title: Fused quartz

text: "Infrared grade" fused quartz (tradenames "Infrasil", "Vitreosil IR", and others), which is electrically fused, has a greater presence of metallic impurities, limiting its UV transmittance wavelength to around 250 nm, but a much lower water content, leading to excellent infrared transmission up to 3.6 μm wavelength. All grades of transparent fused quartz/fused silica have nearly identical mechanical properties.


title: Fused quartz

text: where the wavelength formula_2 is measured in micrometers. This equation is valid between 0.21 and 3.71 μm and at 20 °C. Its validity was confirmed for wavelengths up to 6.7 μm. Experimental data for the real (refractive index) and imaginary (absorption index) parts of the complex refractive index of fused quartz reported in the literature over the spectral range from 30 nm to 1000 μm have been reviewed by Kitamura "et al." and are available online.


title: Fused quartz

text: Its quite high Abbe Number of 67.8 makes it among the lowest dispersion glasses at visible wavelengths, as well as having an exceptionally low refractive index in the visible ("n" = 1.4585). Note that fused quartz has a very different and lower refractive index compared to crystalline quartz which is birefringent with refractive indices "n" = 1.5443 and "n" = 1.5534 at the same wavelength. Although these forms have the same chemical formula, their differing structures result in different optical and other physical properties.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears ("Coix lacryma-jobi)", also known as Adlay or Adlay millet, is a tall grain-bearing perennial tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family). It is native to Southeast Asia and introduced to Northern China and India in remote antiquity, and elsewhere cultivated in gardens as an annual. It has been naturalized in the southern United States and the New World tropics. In its native environment it is grown at higher elevation areas where rice and corn do not grow well. Job's tears are also commonly sold as Chinese pearl barley.


title: Job's tears

text: There are two main varieties of the species, one wild and one cultivated. The wild variety, "Coix lacryma-jobi" var. "lacryma-jobi", has hard-shelled pseudocarps—very hard, pearly white, oval structures used as beads for making prayer beads or rosaries, necklaces, and other objects. The cultivated variety "Coix lacryma-jobi" var. "ma-yuen" is harvested as a cereal crop, has a soft shell, and used medicinally in parts of Asia.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears may also be referred to under different spellings (Job's-tears, Jobs-tears). The crop is also known by other common names in English, such as adlay or adlay millet. Other common names in English include coix seed, gromwell grass, and tear grass.


title: Job's tears

text: The seeds are known in Chinese as "yìyǐ rén" (), where "rén" means "kernel", and also described in Latin as semen coicis or semen coicis lachryma-jobi in pharmacopoeic literature.


title: Job's tears

text: The species, native to Southeast Asia, was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 with the epithet as a Latin translation of the metaphorical "tear of Job". , four varieties are accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears - along with "Coix" in general - was formerly placed in the Maydeae, now known to be polyphyletic. It has cylindrical, longer than broad involucres. It is widely used as beads for ornaments.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tear is a monoecious gras which is broad-leaved, loose-growing, branched and robust. It can reach a height between 1.20 m to 1.80 m. Like all members of the genus Grasses, their inflorescences develop from a leaf sheath at the End of the stem and consist partly of hard, globular or oval, hollow, bead-like structures.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tear seeds differ in color, with the more soft-shelled seeds being light brown and the hard-shelled forms having a dark red pericarp.


title: Job's tears

text: The hardened "shells" covering the seeds are technically the fruit-case or involucre (hardened bract), with the bract also referred to as "capsule-spathe" or "sheathing bract" by some past botanical works.


title: Job's tears

text: These shells cover the bases of the flowers (inflorescences) which are male and female racemes/panicles; the male racemes project upright and consist of overlapping scale-like spikelets, with yellow stamens that pop out in-between, and there are one or two yarn-like female racemes drooping from the base.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears - as with "Coix" in general - produces its own variety of α-zein prolamins. These prolamins have undergone unusually rapid evolutionary divergence from closely related grasses, by way of copy-number changes.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears is native to Southeast Asian countries, namely India, Burma, China, and Malaysia. Residue on pottery from a Neolithic (late Yangshao Culture) site in north-central China shows that Job's tears, together with non-native barley and other plants were used to brew beer as early as ca. 3000 BC.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears were already introduced to Japan (and probably cultivated alongside rice) in the Early Jōmon Period, corroborated by finds in Western Japan (Chūgoku region), e.g., from studies of phytoliths in the (ca. 4000 BC) in Okayama Prefecture. And further east in Japan, the plant has been found at the Toro site, Shizuoka Prefecture dating to the Yayoi Period.


title: Job's tears

text: Remains of Job's tears have been found in archaeological sites in northeastern India, dating to around 1000 BC. It was introduced to the subtropical area in India from the east Himalayan belt. A number of scholars support the view it has been in cultivation in India in the 2000–1000 BC period. The wild varieties have hard-coated seeds. Job's tear was one of the earliest domesticated crops. Domestication makes the seed coat become softer and easier to cook.


title: Job's tears

text: In China, the current cultivation of Job's tears mainly occurs in Fujian, Jiangsu, Hebei, and Liaoning provinces. The cultivation of Job's tears spreads out to temperate areas in North and Northeast China. The shelled grains exported from China were erroneously declared through customs as "pearl barley", and "Chinese pearl barley" remains an alternate common name so that the grains are sold under such label in Asian supermarkets, even though "C. lacryma-jobi" is not closely related to barley ("Hordeum vulgare").


title: Job's tears

text: The yield is harvested in early october and is easy influenced by the weather. If there is dry and hot wind in the initial phase, the pollen loses its vitality, therefore can’t be pollinated. This leads to hollow seeds, which results in yield reduction in light cultivars and zero yield in heavy cultivars.


title: Job's tears

text: Early maturing varieties are sown in early March, middle maturing varieties are sown from late March to early April, and late maturing varieties are sown from late April to early May. Sowing should be early rather than late. If sowing is too late, it will affect the yield and even the seeds can not mature after autumn.


title: Job's tears

text: The grains of Job's tear can be used the same way as rice. It can be eaten cooked or even raw, as it has a slightly sweet taste. Further, the grains can be used for the production of flour.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tear grains can be processed in the same machine as rice. For the soft hulls it is enough to press them over a sieve. The advantage of Job's tear over rice is that the grains do not need to be polished as it is the case with rice. Through this process, the rice loses its vitamins. This makes Job's tear a valuable food for undernourished populations in rural areas.


title: Job's tears

text: In times of food shortage Job's tear was extensively cultivated. Under normal circumstances, however, it could not establish itself in the great variety of cereals. It would be the best substitute for rice in this region.


title: Job's tears

text: The hard, white grains of Job's tears have historically been used as beads to make necklaces and other objects. The seeds are naturally bored with holes without the need to artificially puncture them.


title: Job's tears

text: Strands of Job's tears are used as Buddhist prayer beads in parts of India, Myanmar, Laos, Taiwan, and Korea according to Japanese researcher Yukino Ochiai who has specialized on the ethnobotanic usage of the plant. They are also made into rosaries in countries such as the Philippines and Bolivia.


title: Job's tears

text: In Japan, the grains growing wild are called ), and children have made playthings out of them by stringing them into necklaces. However, "juzu-dama" was a corruption of "zuzu-dama" according to folklorist Kunio Yanagita. A type of Buddhist rosary called "irataka no juzu", which were hand-made by the "yamabushi" ascetics practicing "shugendō" training, purportedly used a large-grain type known as . Although this was published as a separate variety, "C. lacryma jobi" var. "maxima" , it is now regarded as synonymous to "C. lacryma jobi" var. "lacryma-jobi" according to taxonomical databases (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families).


title: Job's tears

text: It was contended by Edo Period scholar Ono Ranzan that the soft-shelled edible type called "shikoku-mugi" was not introduced into Japan until the Kyōho era (1716–1736), as opposed to a hard-shelled edible type called "chōsen-mugi" (lit. ‘Korean wheat’) which needed to be beaten in order to crack and thresh them. This type has been published as a separate species, "C. agrestis" in the past, but this is now recognized also as a synonym of "C. lacryma jobi" var. "lacryma-jobi". Thus Japanese consumption of the crop attested in pre-Kyōho literature presumably used this hard-shelled type in the recipe.


title: Job's tears

text: Yanagita contended that the use of the beads predated the introduction of Buddhism into Japan (552/538 CE). And the plant has not only been found at sites dating to approximately this period at the Kuroimine Site, but in Jomon period sites dating to several millennia BC.


title: Job's tears

text: Yanagita in his Ocean Road hypothesis argues that the pearly glistening seeds were regarded as simulating or substituting for cowrie shells, which were used as ornaments and currency throughout Southern China and Southeast Asia in antiquity, and he argued both items to be part of cultural transmission into Japan from these areas.


title: Job's tears

text: Later scholars have pursued the validity of the thesis. Yanagita had reproduced a distribution map of the usage of ornamental cowries throughout Asia (compiled by J. Wilfrid Jackson), and Japanese ethnologist alluded to a need for a distribution map of ornamental Job's tears, for making comparison therewith.


title: Job's tears

text: The Akha people and the Karen people who live in the mountainous regions around the Thai-Myanmar border grow several varieties of the plant and use the beads to ornament various handicraft. The beads are used strictly only on women's apparel among the Akha, sewn onto headwear, jackets, handbags, etc.; also, a variety of shapes of beads are used. The beads are used only on the jackets of married women among the Karen, and the oblong seeds are exclusively selected, some example has been shown from the Karen in Chiang Rai Province of Thailand.


title: Job's tears

text: Strands of job's tears necklaces have also been collected from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand and it is known the Karen people string the beads into necklaces, such necklaces in use also in the former Karenni States (current Kayah State of Burma), with the crop being known by the name "cheik" (var. "kyeik", "kayeik", "kyeit") in Burmese. Job's tears necklace has been collected also from Yunnan Province, China, which has a population of Akha-Hani people and other minorities, but the Wa people of Yunnan also used the plant seeds ("tɛ kao"; lit. ‘fruit-Coix’) sewn onto fabrics and bags, etc.


title: Job's tears

text: The Wa people and other minorities like the Taungyo ethnic group use the beads in apparel in Shan State, Myanmar.


title: Job's tears

text: In Northern Borneo Malay (Dayak group) ethnic tribes such as the Kelabit people of Sarawak state (and North Kalimantan, Indonesia), the Dusun people and Murut people of Sabah state all use the plant beads as ornament. The Kayan of Borneo also use job's tears to decorate clothing and war dress.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears () are otherwise known by many local names in the Philippines (e.g. in Visaya Islands). The beads strung together have sometimes been used as rosaries, or made into bead curtains (e.g. the Tboli people on Mindanao), or woven into baskets and other vessels.


title: Job's tears

text: The plant was known as "calandula" in Spanish, and the hards seeds were strung together as beads or into rosaries in parts of New Spain, e.g., Puerto Rico.


title: Job's tears

text: In both the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, the beads of Job's tears are called "corn beads" or "Cherokee corn beads" and have been used for personal adornment.


title: Job's tears

text: Throughout East Asia, Job's tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain. Job's tears grains are widely eaten as a cereal. The cultivated varieties are soft-shelled, and can be easily cooked into gruels, etc. Among the Zomi in Southeast Asia, miim festival(Job's tears festival) was held annually to pay tribute to the departed souls.


title: Job's tears

text: Some of the soft-shelled types are easily threshed, producing sweet kernels. The threshed (and polished) "kernels" or "ren" () are used in traditional Chinese Medicine (see "infra").


title: Job's tears

text: The threshed grains are generally spherical, with a groove on one end, and polished white in color. In Japan unpolished grains are also sold, and marketed as "yūki hatomugi" (‘organic job's tears’).


title: Job's tears

text: In Cambodia, where it is known as "skuay" (ស្គួយ), the seeds are not much used as a grain, but used as part of herbal medicine and as an ingredient in desserts. In Thailand, it is often consumed in teas and other drinks, such as soy milk.


title: Job's tears

text: In Korean cuisine, a thick drink called "yulmu cha" (율무차, literally "Job's tears tea") is made from powdered Job's tears. A similar drink, called "yi ren jiang " (薏仁漿), also appears in Chinese cuisine, and is made by simmering whole polished Job's tears in water and sweetening the resulting thin, cloudy liquid with sugar. The grains are usually strained from the liquid but may also be consumed separately or together.


title: Job's tears

text: In Japan, the roasted kernels are brewed into , literally a "tea". This is drunk for medicinal value and not for enjoyment, as it does not suit the average consumer's taste, but a more palatable brew is obtained by roasting seeds that have been germinated, which reduces the distinctive strong odor.


title: Job's tears

text: In southern China, Job's tears are often used in "tong sui" (糖水), a sweet dessert soup. One variety is called "ching bo leung" in Cantonese (), and is also known as "sâm bổ lượng" in Vietnamese cuisine. There is also a braised chicken dish "yimidunji" ().


title: Job's tears

text: In both Korea and China, distilled liquors are also made from the grain. One Korean liquor is called "okroju" (옥로주; hanja: 玉露酒), which is made from rice and Job's tears. The grains are also brewed into beers in northeast India and other parts of southeast Asia.


title: Job's tears

text: The plant is noted in an ancient medical text "Huangdi Neijing" (5th–2nd centuries BCE) attributed to the legendary Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), but fails to be noticed in the standard traditional materia medica reference "Bencao Gangmu" (本草綱目)(16c.).


title: Job's tears

text: It is generally grown in sunny, fertile, well-drained fields with sandy loam soil. Adlay likes mild, cool and humid climate. It does not adapt to hot and muggy climate, has low cold tolerance, and is very intolerant of drought. Black-shelled adlay is suitable for planting in areas with altitudes of 800 to 1,000 m; dwarf adlay varieties are suitable for planting in low altitude areas.


title: Job's tears

text: Planting can be done when the ground temperature is above 12 ℃. And if it is not frost, sowing should be done as early as possible to lengthen the required days to emergence and days to anthesis. Adlay sowing is divided into strip sowing and hole sowing. The strip sowing refers to the uniform sowing of seeds in trenches with a spacing of about 50 cm and a depth of 4–5 cm. Hole sowing refers to sowing seeds in holes 3–5 cm deep, with 3-4 seeds per hole.


title: Job's tears

text: Control the number of seedlings per hole when the seedlings have 3-4 true leaves, and leave 2-3 well-grown plants in each hole.


title: Job's tears

text: Tillage at least 3 times during the whole crop growth. The 1st tillage is to be done when the seedlings are 5–10 cm high and needs to be cleaned of weeds to promote tillering. The second tillage is done when the seedlings are 15–20 cm high. The 3rd plowing is done when the seedlings are 30 cm high, combined with fertilizer and soil cultivation to promote root growth and prevent collapse.


title: Job's tears

text: It is an annual crop but it can be a perennial when allowed to develop ratoon. Adlay is propagated by seeds at the start of rain. The germination occurs as early as 7 days after sowing. It takes 5 to 5.5 months to flower and mature. The average height can reach over 90 cm at harvest. The application of N fertilizer can significantly improve the yield of adlay.


title: Job's tears

text: Drought is a major stress for adlay growth and development. The lack of moisture will cause impaired germination and poor establishment. During the growth and maturation stage, water deficits will reduce the leaf area index and lead to barrenness, which negatively affects photosynthesis and dry matter production.


title: Job's tears

text: When nearly 80% of adlay grains turn brown, the panicle will be harvested by cutting the stems and leaving three nodes above the ground. The harvest period varies with the different varieties and local environment. Because of the uneven height and grain distribution, the use of machines for harvesting is limited and harvesting has been done by hand in many regions in Southeastern Asia. Then the harvested panicles are threshed by hand or using a treadle thresher. For manual threshing, it is normally used when the harvested grains are at lower moisture content and easily shatter. Threshed grains are sun dried or placed in drying facilities where they utilize forced warm air to gradually reduce the moisture content to 14% suited to storage before the adlay moves to the milling process. The adlay can be consumed as grains and flour after being milled through corn and rice mill. The milling recovery is about 60% depending on the cultivars.


title: Job's tears

text: The seeds of Job's tears are protein-rich and nutrient-dense. High in dietary fibre, zinc and calcium. They contain micronutrients like thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin E, and niacin. They cover 8 types of amino acids for human consumption.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears contain high amount of starch (58%). The seeds are used as ingredients to make soup, porridge, flour and pastries. It is common to grind seeds into powder form to make pastries. Two major methods are used to isolate starch: alkaline steeping method and steeping with sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5), an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Job's tears also contain edible protein (14.8%), which can be extracted through alkaline extraction method and salt extraction method.


title: Job's tears

text: Job's tears contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids. The four main fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid) under three extraction methods: solvent processes, supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Lisa Margaret Hannigan (born 12 February 1981) is an Irish musician, singer, composer, and voice actress. She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice's band. Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums: "Sea Sew" (2008), "Passenger" (2011), and "At Swim" (2016). Hannigan's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the United States. Hannigan also received attention in North America for her role as Blue Diamond in "Steven Universe", an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan was born in Dublin but grew up in Kilcloon, County Meath, Ireland. She attended primary school at Scoil Oilibhéir Naofa in Kilcloon and enrolled at Trinity College Dublin to study French and art history.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: While still in college, Hannigan met Damien Rice at a concert in Dublin in early 2001. Rice enlisted Hannigan to sing on his 2002 album "O" and his later album "9", featured in the hit "9 Crimes". She toured with Rice as part of his band during that period, lending vocal support and occasionally playing guitar, bass or drums.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2007, Hannigan returned to Dublin and began a solo career. Some of Hannigan's live recordings were made available through trading networks radio shows. These recordings included: "Willy" by Joni Mitchell, "Be My Husband" by Nina Simone (from the 1965 album "Pastel Blues"), "Mercedes Benz" by Janis Joplin and "Love Hurts" by Boudleaux Bryant. Hannigan also performed live with her own band, called The Daisy Okell Quartet and contributed guest vocals to the recordings of Mic Christopher, The Frames and Herbie Hancock.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Lisa Hannigan's debut solo album, titled "Sea Sew", was rehearsed in a barn in Thomastown and recorded in Dublin before being released in Ireland in September 2008. The lead single, "Lille", was made available as a free Internet download and other tracks were available for preview on her Myspace page. The sleeve featured needle-work by Hannigan. Some music critics called the recording one of the best Irish albums of the year.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: "Sea Sew" received favourable reviews in the "Los Angeles Times" and "The New York Times". The single "Lille" was released in August 2008 on Irish and American radio stations. Hannigan performed at Electric Picnic 2008. She was the opening act for singer-songwriter Jason Mraz on his 2008 U.S. tour.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: That year she appeared on the charity album "Even Better Than the Disco Thing" and performed a duet of Mick Flannery's new song "Christmas Past" with Flannery on Tony Fenton's "Christmas Special" on Today FM. In December 2008, she made her UK solo debut at St Johns Church in London. Hannigan signed with ATO Records in the U.S., where her album was released in February 2009.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: "Sea Sew" was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and Best Irish Album at the Meteor Music Awards in January 2009.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: That year, Hannigan appeared on the American television shows "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and "The Colbert Report". In 2009, Hannigan also appeared on the BBC's "Later... with Jools Holland", performing her song "I Don't Know". "Sea Sew" rose in the UK charts following this appearance and she performed at Glastonbury 2009 music festival and went on tour later in the year. She performed at the nomination ceremony and she was greeted by confused journalists wondering "Lisa who?".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan performed at Electric Picnic 2009 Later in 2009, she toured the United States with David Gray and performed solo shows in New York, Los Angeles and London. She then began a tour of Ireland to finish the year. Hannigan's song "An Ocean and a Rock" was used in a 2009 Irish video supporting same-sex marriage entitled "Sinéad's Hand". As part of an advertisement campaign for Oxfam's Make Trade Fair, Hannigan was drenched in melted chocolate and she participated in the Irish musical collective The Cake Sale with lead vocal on the track "Some Surprise", which was played on the US television series "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan recorded her second album, "Passenger", at Bryn Derwen Studios in North Wales with producer Joe Henry and engineer Ryan Freeland. The album was released in the US and Canada on 20 September 2011, and on 7 October in Ireland and the UK.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan announced that her third album was produced in collaboration with Aaron Dessner, founding member of American indie rock band The National. The album entitled "At Swim" was released on 19 August 2016. On 24 May 2016 Hannigan revealed a short teaser in relation to the album's launch. "Prayer for the Dying" and "Ora" are two tracks which have appeared among promotional material in the lead up to the release. Hannigan toured Ireland extensively in the lead up to the album release. "Prayer for the Dying" appeared on digital streaming services in June 2016. The album was positively received by several newspapers, including "The Guardian", which awarded it four out of five stars, commenting on Hannigan's "crystal vocals" and the album's "stunningly pretty songs with quietly powerful undertones", and the "Evening Standard", which also awarded four out of five stars and mentioned the "new-found accessibility" the album represented. "The Telegraph" noted the album to be "subtle and gauzy but loaded with emotion", and calls Hannigan's voice "an incredible instrument, drawing on both opera and folk, with a softness and intimacy".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2004, Hannigan credited on soundtrack for "Closer" (song: "Cold Water", arranged and performed by Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan, featuring Vyvienne Long).


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2007, Hannigan credited on soundtrack for "Shrek the Third" (song: "9 Crimes", performed by Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan).


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2009, Hannigan credited on soundtrack for "Ondine" (songs: "Braille", "Lille", written and performed by Lisa Hannigan).


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2013, Hannigan contributed vocals to the soundtrack for Alfonso Cuarón's film "" and performed a cover of Richard Hawley's "You Haunt Me" for the film "Another Me".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2014, Hannigan provided vocals along with John Smith for the Steven Price conducted soundtrack for the Brad Pitt blockbuster "Fury".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2014, she voiced the character of Bronagh, the Selkie mother of the main characters in the animated film "Song of the Sea", and provided several songs to the film's soundtrack.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2017, she started voicing the character Blue Diamond for the television series "Steven Universe" which was made by Rebecca Sugar. She also performed a cover of David Bowie's "Oh! You Pretty Things" for the closing credits of the sixth episode of the first season of "Legion".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2018, she arranged and performed a version of the traditional Irish song "Weile Weile Waile" for the soundtrack of the movie "The Hole in the Ground".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2019, she reprised her role as Blue Diamond for the television film "". In 2020, she returned to the role once more in the follow-up series "Steven Universe Future".


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: In 2020, Hannigan was part of an Irish collective of female singers and musicians called "Irish Women in Harmony", that recorded a version of the song "Dreams" in aid of the charity Safe Ireland, which deals with domestic abuse which had reportedly risen significantly during the COVID-19 lockdown.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Her music has received critical praise, airplay and award nominations both in her native Ireland and the United States. In 2008, her debut album "Sea Sew" spawned the single "Lille", a Choice Music Prize nomination, two Meteor Music Awards nominations and a Mercury Prize nomination.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan performs using "broken-down, wheezy old instruments". Herbie Hancock said of her vocals, "there's so much jazz in the notes and phrases that she picks. She was singing the ninths, the elevenths of the chords...I mean some of the things sound like choices that Miles would have made."


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan briefly studied English and art history at Trinity College Dublin. During her first week at university she became friends with Irish singer-songwriter Damien Rice. Hannigan eventually left university to travel with Rice across Europe.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Returning to Ireland, both Hannigan and Rice began to work together recording music, including songs like "Unplayed Piano" and "Once I Loved." Hannigan featured on Rice's first two solo albums and a number of EP's and live recordings. Both Irish artists toured for a number of years together and were in a relationship, but in 2007 Hannigan left Damien Rice and his band the afternoon before a live show in Munich. Rice released a statement saying that their professional relationship had ""run its creative course"" in March 2007.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Returning to Dublin, from 2007 onward Hannigan began to focus on her solo career which to date has produced three solo albums. In 2015, Hannigan decided to move from Dublin to London to begin a new life, which involved beginning to write new material for her third studio album "At Swim". She also started pursuing a part-time degree in English literature.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: As of 2016, Hannigan planned to return to Dublin with her London-based husband following her "At Swim" tour of Europe and the US. They have a son.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan has four "Hot Press" Readers' Poll awards. She won Best Debut Album, Best Irish Album, Best Irish Track and Best Female in 2009.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan's second album, "Passenger", was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2012 and she also lost out to Jape that year.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan and her work was nominated in the Best Irish Female and Best Irish Album categories at the Meteor Music Awards in 2009. She was the only solo artist nominated in more than one category at the awards. She lost to Imelda May and The Script's self-titled album respectively.


title: Lisa Hannigan

text: Hannigan was referred to as 2009's "token folk nominee" in the UK, with the "NME" calling her a "token folkie". One British journalist even claimed she was "truly obscure" and part of the "moribund sensitive singer-songwriter genre". Ed Power, writing in the "Irish Independent", criticised such claims, wondering if Jape (whose album "Ritual" beat Hannigan to the Choice Music Prize) had come close to receiving a Mercury nomination—"Or, for that matter, how many of the judges had even heard of him".


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: Ubisoft Connect (formerly Uplay) is a digital distribution, digital rights management, multiplayer and communications service developed by Ubisoft to provide an experience similar to the achievements/trophies offered by various other game companies. The service is provided across various platforms. Ubisoft Connect is used exclusively by first-party Ubisoft games, and although some third-party ones are sold through the Ubisoft store, they do not use the Ubisoft Connect platform.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: Ubisoft Connect serves as a combination of a free reward system (formerly Ubisoft Club) and online profile system for players of Ubisoft games. While playing Ubisoft games, players can complete in-game achievements which earn points towards their profile. They can then redeem these points for in-game content across many Ubisoft games, typically as cosmetic items which can otherwise be purchased through microtransactions. Players can also maintain friend lists which will be used in various games to help with matchmaking or tied with certain in-game features.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: The Ubisoft Connect client on personal computers also serves as a storefront and digital download management tool. Players can purchase Ubisoft games through its storefront and manage downloads and updates of games. The client also maintains digital rights management (DRM) for Ubisoft games, and is required to be run for any Ubisoft game, even if the game is purchased on a different storefront such as through Steam or the Epic Games Store.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: An optional subscription service, Ubisoft+ (formerly Uplay+), allows subscribers to have access to Ubisoft's full library of games as well as immediate access to its newest games and closed beta tests for upcoming games.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: The Uplay reward system was first introduced alongside the release of "Assassin's Creed II" on 17 November 2009. The Uplay reward system allowed players to connect with other gamers, and to earn rewards based on achievements (called "Actions") in Uplay-enabled games, with Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stating that "the more you play, the more free goods you will be able to have".


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: On personal computers, Ubisoft had offered its Ubisoft Game Launcher to manage the downloads and updating of its games. The Uplay client was introduced on 3 July 2012 to replace the launcher, incorporating its features as well as management of Uplay rewards and a digital storefront for Ubisoft games.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: Certain Ubisoft games required an online pass known as a "Uplay Passport" to access online and multiplayer content. In October 2013, Ubisoft announced that it would discontinue its use of online passes on future games, and made the Uplay Passport for "" available at no charge effective immediately.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: The Ubisoft Club was introduced in October 2015, which transitioned most of the reward system facets of UPlay to this program, as well as adding further ways for players to earn points towards rewards by playing Ubisoft games.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: Uplay+, a monthly subscription service giving the subscriber full access to over 100 games in the Ubisoft catalog including immediate access to new games and closed beta tests, was introduced during E3 2019. Uplay+ launched on September 3, 2019 in beta form, with full expansion in early 2020. The service was offered both through the Uplay store, as will be an option for Stadia users.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: In October 2020, Uplay and the Ubisoft Club were merged into Ubisoft Connect, which would offer the same features but also enable current and future Ubisoft games to support cross-saves and cross-play between platforms, and support for cloud gaming platforms including Stadia and Amazon Luna. However, Ubisoft said that several of the older games in the UPlay library will not be transitioned to support Ubisoft Connect's features, and thus they unlocked all the Uplay rewards associated with these games for all users. As part of Ubisoft's transition from Uplay to Ubisoft Connect, the Uplay+ service was rebranded as "Ubisoft+" in October 2020, with its offering expanded to include the Amazon Luna cloud gaming platform.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: Early reception of Uplay with reviewers and the public had been largely negative, primarily related to the use of DRM. Early games that incorporated Uplay required players to maintain a constant connection to the internet, and if the connection was lost during gameplay, the game would halt, sending users back to their last checkpoint or save depending on the specific game. The scheme quickly came under fire after a denial-of-service attack on Ubisoft's DRM servers in early March 2010 rendered "Silent Hunter 5" and "Assassin's Creed II" unplayable for several days. The always-on requirement was quietly lifted for existing Uplay games towards the end of 2010, being changed to a single validation on game launch. However, the always-on requirement made a return in 2011 with the releases of "" and "From Dust", the latter having been explicitly stated by Ubisoft prior to release to only require a one-time online activation on install. "From Dust" was later patched to remove the always-on requirement. In September 2012 Ubisoft employees confirmed in an interview that no further Ubisoft games would be using the always-on requirement, instead opting for a one-time activation of the game on install. However "The Crew", released in 2014, required the player to be always online in order to play.


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: John Walker, writing for "Rock, Paper, Shotgun", called it a "technical mess" and saying that "it desperately needs to just go away" in the wake of a server collapse around the release of "Far Cry 3" that temporarily made the game unplayable. Ars Technica's Kyle Orland says that "Uplay has not exactly endeared itself to the PC gaming community", describing a history of technical errors and problems related to its DRM. Geoffrey Tim, writing for lazygamer.net, called it the "worst thing" about Ubisoft's "otherwise excellent" games, and particularly criticized it for running alongside Steam when Ubisoft games are purchased on that platform. Patrick Klepek, writing for Giant Bomb, criticized the same point, saying that Ubisoft's desire to run its own distribution service offered no real benefit to consumers, and describing the tactics they used to try to get people to use it as irritating and unappealing. Writing a comparison for GadgetReview in which he compared the three major distribution platforms—Uplay, Valve's Steam and Electronic Arts' Origin—Shawn Sanders criticized it for using large amounts of memory while offering fewer features than its competitors. Summarizing popular opinion on the service, VG247's Brenna Hillier said that "Uplay is one of the less popular PC DRM systems, but all your fervent wishing that it would die has not been successful."


title: Ubisoft Connect

text: In July 2012 Tavis Ormandy, an Information Security Engineer at Google, claimed that "Uplay" DRM is a rootkit and poses a serious security risk. The software installs a browser plugin that provides access to the system. Ormandy has written proof-of-concept code for the exploit. The exploit is believed to have been fixed as of version 2.0.4, released on 30 July 2012.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: "River Deep – Mountain High" is a song by Ike & Tina Turner released as the title track to their 1966 studio album on Philles Records. Produced by Phil Spector and written by Spector, Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich. "Rolling Stone" ranked "River Deep – Mountain High" No. 33 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. "NME" ranked it No. 37 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame added it to the list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. The song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: The single did not perform well upon its original release in the US, but it was successful in Europe. Spector claimed to be pleased with the response from the critics and his peers, but he then withdrew from the music industry for two years, beginning his personal decline. After a revival of the song from covers by Eric Burdon and the Animals and Deep Purple in 1968, the original version was reissued by A&M Records in 1969.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Phil Spector had seen the Ike & Tina Turner Revue perform at a club on the Sunset Strip and invited them to appear on "The Big T.N.T. Show". Spector was impressed by Tina Turner and wanted to use her voice with the Wrecking Crew, and his "Wall of Sound" production technique. He went to the Turners' house, and struck a deal with Ike Turner to produce Tina. Ike agreed, but wanted the recordings to be credited to Ike & Tina Turner. At the time they were signed to Loma Records (a subsidiary of Warner Bros.). Spector negotiated a deal with Ike & Tina Turner's manager Bob Krasnow, who was also head of Loma. He offered $20,000 ($ today) to have them released from their contract. After Mike Maitland (then president at Warner Bros.) gave them their release, they signed with Spector's Philles Records.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: "River Deep – Mountain High" was the first recording that Tina Turner did for Philles at Gold Star Studios. It was written by Phil Spector, Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich. The track cost a then unheard-of $22,000 ($ today), and required 21 session musicians.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: After several rehearsals, and two sessions for the musicians to lay down a backing track, Spector got Tina Turner into the studio on March 7, but she was unable to provide what he wanted. The following week she returned to the studio with Ike Turner. Due to Spector's perfectionism and tendency to abuse workers in the studio, he made her sing the song over and over for several hours until he felt he had the perfect vocal take for the song. She recalled, "I must have sung that 500,000 times. I was drenched with sweat. I had to take my shirt off and stand there in my bra to sing."


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: It was reported that the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson attended the session, where he sat "transfixed" and "did not say a word".


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: When Spector inducted Ike & Tina Turner into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991, he revealed in his speech that he had invited Ike Turner to play guitar in the session for "River Deep – Mountain High," but Turner didn't show up.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: The recording of the song was later dramatized for Tina Turner's 1993 biographical film, "What's Love Got to Do with It".


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Reviewing the single, "Billboard" wrote: "Exciting dance beat production backs a wailin' Tina vocal on a solid rock tune penned by Barry and Greenwich." It entered the lower end of the "Billboard" Hot 100 and stopped at No. 88 on the pop chart. The disappointing chart performance resulted in the album being shelved in the US. Spector was so disillusioned that he ceased involvement in the recording industry totally for two years, and only intermittently returned to the studio after that. He effectively became a recluse and began to self-destruct.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Ike Turner remarked that "if Phil had released the record and put anybody else's name on it, it would have been a huge hit. But because Tina Turner's name was on it, the white stations classified it an R&B record and wouldn't play it. The white stations say it was too black, and the black stations say it was too white, so that record didn't have a home."


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Writer Michael Billig speculated that although earlier records which had mixed black singers with a white pop sound had sold well, by 1966 the black political movement was encouraging African Americans to take a pride in their own culture, and "River Deep – Mountain High" was out of step with that movement.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: The single, released on London Records in Europe, was a hit overseas. It peaked at No. 3 in the UK, No. 9 in the Netherlands, and it reached No. 1 in Spain.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: George Harrison praised the record, declaring it "a perfect record from start to finish. You couldn't improve on it."


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: After "River Deep – Mountain High" was revived by other bands, Ike & Tina Turner's original version was reissued by A&M Records in 1969. It has since gained the recognition Spector wanted for the record. Reviewing the single, "Record World" called it a "classic, perhaps the greatest single of all time."


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Ike & Tina Turner recorded different renditions of the song without Spector's "Wall of Sound" production style. A version on the 1973 album "Nutbush City Limits" was released as a single titled "River Deep, Mountain High 1974" on United Artists Records in France. Another version from an undetermined year was released on the 1991 compilation "."


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Tina Turner recorded a few solo versions, in 1986, 1991 and 1993. Tina included live performances on her albums, "Tina Live in Europe" and "Tina Live".


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: In 1970, their post-Diana Ross era, The Supremes and the Four Tops released a version. Produced by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, the single was one of several recordings that paired the two Motown groups. The Supremes and Four Tops cover, included on the 1970 LP "The Magnificent 7", with its soaring vocals and string section, peaked at No. 7 on the soul chart and No. 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1971, making it the highest-charting version of the song in the United States. Their version also peaked No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 23 in Belgium, and No. 25 on Netherlands' MegaCharts.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: A ten-minute version was recorded by Deep Purple for their 1968 album, "The Book of Taliesyn". An edited version was released as a single in the United States and reached number 53 in early 1969 and number 42 on the Canadian "RPM" charts. It had a progressive rock sound to it, as Deep Purple had not yet adopted the hard rock sound for which they are most famous.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Céline Dion covered the song on her 1996 album "Falling Into You". At first, Phil Spector showed interest in producing the album track, but left the project so Jim Steinman took over as producer. Spector was unimpressed by Steinman's efforts, calling Steinman a "bad clone" of himself. Dion had previously performed the song in some of her concerts, as included in her live album "Live à Paris", recorded in 1995.


title: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Amber Riley and Naya Rivera covered the song on episode four ("Duets") of the second season of Fox television show "Glee". Their version peaked at number 41 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War ( 1947–1991) between the Western allies (primarily the US and Western Europe) and the Eastern Bloc (primarily the Soviet Union and allied countries of the Warsaw Pact). Both relied on a wide variety of military and civilian agencies in this pursuit.


title: Cold War espionage

text: While several organizations such as the CIA and KGB became synonymous with Cold War espionage, many others played key roles in the collection and protection of the section concerning detection of spying, and analysis of a wide host of intelligence disciplines.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Soviet espionage in the United States during the Cold War was an outgrowth of World War II nuclear espionage, with both sides utilizing and evolving techniques and practices developed during World War II. Cold War espionage has been fictionally depicted in works such as the James Bond and Matt Helm books and movies.


title: Cold War espionage

text: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II led by the United States (and the Western Bloc) and the Soviet Union (and the Eastern Bloc). After World War II, the victory of the Soviet Union over Germany granted them considerable territorial spoils; the Soviet Union banded together these states economically and politically creating a superpower challenging the might of the United States. Prior even to the United States' use of nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet Union had been developing the technology to make similar devices. Although the two powers never engaged in a full-scale war, both countries were constantly preparing for an all-out nuclear war. Cold War espionage was focused on gaining an advantage in information about the enemies' capabilities, especially related to atomic weaponry.


title: Cold War espionage

text: During the Cold War, information was a key commodity. It was vital to know what the adversary was up to, and the possibility of using the hi-tech surveillance that is used today was not around. Instead of trusting technology, states relied on spies: people who infiltrated enemy territory and tried to discover information while staying undetected.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Espionage activities continued from prior to the beginning of the cold war in the late thirties- early forties, and all the way through the late 1960s and even continuing through today. Due to the nature of espionage, the information that we can gather about these activities is limited, equally as limited is the prosecutorial reach with regards to people who commit espionage are subjected to (especially in the United States). These spies were decoding encrypted information, and using many skills to gain an advantage over enemy countries.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Cambridge Five: The Cambridge Five consisted of five members that were recruited from the University of Cambridge in the 1930s. There is debate surrounding the exact timing of their recruitment, but it is generally believed that they were not recruited as agents until after they had graduated. The group included Kim Philby (cryptonym 'Stanley'), Donald Maclean (cryptonym 'Homer'), Guy Burgess (cryptonym 'Hicks'), Anthony Blunt (cryptonyms 'Tony', 'Johnson'), and John Cairncross (cryptonym 'Liszt'). There were many others that were accused of being a part of the Cambridge Spy Ring, but these five members were collectively known as the Cambridge Five.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Portland Spy Ring: The Portland Spy Ring operated in England, as a Soviet spy ring, from the 1950s until 1961 when the core of the network were arrested by British Security Services. This spy ring was unique because they did not use the cover of an embassy as the cover for their spies. Its members included Harry Houghton, Ethel Gee, Gordon Lonsdale, and most famously Morris and Lona Cohen (cryptonym Peter and Helen Kroger).


title: Cold War espionage

text: Ware Group: Sleeper spy ring in US headed by J. Peters, first organized under Harold Ware, inherited by Whittaker Chambers (under orders from Peters), and also included: John Abt, Marion Bachrach (Abt's sister), Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Charles Kramer, Nathan Witt, Henry Collins, George Silverman, John Herrmann, Nathaniel Weyl, and Victor Perlo. When Chambers defected in 1938, the Ware Group went dormant and then broke up. Harry Dexter White (below) contributed materials to Chambers but not as part of the Ware Group.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Silvermaster spy ring: The Silvermaster Spy Ring was led by Harry Dexter White, assistant secretary of the Treasury and the second most influential member of the Treasury department. His job was to aid placement of Soviet spies within the United States Government. The United States Treasury Department was successfully infiltrated by many Soviet spies, the most successful of which belonged to the Silvermaster Spy Ring. Harold Glasser, Elizabeth Bentley, and Nathan Silvermaster were other major members of the Silvermaster Spy Ring.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Atomic spies: While the Atomic Spies were not exactly a network of spies, the collective information that was obtained by this group of Soviet spies was critical to the Soviet Union's ability to build an atomic bomb. Many of the members of the Atomic spies group worked for, or around, the Manhattan Project, or the United States building of the atomic bomb. This group included:


title: Cold War espionage

text: Weapons System 117L - Weapons System 117L was the first program designed to develop space-based reconnaissance satellite systems. Several satellite systems would be developed through this program including Corona, the Satellite and Missile Observation System (SAMOS), and the Missile Detection Alarm System (MIDAS).


title: Cold War espionage

text: SAMOS - SAMOS or the Satellite and Missile Observation system was one of the first of a series of short lived satellite systems developed by the United States, operated from October 1960 to November 1962. The SAMOS satellite system was one of the first systems developed through the WS-117L program. The system consisted of three primary components: visual reconnaissance, communications, and electronic intelligence gathering. Of the eleven launched attempted, 8 were successful. The program was likely cancelled because of poor image quality. The satellite could produce photos with 100 foot resolution. It was also heavily overshadowed by the Corona system operated by the CIA.


title: Cold War espionage

text: MIDAS - MIDAS or the Missile Defense Alarm System was a satellite system operated by the United States between 1960 and 1966. This system was designed to be made of twelve satellites, although only nine satellites were successfully launched. The system was designed to provide early warning of Soviet missile launches. The system was eventually cancelled because of the high price and because of the slow warning times. This system, however, would be directly responsible for technologies used in its successors.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Corona - Corona was among the first of a series of reconnaissance satellite systems developed through the WS-117L program. The Corona program was headed by the Central Intelligence Agency along with the Air Force. Corona satellites were used to photograph Soviet and other installations. The first successful Corona mission began on August 10, 1963. The Corona satellite system was expedited largely in part to the U-2 incident in 1960. All of the Corona missions, with the exception of the KH-11 Kennan program, would make use of photographic film, which would have to survive re-entry through the atmosphere and be recovered.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole - Keyhole was the designation for the initial Corona launches, which included KH-1, KH-2, KH-3, KH-4A, and KH-4B. The name was used because it is analogous to spying through the keyhole of a door. 144 satellites would be launched through this program, and 102 returned usable photos.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Argon (KH-5) - Argon was the designation the surveillance satellites, manufactured by Lockheed, used by the United States from February 1961 to August 1964. Argon made use of photographic film in a way similar of the original Corona satellites. Of the twelve known launches, seven were not successful for varying reasons.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Lanyard (KH-6) - Lanyard was the designation for the first, albeit unsuccessful, attempt to establish a high resolution, optical satellite system. This program would be led by the newly established National Reconnaissance Office, and operated from March–July 1963. Because it was only able to achieve a resolution similar to that of the KH-4 satellites, it was discontinued after only 3 launches.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Gambit (KH-7) - Gambit was the next of a series of satellites operated by the United States, by the National Reconnaissance Office, from July 1963 to June 1967. It was among the first successful Corona missions as it produced some of the first high resolution photos. These photos were typically of Soviet and Chinese missile emplacements. Gambit satellites would make use of a three camera system and missions would last typically up to eight days.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Gambit III (KH-8) - The Gambit III satellite system was amongst the longest serving satellite reconnaissance programs operated by the United States during the Cold War. This satellite system would operate from July 1966 to April 1984. Of the fifty-four launch attempts, only three would fail, all of which were attributed to rocket failure. The average mission time of the Gambit III satellite systems were thirty-one days. The Gambit III satellites would differ from the Gambit I satellites in that the Gambit III had a four camera system, which carried over twelve thousand feet of film, and were able to produce resolutions as small as four inches.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Hexagon (KH-9) - The Hexagon satellite system, commonly known as Big Bird, this satellite system was operated from 1971 and 1986. The Hexagon system was officially known as the Broad Coverage Photo Reconnaissance satellites. These satellites photographed large areas of the earth at a time with moderate resolution. These satellites were also used for mapping missions, which were used in map making. Three Hexagon missions also included electronic intelligence or ELINT gathering capabilities. These were used to eavesdrop on soviet communications and on soviet missile launches. Twenty launches were attempted, only one was unsuccessful. These satellites operated for an increasing duration of time, with the longest mission lasting 275 days.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Kennan (KH-11) - The KH-11 Kennan, which goes under the code name Crystal, was first launched in 1976, and missions are still ongoing to this day. According to leaked documents, this program is currently operation under the code name Evolved Enhanced Crystal. The Kennan satellite system was the first satellite system to use electro-optical imaging, which gives real time imaging capabilities. The resolution of these satellites is estimated to be as low as 2 inches. These satellites are unique in that they have been placed in sun-synchronous orbits, which allow them to use shadows to help discern ground features. These satellites became famous in 1978 when a CIA employee tried to leak the design of the satellite to the Soviets. He was tried and convicted of espionage.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Keyhole/Improved Crystal (KH-12) – The later KH-11 satellites have been called KH-12 improved Crystal or Ikon satellites. These satellites also had increased download times which allowed for faster processing of photos. It is also suspected that these satellites may have stealth technology to avoid detection by other satellites.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Vela - The Vela satellite system was developed to by the United States to ensure that the Soviet Union complied with the Partial Test Ban Treaty which was ratified in 1963. The satellites were designed to monitor for nuclear explosions in space and in the atmosphere by measuring for neutrons and gamma rays. A total of twelve Vela satellites were launched during the course of the Cold War. The Vela satellites became publicly famous because of the Vela Incident which occurred on 22 September 1979. It was theorized at the time that it was a nuclear test conducted by South Africa and Israel, but new evidence does not support this theory. They have also been used in the study of Gamma-Ray Bursts.


title: Cold War espionage

text: U-2 – The U-2 aircraft, known as the "Dragon Lady", was developed by the Lockheed Skunk Works, and was first flown on August 1, 1955. The aircraft was initially flown by the CIA, but control was later transferred to the Air Force. The aircraft was designed to fly at altitudes of 70,000 ft. The U-2 was equipped with a camera which had a resolution of 2.5 feet at an altitude of 60,000 ft. The first overflights of the Soviet Union by the U-2 began in May 1956. The aircraft became publicly prominent after a U-2 aircraft flown by Francis Gary Powers was hit by an SA-2 missile and crash landed in the USSR.


title: Cold War espionage

text: SR-71 – The SR-71 Blackbird is a long-range reconnaissance aircraft developed by Lockheed Skunk Works, and designed by Kelly Johnson. The aircraft is known for setting speed and altitude records. The SR-71 was equipped with optical and infrared imaging systems, electronic intelligence gathering systems, side looking airborne radar, and recorders for those systems which are listed. The aircraft required two personnel to pilot it, one to pilot the aircraft, and a Reconnaissance Systems Officer (RSO) to operate the systems.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Zenit (Zenith) - The Zenith Satellite program, was a satellite program developed by the Soviet Union and used from 1961 to 1994. During the course of its lifespan over 500 Zenith satellites were launched, making it the most used satellite system ever. The Soviets concealed the nature of the system by giving the satellites the Kosmos designation. The Zenith satellites had an advantage over the satellites developed by the United States, in that they could be reused. A total of eight variants would be developed for a variety of mission types, ranging from high-resolution photography to ELINT to cartographic and topographic missions.


title: Cold War espionage

text: Yantar - The Yantar satellites, designed to replace the Zenit satellite system, are among the newest Russian satellites. Yantar satellites have been launched as recently as 2015. Two variants of the satellite have been developed for high-resolution photography and for medium-resolution broad spectrum imaging.


title: Cold War espionage

text: After 1990s new memoirs and archival materials have opened up the study of espionage and intelligence during the Cold War. Scholars are reviewing how its origins, its course, and its outcome were shaped by the intelligence activities of the United States, the Soviet Union, and other key countries. Special attention is paid to how complex images of one's adversaries were shaped by secret intelligence that is now publicly known.


title: Cold War espionage

text: The Soviet Union proved especially successful in placing spies in Britain and West Germany. It was largely unable to repeat its successes in the 1930s in the United States. NATO, on the other hand, also had a few successes of importance, of whom Oleg Gordievsky was perhaps the most influential. He was a senior KGB officer who was a double agent on behalf of Britain's MI6, providing a stream of high-grade intelligence that had an important influence on the thinking of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. He was spotted by Aldrich Ames a Soviet agent who worked for the CIA, but he was successfully exfiltrated from Moscow in 1985. Biographer Ben McIntyre argues he was the West's most valuable human asset, especially for his deep psychological insights into the inner circles of the Kremlin. He convinced Washington and London that the fierceness and bellicosity of the Kremlin was a product of fear, and military weakness, rather than an urge for world conquest. Thatcher and Reagan concluded they could moderate their own anti-Soviet rhetoric, as successfully happened when Mikhail Gorbachev took power, thus ending the Cold War.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: As a former student of Hanoi's College of Art, she was trained to be an actress. Thùy Linh had also joined girlband "Thien Than" (Angels).


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: During her teenage years, Thùy Linh was a presenter for HanoiTV's game show for children "Vui Cùng Hugo". She was famous as a teenager, winning Hoa Học Trò's ICON contest in 2006, and by participating in many TV commercials and adverts as well as being on magazine covers for teenagers.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: Thùy Linh's first appearance as an actress was the role in "Đường đời" (Path of life) drama as a little girl named Thùy (2004, 25 episodes, Golden Award – Vietnam Drama Festival 2005). After that success, she was cast in two other dramas "Trò đùa của số phận" (Laugh of destiny) (2005, 18 episodes) filmed by Director Huy Thuần, and her Lan role in "Đi về phía mặt trời" (Journey to the Sun)(2006, 29 episodes) of Director Lưu Trọng Ninh.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: In 2006, Thùy Linh started studying at the Department of TV director – Vietnam Acting and Film College and graduated in 2009.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: In 2007 Thùy Linh was cast for a leading role in the second season of an interactive television program – "Vàng Anh's Diary" originally known as "Nhật ký Vàng Anh" – a well received sitcom remaked from "Sofia's Diary" from Portugal due to its educational inspirations to Vietnamese youth.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: In September 2007, a video of Thùy Linh having sexual intercourse with her boyfriend (known as Viet "dart") was leaked online. The video first hit YouTube and was quickly removed, but then it found its way onto the Vietnamese forums. The video spread widely throughout the nation and was the biggest scandal ever in the Vietnamese entertainment industry. The scandal caused an outcry domestically and internationally with the outstanding involvement of the media from the UK and the US. The incident was also mentioned by Perez Hilton on his blog. The affair generated public debates in many ways, the teenage youth called for a sympathetic tolerance to Thùy Linh while adults, as parents in particular, heavily criticized and even informally demanded from her an official apology for indirectly putting the end to an education oriented TV program of Vietnam's youth.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: On September 14, 2007, producers of "Vàng Anh's Diary" announced the cancellation of the show with the last episode was a pre-recorded talk show with Thùy Linh where she publicly apologized for the video. VTV later was heavily criticized for this show.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: After the scandal, Thùy Linh went low-profile for a year and then returned to the scene in 2010 with the self-titled debut album "Hoàng Thùy Linh – Vol.1". Though it received very little promotion, the album still managed to gain much success with many critics who praised her singing ability and the album's quality.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: In May 2011, Thùy Linh released her second album entitled "Đừng Vội Vàng" (No Hurry). Similar to her debut album, many critics praised her singing ability and the album's production.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: On March 6, 2018, she published her autobiography "Vàng Anh & Phượng Hoàng" (Vang Anh and Phoenix), which chronicles her career, including her thought on the scandal.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: Devotion Music Awards, is an annual music award presented by "", a prestigious entertainment newspaper in Vietnam, to recognize the discoveries and creations contributed to the richness and development of Viet Nam pop music. The award is considered as an "Grammy Award" in Vietnamese music. Hoang Thuy Linh is the first Vietnamese artist to ever win the "big four" categories in the same year.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: Green Wave Music Awards is one of the oldest and most prestigious annual music awards in the Vietnamese music industry. It was started in 1997 with the governing body being the 99.9 MHz FM radio station of the Voice of the People of Ho Chi Minh City. Hoang Thuy Linh is the first artist in history to win all 8 nominated categories in the same year.


title: Hoàng Thùy Linh

text: The Vietnam Cinema Association Awards, popularly known as the Kite Awards or Golden Kite Awards (Vietnamese: "Giải thưởng Hội Điện ảnh Việt Nam", "" or "Cánh diều vàng") since 2003, is an annual awards ceremony, recognizing the excellence of Vietnamese films, television series and videos produced during a year in Vietnam. The ceremony is usually held early next year. Often considered the Oscars of Vietnam, this is the most popular film and television award in Vietnam.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Matthew Charles Mullenweg (born January 11, 1984) is an American entrepreneur and web developer living in Houston. He is known for developing the free and open-source web software WordPress, now managed by The WordPress Foundation.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: After dropping out of the University of Houston, he worked at CNET Networks from 2004 to 2006 until he quit and founded Automattic, an internet company whose brands include WordPress.com, Akismet, Gravatar, VaultPress, IntenseDebate, Crowdsignal, and Tumblr.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Mullenweg was born in Houston, Texas, and attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts where he studied jazz saxophone. He studied at the University of Houston, majoring in political science, before he dropped out in 2004 to pursue a job at CNET Networks. Mullenweg was raised Catholic.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In January 2003, Mullenweg and Mike Little started WordPress as a fork of b2. They were soon joined by original b2 developer Michel Valdrighi. Mullenweg was 19 years old, and a freshman at the University of Houston at the time. In March 2004, he co-founded the Global Multimedia Protocols Group (GMPG) with Eric Meyer and Tantek Çelik. GMPG wrote the first of the Microformats. In April 2004, with fellow WordPress developers, they launched Ping-O-Matic, a hub for notifying or "pinging" blog search engines, like Technorati, about blog updates. The following month, WordPress competitor Movable Type announced a radical price change, driving thousands of users to seek another blogging platform; this is widely seen as the tipping point in WordPress's popularity.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In October 2004, he was recruited by CNET to work on WordPress for them and help them with blogs and new media offerings. He dropped out of college and moved to San Francisco from Houston, Texas, the following month. Mullenweg announced bbPress in December, Mullenweg and the WordPress team released WordPress 1.5 "Strayhorn" in February 2005, which had over 900,000 downloads. The release introduced their theme system, moderation features, and a redesign of the front and back end. In late March and early April, Andrew Baio found at least 168,000 hidden articles on the WordPress.org website that were using a technique known as cloaking. Mullenweg admitted accepting the questionable advertisement and removed all articles from the domain.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Mullenweg left CNET in October 2005 to focus on WordPress and related activities full-time, and announced Akismet several days later. Akismet is a distributed effort to stop comment and trackback spam by using the collective input of everyone using the service. In December, he announced Automattic, the company behind WordPress.com and Akismet. Automattic employed people who had contributed to the WordPress project, including lead developer Ryan Boren and WordPress MU creator Donncha Ó Caoimh. An Akismet licensing deal and WordPress bundling was announced with Yahoo! Small Business web hosting about the same time.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In January 2006, Mullenweg recruited former Oddpost CEO and Yahoo! executive Toni Schneider to join Automattic as CEO, bringing the size of the company to 5. An April 2007 Regulation D filing showed that Automattic raised approximately $1.1 million. Investors were Polaris Ventures, True Ventures, Radar Partners, and CNET.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Mullenweg runs an angel investment firm Audrey Capital, which has backed nearly 30 companies since 2008. In 2011 he backed Y Combinator startup Earbits.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In January 2008, Automattic raised an additional $29.5 million for the company from Polaris Venture Partners, True Ventures, Radar Partners, and the New York Times Company. According to Mullenweg's blog the funding was a result of spurned acquisition offers months before and the decision to keep the company independent. At the time the company had 18 employees. One of the reported plans for the funding was in a forum service called TalkPress.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In January 2009, the "San Francisco Business Times" reported that traffic to WordPress sites were growing faster than for Google's blogger service and significantly outstripped its nearest competitor, Six Apart. A reporter at eMarketer called Mullenweg "quite an entrepreneur and visionary" and compared WordPress' momentum over its competitors to Facebook's growing popularity over MySpace.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In February 2009, an interview with "Power Magazine" called Mullenweg "the Blog Prince" and dispelled the myth that blogging was a passing trend and revealed that the company has seen a 10% month-on-month organic growth with more than 15,000 new blogs hosted by WordPress each day.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In May 2009, Mullenweg's unwillingness to comply with Chinese censorship meant WordPress.com was effectively blocked by China's Golden Shield Project.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: A Bloomberg interview in April 2011 described the impressive scalability of the company. Monthly infrastructure costs were only $300,000 to $400,000 while powering 12% of the internet with 1,350 servers and 80 employees in 62 cities. The management of the global company excludes all internal email but instead communication is rooted in their P2theme.com blog theme.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In July 2011, WordPress blogs pass the 50 million milestone, powering over 50 million blogs globally.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In April 2012, Pingdom reported that "WordPress completely dominates top 100 blog" and is in use by 49% of the top 100 blogs in the world. This is a huge increase from the 32% that was recorded 3 years ago. In May 2012, All Things D reported that "WordPress now powers 70 million sites... and expects to bring in $45 million in revenue this year." The company has a very low rate of staff attrition: 106 employees whilst has only ever hired 118.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In January 2014 Mullenweg became CEO of Automattic. Toni Schneider moved to work on new projects at Automattic. In the announcement Mullenweg joked "it's obvious that no one in their twenties should run a company.", and a few months later in May raised $160 million in additional funding for the company, valuing the company at over a billion dollars, and WordPress was cited as powering "22 percent of the world's top 10 million websites."


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Since 2005, Mullenweg has been a frequent keynote/speaker at conferences/events, including global WordCamp events, SxSW, Web 2.0 Summit, YCombinator's Startup School, Le Web, Lean Startup Conference, and the International World Wide Web Conference etc.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In March 2007, Mullenweg was named #16 of the 50 most important people on the web by "PC World," reportedly the youngest on the list. In October, Mullenweg acquired the Gravatar service and was rumored to have turned down a US$200 million offer to buy his company Automattic. In 2008, Mullenweg received the Information Technology Innovator Award – presented by Temple University's Fox School of Business and Management to those who have applied Information Technology to create new business opportunities.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In July 2008, Mullenweg was featured on the cover of "Linux Journal". Later that month a "San Francisco Chronicle" story put him on the cover of the business section and noted he still drove a Chevrolet Lumina and WordPress.com was ranked #31 on Alexa with 90 million monthly page views. In September, Mullenweg was being named to the Top 30 Entrepreneurs Under 30 by "Inc. Magazine" and one of the 25 Most Influential People on the Web by "BusinessWeek".


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In December 2010, Mullenweg was awarded the Winner of the TechFellow Award in "Product Design and Marketing". In January 2011, "Business Insider" listed Mullenweg as #3 of their 30 Founders under 30 list for creating WordPress, the power behind many new startups.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In March 2011, Mullenweg was named one of the top 10 most influential people online for changing the face of the internet by "Business Insider". In October 2011, Mullenweg made "Vanity Fair"'s Next Establishment prestigious list of rising talents in tech, media, policy, and business. In December 2011, Mullenweg was listed in Forbes 30 Under 30 for Social/Mobile for the impact he has made on the blogging world through open source.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: In May 2012, Mullenweg was listed in "Forbes" Most Influential Angel Investors on AngelList. In December 2012, Mullenweg was listed in 2012 Forbes's 30 Under 30 in Media and received the 21st Annual Heinz Awards in Technology, Employment and the Economy in 2016.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Mullenweg is a Dvorak Keyboard user and can type over 120 wpm. He is on the board of Grist.org, the founder/director of the WordPress Foundation, and is the only non-company high level sponsor of the Apache Software Foundation.


title: Matt Mullenweg

text: Mullenweg supports a number of philanthropic organizations including Archive.org, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Free Software Foundation, Long Now, and Innocence Project. He is also a member of The Well at the non-profit "Charity: Water" organization (with which he traveled to Ethiopia in February 2012) where he supports providing clean and safe drinking water to people in developing nations. For his 28th birthday he started a campaign which raised over $28,000 for the cause, and then over $44,000 for his 30th. Mullenweg was a major supporter of "The Bay Lights" project, both as the first donor and later helping to finish the project with a second $1.5 million donation.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Yamaguchi is the capital and Shimonoseki is the largest city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, with other major cities including Ube, Shūnan, and Iwakuni. Yamaguchi Prefecture is located at the western tip of Honshu with coastlines on the Sea of Japan and Seto Inland Sea, and separated from the island of Kyushu by the Kanmon Straits.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Yamaguchi Prefecture was created by the merger of the provinces of Suō and Nagato. During the rise of the samurai class during the Heian and Kamakura Periods (794–1333), the Ouchi family of Suō Province and the Koto family of Nagato Province gained influence as powerful warrior clans. In the Muromachi period (1336—1573), Ouchi Hiroyo, the 24th ruler of the Ouchi family conquered both areas of Yamaguchi Prefecture. The Ouchi clan imitated the city planning of Kyoto. They gained great wealth through cultural imports from the continent and trade with Korea and Ming Dynasty China. As a result, Yamaguchi came to be known as the "Kyoto of the West," and Ouchi culture flourished. Sue Harutaka defeated the 31st ruler of the Ouchi clan. The Sue clan was then defeated by Mōri Motonari, and the Mōri family gained control of the Chūgoku region. Yamaguchi was ruled as part of the Mōri clan domain during the Sengoku period. Mōri Terumoto was then defeated by Tokugawa Ieyasu in the battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He was forced to give up all his land except for the Suō and Nagato areas (current-day Yamaguchi Prefecture), where he built his castle in Hagi. Mōri sought to strengthen the economic base of the region and increase local production with his Three Whites campaign (salt, rice, and paper).


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: After Commodore Matthew Perry's opening of Japan, clans from Nagato (also called Chōshū) played a key role in the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the establishment of the new imperial government.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Four years after the Edo Shogunate was overthrown and the Meiji government formed in 1868, the present Yamaguchi Prefecture was established. The Meiji government brought in many new systems and modern policies, and promoted the introduction of modern industry, though the prefecture was still centered on agriculture during this period. In the Taishō period, from 1912 to 1926, shipbuilding, chemical, machinery, and metal working plants were built in Yamaguchi's harbors in the Seto Inland Sea area. During the post-World War II Shōwa Period, Yamaguchi developed into one of the most industrialized prefectures in the country due to the establishment of petrochemical complexes.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: As of April 1, 2012, 7% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Setonaikai National Park; Akiyoshidai, Kita-Nagato Kaigan, and Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi Quasi-National Parks; and Chōmonkyō, Iwakiyama, Rakanzan, and Toyota Prefectural Natural Parks.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: For the purposes of development analysis, Yamaguchi is construed to be part of Northern Kyushu. Although Yamaguchi is not part of the island of Kyushu, it has become a functional satellite of the Kanmon Straits metropolitan area.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Per Japanese census data, and, Yamaguchi prefecture has had negative population growth from 1955 to 1973 and 1985–onwards


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: The most popular place for tourism is Shimonoseki, for example Karato Fish Market. There is a large fireworks festival in summer.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Another attraction is the Kintai Bridge in the town of Iwakuni. This five-arched wooden structure is considered a symbol of Western Honshū. The area on the banks of the Nishiki river close to the bridge is considered among the best places in Japan for Hanami, when groups of family and friends gather in early April to view cherry blossoms.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Hagi City is in the north of Yamaguchi. It is a very traditional city. The usual color of Japanese post boxes is red, but in Hagi they are painted green or brown. The Hagi Museum is modeled after a traditional samurai residence. The exhibits are detailed and realistic, and are changed every year. The permanent collection is data about Hagi's history and collections about Takasugi Shinsaku. Hagi also contains a reverberatory furnace which has been designated a World Heritage Site.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Kawara soba (hot tile noodles) is a popular food in Yamaguchi. It was developed during the Seinan Rebellion that broke out in 1877. Soldiers cooked wild grass and meat on hot tiles. Now it is a local dish of Yamaguchi people. They fry green tea noodles on a hot tile, and arrange thin fried egg, stewed beef, green onions and grilled liver on top.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park, which includes Japan's longest cave, the , is another popular destination.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Two ferry services provide regular sea transport from the Shimonoseki Port International Terminal: Kanpu Ferry provides round-trip service to Busan, South Korea; the Orient Ferry provides round-trip service to Qingdao and Shanghai, respectively.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Since the Meiji Restoration in which lower-rank nobility from Chōshū played a major role, many politicians from Yamaguchi have held important positions in national politics. In the post-war era, the most prominent political family from Yamaguchi is the Kishi-Abe/Satō prime ministerial dynasty, and Yamaguchi is leaning solidly towards the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Since the electoral reform of the 1990s, Yamaguchi elects four members directly to the House of Representatives. Three of the new single-member districts have been held exclusively by Liberal Democrats as of 2013, the easternmost district bordering Hiroshima was initially won by Shinji Satō (Eisaku Satō's son) in 1996, but went to Democrat Hideo Hiraoka in several later elections. Currently, following the 2021 general election, Yamaguchi's directly elected delegation to the lower house consists of former LDP vice president Masahiko Kōmura (1st district, 12th term), the chairman of the foreign affairs committee, Nobuo Kishi (2nd district, 2nd term, former two-term member of the House of Councillors), and the chairman of the House of Representatives rules committee (as of 190th Diet, January 2016), Yoshimasa Hayashi (3rd district, 1st term). The seat for the 4th district was held by former prime minister Shinzo Abe until his assassination in 2022, and is currently vacant. For the proportional representation segment of the House of Representatives, Yamaguchi forms part of the Chūgoku block.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: In the House of Councillors, Yamaguchi is represented by two members, making it one of the currently 31 winner-take-all single-member districts. As of 2013, the two members are Yoshimasa Hayashi (LDP, 4th term, up in 2019), agriculture minister in the 2nd Abe Cabinet, and following the April 2013 by-election to replace Nobuo Kishi, Kiyoshi Ejima (LDP, 1st term, up in 2016), former mayor of Shimonoseki city.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: The current governor of Yamaguchi is former MIC bureaucrat Tsugumasa Muraoka. He won the gubernatorial election in February 2014 with more than 60% of the vote against other two candidates, and succeeded Shigetarō Yamamoto who had been hospitalized since October 2013 and resigned in January 2014.


title: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: The prefectural assembly of Yamaguchi has 47 members, elected in unified local elections in 15 electoral districts: 5 single-member districts, four two-member districts and six districts that elect each between four and nine members. In the 2015 election, the LDP won a majority. Liberal Democrats form several parliamentary groups together with independents. As of June 8, 2015, the assembly is composed as follows: LDP 24 members, LDP Shinseikai 5, Kōmeitō 5, DPJ/Rengō no Kai 4, LDP Kensei Club 2, JCP 2, SDP/Citizens League 2, and the independent "groups" "shinsei club", "mushozoku no kai" and "kusa no ne" have one member each.


title: Borr

text: In Norse mythology, Borr or Burr (Old Norse: 'son', born; sometimes anglicized Bor, Bör or Bur) was the son of Búri. Borr was the husband of Bestla and the father of Odin, Vili and Vé. Borr receives mention in a poem in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, and in the "Prose Edda", composed in the 13th century by Icelander Snorri Sturluson. Scholars have proposed a variety of theories about the figure.


title: Borr

text: Borr is mentioned in the fourth verse of the "Völuspá", a poem contained in the "Poetic Edda", and in the sixth chapter of "Gylfaginning", the second section of the "Prose Edda".


title: Borr

text: Borr is not mentioned again in the "Prose Edda". In skaldic and eddaic poetry, Odin is occasionally referred to as "Borr's son".


title: Borr

text: The role of Borr in Norse mythology is unclear. Nineteenth-century German scholar Jacob Grimm proposed to equate Borr with Mannus as related in Tacitus' "Germania" on the basis of the similarity in their functions in Germanic theogeny.


title: Borr

text: The 19th century Icelandic scholar and archaeologist Finnur Magnússon hypothesized that Borr was "intended to signify [...] the first mountain or mountain-chain, which it was deemed by the forefathers of our race had emerged from the waters in the same region where the first land made its appearance. This mountain chain is probably the Caucasus, called by the Persians "Borz" (the genitive of the Old Norse "Borr"). Bör's wife, Belsta or Bestla, a daughter of the giant Bölthorn ("spina calamitosa"), is possibly the mass of ice formed on the alpine summits." In his "Lexicon Mythologicum", published four years later, he modified his theory to claim that Borr symbolized the earth, and Bestla the ocean, which gave birth to Odin as the "world spirit" or "great soul of the earth" ("spiritus mundi nostri; terrae magna anima, aëris et aurae numen"), Vili or Hoenir as the "heavenly light" ("lux, imprimis coelestis") and Vé or Lódur as "fire" ("ignis, vel elementalis vel proprie sic dictus").


title: Borr

text: Highlighting that no source provides information about Borr's mother (Borr's father was licked free from the earth by the primeval cow Auðumbla), Rudolf Simek observes that "It is not clear how Burr came to be".


title: Supermoon

text: A supermoon is a full moon or a new moon that nearly coincides with perigee—the closest that the Moon comes to the Earth in its elliptic orbit—resulting in a slightly larger-than-usual apparent size of the lunar disk as viewed from Earth. The technical name is a perigee syzygy (of the Earth–Moon–Sun system) or a full (or new) Moon around perigee. Because the term "supermoon" is astrological in origin, it has no precise astronomical definition.


title: Supermoon

text: The real association of the Moon with both oceanic and crustal tides has led to claims that the supermoon phenomenon may be associated with increased risk of events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, but no such link has been found.


title: Supermoon

text: The opposite phenomenon, an apogee syzygy or a full (or new) Moon around apogee, has been called a micromoon.


title: Supermoon

text: The term "supermoon" is attributed to astrologer Richard Nolle "while reading "Strategic Role Of Perigean spring tides in Nautical History and Coastal flooding"" published in 1976 by NOAA Hydrologist Fergus Wood".""" In practice, there is no official or even consistent definition of how near perigee the full Moon must occur to receive the supermoon label, and new moons rarely receive a supermoon label.


title: Supermoon

text: Nolle described the concept in a 1979 edition of Dell Horoscope including both full and new moons, but has never outlined why he chose 90% nor has provided a definitive formula for determining if a given full or new moon is "super". The basic 1979 definition read:


title: Supermoon

text: Nolle amended his definition in 2000 specifying the distance of a given full or new moon be judged against 90% of the mean distance of perigees. Nolle (incorrectly) referenced


title: Supermoon

text: In 2011, Nolle added apogees to consideration explaining that he based calculations on 90% of the difference in lunar apsis extremes for the solar year. EarthSky analyzed Nolle's tables and described the updated definition as a full or new moon is considered a supermoon if formula_1 where formula_2 is the lunar distance at syzygy, formula_3 is the lunar distance at apogee, and formula_4 is the lunar distance at perigee. Nolle based those the mean apsis extremes referencing (incorrectly) the Wikipedia article on the subject arriving at:


title: Supermoon

text: Nolle also added the concept of "extreme supermoon" in 2000 describing the concept as any new or full moons that are at "100% or greater of the mean perigee".


title: Supermoon

text: The term "perigee-syzygy" or "perigee full/new moon" is preferred in the scientific community. Perigee is the point at which the Moon is closest in its orbit to the Earth, and syzygy is when the Earth, the Moon and the Sun are aligned, which happens at every full or new moon. Astrophysicist Fred Espenak uses Nolle's definition but preferring the label of "full Moon at perigee on full moons" occurring "within 90% of its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit" over Nolle's calculations based on the closest of all orbits during the solar year. Wood used the definition of a full or new moon occurring within 24 hours of perigee and also used the label "perigee-syzygy".


title: Supermoon

text: "EarthSky" uses Nolle's definition comparing their calculations to tables published by Nolle in 2000.


title: Supermoon

text: Wood also coined the less used term "proxigee" where perigee and the full or new moon are separated by 10 hours or less.


title: Supermoon

text: Of the possible 12 or 13 full (or new) moons each year, usually three or four may be classified as supermoons, as commonly defined.


title: Supermoon

text: The most recent full supermoon occurred on August 12, 2022, and the next one will be on July 3, 2023.


title: Supermoon

text: The supermoon of November 14, 2016, was the closest full occurrence since January 26, 1948, and will not be surpassed until November 25, 2034.


title: Supermoon

text: The oscillating nature of the distance to the full or new moon is due to the difference between the synodic and anomalistic months. The period of this oscillation is about 14 synodic months, which is close to 15 anomalistic months. So every 14 lunations there is a Full Moon nearest to perigee.


title: Supermoon

text: Occasionally, a supermoon coincides with a total lunar eclipse. The most recent occurrence of this by any definition was in May 2022, and the next occurrence will be in October 2032.


title: Supermoon

text: A full moon at perigee appears roughly 14% larger in diameter than at apogee. Many observers insist that the moon looks bigger to them. This is likely due to observations shortly after sunset when the moon is near the horizon and the moon illusion is at its most apparent.


title: Supermoon

text: While the moon's surface luminance remains the same, because it is closer to the earth the illuminance is about 30% brighter than at its farthest point, or apogee. This is due to the inverse square law of light which changes the amount of light received on earth in inverse proportion to the distance from the moon. A supermoon directly overhead could provide up to 0.36 lux.


title: Supermoon

text: Claims that supermoons can cause natural disasters, and the claim of Nolle that supermoons cause "geophysical stress", have been refuted by scientists.


title: Supermoon

text: Despite lack of scientific evidence, there has been media speculation that natural disasters, such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, are causally linked with the 1–2-week period surrounding a supermoon. A large, 7.5 magnitude earthquake centred 15 km north-east of Culverden, New Zealand at 00:03 NZDT on November 14, 2016, also coincided with a supermoon.


title: Supermoon

text: Scientists have confirmed that the combined effect of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's oceans, the tide, is when the Moon is either new or full. and that during lunar perigee, the tidal force is somewhat stronger, resulting in perigean spring tides. However, even at its most powerful, this force is still relatively weak, causing tidal differences of inches at most.


title: Supermoon

text: Total lunar eclipses which fall on supermoon and micromoon days are relatively rare. In the 21st century, there are 87 total lunar eclipses, of which 28 are supermoons and 6 are micromoons. Almost all total lunar eclipses in Lunar Saros 129 are micromoon eclipses. An example of a supermoon lunar eclipse is the September 2015 lunar eclipse.


title: Supermoon

text: Annular solar eclipses occur when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's. Almost all annular solar eclipses between 1880 and 2060 in Solar Saros 144 and almost all annular solar eclipses between 1940 and 2120 in Solar Saros 128 are micromoon annular solar eclipses.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Robert Nicholas Burns (born January 28, 1956) is an American diplomat and academic who serves as the United States ambassador to China since 2022.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Burns has had a 25 year career in the State Department, and served as United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. Appointed by President George W. Bush, he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 17, 2005, and was sworn into office by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. As under secretary, he oversaw the bureaus responsible for U.S. policy in each region of the world and served in the senior career Foreign Service position at the Department. He retired on April 30, 2008. He was a visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., in summer 2008. In July 2009, Burns joined The Cohen Group, a consulting firm in Washington, D.C, as a senior counselor.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Burns is a professor of diplomacy and international politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a member of the Board of Directors of the school's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. He is director of the Aspen Strategy Group, senior counselor at The Cohen Group, and serves on the board of directors of Entegris, Inc. He writes a bi-weekly column on foreign affairs for "The Boston Globe" and is a senior foreign affairs columnist for "GlobalPost". He also serves on the board of directors of the Atlantic Council, the Council on Foreign Relations, Special Olympics, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the Appeal of Conscience Foundation, the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress, American Media Abroad, the Gennadius Library and the Richard Lounsbery Foundation. In 2020, Burns was a Fulbright scholar at Queen Mary University of London and contributor to the New Statesman. Burns is vice chairman of the American Ditchley Foundation and serves on the panel of senior advisors at Chatham House.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: President Joe Biden nominated Burns to be Ambassador to China in August 2021. He was confirmed by the entire Senate on December 16, 2021, by a vote of 75–18. He presented his credentials on April 1, 2022.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Burns was born in Buffalo, New York, and raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Burns attended Wellesley High School, and studied abroad in Luxembourg in 1973 with the American Field Service Program. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history, with a concentration in European history, from Boston College. He also studied abroad at the University of Paris. He received a master's degree from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in 1980 in international relations concentrating on international economics, American foreign policy, and Africa. In 2020, he was a student and a Fulbright scholar at Queen Mary University of London at University of London.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Before entering the Foreign Service, Burns worked as program officer at A.T. International, a nonprofit organization specializing in economic assistance for Third World countries.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Burns began his Foreign Service career in Africa and the Middle East. He was an intern at the U.S. Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, Vice Consul and Staff Assistant to the Ambassador in Cairo, Egypt, from 1983 to 1985, and then political officer at the American Consulate General in Jerusalem from 1985 to 1987, where his second daughter Elizabeth was born in 1986. In this position, he coordinated U.S. economic assistance to the Palestinian population in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.


title: R. Nicholas Burns

text: Under President George H. W. Bush, he was director for Soviet (and then Russian after 1991) affairs. During this time, he attended all U.S.–Soviet summits and numerous other international meetings and specialized on economic assistance issues, U.S. ties with Russia and Ukraine, and relations with the Baltic countries. He was a member of the Department's Transition Team in 1988, and served as Staff Officer in the Department's Operations Center and Secretariat in 1987-1988.