title: Uncle Tupelo

text: Uncle Tupelo is credited as one of the founders of the alternative country genre, a blend of alternative rock and traditional country music. While the genre eventually became associated with solo artists such as Gram Parsons and Lyle Lovett, Uncle Tupelo is considered the first alternative country band. Some media outlets like the BBC have even suggested that they were the genre's sole creator. However, Tweedy and Heidorn dispute this claim, and Farrar says that there is no difference between alternative country and other genres such as roots rock. Heidorn commented in a Country Standard Time interview:


title: Uncle Tupelo

text: It's strange to hear Uncle Tupelo mentioned because what we were doing was in such a long line of musical history. People are wrong in starting with us and saying we started anything because we were just picking up the ball, starting with Woody Guthrie and on to the early '60s and the Flying Burrito Brothers that we were influenced by. We didn't start a genre. We contributed to a long line of fairly good music. That's the way we looked at it at the time—doing what was right for the song.


title: Uncle Tupelo

text: The band's first three albums influenced contemporary roots rock artists such as Richmond Fontaine and Whiskeytown. Uncle Tupelo's usage of distorted guitars to play a style of music that was known for its earnestness became a lasting trend in 1990s modern rock. Jason Ankeny wrote in AllMusic that:


title: Uncle Tupelo

text: With the release of their 1990 debut LP, "No Depression", the Belleville, IL, trio Uncle Tupelo launched more than simply their own career—by fusing the simplicity and honesty of country music with the bracing fury of punk, they kick-started a revolution which reverberated throughout the American underground.


title: Uncle Tupelo

text: Their 1990 album "No Depression" lent its name to an influential alternative country periodical. Due to the influence of the album and periodical, the term "No Depression" became a byword for alternative country—particularly for bands with punk rock influence. The alternative country movement played an important role in the success of future traditionalist country acts such as Robbie Fulks and Shelby Lynne.


title: Uncle Tupelo

text: Uncle Tupelo also recorded a one-hour radio special that was released by Legacy Records in 2003. Legacy only distributed the CD, entitled "The Long Cut: A One Hour Radio Special", to non-commercial radio stations as a way to promote the re-issues of the band's studio albums. The special is hosted by Lauren Frey and features interviews by Farrar, Tweedy, and Heidorn.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Buddenbrooks () is a 1901 novel by Thomas Mann, chronicling the decline of a wealthy north German merchant family over the course of four generations, incidentally portraying the manner of life and mores of the Hanseatic bourgeoisie in the years from 1835 to 1877. Mann drew deeply from the history of his own family, the Mann family of Lübeck, and their milieu.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: It was Mann's first novel, published when he was twenty-six years old. With the publication of the second edition in 1903, "Buddenbrooks" became a major literary success. Its English translation by Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter was published in 1924. The work led to a Nobel Prize in Literature for Mann in 1929; although the Nobel award generally recognises an author's body of work, the Swedish Academy's citation for Mann identified "his great novel "Buddenbrooks"" as the principal reason for his prize.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Mann began writing the book in October 1897, when he was twenty-two years old. The novel was completed three years later, in July 1900, and published in 1901. His objective was to write a novel on the conflicts between businessman and artist's worlds, presented as a family saga, continuing in the realist tradition of such 19th-century works as Stendhal's "Le Rouge et le Noir" (1830; "The Red and the Black"). "Buddenbrooks" is his most enduringly popular novel, especially in Germany, where it has been cherished for its intimate portrait of 19th-century German bourgeois life.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Before "Buddenbrooks" Mann had written only short stories, which had been collected under the title "Der kleine Herr Friedemann" (1898, "Little Herr Friedemann"). They portrayed spiritually challenged figures who struggle to find happiness in (or at the margins of) bourgeois society. Similar themes appear in the "Buddenbrooks", but in a fully developed style that already reflects the mastery of narrative, subtle irony of tone, and rich character descriptions of Mann's mature fiction.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: The exploration of decadence in the novel reflects the influence of Schopenhauer's "The World as Will and Representation" (1818, 1844) on the young Mann. The Buddenbrooks of successive generations experience a gradual decline of their finances and family ideals, finding happiness increasingly elusive as values change and old hierarchies are challenged by Germany's rapid industrialisation. The characters who subordinate their personal happiness to the welfare of the family firm encounter reverses, as do those who do not.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: The city where the Buddenbrooks live shares so many street names and other details with Mann's native town of Lübeck that the identification is unmistakable, although the novel makes no mention of the name. The young author was condemned for writing a scandalous, defamatory "roman à clef" about (supposedly) recognisable personages. Mann defended the right of a writer to use material from his own experience.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: The years covered in the novel were marked by major political and military developments that reshaped Germany, such as the Revolutions of 1848, the Austro-Prussian War, and the establishment of the German Empire. Historic events nevertheless generally remain in the background, having no direct bearing on the lives of the characters.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: In 1835, the wealthy and respected Buddenbrooks, a family of grain merchants, invite their friends and relatives to dinner in their new home in Lübeck. The family consists of patriarch Johann Buddenbrook Jr. and his wife Antoinette; their son Johann III ("Jean") and his wife Elizabeth, and the latter's three school-age children, sons Thomas and Christian, and daughter Antonie ("Tony"). They have several servants, most notably Ida Jungmann, whose job is to care for the children. During the evening, a letter arrives from Gotthold, estranged son of the elder Johann and half-brother of the younger. The elder Johann disapproves of Gotthold's life choices, and ignores the letter. Johann III and Elizabeth later have another daughter, Klara.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: As the older children grow up, their personalities begin to show. Diligent and industrious Thomas seems likely to inherit the business some day. By contrast, Christian is more interested in entertainment and leisure. Tony has grown quite conceited and spurns an advance from the son of another up-and-coming family, Herman Hagenström. Herman takes it in stride, but Tony bears a grudge against him for the rest of her life. The elder Johann and Antoinette die, and the younger Johann takes over the business, and gives Gotthold his fair share of the inheritance. The half-brothers will never be close, though, and Gotthold's three spinster daughters continue to resent Johann's side of the family, and delight in their misfortune over the coming years. Thomas goes to Amsterdam to study, while Tony goes to boarding school. After finishing school, Tony remains lifelong friends with her former teacher, Therese "Sesemi" Weichbrodt.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: An obsequious businessman, Bendix Grünlich, of Hamburg, introduces himself to the family, and Tony dislikes him on sight. To avoid him, she takes a vacation in Travemünde, a Baltic resort northeast of Lübeck, where she meets Morten Schwarzkopf, a medical student in whom she is interested romantically. In the end, though, she yields to pressure from her father, and marries Grünlich, against her better judgment, in 1846. She produces a daughter, Erika. Later, though, it is revealed that Grünlich had been cooking his books to hide unpayable debt, and had married Tony solely on the hopes that Johann would bail him out. Johann refuses, and takes Tony and Erika home with him instead. Grünlich goes bankrupt, and Tony divorces him in 1850.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Christian begins traveling, going as far as Valparaíso, Chile. At the same time, Thomas comes home, and Johann puts him to work at the business. During the unrest in 1848, Johann is able to calm an angry mob with a speech. He and Elizabeth become increasingly religious in their twilight years. Johann dies in 1855, and Thomas takes over the business. Christian comes home and initially goes to work for his brother, but he has neither the interest nor the aptitude for commerce. He complains of bizarre illnesses and gains a reputation as a fool, a drunk, a womanizer, and a teller of tall tales. Thomas, coming to despise his brother, sends him away, to protect his own and his business's reputation. Later, Thomas marries Gerda Arnoldsen, daughter of a wealthy Amsterdam merchant, violin virtuoso and Tony's former schoolmate.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Klara marries Sievert Tiburtius, a pastor from Riga, but she dies of tuberculosis without producing any children. Tony marries her second husband, Alois Permaneder, a provincial but honest hops merchant from Munich. However, once he has her dowry in hand, he invests the money and retires, intending to live off his interest and dividends, while spending his days in his local bar. Tony is unhappy in Munich, where her family name impresses no one, where her favorite seafoods are unavailable at any price in the days before refrigeration, where even the dialect is noticeably different from her own. She delivers another baby, but it dies on the same day it is born, leaving her heartbroken. Tony later leaves Permaneder after she discovers him drunkenly trying to rape the maid. She and Erika return to Lübeck. Somewhat surprisingly, Permaneder writes her a letter apologizing for his behavior, agreeing not to challenge the divorce, and returning the dowry.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: In the early 1860s, Thomas becomes a father and a senator. He builds an ostentatious mansion and soon regrets it, as maintaining the new house proves to be a considerable drain on his time and money. The old house, now too big for the number of people living in it, falls into disrepair. Thomas suffers many setbacks and losses in his business. His hard work keeps the business afloat, but it is clearly taking its toll on him. Thomas throws a party to celebrate the business's centennial in 1868, during which he receives news that one of his risky business deals has resulted in yet another loss.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Erika, now grown up, marries Hugo Weinschenk, a manager at a fire insurance company, and delivers a daughter, Elizabeth. Weinschenk is arrested for insurance fraud and is sent to prison. Thomas's son, Johann IV ("Hanno"), is born a weak, sickly runt and remains one as he grows. He is withdrawn, melancholic, easily upset and frequently bullied by other children. His only friend, Kai Mölln, is a dishevelled young count, a remnant of the medieval aristocracy, who lives with his eccentric father outside Lübeck. Johann does poorly in school, but he discovers an aptitude for music, clearly inherited from his mother. This helps him bond with his uncle Christian, but Thomas is disappointed by his son.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: In 1871, the elder Elizabeth dies of pneumonia. Tony, Erika, and little Elizabeth sadly move out of their old house, which is then sold, at a disappointing price, to Herman Hagenström, who is now a successful businessman himself. Christian expresses his desire to marry Aline, a woman of questionable morals with three illegitimate children, one of whom may or may not be Christian's. Thomas, who controls their mother's inheritance, forbids him. Thomas sends Johann to Travemünde to improve his health. Johann loves the peace and solitude of the resort, but returns home no stronger than before. Weinschenk is released from prison, a disgraced and broken man. He soon abandons his wife and daughter and leaves Germany, never to return.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Thomas, becoming increasingly depressed and exhausted by the demands of keeping up his faltering business, devotes ever more time and attention to his appearance, and begins to suspect his wife may be cheating on him. In 1874, he takes a vacation with Christian and a few of his old friends to Travemünde during the off season, where they discuss life, religion, business and the unification of Germany. In 1875, he collapses and dies after a visit to his dentist. His complete despair and lack of confidence in his son and sole heir are obvious in his will, in which he directed that his business be liquidated. All the assets, including the mansion, are sold at distress prices, and faithful servant Ida is dismissed.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Christian gains control of his own share of his father's inheritance and then marries Aline, but his illnesses and bizarre behavior get him admitted to an insane asylum, leaving Aline free to dissipate Christian's money. Johann still hates school, and he passes his classes only by cheating. His health and constitution are still weak, and it is hinted that he might be homosexual. Except for his friend Count Kai, he is held in contempt by everyone outside his immediate family, even his pastor. In 1877, he takes ill with typhoid fever and soon dies. His mother, Gerda, returns home to Amsterdam, leaving an embittered Tony, her daughter Erika and granddaughter Elizabeth as the only remnants of the once proud Buddenbrook family, with only the elderly and increasingly infirm Therese Weichbrodt to offer any friendship or moral support. Facing destitution, they cling to their wavering belief that they may be reunited with their family in the afterlife.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: One of the more famous aspects of Thomas Mann's prose style can be seen in the use of leitmotifs. Derived from his admiration for the operas of Richard Wagner, in the case of "Buddenbrooks" an example can be found in the description of the color – blue and yellow, respectively – of the skin and the teeth of the characters. Each such description alludes to different states of health, personality and even the destiny of the characters. Rotting teeth are also a symbol of decay and decadence because it implies indulging in too many cavity-causing foods. An example of this would be Hanno's cup of hot chocolate at breakfast.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Aspects of Thomas Mann's own personality are manifest in the two main male representatives of the third and the fourth generations of the fictional family: Thomas Buddenbrook and his son Hanno Buddenbrook. It should not be considered a coincidence that Mann shared the same first name with one of them. Thomas Buddenbrook reads a chapter of Schopenhauer's "The World as Will and Idea", and the character of Hanno Buddenbrook escapes from real-life worries into the realm of music, Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde" in particular. (Wagner himself was of bourgeois descent and decided to dedicate himself to art.) In this sense both Buddenbrooks reflect a conflict lived by the author: departure from a conventional bourgeois life to pursue an artistic one, although without rejecting bourgeois ethics.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: In any case, a central theme of Thomas Mann's novels, the conflict between art and business, is already a dominant force in this work. Music also plays a major role: Hanno Buddenbrook, like his mother, tends to be an artist and musician, and not a person of commerce like his father.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Thomas Mann did not intend to write an epic against contemporary aristocratic society and its conventions. On the contrary, Mann often sympathizes with their Protestant ethics. Mann criticizes with irony and detachment. When "Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus" (1905, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism") by Max Weber was published, Thomas Mann himself recognised the affinities with his own novel.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Before writing the novel, Mann conducted extensive research in order to depict with immaculate detail the conditions of the times and even the mundane aspects of the lives of his characters. In particular, his cousin Marty provided him with substantial information on the economics of Lübeck, including grain prices and the city's economic decline. The author carried out financial analysis to present the economic information depicted in the book accurately.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Accurate information through extensive research was a general topic in Thomas Mann's other novels. Some characters in the book speak in the Low German of northern Germany.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: In the conversations appearing in the early parts of the book, many of the characters switch back and forth between German and French, and are seen to be effectively bilingual. The French appears in the original within Mann's German text, similar to the practice of Tolstoy in "War and Peace". The bilingual characters are of the older generation, who were already adults during the Napoleonic Wars; in later parts of the book, with the focus shifting to the family's younger generation against the background of Germany moving towards unification and assertion of its new role as a major European power, the use of French by the characters visibly diminishes.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: All occurrences in the lives of the characters are seen by the narrator and the family members in relation to the family trade business: the sense of duty and destiny accompanying it as well as the economic consequences that events bring. Through births, marriages, and deaths, the business becomes almost a fetish or a religion, especially for some characters, notably Thomas and his sister Tony. The treatment of the female main character Tony Buddenbrook in the novel resembles the 19th-century realists (Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" and Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina"), but from a more ironic and less tragic point of view.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Mann's emotional description of the Frau Consul's death has been noted as a significant literary treatment of death and the subject's self-awareness of the death process.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: In part 10, chapter 5, Thomas Mann described Thomas Buddenbrook's encounter with Arthur Schopenhauer's philosophy. When he read the second volume of Schopenhauer's "The World as Will and Representation", Thomas Buddenbrook was strongly affected by Chapter 41, entitled "On Death and Its Relation to the Indestructibility of Our Inner Nature." From this chapter's influence, he had such thoughts as "Where shall I be when I am dead? ...I shall be in all those who have ever, do ever, or ever shall say 'I' " ..."Who, what, how could I be if I were not—if this my external self, my consciousness, did not cut me off from those who are not I?"..."soon will that in me which loves you be free and be in and with you – in and with you all." "I shall live...Blind, thoughtless, pitiful eruption of the urging will!" Schopenhauer had written that "Egoism really consists in man's restricting all reality to his own person, in that he imagines he lives in this alone, and not in others. Death teaches him something better, since it abolishes this person, so that man's true nature, that is his will, will henceforth live only in other individuals." According to this teaching, there really is no self to lose when death occurs. What is usually considered to be the self is really the same in all people and animals, at all times and everywhere. Irvin D. Yalom had a character in his novel describe it as follows:


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Alfred Weidenmann directed "The Buddenbrooks" television series starring Liselotte Pulver, Nadja Tiller, Hansjörg Felmy, Hanns Lothar, Lil Dagover and Werner Hinz. "Buddenbrooks – 1. Teil" was released in 1959, and "Buddenbrooks – 2. Teil" was released in 1960.


title: Buddenbrooks

text: Franz Peter Wirth directed a television series, consisting of 11 episodes, that premiered in 1979. It was filmed in Gdańsk, which had been less damaged by war than Lübeck was.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series "Game of Thrones." The 46th episode overall, it was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. It first aired on HBO on May 17, 2015.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: In the episode, Arya Stark is shown the secret of the Faceless Men of Braavos; Tyrion Lannister and Jorah Mormont are captured by slavers; Jaime Lannister attempts to take Myrcella Baratheon out of Dorne by force; Petyr Baelish meets with Cersei Lannister; Loras Tyrell is interrogated by the High Sparrow; and Sansa Stark marries Ramsay Bolton in Winterfell. The episode polarized critics and viewers for its ending, depicting a violent sexual assault. It received a rating of 54% on Rotten Tomatoes, and was the lowest-rated episode until "The Bells" in season 8. Nonetheless, director Jeremy Podeswa received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for this episode.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: The name of the episode comes from the House Martell motto "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken", words about strength that are put in contrast with the fates of several main characters, especially women, as these take a turn for the worse.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: The Waif tells Arya that to pass the Game of Faces she must be able to convincingly lie. Arya plays with the waif, who is able to detect that Arya is lying about her hatred for the Hound, despite her insistence to the contrary. Later, when a man brings his sick daughter to the temple so that she can die in peace, Arya lies to her that she was ill like her in the past and gives her the temple's poisoned water to end her suffering. Jaqen takes Arya to a chamber where the Faceless Men store the faces of all the people that have died in the temple and tells her that she is not yet ready to become no one, but she is ready to become someone else.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Tyrion tells Jorah that his father Jeor is dead. Soon after, they are captured by slavers. After hearing that Daenerys has reopened the fighting pits, Tyrion convinces the slavers to take them to Meereen, saying that Jorah is an accomplished warrior.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Baelish arrives in King's Landing and tells Cersei that Sansa will marry Ramsay at Winterfell, and gets her approval to lead the Knights of the Vale to destroy the victor of Stannis' attack on the Boltons and be named Warden of the North. Olenna arrives and tells Cersei that her actions have put the Lannister-Tyrell alliance in peril, but Cersei claims that she had nothing to do with Loras' arrest. At Loras' inquest, the High Sparrow interrogates Loras and Margaery, who both deny that Loras is homosexual. Olyvar testifies against Loras and the Faith Militant arrests Loras; Margaery is also arrested for perjury.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: As the Sand Snakes prepare to abduct Myrcella, Bronn and Jaime disguise themselves as Dornish guards and infiltrate the Water Gardens to rescue her first. A skirmish between the two parties ensues before Dornish guards, led by Areo Hotah, arrive and arrest both groups. Ellaria Sand is also taken into custody.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Before her wedding to Ramsay, Sansa is visited by Myranda claiming she was ordered to bathe her. While doing so, Myranda tries to intimidate Sansa by telling her not to bore Ramsay like "all the other girls".


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: After his wedding to Sansa, Ramsay brings her to his chambers and takes her virginity by raping her. A horrified Reek attempts to leave, but Ramsay forces him to stay and watch.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: This episode was written by the series producer Bryan Cogman, who has written at least one episode in every season of the show. It contains some content from George Martin's novel "A Feast for Crows", chapters Arya II, The Queenmaker, Cat of the Canals, and Cersei X and "A Dance with Dragons", chapters the Ugly Little Girl, Tyrion X, and the Prince of Winterfell, though series consultant Elio Garcia describes the portrayal of some of these events as "vastly different" from the original.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Like other episodes this season, it also included content and storylines written specifically for the television adaptation. Myles McNutt of "A.V. Club" points out that this changes the way the viewers interpret the showrunner's decisions. When describing his opinion of the decision to show Sansa raped by Ramsay on their wedding night (a storyline given to a different character, Jeyne Poole, in the books), he compares the scene to a similar one between Daenerys and Drogo in season one (which was consensual in the novels): "While we could frame the shifted events of Dany and Khal Drogo’s wedding night in light of where we knew Dany’s story was going, here we have no idea what this does to Sansa’s storyline." Most critics questioned the decision to show Sansa raped on her wedding night, but, as "Business Insider" pointed out, "The book version of this scene was much, much worse," with Theon ordered, graphically, to participate in Jeyne's mistreatment. In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", show writer Bryan Cogman was asked about the decision to decrease the level of violence, responding, "Lord no. "No-no-no-no-no." No. It’s still a shared form of abuse that they have to endure, Sansa and Theon. But it’s not the extreme torture and humiliation that scene in the book is."


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: However, in other ways, the episode veers back to book canon: "Whereas Loras’ arrest suggested the show was replacing Margaery's alleged dalliances with his homosexuality, here the show gradually builds to Margaery's arrest for lying on her brother's behalf."


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken" was directed by Jeremy Podeswa. He also directed the previous episode, "Kill the Boy".


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken" was watched by 6.24 million American viewers during its first airing. With Live+7 DVR viewing factored in, the episode had an overall rating of 8.79 million viewers, and a 4.5 in the 18-49 demographic. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 2.285 million viewers, making it the highest-rated broadcast that week. It also received 0.126 million timeshift viewers.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: The episode received polarized reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode received a 54% approval rating from 50 critics with a rating average of 7.55 out of 10, the lowest of any episode in the series at that time. The critical consensus states: "Unbalanced storytelling and unnecessary, excessive brutality add up to disturbing viewing, although 'Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken' still includes enough plot revelations to offer hope for future episodes." The majority of professional criticism concerned the decision to have Ramsay rape Sansa on their wedding night, with most critics describing the scene as gratuitous and artistically unnecessary. "This grim scene was difficult for the show to justify," said Charlotte Runcie of "The Daily Telegraph". Joanna Robinson of "Vanity Fair" added, "this rape scene undercuts all the agency that’s been growing in Sansa since the end of last season. [...] I’d never advocate that "Game of Thrones" (or any work of fiction) shy away from edgy plots out of fear of pushback or controversy. But edgy plots should always accomplish something above pure titillation or shock value and what, "exactly", was accomplished here?" Christopher Orr wrote in "The Atlantic", "I continue to be astonished that showrunners Benioff and Weiss still apparently believe that their tendency to ramp up the sex, violence, and—especially—sexual violence of George R.R. Martin’s source material is a strength rather than the defining weakness of their adaptation." Myles McNutt of "The A.V. Club" wrote, "The issue with the show returning to rape as a trope is not simply because there have been thinkpieces speaking out against it, and is not solely driven by the rational concerns lying at the heart of those thinkpieces. It’s also that the show has lost my faith as a viewer." Writers from "Vanity Fair", "The Mary Sue" and "The Daily Beast" all disapproved of the decision to use Sansa's victimization as a motivating agent for Theon, saying that the scene undermined Sansa's character development: "Was it really important to make that scene about Theon's pain?" wrote Joanna Robinson of "Vanity Fair".


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Other critics responded positively to the scene. Sean T. Collins of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "[B]y involving a multidimensional main character instead of one introduced primarily to suffer, the series has a chance to grant this story the gravity and seriousness it deserves. Sarah Hughes of "The Guardian" wrote: "I have repeatedly made clear that I’m not a fan of rape as a plot device – but the story of Ramsay and Sansa’s wedding was more than that. [...] The writers are walking a very fine line here. They handled it well tonight, telling a gothic tale of innocence sacrificed". Alyssa Rosenberg of "The Washington Post" wrote that the scene "managed to maintain a fine balance, employing a dignity and care for the experiences of victims that "Game of Thrones" has not always demonstrated."


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Some critics questioned why this scene in particular should generate outrage when similar scenes have not. Sara Stewart of the "New York Post" pointed out that the rape and sexual abuse of both female and male characters is typical for "Game of Thrones": "Why are we suddenly so outraged about the rape of Sansa Stark, when this show has served up a steady diet of sexual assault and violence against women since its first season began?" Cathy Young of "Reason" magazine, writing in "Time" noted what she calls a lack of complaint in response to the sexual mistreatment of male characters in earlier seasons, specifically the literal emasculation of Theon Greyjoy and the sexual assault of Gendry.


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Criticism of the scene has not extended to the quality of the acting. Joanna Robinson of "Vanity Fair" wrote, "And if we can say one positive thing about that scene it's that Allen nailed his performance. Theon's horror mirrored our own and the camera—focusing on his reaction—let our minds fill in the blanks." Sophie Turner defended the scene as an artistic challenge for herself as an actor, saying, "When I read that scene, I kinda loved it. I love the way Ramsay had Theon watching. It was all so messed up. It’s also so daunting for me to do it. [...] I think it's going to be the most challenging season for me so far, just because it's so emotional for her. It’s not just crying all the time, like seasons 2 or 3, it’s super messed up." She had since gone on to interview for the DailyMail about it and that the scene had inspired her to work for organizations to stop violence against women and to help underprivileged girls and women in Africa in similar situations. Iwan Rheon (Ramsay Bolton) agreed, referring to Turner's performances this season as "absolutely amazing."


title: Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken

text: Some viewers, including U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill, announced that they would stop watching the show because of this scene. According to "Business Insider", this scene and increased use of streaming services are likely reasons why ratings dropped from 6.2 million viewers for this episode to 5.4 million for the next episode, "The Gift." However, there is some question as to how much of this drop is attributable to its Memorial Day weekend air date. Rebecca Martin of "Wetpaint" maintains that the air date was probably the only reason for the decrease in ratings. The season two episode "Blackwater," which also aired on Memorial Day, also suffered a notable drop in ratings. No episode was aired on Memorial Day weekend in either season three or season four. Whatever the reason, the ratings for the episode after "The Gift," "Hardhome," were higher than those of both previous episodes.


title: Alix Lapri

text: Alexus Lapri Geier (born November 6, 1996), known professionally as Alix Lapri, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Born in Topeka, Lapri participated in many talent shows in her youth. She portrays Effie Morales on "Power" and its sequel and spin-off, "".


title: Alix Lapri

text: Lapri signed with Crown World Entertainment in 2011, and had become friends with Jacob Latimore, as they were signed to the same production company. They released many song covers together, including that of "My Boo", a song by both Usher and Alicia Keys. In 2012, Lapri released her first extended play titled "I Am Alix Lapri". The EP was released free of charge for download on multiple media outlets, and was met with positive reviews from various demographics.


title: Alix Lapri

text: She began her acting career in 2012, guest starring on a few episodes of Reed Between the Lines as Nataya. Following this, she has also had roles on shows such as Red Band Society (2014), as Quinby, and in major motion films such as Den of Thieves (2018), as Maloa.


title: Alix Lapri

text: Alexus Lapri Geier was born November 6, 1996, in Topeka, Kansas to her mother, Lynn Geier. The oldest out of three children, Lapri had begun taking an interest in music at an early age.


title: Alix Lapri

text: In July 2011, Lapri released a remixed cover of Jawan Harris's song, "Keisha", which featured Tyga, titled "Forget Keisha". The song was widely popular on BET's 106 & Park, and Lapri both found his voice to be breathtaking and had been a huge fan of him, in which, this caused her to record the remix. Her remix found success across his fan base, and she gained a considerable amount of recognition from it. The following month, she and label mate, Jacob Latimore, recorded a cover of the Alicia Keys and Usher song, "My Boo". In December, Lapri was featured on Jawan Harris’ "It’s On!" mixtape. On this mixtape, she recorded a remix cover of Big Sean’s Marvin & Chardonnay with Issa, which was age-friendly renamed to "Chris Brown and Kool-Aid".


title: Alix Lapri

text: In January 2012, she was featured on Issa's mixtape, King Issa, on a track titled Arriven. In July, Lapri released her first EP titled "I Am Alix Lapri". The extended play was released free of charge for download on multiple media outlets, and was met with generally positive reviews. Crown World Entertainment announced the No. 1 Girl Power Tour, which would have featured Lapri, Cymia, HiRiz and Kourtney Heart as performers. The tour was cancelled before any tour dates were released, for unforeseen reasons. In October, she appeared on season one of BET's Reed Between the Lines as Nataya, alongside Tracee Ellis Ross and Malcolm-Jamal Warner.


title: Alix Lapri

text: In November, Alix sang the National Anthem at the WNBA Atlanta Dream playoff game against the Indiana Fever. She was also featured on Jacob Latimore's "This Is Me" mixtape, on the sixth track listed song, "Clique", which featured Lapri and Justin Martin. Latimore, Lapri, and Martin were the first entertainers to be signed to Crown World Entertainment. In December, she was featured on the cover of Sesi Magazine. Also, she and Rick of Bluff City recorded a cover of "Nobody's Business", a Rihanna and Chris Brown song. The video was sequentially released that following week. In May 2013, Lapri was featured on the cover of G3 Magazine. She also starred in Standing Up, a film about two kids who befriend each other after being left nude in a lake as victims of a summer camp prank. They run away from camp and for three days learn more about each other than they've ever known before. She played the role of Tiwana, and the film was released in August.


title: Alix Lapri

text: In 2014, Lapri starred guest starred in Red Band Society as Quinby, on the episode titled, "There's No Place Like Homecoming". Quinby was a passive aggressive teenager that had befriended Emma, a patient, at her first school dance. She also played the role of Brittany in Core: A Short Film About Bullying, which was filmed two years prior to its release in 2014. In 2015, Jacob Latimore and Lapri released a cover of Rae Sremmurd's "Throw Summo". She released a cover for "Wish Your Love Away" by Brandy. He and Lapri also attended the 2015 Kids Choice Awards together, where she spoke about her large YouTube fan base, and how she was finding a new sound for herself and her music. She covered Cher Lloyd's With Ur Love, and sequentially released a music video for it. In 2016, Lapri released a song with Brandon Rossi, titled "5 Mo Minutes". The song is a single from a new body new music that Lapri is working on. She also released a cover for Too Good, a single by Drake.


title: Alix Lapri

text: In 2017, it was announced that Lapri would be joining alongside Boris Kodjoe and Nicole Ari Parker in Downsized, which is focused on Ebony (Nicole) and Michael (Boris) being forced into a modern "shotgun" wedding after becoming teenage parents, ultimately putting their personal goals to the side to support their family. In the end, the two sweethearts manage to overcome the odds and negative stereotypes, establishing an ideal life for themselves. It was also announced that Lapri would be starring alongside Gerard Butler and 50 Cent, playing the role of Maloa, in the movie production Den of Thieves. Den of Thieves follows a thief getting trapped between two sets of criminals while planning a bank heist, and is set to be released January 19, 2018. Lapri has also appeared on The Wayne Ayers Podcast.


title: Rucker Park

text: Greg Marius Court at Holcombe Rucker Park is a basketball court in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, at 155th Street and Frederick Douglass Boulevard, just east of the former Polo Grounds site. It is geographically at the base of a large cliff named Coogan's Bluff. Many who have played at the park in the Entertainer's Basketball Classic (also known as the Rucker Tournament) achieved a level of fame for their abilities, and several have gone on to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Rucker Park

text: The park was established in 1956 next to 156; the school closed in 1981. The land that the park is on was once the site of the 8th Avenue Railroad Company. Since 1974, the park has been named after Holcombe Rucker, a local teacher and a playground director for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Rucker started a basketball tournament in 1950 in order to help less-fortunate kids stay off the streets and aim for college careers. The players in the Rucker Tournament featured slam dunks, crossover dribbles, and bravado that excited the crowd, a playing style then foreign to the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Rucker Park

text: In June 2017, New York City mayor Bill de Blasio dedicated the court to Greg Marius, founder of the Entertainer's Basketball Classic streetball tournament held at the park. The park underwent $520,000 in renovations between August and October 2021, funded in part by the National Basketball Players Association and New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In addition to the basketball court, the park has a baseball field, handball courts, children's playground, bathrooms, and a spray shower.


title: Rucker Park

text: Rucker Park was featured in the TNT television film "On Hallowed Ground: Streetball Champions of Rucker Park", which aired in 2000 and won a Sports Emmy Award. It was also featured in the 2018 film "Uncle Drew".


title: Rucker Park

text: In 2022, Rucker Park became the first outdoor venue for The Basketball Tournament, a single-elimination winner-take-all tournament with a $1 million prize, acting as one of eight regional venues of the competition.


title: Rucker Park

text: Although many professional basketball players have played at the court after gaining prominence, many others developed their basketball skills at Rucker prior to becoming notable in the sport, including:


title: Rucker Park

text: Other amateur players who made a name for themselves at Rucker but never played in the ABA or NBA included Earl Manigault, Joe Hammond and Pee Wee Kirkland.


title: FBI Academy

text: The FBI Academy is the Federal Bureau of Investigation's law enforcement training and research center near the town of Quantico in Stafford County, Virginia. Operated by the bureau's Training Division, it was first opened for use on May 7, 1972 on of woodland, which is not available for public tours. The academy was opened for the purpose of training the new agents after FBI Agents were granted the power to arrest, and to possess a firearm, in 1933. As the newly armed agents needed somewhere to train, the Marine Corps granted them access to their firing ranges in Quantico, Virginia. After outgrowing the Marine Corps firing ranges the FBI was granted permission to build their own firing range and classroom on the base. Over time they added new sections such as a whole new wing, kitchen, and basement. But with the rapid growth it still wasn't enough for their needs.


title: FBI Academy

text: In 1965, the FBI received approval for a new complex at Quantico and construction began in 1969. The new facility opened in 1972, with more than two dozen classrooms, eight conference rooms, a large auditorium, a gym, pool, library, and a new firing range. The new complex had everything the FBI needed to train new agents in large numbers.


title: FBI Academy

text: In addition to training new FBI agents at the facility, the Training Division also instructs special agents, intelligence analysts, law enforcement officers, Drug Enforcement Administration agents, and foreign partners. The academy provides several training programs, including Firearms, Hogan's Alley (a training complex simulating a small town), Tactical and Emergency Vehicle Operations Center (TEVOC), Survival Skills, and Law Enforcement Executive Development. To meet the needs of these training programs the FBI has a 1.1 mile long oval road track with a precision obstacle for conducting TEVOC. Hogan's Alley is a town that the FBI had built with the help of Hollywood set designers in order to give realistic training to agents. It helps the agents experience realistic and stressful scenarios to better prepare them for real-life situations.


title: FBI Academy

text: The academy occupies 547 acres (221 ha) on the US Marine Corps Base Quantico. It is located 36 miles outside Washington D.C. and is a full service national training facility.


title: FBI Academy

text: In order to be able to attend the academy and become an FBI Agent, a candidate must be aged between 23 and 37, a citizen of the United States, and possess a minimum of a bachelor's degree.


title: FBI Academy

text: Elite units such as the Hostage Rescue Team (HRT), Evidence Response Teams (ERT), Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT), and about 1,000 police leaders from across the world attend the FBI Academy and utilize its training facilities to improve on skills. A newer feature to the academy's facilities is newly renovated aquatic training center with a high tech filtration system and digital communications between water/chemical balance, that are 90% more effective.


title: FBI Academy

text: Aquatic classes are used to boost cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, power and speed. While new agent trainees utilize the facility to receive CPR and lifesaving skills, larger units such as HRT officers receive over 450 hours of training that include advanced scuba diving, nighttime diving, rescue diving, and rescue swimming in the facilities. The FBI and DEA trainees also have classes that are focused on physical conditioning, basic water survival skills, and team work.


title: Private School (film)

text: Private School (also titled Private School ... for Girls) is a 1983 American teen sex comedy film, directed by Noel Black. Starring Phoebe Cates, Betsy Russell, and Matthew Modine, it follows a teenaged couple attempting to have sex for the first time, while their friends engage in sexually minded practical jokes.


title: Private School (film)

text: Christine "Chris" Ramsey (Phoebe Cates) lies in bed narrating a trashy romance novel to Betsy (Kathleen Wilhoite), her roommate at the Cherryvale Academy for Girls in Northern California. Meanwhile, three students of the nearby Freemount Academy for Men, including Jim Green (Matthew Modine) and his overweight, slobbish friend Bubba Beauregard (Michael Zorek), sneak into Cherryvale to peek on the girls. Jordan Leigh-Jensen (Betsy Russell), showering at the time, sees that the boys are peering at her and enlists Chris and Betsy's help to drive them away; the three boys fall off the side of the building. In response to being disturbed, the roommates light a bag of horse manure on fire and put it in front of Jordan's door.


title: Private School (film)

text: Later that night, at a co-ed dance, Chris reveals that Jim is her boyfriend; as the couple dance, Chris tells Jim that she has decided she wants to surrender her virginity to him. After a speech by headmistress Miss Dutchbok (Fran Ryan), the band plays a slow song while Jordan dances alone and conspires against Chris. Bubba, sporting an erection from slow dancing, sneaks off to the headmistress' office with Betsy to drink and have sex; however, the two are caught in the act by the headmistress and her friends. The following day, after morning aerobics and a sex education class, Chris books a hotel for Jim and herself.


title: Private School (film)

text: After another period of time, students of the two schools are riding horses together. Jordan trots past where Chris and Jim are talking and flashes her breasts at Jim. In revenge, Betsy steals Jordan's shirt, forcing the latter to ride topless in front of the headmistress "et alumni". That weekend, Jim goes to buy condoms, but is confused by the pharmacist (Martin Mull in an uncredited role) and ends up buying dental hygiene products; when Chris goes to buy the protection herself, she is distracted and eventually seen by Miss Dutchbok.


title: Private School (film)

text: After playing video games for a while in the arcade, Jim is embarrassed to talk romantically over the phone to Chris, while Jordan swears greater revenge. During the night, Betsy retaliates against Betsy and her roommate Rita (Kari Lizer) by snipping the stitches of their cheerleading uniforms. The next day, Coach Whelan (Julie Payne) accidentally grabs Jordan's top and during a cheer routine Rita and the coach are embarrassed when they each expose a breast to the laughter of their classmates and the catcalls of the boys' football team. As punishment for the prank, an angered Miss Dutchbok confines Jordan, Rita, Betsy, and Chris to campus for a week. That night, Jim, Bubba, and another friend dress as women and sneak into the girl's dorm. Jim is caught by Jordan, who teases him with a cold bottle and forces him to give her a massage. Meanwhile, Bubba meets up with Betsy for a tryst, but he leaves to smoke a cigarette before they have sex. As Bubba is on the ledge outside of Betsy's bathroom, he peers into Jordan's dorm room where Jim is massaging her on the bed. When Betsy goes to look for him, he is startled and falls off the ledge. Meanwhile, after Jim confesses to Jordan that he is in fact really a boy (which was already known to Jordan), she pretends to scream and kicks him out of the room, leading to Chris finding out about their indiscretion. Chris leaves the girl's sorority house, embarrassed and heartbroken.


title: Private School (film)

text: After several days of unsuccessfully trying to get Chris back, Jim asks Chris' father for his help in the matter during parent visitation day. After Betsy and he tells Chris to take Jim back, she does. Meanwhile, Jordan's father (Frank Aletter) has sex with her new stepmother while the chauffeur Chauncey (Ray Walston) listens in. Not long afterward, Miss Dutchbok, who has mistaken Chauncey for Mr. Leigh-Jensen (Jordan's father), has sex with him in the back of Leigh-Jensen's car. Bubba and Betsy, looking to have another tryst, climb into the front seat and turn on the loudspeakers, ensuring that the chauffeur and Ms. Dutchbok's indiscretion is known by everyone present at the program. Upon realizing what Bubba has done, Miss Dutchbok lunges at him, eventually resulting in the car rolling out of control down a hill, and going into the pool. Chris and Jim then leave for their night of romance at the hotel. After failing to have sex that night because Chris finds the hotel too kitschy, as well as getting sick from the room-service food and champagne, they have sex on the beach in the morning. Meanwhile, Bubba begins hitting on Jordan, eventually leading to Jordan paying him a midnight visit; when Betsy catches them together, she is apoplectic. The film ends with graduation day, where the graduating girls in the first-row moon the headmistress, Miss Dutchbok.


title: Private School (film)

text: "Private School" was initiated in the wake of the surprise success of "Private Lessons" in 1981. Universal, which had licensed home video and cable TV rights to the independently produced comedy, financed "Private School" as a follow-up project. Though not a direct sequel to the previous film, it retained multiple parties from it, including R. Ben Efraim as producer, Dan Greenburg as screenwriter (along with his then-wife Suzanne O'Malley), and star Sylvia Kristel, who played a cameo as a new character. Don Enright, the son of "Private Lessons" co-producer Dan Enright, was a co-producer on the film. "Private School" was directed by Noel Black, who had found success in 1968 with the thriller "Pretty Poison". Phoebe Cates, star of the 1982 hit "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", was cast in the lead role, while Betsy Russell was second-billed. Pop star Paula Abdul, then head choreographer for the Laker Girls, received her first film credit for choreography.


title: Private School (film)

text: "Private School" was released on July 29, 1983. Janet Maslin, writing for "The New York Times", gave the film a negative review; she stated that the material seemed to indicate the makers' understanding of film business, as sex comedies "usually make money, no matter how sleazy or derivative they happen to be."


title: Private School (film)

text: Roger Ebert with the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two stars out of four, writing that the "smarmy-minded movie" was "much better than average" [for] teen-oriented sex comedies, but reflected a trend of "anti-woman" films in the genre. Jeremy Wheeler gave the film a mixed review for Rovi in the late 2000s, arguing that although most of the jokes "fell short," "Private School" was "good for a few shocks along the way."


title: Private School (film)

text: An alternate version of the film aired on television, with many of the scenes replaced with less explicit scenes, and deleted scenes to make up for the lost run time.


title: Aizawl

text: Aizawl (; ) is the capital of the state of Mizoram in India. Aizawl was officially established on 25 February 1890. With a population of 293,416, it is the largest city in the state. It is also the centre of administration containing all the important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The population of Aizawl strongly reflects the different communities of the ethnic Mizo people.


title: Aizawl

text: In 1871–72, the disorderly conduct of Khalkom, a Mizo chief, compelled the British to establish an outpost that later became the Aizawl village.


title: Aizawl

text: The post had been established by Suakpuilala, the Chief of Reiek and it was only 14 kilometres from Sairang from where one could travel by flat bottomed boat. In 1890, officer Dally of the Assam Police and his 400 men arrived at Aizawl to support Colonel Skinner's troops during a British military operation against the Mizo tribals. On Dally's recommendation, Aizawl was selected as the site of a fortified post that Colonel Skinner had been ordered to construct. The troops constructed stockades and buildings at the site. In 1892-95 Aizawl became accessible from Silchar by fair weather road under the supervision of Major Loch.


title: Aizawl

text: The Indian Air Force carried out air strikes on the town during the March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising, following which the MNF withdrew to Lunglei. Until 1966, Aizawl was a large village but the regrouping of Mizo villages after the uprising made it become a larger town and then a city. Aizawl has become the centre of road network in Mizoram connecting the north and south, east and west. More than 25% of the Mizoram population reside in Aizawl.


title: Aizawl

text: Aizawl is located in north of the Tropic of Cancer in the northern part of Mizoram. It is situated on a ridge 1,132 metres (3715 ft) above sea level, with the Tlawng river valley to its west and the Tuirial river valley to its east.


title: Aizawl

text: The Aizawl Municipal Council is the authority of civic administration of Aizawl city. It was formed in 2010 with 19 Members when the Congress-ZNP party coalition was voted to power in the state legislative assembly. The AMC office is being administered by one council Chairman, Vice-Chairman and three executive members. It consists of 19 elected members representing 19 wards of the city and others appointed by the Governor of Mizoram. One-third of the total membership is reserved for women, these six seats shall be rotated after every five years. The tenure of the council is five years. There is a Ward Committee in every ward that consists of a Chairman, who is an elected councillor from that ward, and two members each from all the local council within the ward. There are 78 local councils having a term of five years.


title: Aizawl

text: As of 1910, there were 777 army personnel in Aizawl from different parts of North India as well as Nepal. The Gurkha's among the soldiers eventually settled in Aizawl.


title: Aizawl

text: As of the 2011 Census of India, Aizawl had a population of 293,416. Females constitute 50.61% of the population and males made up the remaining 49.39%. Mizos from various tribes make up the majority of the population. Christianity forms majority of the city population about 93.63%. Other minority religions are Hinduism 4.14, Islam 1.52, Buddhism 0.45, Others 0.09%, Sikhism 0.03% and Jainism 0.02%. 0.11% peoples did not state their religion.


title: Aizawl

text: Presbyterians make up the majority of the population. However, there are also significant numbers of the Salvation Army, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, United Pentecostal Church and Roman Catholics in the city. There are also some cultural based Christian sects. Hinduism and Islam are also represented in very small numbers in the city population.


title: Aizawl

text: Aizawl has a mild, sub-tropical climate due to its location and elevation. Under the Köppen climate classification, Aizawl features a humid subtropical climate (Cwa). In summer, temperatures are moderately warm, averaging around . In winter, daytime temperatures are cooler in comparison to the rest of the year, averaging around . Rainfall is mostly concentrated between April and October, with the heaviest rainfall occurring in May, July, August and September. The remainder of the year is notably drier.


title: Aizawl

text: The economy of Aizawl is basically sustained by government services as it is capital of Mizoram. The major banks are also located within Aizawl.


title: Aizawl

text: A 3-star category hotel, Hotel Regency, has recently been inaugurated at Zarkawt, a central location within the city. It provides a much-needed hospitality service for tourists and business visitors to Aizawl. There are several other hotels apart from Hotel Regency. Those include - Hotel Sangchia located in Zarkawt, Hotel Grand located in Zarkawt, Hotel Floria located in Dawrpui, Ritz Hotel located in Canteen Kual, Tourist Lodge located in Chaltlang, Chawlhna Hotel located in Zarkawt, Riakmaw Inn located in Zarkawt, Hotel Ahimsa located in Zarkawt, and other numerous affordable hotels.


title: Aizawl

text: Aizawl is connected by air transport through Lengpui Airport which it is situated near Aizawl. The airport provides connectivity to Kolkata, Delhi, Guwahati, Agartala, Shillong and Imphal, operated by Air India, Go First and IndiGo. A helicopter service by Pawan Hans was started in 2012 and connects the city with Lunglei, Lawngtlai, Saiha, Chawngte, Serchhip, Champhai, Kolasib, Khawzawl, Ngopa and Hnahthial.


title: Aizawl

text: Mizoram is connected by railroad up to Bairabi, there are plans to connect Bairabi with Sairang with broad gauge railway track, near Aizawl. The government has also started a broad gauge Bairabi Sairang Railway connection for better connectivity in the state. There is also the plan for 5 km long Aizawl Monorail running between Zemabawk to Kulikawn.


title: Aizawl

text: Aizawl is connected by road with Silchar through National Highway 540, with Agartala through National Highway 40 and with Imphal through National Highway 150. The yellow-and-white taxis are widely available; Maruti cars are most widely used. Privately owned blue-and-white mini buses are on regular service as city buses.. For local conveyance 2 wheeler taxi are also available.


title: Aizawl

text: All India Radio also has a studio that host programmes at scheduled hours. FM Zoawi is a popular radio station in Aizawl.


title: Aizawl

text: There are both state and private schools. Parochial schools are run by the Baptist Church of Mizoram, the Presbyterian Church of India (Synod), several Roman Catholic (St. Paul's Higher Secondary School, Mary Mount School, St. Lawrence School, St. Mary's School) religious orders and the Seventh-day Adventists (Helen Lowry). Kendriya Vidyalaya, Aizawl, is another school run by the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, the school situated close to Zembawk. Other schools include Home Missions School, Mount Carmel School, Oikos Higher Secondary School.


title: Aizawl

text: Pachhunga University College was among the earliest colleges founded in 1958. Aizawl College, the second oldest college in Aizawl City was established in the year 1975. Hrangbana College was established in 1980, located in Chanmari, Aizawl, it has 57 teaching staffs with 22 non-teaching staffs and more than 2,000 students in commerce and arts departments. Mizoram University established in 2001 provides affiliation to all the colleges in Mizoram. Mizoram University also provides post-graduate education as well as B.Tech education and other departments. ICFAI University, Mizoram located in Durtlang, Aizawl West College, Government Aizawl North College, J. Thankima College also provides undergraduate courses. Mizoram Law College provides education to people who seek profession in Law. Indian Institute of Mass Communication and National Institute of Technology Mizoram has already started operations. Zoram Medical College is inaugurated on 7 August 2018 in Falkawn.


title: Aizawl

text: Football is the most popular sport in Mizoram with a number of footballers playing in national leagues in different parts of India. Some of the more important playing facilities in Aizawl are:


title: Markus Wolf

text: Markus Johannes Wolf (19 January 1923 – 9 November 2006), also known as Mischa, was head of the Main Directorate for Reconnaissance (), the foreign intelligence division of East Germany's Ministry for State Security (, abbreviated MfS, commonly known as the ). He was the Stasi's number two for 34 years, which spanned most of the Cold War. He is often regarded as one of the best-known spymasters during the Cold War. In the West he was known as "the man without a face" due to his elusiveness.


title: Markus Wolf

text: Wolf was born 19 January 1923, in Hechingen, Province of Hohenzollern (now Baden-Württemberg), to a Jewish father and a non-Jewish German mother. His father was the writer, communist activist and physician Friedrich Wolf (1888–1953) and his mother was the nursery teacher Else Wolf ( Dreibholz; 1898–1973). He had one brother, the film director Konrad Wolf (1925–1982). His father was a member of the Communist Party of Germany, and after the anti-socialist and anti-Semitic Nazi Party gained power in 1933, Wolf emigrated to Moscow with his father, via Switzerland and France, because of their communist convictions and because Wolf's father was Jewish.


title: Markus Wolf

text: During his exile, Wolf first attended the German Karl Liebknecht School and later a Russian school. In 1936, at the age of 13, he obtained Soviet identity documents.


title: Markus Wolf

text: After finishing school, Wolf entered the Moscow Institute of Airplane Engineering (Moscow Aviation Institute) in 1940, which was evacuated to Alma Ata after Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union. There he was told to join the Comintern in 1942, where he among others was prepared for undercover work behind enemy lines. He also worked as a newsreader for German People's Radio after the dissolution of the Comintern, from 1943 until 1945.


title: Markus Wolf

text: After the war he was sent to Berlin with the Ulbricht Group, led by Walter Ulbricht, to work as a journalist for a radio station in the Soviet Zone of occupation. He was among those journalists who observed the entire Nuremberg trials against the principal Nazi leaders. Between 1949 and 1951 Wolf worked at the East German embassy in the Soviet Union. That same year he joined the Ministry for State Security (Stasi).


title: Markus Wolf

text: In December 1952, at the age of 29, Wolf was among the founding members of the foreign intelligence service within the Ministry for State Security. As intelligence chief, he achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most notable individual in this regard was Günter Guillaume, who was secretary to and close friend of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, and whose exposure as an East German agent led to Brandt's resignation in 1974.


title: Markus Wolf

text: For most of his career, Wolf was known as "the man without a face" due to his elusiveness. It was reported that Western agencies did not know what the East German spy chief looked like until 1978, when he was photographed by , Sweden's National Security Service, during a visit to Stockholm, Sweden. An East German defector, Werner Stiller, then identified Wolf to West German counter-intelligence as the man in the picture. It has also been suggested that elements within the CIA had identified him by 1959 from photographs of attendees at the Nuremberg trials.


title: Markus Wolf

text: He retired in 1986 with the rank of Generaloberst, being succeeded by Werner Grossmann as head of the East German foreign intelligence service. He continued the work of his late brother Konrad in writing the story of their upbringing in Moscow in the 1930s. The book "Troika" came out on the same day in East and West Germany.


title: Markus Wolf

text: During the Peaceful Revolution, Wolf distanced himself from the hardline position taken by Erich Honecker, favouring reform. He spoke at the November 1989 Alexanderplatz demonstration, where he was both booed and applauded by a highly divided crowd during his speech. Calls to "stop" the speech, even to "hang" Wolf could be heard. The dissident Bärbel Bohley would later say:


title: Markus Wolf

text: In September 1990, shortly before German reunification, Wolf fled the country, and sought political asylum in Russia and Austria. When denied, he returned to Germany, where he was arrested by German police. Wolf claimed to have refused an offer of a large amount of money, a new identity with plastic surgery to change his features, and a home in California from the Central Intelligence Agency to defect to the United States.


title: Markus Wolf

text: In 1993, he was convicted of treason by the Düsseldorf and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. This was later quashed by the German supreme court, because West Germany was a separate country at the time. In 1997, he was convicted of unlawful detention, coercion, and bodily harm, and was given a suspended sentence of two years' imprisonment. He was additionally sentenced to three days' imprisonment for refusing to testify against when the former West German (SPD) politician was accused in 1993 of atomic espionage. Wolf said that Flämig was not the agent that he had mentioned in his memoirs.


title: Markus Wolf

text: In 2011 the State Social Court of Berlin-Brandenburg ruled that the widow Andrea Wolf was not entitled to a "compensation pension" that her husband had been stripped of as a "fighter against fascism".


title: Markus Wolf

text: John le Carré's fictional spymaster Karla, a Russian, who appears in "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy", "The Honourable Schoolboy", and "Smiley's People" was believed by some readers to be modeled on Wolf. However, the writer has repeatedly denied it, and did so once again when interviewed on the occasion of Wolf's death. Le Carré has also stated that it is "sheer nonsense" to claim that Wolf was the inspiration for the character Fiedler in "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold". Although Fiedler is a German Jew who spent World War II in exile and then gained a senior position in East Germany's Intelligence Service, Carré said he had no idea who Markus Wolf was at the time of the writing of the book. He added that he considered Wolf to be the moral equivalent of Albert Speer. He maintained that a character's code name "Wolf" in an early draft of the book was a coincidence and that the name came from the brand of his lawn mower. He renamed the character after being told that there was an actual "Wolf" in East German intelligence.


title: Markus Wolf

text: Conversely, Wolf stated that "The Spy Who Came In From the Cold" was the only book he read for a period in the early 1960s, and was surprised how accurately it presented the reality within the East German security services. He wondered if le Carré had had special information about the situation within the Ministry of State Security.


title: Markus Wolf

text: Wolf appears as a character in Frederick Forsyth's novel "The Deceiver". In the section titled "Pride and Extreme Prejudice", a KGB officer liaises with East German intelligence while tracking down a British agent in East Germany. Forsyth also mentions Wolf in his earlier novel "The Fourth Protocol", describing him, and the East German intelligence service as a whole, as masters of the false flag recruitment technique.


title: Markus Wolf

text: He was married three times. In 1944, he married his first wife Emmy Stenzer, the daughter of the German Communist , and who was the curator of the archives of Friedrich Wolf, Markus Wolf's father. His third wife was Claudia. He had two daughters Tanja Trögel and Claudia Wall and a son .


title: Markus Wolf

text: Tanja Trögel continued her family passion supporting leftist activities. She is the director of the Friedrich Wolf Memorial in Lehnitz.


title: Markus Wolf

text: Claudia Wall (b. 1969 or 1970), a step daughter of Markus Wolf, was married from autumn 1997 until late 2008 to , the founder of an outdoor and street furniture firm . She had two daughters Elisabeth (b. 1996 or 1997) from her first marriage and Johanna (b. 1997 or 1998) from her second marriage which was to Hans Wall.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: Johannes Roberts (born 24 May 1976) is a British film director, screenwriter and producer. He directed the film "47 Meters Down" and , as well as "The Other Side of the Door", "" and "". His films have grossed nearly $200 million worldwide at the box office.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: After starting his career making a series of micro budget horror movies for the DVD market including "Forest of the Damned" starring Tom Savini and the world's first series made for cell phones "When Evil Calls" Roberts wrote and directed the thriller "F" – a story of a group of teachers under attack by a group of pupils in a college after hours. Made for only £100k the film was picked up by Studio Canal and released theatrically in the UK where it was released to critical acclaim.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: Roberts then directed Stephen Rea in the television film "Roadkill" for NBC before helming the science fiction thriller "Storage 24" for Universal Pictures. Written by and starring Noel Clarke.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: In 2016 Roberts wrote and directed the ghost story "The Other Side of the Door" for 20th Century Fox and Fox International. The movie was produced by Alexandre Aja. Filmed entirely in Mumbai and starring Sarah Wayne Callies, Jeremy Sisto, Sofia Rosinsky, and Javier Botet. The film was a success financially grossing over $14 million.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: In 2017 Roberts wrote and directed the shark thriller 47 Meters Down, starring Mandy Moore and Matthew Modine. The boundary breaking movie was almost entirely shot underwater. Originally set to be released by the Weinstien Company and Dimension the movie was famously released by mistake into stores on DVD under the title In the Deep. It was pirated worldwide before being picked up by Entertainment Studios and released in cinemas with little hope of success - only to become a sleeper hit, debuting #5 in the US box office before rising to #4 the following week. It would become the highest grossing independent movie of the year, making $62 million from its sub $5 million budget.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: Roberts directed the sequel to the horror film "The Strangers" (2008), entitled "" and released in 2018, and starring Christina Hendricks, Martin Henderson, Bailee Madison and Lewis Pullman. The film entered the US box office at #3 behind "Black Panther" and "A Wrinkle in Time".


title: Johannes Roberts

text: In 2019, Roberts helmed a sequel to his 2017 film, "47 Meters Down", titled "" which grossed over $46 million and took the "47" franchise to over $100 million.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: In 2021, Roberts wrote and directed "", a reboot of the "Resident Evil" film franchise. The film became the fourth top ten hit at the US box office for Roberts in four consecutive years, the film was a modest box office success, which grossed $42 million, topped digital rental charts in its first three weekends of release.


title: Johannes Roberts

text: In 2022, Roberts wrote and directed 'Suicide Bid', a segment included in the horror anthology film "V/H/S/99" which premiered at 2022 Toronto International Film Festival. The film became massive success, it's the most watched movie debut of Shudder and his segment was critical acclaim. Roberts are teaming with Japanese producer and music industry executive Yasushi Akimoto in Supernatural horror film "The Not Polly" Roberts will direct the mysterious film for Screen Gems, with James Wan, "Border Patrol"


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Jordan Bardella (born 13 September 1995) is a French far-right politician who has been the president of the National Rally (RN) since 2022, previously serving as acting president from September 2021 to November 2022 and as vice-president from 2019 to 2022. Bardella has also served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019, when he was the lead candidate for the RN in the European Parliament election, and has been a regional councillor of Île-de-France since 2015.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Before becoming acting president of the RN, Bardella served as vice-president from 2019 to 2021 and the party's spokesman from 2017 to 2019. From 2018 to 2021, he was also president of its youth wing, the Front National de la Jeunesse (FNJ), later renamed Génération Nation (GN).


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Jordan Bardella was born on 13 September 1995 in Drancy, Seine-Saint-Denis as the only child in a modest family of Italian origin. The maternal side of his family immigrated to France from Turin in the 1960s. His paternal grandmother, a native of La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, is also partly an immigrant, with an Algerian father who came to France in the 1930s in Villeurbanne working as a laborer in the construction industry. Bardella grew up in rent-controlled housing in Drancy, and would later claim to represent "modest origins and the social fibre" in politics.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: After receiving a diploma in economics and social sciences with honours from Jean-Baptiste-de-La-Salle private secondary school in Saint-Denis, he studied geography at Paris-Sorbonne University but dropped out to focus on politics.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: In 2012, Bardella became a member of the National Front (FN) at the age of 16, saying that he joined "more for Marine Le Pen than for the National Front". He then became the FN department secretary of Seine-Saint-Denis in 2014 at the age of 19, making him the party's youngest ever departmental official. From February 16 to June 30, 2015, Bardella worked as parliamentary assistant to FN Member of the European Parliament Jean-François Jalkh. It was during this period that political observers began to consider him a leading figure on issues in the French "banlieues" within the FN.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Bardella ran in the 2015 departmental elections to represent the commune of Tremblay-en-France. He and his fellow candidate, Christine Prus, lost in the second round with 41% of the vote. In the 2015 regional elections the same year, he was a candidate at the head of the FN list in Seine-Saint-Denis and was elected to the regional council of Île-de-France.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: In January 2016, Bardella launched the organization "Banlieues Patriotes". The group sought to "break with the politics of the city and reach out to voters in the forgotten territories of the Republic."


title: Jordan Bardella

text: He then became part of Marine Le Pen's campaign team in the 2017 presidential election, in which she finished second. Bardella was himself a candidate for Seine-Saint-Denis's 12th constituency in the legislative elections the same year, where he was eliminated in the first round with 15% of the vote.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: After the defeat of the FN in the 2017 presidential election and the resignation of Vice-president Florian Philippot, Bardella was appointed party spokesman alongside Sébastien Chenu and Julien Sanchez. The following year, Le Pen also appointed him as president of the Front National de la Jeunesse (FNJ), which later became Génération Nation (GN).


title: Jordan Bardella

text: At the age of 23, Bardella was designated as the first candidate on the National Rally list (as the FN was renamed in 2018) for the 2019 European Parliament election in France. He was described as "the puppet of Marine Le Pen" by "Libération" and was also seen as inexperienced by many voters. Nevertheless, the RN finished the election in first place with 23 seats and 23.3% of the popular vote, ahead of President Emmanuel Macron's La République En Marche. Bardella thus became the second-youngest MEP in European Union history after Ilka Schröder of Germany, who had been elected at 21. Along with the rest of the FN delegation, he sits with the Identity and Democracy (ID) group in the European Parliament. He is also a member of the European Parliament Committee on Petitions.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Bardella was named second vice-president of the RN on June 16, 2019, and first vice-president in 2021. He headed the RN list in the 2021 regional elections in Île-de-France, receiving 13.8% of the vote in the first round and 10.8% in the second. By contrast, the right-wing list led by Valérie Pécresse won with 46% of the vote. Journalist Richard Werly attributed the defeat to Bardella's "inability to find a convincing regional angle despite his familial connections [to the region]" and "lack of depth in a university-educated region, having abandoned his post-secondary studies."


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Bardella became acting president of the National Rally after Marine Le Pen resigned to launch her presidential campaign in the 2022 French presidential election.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Bardella was elected President of the National Rally on 5 November 2022, beating Louis Aliot by 85% to 15% of party members who voted.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: During his campaign in the 2019 European elections, Bardella stated that the two political priorities of his generation are the migrant crisis and the environmental crisis, saying that "if humans are responsible for what seems to be climate change, our economic model depends on it." He also opposed French entry into new free trade treaties. Bardella additionally criticized the "punitive environmentalism" of the Macron government, which he argued was "criminalizing French people."


title: Jordan Bardella

text: In May 2019, Bardella was reported to have evoked the Great Replacement conspiracy theory during a televised debate.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: Bardella opposes same-sex marriage on the grounds that it will open the door to surrogacy or medically assisted reproduction. Nevertheless, he accepted that "for the majority of France, marriage for all is now a given" and stated his support for a citizens' initiative referendum on the topic in 2019. Bardella also advocates "cutting social services for people who illegally arrived in France" and legalizing cannabis for medical purposes.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: According to "Le Monde", Bardella can "boast of having woven closer ties" with former Italian Minister of the Interior Matteo Salvini, whom he views as a role model. He is also believed to be close to Marine Le Pen's adviser Frédéric Chatillon, having at one point been in a relationship with his daughter, as well as Florian Philippot. At the same time, Bardella has declared that he is close to Marine Le Pen.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: In 2021, he posted statements of support for Génération Identitaire, a far-right organization that had been dissolved by the French government for inciting racial hatred and violence, on Facebook. As a result, Facebook removed the posts and suspended certain features of his account.


title: Jordan Bardella

text: After Ali Rabeh, a Muslim, was re-elected as mayor of Trappes in 2021, Bardella described the city as an "Islamic republic" on the radio station Europe 1. He then announced on February 2, 2022, that he was indicted for this statement, saying "I am disappointed that the French justice system pursues the same goal today as the Islamists, to silence those who denounce real issues and those who oppose the transformation of countless neighbourhoods in France."


title: Jordan Bardella

text: In 2019, "Challenges" revealed that Jordan Bardella was part-time parliamentary assistant of the EU Member of Parliament Jean-François Jalkh during 2015, and that he was identified by the EU Parliament in 2017 as being part of the assistants linked to "irregular use of the parliamentary assistant compensation". "Le Canard enchaîné" revealed later that he was similarly suspected by the European Anti-Fraud Office, since 2016.


title: Gaussian filter

text: In electronics and signal processing mainly in digital signal processing, a Gaussian filter is a filter whose impulse response is a Gaussian function (or an approximation to it, since a true Gaussian response would have infinite impulse response). Gaussian filters have the properties of having no overshoot to a step function input while minimizing the rise and fall time. This behavior is closely connected to the fact that the Gaussian filter has the minimum possible group delay. A Gaussian filter will have the best combination of suppression of high frequencies while also minimizing spatial spread, being the critical point of the uncertainty principle. These properties are important in areas such as oscilloscopes and digital telecommunication systems.


title: Gaussian filter

text: Mathematically, a Gaussian filter modifies the input signal by convolution with a Gaussian function; this transformation is also known as the Weierstrass transform.


title: Gaussian filter

text: with formula_3 the ordinary frequency. These equations can also be expressed with the standard deviation as parameter


title: Gaussian filter

text: By writing formula_6 as a function of formula_7 with the two equations for formula_8 and as a function of formula_9 with the two equations for formula_10 it can be shown that the product of the standard deviation and the standard deviation in the frequency domain is given by


title: Gaussian filter

text: where the standard deviations are expressed in their physical units, e.g. in the case of time and frequency in seconds and hertz, respectively.


title: Gaussian filter

text: where "x" is the distance from the origin in the horizontal axis, "y" is the distance from the origin in the vertical axis, and "σ" is the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution.


title: Gaussian filter

text: The Gaussian function is for formula_13 and would theoretically require an infinite window length. However, since it decays rapidly, it is often reasonable to truncate the filter window and implement the filter directly for narrow windows, in effect by using a simple rectangular window function. In other cases, the truncation may introduce significant errors. Better results can be achieved by instead using a different window function; see scale space implementation for details.


title: Gaussian filter

text: Filtering involves convolution. The filter function is said to be the kernel of an integral transform. The Gaussian kernel is continuous. Most commonly, the discrete equivalent is the sampled Gaussian kernel that is produced by sampling points from the continuous Gaussian. An alternate method is to use the discrete Gaussian kernel which has superior characteristics for some purposes. Unlike the sampled Gaussian kernel, the discrete Gaussian kernel is the solution to the discrete diffusion equation.


title: Gaussian filter

text: Since the Fourier transform of the Gaussian function yields a Gaussian function, the signal (preferably after being divided into overlapping windowed blocks) can be transformed with a fast Fourier transform, multiplied with a Gaussian function and transformed back. This is the standard procedure of applying an arbitrary finite impulse response filter, with the only difference that the Fourier transform of the filter window is explicitly known.


title: Gaussian filter

text: Due to the central limit theorem, the Gaussian can be approximated by several runs of a very simple filter such as the moving average. The simple moving average corresponds to convolution with the constant B-spline (a rectangular pulse), and, for example, four iterations of a moving average yields a cubic B-spline as filter window which approximates the Gaussian quite well. A moving average is quite cheap to compute, so levels can be cascaded quite easily.


title: Gaussian filter

text: where the standard deviations are expressed in number of samples and "N" is the total number of samples.


title: Gaussian filter

text: Borrowing the terms from statistics, the standard deviation of a filter can be interpreted as a measure of its size. The cut-off frequency of a Gaussian filter might be defined by the standard deviation in the frequency domain yielding


title: Gaussian filter

text: where all quantities are expressed in their physical units. If formula_7 is measured in samples the cut-off frequency (in physical units) can be calculated with


title: Gaussian filter

text: However, it is more common to define the cut-off frequency as the half power point: where the filter response is reduced to 0.5 (−3 dB) in the power spectrum, or 1/ ≈ 0.707 in the amplitude spectrum (see e.g. Butterworth filter).


title: Gaussian filter

text: For an arbitrary cut-off value 1/"c" for the response of the filter the cut-off frequency is given by


title: Gaussian filter

text: For "c" = 2 the constant before the standard deviation in the frequency domain in the last equation equals approximately 1.1774, which is half the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) (see Gaussian function). For "c" =  this constant equals approximately 0.8326. These values are quite close to 1.


title: Gaussian filter

text: A simple moving average corresponds to a uniform probability distribution and thus its filter width of size formula_20 has standard deviation formula_21. Thus the application of successive formula_22 moving averages with sizes formula_23 yield a standard deviation of


title: Gaussian filter

text: A gaussian kernel requires formula_25 values, e.g. for a formula_26 of 3 it needs a kernel of length 17. A running mean filter of 5 points will have a sigma of formula_27. Running it three times will give a formula_26 of 2.42. It remains to be seen where the advantage is over using a gaussian rather than a poor approximation.


title: Gaussian filter

text: When applied in two dimensions, this formula produces a Gaussian surface that has a maximum at the origin, whose contours are concentric circles with the origin as center. A two dimensional convolution matrix is precomputed from the formula and convolved with two dimensional data. Each element in the resultant matrix new value is set to a weighted average of that elements neighborhood. The focal element receives the heaviest weight (having the highest Gaussian value) and neighboring elements receive smaller weights as their distance to the focal element increases. In Image processing, each element in the matrix represents a pixel attribute such as brightness or a color intensity, and the overall effect is called Gaussian blur.


title: Gaussian filter

text: The Gaussian filter is non-causal which means the filter window is symmetric about the origin in the time-domain. This makes the Gaussian filter physically unrealizable. This is usually of no consequence for applications where the filter bandwidth is much larger than the signal. In real-time systems, a delay is incurred because incoming samples need to fill the filter window before the filter can be applied to the signal. While no amount of delay can make a theoretical Gaussian filter causal (because the Gaussian function is non-zero everywhere), the Gaussian function converges to zero so rapidly that a causal approximation can achieve any required tolerance with a modest delay, even to the accuracy of floating point representation.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Internal bleeding (also called internal hemorrhage) is a loss of blood from a blood vessel that collects inside the body. Internal bleeding is usually not visible from the outside. It is a serious medical emergency but the extent of severity depends on bleeding rate and location of the bleeding (e.g. head, torso, extremities). Severe internal bleeding into the chest, abdomen, retroperitoneal space, pelvis, and thighs can cause hemorrhagic shock or death if proper medical treatment is not received quickly. Internal bleeding is a medical emergency and should be treated immediately by medical professionals.


title: Internal bleeding

text: At first, there may be no symptoms of internal bleeding. If an organ is damaged and it bleeds, it can be painful. Over time, internal bleeding can cause low blood pressure (hypotension), increased heart rate (tachycardia), increased breathing rate (tachypnea), confusion, drowsiness, and loss of consciousness.


title: Internal bleeding

text: A patient may lose more than 30% of their blood volume before there are changes in their vital signs or level of consciousness. This is called hemorrhagic or hypovolemic shock, which is a type of shock that occurs when there is not enough blood to reach organs in the body.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Early symptoms include anxiety, increased breathing rate, weak peripheral pulses, and cold skin on the arms and legs. If internal bleeding is not treated, the heart and breathing rate will continue to increase while blood pressure and mental status decrease. Eventually, internal bleeding can result in death by blood loss (exsanguination). The median time from the onset of hemorrhagic shock to death by exsanguination is 2 hours.


title: Internal bleeding

text: The most common cause of death in trauma is bleeding. Death from trauma accounts for 1.5 million of the 1.9 million deaths per year due to bleeding.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Internal bleeding could be caused by medical error as a result of complications after surgical operations or medical treatment. Some medication effects may also lead to internal bleeding, such as the use of anticoagulant drugs or antiplatelet drugs in the treatment of coronary artery disease.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Blood loss can be estimated based on heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and mental status. Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) by the American College of Surgeons separates hemorrhagic shock into four categories.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Assessing circulation occurs after assessing the patient's airway and breathing (ABC (medicine)). If internal bleeding is suspected, a patient's circulatory system is assessed through palpation of pulses and doppler ultrasonography.


title: Internal bleeding

text: It is also important to look for the source of the internal bleeding. If internal bleeding is suspected after trauma, a FAST exam may be performed to look for bleeding in the abdomen.


title: Internal bleeding

text: If the patient has stable vital signs, they may undergo diagnostic imaging such as a CT scan. If the patient has unstable vital signs, they may not undergo diagnostic imaging and instead may receive immediate medical or surgical treatment.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Internal bleeding can occur anywhere in the body. Some symptoms of internal bleeding depend on the location of the bleed. Some examples of types of internal bleeding include:


title: Internal bleeding

text: Management of internal bleeding depends on the cause and severity of the bleed. "Internal bleeding is a medical emergency and should be treated immediately by medical professionals".


title: Internal bleeding

text: If a patient has low blood pressure (hypotension), intravenous fluids can be used until they can receive a blood transfusion. In order to replace blood loss quickly and with large amounts of IV fluids or blood, patients may need a central venous catheter. Patients with severe bleeding need to receive large quantities of replacement blood via a blood transfusion. As soon as the clinician recognizes that the patient may have a severe, continuing hemorrhage requiring more than 4 units in 1 hour or 10 units in 6 hours, they should initiate a massive transfusion protocol. The massive transfusion protocol replaces red blood cells, plasma, and platelets in varying ratios based on the cause of the bleeding (traumatic vs. non-traumatic).


title: Internal bleeding

text: It is crucial to stop the internal bleeding immediately (achieve hemostasis) after identifying its cause. The longer it takes to achieve hemostasis in people with traumatic causes (e.g. pelvic fracture) and non-traumatic causes (e.g. gastrointestinal bleeding, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm), the higher the death rate is.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Unlike with external bleeding, most internal bleeding cannot be controlled by applying pressure to the site of injury. Internal bleeding in the thorax and abdominal cavity (including both the intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal space) cannot be controlled with direct pressure (compression). A patient with acute internal bleeding in the thorax after trauma should be diagnosed, resuscitated, and stabilized in the Emergency Department in less than 10 minutes before undergoing surgery to reduce the risk of death from internal bleeding. A patient with acute internal bleeding in the abdomen or pelvis after trauma may require use of a REBOA device to slow the bleeding. The REBOA has also been used for non-traumatic causes of internal bleeding, including bleeding during childbirth and gastrointestinal bleeding.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Internal bleeding from a bone fracture in the arms or legs may be partially controlled with direct pressure using a tourniquet. After tourniquet placement, the patient may need immediate surgery to find the bleeding blood vessel.


title: Internal bleeding

text: Internal bleeding where the torso meets the extremities ("junctional sites" such as the axilla or groin) cannot be controlled with a tourniquet; however there is an FDA approved device known as an Abdominal Aortic and Junctional Tourniquet (AAJT) designed for proximal aortic control, although very few studies examining its use have been published. For bleeding at junctional sites, a dressing with a blood clotting agent (hemostatic dressing) should be applied.


title: Internal bleeding

text: A campaign is to improve the care of the bleeding known as "Stop The Bleed" campaign is also taking place.


title: Dan Vs.

text: Dan Vs. is an American animated television series created by Dan Mandel and Chris Pearson. The series spanned three seasons, airing on The Hub from January 1, 2011, to March 9, 2013. 53 episodes were produced.


title: Dan Vs.

text: The show is about Dan, a jobless misanthrope with a soft spot for animals, caught in odd misfortunes and unable to provide income for himself. Accompanying him is his better-off friend Chris, a big softy, who lives in a comfortable home and has a steady income (he even reluctantly pays for the little or big expenses that Dan needs). His dull day-job and stressful work causes him to be unable to resist going along with Dan's wild plots to get even, despite how ridiculous they may seem. Even when Dan gets on his last nerve, he cannot abandon him, "knowing there is something worth saving in him". Both their friendship, stemming from a bad experience at summer camp, through High School these two, along with Chris' wife Elise, go after the things that make society even more unbearable than it already is. The third regular character is Elise, Chris's wife, who objects to Chris's participation in Dan's revenge quests, but, on occasion joins in due to some of Dan's plots sharing similarities with her childhood annoyances or her secret operative work for the government. Elise's character enables advanced help with some of Dan's revenge missions due to her skills and most of her missions act as a subplot in the show. The show is set primarily in the Los Angeles area, and background scenes often show notable landmarks in and around Los Angeles.


title: Dan Vs.

text: Curtis Armstrong was chosen to voice the part of Dan from early production, as were Dave Foley and Paget Brewster who voice Chris and Elise, respectively.


title: Dan Vs.

text: The series employs many guest stars and recurring roles. Carlos Alazraqui portrays a balloon cult member in the episode "New Mexico", both a surfer and a lifeguard in "The Beach", Maurice in "The Fancy Restaurant", Magnifico the Magnificent in "The Magician", and Flynn Goodhill in "Parents", among others. Matt Angel guest starred as a Burgerphile employee in "The Wedding". René Auberjonois is the voice of Chef Puree in "The Fancy Restaurant". Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter (of "Family Ties" fame) both play the voice of Elise's parents Don and Elise Sr. (respectively). Felicia Day voices the boss in his titular role "The Boss". John DiMaggio plays the voice of a police officer in three episodes, and a security guard in "baseball". Jenna Fischer voices Amber in "Anger Management". Judy Greer does the part of Jennifer in "The Neighbors". Seth Green does the voice of the mummy in his titular episode "The Mummy". Ernie Hudson played the voice of the Camp Counselor in "Summer Camp".


title: Dan Vs.

text: Other guest stars include Clancy Brown, Mark Hamill, Tom Kenny, Bill Kopp, Kevin McDonald, John C. McGinley, Daran Norris, Kurtwood Smith, Cree Summer, Harland Williams, and Henry Winkler for various parts.


title: Dan Vs.

text: Mandel's original idea was for the show to be a live-action sitcom, but new possibilities opened up once they started development for an animated series. The show was pitched to various networks, including Adult Swim.


title: Dan Vs.

text: Series creators Dan Mandel and Chris Pearson conceived the personalities of the main characters Dan and Chris by loosely basing them on their own negative qualities. He has stated that the show's self-mockery with the character Dan was in part inspired by the works of Evan Dorkin. Pearson once stated that he thought of the Dan character as "Calvin [from "Calvin and Hobbes"] as a grownup, if his life had gone horribly wrong somewhere."


title: Dan Vs.

text: The series is animated in Adobe Flash. The design for the characters was handled by a team of artists led by supervising director Matt Danner with some involvement from Mandel and Pearson. The vocal cast was selected through an audition first consisting of pre-recorded voice-overs, followed by several rounds of callbacks. Curtis Armstrong stood out prominently to the creators as the voice of Dan from the beginning of the process. The idea to have Meredith Baxter and Michael Gross portray Elise's parents Elise Sr. and Don came from executive producer Jay Fukuto, who had worked with them during their time together on "Family Ties". Co-creator Dan Mandel does many voices in the series.


title: Dan Vs.

text: On October 17, 2013, Armstrong announced on his Facebook page that the show has been canceled. His statement read:


title: Dan Vs.

text: The series premiered on January 1, 2011 on The Hub, and ended its first season on July 9, 2011. The second season of "Dan Vs." began on November 19, 2011, and continued through June 23, 2012. "Dan Vs." was renewed for a third season, which premiered November 17, 2012 and ended on March 9, 2013.


title: Max (2015 film)

text: Max is a 2015 American family adventure war drama film directed by Boaz Yakin, and co-written with Sheldon Lettich. The film stars Josh Wiggins, Thomas Haden Church, Robbie Amell, Lauren Graham, Luke Kleintank, and Jay Hernandez. The film was released by Warner Bros. on June 26, 2015.