title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: "Sensitiver beziehungswahn", is an alternate term for ideas of reference. In this the person thinks as people are talking about them or observing them or a talk is going on about them on television or radio. Seen in social phobia, depression, delusional disorder and in schizophrenia where they are often present up to a delusional extent.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: The Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in a hostage, in which the hostage exhibits loyalty to the hostage-taker, in spite of the danger (or at least risk) in which the hostage has been placed. Stockholm syndrome is also sometimes discussed in reference to other situations with similar tensions, such as battered person syndrome, child abuse cases, and bride kidnapping.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Also spelled "synæsthesia", "synaesthesia", or "synesthesia—plural synesthesiae", from the Greek "syn-" meaning "union" and "aesthesis" meaning "sensation", it is a neurological phenomenon in which two or more bodily senses are coupled.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: In telegraphic speech conjunctions and articles are missed out; meaning is retained and few words are used.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Thought blocking, also referred to as "thought withdrawal", refers to an abrupt stop in the middle of a train of thought; the individual might or might not be unable to continue the idea. This is a type of formal thought disorder that can be seen in schizophrenia.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: "Torpor" in psychopathology is usually taken to mean profound inactivity not caused by reduction in consciousness.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Tourette syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Traumatic bonding occurs as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Also known as "hair pulling disorder", trichotillomania (TTM) is an impulse control disorder characterised by a long term urge that results in the pulling out of one's hair. This occurs to such a degree that hair loss can be seen. Efforts to stop pulling hair typically fail. Hair removal may occur anywhere; however, the head and around the eyes are most common. The hair pulling is to such a degree that it results in distress


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Verbigeration is a verbal stereotypy in which usually one or several sentences or strings of fragmented words are repeated continuously. Sometimes individuals will produce incomprehensible jargon in which stereotypies are embedded. The tone of voice is usually monotonous. This can be produced spontaneously or precipitated by questioning. The term "verbigeration" was first used in psychiatry by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874, and it referred to a manner of talking which was very fast and incomprehensible. At the time verbigeration was seen as a "disorder of language" and represented a central feature of catatonia. The word is derived from the Latin word "verbum" (also the source of "verbiage"), plus the verb "gerĕre", to carry on or conduct, from which the Latin verb "verbigerāre", to talk or chat, is derived. However, clinically the term "verbigeration" never achieved popularity and as such has virtually disappeared from psychiatric terminology. Compare Echolalia.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Refers to an ill-humored mood state often accompanied by low mood and depressive symptoms. The people surrounding the individual often feel upset by this condition.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: In "vorbeigehen" or "vorbeireden", an individual will answer a question in such a way that it is clear the question was understood, though the answer itself is very obviously wrong. For example: "How many legs does a dog have?" – "Six".


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: This condition occurs in Ganser syndrome and has been observed in prisoners awaiting trial. "Vorbeigehen" (giving approximate answers) was the original term used by Ganser but Vorbeireden (talking past the point) is the term generally in use (Goldin 1955). This behavior is also seen in people trying to feign psychiatric disorders (hence its association with prisoners).


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: "Wahneinfall" is an alternate term for autochthonous delusions or delusional intuition. This is one of the types of primary delusions in which a firm belief comes into the individual's mind "out of the blue" or as an intuition, hence called "delusional intuition". Other types of primary delusions include delusional mood (or atmosphere), delusional (apophanous) perception and delusional memories. Care is taken not to impugn an otherwise-rational individual's instinctive aversion or inexpressible sense of or belief about a thing by dismissing it as "wahneinfall".


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Waxy flexibility, also known as , is characterized by an individual's movements having the feeling of a plastic resistance, as if the person were made of wax. This occurs in catatonic schizophrenia, and a person with this condition can have his limbs placed in fixed positions as if the person were in fact made from wax.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Windigo (also Wendigo, Windago, Windiga, Witiko, and numerous other variants) psychosis is a culture-bound disorder which involves an intense craving for human flesh and the fear that one will turn into a cannibal. This was alleged to have occurred among Algonquian Indian cultures.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: "Witzelsucht" is a tendency to tell inappropriate jokes and creating excessive facetiousness and inappropriate or pointless humor. It is seen in frontal lobe disorders usually along with . Recent research has shown that it may also be seen in frontotemporal dementia.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Usage of words in an unconventional or inappropriate way (as in ), or usage of new but understandable words that are conventionally constructed, contrasting with s, which are new words whose origins cannot be understood.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: Word salad (derived from the German "Wortsalat") is characterized by confused, and often repetitious, language with no apparent meaning or relationship attached to them. It is often symptomatic of various mental illnesses, such as psychoses, including schizophrenia. Compare .


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: "Würgstimme" refers to speaking in an odd muffled or strangled voice. It is mainly seen in schizophrenia.


title: Glossary of psychiatry

text: One of the paraphilias, characterized by marked distress over, or acting on, urges to indulge in sexual activity that involves animals.


title: Elif (TV series)

text: Elif is a Turkish TV series that aired weekly on Kanal 7. It tells the story of a 6-year-old girl separated from her mother.


title: Elif (TV series)

text: Elif, a pretty and kind 6-year-old girl, is in danger of being sold to pay the gambling debts of her stepfather, Veysel Şimşek. Her mother Melek escapes, but finds out that she is very sick. She leaves Elif in the protection of her best friend, Ayşe Doğan, a maid in a wealthy family's household. Ayşe tries to get permission from the Emiroğlu family to raise Elif in the mansion. However, she is holding a well-hidden secret: Elif is the biological child of Kenan, the beloved eldest son of the wealthy family. Kenan is unaware that Elif is his child from a past love his family forced him to leave. He is now married to Arzu Karapınar. They have a daughter, Tuğçe Emiroğlu, who is a very spoiled girl known for her bad temper. Elif is forced to live at the luxurious estate, away from her beloved mother, and unaware of her proximity to her biological father.


title: Elif (TV series)

text: Kenan's wife, Arzu, feels threatened. She and her father, Necdet Karapınar, conspire to hide a secret from Kenan about her daughter Tuğçe that she is not the his biological child, Arzu would do anything to keep her position in the family safe, creating danger for Elif. However, as crimes committed by Necdet and Arzu are exploded, Melek and Kenan reunite. Melek tries to ensure that Kenan and Elif will not be separated again.


title: Elif (TV series)

text: Elif's life changes when her mother marries Yusuf. During their move to another city, Yusuf is killed in a car accident. Melek and Elif are separated again and Elif finds herself in a hospital. Six months later, Elif goes to Macide's house and attempts to start a new life, but faces pressure from Tarik, Macide's son-in-law. In pursuit of Macide's legacy, Tarik wants to get rid of elif but will he? However, Elif has a supporter, Reyhan, who escaped from her family to study in Istanbul. She commits to protecting Elif against the family members who want her gone. Meanwhile, Melek ends up homeless with lost memory, trying to find her daughter. When her temporary house gets destroyed, she goes to another house, where she's found by İnci, Tülay, and Veysel. Tarik also begins to attack Melek. Veysel is killed by Tarik and Melek finally finds her daughter working in Macide and Kerem's house. Meanwhile, Tulay and Inci are meeting with Elif and then are moving into another city. Tarik is arrested. Someone from Tarik's supporters tries to kill both Melek and Elif but they survive.


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: Perpetua and Felicity () were Christian martyrs of the 3rd century. Vibia Perpetua was a recently married, well-educated noblewoman, said to have been 22 years old at the time of her death, and mother of an infant son she was nursing. Felicity, an enslaved woman imprisoned with her and pregnant at the time, was martyred with her. They were put to death along with others at Carthage in the area of Africa in the Roman province of Africa (now known as Tunisia).


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: "The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity" narrates their death. According to the passion narrative, five people were arrested and executed at the military games in celebration of the Emperor Septimius Severus's birthday. Along with Felicitas and Perpetua, these included two free men, Saturninus and Secundulus, and an enslaved man named Revocatus; all were catechumens or Christians being instructed in the faith but not yet baptized. To this group of five was added a further man named Saturus, who voluntarily went before the magistrate and proclaimed himself a Christian. Perpetua's first person narrative was published posthumously as part of the Passion.


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: Perpetua's account opens with conflict between her and her father, who wishes her to recant her belief. Perpetua refuses, and is soon baptized before being moved to prison. Perpetua was imprisoned in Carthage in the days leading up to her martyrdom. She described these days and what she endured in her diary. Perpetua described the physical and emotional torments that she suffered in the prison leading up to her martyrdom. Perpetua suffered physically due to the heat, rough prison guards, and the cessation of regular breastfeeding. Perpetua also described how the prison conditions improved after she was able to bribe the guards so that she and the other martyrs were moved to another part of the prison, with her infant. Her physical torment was also eased after she was able to breastfeed her child. Perpetua described bodily ailments in detail and the most common in her narrative was the cycle of pain and relief she would feel in her breasts. At the encouragement of her brother, Perpetua asks for and receives a vision, in which she climbs a dangerous ladder to which various weapons are attached. At the foot of a ladder is a serpent, which is faced first by Saturus and later by Perpetua. The serpent does not harm her, and she ascends to a garden. At the conclusion of her dream, Perpetua realizes that the martyrs will suffer. The day before her martyrdom, Perpetua envisions herself defeating a savage Egyptian and interprets this to mean that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts but with the Devil himself.


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: In Carthage a basilica was erected over the tomb of the martyrs, the Basilica Maiorum, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicitas has been found.


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: Saints Felicitas and Perpetua are among the martyrs commemorated by name in the Roman Canon of the Mass.


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: The feast day of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, 7 March, was celebrated across the Roman Empire and was entered in the Philocalian Calendar, the 4th-century calendar of martyrs venerated publicly in Rome. When Saint Thomas Aquinas's feast was inserted into the Roman calendar, for celebration on the same day, the two African saints were thenceforth only commemorated. The Tridentine Calendar, established by Pope Pius V, continued to commemorate the two until the year 1908, when Pope Pius X brought the date for celebrating them forward to 6 March. In the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas was moved, and that of Saints Perpetua and Felicity was restored to their traditional 7 March date.


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: Other Churches, including the Lutheran Church and the Episcopal Church, commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March, never having altered the date to 6 March. The Anglican Church of Canada, however, historically commemorated them on 6 March ("The Book of Common Prayer", 1962), but have since changed to the traditional 7 March date (Book of Alternative Services, 1985).


title: Perpetua and Felicity

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church the feast day of Saints Perpetua of Carthage and the catechumens Saturus, Revocatus, Saturninus, Secundulus, and Felicitas is 1 February.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek, (, ; 1 May 1908 – 15 June 1952), also known as Christine Granville, was a Polish agent of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. She became celebrated for her daring exploits in intelligence and irregular-warfare missions in Nazi-occupied Poland and France. Journalist Alistair Horne, who described himself in 2012 as one of the few people still alive who had known Skarbek, called her the "bravest of the brave." Spymaster Vera Atkins of the SOE described Skarbek as "very brave, very attractive, but a loner and a law unto herself."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: She became a British agent months before the SOE was founded in July 1940. She was the first female agent of the British to serve in the field and the longest-serving of all Britain's wartime women agents. Her resourcefulness and success have been credited with influencing the organisation's decision to recruit more women as agents in Nazi-occupied countries. In 1941 she began using the alias Christine Granville, a name she legally adopted upon naturalisation as a British subject in December 1946.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek's most famous exploit was securing the release of SOE agents Francis Cammaerts and Xan Fielding from a German prison hours before they were to be executed. She did so by meeting (at great personal risk) with the Gestapo commander in Digne-les-Bains, France, telling him she was a British agent, and persuading him with threats, lies, and a two million franc bribe to release the SOE agents. The event is fictionalized in the last episode of the British television show "Wish Me Luck."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek is often characterized in terms such as Britain's "most glamorous spy." She was stabbed to death in 1952 in London by an obsessed and spurned suitor who was subsequently hanged.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Krystyna Skarbek was born in 1908 in Warsaw, to Count Jerzy Skarbek, a Roman Catholic, and Stefania (née Goldfeder), the daughter of a wealthy assimilated Jewish family. Marrying Stefania in late December 1899, Jerzy Skarbek used his wife's dowry (her father was a banker) to pay his debts and continue his lavish lifestyle.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Notable relations included Fryderyk Skarbek, prison reformer, and Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski, United States Union general. Skarbek was distantly related to the Hungarian regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, as a cousin from the Lwów side of the family had married a relative of Horthy.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: The couple's first child, "Andrzej" (Andrew), took after the mother's side of the family. Krystyna, their second child, took after her father and his liking for riding horses, which she sat astride rather than side-saddle as was usual for women. She also became an expert skier during visits to Zakopane in the Tatra mountains of southern Poland. From the start, there was a complete rapport between father and daughter, who needed little encouragement to become a tomboy.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: At the family stables Krystyna met Andrzej Kowerski, whose father had brought him over to play with ten-year-old Krystyna while he and her father discussed agricultural matters.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: The 1920s left the family in straitened financial circumstances, and they had to give up their country estate and move to Warsaw. In 1930, when Krystyna was 22, Count Jerzy died. The Goldfeder financial empire had almost completely collapsed, and there was barely enough money to support the widowed Countess Stefania. Krystyna, not wishing to be a burden to her mother, worked at a Fiat car dealership, but soon became ill from automobile fumes and had to give up the job. At first she was thought, on the basis of shadows on her chest x-rays, to be suffering from tuberculosis, which had killed her father. She received compensation from her employer's insurance company and took her physicians' advice to lead as much of an open-air life as she could. She began spending a great deal of time hiking and skiing the Tatra Mountains. In 1930, Skarbek was a runner up in the "Miss Poland" beauty contest.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: On 21 April 1930, Krystyna married a young businessman, Gustaw Gettlich at the Spiritual Seminary Church in Warsaw. They proved incompatible, and the marriage soon ended without rancour. A subsequent love affair came to naught when the young man's mother refused to consider the penniless divorcée as a potential daughter-in-law.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: One day, on a Zakopane ski slope, Krystyna lost control and was saved by a giant of a man who stepped into her path and stopped her descent. Her rescuer was Jerzy Giżycki, a brilliant, moody, irascible eccentric, who came from a wealthy family in Kamieniec Podolski (formerly Poland, at the time the Soviet Union). At fourteen, he had quarrelled with his father, run away from home, and worked in the United States as a cowboy and gold prospector. He eventually became an author and travelled the world in search of material for his books and articles. He knew Africa well and hoped one day to return there.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: On 2 November 1938, Krystyna and Giżycki married at the Evangelical Reformed Church in Warsaw. Soon after he accepted a diplomatic posting to Ethiopia, where he served as Poland's consul general until September 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Skarbek later said of Giżycki: "He was my Svengali for so many years that he would never believe that I could ever leave him for good."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Upon the outbreak of World War II, the couple sailed for London arriving 6 October 1939, where Skarbek sought to offer her services in the struggle against the common enemy. The British authorities showed little interest but were eventually convinced by Skarbek's acquaintances, including journalist Frederick Augustus Voigt, who introduced her to the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). The first SIS mention of her was in December 1939. She was described as a "flaming Polish patriot, expert skier, and great adventuress" and "absolutely fearless."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: From London Skarbek, now a British agent, journeyed to Budapest, Hungary, arriving on 21 December 1939. Hungary was not yet a participant in World War II, but was leaning toward Nazi Germany. Skarbek's cover story for her presence in Hungary was that she was a journalist.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: She persuaded Polish Olympic skier Jan Marusarz, brother of Nordic skier Stanisław Marusarz, to escort her across the snow-covered Tatra Mountains into Nazi-occupied Poland. Arriving in Warsaw, she pleaded vainly with her mother to leave Poland. Stefania Skarbek refused; she was determined to stay in Warsaw to continue teaching French to small children. In January 1942, Stefania was arrested by the Germans as a Jew and disappeared into Warsaw's Pawiak prison. The prison had been designed in the mid-19th century by Skarbek's great-great-uncle Fryderyk Skarbek, a prison reformer and Frédéric Chopin's godfather, who had been tutored in the French language by Chopin's father.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: An incident that probably dates to Skarbek's first visit back to Poland in February 1940 illustrates the hazards she faced while working in her occupied homeland. At a Warsaw café, she was hailed by a woman acquaintance: "Krystyna! Krystyna Skarbek! What are you doing here? We heard that you'd gone abroad!" When Skarbek denied that her name was Krystyna Skarbek, the lady answered that she would have "sworn" she was Krystyna Skarbek; the resemblance was positively uncanny! After the woman left, Skarbek, to minimise suspicion, tarried a while before leaving the café.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In Hungary, Skarbek encountered Andrzej Kowerski (1912–1988), now a Polish army officer, who later used the British "nom de guerre" "Andrew Kennedy". Skarbek had first met him as a child and briefly encountered him again before the war at Zakopane. Kowerski, who had lost part of his leg in a pre-war hunting accident, was now exfiltrating Polish and other Allied military personnel and collecting intelligence.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek helped organise a system of Polish couriers who brought intelligence reports from Warsaw to Budapest. Kowerski (Kennedy)'s cousin, Ludwik Popiel, managed to smuggle out a unique Polish anti-tank rifle, model 35, with the stock and barrel sawn off for easier transport. Skarbek, for a time, concealed it in her Budapest apartment. However, it never saw wartime service with the Allies, as the designs and specifications had deliberately been destroyed upon the outbreak of war and there was no time for reverse engineering. Captured stocks of the rifle were, however, used by the Germans and the Italians.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: At the request of MI6, she and Kowerski organised surveillance of all the rail, road and river traffic on the borders with Romania and Germany. She is credited with providing intelligence on oil transports to Germany from Romania's Ploiesti oilfields.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek spent 1940 travelling back and forth between Poland and Hungary. In Budapest, in January 1941, she showed her penchant for stratagem when she and Kowerski were arrested by the Hungarian police and imprisoned and questioned by the Gestapo. She feigned symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis by biting her tongue until it bled and a doctor diagnosed her (incorrectly) with terminal tuberculosis. The Germans released them, but the couple was followed by the police afterwards and they decided to flee Hungary, a German ally.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: The British Ambassador in Hungary, Owen O'Malley and his wife the novelist Ann Bridge, undertook to help Skarbek and Kowerski escape Hungary. O'Malley issued British passports to them. Kowerski became "Anthony Kennedy", and Skarbek became "Christine Granville", a name she used for the rest of her life. She also shaved seven years off her age. Her passport gave her birth date as 1915. A British Embassy driver smuggled Skarbek out of Hungary and into Yugoslavia in the trunk of O'Malley's Chrysler. Kowerski, a.k.a. Kennedy, drove his Opel across the border. The couple reunited in Yugoslavia and O'Malley joined them later in Belgrade, where they enjoyed a few days of "drinking champagne in Belgrade's nightclubs and belly-dancing bars." In late February, Skarbek and Kowerski continued their journey in the Opel, first to Sofia, Bulgaria. Sofia's best hotel "was full of Nazis". Skarbek and Kowerski called at the British Legation, meeting with air attaché Aidan Crawley. The couple gave Crawley rolls of microfilm which they had received from a Polish intelligence organisation called the "". The microfilm contained photos of a German military buildup near the border with the Soviet Union, indicating that a German invasion of the Soviet Union was being planned. The microfilm was sent to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in London, who could scarcely believe it; but by March, with information from other sources, the Prime Minister was persuaded that Skarbek and Kowerski's intelligence was accurate. The Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Leaving Bulgaria, Kowerski and Skarbek continued on to Turkey. In Istanbul, the couple met with exiled Poles and Skarbek tried to ensure that the courier routes from Istanbul to Poland remained functional. Skarbek's husband, the intimidating Jerzy Giżycki, met them in Istanbul on 17 March 1941. Apparently no fireworks ensued when the husband met Kowerski, and they persuaded Giżycki to go to Budapest to take over Skarbek's previous role as the contact point for the British with the Polish resistance. The couple's next destinations in the Opel were Syria and Lebanon, which were under the control of Vichy France. Skarbek obtained visas from reluctant Vichy officials and they continued their journey. They then entered Mandatory Palestine and proceeded onward to Cairo, Egypt, arriving in May 1941.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek and Kowerski "had driven fairly blithely across hundreds of miles of Nazi-sympathizing territory, often carrying incriminating letters and sometimes microfilm and just weeks or at times days ahead of the Nazi advance."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Upon their arrival at SOE offices in Cairo, Kowerski and Skarbek learned they were under suspicion because of Skarbek's contacts with the Polish intelligence organisation, the Musketeers. This group had been formed in October 1939 by engineer-inventor Another source of suspicion was the ease with which she had obtained transit visas through French-mandated Syria and Lebanon from the pro-Vichy French consul in Istanbul. Only German spies, some Polish intelligence officers believed, could have obtained the visas.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: There were also specific suspicions about Kowerski. These were addressed in London by General Colin Gubbinsto be, from September 1943, head of SOEin a letter of 17 June 1941 to Polish Commander-in-Chief and the Prime Minister of Poland Władysław Sikorski:


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In June 1941, Peter Wilkinson of SOE came to Cairo and officially dismissed Skarbek and Kowerski, although keeping them on the SOE payroll with a small retainer that forced them to live in near poverty. Kowerski, who was under less suspicion than Skarbek, eventually cleared up any misunderstandings with General Kopański and was able to resume intelligence work.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: When Skarbek's husband, Jerzy Giżycki, was informed that Skarbek and Kowerski's services were being dispensed with, he took umbrage and abruptly bowed out of his own career as a British intelligence agent. When Skarbek told her husband that she loved Kowerski, Giżycki left for London, eventually emigrating to Canada. (The couple were formally divorced at the Polish consulate in Berlin on 1 August 1946.)


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: A week after the dismissal of Skarbek and Kowerski, on 22 June 1941 Germany began its Operation Barbarossa invasion of the Soviet Union, predicted by the intelligence the couple had passed along to the British from the Musketeers. It is now known that advance information about Operation Barbarossa had also been provided by a number of other sources, including Ultra.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: During the remainder of 1941, 1942, and 1943, Skarbek was given several small tasks by SOE, such as intelligence gathering in Syria and Cairo, including passing along information to the British on Polish intelligence and resistance agencies. She turned down offers of office work and continued to be sidelined from the kind of dangerous and difficult work she desired. Both she and Kowerski continued to be under suspicion by the British and resented by the Polish government-in-exile because they worked for Britain.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek's route back to active service with SOE began with her joining the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), an all-woman charity organization with military-style uniforms, that was used as a cover for many women in the SOE. The SOE officer who recruited her, Patrick Howarth, would later say jokingly that "the most useful thing I did in World War II was to reinstate Christine Granville." Her briefing officer in FANY, Gwendolin Lees, was so impressed by Skarbek (now more commonly known as Granville) that she later named a daughter after her. Despite Skarbek's experience in clandestine work, she was given SOE training for prospective agents. She proved to be a less than apt student at wireless transmitting (at which she was hopeless) and firearms (which she hated), but she loved parachuting.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: SOE's original plan to parachute Skarbek into Hungary was cancelled because the mission was deemed "little short of homicide." The continued suspicions about her by the Polish government-in-exile precluded a return to Poland. Thus, SOE decided to infiltrate her into southern France. Her French was good and she took a course to improve her English. She moved to Algeria in preparation for a mission to France, but she was not immediately dispatched because SOE believed she was "too flamboyant to work undercover effectively."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: The SOE had several branches working in France. Though most of the women in France answered to F Section in London, Skarbek's mission was launched from Algiers, the base of AMF Section. AMF Section was only set up in the wake of Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa, partly with staff from London (F Section) and partly with staff from Cairo (MO.4). AMF Section served three purposes: (1) it was simpler and safer to run the resupply operations from Allied North Africa than from London, across German-occupied France; (2) The South of France was to be liberated by separate Allied landings there (Operation Dragoon), SOE units in the area needed be supplied by their headquarters in Algiers, not by London; and, (3) AMF Section tapped into the skills of the French living in North Africa.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: With the two invasions in Normandy and southern France in summer 1944, these distinctions became irrelevant, and almost all the SOE Sections in France were united with the Maquis into the "Forces Francaises de l'Interieur" ("FFI"). (There was one exception: The EU/P Section, which was formed by Poles in France and remained part of the trans-European Polish Resistance movement, under Polish command.)


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek, now more commonly known as Christine Granville, parachuted into France on the night of 6/7 July 1944. She became part of the Jockey network headed by Francis Cammaerts, Belgian-British in nationality and a former pacifist. The job of Cammaerts and his team was to organize the French resistance fighters, the maquis, in southeastern France to weaken the German occupiers prior to the Allied invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon, which would take place on 15 August. Skarbek was Cammaerts' courier, replacing Cecily Lefort who had been captured by the Germans and would be executed. She also had been given the task of attempting to subvert the Polish conscripts in the German army who were stationed along the Franco-Italian border.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Vercors Plateau. Cammaerts was based in the hamlet of Saint-Julien-en-Vercors on the remote Vercors Plateau. Skarbek arrived in the midst of a large operation headed by British major Desmond Longe of supplying by parachute the local maquis with arms and supplies. She was out every night when the moon was bright organizing a reception committee to collect the canisters dropped by Allied airplanes on the plateau. On the morning of 14 July came a daylight drop of light arms and supplies from 72 American B-17s, the largest single-day airdrop to the maquis during World War II. Encouraged by a speech from the head of the provisional government, Charles de Gaulle, (but discouraged by Cammaerts who opposed large-scale guerrilla operations and pleaded unsuccessfully for artillery and anti-tank weapons for the maquis), a full-scale rebellion against the German occupiers broke out. The rebellion was premature and quickly crushed by German troops. On 22 July and under fire, Cammaerts and Skarbek escaped from the plateau, setting up a new base at Seyne-les-Alpes.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In the Alps. After the flight from the Vercors, Skarbek embarked on a journey of three weeks, mostly by foot (she disliked bicycles), through the Alps. She carried a rucksack filled with food and hand grenades. She made contact with two prominent leaders of the French Resistance, Gilbert Galletti and Paul Hérault (soon to be killed by the Germans), and greeted the arrival of an "Operation Toplink" team which included her friends John Roper, Paddy O'Regan, and Harvard Gunn. Their job was to organize and supply both the French and Italian resistance along the border. On 13 August, she subverted some of the Polish soldiers among the German units in the Alps. After a two-day hike to the Col de Larche, a prominent mountain pass on the Franco-Italian border, she approached a formidable fortress, manned by 150 soldiers, at the head of the pass. Speaking in Polish and revealing her identity, she talked to the 63 Polish soldiers - "Volksdeutsche", i.e., Poles who had signed the Nazi "Volksliste" as those whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship - among the defenders, and told them, when the order was given by resistance forces, to desert and destroy the fortress, giving them specific instructions on how that was to be done. Six days later a small force of maquis and two Operation Toplink officers, John Roper and John Halsey, approached the garrison and the German commander surrendered the fortress and his mutinous soldiers. The Poles in the garrison joined the French resistance as Skarbek had told them to do.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Rescuing Cammaerts. On 13 August 1944, at Digne, two days before the Allied Operation Dragoon landings in southern France, Cammaerts, Xan Fieldinganother SOE agent, who had previously operated in Creteand a French officer, Christian Sorensen, were arrested at a roadblock by the Gestapo. Skarbek rushed back from the Col de Larche, halting briefly along the way to meet a recently arrived 10-man allied military mission. She told them that, in Cammaerts' absence, she was in charge and arranged transportation for them. She also tried without success to persuade French resistance leaders to storm the prison in Digne and rescue Cammaerts and the others. She then put aside her aversion to bicycles, and cycled to Digne.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In Digne on 15 August, Skarbek circled the walls of the prison humming "Frankie and Johnny", a favourite tune of hers and Cammaerts. He responded in kind, confirming that he was within. Skarbek managed to meet with Captain Albert Schenck, an Alsatian who acted as liaison officer between the local French prefecture and the Gestapo. She introduced herself as Cammaerts' wife and a niece of British General Bernard Montgomery and threatened Schenck with terrible retribution if harm came to the prisoners. She reinforced the threat with a mercenary appeal – an offer of two million francs for the men's release.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek informed SOE in London and two million francs were air-dropped to her. On 17 August she was back in Schenck's office, money in hand. The Allied invasion of southern France had occurred on 15 August, and Allied soldiers were distant and advancing rapidly toward Digne, a fact that was apparent to the Germans and their French collaborators. Schenck introduced her to a Gestapo officer, Max Waem, a Belgian, with the authority to order the release of the SOE agents. She met him in Schenck's apartment at four in the afternoon.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: That evening, Cammaerts, Fielding, and Sorensen were marched out of the prison by Waem, dressed in his SS uniform. They anticipated they were on the way to their execution, but instead Waem led them to an automobile and they were driven to the outskirts of Digne where Skarbek was waiting for them. She got into the automobile without a nod of recognition and they thought that she too was a prisoner. They drove to the bank of a river where Fielding helped Waem bury his SS tunic. It was only then that he realized that they were being released, not executed.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: After Cammaerts and the other two men were released, Schenck was advised to leave Digne. He did not and was subsequently murdered by a person or persons unknown. His wife kept the bribe money and, after the war, attempted to exchange it for new francs. She was arrested but was released after the authorities investigated her story. She was able to exchange the money for only a tiny portion of its value. Cammaerts and Skarbek helped her return to her home. Skarbek had promised Waem he would not be arrested by the British, and battled with SOE leaders with some success to protect him. He survived the war and returned to Belgium.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: The story of Skarbeks's bribe is fictionalized in the last episode of the television series, "Wish Me Luck."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Operation Dragoon. Digne was liberated by the American army two days after Skarbek rescued Cammaerts, Fielding, and Sorensen. The maquis had cleared the way for the Americans and there was little opposition. Cammaerts and Skarbek met the American commander, Brigadier General Frederic B. Butler, at Sisteron on 20 August. They offered their help but he dismissed them as "bandits." No respecter of rank, Skarbek was furious and had to be calmed down by an aide to the general. Leaving the American army behind, the two proceeded to Gap where the maquis had captured the German garrison. Several hundred Poles, conscripted soldiers in the German army, were among the captured Germans. Skarbek addressed the Poles with a megaphone and secured their agreement to join the Allied forces, provided that they shed their German uniforms. The Poles stripped off their uniforms. General Butler arrived and disapproved of the proceedings, threatening Skarbek and Cammaerts with arrest and court martial if they did not leave. Later, they had a better reception from Butler's superior officer, General Alexander Patch, who appointed them as the liaison for the Americans with the maquis. The couple continued northward to Lyon and Paris. In September Skarbek took a military flight to London.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: When the SOE teams returned from France (or in some cases, were given 24 hours to depart by de Gaulle) in autumn 1944, some of the British women sought new missions in the Pacific War, where the war with the Empire of Japan continued; but Skarbek, as a Pole, was ideally placed to serve as a courier for missions to her homeland. As the Red Army advanced across Poland, the British government and Polish government-in-exile worked together to leave a network in place that would report on events in the People's Republic of Poland. Kowerski and Skarbek were now fully reconciled with the Polish forces and were preparing to be dropped into Poland in early 1945. However, the mission, called Operation Freston, was cancelled because the first party to enter Poland were captured by the Red Army (they were released in February 1945).


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: The women of SOE were all given military rank, with honorary commissions in either the Women's Transport Service, the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), officially part of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) though a very elite and autonomous part, or the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). In preparation for her service in France, she had been a member of the FANY. On her return, she transferred to the WAAF as a flight officer until the end of the war in Europe: 21 November 1944 to 14 May 1945.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Skarbek's exploits were recognised with award of the George Medal. Several years after the Digne incident, in London, she told another Pole and fellow World War II veteran that, during her negotiations with the Gestapo, she had been unaware of any danger to herself. Only after she and her comrades had made good their escape did it hit home: "What have I done! They could have shot me as well."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: For her work in conjunction with the British authorities, in May 1947 she was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), an award normally associated with officers of the equivalent military rank of lieutenant colonel, and a level above the most usual award of Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) given to other women agents of SOE. Despite her problems with the Poles during the war, in 1945 when Skarbek visited Polish military headquarters in her British WAAF uniform, she was treated by the Polish military chiefs with the highest respect.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: French recognition of Skarbek's contribution to the liberation of France came with the award of the Croix de Guerre.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: After the war, Skarbek was left without financial reserves or a native country to return to. Xan Fielding, whom she had saved from execution by the Gestapo, wrote in his 1954 book, "Hide and Seek", dedicated "To the memory of Christine Granville":


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: One of the other SOE agents Skarbek had rescued, Francis Cammaerts, named his daughter Christine (born 1948) after her.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Unable to find work, Skarbek went to Nairobi, Kenya Colony to join Michael Dunford, an old lover, but the British colonial government turned down her application for a work permit. She returned to London where she became in turn a telephone operator, a salesperson, a waitress, and a cabin steward on ocean liners. On one of the passenger ships, the "Ruahine," the crew, including Skarbek, were required to wear any medals they had been awarded during the war. Skarbek's "impressive line of ribbons, enough to flatter a general, made her an immediate favourite with the passengers, and an obvious target for resentment among the crew... [S]he was soon the victim of a campaign of abuse for being a foreigner, a woman and a suspected liar..." A fellow steward, Dennis Muldowney, defended her, and the two probably were lovers. Muldowney became obsessed with her, and she broke off with him, saying he was "obstinate and terrifying."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Christine Granville was stabbed to death in the Shellbourne Hotel, 1 Lexham Gardens, Earls Court, in London, on 15 June 1952. She had begun work as steward some six weeks earlier with the Union-Castle Line and had booked into the hotel on 14 June, having returned from a working voyage out of Durban, South Africa, on "Winchester Castle". Her body was identified by her cousin, Andrzej Skarbek. When her death was recorded at the Royal Borough of Kensington's register office, her age was given as 37, the age she claimed on her British passport.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Her assailant was Dennis George Muldowney, the obsessed man who had worked with Skarbek as a steward and was at the time of her murder a Reform Club porter. After being convicted of her murder, Muldowney was hanged at HMP Pentonville on 30 September 1952.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Granville was interred in St Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green, northwest London. In 2013, a ceremony marked the renovation of her grave by the Polish Heritage Society.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Following Granville's death, Andrzej Kowerski (Andrew Kennedy) led a group of men, especially Cammaerts, Roper, and Patrick Howarth, dedicated to ensuring that her name not be "sullied and succeeded in stopping several press reports and two books." Author Madeleine Masson said that "twelve men who all loved Christine...banded together to make sure that no-one wrote rubbish about her," the "rubbish" apparently being stories of her active and diverse sex life. Masson eventually received the support of the group to publish a "scrubbed" version of Granville's life. Kowerski/Kennedy died of cancer in Munich, Germany in December 1988. His ashes were flown to London and interred at the foot of Skarbek's grave.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In 1971, the Shellbourne Hotel was bought by a Polish group; in a storeroom, they found her trunk, containing her clothes, papers, and SOE issue dagger. This dagger, her medals, and some of her papers are now held in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum at 20 Prince's Gate, Kensington, London.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In May 2017, a bronze bust, by Ian Wolter, was unveiled at the Polish Hearth Club ("Ognisko Polskie") in Kensington, London.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In 2020, English Heritage announced that it would place a blue plaque honouring Skarbek at the site of the former Shellbourne Hotel. The plaque was unveiled in September 2020, six years after Granville's biographer Clare Mulley had proposed the plaque to English Heritage.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Author William F. Nolan claimed that Ian Fleming, in his first James Bond novel, "Casino Royale" (1953), modelled Vesper Lynd on Christine Granville. According to Nolan, Fleming also based Tatiana Romanova, in his 1957 novel "From Russia, with Love", on Skarbek. Skarbek biographer Clare Mulley, however, wrote that, "if Christine was immortalized as the carelessly beautiful double agent Vesper Lynd, Fleming is more likely to have been inspired by the stories he heard than the woman in person... [H]e never claimed to have met her, even in passing."


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: As her life became so wildly reported, Kowerski/Kennedy asked their mutual friend, W. Stanley Moss, to write something definitive; a series of four illustrated articles by Moss were published in "Picture Post" in 1952.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In 1999, Polish writer published a novel, "Miłośnica" ("The Lover") – an account of a fictional female journalist's attempt to probe Skarbek's story.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: On 3 May 2016 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an episode of "Great Lives" in which Krystyna Skarbek's life was proposed by Lt General Sir Graeme Lamb, with Clare Mulley as the expert witness.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: Unveiled in 2017 at "Ognisko Polskie" (the Polish Hearth Club), in London, was a bronze bust of Skarbek commissioned of sculptor Ian Wolter.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: 2018: Michael Morpurgo's book "In the Mouth of the Wolf" centres on Skarbek's World War II Resistance work with Morpurgo's uncle, Francis Cammaerts.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: In 2020 Clare Mulley unveiled an English Heritage Blue Plaque commemorating Krystyna Skarbek, at her last London address, now 1 Lexham Gardens Hotel, Kensington.


title: Krystyna Skarbek

text: On 16 March 2021 author Dana Schwartz released a podcast episode about the life of Krystyna Skarbek, "From Poland With Love".


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Port Townsend is a city on the Quimper Peninsula in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,148 at the 2020 United States Census.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: It is the county seat and only incorporated city of Jefferson County. In addition to its natural scenery at the northeast tip of the Olympic Peninsula, the city is known for the many Victorian buildings remaining from its late 19th-century heyday, numerous annual cultural events, and as a maritime center for independent boatbuilders and related industries and crafts. The Port Townsend Historic District is a U.S. National Historic Landmark District. It is also significantly drier than the surrounding region due to being in the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains, receiving only of rain per year.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The bay was originally named "Port Townshend" by Captain George Vancouver in 1792, for his friend the Marquis of Townshend. It was immediately recognized as a good safe harbor, although strong south winds and poor holding ground often make small-craft anchorage problematic off the town's waterfront.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The official European-American settlement of the city of the same name took place on April 24, 1851. American Indian tribes located in what is now Jefferson County in the mid-19th century included the Chimakum (or Chemakum), Hoh (a group of the Quileute), Klallam (or Clallam), Quinault, and Twana (the Kilcid band — Anglicized as "Quilcene").


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Port Townsend is called the "City of Dreams" because of the early speculation that the city would be the largest harbor on the west coast of the United States. Guarding the gate of Puget Sound, it would become known by its other nickname, the "Key City," a title that remains to this day.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: By the late 19th century, Port Townsend was a well-known seaport, very active and banking on the future. Many homes and buildings were built during that time, with most of the architecture ornate Victorian. During this period, in 1888, the Port Townsend Police Department was established.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Railroads were built to reach more areas in the 1870s–1890s, and Port Townsend was to be the northwest extension of the rail lines. Its port was large and frequented by overseas vessels, so shipping of goods and timber from the area was a major part of the economy. Many of the buildings were built on the speculation that Port Townsend would become a booming shipping port and major city. When the depression hit, those plans lost the capital to continue and rail lines ended on the east side of Puget Sound, mainly in Tumwater, Tacoma, and Seattle. With the other Puget Sound ports growing in size, Port Townsend saw a rapid decline in population when the Northern Pacific Railroad failed to connect the city to the eastern Puget Sound city of Tacoma. By the late 1890s, the boom was over. Without the railroad to spur economic growth, the town shrank and investors looked elsewhere to make a good return. (The Milwaukee Road built a short spur to the pulpmill and barged cars over from Anacortes.)


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Over the decades that followed, Port Townsend maintained its economic stability in a variety of ways, including the development of artillery fortifications at Fort Worden. Many people left the area, and many buildings were abandoned. Port Townsend's economy was very weak until the 1920s, when a paper mill was built on the edge of the town. The bay is now home to Naval Magazine Indian Island, the US Navy's primary munitions-handling dock on the Pacific coast.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Since the 1970s new residents, including many retirees, have moved to town. The waterfront retail district has restaurants, services, and tourist destinations. Since 1999, the city has had an annual international film festival in September. Other cultural programming, some at Fort Worden, now a state park, includes a Wooden Boat Festival, writers' conference, playwrighting festival, and blues and jazz festivals, in addition to music, dance, and live theater performances. The town has two independent movie theaters, both upgraded by 2014 to handle digital film.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Because of the speed at which the economy declined in the 1890s and the lack of any industry to replace it, very few of the Victorian buildings were torn down or built over in the intervening period. They were essentially preserved for nearly 100 years, when the value of protecting them was appreciated and fostered. Unlike most cities in the Pacific Northwest that were ravaged by natural and man-made disasters such as fire and earthquakes, prominent examples of public, private and business buildings from nearly every period of Port Townsend's history have survived to the present day.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The Port Townsend Historic District, an area including many Victorian-era buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Port Townsend is noted for its Victorian houses and significant historical buildings. The city has more than a dozen large, well-preserved buildings, including the Port Townsend Public Library (a 1913 Carnegie Library), the Federal Building (now commonly known as the city's post office), the Rose Theatre, and the Elks Lodge, which now houses Silverwater Cafe. Fort Worden, now a state park, has retained some of its pre-World War I architecture built when it was a military facility. Buildings have been adapted for other uses, including the publicly available Olympic Youth Hostel, which closed in 2011. The Jefferson County Courthouse is in a Romanesque architectural style, as popularized by Henry Hobson Richardson, with a 125-foot bell tower.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: In 1976, the Downtown waterfront and parts of Uptown were designated a Registered Historic District. Later, Fort Worden (now part of Fort Worden State Park) and the City of Port Townsend were designated National Historic Landmarks.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The Bell Tower on the bluff above downtown is one of two known towers of this type in the United States. It was used from 1890 to the 1940s to call volunteer firefighters. It was restored in 2003 by the Jefferson County Historical Society. The second bell tower is located in Helena, Montana, and was also used for fire alarms during the late 19th century.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The sign entering town calls Port Townsend a "Victorian Seaport and Arts Community." Port Townsend is host to several annual events such as the Port Townsend Wooden Boat festival, Kinetic Skulpture Race (since 1983), the Rhododendron Festival, Port Townsend Film Festival, and the annual blues and jazz festival.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Boating and maritime life are central elements in this port town, with regattas, weekly races, and a multitude of recreational opportunities, including annual boating events such as the Race to Alaska and Seventy48. The marine trades industry is an anchor economic driver for the community, with highly skilled, world-renowned tradespeople. The port is home to many classic wooden boats, and gets visits from owners of others seeking repairs. The Northwest Maritime Center is located in on the waterfront, and features a wooden boat shop. The Port Townsend Marine Science Center has facilities on a pier on the Fort Worden State Park beach.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Reflecting the numerous artists in the area, downtown has many galleries and two artists' collectives. The nonprofit Northwind Art is located in the 1885 Waterman & Katz Building downtown. There is a monthly Art Walk, and a plethora of classes, workshops, and training are available locally. The history museum is also downtown.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Since 1999, Port Townsend has held its annual international film festival in September. The Rose Theatre downtown shows contemporary American and foreign films. The Uptown Theater shows family-oriented films, and a nearby drive-in theater is open during the summer. Key City Public Theatre is the local playhouse presenting many award-winning productions and Shakespeare in the Park in the summer.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Fort Worden State Park is home to a number of cultural organizations and venues. Centrum is a culture and arts organization that hosts a multitude of concerts, festivals, and workshops. These include "Fiddle Tunes", blues, jazz, voice, chamber music, and more. Copper Canyon Press, the poetry press, is located here, as are facilities for Goddard College, Madrona Mindbody Institute, Peninsula College, and the Port Townsend School of Woodworking. In late October and November 1981, Fort Worden was the central filming location for the 1982 movie "An Officer And A Gentleman" starring Richard Gere. Starting August 24, 2019, Fort Worden will also host a new music festival called "Thing", created by Adam Zacks.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The Port Townsend Aero Museum is located at the local airport. Port Townsend has two dance schools for children and adults. The city is also home to Port Townsend Symphony Orchestra.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Port Townsend is located at (48.116514, -122.775254), on the Quimper Peninsula which extends out of the extreme northeastern end of the Olympic Peninsula, on the north end of a large, semi-protected bay. Port Townsend is adjacent to the Admiralty Inlet and a trio of state parks built on retired artillery installations (Fort Worden, Fort Casey, and Fort Flagler). The city and its surroundings are well-treed, with large Douglas fir dominant over many other tree species in the remaining wooded areas.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and , or 26.22%, are water.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Port Townsend has a moderate Mediterranean climate with damp, chilly (though not severe) winters and warm, dry summers. It lies in the Olympic rain shadow and receives an average of only annual precipitation. However, the environment is not as dry as the mean yearly total would suggest; cool breezes and fog from the Juan de Fuca Strait provide a comfortable level of humidity.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The largest private employer is the Port Townsend Paper Mill. The largest employer overall (private and public) is Jefferson Healthcare, which operates Jefferson Healthcare Hospital. Major industries include maritime trades, manufacturing, tourism, and timber.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Public education in the city is administered by Port Townsend School District, which includes Salish Coast Elementary School, Blue Heron Middle School and Port Townsend High School.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Adult education opportunities are available at Fort Worden through Goddard College, Peninsula College, Centrum Foundation, Port Townsend School of the Arts, and the Port Townsend School of Woodworking.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: State Route 20 runs southwest from Port Townsend to U.S. Route 101 at Discovery Bay. Port Angeles is west of Port Townsend by highway, and Bremerton is to the south. In addition to road links, the city is accessible via the Washington State Ferries system, which has a route from Port Townsend to Coupeville on Whidbey Island.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Electric vehicle charging stations are located at the Food Coop (414 Kearney Street), the Northwest Maritime Center (431 Water Street) and at Safeway (442 W Sims Way)


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 9,113 people, 4,544 households, and 2,322 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 5,193 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.4% White, 0.5% African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.3% of the population.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: There were 4,544 households, of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.9% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.60.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The median age in the city was 53 years. 16.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.4% were from 25 to 44; 36.7% were from 45 to 64; and 24.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: According to the 2000 census, there were 8,334 people, 3,917 households and 2,201 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,191.8 people per square mile (460.3/km). There were 4,250 housing units at an average density of 607.8 per square mile (234.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.27% White, 0.58% African American, 1.25% Native American, 1.27% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 0.89% from other races, and 2.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.30% of the population.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: There were 3,917 households, of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.8% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.67. 205 of these households were on the waiting list of the Housing Choice Voucher Program as of 2003.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Age distribution was 19.6% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: The median household income was $34,536, and the median family income was $47,027. Males had a median income of $38,013 versus $27,753 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,395. About 8.9% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Port Townsend is twinned with Ichikawa, Hyōgo, Japan. A group of local students participate in an exchange with this city during the summer.


title: Port Townsend, Washington

text: According to the Washington State Lieutenant Governor's website, Port Townsend also has a sister city relationship with Jalapa, Nicaragua, though the city's website does not reflect this.


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: Nagavalli is a 2010 Indian Telugu-language comedy horror film written and directed by P. Vasu. It is produced by Bellamkonda Suresh on Sri Sai Ganesh Productions. The film stars Venkatesh, Anushka Shetty, Kamalinee Mukherjee and Richa Gangopadhyay. It has music composed by Gurukiran. The film is a remake of director's own 2010 Kannada film "Aptharakshaka" and serves as a standalone sequel to the Tamil film "Chandramukhi" (2005).


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: An ancient painting of Chandramukhi, alias Nagavalli, is distributed as a prize to Bharatanatyam dancer Gayathri, her husband, and her family. Gayathri lives in Tirupathi with her husband, father Shankar Rao, mother Parvathi, sisters Geetha who tries to repaint the original portrait of Chandramukhi as a part of her painting hobby, and Gowri, maternal uncle Appa Rao, his wife, and maternal cousins Pooja and Hema.


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: A few years later, Gayathri and her husband are shown to be dead. Gowri, the youngest of the three sisters is engaged to be married and on the day of the wedding, one of her friends faints upon encountering a huge snake, and the bridegroom calls off the wedding after fearing something. The members of the family are affected by the presence of Chandramukhi's painting. so they contact Acharya Ramchandra Siddhanthi. The Acharya takes the help of Dr. Vijay, a psychiatrist, and assistant to Dr. Eshwar to solve the problem. All directions point to the portrait of Chandramukhi to be the cause of the problems in the Rao household. The Acharya says that it is the same painting that has resurfaced from another house, where Vijay's mentor Dr.Eshwar, and the Acharya had first come across this problem and solved it five years ago. One night, Dr. Vijay goes to the outhouse as he hears anklet sounds and finds that Gayathri is still alive but became mentally disturbed after the accident in which her husband died. It is revealed that the family decided to hide Gayathri from the public, fearing that Geetha and Gowri would not get prospective suitors for marriage. Suspecting that Gayathri is the one possessed by Chandramukhi, the Rao family along with Vijay and the Acharya, take her to a nearby temple where they find strange paranormal occurrences but fail to exorcise her.


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: Vijay starts to investigate the history of Chandramukhi. It takes him back to around 125 years when a king, Raja Sri Sri Sri Nagabhairava Rajshekhara had chanced upon a beautiful dancer Chandramukhi, also known as Nagavalli. Vijay learns that it was Nagabhairava who usurped wealth and kidnapped Chandramukhi from a Tamil kingdom and not his brother Venkatapathy Rajashekara as believed by many. Nagabhairava is smitten by Chandramukhi, but before he could do anything about it, he finds her with her lover Gunasekar and in a fit of rage, kills them both. He also orders that any virgin woman in his kingdom should be exiled or he would kill them. But his subordinates and the people of his kingdom gather against Nagabhairava and plot to assassinate him for all his wrongdoings. Nagabhairava escapes and no one knew if he is still alive or dead. Vijay also finds that someone else is also investigating the history of Chandramukhi simultaneously and gets to know that it could be the woman that is possessed by Chandramukhi.


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: Vijay finds that Nagabhairava is still alive with his astrological profile and deduces that he could live like a sage using black magic. His assumptions are right when he finds the old & crumpled Raja is alive in a cave. Meanwhile, the Acharya still believes that Gayathri is the possessed woman and tries to exorcise her with pooja and mantras. Vijay tells that she isn't possessed but is just mentally disturbed and cures her post-traumatic disorder successfully and reveals to everyone that Gowri is the one affected by Chandramukhi and proves it. They find that Gowri was in a fragile mental state due to Gayathri's trauma and a close friend's death and did research about people who live for long when she came across the legend of Chandramukhi and Nagabhairava and empathizes with their story. She tries to learn more about Chandramukhi and Gunasekar and eventually gets a personality disorder, also called possession by Chandramukhi. Vijay tells a possessed Gowri that Nagabhairava is still alive and sees her transforming into a rage-filled Chandramukhi. She goes to the cave to kill Nagabhairava. Vijay follows her where they have a battle with him, and as Nagabhairava uses his sword to behead Chandramukhi, a bolt of lightning strikes the sword, and it reduces him to ashes. Chandramukhi leaves Gowri as she has sought her revenge and finally everyone is at peace.


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: Music composed by Guru Kiran. Lyrics written by Chandrabose. Music released on Aditya Music Company. "Nagavalli"s soundtrack was released on 16 November 2010 at Shilpakala Vedika, Hyderabad. The audio launch was attended by D. Ramanaidu, Rajamouli, Puri Jagannadh, VV Vinayak, Rana, Nani, Ileana, Praneetha, KL Narayana and other film celebrities, along with "Nagavalli"'s cast and crew. Tunes were retained from Kannada for the songs Ghirani Ghirani and Omkara.


title: Nagavalli (film)

text: 123telugu.com gave a review of rating 3/5 stating "If Nagavalli can be watched separately from Chandramukhi it is a very entertaining Telugu movie. It's got the right mix of elements, and will be a treat for Venkatesh's fans." Greatandhra.com gave a review of rating 3.25/5 stating "The story line of Chandramukhi that is well known for almost all the Telugu audience continues with 'Nagavalli'. It's a perfect sequel that way. It is more thrilling and suspense filled. Although the treatment resembles something on the lines of Krishna's old film "Ave Kallu"', this proves to be interesting and gripping till the end." idlebrain.com gave a review of rating 3/5 stating "The plus points of the film are Venkatesh and Chandramukhi's premise. On the flip side, a better screenplay and an exciting climax would have helped the movie. We have to wait and see how the crowds respond to this sequel to Chandramukhi." IndiaGlitz gave a review stating "Aura Aura Nagavalli is no match to Laka Laka Laka Laka Chandramukhi, But if you are a fan of Venkatesh and wish to see a beautiful Anushka portrayed more splendidly than ever, don't miss this movie." Oneindia Entertainment gave a review stating "The first half of the film is just okay while the second half is gripping. Though the film has given the feel of rehashing the Chandramukhi film, the way the director etched each and every character needs to be complimented."


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "House of Cards", an American political drama television series created by Beau Willimon for Netflix, was released on May 30, 2017. Frank Pugliese and Melissa James Gibson took over as showrunners in place of Willimon, who departed the series. The fifth season follows Frank and Claire Underwood (Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright) and their attempt to win the 2016 Presidential Election against Republican Party nominee Will Conway (Joel Kinnaman). The Underwoods are also faced with mounting insubordination from staff and congressional colleagues as the threat of impeachment looms.


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: Following a series of sexual misconduct allegations made against Kevin Spacey in October 2017, Netflix fired the actor, making the fifth season his final appearance in the series. It consists of 13 episodes and was followed up by a final sixth season released in 2018.


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: Casting began for the season on June 17, 2016. Filming had begun by July 20, 2016, and finished by February 14, 2017.


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: On January 28, 2016, Netflix renewed "House of Cards" for a fifth season. It was also announced that series creator Beau Willimon would step down as showrunner following the fourth season. It was announced in February 2016 that Melissa James Gibson and Frank Pugliese, who both joined the show in the third season, would serve as co-showrunners for the fifth season. In October 2016, it was announced that Patricia Clarkson and Campbell Scott had been cast for the fifth season. The first trailer for the season was released on May 1, 2017. The season was released on May 30, 2017.


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 72% based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 7.46/10. The consensus reads, ""House of Cards" enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate." On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: "House of Cards" received four major nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series, Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, and Michael Kelly for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.


title: House of Cards (season 5)

text: Following the fifth season's release during early production of the sixth season in October 2017, sexual misconduct allegations against Kevin Spacey surfaced. Netflix briefly halted production and made the decision in November 2017 to part ways with the actor, marking the fifth season as his final appearance in the series.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: The second season of "Pretty Little Liars", based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on June 14, 2011, and concluded on March 19, 2012, on ABC Family. On January 10, 2011, ABC Family renewed the series for a second season. The season premiere brought in 3.68 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The Halloween special aired on October 19, 2011, drawing 2.5 million total viewers. The second half of season 2 premiered on January 2, 2012.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: Picking up the night Ian Thomas's body disappears, Spencer, Aria, Hanna, and Emily are painted as liars by the news and police. The girls' parents request they see a therapist, Dr. Anne Sullivan. They initially refuse, and after a tense therapy session, their parents ask that the girls end their friendships with one another. This creates much tension, as the girls are forced to meet in secret. Spencer reveals that Ian may still be alive, suspecting Melissa to be hiding him somewhere. With the help of Melissa's ex-fiancé Wren, the girls follow them out to an old silo, where Ian's body is discovered, along with a suicide note. Emily later realizes that the note is composed of various messages from "A" and that "A" planted the note to make them think Ian had murdered Alison. Armed with this revelation, the girls begin investigating other potential suspects, such as Alison's older brother Jason, who has moved back to town, as well as Jenna Marshall. They later cut ties with Garrett Reynolds after learning of his romantic relationship with Jenna, who Ali had accidentally blinded in a prank gone wrong.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: The girls confess to Dr. Sullivan that they are being tortured by "A", allowing Dr. Sullivan to piece together the blackmailer's identity. However, before Dr. Sullivan can inform the girls of who "A" is, she disappears. "A" forces the girls to do various tasks throughout Hanna's father's wedding day, such as forcing Aria to blackmail Ezra's former fiancé with a plagiarized college paper and sabotaging Hanna's father's wedding. Spencer is also forced to end her relationship with Toby Cavanaugh to keep him safe from "A's" wrath.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: Emily is lured out to an old barn, where she is trapped by "A" who attempts to kill her using carbon monoxide poisoning. However, someone rescues her, and Emily has a vision of Alison. The girls arrive and "A" instructs them to dig up Dr. Sullivan before she runs out of oxygen. However, "A" has framed them, and they are subsequently arrested with the shovel Alison had been murdered with. Spencer's mother is able to get them out of jail and they are forced to endure community service.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: Aria also reveals her relationship with Ezra to her parents before "A" can, which ends negatively. Aria's father makes numerous threats towards him, before causing him to lose his job at Hollis College. Although they break up briefly, Aria and Ezra begin seeing each other in secret with the help of her childhood friend, Holden Strauss. Unbeknownst to his overprotective parents, Holden participates in regular fighting competitions, despite having a severe heart condition.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: The girls later attempt to trick "A" by making them think they have something that could give away their identity; Emily is confronted by "A" in an abandoned plant nursery. When Emily reveals the girls had tricked them, "A" physically attacks her, but Aria and Spencer arrive and corner them. They throw a vase into the air, shattering the glass ceiling and allowing them enough time to escape; however, Hanna arrives and hits "A" with her car, knocking them down momentarily. The girls chase them into the woods, but lose them. When they examine Hanna's car, they discover "A's" phone on the ground, which had apparently fallen out of their pocket when Hanna hit them with her car. The girls enlist Caleb's help in unlocking the phone, as Hanna and Caleb had gotten back together during the later half of the season.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: Eventually, Alison is linked to an old doll hospital in town nearby called Brookhaven, and later a rural motel, The Lost Woods Resort. The girls attend a masquerade party, where they plan to confront "A" who appears to be a woman dressed as The Black Swan from Swan Lake. Spencer, accompanied by Mona, rides out to Lost Woods, while the other girls chase "A". Spencer and Mona are able to steal the key to one of the rooms, which is revealed to be "A's" Lair. Mona then reveals to Spencer that she is "A", while the woman at the costume party was only a decoy. Mona knocks Spencer unconscious, driving her to a nearby cliff. She gives Spencer the option of joining her "A" Team, or dying.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: Spencer momentarily escapes, and the other girls learn of Mona's plan and rush to her aid. Spencer and Mona struggle, and Mona is knocked into a ravine, but survives. Emily learns that Maya was murdered, after she had seemingly disappeared. Mona is hospitalized in Radley Sanitarium, where she is visited by a blonde woman in a red trench coat, revealing Mona was working for someone else the whole time.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: After an initial order of 24 episodes, it was announced in June that a special Halloween-themed flashback episode would air as part of ABC Family's 13 Nights of Halloween lineup, bringing the season 2 episode order to 25 episodes.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: On December 13, 2011, it was announced that the identity of A would be revealed in the Spring Finale. Filming of season two wrapped on December 16, 2011.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 2)

text: Janel Parrish, Tammin Sursok, Bianca Lawson, and Tyler Blackburn return in the second season as Mona Vanderwaal, Jenna Marshall, Maya St. Germain, and Caleb Rivers. Also returning are Yani Gellman, Torrey DeVitto, Lindsey Shaw, Claire Holt, Keegan Allen, Brant Daugherty, Brendan Robinson, and Julian Morris, who will all reprise their roles from the first season. Annabeth Gish appears as Anne Sullivan, a therapist whom the girls' parents feel can help them on their problems. Andrea Parker will play Jessica DiLaurentis, Alison's mother, who returns to Rosewood to help out with a fashion show being held in Alison's honour. Actor Drew Van Acker also joined the cast playing Jason DiLaurentis, replacing Parker Bagley.


title: Mumbai Suburban district

text: Mumbai Suburban district (Marathi: "Mumbai Upanagar Jilhā") is the second most populous district of Maharashtra in the Konkan Division. With its administrative headquarters in Bandra, the district consists of three subdivisions or tehsils (townships): Kurla, Andheri, and Borivali. The district along with Mumbai City district and other suburban localities make up "Greater Mumbai". The district occupies an area of 446 km.


title: Mumbai Suburban district

text: This is the second smallest district of Maharashtra, and the jurisdiction of Mumbai Suburban district extends from Bandra to Dahisar, from Kurla to Mulund, and from Kurla up to Trombay creek. The district is one of the largest in the country by population. The current population is 9,356,962, according to the 2011 census of India, making it the fifth most populous district in India (out of 672). The Mithi River is the main river in the district.


title: Mumbai Suburban district

text: Mumbai Suburban district was created on 1 October 1990 when Mumbai district was bifurcated into Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts.


title: Mumbai Suburban district

text: Many important places have adorned the beauty of this district, including Mount Mary Church, Jogeshwari Caves, Mahakali Caves, Essel World, Water Kingdom, Marve Beach, Aksa Beach, Madh Island, Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Aarey Colony, Kanheri Caves, Film City, Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake and Powai Lake.


title: Mumbai Suburban district

text: According to the 2011 census, Mumbai Suburban district has a population of 9,356,962, roughly equal to the nation of Benin or the US state of North Carolina. This gives it a ranking of 5th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 8.01%. Mumbai Suburban has a sex ratio of 857 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 90.9%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.23% and 1.12% of the population respectively.


title: Mumbai Suburban district

text: Marathi is the most spoken language. Hindi is the second most-spoken language and the fastest growing, and has become the common language in the district. Urdu is spoken by the Muslim community in the district. Gujarati and Marwari are spoken by the large business communities in the district. Tamil, Bhojpuri, Konkani, Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu and Bengali are minority language spoken by recent arrivals.


title: Tommy Page

text: Thomas Alden Page (May 24, 1967 – March 3, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter, best known for his 1990 hit single "I'll Be Your Everything" and was later a music industry executive. Page collaborated with many artists, including Malaysian singers Amy Mastura and Fauziah Latiff.


title: Tommy Page

text: Page was born in 1967 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, to parents Fred and Miriam Page. He grew up in nearby West Caldwell. He graduated from James Caldwell High School in 1985.


title: Tommy Page

text: Page took a leave of absence from New York University's Stern School of Business when his music career began to take off. He returned to finish his remaining two years and graduated in 1997.


title: Tommy Page

text: In 1985, Tommy and his brother, Bill Page, formed a band called Broken Promises in New Jersey. They were signed to Broccoli Rabe Records and released a self-titled four-track EP. Tommy is credited as playing keyboards, piano, and performs backing vocals.


title: Tommy Page

text: A year later, to help support himself during his first year at Stern, Page worked as a cloakroom attendant in a popular New York nightclub called Nell's. The job gave Page a chance to play his demo tape to the house DJ, who then used the demos as part of his club mixes. The unknown sounds so impressed him that soon Page was introduced to Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.


title: Tommy Page

text: Shortly after, he was asked to write the theme tune of the film "Shag" and released it as his first single. Page's self-titled debut album was released by Sire/Warner Bros. Records in November 1988 and contained hits such as "A Zillion Kisses", "Turning Me On", "I Think I'm in Love", and "A Shoulder to Cry On".


title: Tommy Page

text: The follow-up album "Paintings in My Mind" (which he dedicated to his grandmother) gave Page a No. 1 single in the U.S., "I'll Be Your Everything", a song that was written with and features members of New Kids on the Block. Other singles from the album that were released after that were "When I Dream of You" and "Turn on the Radio" (another New Kids on the Block collaboration). The album also features "Don't Give Up on Love", a duet with Latin freestyle singer Sa-Fire. Sa-Fire and Page co-wrote the song, which was released as a single overseas.


title: Tommy Page

text: Page's third album, released in 1991, was titled "From the Heart", and his vocals there showcased a wider range with higher notes than previous efforts. On this album, the ballads were more orchestral. Tommy cited the songs in the album were inspired by the current music trend at the time of Wilson Phillips. The first single, "Whenever You Close Your Eyes", saw Page working with Michael Bolton and Diane Warren. "Under the Rainbow" and "Madly in Love" also were released as singles.


title: Tommy Page

text: Page also appeared on an episode of "Full House", titled "Crushed", which first aired on January 14, 1992. In the episode, he sings a special song to Stephanie Tanner on her tenth birthday, but spends the following day with her sister DJ, much to Stephanie's dismay.


title: Tommy Page

text: As an appreciation to his fans in Asia, Page released another album, "A Friend to Rely On", in 1992. It contains a duet with Sally Yeh titled "I'm Always Dreaming of You" as well as a cover of Nik Kershaw's "Wouldn't It Be Good" and a song penned with Donna De Lory (best known as Madonna's backing singer) called "Heaven in Your Eyes". As house music was the current trend, the upbeat songs were produced in such form.


title: Tommy Page

text: Before releasing his next album "Time" in 1994, Page replaced Donny Osmond for three months in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Broadway musical "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat".


title: Tommy Page

text: Page concentrated on releasing his following albums in Asia, especially after he signed with the Japanese label Pony Canyon Records.


title: Tommy Page

text: In 1995, he released his first compilation album, "Greatest Hits: Dedicated to You". The same year, Page recorded a duet with Tiffany, "Close Our Eyes", for her album, "All the Best".


title: Tommy Page

text: His next studio album, "Loving You", was released in 1996, containing a duet with Amy Mastura titled "The Best Part" as well as a cover of John Waite's 1984 hit "Missing You".


title: Tommy Page

text: In 2011, after a successful stint as an executive at Warner Bros. Records, where he helped to shape the careers of Michael Bublé, Alanis Morissette, Josh Groban, and Green Day, among others, he joined "Billboard" magazine as publisher.


title: Tommy Page

text: As a publisher, he created new features such as the Industry Icon Award as well as the infamous Power 100 List. In April 2013, Page joined Pandora Internet Media as head of music partnerships.


title: Tommy Page

text: In 2015, Page released a single titled "I Break Down 2015", a slower version of his 1990 song of the same name. In June 2016, Page released an 18-track CD of his greatest ballads titled "My Favorites", which included the 2015 single, "I Break Down 2015" (with vocals and instrumental version).


title: Tommy Page

text: In 1993, Page and Latin freestyle singer Sa-Fire teamed to create a house-music group called La Casa, also featuring Allan Edwards Tibbett and Dacia Palmer. Page and Sa-Fire wrote and produced three songs, "Show Me the Way", "Get to You" and "Dance to My Music" for the group. The songs appeared on "New Faces", a house-music compilation on Sire/Warner Bros. Records.


title: Tommy Page

text: Page died on March 3, 2017, of an apparent suicide. He is survived by his husband Charlie and their three children.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, eccentric double nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most common largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand. While rare today due to the reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally used in some situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a given size: the greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface area and more leverage at the nut.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head: six sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. It takes only one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon and grip is optimal. However, polygons with more than six sides do not give the requisite grip and polygons with fewer than six sides take more time to be given a complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wingnuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts (e.g. cage nuts) for inaccessible areas.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized industry-specific designs that are engineered to meet various technical standards. Fasteners used in automotive, engineering, and industrial applications usually need to be tightened to a specific torque setting, using a torque wrench. Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for example, an ISO property class 10 nut will be able to support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO property class 10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of an SAE class 5 bolt, and so on.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: Many specialised types of nut exist to resist loosening of bolted joints, either by providing a prevailing torque against the male fastener or by gripping against the bolted components. These are generally referred to as locknuts.


title: Nut (hardware)

text: Note that flat (spanner or wrench) sizes differ between industry standards. For example, spanner or wrench sizes of fastener used in Japanese built cars comply with JIS automotive standard.


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: Death Takes a Holiday is a 1934 American pre-Code romantic drama starring Fredric March, Evelyn Venable and Guy Standing. It is based on the 1924 Italian play "La morte in vacanza" by (1891–1957), as adapted in English for Broadway in 1929 by Walter Ferris.


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: After years of questioning why people fear him, Death takes on human form as Prince Sirki (Fredric March) for three days so that he can mingle among mortals and find an answer. He finds a host in Duke Lambert (Guy Standing) after revealing himself and his intentions to the Duke, and he takes up temporary residence in the Duke's villa. However, Death falls in love with the beautiful young Grazia (Evelyn Venable). As he does so, Duke Lambert, the father of Grazia's mortal lover Corrado (Kent Taylor), begs him to give Grazia up and leave her among the living.


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: Death is torn between seeking his own happiness or sacrificing it so that Grazia may live. After listening to the pleas from the Duke and his houseguests, Death finally decides to let Grazia live and returns to his true self, a black shadow. As he prepares to depart, Grazia chooses to go with him, telling him that she knew all along who he really was. Death then proclaims that love is greater than illusion and is as strong as death. He puts his arm around Grazia, and they both disappear in a flash of light.


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: The theatrical premiere of the film was on February 23, 1934, at the Paramount Theatre in New York City. The home video releases have been:


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: "Time" called the film "thoughtful and delicately morbid", while Mordaunt Hall for "The New York Times" wrote that "it is an impressive picture, each scene of which calls for close attention".


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: Richard Watts, Jr, for the "New York Herald Tribune", described it as "An interesting, frequently striking and occasionally beautiful dramatic fantasy", while the "Chicago Daily Tribune" said that March was "completely submerged in probably the greatest role he has ever played." "Variety" called it "the kind of story and picture that beckons the thinker, and for this reason is likely to have greater appeal among the intelligensia." It praised March's performance as "skillful". John Mosher of "The New Yorker" wrote that the film was "nicely done", although he suggested it was "a little obnoxious with all its talk of being in love with death."


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: "The New York Times" initially listed the film among those that "failed completely" at the box office. Yet one month later the same author in the "Times" described the movie as a "gratifying success" for Paramount that "gave new life to the stockholders".


title: Death Takes a Holiday

text: The American Film Institute recognized the film with a nomination in its 2002 list, AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions.


title: InSight

text: The Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission was a robotic lander designed to study the deep interior of the planet Mars. It was manufactured by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, was managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and most of its scientific instruments were built by European agencies. The mission launched on 5 May 2018 at 11:05:01 UTC aboard an Atlas V-401 launch vehicle and successfully landed at Elysium Planitia on Mars on 26 November 2018 at 19:52:59 UTC. "InSight" was active on Mars for sols ( days; "").


title: InSight

text: "InSight" objectives were to place a seismometer, called Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS), on the surface of Mars to measure seismic activity and provide accurate 3D models of the planet's interior; and measure internal heat transfer using a heat probe called HP to study Mars' early geological evolution. This intended to a new understanding of how the Solar System's terrestrial planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars – and Earth's Moon form and evolve.


title: InSight

text: The lander was originally planned for launch in March 2016. An instrument problem delayed the launch beyond the 2016 launch window. NASA officials rescheduled the "InSight" launch to May 2018 and during the wait the instrument was repaired. This increased the total cost from US$675 million to US$830 million. NASA stated that due to excessive dust on its solar panels preventing it from recharging, they plan to put "InSight" in low-power mode for detecting seismic events in July 2022 and continue monitoring the lander through the operational period ending in December 2022. On December 19, 2022, NASA announced in a blog post that the InSight lander had lost communications with Earth, most likely marking the end of the InSight mission.


title: InSight

text: "InSight" was initially known as GEMS (Geophysical Monitoring Station), but its name was changed in early 2012 following a request by NASA. Out of 28 proposals from 2010, it was one of the three Discovery Program finalists receiving $3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept study. In August 2012, "InSight" was selected for development and launch. Managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with participation from scientists from several countries, the mission was cost-capped at US$425 million, not including launch vehicle funding.


title: InSight

text: By reusing the landing system designed for the Mars "Phoenix" lander, which successfully landed on Mars in 2008, mission costs and risks were reduced.


title: InSight

text: Lockheed Martin began construction of the lander on 19 May 2014, with general testing starting on 27 May 2015.


title: InSight

text: A persistent vacuum leak in the CNES-supplied seismometer known as the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) led NASA to postpone the planned launch in March 2016 to May 2018. When "InSight" was delayed, the rest of the spacecraft was returned to Lockheed Martin's factory in Colorado for storage, and the Atlas V launch vehicle intended to launch the spacecraft was reassigned to the "WorldView-4" mission.


title: InSight

text: On 9 March 2016, NASA officials announced that "InSight" would be delayed until the 2018 launch window at an estimated cost of US$150 million. The spacecraft was rescheduled to launch on 5 May 2018 for a Mars landing on 26 November 2018 at 20:00 UTC. The flight plan remained unchanged with launch using an Atlas V launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory was tasked with redesigning and building a new vacuum enclosure for the SEIS instrument, while CNES conducted instrument integration and testing.


title: InSight

text: On 22 November 2017, "InSight" completed testing in a thermal vacuum, also known as TVAC testing, where the spacecraft is put in simulated space conditions with reduced pressure and various thermal loads. On 23 January 2018, after a long storage, its solar panels were once again deployed and tested, and a second silicon chip containing 1.6 million names from the public was added to the lander.