text: In the "Kinema Junpo" conversation, Miyazaki related the two problems he personally had with "Royal Space Force". The first was the rocket itself, which he saw as not unusual enough; for Miyazaki, its appearance detracted from the sense of victory he wished to feel at the end, because it seemed too reminiscent of "big science like NASA". Related to that was his second problem with the film, in that Miyazaki did not find it convincing that the older members of the launch team would have been prepared to stop the countdown and give up after all their years of work, and that it was Shirotsugh who had to rally them to continue: "I didn't think these old guys would ever say, let's quit. Don't you agree? They seemed forced to say that ... Shirotsugh was only riding because he had the physical strength. After all, it wasn't the young people who'd had the passion; I couldn't help but feel that it was the old guys. I thought it was just done for drama." Yamaga did not deny that he wrote the script in a way he thought would appeal to young people, but argued that the clash between generations was not the message of the film. Miyazaki felt that since it was young people like Yamaga who had "actively sown the seeds of improvement [in anime]" with "Royal Space Force", it would have been better in the movie if the young told the old, Stand back, old men. Yamaga noted in response that the film showed a reality where neither generation of the Space Force saw their personal visions prevail, as the construction of the rocket and its launch only happened because of support from a government that had a different agenda from their own. "It's not about making a leap, even though from the beginning it seems that way. More than going somewhere new in a physical sense, my aim was to show something worthy in the process."


title: Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise

text: In a 1996 interview with Hiroki Azuma shortly after the original broadcast of "Neon Genesis Evangelion", Hideaki Anno traced his preceding period of despair and sense of creative stagnation back to the commercial failure of "Royal Space Force", which had "devastated" him. "The people who watch anime don't want that kind of work. And even among those who don't watch anime, its marketing campaign failed," asserting that his own directorial debut, "Gunbuster", was an ironic response to the reception "Royal Space Force" had received: "Right, so [instead] send into space a robot and a half-naked girl." When Azuma asked if he had been concerned about facing the same personal collapse again with "Evangelion", as it also employed the sales appeal of beautiful girls and robots, Anno laughed and said that he liked those things too. During a retrospective three years earlier with Mamoru Oshii and Yuichiro Oguro on Yoshiyuki Tomino's film "Char's Counterattack", Anno had stated he regarded it as sad that he and his generation had no interest in making the kind of anime that would start a new epoch: "We don't have any 'great causes'. We don't have any 'philosophy'. What we have are our 'hobbies'. We get it, we like girls. We get it, we like those kinds of mecha. But that's all we've got." Oshii answered wryly: "Well, that's the thing about epochs; you can't deliberately set out to start a new one, you know."


text: In their 1993 conversation, Oshii expressed the view that Anno, although he might be capable of doing so, had not yet made such an anime that reflected "the totality of one's self" as a creator, whereas he believed Yamaga had done so on "Royal Space Force": "For better or worse, [it's] Yamaga's work." While Oshii felt this totality meant the work necessarily revealed all of Yamaga's shortcomings as well, and that Oshii "had a lot of problems" with the movie, nevertheless he stated that "Royal Space Force" had a certain impact on the idea of making an anime film, simply because no one had ever made one like it before: "It's the kind of work that I want to see. There are a lot of people, such as those at Toei or Madhouse, who are making things by refining the techniques we already have, and that's fine ... the question is though, what kind of films are we going to make with these techniques?" When asked by Oguro about what aspect of "Royal Space Force" he admired most, Oshii replied it was the film's "rejection of drama." "That was clear to me on the very first screening. I watched it several times again afterwards, but the more I saw it, the more I only realized that Yamaga was a man who had no intention of making drama. And I thought that was a very good thing." Oshii explained that he felt it was not necessary for films to be based in a dramatic structure, but that they could instead be used to create a world filled with mood and ideas, contrasting this in a change between his own two films "" (1989) and "" (1993); whereas he perceived the first as more of a drama, he saw the second as more of an essay.


text: Critical reaction to the English-dubbed version of the film during its 1994–1995 theatrical release was greatly divided, with reviews differing widely on the film's plot, themes, direction, and designs. The "San Jose Mercury News" Stephen Whitty gave a one-star review, writing that the film offered "nothing really original ... nothing's ever really at stake; there's never a resolution because there's never any conflict to begin with ... And there's also the same misogyny that ruins so much 'adult' animation." Whitty also perceived "self-loathing stereotypes" in the character designs: "The only characters who look remotely Japanese are comical or villainous; the hero and heroine have Caucasian features and big, cute, Hello Kitty eyes." A very similar perception was advanced by "LA Village View" Sean O'Neill: "nearly all the good guys look white, with big, round, Walter Keane-style eyes, while the villains are sinister Asians, straight out of a WWII-era American movie. Is this an example of Japanese self-loathing, or does it simply underscore the international prevalence of Western standards of beauty?" The "Dallas Morning News" Scott Bowles had a more fundamental disagreement with the film's approach as an anime, comparing it to attempts to "commercialize punk music" that instead "stripped the music of its anger, vitality and interest ... face it, anime, and the manga (Japanese comic books) that inspire them are pretty scurrilous pop art forms. Filled with perfectly sculpted heroes, large-breasted and often naked women and lots and lots of violence, they're forms best appreciated by 13-year old boys. And in trying to appeal to a broader audience, writer/director Hiroyuki Yamaga has smoothed out anime's rough edges so much that what he's left with is about as interesting as a Formica counter top," recommending instead that audiences see "a far more representative anime, " Fist of the North Star" ... "Fist" has few of the pretensions of "Wings" and it's driven along with an energy its better-dressed cousin never attains."


text: More favorable contemporary reviews tended to regard the film as unconventional while nevertheless recommending the film. The "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" Andy Grieser wrote that the film "blends provocative ideas and visual beauty ... The world of "Wings" is a bawdy, claustrophobic Sodom reminiscent of the hybrid Japanese-American city in 1982's "Blade Runner"." F.X. Feeney wrote in "LA Weekly", "These strange, outsize pieces fuse and add a feeling of depth that cartoon narratives often don't obtain ... Technical brilliance aside, what gives "The Wings of Honnêamise" its slow-building power is the love story—a mysterious and credible one." Richard Harrington in "The Washington Post" viewed its two-hour length as "a bit windy" but also asserted, "Hiroyuki Yamaga's "The Wings of Honnêamise" is a spectacular example of Japanimation, ambitious and daring in its seamless melding of color, depth and detail." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four, writing: "One of the pleasures of the film is simply enjoying Yamaga's visual imagination, as in a montage at the end, which shows the planet's suffering and turmoil," and remarked on his "offbeat dramatic style" ... "If you're curious about anime, "The Wings of Honnêamise," playing for one week at the Music Box, is a good place to start." Chris Jones of "The Daily Texan" gave it four stars out of five; while describing the film as "really strange," Jones nevertheless urged readers to see the film, writing, "I really liked this film more than any other animation I've seen and more than most other 'real' films. Depth and intelligence are written into it in more ways than words can describe." In the United Kingdom, Jonathan Romney, writing in "The Guardian", regarded the film as the standout of an anime festival at London's National Film Theatre: "One film in the season, though, proves that anime can be complex and lyrical as well as exciting. Hiroyuki Yamaga's "Wings of Honnêamise" ... Creaky dubbing notwithstanding, it beats recent Disney offerings hands down." In Australia, Max Autohead of "Hyper" magazine rated it 10 out of 10, calling it "a cinematic masterpiece that will pave the way for more" anime of its kind.


text: Following its initial English-language release in the mid-'90s, later retrospectives on anime have had a positive view of "Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise". In a 1999 issue of "Time", former "Film Comment" editor-in-chief Richard Corliss wrote an outline on the history of anime, listing under the year 1987 the remark, ""The Wings of Honnêamise" is released, making anime officially an art form." In the 2006 edition of "The Anime Encyclopedia", Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy characterized the film as "one of the shining examples of how cerebral and intelligent anime can be". Simon Richmond, in 2009's "The Rough Guide to Anime", wrote that the film's "reputation has grown over time to the point where it is justly heralded as a classic of the medium". whereas in 2014's "Anime", Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc described the film as "an example of science-fantasy anime as art-film narrative, combined with a coming-of-age drama that is intelligent and thought-provoking". In a 2017 " Paste" listing of the 100 best anime movies of all time, Adult Swim senior vice president and on-air creative director Jason DeMarco ranked the film at #11, remarking, "If "The Wings of Honnêamise" is a 'noble failure,' it's the sort of failure many filmmakers would kill to have on their résumé." During a 2021 interview with the "New York Times", science fiction author Ted Chiang, whose Nebula Award-winning "Story of Your Life" was the basis for the Denis Villeneuve movie "Arrival", cited "Royal Space Force" as the single most impressive example of world building in book or film: "I just really was impressed by the way that the animators for that film, they invented an entirely new physical culture for this movie. The movie is not about those things, but they really fleshed out this alternate world just as the backdrop for the story that they wanted to tell."


text: The rhythmic movements of cosmic planets existed before human civilization. We may try to bestow humanistic meanings to the universe, but it is essentially indifferent to us and beyond our interpretations. The history of human civilization teaches us that "purposes" and "missions" are often used as sacrosanct excuses to commit violence. It is accepted as a truism that humans need to fight for some ideal goals to sustain civilization. At one point in ["Royal Space Force"], an interviewer asks Shirotsugh to talk about the "purpose" ("shimei") of his mission. Shirotsugh does not know how to answer this question ... but he is certainly affected by the question. The later part of the movie suggests that Shirotsugh’s adamant ignorance or, say, innocence implies that not having a purpose is his purpose; his mission has a point because it is blatantly useless. In fact, every military man and politician ridicules his mission ... Shirotsugh’s lack of purpose (which also means not having a military force to destroy or to subjugate others) is an oblique political gesture against intrinsically war-driven human civilization, yet he still cannot escape from such a world in turmoil. His prayer at the end of the film means not only his hope for a better future but also his unconditional acceptance of "this" world.


text: "Royal Space Force" attracted a broader academic analysis as early as 1992, when Takashi Murakami referenced the film through "Sea Breeze", a work created during his doctoral studies in nihonga at Tokyo University of the Arts. The installation piece was described as "a ring of enormous, 1000-watt mercury spotlights that emitted a powerful blast of heat and blinding light when a roller shutter was raised..."Sea Breeze" neatly aligned two major threads in Murakami’s practice of the time: the legacy of the war and its attendant ideologies of imperial divinity and the uniqueness of the Japanese people, and a burgeoning fascination with consumer culture and "otaku" creativity...the circular of lights was based on a close-up of rocket engines firing during a space launch in the anime "Royal Space Force: [The] Wings of Honneamise."" Hiroyuki Yamaga’s remark on "Royal Space Force", "We wanted to create a world, and we wanted to look at it from space" would be quoted as an epigram in the catalog of the 2001–04 exhibition headlined by Murakami, "My Reality—Contemporary Art and the Culture of Japanese Animation", by which time Murakami was described as a "pivotal figure" among contemporary artists "inundated with manga and anime—and with concepts of the new Japan, which was wrestling with a sense of self-identity as an increasingly strong part of the modern capitalistic world, yet was tied to a long and distinguished past." A previous Murakami exhibition in 1999 had noted that the artist's "notorious sculpture" "My Lonesome Cowboy" was "created at the suggestion of Toshio Okada, the [Gainax] animation film producer".


text: In a March 1992 roundtable discussion with the Japanese arts magazine "Bijutsu Techō", Murakami remarked that he "... found it commendable that "otaku" were dedicated to 'the invention of a new technique, especially through the use of overlooked elements, finding an "empty space" between existing methods of production or criteria for judging works.' He maintained that art must find the same 'empty space' to revolutionize itself." "Sea Breeze" was "... contained in a square box on wheels...when switched on, the intense heat and dazzling flash of the lights evoke the moment of its launch...Gainax represented, for Murakami, a model of marginalized yet cutting-edge cultural production. Referring to their film was Murakami's homage to Gainax's independent spirit. At the same time, the fact that the burning wheel was contained inside a box signified passion confined within a conventional frame, evoking the failure of "Honneamise" to present a uniquely Japanese expression as it remained under the influence of Western science-fiction films." Murakami would later assert, two years after its initial debut, that "Sea Breeze" "does not have any concept. Just an enormous work [whose] ground of art is collapsed," yet in 1999 remarked further of the piece that, "sadly, this indoor artworld spectacle was the closest the Japanese would get to a space program".


text: Murakami would express a specific historical conception of otaku during a discussion with Toshio Okada conducted for the 2005 exhibition "", addressing Okada with the premise: "After Japan experienced defeat in World War II, it gave birth to a distinctive phenomenon, which has gradually degenerated into a uniquely Japanese culture ... [you] are at the very center of this "otaku" culture", further asserting in an essay for the exhibit catalog that therefore ""otaku" ... all are ultimately defined by their relentless references to a humiliated self". This historical positioning of otaku culture would itself be challenged through an analysis of "Royal Space Force" by Viktor Eikman, who cites Murakami's statement in the same essay that the anime studio that made the film occupied "a central place in the current anime world... [they were] professionally incorporated as Gainax in 1984 upon production of the feature-length anime "The Wings of Honneamise" (released in 1987)" but that the two Gainax works discussed by Murakami in his theory of otaku were the "Daicon IV Opening Animation" and "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Eikman argues that the theory should be tested also against "other works by the same studio, made by the same people for the same audience, but not analysed [in the essay] by Murakami". Of "Royal Space Force", Eikman contended, "At most we may view the humiliated Shiro’s mission as symbolic of Japan’s desire to join the Space Race in particular and the 'big boy' struggles of the Cold War in general, a desire which plays into the sense of childish impotence described by Murakami, but even that is a very speculative hypothesis," arguing that "it is remarkably hard to find parallels to World War II" in the film. Eikman proposes a possible "weak analogy" in "Royal Space Force" to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor through the theory of an opposing nation being permitted to attack the launch site in order to provide a "casus belli", but suggests such an analogy would "inappropriately cast Shiro as an American".


text: In 2004's "The Cinema Effect", a historical survey examining film through "the question of temporality", Sean Cubitt presents an argument grouping "Royal Space Force" together with Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s "" and Tsui Hark’s "Once Upon a Time in China" as examples of "revisionary" films, distinct from "revisionist" works in that they "do not so much revise [their] history as revision it, look into it with a new mode of envisioning the relationship between the past and the present ... they displace the fate of the present, opening instead a vista onto an elsewhere...ready to forsake the Western ideal of realism [for] the possibility of understanding how they might remake the past and so make the present other than it is." Cubitt proposes that in "Royal Space Force" "the future emerges as an alternative past ... the film envisions [a country of] lamplighters and steam trains, trams, and prop-driven warplanes, a universe that the Meiji modernization ... might have arrived at had it not been urged along other routes by its exposure to Western technology." A diegesis structured between town and country is seen by Cubitt in the persons of Shiro and Riquinni and their evocation of the "urban-rural continuum" present in Japan's particular experience of modernization, dependent upon "the mythic standing of rice as the medium of 'commensality,' of sharing, hospitality, connection to the gods, the environment, and the cycles of sexual reproduction. In the imaginary country of Honnêamise, the humble bowl of 'terish' seems to work in the same way, a dish whose origin is not clarified in a brief shot of harvesting what might be wheat or millet. The offering and sharing of food brings the stranger into the community in a way that idle urban drinking and gambling cannot."


text: Cubitt, like Murakami, references the historical consequences of World War II, but in citing a speech by Japan's first postwar prime minister Naruhiko Higashikuni on the need for "nationwide collective repentance," suggests that such repentance is "the theme that seems to resonate in the curious, slow budding" of "Royal Space Force" through Riquinni's "homemade religion of renunciation and impending judgment" arguing that such a philosophy is evoked also through the film's animation style: "Often a minor fluctuation is all there is to denote the atmosphere or emotion of a scene ... The appeal to a sophisticated audience's ability to decipher these small motions grows into an overall impression of lassitude before a world and a life well worth renouncing" and that "the two major action sequences, the chase and death of the assassin and the launch sequence, cut in the frame, the edit and the construction of depth, but they resolve into the absolute indifference of movements in equilibrium. Like the zero of the Lumières' flickering views, the action of ["Royal Space Force"] sums at nothingness, a zero degree of the political that removes its resolution from history, and from time itself, into the atemporal zone denoted by Shirotsugh's orbit ... an empty place from which alone the strife of warfare and suffering sinks into pure regret, not so much an end as an exit from history."


text: In contrast, Shu Kuge, in a 2007 essay in the journal "Mechademia", sees Shiro's position in space at film's end as "not the denial of history but the empathetic move to accept the cruel world without translating it into a metaphysical meaning". Kuge groups the connection between Shiro and Riquinni with that between Mikako Nagamine and Noboru Terao in Makoto Shinkai's "Voices of a Distant Star" as examples of a personal connection that, although under different circumstances in each story, is in either case a relationship sustained by the spatial distance between two people: "[they] sustain the distance rather than shrink it because sustaining ... is crucial for their relationships to be vast and generous. The topological relationship between the floating and the remaining is actually a mimesis of a stellar relationship, such as the moon and the earth, the earth and the sun. Repetitive references to 'stars' in these movies should not be understood as metaphors; the characters in these anime aspire to become stars in space so as to overcome human dimensions..." Kuge suggests a mutual personal attraction is indeed present between Riquinni and Shiro, but that "Riquinni maintains distance from Shirotsugh and leaves herself as an object of desire somewhat obscure, probably because she fears that physical proximity as well as the clarity of her interest diminishes a certain degree of her and his curiosity in their relationship. It is not that she is a tease, but she seems to know that ongoing curiosity, a drive toward the unknown, makes life more valuable; therefore, they can take care of each other better. In other words, the unknown should be sustained. Spatially speaking, curiosity is possible when the contact of the two bodies is suspended."


text: Kuge further asserts "... They 'communicate' best when they have a physical distance between them...Shirotsugh visits Riquinni the day before he leaves for his mission, but she is not at home. He then hops into a trolley car, and Riquinni almost simultaneously steps out from the same car. She turns and recognizes Shirotsugh on board. They do not talk, but she smiles at him. As the trolley car


text: slowly begins to move, Shirotsugh smiles back, saying 'Ittekimasu,' which literally means 'I am going,' a greeting that can be uttered only between family members and close friends. This scene lasts for less than thirty seconds, yet it demonstrates effectively and poetically what their relationship "is." The physical distance between these two people connects them and sustains them in a particular continuity, although they appear not to share the same space. The same continuity also preserves the erotic energy between them. Collapsing this distance can mean the end of their relationship." Noting the struggle between the armed forces of Honnêamise and the Republic to control the same physical territory, Kuge comments that by contrast the Royal Space Force does not in fact "possess any military force," and suggests that likewise the personal nature of Shiro and Riquinni's relationship depends upon respecting the physical separation and boundaries that she seeks to maintain and which he seeks to violate, and does violate, before they are reaffirmed in the latter part of the film. "It is not a coincidence that Shirotsugh's enthusiasm for space arises right after he meets Riquinni, who promotes the world of


text: "mythos" that preserves the unknown (because it does not inquire about the 'essence' of all that is), instead of that of "logos", or logical reasoning, which rationalizes physical phenomena. As she sustains her distance from him, his curiosity toward her is also transposed to an unknown territory, that is, outer space. When Shirotsugh reaches the unknown, there is no physical contact. All he can do is float. He seems to realize that the world indeed has no boundaries; in fact, he can float in this one continuous spatiality that includes everything. Being sustained by this vast distance, Shirotsugh prays, as if it were the only way to tell others the grandeur of this world."


text: During 1992–93, Gainax developed plans for a sequel to "Royal Space Force" to be entitled "Aoki Uru" (also known under the titles "Uru in Blue" and "Blue Uru"); an anime film project to be directed by Hideaki Anno and scripted by Hiroyuki Yamaga, with Yoshiyuki Sadamoto serving as its chief animation director and character designer. Although a full storyboard, partial script, and an extensive collection of design illustrations were produced for "Aoki Uru", the project had been initiated without a secured budget, and its development occurred within a period of personal, financial, and managerial crises at Gainax that contributed to the indefinite suspension of work on "Aoki Uru" in July 1993; the studio instead shifted to producing as their next anime project the TV series "Neon Genesis Evangelion". In the years following 1993, Gainax has made occasional announcements regarding a revival of the "Aoki Uru" concept, including a multimedia proposal in the late 1990s, and the formal announcement of an English name for the film, "Uru in Blue", at the 2013 Tokyo Anime Fair. In 2018, the "Uru in Blue" project was transferred from Gainax to Gaina, a different corporate entity and subsidiary of the Kinoshita Group, with the aim of a worldwide release of the film in 2022.


title: Manzanita

text: Manzanita is a common name for many species of the genus "Arctostaphylos". They are evergreen shrubs or small trees present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from Southern British Columbia and Washington to Oregon, California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the United States, and throughout Mexico. Manzanitas can live in places with poor soil and little water. They are characterized by smooth orange or red bark and stiff, twisting branches. There are 105 species and subspecies of manzanita, 95 of which are found in the Mediterranean climate and colder mountainous regions of California, ranging from ground-hugging coastal and mountain species to small trees up to 20 feet (6m) tall. Manzanitas bloom in the winter to early spring and carry berries in spring and summer. The berries and flowers of most species are edible.


title: Manzanita

text: The word "manzanita" is the Spanish diminutive of "manzana" (apple). A literal translation would be "little apple". The name manzanita is also sometimes used to refer to species in the related genus "Arbutus", which is known by that name in the Canadian area of the tree's range, but is more usually known as "madroño", or madrone in the United States.


title: Manzanita

text: Native Americans in Northern California make a tisane from manzanita leaves to treat poison oak rash. The leaves contain chemicals with a mildly disinfectant quality, and can be used for mild urinary tract infections.


title: Manzanita

text: The berries of the tree can be turned into a cider by mashing, pouring an equal amount of water over the paste, and then straining it. In Native American cultures, this cider is then used to treat stomach ailments and promote appetite. The berries have also been used to treat bronchitis and kidney problems.


title: Manzanita

text: The leaves of the manzanita also have many medicinal purposes. Chewing the leaves of the manzanita tree into a poultice can treat open sores and ease headaches after application. Chewing on the leaves, without ingestion, can cure stomach issues such as cramps and aches. Infusions of the leaves can also treat ailments such as diarrhea and severe colds.


title: Manzanita

text: The berries are a good food, as they can be harvested en masse and stored. Once stored and dried, the berries can be ground into a coarse meal. The berries can be eaten ripe (when red) or green for a slightly sour taste. They are good eaten alone, or used as a thickener or sweetener in other dishes. Native Americans use the fresh berries to make cider and use the leaves as toothbrushes.


title: Manzanita

text: Manzanitas are extremely useful as ornamental plants in gardens in the western United States and similar climate zones. They are evergreen, highly drought-tolerant, have picturesque bark and attractive flowers and berries, and occur in many sizes and growth patterns.


title: Manzanita

text: "Arctostaphylos columbiana", for example, is hardy enough to be used for highway landscaping in western Oregon and Washington. "A." 'Emerald Carpet', "A. uva-ursi" (the bearberry), and other low-growing manzanitas are extremely valuable evergreen groundcovers for dry slopes. Larger varieties, such as Arctostaphylos. 'Dr. Hurd,' can be grown as individual specimens, and pruned to emphasize the striking pattern and colors of the branches. They prefer light, well-drained soil, although the low-growing ground covers will tolerate heavier soils.


title: Manzanita

text: Manzanita branches are popular as decoration, due to their unique shape, color, and strength when dried. Florists sometimes use them as centerpieces at wedding receptions and other events, often adding hanging votive candles, beaded gems, and small flowers to them.


title: Manzanita

text: The wood is notoriously hard to cure, mostly due to cracking against the grain, giving it few uses as lumber. The slow growth rate and many branchings further decrease the sizes available. Some furniture and art employ whole round branches, which reduces cracking and preserves the deep red color.


title: Manzanita

text: The dead wood decays slowly and can last for many years, on and off the plant. Sunlight smooths and bleaches manzanita to light grey or white, rendering it superficially akin to animal bones. Because of this and the stunted growth of many species, manzanita is often collected in its more unusual shapes, giving it the nickname "mountain driftwood".


title: Manzanita

text: Manzanita wood is also used as perches for parrots and other large pet birds. The branches of the larger species are extremely long-lasting for this purpose. Some aquarium keepers use sandblasted manzanita as driftwood in planted aquaria because of its attractive forked growth and its chemical neutrality.


title: Manzanita

text: If properly cleaned and cured, it holds up well over extended periods of submersion. The wood is also resistant to the leaching of tannins into the water column, a problem often found with other aquarium driftwoods. When used as driftwood, manzanita must often be either weighted down for several weeks or soaked first to counteract the wood's natural buoyancy when it has been dried and cured. The green wood does not float.


title: Manzanita

text: Manzanita wood, when dry, is excellent for burning in a campfire, barbecue, fireplace, or stove. It is dense and burns at a high temperature for long periods. However, caution should be exercised, because the high temperatures can damage thin-walled barbecues, and even crack cast iron stoves or cause chimney fires.


title: Manzanita

text: During World War II, manzanita root burls were used as an expedient native material to make smoking pipes due to its relation and similar fire-resistant properties to then-unavailable imported briar. Labeled as "mission briar", it was harvested for the remainder of the war, stopping soon after when supplies of imported briar once again became available.


title: Manzanita

text: "Arctostaphylos hookeri ravenii" (Presidio manzanita), an endemic species, is the most endangered and restricted plant in the mainland United States. In 1987 only one specimen remained, at a secret location in the Presidio of San Francisco National Historic Landmark District in San Francisco, California. This plant has since been successfully cloned.


title: Manzanita

text: "Arctostaphylos franciscana" (Franciscan manzanita), a species native to San Francisco, had not been seen growing wild since 1947 until it was spotted growing in the Presidio of San Francisco in October 2009. Caltrans transplanted this specimen on 23 January 2010 to make way for the Doyle Drive Replacement Project. Transplanting costs were funded in part by Federal Highways Administration, Caltrans, The Presidio of San Francisco, and private donors. "Arctostaphylos hookeri, subspecies franciscana", a scrubby, thin-twigged bush, riddled with the webs of miniature spiders, resides in a corner of the California section of The Strybing Arboretum.


title: Manzanita

text: An as yet unclassified and unidentified manzanita, found growing on San Francisco's Parker Avenue, presents a test case for San Francisco's landmark tree ordinance.


title: Manzanita

text: "Arctostaphylos gabrielensis "is a "critically imperiled" species of manzanita endemic to one small area in the San Gabriel Mountains, in Los Angeles County, California.


title: Manzanita

text: Genus evolution is relatively recent, but in Hogan's tracing of the genus evolutionary history: "convergent evolution patterns appear to complicate cladistic constructions for certain portions of the genus cladogram. In any case, fossil ancestors of the genus "Arctostaphylos" have been suggested to have occurred in the Middle Miocene, with modern species beginning to take shape in the Late Tertiary."


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: Pandora is an American science fiction television series that aired on The CW. The series premiered on July 16, 2019. It consisted of two seasons of 23 episodes, airing its final episode on December 13, 2020. A third season has been picked up for another network, set to air in 2022.


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: "Pandora" is a sci-fi action series about a young woman named Jax who survives an attack on the New Portland colony. She loses her parents in the attack and decides to investigate on her own after the official investigation ends without conclusion. Jax returns to Earth and enrolls at the Space Training Academy, where she makes new friends who assist her in her adventures and enemies who are after her secret.


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: The following cast members are only credited as part of the main cast in the episodes in which they appear.


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: Each episode of the first season is named after a Bob Dylan song title except episode seven, which is named for Dylan's 30th studio album.


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: "Pandora" was created and written by Mark A. Altman, who is also executive producer along with Steve Kriozere, Thomas P. Vitale, Karine Martin, and Chris Philip. "Pandora" was produced by Radioactive Fishtank, Vital Signs Entertainment and Starlings Television. The filming for "Pandora" took place in Bulgaria. "Pandora" premiered on July 16, 2019, as mid-summer entry during the 2018–19 U.S. network television season. On October 16, 2019, it was announced that The CW "Pandora" had been renewed for a second season by The CW, which premiered on October 4, 2020. In May 2021, it was revealed that "Pandora" was quietly cancelled after two seasons.


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: As of October 22, 2021, Season 3 of Pandora will begin production early in 2022 for a different network.


title: Pandora (TV series)

text: Daniel Fienberg of "The Hollywood Reporter" criticized the show for "some of the cheapest and flattest-looking visuals", adding, "There's no character I particularly liked, no relationship that seems particularly interesting and no mystery embedded in the pilot to which I'd like to get any answers." The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 14% approval rating with an average score of 4.67/10, based on seven reviews.


title: Moody chart

text: In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor "f", Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.


title: Moody chart

text: In 1944, Lewis Ferry Moody plotted the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for various values of relative roughness ε / "D".


title: Moody chart

text: but uses the more practical choice of coordinates employed by R. J. S. Pigott, whose work was based upon an analysis of some 10,000 experiments from various sources.


title: Moody chart

text: Measurements of fluid flow in artificially roughened pipes by J. Nikuradse were at the time too recent to include in Pigott's chart.


title: Moody chart

text: The chart's purpose was to provide a graphical representation of the function of C. F. Colebrook in collaboration with C. M. White, which provided a practical form of transition curve to bridge the transition zone between smooth and rough pipes, the region of incomplete turbulence.


title: Moody chart

text: Moody's team used the available data (including that of Nikuradse) to show that fluid flow in rough pipes could be described by four dimensionless quantities: Reynolds number, pressure loss coefficient, diameter ratio of the pipe and the relative roughness of the pipe. They then produced a single plot which showed that all of these collapsed onto a series of lines, now known as the Moody chart. This dimensionless chart is used to work out pressure drop, formula_1 (Pa) (or head loss, formula_2(m)) and flow rate through pipes. Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy–Weisbach equation in which the Darcy friction factor formula_3 appears :


title: Moody chart

text: where formula_7 is the density of the fluid, formula_8 is the average velocity in the pipe, formula_3 is the friction factor from the Moody chart, formula_10 is the length of the pipe and formula_11 is the pipe diameter.


title: Moody chart

text: The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor formula_3 against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the pipe diameter or formula_13.


title: Moody chart

text: The Moody chart can be divided into two regimes of flow: laminar and turbulent. For the laminar flow regime (formula_14< ~3000), roughness has no discernible effect, and the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor formula_3was determined analytically by Poiseuille:


title: Moody chart

text: For the turbulent flow regime, the relationship between the friction factor formula_3 the Reynolds number Re, and the relative roughness formula_13is more complex. One model for this relationship is the Colebrook equation (which is an implicit equation in formula_3):


title: Moody chart

text: This formula must not be confused with the Fanning equation, using the Fanning friction factor "formula_21", equal to one fourth the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor formula_3. Here the pressure drop is:


title: County Laois

text: County Laois ( ; ) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Eastern and Midland Region and in the province of Leinster. It was known as Queen's County from 1556 to 1922. The modern county takes its name from Loígis, a medieval kingdom. Historically, it has also been known as County Leix.


title: County Laois

text: Laois County Council is the local authority for the county. At the 2022 census, the population of the county was 91,657, an increase of 56% since the 2002 census.


title: County Laois

text: The first people in Laois were bands of hunters and gatherers who passed through the county about 8,500 years ago. They hunted in the forests that covered Laois and fished in its rivers, gathering nuts and berries to supplement their diets.


title: County Laois

text: Next came Ireland's first farmers. These people of the Neolithic period (4000 to 2500 BC) cleared forests and planted crops. Their burial mounds remain in Clonaslee and Cuffsborough.


title: County Laois

text: Starting around 2500 BC, the people of the Bronze Age lived in Laois. They produced weapons, tools and golden objects. Visitors to the county can see a stone circle they left behind at Monamonry, as well as the remains of their hill forts at Clopook and Monelly. Skirk, near Borris-in-Ossory, has a Bronze Age standing stone and ring fort. The body of Cashel Man indicates that ritual killing took place around 2000 BC.


title: County Laois

text: The next stage is known as the pre-Christian Celtic Iron Age. For the first time, iron appeared in Ireland, showing up in the weapons used by factions who fought bloody battles for control of the land. At Ballydavis, archaeologists have discovered ring barrows that date from this time period.


title: County Laois

text: The county name derives from Loígis, of which the modern county is only a part. In the 11th century, its dynastic rulers adopted the surname Ua/Ó Mórdha. They claimed descent from a member of the Red Branch Knights.


title: County Laois

text: By the first century AD, the western third of Laois was part of the Kingdom of Ossory. The eastern part was divided roughly into seven parts, which were ruled by the Seven Septs of Loígis: O’More (O’Moore), O’Lalor, O’Doran, O’Dowling, O’Devoy (O’Deevy), O’Kelly and McEvoy.


title: County Laois

text: When Ireland was Christianised, holy men and women founded religious communities in Loígis. St. Ciarán of Saighir (called "The Elder" to distinguish him from the younger St. Ciarán of Clonmacnoise) founded his monastic habitation in the western Slieve Bloom Mountains as the first bishop of Ossory, reputedly before St. Patrick. His mother Liadán had an early convent nearby at what is now Killyon. Between 550 and 600, St. Canice founded Aghaboe Abbey and St. Mochua founded a religious community at Timahoe. An early Christian community lived at Dun Masc or Masc's fort, on the Rock of Dunamase.


title: County Laois

text: The Synod of Rathbreasail that established the Irish dioceses was held near Mountrath in 1111, moving the Church away from its monastic base. As religious orders with strong ties to Rome replaced older religious communities, the wooden buildings of the early Christian churches in Laois gave way to stone monasteries. The Augustinians and Dominicans established themselves at Aghaboe Abbey, while the Cistercians took over an older religious community at Abbeyleix.


title: County Laois

text: The Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169–71 affected Laois as it was a part of the Kingdom of Leinster. In Laois, the fortress on the Rock of Dunamase was part of the dowry of the Irish princess Aoife, who was given in marriage in 1170 to the Norman warrior Strongbow. Advancing Normans surveyed the county from wooden towers built on top of earthen mounds, known as mottes. They also built stone fortresses, such as Lea Castle, just outside Portarlington. Several of the county's towns were first established as Norman boroughs, including Castletown, Durrow and Timahoe.


title: County Laois

text: From 1175 until about 1325, Normans controlled the best land in the county, while Gaelic society retreated to the bogs, forests and the Slieve Bloom Mountains. The early 14th century saw a Gaelic revival, as the chieftains of Loígis caused the Normans to withdraw. The Dempseys seized Lea Castle, while Dunamase came into the ownership of the O’Mores. Examples of tower houses built by the Irish Mac Giolla Phádraig chieftains are found at Ballaghmore and Cullahill Castle, both decorated with Sheela na gigs.


title: County Laois

text: In 1548, the English confiscated the lands of the O’Mores and built "Campa", known as the Fort of Leix, today's Portlaoise.


title: County Laois

text: It was shired in 1556 by Queen Mary as Queen's County, covering the "countries" of Leix (Loígis), Slewmarge, Irry, and that part of Glimnaliry on the southwest side of the River Barrow. Laois received its present Irish language name following the Irish War of Independence. Laois was also sometimes spelt "Leix". Portlaoise (previously Maryborough) is the main town of the county.


title: County Laois

text: Loígis was the subject of two organised plantations or colonisations by the Kingdom of England in 1556 and 1607. During the first plantation, Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex attempted to dispossess the ruling O'Moore clan, who had been engaging in costly raids on The Pale, and settle the area with English colonists. However, this led to a long drawn-out guerrilla war in the county and left only a small colonist community clustered around garrisons. This initial attempt at plantation is widely regarded as a failure by historians, as occupying the territory was far more costly than the money yielded from it, and the scheme attracted fewer settlers than anticipated.


title: County Laois

text: The second, more successful plantation of the county took place in the aftermath of the Nine Years' War, and expanded the existing English settlements with more landowners and tenants. In 1659, a group of Quakers led by William Edmundson, settled in Mountmellick, while a group of Huguenots were given refuge in Portarlington in 1696 after their service to William of Orange in the Williamite War in Ireland.


title: County Laois

text: What followed was a period of relative calm. Anglo-Irish landowners enclosed the land and built fine houses, including Durrow Castle, Heywood House and Emo Court. In 1836, a branch of the Grand Canal stretched to Mountmellick, further stimulating industry in that town.


title: County Laois

text: The Great Famine of 1845–49 devastated the county. The county's workhouses could not cope with the number of destitute people seeking shelter. By the time the workhouse opened at Donaghmore in 1853, many of the poorest had emigrated or died.


title: County Laois

text: The county was known as Queen's County () from 1556 until its name was informally changed on the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. The county's name was formerly spelt as "Laoighis" and "Leix". In the Local Government Act 2001, it is named in the list of counties as "Laois", although no legislation was enacted explicitly changing the name from Queen's County, the name formally established under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 which continued to have legal effect. When land is sold in the county the relevant title deeds are still updated as being in "Queen's County".


title: County Laois

text: Laois is the 23rd in both in area and population of Ireland's 32 counties. It is the seventh-largest of Leinster's 12 counties in size and tenth largest in population. The county is landlocked and, uniquely, is doubly landlocked, not bordering any other county which touches the coast.


title: County Laois

text: The weather station at east Durrow was set up in May 2008. The equipment used is a Davis Vantage Pro II that measures temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall and barometric pressure. This data is transmitted every 2 seconds to a website where the data can be freely accessed. The station also reports to the Irish Weather Network which displays live weather data from similar stations all around Ireland.


title: County Laois

text: In addition, a Met Éireann climatological station (Number: 472) was installed in September 2010 and the data collected is sent to headquarters in Glasnevin, Dublin on a monthly basis. The climatological station measures rainfall in a manual gauge, soil temperatures at 5  cm, 10  cm and 20  cm depths, air temperature including wet-bulb, and daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures. The climatological station is a project that is envisaged to last thirty years and collect a climate profile for Durrow and Laois in general.


title: County Laois

text: Laois County Council is the local authority governing County Laois. It has 19 councillors, and is divided into three local electoral areas, each of which is also a municipal district: Borris-in-Ossory-Mountmellick (6), Graiguecullen-Portarlington (6), and Portlaoise (7).


title: County Laois

text: It was formerly divided into the rural districts of Abbeyleix, Athy No. 2, Mountmellick, Roscrea No. 3, and Slievemargy. The rural districts were abolished in 1925. Mountmellick and Portlaoise, within the former rural district of Mountmellick, had town commissioners. These became town councils in 2002. All town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014.


title: County Laois

text: Most of County Laois is part of the Dáil constituency of Laois–Offaly (5 seats), with the electoral divisions of Ballybrittas, Jamestown, Kilmullen, Portarlington South, in the former rural district of Mountmellick, in the Kildare South constituency. The constituency of Laois–Offaly existed from 1921 to 2016, and again since 2020. In 2016 to 2020 period, there was a separate constituency of Laois (3 seats).


title: County Laois

text: County Laois also has a mixture of castles, mansions, forts and old structures that are now in ruins but are still worth visiting.


title: County Laois

text: The population of County Laois is expanding, given its easy commute to the employment centres of Kildare and Dublin. Laois's population growth during the period 2002–2006 (14%) was stronger than the national average (8.2%), as follows:


title: County Laois

text: As of the 2016 census, ethnically Laois was 84% white Irish, 8% other white, 2% black, 1% Asian, 1% 'other', with 3% not stated.


title: County Laois

text: Industrial parks are located in Portlaoise, Portarlington and Mountmellick. The county receives EU funding as it is part of the cluster of three regions (Border, Midland and West), colloquially known as "BMW", that qualifies for special funding aid.


title: County Laois

text: Agricultural activities occupy approximately 70% of the land area of the county (). However agriculture's share of income in the "BMW" region has declined sharply in the past decade, and represented only approximately 3.9% of annual income (GVA) in 2005 Central Statistics Office. The remaining area includes considerable stretches of raised bog and the Slieve Bloom mountains, which are partially covered by coniferous forest.


title: County Laois

text: Iarnród Éireann train services along the Dublin-Cork line connects the county between Heuston station and Cork, Limerick, travel through the county, with railway stations at Portarlington, Portlaoise and Ballybrophy. From Portarlington trains run on the Dublin-Galway/Westport/Ballina line to Athlone as well as Galway, Westport and Ballina. From Ballybrophy trains run on the Ballybrophy line to Nenagh and Limerick direct.


title: County Laois

text: The M7 road runs through County Laois. This is one of the busiest roadways in Ireland connecting Dublin and Limerick and acts as a trunk route for the M8 which connects Cork to Dublin. The M8 joins the M7 to the south of Portlaoise. Road infrastructure has improved greatly in the county over the past decade. Most major interurban routes through Laois have now been upgraded to motorway standards. All major traffic bottlenecks in Laois such as Abbeyleix and Mountrath have been bypassed following the opening of the M7/M8 tolled motorway project in May 2010. Both towns were major intercity bottlenecks for motorists, especially Abbeyleix where delays of up to 30 minutes or more were common.


title: County Laois

text: Bus Éireann provides regular intercity bus services in the county. The Dublin to Limerick service runs every hour through towns and villages on the old N7 road (now R445) while the Dublin to Cork intercity bus service runs every two hours through towns in the county.


title: County Laois

text: Laois has a strong tradition of Gaelic games, with success at both Gaelic football and hurling. Laois are one of few counties to contest an All-Ireland final in both Gaelic football and hurling. In the 21st century, Laois have been more successful footballers than hurlers. Laois minors have had several successes over the past two decades, and the Laois senior footballers reached the Leinster final in 2003 (victorious), 2004, and 2005. As of 2022, Laois hurlers compete in the Liam MacCarthy Cup, a competition reserved for the premiere hurling counties while the footballers compete in the Sam Maguire Cup. Laois play home games at O'Moore Park, the county's largest sporting venue, which is often used for hurling championship games.


title: County Laois

text: County Laois is a participant in the Twin Towns program and has a relationship with the following municipalities:


title: Gilbertese language

text: Gilbertese or taetae ni Kiribati, also Kiribati (sometimes "Kiribatese"), is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Kiribati. It belongs to the Micronesian branch of the Oceanic languages.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The word "Kiribati", the current name of the islands, is the local adaptation of the previous European name "Gilberts" to Gilbertese phonology. Early European visitors, including Commodore John Byron, whose ships happened on Nikunau in 1765, had named some of the islands the Kingsmill or Kings Mill Islands or for the Northern group "les îles Mulgrave" in French but in 1820 they were renamed, in French, "les îles Gilbert" by Admiral Adam Johann von Krusenstern, after Captain Thomas Gilbert, who, along with Captain John Marshall, had passed through some of these islands in 1788.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Frequenting of the islands by Europeans, Americans and Chinese dates from whaling and oil trading from the 1820s, when no doubt Europeans learnt to speak it, as Gilbertese learnt to speak English and other languages foreign to them.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The first ever vocabulary list of Gilbertese was published by the French "Revue coloniale" (1847) by an auxiliary surgeon on corvette "Le Rhin" in 1845. His warship took on board a drift Gilbertese of Kuria, that they found near Tabiteuea. However, it was not until Hiram Bingham II took up missionary work on Abaiang in the 1860s that the language began to take on the written form known now.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Bingham was the first to translate the Bible into Gilbertese, and wrote several hymn books, a dictionary (1908, posthumous) and commentaries in the language of the Gilbert Islands. Alphonse Colomb, a French priest in Tahiti wrote in 1888, "Vocabulaire arorai (îles Gilbert) précédé de notes grammaticales d'après un manuscrit du P. Latium Levêque et le travail de Hale sur la langue Tarawa / par le P. A. C.". Father Levêque named the Gilbertese "Arorai" (from Arorae) when Horatio Hale called them "Tarawa". This work was also based on the first known description of Gilbertese in English, published in 1846, in the volume "Ethnology and Philology" of the U.S. Exploring Expedition, compiled by Horatio Hale.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The official name of the language is "te taetae ni Kiribati", or 'the Kiribati language', but the common name is "te taetae n aomata", or 'the language of the people'.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The first complete and comprehensive description of this language was published in "Dictionnaire gilbertin–français" of Father (981 pp, 1952–1954), a Catholic priest. It was later partially translated into English by Sister Olivia, with the help of the South Pacific Commission.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Over 96% of the 119,000 people living in Kiribati declare themselves I-Kiribati and speak Gilbertese. Gilbertese is also spoken by most inhabitants of Nui (Tuvalu), Rabi Island (Fiji), and some other islands where I-Kiribati have been relocated (Solomon Islands, notably Choiseul Province; and Vanuatu), after the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme or emigrated (to New Zealand and Hawaii mainly).


title: Gilbertese language

text: 97% of those living in Kiribati are able to read in Gilbertese, and 80% are able to read English. It is one of the Oceanic languages. The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers, and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers. The Gilbertese, Tongan, Tahitian, Māori, Western Fijian and Tolai (Gazelle Peninsula) languages each have over 100,000 speakers.


title: Gilbertese language

text: In 2020 Finlayson Park School in Auckland became the first school in New Zealand to set up a Gilbertese language unit, where Erika Taeang was employed as the teacher.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The Gilbertese language has two main dialects, Northern and Southern. Their main differences are in the pronunciation of some sounds. The islands of Butaritari and Makin also have their own dialect that differs from the standard Kiribati in some vocabulary and pronunciation.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Quantity is distinctive for vowels and plain nasal consonants but not for the remaining sounds so that (third person singular article) contrasts with () as well as (). Other minimal pairs include:


title: Gilbertese language

text: Nouns can be marked for possession (by person and number). Plurality is only marked in some nouns by lengthening the first vowel.


title: Gilbertese language

text: There is no marked gender. Biological gender can be marked by adding "mmwaane" (male) or "aiine" (female) to the noun. The absence of gender creates a difficulty with the words brother/sister.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The article 'te' is neither definite or indefinite; it marks that the next word is a singular noun. Often it can also be translated as "the". The plural article is optional since there are many other ways to express plurality, namely in demonstratives, numerals, etc.


title: Gilbertese language

text: The personal articles are used before personal names. The masculine form is 'te' before names beginning with , 'tem' before , 'ten' before and 'teng' before <k, (ng)>.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Pronouns have different forms according to case: nominative (subject), accusative (object), emphatic (vocatives, adjunct pronouns), genitive (possessives).


title: Gilbertese language

text: The basic 'aei' simply means "this", 'anne" is "that", 'arei' is "that over there" and are used after the noun. 'Aikai' is "these" and so on. The masculine "teuaei" means "this man", the feminine "neiei" means "this woman", and the inanimate "te baei" means "this thing". The feminine demonstrative has no plural form, as the human plural encapsulates mixed groups.


title: Gilbertese language

text: "Ngkai" is "now", "ngkanne" is "then" and "ngkekei" is "later". "Ikai" is "here", "ikanne" is "there" and "ikekei" is "over there".


title: Gilbertese language

text: Verbs do not conjugate according to person, number, tense, aspect or mood. These verbal categories are indicated by particles. Nonetheless, a passive suffix -aki is used as in:


title: Gilbertese language

text: Any adjective can also be an intransitive verb. Transitive verbs can be formed by the circumfix ka- (...) -a creating a causative verb, e.g. "uraura" (to be red) becomes "kaurauraa" (to redden). Tense is marked by adverbs. However, the default interpretation of the unmarked (by adverbs) verb is a past tense. Below is a list of verbal particles:


title: Gilbertese language

text: There are no verbs corresponding to English "to be", so a stative verb must be used or a zero copula strategy:


title: Gilbertese language

text: There is no corresponding verb to "to have", instead an existential verb meaning "there to be" is used - iai.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Adjectives can also be formed by reduplication with the meaning of "abundant in [adj.]" - "karau" (rain), "kakarau" (rainy).


title: Gilbertese language

text: The main negator is the particle "aki" placed after the pronoun and before the verb. The negator "aikoa" is for counterexpected situations.


title: Gilbertese language

text: Gilbertese uses classifiers for counting with numerals like Asian languages (Chinese, Vietnamese, etc.). These classifiers are suffixes to the numerals: -ua (general, for objects), -man (animate beings), -kai (plants, land, fish hooks), -ai (fish, elongated objects), -waa (transportation), -baa (leaves, flat objects) among many others. It is a decimal system with -bwi as a "10 counting" suffix. Zero ("akea") is just the word for 'nothing'.


title: Gilbertese language

text: When arriving, the translation of the Bible ("te Baibara") was the first duty of the missionaries. Protestants (1860) and Roman Catholics (1888) had to find or create some words that were not in use in the Gilbert Islands, like mountain ("te maunga", borrowing it from Hawaiian "mauna" or Samoan "maunga"), and like serpents, but also to find a good translation for God ("te Atua"). Many words were adapted from English, like "te moko" (smoke), "te buun" (spoon), te beeki (pig), "te raiti" (rice), "te tai" (time, a watch), "te auti" (house), "te katamwa" (cat, from expression "cat-at-me"). Some words of the Swadesh list did not exist in Gilbertese like "te aiti" (ice) or "te tinoo" (snow). But things that did not exist previously also were interpreted to form new Gilbertese words: "te rebwerebwe" (motorbike), "te wanikiba" (plane, a flying canoe), "te momi" (pearl, from Hawaiian).


title: Gilbertese language

text: The Gilbertese language is written in the Latin script, which was introduced in the 1860s when Hiram Bingham Jr, a Protestant missionary, first translated the Bible into Gilbertese. Until then, the language was unwritten. Since the independence of Kiribati in 1979, long vowels and consonants are represented by doubling the character like Dutch and Finnish. A few digraphs are used for the velar nasals () and velarized bilabials (). Bingham and the first Roman Catholic missionaries (1888) did not indicate in their script the vowel length by doubling the character. The discrepancies between the Protestant and Roman Catholic spellings have been an issue since 1895. Neither clearly distinguished the pronunciation of the vowel /a/ after velarized bilabials, like (bw) and (mw), which result in discrepancies between old scripts and modern scripts. For example, the word maneaba should be written "mwaneaba" or even "mwaaneaba" and the atoll of Makin, "Mwaakin". The Kiribati Protestant Church has also recently used a different script for both velarized bilabials, “b’a” and “m’a”, which are found in Protestant publications.


title: Gilbertese language

text: One difficulty in translating the Bible was references to words such as "mountain", a geographical phenomenon unknown to the people of the islands of Kiribati at the time, heard only in the myths from Samoa. Bingham substituted "hilly", which would be more easily understood. Such adjustments are common to all languages as "modern" things require the creation of new words or the usage of loan words.


title: Gilbertese language

text: For example, the Gilbertese word for airplane is "te wanikiba", "the canoe that flies". Some words changed to translate Western words into Gilbertese. For example, "te aro" (species or colour) is now used in translating religion. "Te kiri" (the dog), found in 1888 vocabulary, is now less used than "te kamea" (from English, loan word).


title: Gilbertese language

text: Catholic missionaries arrived at the islands in 1888 and translated the Bible independently of Bingham, which led to differences (Bingham wrote Jesus as "Iesu", but the Catholics wrote "Ietu") that would be resolved only in the 20th century. In 1954, Father Ernest Sabatier published the larger and more accurate Kiribati to French dictionary (translated into English by Sister Olivia): "Dictionnaire gilbertin–français", 981 pages (edited by South Pacific Commission in 1971). It remains the only work of importance between the Kiribati language and a Western language. It was then reversed by Frédéric Giraldi in 1995 to creating the first French-Kiribati dictionary. In addition, a grammar section was added by Father Gratien Bermond (MSC). The dictionary is available at the French National Library Rare Language Department and at the headquarters of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC), Issoudun.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith the Accursed () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim, and has come into conflict with Thor. He once wielded the Casket of Ancient Winters.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Created by Walt Simonson, Malekith first appeared in "Thor" #344–349 (June–November 1984). He subsequently appeared in issues #363 (January 1986), 366-368 (April–June 1986), 485–487 (April–June 1995), and 489 (August 1995) of "Thor".


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: He made guest appearances in "X-Force and Cable Annual" 1997 and "Heroes for Hire" #14 (August 1998) before again battling Thor in "Thor" vol. 2 #29-32 (November 2000–February 2001). He later appeared in "The Incredible Hercules" #134 (November 2009) and #136 (December 2009).


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: In 2012, Jason Aaron revived him in the "Thor: God of Thunder" series and he became the main antagonist in the "All New, All Different" "Thor" volume 4 and the crossover event "War on the Realms".


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith grew up during a time of war in Svartalfheim. Twelve of his older brothers died during a war with the trolls. His mother eventually sold him for two sacks of snake livers and half a barrel of pickled toads. He worked as a body burner, who cremated bodies after a battle, until he was captured by trolls. In his prison he met a wizard, who helped him escape and took him as an apprentice. Eventually the Wizard wanted to combine their powers for peace, but Malekith refused because he felt that any peace would mean that the war which forged him would have been pointless, making his existence something which wasn't meant to be. He then killed the wizard, who before dying scarred his face, and then his mother, taking the dogs of the Wild Hunt.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Later, Malekith struck an alliance with Loki on behalf of the fire demon Surtur. He took control of a number of Earth humans using special food of the faerie provided by Hela. Malekith then killed Eric Willis, guardian of the Casket of Ancient Winters, after learning its location. As Master of the Hounds, Malekith hunted down Roger Willis, Eric's son and new guardian of the Casket. Malekith battled Thor, and kidnapped Lorelei. Using Lorelei as bait, Malekith forced Thor to battle Algrim the Strong, one of his Dark Elf followers, then attempted to destroy both combatants by plunging them into a pool of magma. He then captured the Casket of Ancient Winters from Roger Willis. Malekith was ultimately defeated by Thor, but not before he destroyed the Casket of Ancient Winters, releasing magical frigid force all over the Earth. Malekith was then brought as a captive by Thor to Asgard.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith later disguised Loki as himself to take his place in the dungeon, while he disguised himself as Balder, who was about to be crowned ruler of Asgard. Kurse, the being formerly known as Algrim, saw through Malekith's disguise when he reached Asgard City. Kurse then broke Malekith's neck, apparently slaying him.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Years later, Malekith was revealed to be alive once again. Disguising himself as Balder again, he enlisted Hercules to attack Alflyse, the Dark Elf Queen of the Eastern Spires, while disguised as Thor. His scheme unraveled (partially due to the appearance of Thor disguised as Hercules), and he was easily defeated by Zeus.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith has resurfaced again intent on collecting Mandarin's rings. The other ring-bearing hosts were later to meet their demise or mutilation at the hands of Malekith. In the storyline "Rings of the Mandarin", it is revealed that after reclaiming his kingdom Svartalfheim he was approached by a ring seeking a host, but bent its will to his rather than letting it control his mind. He has now begun a campaign to attack all other "Mandarins" and take their rings, desiring "the full set" before attacking Tony Stark. Though he is usually a foe of Thor and other magical beings, his opposition to Iron Man is rooted in Elves' traditional weakness towards iron.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith, who escaped from his prison in Niffleheim, rampages across the Nine Realms in a path of revenge, targeting any Dark Elf who isn't loyal to him. Despite this fratricide, the Dark Elf Council ends up electing him as his king, as Dark Elves respect those they fear. However, the opposition to Malekith had drawn together the other races of the realms, causing a new level of understanding and cooperation. The enemies of the realms made note of this and drew together as well.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith the Accursed later causes Thor to lose his left arm in combat after a woman (later revealed to be Jane Foster) lifted Mjolnir and gained Thor's powers. Malekith's plans crossed over with the Minotaur of Roxxon's desires for more power sources. Malekith and Minotaur came to a deal: Dario would give him the Skull of Laufey in exchange of the mineral rights of all realms Malekith conquers. Thor appeared in the roof of Roxxon Island to stop their deal, but she was attacked by the Serpent who was possessing the Destroyer Armor. The Serpent threw Thor out of Roxxon Island and they continued battling in the oil fields below. After flying away, Malekith convinced Minotaur to celebrate their deal in the Dark Elf way and he teleported the two of them to Alfheim where they slaughtered various Light Elves. Then Malekith and Minotaur went to Jotunheim. Using the blood of a hundred murdered Light Elves, Malekith performed a spell that resurrected King Laufey.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" event, Malekith the Accursed appears as a member of the Dark Council alongside Minotaur, Ulik, Laufey, and some unnamed Fire Demons. As before, Malekith is focusing on murdering Light Elves.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: During the "War of the Realms" storyline, Malekith begins his invasion of Midgard by posing as Loki and tricking Thor into heading to Jotunheim. In addition, he did send some Dark Elf assassins after Odin. During the battle in New York, Malekith arrives with his Dark Council (consisting of Enchantress, Kurse, Ulik, Minotaur, and a Svartalheim Bog Tiger). After Loki saves Frigga from Laufey, he fights Malekith before Doctor Strange teleports him away. When Doctor Strange tries to do magic, it is revealed that Malekith hired a coven of War Witches which prevents Doctor Strange from using his full power. After Valkyrie buys Doctor Strange time to get everyone away, she is beheaded by Malekith. Malekith lays destruction over Europe and plans to slay Black Knight, Union Jack, and Spitfire with the Ebony Blade, when Captain Marvel arrives with her War Avengers (consisting of Deadpool, Weapon H, Winter Soldier, Captain Britain, Sif and the Venom symbiote) to fight against Malekith. As the War Avengers fight the Dark Elves, the Venom Symbiote tries to attack Malekith only to be absorbed into his sword. Malekith tortures the Venom symbiote and tries to tame it as he uses a dagger of living abyss on the Venom symbiote to reshape it into Knull's All-Black designed to kill the Asgardians. Malekith is gleeful that his forces are causing chaos around Earth. Frigga is busy fighting off the endless hordes when Malekith throws the Venom symbiote as a spear at Frigga's stomach. Before he could kill her, Odin arrives in his new armor and buys time for Frigga to destroy the Black Bifrost Bridge where its blast seemingly kills them both while defeating Malekith's forces. It turns out that Odin and Frigga survived where Malekith the Accursed is torturing them with the Venom symbiote at Stonehenge. When Odin shouts to Thor not to rescue them as it is a trap, Malekith stabs him to keep him quiet. Knowing that the Thor Corps is approaching, Malekith the Accursed augments his acolytes with the Venom symbiote and then bonds with it. Frigga states to Malekith that he should flee while he still can as Malekith plans to cause the death of Thor. Odin tells Frigga to pray to Thor. When the Thor Corps arrive, Malekith uses the Venom symbiote's powers to grow wings as he declares himself the Butcher of Thors. Malekith coats Thor's golden hammer with the Venom symbiote and dubs it the Black Hammer of the Accursed. As Malekith tries to impale Jane Foster with his tongue, Thor goes into his berserker state and throws himself into Malekith as the other Thors sense the powers of the God Tempest. The younger Thor from the 6th Century cuts off Malekith's arm as Thor urges Malekith to surrender only for him to summon the Wild Hunt. However, the Wild Hunt Hounds and the Svartlheim Bog Tiger are eyeing Malekith with a hungry look as they dismember him.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Afterwards, Malekith finds himself in Niffleheim where Hela and Karnilla greet him and reveal that his Wild Hunt hounds and the Svartalheim Bog Tiger also died soon after devouring him where they have been poisoned by the black magic he had used to bend the Venom symbiote to his will. Karnilla explains that when they reassembled the pieces of his soul they had drawn out of the beast's stomachs, they had found the last fragment of his true self—the little boy who had suffered through his childhood as a victim of war. Hela and Karnilla tell a horrified Malekith that his punishment will be to witness his younger self spend eternity with the hounds and the Svartalheim Bog Tiger. He is then chained to a rock with his eyes sewn open by Karnilla. As Malekith begs for mercy, the Wild Hunt hounds and the Svartalheim Bog Tiger are sent through a portal to Valhalla where they are transformed into puppies and a tiger cub respectively. They are then seen happily playing with the young Malekith. As the young Malekith has finally found peace and happiness, Malekith screams at the torment of having to watch for all eternity.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith has all the normal attributes of a member of the race of dark elves, although his abilities are a result of above-average development. He possesses superhuman intellect, strength, speed, stamina, durability, agility and reflexes.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: As a dark elf, Malekith also has the ability to manipulate the forces of magic for a variety of effects, including teleportation, energy projection, physical malleability, flight (by transforming into mist), illusion casting, and the ability to change the shape and appearance of other beings or objects.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith, like all Dark Elves, has a vulnerability to iron, which disrupts or cancels his magical spells.


title: Malekith the Accursed

text: Malekith appeared in an issue of "" where he tries to take over Asgard with the help of the Frost Giants, but he was defeated with the combined efforts of the Avengers, Thor, and many other Asgardian warriors.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Garrett Antone Gilbert (born July 1, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). The son of former NFL quarterback Gale Gilbert, he played college football at Texas and SMU.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Joining the NFL in 2014, Gilbert was primarily assigned to his teams' practice squads during his first four seasons and appeared in only one game with the Carolina Panthers. He came to prominence in 2019 as the starting quarterback for the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football (AAF), where he led the league in passing yards and passer rating. Gilbert rejoined the NFL after the AAF suspended operations and started games for the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Football Team.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert made his first high school start for Lake Travis during his sophomore year in the 2006 Texas Football Classic, where he led the Cavaliers to a 41–34 victory over Texas City. His performance caused Texas gridiron sportswriters to take notice, including Lone Star Gridiron's Chris Doelle who referred to Gilbert as "the best high school quarterback I have seen EVER."


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert guided Lake Travis to the 2007 Texas UIL Class 4A Division II State Championship. Upon completing the 2007 season, he broke state records for completions (359), pass attempts (555) and yards (4,827).


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: After Lake Travis won the 2007 championship, the team's head coach, Jeff Dicus, resigned to take the head coaching position at Class 5A Duncanville High School. Chad Morris, then the head coach at Stephenville High School, became the new coach. Prior to his senior season, Gilbert learned Morris' offense.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On top of the coaching change, Gilbert had to undergo minor shoulder surgery, from which he took five months to recover. He was not able to lift weights during the five-month period, and instead performed rehabilitation exercises. Gilbert recovered in time to play the first game of the 2008 season.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: In the 2008 season, Gilbert led Lake Travis to a perfect 16–0 record and its second straight state title. He finished the season with 4,851 passing yards for 55 touchdowns.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert completed his high school career setting a state record of 12,534 passing yards, breaking the previous mark set by Graham Harrell by two yards. Gilbert finished second to Harrell for career touchdowns, completions and attempts. He led his Cavaliers to a 39–4 combined record as a starter from his sophomore through senior seasons.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert participated in ESPN RISE's 10th anniversary Elite 11 quarterback event from July 21–24. He was one of the 11 high school quarterbacks selected out of a pool of more than a thousand. The Elite 11 played against each other and received coaching from current standout college quarterbacks. An ESPN columnist pointed out that Gilbert was the most likely player from the camp to win the college football national championship.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Along with 79 other high school seniors, Gilbert played in the 2009 Under Armour All-America Game on January 4, 2009. In the nationally televised matchup, Gilbert completed 11-of-22 passes for 161 yards and an interception as he guided the Black team in its 27–16 loss to the White team.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert verbally committed to play college football for the Texas Longhorns on February 7, 2008, the day after he received the offer in the mail. He always had aspirations to play for Texas since he was a child. During his youth, he pretended to play football for the Longhorns, passing the football to himself in his living room and diving onto the couch to catch it. When he was eight, he had the chance to play catch with then-Texas quarterback Major Applewhite, whom he considered to be his idol growing up. His family members were also season ticket holders.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was rated as a five-star prospect by "Rivals.com". Alongside Matt Barkley of Mater Dei High School in California, Gilbert was the premier quarterback prospect of the class of 2009. Former college head coach Jackie Sherrill called Gilbert the best quarterback he has seen since Dan Marino.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: It was at first thought that Gilbert would likely redshirt in 2009 and compete for the starting job in 2010. However, since former backup quarterback John Chiles was moved to wide receiver, Gilbert competed with Sherrod Harris for the backup job during the off-season. On August 23, 2009, Gilbert became the second-string quarterback as a true freshman, in front of the junior Harris.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: In the 2009 season opener against Louisiana-Monroe, Gilbert lined up behind center during the fourth quarter and drove the Longhorns down the field, completing four-of-five passes for 46 yards, before scoring a twelve-yard rushing touchdown on a quarterback draw play to end the drive.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On January 7, 2010, in the BCS National Championship Game, Gilbert replaced the injured Colt McCoy. Gilbert completed 15-of-40 passes for 186 yards, two touchdowns, and four interceptions. One analyst took the position that his stat line did not reflect how well he actually played (even though he was responsible for five turnovers – the four interceptions and a lost fumble), and that several of his passes that should have been caught were dropped. Gilbert led the Longhorns to two scoring drives in the second half to spark a comeback, bringing the score to 24–21 Alabama. However, the comeback ultimately fell short late in the game with a turnover inside the Texas five–yard line. The Longhorns lost the game 37–21.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was the starting quarterback during 2010 season. He led the team to a 5–7 record, Texas' first losing season since 1997. Against Kansas State, he threw for 5 interceptions as the Longhorns lost by a score of 39–14. In that game, Kansas State also only attempted four passes. Soon after that year's bowl season, Mack Brown announced that every job was up for grabs, leaving Gilbert to compete with sophomores Case McCoy and Conner Wood, as well as freshman David Ash.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On August 29, it was announced that Gilbert would retain the starting position in the season opener against Rice. However, on September 12, it was announced that he was being demoted to the second-string quarterback behind Case McCoy and Ash, who would share the starting position. On September 20, it was announced that Gilbert underwent successful surgery on his shoulder and was ruled out the remainder of the season.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was granted his unconditional release from Texas on October 5, allowing him the opportunity to seek a transfer. Later that day, he was seen at Southern Methodist University (SMU), watching the football team practice. He completed his degree at Texas and transferred to SMU for the 2012 season.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert won the starting job at SMU, where he ran June Jones's run and shoot offense. He began the season with an inconsistent performance at Baylor, throwing two interceptions in the 59–24 loss.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: As the season progressed, Gilbert gained confidence, completing four touchdown passes against Houston en route to a 72–42 win, a game which set the SMU record for points in a game. He had his best game of the season the following week against Memphis, throwing for 353 yards with one passing touchdown and two rushing touchdowns. Overall, he finished the 2012 season with 2,932 passing yards, 15 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert passed for 3,528 yards and 21 touchdowns in 2013. He missed two games due to injury. He finished his college career with 9,761 yards and 49 touchdowns.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the sixth round (214th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. He was released during final cuts on August 29, 2014. He was signed to the Rams' practice squad on September 1, 2014. He was cut from the practice squad on October 30, 2014.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On December 17, 2014, the New England Patriots signed Gilbert to their practice squad. He remained on the practice squad when the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28–24 in Super Bowl XLIX.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: One day after being waived by the Patriots, Gilbert was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Lions. He was waived on September 1, 2015.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On September 6, 2015, Gilbert was signed to the practice squad of the Oakland Raiders. He was waived on May 24, 2016. On January 2, 2017, he was signed to the Raiders' practice squad after Matt McGloin suffered an injury in the final game of the regular season. Gilbert was to serve as the backup in case McGloin was unable to play in the Wild Card Round. McGloin ended up being active as Connor Cook's backup for the playoff game. Gilbert was not re-signed after the season.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: After working out with the Dallas Cowboys in January, Gilbert signed with the Carolina Panthers on March 24, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the Panthers' practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster, for the first time in his career, on October 16, 2017.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: After losing the back-up quarterback job to Taylor Heinicke during training camp he was waived on September 1, 2018.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was re-signed by the Panthers on December 26, 2018, after Cam Newton and Heinicke were both shut down for the season. He served as the backup to Kyle Allen in the Panthers' last game of the season. He made his NFL debut in relief of the injured Allen. He completed his first career pass to Ian Thomas for 31 yards. He finished the game with 40 yards passing. On December 31, 2018, Gilbert was waived by the Panthers.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On November 27, 2018, Gilbert was drafted by the Orlando Apollos in the Alliance of American Football's quarterback draft. He played for the team during the inaugural 2019 AAF season.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: During the inaugural game of the 2019 season against the Atlanta Legends, Gilbert went 15 for 25 for 227 yards, with two passing touchdowns and a receiving score in the 40–6 win. He also threw the first touchdown in both Apollos and Alliance history, with a 26-yard toss to Jalin Marshall.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: In Week 2 of the 2019 season, Gilbert won Offensive Player of the Week with a 393-yard, two-touchdown performance in the 37–29 win over the San Antonio Commanders, and set an early AAF record for passing yards in a single game.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: When the AAF suspended operations after Week 8, Gilbert led the league in passing yards (2,152), attempts (259), completions (157), and passer rating (99.1). He was also second in passing touchdowns (13), second-lowest in interceptions (3), lowest in interception percentage (1.2), and second-highest in touchdown percentage (5.0) among all starting quarterbacks.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On April 5, 2019, following the AAF's suspension of operations, Gilbert signed with the Cleveland Browns of the NFL. He made his debut with the Browns in Week 5, relieving Baker Mayfield in the fourth quarter of a 3–31 loss to the San Francisco 49ers.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Browns on August 3, 2020, but was activated two days later. On September 5, 2020, Gilbert was waived by the Browns, but re-signed to their practice squad the next day.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On October 12, 2020, Gilbert was signed by Dallas Cowboys off the Browns practice squad as a backup to Andy Dalton after Dak Prescott suffered a season-ending ankle injury. The move relocated him back to Texas.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On November 7, 2020, Gilbert was named the starting quarterback for the Cowboys’ week 9 game against the undefeated Pittsburgh Steelers, due to Dalton being on the reserve/COVID-19 list and Ben DiNucci’s struggles the previous week against Philadelphia. In his first NFL start, he threw for 243 yards, one touchdown, and one interception, nearly pulling off an upset as the Cowboys ultimately lost 24–19. He returned to a backup role the rest of the season behind Dalton.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert was the starter for Dallas in the Hall of Fame game on August 5, 2021. He was released from the Cowboys during final roster cuts on August 31, 2021.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On December 17, 2021, the Washington Football Team signed Gilbert off the Patriots' practice squad after both Taylor Heinicke and Kyle Allen were placed on the team's COVID-19 reserve list that same week. With Heinicke and Allen out, Gilbert started against the Philadelphia Eagles on December 21, 2021, just four days after signing with the team. He went 20 of 31 with 194 yards as Washington lost 27–17.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On March 19, 2022, Gilbert signed a contract with the Las Vegas Raiders. On May 12, 2022, the Raiders released Gilbert after trading for Patriots backup quarterback Jarrett Stidham.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: On October 4, Gilbert signed to the Patriots practice squad. On October 15, Gilbert was elevated to the active roster, via a standard elevation which caused him to revert back to the practice squad after the game.


title: Garrett Gilbert

text: Gilbert is the son of former NFL quarterback Gale Gilbert. He was born in Buffalo, New York, where his father played for the Bills in the early 1990s as a member of the teams who lost four consecutive Super Bowls. He moved to San Diego, California, at age three, when Gale signed with the Chargers, who also played in and lost the Super Bowl. The family later moved to Austin, Texas in 1996. Garrett has one brother, Griffin, who played football at Texas Christian University.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Frank John Williams (2 July 1931 – 26 June 2022) was an English actor, best known for playing Reverend Timothy Farthing in the BBC television sitcom "Dad's Army" (1969–1977). Often cast as a member of the clergy, Williams appeared in similar roles in "You Rang, M'Lord?", "Hi-de-Hi!", "What’s Up Nurse", "The Worker", and "Vanity Fair". He reprised the role of Farthing in the 2016 film adaptation of "Dad's Army".


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams was born in Edgware, Middlesex, on 2 July 1931, to William Williams, a Welsh nonconformist, and his wife Alice (née Myles). He was educated at a school which temporarily functioned in St Andrew’s Church, Edgware, and two private schools before attending Ardingly College, West Sussex, and Hendon School (then Hendon County School). Williams was an only child and in 1956 bought a house one and a half miles away from his parents' house.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams started his acting career in repertory theatre and worked with the Watford Palace Theatre, which was being run by Jimmy Perry, the creator of "Dad's Army" some years later. Williams also met many of his future co-stars including Michael Knowles, Colin Bean, Donald Hewlett and Mavis Pugh.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: At the time, television was in its infancy and it was this sector of the industry that Williams wished to enter. He made several television appearances throughout the 1950s, during series one of "The Army Game" he made various small appearances and in 1957 was invited back as a regular character, the commanding officer Captain Pocket. Williams continued to play the role until the series ended in 1960. In total, he appeared in 116 episodes of "The Army Game" which were transmitted weekly.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: His first film appearance was as an uncredited extra in "The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan" in 1953, his first larger role came in 1956 with the film "The Extra Day" in which he played the role of Sid. Williams went on to appear in three films with Norman Wisdom including: "The Square Peg" (1958), "The Bulldog Breed" (1960) and "A Stitch In Time" (1963). He then appeared in films such as: "Inn for Trouble" (1960), "Just for Fun" (1963), "Hide and Seek" (1964), "Headline Hunters" (1968), "One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing" (1975), "Jabberwocky" (1977), "What's Up Nurse!" (1977), "The Human Factor" (1979) and "Oh! Heavenly Dog" (1980). He had a leading role in the BBC TV series "Diary of a Young Man" (1964), which was partly directed by Ken Loach, in addition to small parts in numerous TV series of the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: His best-known role was in "Dad's Army" as the vicar. His first appearance on the show was in the episode "The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones", which was the first episode of series three. He had worked with David Croft before on "Hugh and I" and had also worked with Jimmy Perry at the Watford Palace Theatre. He thought he had come to make a one-off appearance and did not realise that he would become a regular fixture of the show. He would go on to appear in half of the 80 episodes and both feature films. In 2021, Williams said of his time working on "Dad's Army" that "it was the happiest period of my professional life." Coincidentally, while at Hendon County, Williams wrote in his memoir, he had played the lead in the school play of his final year, "The Ghost Train", written nearly thirty years earlier by Arnold Ridley, who would also appear in "Dad's Army".


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams featured with Tessie O'Shea in the short-lived sitcom "As Good Cooks Go" (1970). He appeared in an episode of "All Gas and Gaiters" as one of the vicars choral in episodes broadcast in 1967 and 1971. At the height of his "Dad's Army" fame, he had a cameo role in "Monty Python's Flying Circus" (1972), and later appeared as a record producer in the Rutles movie "All You Need Is Cash" (1978). He appeared in the short-lived television sitcom "High & Dry" (1987) as a bank clerk, and he made a cameo appearance in 'Minder', playing a tobacconist. He had a recurring role in "You Rang, M'Lord?",a later series written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft. Williams played Lord Bishop Charles appearing in 14 out of a total of 26 episodes.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: He was a guest on "This Morning" on Thursday 31 July 2008, talking about "Dad's Army" with fellow cast members, Ian Lavender and Bill Pertwee. He also appeared on BBC1's "Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army" show on Sunday 3 August 2008.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: With other surviving members of the "Dad's Army" cast he walked in the 100th Birthday parade for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, because "Dad's Army" was her favourite programme. He was the author of several plays, including "The Playing Fields" and "Murder Weekend", some of which have been performed in the pro-amateur theatre. His autobiography, "Vicar to Dad's Army: the Frank Williams story", was published in 2002.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: In 1993, Williams co-founded with Bill Pertwee the Dad's Army Appreciation Society. He was the society's vice president until the death of Bill Pertwee in 2013 when he became the President, attending many society events until his death.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams reprised his role of the vicar for the 2016 reboot of "Dad's Army". He recalled his time on set of the new film: "It meant four days work, which I thoroughly enjoyed. The film was pretty successful but received a mixed reaction from "Dad's Army" fans because seeing other people playing roles made famous by the likes of Arthur and John wasn’t easy to accept."


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams lived in his hometown of Edgware, Greater London. A lifetime Christian, he was until 2000 a member of the House of Laity in the General Synod of the Church of England. He opposed the ordination of women and attacks on gay people.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams was the patron of Veneratio, a charity established to prevent the social isolation of the elderly.


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Williams reported that "I share the house with my good friend Ronald Grainge, who I met on the "Dad's Army" stage show way back in 1975, so the two of us have been self-isolating and watching TV. We enjoy good dramas, and catch up with an old film occasionally." He then went on to say that the programmes which he enjoyed the most are "older comedies, but programmes like "Would I Lie to You?" are great fun. And chat programmes where comedy people get together." In a 2017 "Daily Telegraph" interview, he answered a question on his best financial decision with "buying a house. ... Initially, I rented out the downstairs rooms and it produced some money but there were problems, like tenants not paying the rent. So, about 10 years ago, my great friend Ronnie Grainge, who was in the "Dad's Army" stage show, moved in."


title: Frank Williams (actor)

text: Williams died on 26 June 2022, aged 90. A statement was released on Facebook saying "so sorry to say that our beloved friend, colleague and actor Frank Williams, passed away this morning."


title: Arthur Sullivan

text: Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. He is best known for 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including "H.M.S. Pinafore", "The Pirates of Penzance" and "The Mikado". His works include 24 operas, 11 major orchestral works, ten choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces. His hymns and songs include "Onward, Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".


title: Arthur Sullivan

text: The son of a military bandmaster, Sullivan composed his first anthem at the age of eight and was later a soloist in the boys' choir of the Chapel Royal. In 1856, at 14, he was awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship by the Royal Academy of Music, which allowed him to study at the academy and then at the Leipzig Conservatoire in Germany. His graduation piece, incidental music to Shakespeare's "The Tempest" (1861), was received with acclaim on its first performance in London. Among his early major works were a ballet, "L'Île Enchantée" (1864), a symphony, a cello concerto (both 1866), and his "Overture di Ballo" (1870). To supplement the income from his concert works he wrote hymns, parlour ballads and other light pieces, and worked as a church organist and music teacher.


title: Arthur Sullivan

text: In 1866 Sullivan composed a one-act comic opera, "Cox and Box", which is still widely performed. He wrote his first opera with W. S. Gilbert, "Thespis", in 1871. Four years later, the impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte engaged Gilbert and Sullivan to create a one-act piece, "Trial by Jury" (1875). Its box-office success led to a series of twelve full-length comic operas by the collaborators. After the extraordinary success of "H.M.S. Pinafore" (1878) and "The Pirates of Penzance" (1879), Carte used his profits from the partnership to build the Savoy Theatre in 1881, and their joint works became known as the Savoy operas. Among the best known of the later operas are "The Mikado" (1885) and "The Gondoliers" (1889). Gilbert broke from Sullivan and Carte in 1890, after a quarrel over expenses at the Savoy. They reunited in the 1890s for two more operas, but these did not achieve the popularity of their earlier works.