner more comfortable for them than speech.


title: Art therapy

text: A 2005 systematic review of art therapy as an add on treatment for schizophrenia found unclear effects. Group art therapy has been shown to improve some symptoms of schizophrenia. While studies concluded that art therapy did not improve Clinical Global Impression or Global Assessment of Functioning, they showed that the use of haptic art materials to express one's emotions, cognitions, and perceptions in a group setting lowered depressing themes and may improve self-esteem, enforce creativity, and facilitate the integrative therapeutic process for people with schizophrenia. Studies reveal that cognitive behavioral therapy has proven to be most effective for this disorder.


title: Art therapy

text: Studies conducted by Regev reveal that geriatric art therapy has been significantly useful in helping depression for the elderly, although not particularly successful among dementia patients. Group therapy versus individual sessions proved to be more effective.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy may alleviate trauma-induced emotions, such as shame and anger. It is also likely to increase trauma survivors' sense of empowerment and control by encouraging children to make choices in their artwork. Art therapy in addition to psychotherapy offered more reduction in trauma symptoms than just psychotherapy alone.


title: Art therapy

text: Because traumatic memories are encoded visually, creating art may be the most effective way to access them. Through art therapy, children may be able to make more sense of their traumatic experiences and form accurate trauma narratives. Gradual exposure to these narratives may reduce trauma-induced symptoms, such as flashbacks and nightmares. Repetition of directives reduces anxiety, and visually creating narratives helps clients build coping skills and balanced nervous system responses. This only works in long-term art therapy interventions.


title: Art therapy

text: Children who have experienced trauma may benefit from group art therapy. The group format is effective in helping survivors develop relationships with others who have experienced similar situations. Group art therapy may also be beneficial in helping children with trauma regain trust and social self-esteem. Usually, participants who undergo art therapy through group interventions have positive experiences and give their internal feelings validation.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy has an established history of being used to treat veterans, with the American Art Therapy Association documenting its use as early as 1945. As with other sources of trauma, combat veterans may benefit from art therapy to access memories and to engage with treatment. A 2016 randomized control trial found that art therapy in conjunction with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was more beneficial than CPT alone. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, the National Intrepid Center of Excellence and other Veteran Association institutions use art therapy to help veterans with PTSD.


title: Art therapy

text: A number of therapists use art therapy to assist those who have recently experienced the death of a loved one. This is proposed to be particularly beneficial where clients find it difficult to verbalize their feelings of loss and shock, and so may use creative means to express their feelings. For example, it has been used to enable children to express their feelings of loss where they may lack the maturity to verbalize their bereavement.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy may help people with anorexia with weight improvements and may help with depression level. Traumatic or negative childhood experiences can result in unintentionally harmful coping mechanisms, such as eating disorders. As a result, clients may be cut off from their emotions, self-rejecting, and detached from their strengths. Art therapy may provide an outlet for exploring these inaccessible strengths and emotions; this is important because persons with eating disorders may not know how to vocalize their emotions.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy may be beneficial for clients with eating disorders because clients can create visual representations with art material of progress made, represent alterations to the body, and provide a nonthreatening method of acting out impulses. Individuals with eating disorders tend to rely heavily on defense mechanisms to feel a sense of control; it is important that clients feel a sense of authority over their art products through freedom of expression and controllable art materials. Through controllable media, such as pencils, markers, and colored pencils, along with freedom of choice with the media, clients with eating disorders can create boundaries around unsettling themes.


title: Art therapy

text: Another systematic literature review found conclusive evidence that art therapy resulted in significant weight loss in patients with obesity, as well as helping with a range of psychological symptoms.


title: Art therapy

text: Those who do not have a mental illness or physical disease were also tested; these patients have ongoing daily challenges such as high-intensity jobs, financial constraints, and other personal issues. Findings revealed that art therapy reduces levels of stress and burnout related to patients' professions.


title: Art therapy

text: The term "containment", within art therapy and other therapeutic settings, has been used to describe what the client can experience within the safety and privacy of a trusting relationship between client and counselor. This term has also been equated, within art therapy research, with the holding or confining of an issue within the boundaries of visual expression, like a border or the circumference of a mandala. The creation of mandalas for symptom regulation is not a new approach within the field of art therapy, and numerous studies have been conducted in order to assess their efficacy.


title: Art therapy

text: The purpose of art therapy is essentially one of healing. This type of healing is used to cope with the symptoms that can happen after being diagnosed with cancer, or mental or physical disorder to reduce the suffering of the person. Art therapy does not only help with coping with trauma but helps to find other important information about people. Art therapy can be successfully applied to clients with physical, mental or emotional problems, diseases and disorders. Any type of visual art and art medium can be employed within the therapeutic process, including painting, drawing, sculpting, photography, and digital art. Art therapy may include creative exercises such as drawing or painting a certain emotion, creative journaling, or freestyle creation.


title: Art therapy

text: One proposed learning mechanism is through the increased excitation, and as a consequence, strengthening of neuronal connections.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy can take place in a variety of different settings. Art therapists may vary the goals of art therapy and the way they provide art therapy, depending upon the institution's or client's needs. After an assessment of the client's strengths and needs, art therapy may be offered in either an individual or group format, according to which is better suited to the person. Art therapist Dr. Ellen G. Horovitz wrote, "My responsibilities vary from job to job. It is wholly different when one works as a consultant or in an agency as opposed to private practice. In private practice, it becomes more complex and far reaching. If you are the primary therapist then your responsibilities can swing from the spectrum of social work to the primary care of the patient. This includes dovetailing with physicians, judges, family members, and sometimes even community members that might be important in the caretaking of the individual."


title: Art therapy

text: Like other psychotherapists in private practice, some art therapists find it important to ensure, for the therapeutic relationship, that the sessions occur each week in the same space and at the same time.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy is often offered in schools as a form of therapy for children because of their creativity and interest in art as a means of expression. Art therapy can benefit children with a variety of issues, such as learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, behavioral disorders, and other emotional disturbances that might be hindering a child's learning. Similar to other psychologists that work in schools, art therapists should be able to diagnose the problems facing their student clients, and individualize treatment and interventions. Art therapists work closely with teachers and parents in order to implement their therapy strategies.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapists and other professionals use art-based assessments to evaluate emotional, cognitive, and developmental conditions. There are also many psychological assessments that utilize artmaking to analyze various types of mental functioning (Betts, 2005). Art therapists and other professionals are educated to administer and interpret these assessments, most of which rely on simple directives and a standardized array of art materials (Malchiodi 1998, 2003; Betts, 2005). The first drawing assessment for psychological purposes was created in 1906 by German psychiatrist Fritz Mohr (Malchiodi 1998). In 1926, researcher Florence Goodenough created a drawing test to measure the intelligence in children called the Draw-A-Man Test (Malchiodi 1998). The key to interpreting the Draw-A-Man Test was that the more details a child incorporated into the drawing, the more intelligent they were (Malchiodi, 1998). Goodenough and other researchers realized the test had just as much to do with personality as it did intelligence (Malchiodi, 1998). Several other psychiatric art assessments were created in the 1940s, and have been used ever since (Malchiodi 1998).


title: Art therapy

text: Notwithstanding, many art therapists eschew diagnostic testing and indeed some writers (Hogan 1997) question the validity of therapists making interpretative assumptions. More recent literature, however, highlights the utility of standardized approaches to treatment planning and clinical decision-making, such as is evidenced through this source.


title: Art therapy

text: In this assessment, a person is asked to select a card from a deck with different mandalas (designs enclosed in a geometric shape) and then must choose a color from a set of colored cards. The person is then asked to draw the mandala from the card they choose with an oil pastel of the color of their choice. The artist is then asked to explain if there were any meanings, experiences, or related information related to the mandala they drew. This test is based on the beliefs of Joan Kellogg, who sees a recurring correlation between the images, pattern and shapes in the mandalas that people draw and the personalities of the artists. This test assesses and gives clues to a person's psychological progressions and their current psychological condition (Malchiodi 1998).


title: Art therapy

text: The mandala originates in Buddhism; its connections with spirituality help us to see links with transpersonal art.


title: Art therapy

text: In the house-tree-person test, the client is asked to make a drawing that includes a house, a tree and a person, after which the therapist asks several questions about each. For example, with reference to the house, Buck (1984) wrote questions such as, "Is it a happy house?" and "What is the house made of?" Regarding the tree, questions include, "About how old is that tree?" and "Is the tree alive?" Concerning the person, questions include, "Is that person happy?" and "How does that person feel?"


title: Art therapy

text: The house-tree-person test is a projective personality test, a type of exam in which the test taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings). It is to measure aspects of a person's personality through interpretation of drawings and responses to questions, self-perceptions and attitudes.


title: Art therapy

text: The relation between the fields of art therapy and outsider art has been widely debated. The term "art brut" was first coined by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe "art created outside the boundaries of official culture". Dubuffet used the term "art brut" to focus on artistic practice by insane-asylum patients. The English translation "outsider art" was first used by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972.


title: Art therapy

text: Both terms have been criticized because of their social and personal impact on both patients and artists.


title: Art therapy

text: Art therapy professionals have been accused of not putting enough emphasis on the artistic value and meaning of the artist's works, considering them only from a medical perspective. This led to the misconception of the whole "outsider" "art" practice, while addressing therapeutical issues within the field of aesthetical discussion.


title: Art therapy

text: Outsider art, on the contrary, has been negatively judged because of the labeling of the artists' work, i.e. the equation "artist = genius = insane". Moreover, the business-related issues on the term outsider art carry some misunderstandings. While the outsider artist is part of a specific art system, which can add a positive value to both the artist's work as well as his personal development, it can also imprison him within the boundaries of the system itself.


title: Bakla

text: In the Philippines, a baklâ (), bayot (Cebuano) or agî (Hiligaynon) is a person who was assigned male at birth and has adopted a feminine gender expression. They are often considered a third gender. Many bakla are exclusively attracted to men. The polar opposite of the term in Philippine culture is "tomboy" (natively the "lakin-on" or "binalaki"), which refers to women with a masculine gender expression (usually, but not always, lesbian). The term is commonly incorrectly applied to trans women.


title: Bakla

text: Bakla are socially and economically integrated into Filipino society, having been accepted by society prior to Western colonization, many of which were held in high regard and performed the role of spiritual leaders known as babaylan, katalonan, and other shamans in pre-colonial Philippines. However, a minority group of Filipinos disapprove or reject the baklas, usually on religious grounds. The stereotype of a baklâ is a "parlorista"—a flamboyant, camp cross-dresser who works in a beauty salon; in reality, the "bakla" thrives in numerous sectors of society, from the lower to the upper levels.


title: Bakla

text: In modern Filipino and Cebuano, the term "baklâ" is usually used to mean either "effeminate man" or "homosexual". Martin F. Manalansan, a Filipino anthropologist, has identified two possible origins of the term. One is that it may have been a portmanteau of the words "babae" ("woman"), and "lalaki", meaning ("man"). The other is that it is derived from the word for the pre-colonial shamaness in most Filipino ethnic groups, the "babaylan".


title: Bakla

text: However, the word itself has been used for centuries, albeit in different contexts. In Old Tagalog, "bacla" meant "uncertainty" or "indecisiveness". Effeminate homosexual men were instead called binabaé ("like a woman") or bayogin (also spelled bayugin or bayoguin, "infertile"), during the Spanish colonial period.


title: Bakla

text: The Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtas used the word "bacla" in reference to "a temporary lack of resolve", as seen in his popular works "Florante at Laura" and "Orosman at Zafira". This archaic usage is also seen in the 17th-century Tagalog religious epic "Casaysayan nang Pasiong Mahal ni Jesucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Sinomang Babasa" ("Story of the Passion of Jesus Christ Our Lord that Surely Shall Ignite the Heart of Whosoever Readeth"), which is chanted during Holy Week. The passage narrating the Agony in the Garden has a verse that reads ""Si Cristo'y nabacla"" ("Christ was confused").


title: Bakla

text: By the advent of World War II, the term "baklâ" had evolved to mean "fearful" or "weakened" in Tagalog, and became a derogatory term for effeminate men. A common euphemism for "baklâ" during this period was "pusong babae" (literally "female-hearted"). It wasn't until the 1990s when more positive discourse on queer and gay identities became more mainstream that "baklâ" lost its original derogatory connotation.


title: Bakla

text: Other native terms for bakla also exist in other languages of the Philippines, some of them now considered archaic. They are also called "bayot", "binabáye", "bayen-on" (or "babayen-on"), or "dalopapa" in Cebuano; "agî" in Hiligaynon/Ilonggo; "dampog" or "bayot" in Waray; "bantut" or "binabae" in Tausug; "bantut" or "dnda-dnda" in Sinama; and "labia" in Subanen.


title: Bakla

text: In addition, there are numerous modern neologisms for bakla, especially within swardspeak, with varying levels of acceptance. These include terms like "badáf", "badíng", "beki", "judíng", "shokì", "shoklâ," "sward", and "vaklúsh", among many others.


title: Bakla

text: "Baklâ" is a gender identity characterized by the adoption of a feminine gender expression by men. This includes feminine mannerisms and speech, use of make-up, cross-dressing, and long hairstyles; all are referred to with the umbrella term "kabaklaán" (effeminacy). However, "baklâ" is not tied to sexuality and is not a sexual orientation, thus it is not a direct equivalent of the English term "gay". "Baklâ" are usually homosexual men, but on rare occasions, they can also be heterosexual or bisexual men.


title: Bakla

text: Because the term "baklâ" specifically denotes effeminacy, it is traditionally not applied to masculine gay men. However, due to increasing globalization and influence from the Western categories of sexual orientation, "baklâ" has become incorrectly equated with the gay identity and used generally for homosexual men, regardless of the individual's masculinity or femininity in presentation.


title: Bakla

text: "Baklâ" are often considered the natural "third gender" in Filipino culture. This is illustrated in the children's rhyme that begins by listing four distinct genders: "girl, boy, "baklâ", "tomboy"." Like in English, the term "tomboy" (archaic "lakin-on" or "binalaki") refers to masculine (usually lesbian) women, and is understood as the polar opposite of the "baklâ".


title: Bakla

text: "Baklâ" is also commonly used as a term for trans women, though this is incorrect and discouraged. This is largely due to the absence of modern local terms for transgender people, as well as the general public ignorance of the differences between homosexuality and transsexuality. Some organizations have pushed for the adoption of new terminology that distinguishes transgender people from the "baklâ", to prevent the common derogatory misconception that trans women and trans men are simply "baklâ" and "tomboy" that have undergone sex reassignment surgery. One such proposal in 2008 by the Society of Transsexual Women of the Philippines (STRAP) is "transpinay" (for trans women) and "transpinoy" (for trans men), both derived from the Filipino endonym ""pinoy"". But it has yet to gain widespread acceptance.


title: Bakla

text: The difficulty of correlating definitions with western terminology is because of the fundamental difference in the cultural views on homosexuality. According to Filipino academic J. Neil Garcia, the "baklâ" would fall under the inversion pattern of homosexuality identified by American psychobiologist James D. Weinrich. This is the cultural view where homosexuality is seen as an inversion of the gender and sex binary. In Philippine context, this would be the binary of the "loób" (the inner self or spirit, lit. "inside") and "labás" (the physical form, lit. "outside"). Thus it is similar to the South Asian "hijra" and the Native American two-spirit. This is contrasted to the other two patterns of homosexuality worldwide, namely age-biased patterns (like pederasty in Ancient Greece) and role-playing patterns (like in certain Middle Eastern and Latin American cultures).


title: Bakla

text: Homosexual relations in both sexes were common and bore no stigma in pre-colonial Philippines. There are numerous accounts of feminized men in early Spanish records. They were described as being dressed as women, worked in traditionally female roles, and were treated as women by the community. They were considered as comparable to biological women aside from their incapability to give birth to children. They were even recorded as being married to men. Some also married women, though this did not preclude homosexual relationships. Generally, these effeminate men were known as "bayog" (also "bayok" or "bayogin"; spelled or in Spanish) in Luzon, and "asog" in the Visayas islands, both with meanings denoting "infertility" or "impotence".


title: Bakla

text: Due to their association to the feminine, they were regarded as having greater powers of intercession with the "anito" (ancestral and nature spirits) and thus commonly became shamans ("babaylan", a traditionally female role in Philippine cultures). This is not unique to the Philippines and was also common in pre-colonial societies in the rest of Island Southeast Asia; like the "bissu" of the Bugis people, the "warok" of the Javanese people, and the "manang bali" of the Iban people.


title: Bakla

text: Shamans were highly respected members of the community as ritual specialists: healing the sick, keeping oral histories, performing sorcery, and serving as spirit mediums for communicating with ancestral and nature spirits. They were second only to the nobility in the social hierarchy, and could function as a community's interim leader (similar to a regent or interrex) in the absence of the "datu".


title: Bakla

text: In "Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas" (1668), the Spanish historian and missionary Francisco Ignacio Alcina records that the "asog" became shamans by virtue of being themselves. Unlike female shamans, they neither needed to be chosen nor did they undergo initiation rites. However, not all "asog" trained to become shamans. Castano (1895) states that the people of Bicol would hold a thanksgiving ritual called "atang" that was "presided" by an "effeminate" priest called an "asog". His female counterpart, called a "baliana", assisted him and led women in singing the "soraki" in honor of Gugurang, the supreme deity of Bikol mythology. Regardless, the majority of shamans in most Philippine precolonial cultures were female.


title: Bakla

text: During the three centuries of Spanish colonization (1565–1898), the Catholic Church introduced harsh measures to suppress both female and "asog" shamans. In realms and polities absorbed by the Spanish Empire, shamans were maligned and falsely accused as witches and "priests of the devil", and were persecuted violently by the Spanish clergy. The previously high status of the "babaylan" was thus lost. The role of women and the relative gender egalitarianism of Philippine animistic cultures, in general, became more subdued under the patriarchal culture of the Spanish.


title: Bakla

text: The most strongly affected by this religious shift to Abrahamic religions were the feminized male "asog" shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance to a decree by the president of the Real Audiencia, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel. Several instances of such punishments were recorded by the Spanish priest Juan Francisco de San Antonio in his "Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio" (1738–1744).


title: Bakla

text: "Asog" shamans were leaders of several revolts against Spanish rule from the 17th century to the 18th century. Notable ones include the Tamblot uprising of Bohol in 1621–1622 and the Tapar rebellion in Panay in 1663. Later rebellions in the 19th and 20th centuries were also led by male shamans. However, these later shamans (collectively known as the "dios-dios", "god pretenders") followed syncretic Folk Catholicism, rather than pre-colonial "anito" shamanism. Though they still dressed as women in rituals, they were married to women and were unlikely to be homosexual.


title: Bakla

text: Feminized men were also persecuted harshly in the (then recently) Islamized ethnic groups in Mindanao. In "Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes" (1667), the Spanish priest Francisco Combés records that their "unnatural crime" was punished by the Muslim peoples in Mindanao with death by burning or drowning, and that their houses and property were also burned as they believed that it was contagious.


title: Bakla

text: This was followed by American colonization (1898–1946), which though secular, introduced the idea that homosexuality and effeminacy was a "sickness". Despite this, the colonization of the Philippines did not fully erase the traditional equivocal views of Filipinos with regards to queer and liminal sexual and gender identities. Though there are still problem areas, Filipino culture as a whole remains relatively accepting of non-heteronormative identities like the "baklâ."


title: Bakla

text: In the second edition of the now-defunct gay lifestyle magazine "Icon Magazine", editor Richie Villarin quoted one of the magazine's advertisers as saying "We cannot remain oblivious to your market".


title: Bakla

text: Baklâs have been instrumental in the opening of several night clubs in the Philippines and can also be found in service, retail, and both sexual and non-sexual entertainment industries. Despite their high visibility, acceptance of baklâs is limited, especially for gay professionals.


title: Bakla

text: "Baklâ" communities are renowned for staging beauty pageants, with Miss Gay Philippines being national in scope. Participants model swimsuits, national costume, and dresses, and showcase their talents, as in female beauty pageants worldwide.


title: Bakla

text: Baklâs have an argot, or secret language, called "swardspeak". It is used by both masculine and feminine baklâs and incorporates elements from Filipino, Philippine English and Spanish, spoken with a hyper-feminised inflection. It was widespread and popular until the 1990s, but is now considered unfashionable in most parts of Manila. Modern versions of swardspeak are generally called "beki language", "gay lingo", or "gayspeak". They commonly make their way into mainstream Filipino culture. One early example is the song "Bongga Ka, 'Day" (1979), the biggest hit song of the Filipino Manila Sound band Hotdog. The title of the song means "You're fabulous, Girl" and uses the swardspeak slang "bongga" ( "fabulous").


title: Bakla

text: Heterosexual women who develop deep friendships or almost exclusively associate with the native "bakla" LGBT subculture are known as "babaeng bakla" (literally "a woman who is a "bakla""). They stereotypically acquire the mannerisms, campy sense of humor, lingo, and fashion sense of the "bakla". They are also usually more extroverted and socially dominant. It is commonly perceived as a positive self-identification, and various prominent local celebrities (like Maricel Soriano and Rufa Mae Quinto) openly identify as "babaeng bakla".


title: Bakla

text: Since independence, noncommercial, homosexual relations between two adults in private have never been criminalized in the Philippines, although sexual conduct or affection that occurs in public may be subject to the "grave scandal" prohibition in Article 200 of the Revised Penal Code (though this is applied to everyone, not only LGBTQ people).


title: Bakla

text: In December 2004, it was reported that Marawi City had issued an ordinance banning bakla from going out in public wearing female attire, makeup, earrings "or other ornaments to express their inclinations for femininity". The ordinance passed by the Marawi City Council also bans skintight blue jeans, tube tops and other skimpy attire. Additionally, women (only) must not "induce impure thoughts or lustful desires." The Mayor said these moves were part of a "cleaning and cleansing" drive.


title: Bakla

text: Same-sex marriage is not recognised in the Philippines, preventing many homosexual men from getting married. Legislation attempting to legalise same-sex marriage in the Philippines has been presented to Congress, but none has passed thus far.


title: Bakla

text: The Philippines is predominantly Christian, with over 80% of Filipinos belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. Church doctrine officially tolerates persons with such orientations but condemns homosexual activity as "intrinsically disordered." This condemnation of homosexuality presents a problem for baklâ because of potential discrimination in a Catholic-dominated society. As a result, baklâ youth in particular are at a higher risk for suicide, depression and substance abuse than their heterosexual peers, with risk increasing as parental acceptance decreases.


title: Bakla

text: While a significant minority, baklâ adherents of Protestantism face varying degrees of acceptance based on the denomination to which they belong. The Philippine Independent Church, which is in full communion with the worldwide Anglican Communion, officially does not endorse homosexuality. Various Evangelical churches and the Iglesia ni Cristo are more fundamentalist in doctrine, and thus strongly condemn homosexual acts and suppress such identities within their congregations.


title: Bakla

text: Non-Christian Filipinos who profess Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and other faiths also present a wide range of doctrinal views. Islam, the second largest religion in the Philippines, comprises roughly 5.57% of the population. Islam shares views with other Abrahamic Faiths in that homosexual acts are held to be sinful. According to the Delhi High Court, Hinduism does not officially condemn homosexuality. As for Buddhism, the Dalai Lama (who is the most influential figure of the Gelug tradition of Tibetan Buddhism) has maintained that homosexuality is "sexual misconduct" for Buddhist followers but does not condemn it for non-believers.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Enforcer is an unofficial role in ice hockey. The term is sometimes used synonymously with "fighter", "tough guy", or "goon". An enforcer's job is to deter and respond to dirty or violent play by the opposition. When such play occurs, the enforcer is expected to respond aggressively, by fighting or checking the offender. Enforcers are expected to react particularly harshly to violence against star players or goalies.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Enforcers are different from pests, players who seek to agitate opponents and distract them from the game, without necessarily fighting them. The pest's primary role is to draw penalties from opposing players, thus "getting them off their game", while not actually intending to fight the opposition player (although exceptions to this do occur). Pests and enforcers often play together on the same line, usually the fourth line.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: At present in the National Hockey League (NHL), teams generally do not carry more than one player whose primary role is that of an enforcer. Enforcers can play either forward or defense, although they are most frequently used as wingers on the fourth forward checking line. Prized for their aggression, size, checking ability, and fists, enforcers are typically less gifted at skill areas of the game than their teammates. Enforcers are typically among the lowest scoring players on the team and receive a smaller share of ice time. They are also not highly paid compared to other players, and tend to move from team to team.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Enforcers are nevertheless often popular on their teams. John Branch wrote in "The New York Times": "The enforcer, sometimes mocked as a goon or euphemized as a tough guy, may be hockey's favorite archetype. Enforcers are seen as working-class superheroes—understated types with an alter ego willing to do the sport's most dangerous work to protect others. And they are underdogs, men who otherwise might have no business in the game." John Scott's reputation as an enforcer and fan favorite helped him earn enough fan votes to secure a spot in the 61st National Hockey League All-Star Game despite having been demoted out of the league at the time of his election; he nonetheless unexpectedly played a key role in his division's victory by scoring two goals, where fan response also led to him being named most valuable player of the tournament. Fighting skills can help a less-talented or smaller player play in leagues that their hockey alone would not.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Enforcers sometimes take boxing lessons to improve their fighting. Some players combine aspects of the enforcer role with strong play in other areas of the game. Tiger Williams, Bob Probert, Chris Simon, and Tom Wilson are examples of enforcers who showed an occasional scoring flair, with Williams and Probert playing in the midseason All-Star Game. Terry O'Reilly once scored 90 points in a season, being the first player to finish in the top ten regular season scorers while amassing at least 200 penalty minutes, and later became captain of the Boston Bruins.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Sometimes enforcers can do their job by virtue of their reputation. Clark Gillies was among the best fighters in the NHL during his prime, but over time he rarely had to fight because opponents respected and feared him enough that they would not go after his teammates. Some skilled players, such as legends Gordie Howe, NHL all-star Jarome Iginla, and Ryan O'Marra, are also capable fighters and can function effectively as their own enforcer. A "Gordie Howe hat trick" is a player scoring a goal, assisting on a goal, and being involved in a fight during a single game.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: In the 1970s, the Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers were known respectively as the "Big Bad Bruins" and "Broad Street Bullies", for stocking up on grinders and enforcers.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: The role of the enforcer has diminished since rule enforcement changed following the 2004–05 NHL lockout to increase game speed and scoring. With a decrease in fighting, teams are less inclined to keep a roster spot available for a one-dimensional fighter who is a liability as a scorer and defender. This has led to a decrease in the number of players whose predominant role is enforcer. Instead, more well-rounded players are expected to contribute aspects of the enforcer role. Intimidation and fighting continue to be utilized as a strategy in the NHL. In the 2007–08 NHL season fights occurred in 38.46% of the games, up from 33% the season before, which was just below the pre-lockout fighting level of 41.14% of games in the 2003–04 season. The frequency has steadily declined over time, however, from 1.3 fights per game in the late 1980s to 0.5 in 2012. Major penalties for fighting declined by 25% annually in the first half of the 2011–2012 season.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Another possible reason for the decline in fighting and the use of the enforcer role is greater awareness of the risks from head trauma and resulting chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). During the summer of 2011, three NHL enforcers died. Derek Boogaard died at the age of 28 from an accidental mixture of painkillers and alcohol. Rick Rypien died at the age of 27 from what was later confirmed as a suicide. Wade Belak was found dead at the age of 35 in his Toronto hotel room in circumstances that caused a newspaper's police source to categorize his death as a suicide. A year earlier, Bob Probert had died on July 5, 2010, of an apparent heart attack in his mid-40s; later tests indicated brain damage and CTE from his years of fighting.


title: Enforcer (ice hockey)

text: Retired enforcer Georges Laraque has suggested the National Hockey League Players' Association provide counselling to enforcers, and sports journalist and writer Roy Macgregor opines that in light of recent tragic events there should be more done about it, including eliminating the role altogether. "New York Times" sportswriter John Branch covered Boogaard's death and the epidemic of chronic traumatic encephalopathy that has come as a result of frequent head trauma sustained by hockey enforcers.


title: Emibai Jinnah

text: Emibai Jinnah (; 1878 - 1893) was the first cousin and the first wife of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah from 1892 until her death in 1893.


title: Emibai Jinnah

text: Emibai Jinnah was born in 1878 in Paneli Moti, a village in Rajkot district of Gujarat, during the time of British India.


title: Emibai Jinnah

text: When she was 14 years of age, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's mother Mithibai Jinnah was urging him to marry his cousin Emibai. Jinnah complied with his mother's wishes and married Emibai at Paneli Village. Shortly after the wedding, Jinnah left for England to engage in higher academic studies. During his stay in England both Emibai and his mother died.


title: Emibai Jinnah

text: Affected by this tragedy, it was 25 years before Jinnah chose to marry again. Aged about 40, he took Rattanbai Petit (1900–1929) as his second wife on April 19, 1918. Rattanbai died on February 20, 1929.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa (born 1973) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and comic book writer best known for his work for Marvel Comics and for the television series "Glee", "Big Love", "Riverdale", "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" and "". He is Chief Creative Officer of Archie Comics.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa grew up in Washington, D.C., the son of the senior Nicaraguan World Bank official turned Nicaraguan Ambassador to the US (1997-2000) and later Foreign Minister (2000-2002). Francisco Javier Aguirre Sacasa and Maria de los Angeles Sacasa Arguello y Gomez Arguello, both Nicaraguan nationals. Aguirre-Sacasa received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Georgetown University and later a master's degree in English literature from McGill University; he then graduated from the Yale School of Drama in 2003.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Early plays during his first year at Yale include "Say You Love Satan", "a romantic comedy spoof of the "Omen" movies", and "The Muckle Man", "a serious family drama with supernatural overtones"; good reviews on summer productions of those helped him get a professional agent. "Rough Magic", an interpretation of Shakespeare's "The Tempest" in which Caliban escapes from Prospero's island and finds himself in present-day New York City, was produced at Yale during his last year there.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Although he wrote some plays in high school, it was after college, while working as a publicist at the Shakespeare Theatre, that Aguirre-Sacasa had an opportunity to attend a week-long playwriting workshop under Paula Vogel at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. He recalled in 2003 that Vogel held one of her periodic playwriting “boot camps” in the area:


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: On April 4, 2003, Dad's Garage Theatre Company in Atlanta was scheduled to debut Aguirre-Sacasa's new play, "Archie's Weird Fantasy", which depicted Riverdale's most famous resident coming out of the closet and moving to New York. The day before the play was scheduled to open, Archie Comics issued a cease and desist order, threatening litigation if the play proceeded as written. Dad's Garage artistic director Sean Daniels said, "The play was to depict Archie and his pals from Riverdale growing up, coming out and facing censorship. Archie Comics thought if Archie was portrayed as being gay, that would dilute and tarnish his image." It opened a few days later as "Weird Comic Book Fantasy" with the character names changed. Aguirre-Sacasa would later develop the "Riverdale" television series as well as becoming Archie Comics' chief creative officer.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Other plays produced in 2003 were "The Mystery Plays" in New York, which had won a writing award the previous year from the Kennedy Center, and a hit production of "Say You Love Satan" at the 2003 New York International Fringe Festival.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Playwriting continued along with comic-book writing, with several productions of new and old works. In 2006, his semi-autobiographical "Based On A Totally True Story" (about a comic-book writer/playwright struggling with new-found success and boyfriend problems) was staged at the prestigious Manhattan Theatre Club in New York. When asked by "The Advocate", "Which came first, being a comic-book geek or being gay?" he answered, "I would say I was probably a comic-book geek before I knew anything about being gay or straight. I certainly loved superheroes before I knew I was gay..." He also noted the play was, "thankfully", not about his current boyfriend.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: "Good Boys and True", about a graphic sex tape that begins circulating around an all-boys prep school outside Washington, D.C., premiered at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre in winter 2008.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: In mid-2009, the Round House Theatre in Bethesda, Maryland, premiered his play "The Picture of Dorian Gray", based on the novel by Oscar Wilde. That same year, Aguirre-Sacasa and artist Tonci Zonjic finished Marvel Comics' "Marvel Divas" miniseries, and he began working as a writer for the HBO series "Big Love", a position he continued in 2010 during the show's fourth season. In February 2010, he was announced to write the book for the musical adaption of the novel "American Psycho".


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa, California, presented the premiere of his play "Doctor Cerberus" in spring 2010. He also revised Robert Benton's musical "It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman" for the Dallas Theater Center production in Dallas, Texas, in June 2010.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: In 2011, Aguirre-Sacasa was approached by the producers of the troubled Broadway musical "" to help rewrite its script.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: In May 2011, Aguirre-Sacasa was hired as a co-producer and writer of "Glee". Two months later, he was hired to write the comic book "Archie meets Glee", published in 2013.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: London's Almeida Theatre said in April 2013 that Aguirre-Sacasa is writing the script for a musical based on Bret Easton Ellis's novel "American Psycho", to run December 3, 2013, to January 25, 2014.


title: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa

text: Aguirre-Sacasa grew up liking comic books, recalling in 2003, "My mom would take us out to the 7-Eleven on River Road during the summer, and we would get Slurpees and buy comics off the spinning rack. I would read them all over and over again, and draw my own pictures and stuff."