title: Not Afraid

text: The song also faced mixed and negative reviews. After "Not Afraid" leaked onto the Internet on April 29, 2010, Simon Vozick-Levinson of "Entertainment Weekly" magazine commented on the song, noting both positive and negative characteristics; he first complimented Eminem's change of lyrical theme, calling it anthemic in nature and noting its inspirational and powerful message. He compared the song's theme to Eminem's 2002 single "Sing for the Moment" and his 2009 single, "Beautiful". Vozick-Levinson called Eminem's rapping "wild" but was dismissive of the production, saying, "The track behind 'Not Afraid' has the same tinny, repetitive, wannabe-epic quality that's annoyed me on Boi-1da productions like 'Forever.'" Mayer Nissem of British site Digital Spy gave the song three stars out of a possible five, and wrote a mixed review; the reviewer first commented, "Thank heavens! – Marshall Mathers III has opted against his usual trick of cobbling together a hook and some 'satire' via two-year-old back issues of the Inquirer to trail it." However, Nissem criticized other aspects of the song, saying that Eminem's "decision to chronicle ... feels a little worthy and more than a touch dull." He felt that Eminem's previous songs never bored the listener, unlike "Not Afraid". Jeff Weiss of the "Los Angeles Times" commented that "Not Afraid" was an improvement from the lead singles of "Encore" (2004) and "Relapse", "Just Lose It" and "We Made You", respectively, giving for a more serious and inspirational theme. However, Weiss misses the comic nature of Eminem's classic singles, such as "My Name Is"; instead, he felt that the song was composed of "vague self-help bromides and a bombastic but nondescript beat from ... Boi-1da." When discussing the chorus, Weiss commented that it "doesn’t make for very engaging listening." Finally, he discussed possible influences by American rapper T.I., but overall, he named it a disappointing lead single.


title: Not Afraid

text: John Ulmer of website One Thirty BPM gave the song seven points out of a possible ten, and published a mixed review; he praised it for being a more serious track compared to previous lead singles "Just Lose It" (2004) and "We Made You" (2009) but criticized it for being less powerful compared to his 2002 hit single, "Lose Yourself", and "Beautiful". According to Ulmer, "Upon first listen it's a bit corny, but it's appropriately anthemic, and not bad enough to deter from the strength of the overall track." He noted that although Eminem does not have as much of a frustrated voice as he does in "Despicable", he admits that "Relapse" was a silly album. Pitchfork Media's Jayson Greene wrote a rather negative review on "Recovery" and was very dismissive on the song: "Eminem spends nearly half of "Recovery" insisting he's the best rapper alive, but for the first time in his career, he actually sounds clumsy." Kitty Empire of newspaper "The Guardian" also wrote negatively on the song in her album review, criticizing the song's lyrics: "Rhyming 'through a storm' with 'whatever weather/ cold or warm' in the chorus is unforgivable for a master rhymer." As part of his album review, Greg Kot of daily newspaper "Chicago Tribune" criticized Eminem's lyrics and rhymes in "Not Afraid", comparing them to his rhyming skills back when his 2002 hip hop drama film, "8 Mile", premiered: "Doesn't he realize that's the kind of cheese that the battle-rhyming Eminem of "8 Mile" would've mercilessly mocked?"


title: Not Afraid

text: According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Not Afraid" sold 380,000 digital copies in its first week, giving Eminem the biggest sales week for a digital single between the beginning of 2010 and the date of the song's release. Three songs received higher sales during their first week: Flo Rida's "Right Round", The Black Eyed Peas' "Boom Boom Pow" and Eminem's "Crack a Bottle", which were all singles released in 2009.


title: Not Afraid

text: "Not Afraid" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number one, a feat only 15 songs had accomplished previously. The song was Eminem's third number one single on the Hot 100 chart, coming after "Lose Yourself" and "Crack a Bottle". "Not Afraid" was also the first to debut at number one since October 17, 2009, when American recording artist Britney Spears's "3" debuted atop the chart. It became the first hip hop single by an unaccompanied male artist to debut at number one, and the first hip hop song to debut atop the chart, since "Doo Wop (That Thing)" by American rapper and singer Lauryn Hill in 1998.


title: Not Afraid

text: After entering the Digital Songs chart at number one, the song fell down to number four the next week, and to number six on the Hot 100, with sales of 202,000 digital copies. On June 14, 2010, "Not Afraid" rose to number five again with sales of 157,000 copies. On July 14, 2010, it rose from 22 to 24 on the Hot 100; by then, the song was downloaded a total of 1,750,000 times. On July 25, 2010, the song crossed the two million mark, based on total sales. As of August 2013, the song has sold 5,000,000 digital copies. In June 2014 the song was certified 10× Platinum by RIAA.


title: Not Afraid

text: In Canada, "Not Afraid" debuted at the top of the Canadian Hot 100, remaining on the chart for 20 weeks. In the United Kingdom, "Not Afraid" debuted and peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart on May 30, 2010 – for the week ending date June 5, 2010. It dropped to number six the following week, to number ten on July 4, 2010 – for the week ending July 10, 2010 – and to number 14 the week after. On August 1, 2010, the song dropped to number 20 and its last appearance on the UK Singles Chart would be on August 29, giving the song a total of 14 weeks on the chart.


title: Not Afraid

text: In New Zealand, "Not Afraid" entered and peaked at number eight on the New Zealand Singles Chart on May 10, 2010. Lasting on the chart for a total of twenty-three weeks, the song would not make its last chart appearance in New Zealand until September 9, 2010, at number Thirty-four. In Australia, the song entered at number sixteen on the Australian Singles Chart in its first week and reached its peak at number four the following week; its lowest and final chart position occurred during the song's twenty-seventh week on the chart, at number forty-eight.


title: Not Afraid

text: On the Ö3 Austria Top 40, Austria's official singles chart, May 21, 2010 marked the song's chart debut, at number 22. It reached its peak on August 13, at number five and would stay at that position for another week. Before re-entering on January 14, 2011 at number 72, the song made a last consecutive chart appearance on November 19, 2011 at number 52. The song dropped to the bottom of the chart (number 75) on January 21, 2011, before exiting it. In Italy, the song only charted for one week, at number three; the same occurred in France, on February 19, 2011, at number 97.


title: Not Afraid

text: "Not Afraid" lasted 19 weeks on the Irish Singles Chart and made a final chart appearance on September 30, 2010, at number 36. Flanders' chart, Ultratop 50, gave the song a debut position at number 13 on May 15, 2010; the song would not reach a higher position and would drop to number 49 in its 16th and final week. On Wallonia's chart, Ultratop 50, the song debuted at number 14 and would not chart again until July 3, 2010, at number 40. Longer than on any other chart, "Not Afraid" charted in Sweden for 43 consecutive weeks, debuting at number five and charting at number 49 in its final week.


title: Not Afraid

text: Before filming began, Eminem spoke to Paul Rosenberg on the telephone about his ideas for a music video of "Not Afraid"; the two shared thoughts and started collaborating in May 2010. American director Richard "Rich" Lee was hired to direct the video, which was shot on Market Street, in Newark, New Jersey as well as New York City. On the first day, Eminem filmed the opening scene on the rooftop of the Manhattan Municipal Building. Lee called the moment "sort of like a very internal feeling kind of video". In an interview, while the video was being shot, Eminem spoke about working with Lee "as pretty anti-climactic, for the most part, you know what I mean... It's good working with him, you know, he's about his business". The scene in which Eminem jumps from a cliff and dives, was done at Greenpoint Warehouse, in Brooklyn with Lee and video producer Justin Diener. Also working with Eminem on the video included Dennis Dennehy and Chris Clancy for marketing. The final scene filmed on the first day was where Eminem would try to escape from a dark basement on a set built by production designer Ethan Tobman; shooting in Newark also continued.


title: Not Afraid

text: The second day of shooting focused on Eminem as he walked through Market Street in Newark. Eminem's final shoot before wrapping up was a mirror scene, which included many glass mirrors, and a fake one among them, through which he would have to break through. On May 30, 2010, Eminem confirmed the video's release date in a Twitter message: "For those 'patiently waiting,' the NOT AFRAID video will premier Saturday 6/5. Details later..." The day before the video's premiere, a teaser trailer was uploaded onto video sharing site YouTube, which combines many clips from the full video. The music video was uploaded on video website Vevo on June 5, 2010 at 11:30 am ET. Vevo stylized their logo with the "E" reversed, similar to Eminem's logo. On June 7, the television premiere took place on MTV and VH1, and the former featured a primetime encore the day after.


title: Not Afraid

text: As of March 2022, the music video has received over 1.6 billion views and 10 million likes on YouTube.


title: Not Afraid

text: The music video opens with a scene in which Eminem stands on the rooftop of the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York, saying the introductory lyrics. The video cuts between scenes where he raps on the rooftop and another scene where Eminem is trapped inside a dark basement. Eminem moves closer towards the edge of the building until he leaves to go downstairs as the chorus begins. He starts walking down Market Street in Newark and jaywalks across the street, avoiding vehicles that pass by. Eminem sees distorted reflections of himself on the window of a car; he continues on, only to be surrounded by a series of mirrors. Confused, Eminem tries to escape, and towards the end of the second chorus, he breaks through a mirror to find himself in the middle of the street. Interspersing scenes show Eminem as he tries to break out of the basement. As the camera zooms out, the viewers see him on the edge of a destroyed street while a subway tunnel can be seen below the road.


title: Not Afraid

text: Eminem then jumps off the edge and makes a steep dive, but flies straight up again; his speedy flight down Market Street causes sonic booms on vehicles nearby. Eventually, Eminem flies up, back to the rooftop of the Manhattan Municipal Building, in New York City, where the video began.


title: Not Afraid

text: The video was received with generally positive reviews. Following the video's Vevo release, Monica Herrera of "Billboard" named Eminem's jumping sequence "a moment of triumph" and compared his flying scene to Superman. She also noted similarities of the video's events and the song's lyrics, deeming them a powerful word to Eminem's haters, where Eminem raps about destroying one's balcony. Daniel Kreps from "Rolling Stone" felt that Eminem "similarly puts his redemption in the spotlight" and notices courage. Kreps went on to compare Eminem's flying scene to Canadian actor Keanu Reeves from the 1999 science fiction film "The Matrix". In his review for "Entertainment Weekly", Vozick-Levinson wrote: "We are to understand that he is once again at wit's end with the world, full of barely contained energy that he's not yet sure how to direct." Although he didn't feel that the video was Eminem's best, Vozick-Levinson praised the video for its message in relation to the song's vibe; he also made a comparison to Eminem's music video for "The Way I Am", as both videos involve Eminem as he jumps from a great height. Patrick D'Arcy of "Spin" thought that Eminem is "an satria unlikely motivational speaker, but an effective one."


title: Not Afraid

text: With over a billion views, the video is Eminem's second-most viewed on YouTube after "Love the Way You Lie" from the same album.


title: Not Afraid

text: On June 2, 2010, Eminem performed "Not Afraid" in France on the set of the French show Le Grand Journal.


title: Not Afraid

text: On June 5, 2010, Eminem performed "Not Afraid" on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross". In celebration of the then-upcoming release of Treyarch-developed shooter game "", video game publisher Activision organized many artists to perform at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 (E3 2010)—which took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles—including Eminem. Joined by Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker, Eminem performed songs from his album, including "Not Afraid", "Love the Way You Lie" and "Won't Back Down". At E3 2011, a choir, as well as hypeman Mr. Porter sung with Eminem during the chorus of "Not Afraid", while his band played with an orchestra. The audience presumed the performance was over; however, Eminem shortly returned to the stage to end with "Lose Yourself". News distributor PR Newswire wrote, "Eminem ignited the crowd as he closed the all-star event". Matt Elias of MTV News also praised the show, and said that "Eminem performed an electrifying set ..., crushing any doubts that he is truly back in the game". Antony Bruno of "Billboard" called the performance "a literal bang" while Seve Appleford of "Rolling Stone" wrote, "The rapper marched along the catwalk with his usual intensity, previewing new songs from next week's release "Recovery"." Activision reportedly spent six million dollars on party costs.


title: Not Afraid

text: "Not Afraid" was included on Eminem's set list as the final song before Eminem's "Lose Yourself" encore in his performance at the T in the Park festival, which took place on July 10, 2010. This would be his first European concert in five years. Eminem wore black shorts and a hoodie. He commented on the weather, saying, "I know it's muddy and sloppy and shit but this is fun", and also thanked the crowd for supporting him. "Everybody who's an Eminem fan, I just wanna say thank you so much for the support you've shown over the years, for not giving up on me," he said, "I hope you enjoyed the show as much as we did tonight. Peace." At the end of the performance, Eminem said, "Edin-borg, did you enjoy yourself tonight?" That evening, members of the audience accused Eminem of lip syncing, but others defended him of such accusations. The T in the Park performance of "Not Afraid" is included as the second track on the "Love the Way You Lie" CD single. Eminem performed "Not Afraid" for a small audience in a small room at the beginning of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards; he performed the song once again at the Los Angeles Nokia Theatre, the main site of the ceremony, and performed "Love the Way You Lie" with Barbadian singer Rihanna. The audience voted his performance the best with 34 percent of all votes.


title: Not Afraid

text: Eminem performed "Not Afraid" alongside Porter at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music Festival. He arrived in a Bad Meets Evil T-shirt, camouflage shorts, a black hoodie and a black hat. His set list included other hits from previous years, including "Cleanin' Out My Closet", "The Real Slim Shady", "Without Me" and "Like Toy Soldiers"; he also performed with Bad Meets Evil partner Royce da 5'9" for "Fast Lane" and "Lighters". Almost 80,000 members of the audience chanted "Shady!" for five minutes until Eminem returned to perform an encore with "Lose Yourself". Before performing "Not Afraid", Eminem told the audience, "All jokes aside... Thank you for sticking by me and not giving up on me." At one point during the show, he told them, "Everybody here tonight, I just wanna say thank you for sticking by me and not giving up on me." News sources praised the performance; James Montgomery of MTV News wrote, "what stood out the most about Em's performance was the sheer tenacity with which he attacked it." News agency Associated Press said that "Bonnaroo's crowd may be a hippie enclave, but you wouldn't have known it Saturday night". HitFix blog's Katie Hasty considered the "Not Afraid" performance "triumphant, perhaps due to crowd buzz". Patrick Doyle of "Rolling Stone" wrote, "Eminem's hour-and-a-half set was a triumph, with the rapper constantly bouncing across the stage, performing hit after hit with the energy of a prizefighter."


title: Not Afraid

text: Eminem performed the song as part of a set list on the second day of Chicago's Lollapalooza festival with Porter, in front of an audience of 90,000 people. "The Hollywood Reporter"s Steve Baltin wrote, "given the infrequency with which he tours, it's sometimes easy to forget just how dynamic a performer he is, but after a spectacular 90-minute show, there was no denying the rapper's power." Adam Graham of "The Detroit News" said that "Eminem delivered the goods to the huge throng of people". Gil Kaufman of MTV News felt that "Eminem came, saw and conquered his Lollapalooza debut." Eminem performed a 28-song set list at Virgin Group's V Festival (V2011) on August 20, 2011 and the following day, which included "Not Afraid" as the final song before the encore of "Lose Yourself".


title: Not Afraid

text: The first day took place in Chelmsford, Essex and the second day took place in Staffordshire. Chris Salmon of "The Guardian" called Eminem's performance of "Not Afraid" "majestic"; he went on to writing that "It's a set fit to close any festival, pop-centred or otherwise." BBC's Chi Chi Izundu noted that Eminem's performance was "fast-paced".


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano (24 May 1803 – 29 July 1857), was a French naturalist and ornithologist. Lucien and his wife had twelve children, including Cardinal Lucien Bonaparte.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: Bonaparte was the son of Lucien Bonaparte and Alexandrine de Bleschamp. Lucien was a younger brother of Napoleon I, making Charles the emperor’s nephew. Born in Paris, he was raised in Italy. On 29 June 1822, he married his cousin, Zénaïde, in Brussels. Soon after the marriage, the couple left for Philadelphia in the United States to live with Zénaïde's father, Joseph Bonaparte (who was also the paternal uncle of Charles). Before leaving Italy, Charles had already discovered a warbler new to science, the moustached warbler, and on the voyage he collected specimens of a new storm-petrel. On arrival in the United States, he presented a paper on this new bird, which was later named after Alexander Wilson.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: Bonaparte then set about studying the ornithology of the United States and updating Wilson's "Ornithology or History of the Birds of the United States". The revised edition was published between 1825 and 1833. His other publications included "Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology" (in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy) and "Synopsis of the Birds of the United States" (in the Annals of the Lyceum of New York). In 1824, Bonaparte tried to get the then unknown John James Audubon accepted by the Academy of Natural Sciences, but this was opposed by the ornithologist George Ord who disliked Audubon's dramatic bird poses and considered him to be a "a back-country upstart who romanticized his subject matter," according to the Audubon Galleries.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: At the end of 1826, Bonaparte and his family returned to Europe. He visited Germany, where he met Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar, and England, where he met John Edward Gray at the British Museum, and renewed his acquaintance with Audubon. In 1828, the family settled in Rome. In Italy, he was the originator of several scientific congresses, and lectured and wrote extensively on American and European ornithology and other branches of natural history. Between 1832 and 1841, Bonaparte published his work on the animals of Italy, "Iconografia della Fauna Italica". He had also published "Specchio Comparativo delle Ornithologie di Roma e di Filadelfia" (Pisa, 1827), presenting a comparison between birds of the latitude of Philadelphia and Italian species. He created the genus "Zenaida", after his wife, for the mourning dove and its relatives. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1845.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: In 1840, he became Prince of Canino and Musignano after his father's death and became involved in politics, particularly the anti-Austrian party which he joined in 1848. He did not, however, lose interest in his favourite studies for he organized and presided over several scientific congresses in Italy.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: In 1849, he was elected to the Roman Assembly and participated in the creation of the Roman Republic. According to Jasper Ridley, when the Assembly convened for the first time: "When the name of Carlo Bonaparte, who was a member for Viterbo, was called, he replied to the roll-call by calling out "Long live the Republic!"" ("Viva la Repubblica!"). He participated in the defense of Rome against the 40,000 French troops sent by his cousin Louis Napoleon. He left Rome after the Republican army was defeated in July 1849. He landed at Marseilles, but was ordered to leave the country by Louis Napoleon. He reaffirmed his political beliefs the following year in naming Wilson's bird-of-paradise ("Cicinnurus respublica") in honor of the republican idea.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: He travelled to the United Kingdom, attending the meeting of the British Association in Birmingham. He then visited Sir William Jardine in southern Scotland. Charles then began work on preparing a methodical classification of all the birds in the world, visiting museums across Europe to study the collections. In 1850, he was allowed to return to France and made Paris his home for the rest of his life. In 1854, he became director of the Jardin des Plantes. In 1855, he was made a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He published the first volume of his "Conspectus Generum Avium" before his death, the second volume being edited by Hermann Schlegel.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: Bonaparte also studied amphibians and reptiles, and is the author of "Vipera ursinii", commonly known as Orsini's viper.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: Bonaparte was extremely prolific and is responsible for coining Latin names for a large number of bird species. As of August 2019, in the online list of birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), Bonaparte is credited as the authority for 165 genera, 203 species and 262 subspecies.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: In the Luigi Magni's film In the Name of the Sovereign People (1990), Bonaparte is played by Carlo Croccolo.


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: In conjunction with M. de Pouancé, he also prepared descriptive catalogue of pigeons and one of parrots which were published after his death. Among his papers published are:


title: Charles Lucien Bonaparte

text: He published several scientific papers on ornithological topics in the Bolognese journal "Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali", as Carlo Luciano Bonaparte.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: David Chester Gibbons (born 14 April 1949) is an English comics artist, writer and sometimes letterer. He is best known for his collaborations with writer Alan Moore, which include the miniseries "Watchmen" and the Superman story "For the Man Who Has Everything". He was an artist for "2000 AD", for which he contributed a large body of work from its first issue in 1977.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons was born on 14 April 1949, at Forest Gate Hospital in London, to Chester, a town planner, and Gladys, a secretary. He began reading comic books at the age of seven. A self-taught artist, he illustrated his own comic strips. Gibbons became a building surveyor but eventually entered the UK comics industry as a letterer for IPC Media. He left his surveyor job to focus on his comics career.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons's earliest published work was in British underground comics, starting with "The Trials of Nasty Tales", including the main cover illustration, and continuing in "cOZmic Comics" produced by Felix Dennis.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons entered the British comics industry by working on horror and action titles for both DC Thomson and IPC. One of his earlier works was a 12-part comic-series titled "Year of the Shark Men" for DC Thomson's "The Wizard" magazine, in April 1976 – July 1976. When the science-fiction title "2000 AD" was set up in the mid-1970s, Gibbons contributed artwork to the first issue, "Prog 01" (February 1977), and went on to draw the first 24 instalments of "Harlem Heroes", one of the founding (and pre-Judge Dredd) strips.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Midway through the comic's first year he began illustrating "Dan Dare", a cherished project for Gibbons who had been a fan of the original series and artist Frank Hampson who, alongside Frank Bellamy, Don Lawrence and Ron Turner are well-liked and inspirational artists to Gibbons, whose "style evolved out of [his] love for the "MAD" magazine artists like Wally Wood and Will Elder".


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Working on early feature "Ro-Busters" (after "Starlord" merged with "2000 AD"), Gibbons became one of the most prolific of "2000 AD"'s earliest creators, contributing artwork to 108 of the first 131 Progs/issues. He returned to the pages of "the Galaxy's Greatest Comic" in the early 1980s to create Rogue Trooper with writer Gerry Finley-Day and produce an early run on that feature, before handing it over to a succession of other artists. He illustrated a handful of "Tharg's Future Shocks" shorts, primarily with author Alan Moore.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons was known, by sight but not by name, to readers of the short-lived IPC title "Tornado". Whereas "2000 AD" was said to be "edited" by the alien Tharg, "Tornado" was "edited" by superhero Big E, who as alter-ego Percy Pilbeam worked on the magazine. These characters appeared in photographic form within the comic, with Gibbons posing as both Big E and Pilbeam for the entire 22-issue run of "Tornado" before it was subsumed into "2000 AD".


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons departed from "2000 AD" briefly in the late 1970s/early 1980s to become the lead artist on "Doctor Who Weekly/Monthly", for which magazine he drew the main comic strip from issue No. 1 until No. 69, missing only four issues during that time.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: The "Doctor Who Storybook 2007" (released Christmas 2006) features a story called "Untitled" which includes the name "Gibbons" in a list of great artists of Earth history.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons was one of the British comic talents identified by Len Wein in 1982 for American publisher DC Comics: he was hired primarily to draw "Green Lantern Corps" backup stories within the pages of "Green Lantern". Gibbons's first DC work was on the Green Lantern Corps story in "Green Lantern" No. 161 (February 1983), with writer Todd Klein, as well as the concurrently released "Creeper" two-part backup story in "The Flash" #318–319. Gibbons drew the lead story in "The Brave and the Bold" No. 200 (July 1983) which featured a team-up of the Batmen of Earth-One and Earth-Two. With "Green Lantern" No. 172 (Jan. 1984), Gibbons joined writer Wein on the main feature while continuing to illustrate the backup features. In issue No. 182, Wein and Gibbons made architect John Stewart, who had been introduced previously in issue No. 87, the title's primary character. Ceding the "Tales of the Green Lantern Corps" backup features to various other individuals from No. 181, Gibbons last issue with Wein was issue No. 186 (March 1985). Gibbons returned to pencil the backup story "Mogo Doesn't Socialize" with Alan Moore in issue No. 188.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: While Marvel Comics reprinted some of Gibbons's Marvel UK "Doctor Who" work, Eclipse Comics reprinted some of his "Warrior" work and Eagle reprinted various Judge Dredd tales, Gibbons continued to produce new work almost exclusively for DC throughout the 1980s. For the 1985 "Superman Annual" No. 11, Gibbons drew the main story "For the Man Who Has Everything", again written by Alan Moore.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: During 1985 and 1986, Gibbons's artwork graced the pages of several issues of both DC's "Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe" and Marvel's "The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition". He was one of the contributors to the "DC Challenge" limited series and in December 1986, he contributed to Harrier Comics' "Brickman" No. 1 alongside Kevin O'Neill, Lew Stringer and others. Between May and August 1988, he contributed covers to "The Phantom" miniseries, inked Kevin Maguire's pencilled contribution to "Action Comics" No. 600, and produced the cover to "Action Comics Weekly" No. 601.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: He is best known in the US for collaborating with Alan Moore on the 12-issue limited series "Watchmen", now one of the best-selling graphic novels of all time, and the only one to feature on "Time"s "Top 100 Novels" list. Gibbons's artwork in "Watchmen" is notable both for its stark utilisation of the formulaic comicbook nine-panel grid layout, as well as for its intense narrative and symbolic density, with some symbolic background elements suggested by Moore, others by Gibbons.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Initially pitched by Moore to use the Charlton Comics characters which had been purchased by DC Comics, "Watchmen" was re-tooled to feature new, analogue characters when it became clear that the story would have significant and lasting ramifications on its main players. Gibbons believes that his own involvement likely came about after the idea was already in its early initial stages. He recalls that he had:


title: Dave Gibbons

text: To complement the story, Gibbons remembers working on rough character designs which ultimately changed little in their final appearance from "the descriptions that Alan had provided," trying to come up with "a classic superhero feel but be a little bit stranger ... a sort of operatic look ... an Egyptian kind of a look."


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons lettered "Watchmen" and it was his lettering style that later served as one of two reference sources used by Vincent Connare when creating the controversial font Comic Sans in 1994. Gibbons has commented that "It's just a shame they couldn't have used just the original font, because it's a real mess. I think it's a particularly ugly letter form."


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "Watchmen" "called into question the basic assumptions on which the super hero genre is formulated". DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed in 2010 that "As with "The Dark Knight Returns", "Watchmen" set off a chain reaction of rethinking the nature of super heroes and heroism itself, and pushed the genre darker for more than a decade. The series won acclaim...and would continue to be regarded as one of the most important literary works the field ever produced."


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons returned to "Watchmen" in 2008, producing the behind-the-scenes book "Watching the Watchmen" to tie into the release of the 2009 film. "Watching the Watchmen" is his take on the creation of the seminal work, and features a number of rarely seen pieces of artwork including sketches and character designs, as well as "stuff," he says "that I just don't know why I kept but I'm really pleased I did." Gibbons stated that "I'm basically thrilled with the movie, you know; it's been in the making for years. There have been proposals to make it – some I was excited about, some I was less excited about. But I think the way that it finally has been made is just great. I honestly can't imagine it being made much better."


title: Dave Gibbons

text: From the start of the 1990s, Gibbons began to focus as much on writing and inking as on drawing, contributing to a number of different titles and issues from a variety of companies. Particular highlights included, in 1990, Gibbons writing the three-issue "World's Finest" miniseries for artist Steve Rude and DC, while drawing "Give Me Liberty" for writer Frank Miller and Dark Horse Comics. He penned the first "Batman Versus Predator" crossover for artists Andy and Adam Kubert (Dec. 1991 – Feb. 1992), and inked Rick Veitch and Stephen R. Bissette for half of Alan Moore's "1963" Image Comics series (1993).


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Rejoining Frank Miller in mid-1994 on "Martha Washington Goes to War", the following year Gibbons wrote the Elseworlds title "Superman: Kal" for José Luis García-López, melding Arthurian legends to the Superman mythos in an "out-of-continuity" tale set in an alternate DC Universe. In Marvel Edge's "Savage Hulk" No. 1 (Jan 1996), Gibbons wrote, penciled, inked, coloured and lettered "Old Friends", a version of the events of "Captain America" No. 110 from the point of view of the Hulk. In 1996 and 1997, Gibbons collaborated with Mark Waid and Jimmy Palmiotti on two issues of the Amalgam Comics character "Super-Soldier," a character born from the merging of the DC and Marvel Universes after the events of the 1996 intercompany crossover "DC vs. Marvel/Marvel vs. DC".


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Among many other covers, one-shots and minor works, Gibbons worked with Alan Moore again briefly on the latter's Awesome Entertainment "Judgment Day" miniseries, providing (variant) covers to all three issues, on the first issue of Kitchen Sink Press's "The Spirit: The New Adventures" revival and within the pages of the "Alan Moore Songbook". He designed the logo for Oni Press in 1997. In 1999 he penciled and inked Darko Macan's four-issue "Star Wars: Vader's Quest" miniseries.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons was one of the artists on the "" one-shot written by Evan Dorkin and in December 2001 Gibbons collaborated with Stan Lee on "Just Imagine... Stan Lee creating Green Lantern".


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons wrote "Captain America" issues #17–20 (Nov. 2003 – Jan. 2004) for artist Lee Weeks. In 2005, he drew covers for "JSA", as well as producing the complete original graphic novel "The Originals", a black and white graphic novel which he scripted and drew. Published by Vertigo, the work is set in the near future, but draws heavily on the imagery of the Mods and Rockers of the 1960s.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: He wrote "The Rann–Thanagar War" six-issue limited series for DC Comics, one of four lead-ins to the company-wide "Infinite Crisis" storyline, and returned to the Green Lantern Corps with the five-issue "Green Lantern Corps: Recharge" (Nov. 2005 – March 2006), co-written with Geoff Johns, which spun off into an ongoing, Gibbons-written series in August 2006.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons was involved in two series released by DC/WildStorm when DC acquired American rights to the IPC stable of characters. He provided cover artwork for the flagship title, "Albion", the six-issue limited series written by Leah Moore and her husband, John Reppion and co-plotted by her father, Alan Moore. Gibbons wrote the "Albion" spin-off "Thunderbolt Jaxon" (April–Sept. 2006), with art by John Higgins.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Gibbons provided covers for three issues of writers Kurt Busiek and Fabian Nicieza's run on "Action Comics" (issues #841–843) and co-penciled (with Ethan van Sciver) the "Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps" issue as part of the "Sinestro Corps" story arc. He contributed to the ongoing "Green Lantern Corps" title on issues #18–20 (May–July 2007). Gibbons and Ryan Sook produced a Kamandi serial for "Wednesday Comics" in 2009. In the late 2000s, he provided new alternative covers to IDW Publishing's reprints of his Marvel UK "Doctor Who" comics.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: On 9 April 2011 Gibbons was one of 62 comics creators who appeared at the IGN stage at the Kapow! convention in London to set two Guinness World Records, the Fastest Production of a Comic Book, and Most Contributors to a Comic Book. With Guinness officials on hand to monitor their progress, writer Mark Millar began work at 9am scripting a 20-page black and white "Superior" comic book, with various artists appearing on stage throughout the day to work on the pencils, inks, and lettering. The artists included Gibbons, Frank Quitely, John Romita Jr., Jock, Adi Granov, Doug Braithwaite, Ian Churchill, Olivier Coipel, Duncan Fegredo, Simon Furman, David Lafuente, John McCrea, Sean Phillips and Liam Sharp, who all drew a panel each, with regular "Superior" artist Leinil Yu creating the book's front cover. The book was completed in 11 hours, 19 minutes, and 38 seconds, and was published through Icon on 23 November 2011, with all royalties being donated to Yorkhill Children's Foundation.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: In 2014 he was appointed the UK's first Comics Laureate, to act as an ambassador for comic books and their potential to improve literacy.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: In April 2022, Gibbons was reported among the more than three dozen comics creators who contributed to Operation USA's benefit anthology book, "Comics for Ukraine: Sunflower Seeds", a project spearheaded by IDW Publishing Special Projects Editor Scott Dunbier, whose profits would be donated to relief efforts for Ukrainian refugees resulting from the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Gibbons' contribution was an original story with new characters created specifically for the anthology.


title: Dave Gibbons

text: Works other than comics include providing the cartoon strip on the inside sleeve of Jethro Tull's 1976 album "", background art for the 1994 computer game "Beneath a Steel Sky" and the cover to "K", the 1996 debut album by psychedelic rock band Kula Shaker. In 1988, he did the cover art of album "The Madness". In 2007, he served as a consultant on the film "Watchmen", which was adapted from the book, and released in March 2009.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee Dong-gook (, ; born 29 April 1979) is a South Korean former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is a record scorer in the K League 1, and had brief spells in Europe with Werder Bremen and Middlesbrough. He also played for the South Korea national football team at two FIFA World Cups and two AFC Asian Cups.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In 1998, Lee joined a K League club Pohang Steelers and started his professional career instead of entering university. Lee was named the Rookie of the Year after scoring eleven goals for Pohang in his first K League season. He also helped Pohang win the Asian Club Championship in that year.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In January 2001, he was sent on loan to a Bundesliga club Werder Bremen, but he failed to settle in Bremen. He played only seven matches as a substitute during six months.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: He scored six goals during seven league matches in early 2006 when his performance was at its height. In April 2006, however, he tore the cruciate ligaments in his knee while playing in a league match that forced him out for six months, and was unable to play in the 2006 FIFA World Cup.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In 1998, Lee's father offered a bribe to an employee of the Military Manpower Administration in order to dodge Lee's military service. The conspiracy ended in smoke, and was revealed by the prosecutor's office in October 2001. Lee and his father were criticised for their conspiracy, but the court only ordered the monetary penalty of his father. Lee wasn't punished at all, and even got an opportunity to exempt from military service by participating in the 2002 Asian Games. However, he falied to won a gold medal in the Asian Games despite the special treatment, and had to perform his obligation. In March 2003, he joined the military team Gwangju Sangmu.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In January 2007, after being granted a work permit, Lee signed for Premier League club Middlesbrough on an 18-month contract. On 24 February 2007, he made his debut, coming on as an 85th minute substitute for Yakubu in the 2–1 win against Reading. On 29 August 2007, he scored his first goal against Northampton Town in the 2007–08 Football League Cup. On 26 January 2008, he scored his second goal against Mansfield Town in the 2007–08 FA Cup. However, he didn't score during 23 appearances in the Premier League and disappointed English fans. His contract expired at the end of the 2007–08 season and Middlesbrough decided not to extend his contract.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee signed a contract with Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in 2008, but his difficult time was continued. He was transferred to Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in the 2009 transfer window. In the 2009 K League, Lee became the top scorer by scoring 21 goals during 29 appearances, and Jeonbuk won their first-ever league trophy. He was named the Most Valuable Player after spending a successful season. In the 2011 K League, Lee recorded 16 goals and 15 assists during 29 appearances, leading Jeonbuk's second league title. He became the Most Valuable Player once again as well as the top assist provider. He also led Jeonbuk to the 2011 AFC Champions League Final after scoring nine goals until the semi-finals. Jeonbuk lost the final to Al Sadd after penalty shoot-out, but he was named the Most Valuable Player and the top scorer. On 3 March 2012, Lee became the K League's all-time leading scorer with 117 goals when he got two goals in the 2012 season opener against Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In 2013, Lee was involved in a bizarre incident in a K League match against Seongnam FC. While attempting to return the ball to Seongnam's goalkeeper after an injury stoppage, he accidentally struck it past him from 40 yards to level the score at 1–1. Jeonbuk goalkeeper Choi Eun-sung then sportingly scored an own goal on purpose to restore Seongnam's lead.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee won his third and fourth MVP award after adding K League titles in 2014 and 2015. On 15 March 2016, Lee scored his 30th AFC Champions League goal against Becamex Binh Duong and became the AFC Champions League's all-time top scorer. On 26 November 2016, Lee and Jeonbuk won the 2016 AFC Champions League after defeating Al Ain in the final.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In the 2016 K League 1, Jeonbuk was deducted nine points for bribing two referees, and Korean fans protested that the punishment was too light. However, Lee ignored the corruption of his club, and didn't accept the result after losing the league title.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: On 2 June 2019, he scored his 200th career goal at Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in a match against Sangju Sangmu. On May 9 2020, Lee scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Suwon Samsung Bluewings, which was notable for being the first league match in the world during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: On 1 November 2020, Lee played virtually last game of his 23-year playing career, and got his retirement ceremony immediately after the game. This game, finished as a 2–0 victory over Daegu FC, was the last round of the 2020 K League 1, and Jeonbuk sealed their fourth successive title. On 8 November 2020, he played his last match as a substitute for eight minutes in the 2020 Korean FA Cup final, and got his last trophy.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Lee was a member of the South Korean national team, playing a match against the Netherlands as a substitute. After the World Cup, he led South Korea to the AFC Youth Championship title, becoming the tournament's MVP and top scorer.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee also took part in the 2000 AFC Asian Cup. He scored a hat-trick against Indonesia, bringing South Korea's only victory in the group stage. He scored a golden goal in extra time of the quarter-final match against Iran. He also scored a goal in the semi-finals against Saudi Arabia, but South Korea lost this time. He became a top goalscorer with six goals after scoring the winning goal in the third place match against China.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: In 2002, Lee was not chosen by Guus Hiddink to represent South Korea in 2002 FIFA World Cup. Fans called him "Lazy Genius", because they felt that he did not fully use his potential. This is also because Hiddink emphasized strong stamina, great power, and agile speed, which are the categories that Lee struggles in, except power. He later admitted that he spent his days drinking and did not watch a single game that took place during the 2002 World Cup.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee was coach Dick Advocaat's first-choice selection at forward for Korea ahead of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but a knee injury suffered in a K League match forced him to miss the tournament. On 1 November 2007, Lee was banned from the national team for twelve months after it was revealed that he, along with team captain Lee Woon-jae, teammates Kim Sang-sik and Woo Sung-yong, went on a late night drinking spree with several female employees during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, in which Korea received third place. Unlike the other members who were involved in this incident, because Lee played for Middlesbrough in England, the KFA could not ban him from his club team matches.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee was selected as a reserve striker of the national team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He came on as a substitute in the round of 16 against Uruguay, and got a crucial chance made by Park Ji-sung. However, his shot lacked the power to cross the goal line, and South Korea lost the game after his mistake. He was denounced by South Korean fans, and was worried that his family would get hurt due to the criticisms about him.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee played in qualifiers for 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup but was not listed on the final teams for the tournaments.


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee married Lee Soo-jin, a runner up of Miss Korea 1997, in December 2005. The couple have five children: twin daughters Lee Jae-si and Lee Jae-ah (born 14 August 2007), twin daughters Lee Seol-ah and Lee Soo-ah (born 18 July 2013) and son Lee Si-an, nicknamed Daebak (born 14 November 2014).


title: Lee Dong-gook

text: Lee, along with his five children, has appeared on the Sunday variety show "The Return of Superman" (aired on KBS World TV) from 2015 to 2019. "The Return of Superman" shows famous Korean fathers taking care of their children for 48 hours without their wife. Lee is the first on the show to have five children to take care of.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: A pickup is a transducer that captures or senses mechanical vibrations produced by musical instruments, particularly stringed instruments such as the electric guitar, and converts these to an electrical signal that is amplified using an instrument amplifier to produce musical sounds through a loudspeaker in a speaker enclosure. The signal from a pickup can also be recorded directly.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Most electric guitars and electric basses use magnetic pickups. Acoustic guitars, upright basses and fiddles often use a piezoelectric pickup.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: A typical magnetic pickup is a transducer (specifically a variable reluctance sensor) that consists of one or more permanent magnets (usually alnico or ferrite) wrapped with a coil of several thousand turns of fine enameled copper wire. The magnet creates a magnetic field which is focused by the pickup's pole piece or pieces. The permanent magnet in the pickup magnetizes the guitar string above it. This causes the string to generate a magnetic field which is in alignment with that of the permanent magnet. When the string is plucked, the magnetic field around it moves up and down with the string. This moving magnetic field induces a current in the coil of the pickup as described by Faraday's law of induction. Typical output might be 100–300 millivolts.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: The pickup is connected with a patch cable to an amplifier, which amplifies the signal to a sufficient magnitude of power to drive a loudspeaker (which might require tens of volts). A pickup can also be connected to recording equipment via a patch cable.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: The pickup is most often mounted on the body of the instrument, but can be attached to the bridge, neck or pickguard. The pickups vary in power, and they vary in style. Some pickups can be single coil, while other pickups can be double coil humbuckers. The pickup is one of the most important aspects to distinguishing an electric guitar's sound. Most guitar models have a distinction in pickups, which act as a new selling point for guitar companies.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Pickups have magnetic polepieces (one or two for each string, with the notable exceptions of rail and lipstick tube pickups), approximately centered on each string. (The standard pickups on the Fender Jazz Bass and Precision Bass have two polepieces per string, to either side of each string.)


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: On most guitars, the strings are not fully parallel: they converge at the nut and diverge at the bridge. Thus, bridge, neck and middle pickups usually have different polepiece spacings on the same guitar.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: There are several standards on pickup sizes and string spacing between the poles. Spacing is measured either as a distance between 1st to 6th polepieces' centers (this is also called "E-to-E" spacing), or as a distance between adjacent polepieces' centers.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Some high-output pickups employ very strong magnets, thus creating more flux and thereby more output. This can be detrimental to the final sound because the magnet's pull on the strings (called string capture) can cause problems with intonation as well as damp the strings and reduce sustain.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Other high-output pickups have more turns of wire to increase the voltage generated by the string's movement. However, this also increases the pickup's output resistance and impedance, which can affect high frequencies if the pickup is not isolated by a buffer amplifier or a DI unit.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: The turns of wire in proximity to each other have an equivalent self-capacitance that, when added to any cable capacitance present, resonates with the inductance of the winding. This resonance can accentuate certain frequencies, giving the pickup a characteristic tonal quality. The more turns of wire in the winding, the higher the output voltage but the lower this resonance frequency.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: The arrangement of parasitic resistances and capacitances in the guitar, cable, and amplifier input, combined with the inductive source impedance inherent in this type of transducer forms a resistively-damped second-order low-pass filter, producing a non-linearity effect not found in piezoelectric or optical transducers. Pickups are usually designed to feed a high input impedance, typically a megohm or more, and a low-impedance load increases attenuation of higher frequencies. Typical maximum frequency of a single-coil pickup is around 5 kHz, with the highest note on a typical guitar fretboard having a fundamental frequency of 1.17 kHz.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Single-coil pickups act like a directional antenna and are prone to pick up mains hum—nuisance alternating current electromagnetic interference from electrical power cables, power transformers, fluorescent light ballasts, video monitors or televisions—along with the musical signal. Mains hum consists of a fundamental signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local current frequency, and usually some harmonic content.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: To overcome this, the humbucking pickup was invented by Joseph Raymond "Ray" Butts (for Gretsch), while Seth Lover also worked on one for Gibson. Who developed it first is a matter of some debate, but Butts was awarded the first patent () and Lover came next ().


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: A humbucking pickup is composed of two coils, with each coil wound reverse to the other. Each set of six magnetic poles is also opposite in polarity. Since ambient hum from electrical devices reaches the coils as common-mode noise, it induces an equal voltage in each coil, but 180 degrees out of phase between the two voltages. These effectively cancel each other, while the signal from the guitar string is doubled.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: When wired in series, as is most common, the overall inductance of the pickup is increased, which lowers its resonance frequency and attenuates the higher frequencies, giving a less trebly tone (i.e., "fatter") than either of the two component single-coil pickups would give alone.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: An alternative wiring places the coils in "buck" parallel, which has a more neutral effect on resonant frequency. This pickup wiring is rare, as guitarists have come to expect that humbucking pickups 'have a sound', and are not so neutral. On fine jazz guitars, the parallel wiring produces significantly cleaner sound, as the lowered source impedance drives capacitive cable with lower high frequency attenuation.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: A "side-by-side" humbucking pickup senses a wider section of each string than a single-coil pickup. By picking up a larger portion of the vibrating string, more lower harmonics are present in the signal produced by the pickup in relation to high harmonics, resulting in a "fatter" tone. Humbucking pickups in the narrow form factor of a single coil, designed to replace single-coil pickups, have the narrower aperture resembling that of a single coil pickup. Some models of these single-coil-replacement humbuckers produce more authentic resemblances to classic single-coil tones than full-size humbucking pickups of a similar inductance.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Most electric guitars have two or three magnetic pickups. A combination of pickups is called a "pickup configuration", usually notated by writing out the pickup types in order from bridge pickup through mid to neck pickup, using “S” for single-coil and “H” for humbucker. Typically the bridge pickup is known as the lead pickup, and the neck pickup is known as the rhythm pickup.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: The piezoelectric pickup contains a piezo crystal, which converts the vibrations directly to a changing voltage.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Many semi-acoustic and acoustic guitars, and some electric guitars and basses, have been fitted with piezoelectric pickups instead of, or in addition to, magnetic pickups. These have a very different sound, and also have the advantage of not picking up any other magnetic fields, such as mains hum and feedback from monitoring loops. In hybrid guitars, this system allows switching between magnetic pickup and piezo sounds, or simultaneously blending the output. Solid bodied guitars with only a piezo pickup are known as silent guitars, which are usually used for practicing by acoustic guitarists. Piezo pickups can also be built into electric guitar bridges for conversion of existing instruments.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Most pickups for bowed string instruments, such as cello, violin, and double bass, are piezoelectric. These may be inlaid into the bridge, laid between the bridge feet and the top of the instrument, or, less frequently, wedged under a wing of the bridge. Some pickups are fastened to the top of the instrument with removable putty.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Piezoelectric pickups have a very high output impedance and appear as a capacitance in series with a voltage source. They therefore often have an instrument-mounted buffer amplifier fitted to maximize frequency response.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: The piezo pickup gives a very wide frequency range output compared to the magnetic types and can give large amplitude signals from the strings. For this reason, the buffer amplifier is often powered from relatively high voltage rails (about ±9 V) to avoid distortion due to clipping. A less linear preamp (like a single-FET amplifier) might be preferable due to softer clipping characteristics. Such an amplifier starts to distort sooner, which makes the distortion less ""buzzy"" and less audible than a more linear, but less forgiving op-amp. However, at least one study indicates that most people cannot tell the difference between FET and op-amp circuits in blind listening comparisons of electric instrument preamps, which correlates with results of formal studies of other types of audio devices. Sometimes, piezoelectric pickups are used in conjunction with magnetic types to give a wider range of available sounds.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Some pickup products are installed and used similarly to piezoelectric pickups, but use different underlying technology, for instance electret or condenser microphone technology.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: There are basically four principles used to convert sound into an alternating current, each with their pros and cons:


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: An amplification system with two transducers combines the qualities of both. A combination of a microphone and a piezoelectric pickup typically produces better sound quality and less sensitivity to feedback, as compared to single transducers. However, this is not always the case. A less frequently used combination is a piezoelectric and a magnetic pickup. This combination can work well for a solid sound with dynamics and expression. Examples of a double system amplifier are the Highlander iP-2, the Verweij VAMP or the LR Baggs dual source and the D-TAR Multisource.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Hexaphonic pickups (also called "divided pickups" and "polyphonic pickups") have a separate output for each string ("Hexaphonic" assumes six strings, as on a guitar). This allows for separate processing and amplification for each string. It also allows a converter to sense the pitch coming from individual string signals for producing note commands, typically according to the MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) protocol. A hexaphonic pickup and a converter are usually components of a guitar/synthesizer.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Such pickups are uncommon (compared to normal ones), and only a few notable models exist, like the piezoelectric pickups on the Moog Guitar. Hexaphonic pickups can be either magnetic or piezoelectric or based on the condensor principle like electronicpickups


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Optical pickups are a fairly recent development that work by sensing the interruption of a light beam by a vibrating string. The light source is usually an LED, and the detector is a photodiode or phototransistor. These pickups are completely resistant to magnetic or electric interference and also have a very broad and flat frequency response, unlike magnetic pickups.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: In 2000, Christopher Willcox, founder of LightWave Systems, unveiled a new beta technology for an optical pickup system using infrared light. In May 2001, LightWave Systems released their second generation pickup, dubbed the "S2."


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Pickups can be either active or passive. Pickups, apart from optical types, are inherently passive transducers. "Passive" pickups are usually wire-wound around a magnet, and are the most common type used. They can generate electric potential without need for external power, though their output is relatively low, and the harmonic content of output depends greatly on the winding.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: "Active" pickups incorporate electronic circuitry to modify the signal. Active circuits are able to filter, attenuate or boost the signal from the pickup. The main disadvantage of an active system is requirement of a battery power source to operate the preamp circuitry. Batteries limit circuit design and functionality, in addition to being inconvenient to the musician. The circuitry may be as simple as a single transistor, or up to several operational amplifiers configured as active filters, active EQ and other sound-shaping features. The op amps used must be of a low-power design to optimize battery life, a design restriction that limits the dynamic range of the circuit. The active circuitry may contain audio filters, which reduce the dynamic range and mildly distort certain ranges. High-output active pickup systems also have an effect on an amplifier's input circuit.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Rickenbacker was the first manufacturer to market stereo instruments (guitars and basses). Their proprietary "Ric-O-Sound" circuitry has two separate output jacks, allowing the musician to send each pickup to its own audio chain (effects device, amplifier, mix console input).


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Teisco produced a guitar with a stereo option. Teisco divided the two sections in the upper three strings and the lower three strings for each individual output.


title: Pickup (music technology)

text: Gibson created the HD.6X Pro guitar that captures a separate signal for each individual string and sends them to an onboard analog/digital converter, then out of the guitar via Ethernet cable.


title: Sathya (Tamil actor)

text: Shahir Cethirakath, better known as Sathya, is an Indian actor, who has worked in Tamil language films. The brother of actor Arya, he first began filming for "Kadhal 2 Kalyanam" in 2008, though the film remains unreleased. After debuting in "Puthagam" (2013), he made a breakthrough in Jeeva Shankar's romantic drama film "Amara Kaaviyam" (2014).


title: Sathya (Tamil actor)

text: Both Arya and Sathya went through many scripts before selecting the script of "Kadhal 2 Kalyanam" for the latter to make his acting début, in which Sathya would be playing the role of a radio jockey. Sathya, after being assigned for the role, had visited Bollywood actor Anupam Kher's acting school in Mumbai to "hone his acting skills", before starting to shoot, besides sitting with and observing professional radio jockeys at a radio station. The film, co-starring Divya Spandana began production in October 2008, but has languished in production hell, prompting "Puthagam" to become his first release. The film, directed by Vijay Adiraj, opened in January 2013 to mixed reviews with a critic noting Sathya "tries to imitate his more famous brother Arya and needs improvement in all departments". After a lukewarm response to his début, Arya chose to produce Sathya's next film, Jeeva Shankar's romantic drama film "Amara Kaaviyam" (2014). Sathya played a school boy named Jeeva, a character that required him to shed more than 10 kg, and featured in the film based on a real event. The film garnered positive reviews from screenings prior to release and had a successful soundtrack composed by Mohamaad Ghibran, prompting a wide release in September 2014. Sathya earned mixed reviews for his work in the film with a critic from "The Hindu" noting "he grows into the role", while another reviewer noted "he is convincing when he has to be a brooding young man " In 2015, the actor was first seen in K. S. Thangasamy's film "Ettuthikkum Madhayaanai", which began production in July 2013.


title: Operation CHAOS

text: Operation CHAOS or Operation MHCHAOS was a Central Intelligence Agency domestic espionage project targeting the American people from 1967 to 1974, established by President Lyndon B. Johnson and expanded under President Richard Nixon, whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war and other protest movements. The operation was launched under Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Richard Helms by chief of counter-intelligence James Jesus Angleton, and headed by Richard Ober. The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a worldwide area of operations.


title: Operation CHAOS

text: The CIA was formed as a result of the National Security Act of 1947. The CIA was charged with the collection, correlation, and evaluation of intelligence. While the Act does not specify a prohibition on collecting domestic intelligence, or a restriction to only collect foreign intelligence, Executive Order 12333 of 1981 added prohibitions to limit CIA activities. The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding Cuban exiles who could be used in the campaign against Cuba and President Fidel Castro. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a Domestic Operations Division in 1964. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing COINTELPRO.


title: Operation CHAOS

text: The CIA developed numerous operations targeting American dissidents in the US. Many of these programs operated under the CIA's Office of Security, including:


title: Operation CHAOS

text: When President Richard Nixon came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS. Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of United States citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic eavesdropping, utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers. In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of informants for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups. Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to Vietnam, such as groups operating within the women's liberation movement. The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the Israeli embassy, and domestic Jewish groups such as the B'nai B'rith. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a garbage collection company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.


title: Operation CHAOS

text: At its finality, Operation CHAOS contained files on 7,200 Americans, and a computer index totaling 300,000 civilians and approximately 1,000 groups.


title: Operation CHAOS

text: The aim of the programs was to compile reports on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives."


title: Operation CHAOS

text: DCI Richard Helms informed President Johnson on November 15, 1967, that the CIA had uncovered "no evidence of any contact between the most prominent peace movement leaders and foreign embassies in the U.S. or abroad." Helms repeated this assessment in 1969. In total, 6 reports were compiled for the White House and 34 for cabinet level officials.


title: Operation CHAOS

text: The secret program was exposed by investigative journalist Seymour Hersh in a 1974 article in "The New York Times" entitled "Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". Amid the uproar of the Watergate break-in involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS had been closed in 1973. Further details were revealed in 1975 during Representative Bella Abzug's House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights. The government, in response to the revelations, felt pressured enough to launch the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, to investigate the depth of the surveillance. Richard Cheney, then Deputy White House Chief of Staff, is noted as having stated the Rockefeller Commission was to avoid "... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."


title: Operation CHAOS

text: Following the revelations by the Rockefeller Commission, then-DCI George H. W. Bush admitted that "the operation in practice resulted in some improper accumulation of material on legitimate domestic activities."


title: EMUI

text: EMUI (formerly known as Emotion UI, and also known as Magic UI on Honor smartphones since 2019) is an Android-derived mobile operating system developed by Chinese technology company Huawei. It is used on the company's smartphones and tablets.


title: EMUI

text: In mainland China, and internationally since 2020 due to U.S. sanctions, EMUI devices utilise Huawei Mobile Services such as Huawei AppGallery instead of Google mobile services.


title: EMUI

text: On 30 December 2012, Huawei introduced Emotion UI 1.0, based on Android 4.0. It features a voice assistant app (only in Chinese), customizable homescreens and theme-switching. The company rolled out installation files for the Ascend P1 through their website. The company claims that it is "probably the world's most emotional system".


title: EMUI

text: On 4 September 2014, the company announced EMUI 3.0, along with Ascend Mate 7 in the pre-IFA event in Berlin. The user interface was ever since called "EMUI" instead of "Emotion UI". In Mainland China, the release introduces the Huawei AppGallery application store; international markets continued to use Google Play.


title: EMUI

text: In late 2015, Huawei introduced EMUI 4.0, based on Android Marshmallow. In 2016, EMUI 5.0 was introduced, based on Android Nougat. In 2017, Huawei introduced EMUI 8.0, based on Android Oreo; beginning with this release, the version number would now be aligned with that of the Android version from which it was derived.


title: EMUI

text: Huawei unveiled EMUI 9.0, based on Android Pie, at IFA in 2018. Huawei stated a goal for the release to make EMUI more "simple", "enjoyable", and consistent; it included various usability tweaks, reorganized settings menus, dark mode, gesture navigation, and GPU Turbo 2.0. Beginning with EMUI 9.0.1, new Huawei devices ship with the company's EROFS file system for its system partitions, which is designed for higher performance in read-only settings on devices with limited resources. In July 2019, Huawei released EMUI 9.1


title: EMUI

text: EMUI 10, based on Android 10, was announced 9 August 2019 at the Huawei Developer Conference. It features an updated interface with larger "magazine"-styled headings, new animations, colour accents inspired by painter Giorgio Morandi, and Android 10's system-wide dark mode support. Beginning 2020 due to United States sanctions against Huawei (which prohibit U.S.-based companies from doing business with the company), new EMUI smartphones sold internationally (beginning with the Mate 30) are no longer certified by Google, do not include support for Google mobile services (GMS) including Google Play, and are marketed as running EMUI with no reference to the Android trademark. These devices introduce AppGallery and Huawei Mobile Services to international markets as an alternative to Google-provided software.


title: EMUI

text: In 2020 alongside the P40, Huawei announced EMUI 10.1, which adds multi-window support, and the new first-party apps Celia and MeeTime. Huawei announced updates for some of its existing devices in June 2020. On September 2020, Huawei publicly announced HarmonyOS 2.0 support for EMUI 11 updated smartphone devices as the company shifts towards HarmonyOS development. In December 2020, Huawei released the HarmonyOS 2.0 beta for the P30, P40 and P50, which iterates from EMUI 10.


title: EMUI

text: As of October 2021, Huawei plans to launch an upgrade bridge to EMUI 12 to older Huawei smartphone models gradually in the first half of 2022 in global markets while HarmonyOS 2 launches in domestic markets. Prepping EMUI successor, future HarmonyOS development for global markets in the coming years.


title: EMUI

text: EMUI 12 is the first EMUI version based on HarmonyOS 2 with OpenHarmony 2.1.0 core which features its own distributed file sharing called Distributed File System that adapts with HarmonyOS powered smart devices with smart TVs, smart speakers and other types of devices which is created from native (HDFS) HarmonyOS Distributed File System and can run native HarmonyOS Ability Package apps. EMUI 12 supports Large Folders that group similar apps in a large folder and name the folder for better organised management and discovery of apps. Difference between EMUI 12 and HarmonyOS running HAP based apps, is that EMUI 12 don't support Atomic Services and App Snippets in the form of interactive visual card based widgets. EMUI 12 don't support HarmonyOS Multi-Device Task Viewer and has a watered down Super Device user experience via Device+. The EMUI 12 update for older global versions of Huawei smartphones is based on Android 10.


title: EMUI

text: On 20th of October 2022, Huawei unveiled their upcoming version of EMUI, which is EMUI 13 on their official website. It inherits the main features unveiled with HarmonyOS 3, such as widgets which can be stacked on top of another, folders which can be resized like Android widgets, and a few other features.


title: EMUI

text: Earlier versions of EMUI have been criticized for placing all app icons on the home screen, with some reviewers saying that it tries to imitate Apple's iOS. The app drawer has been brought back as an option in EMUI 5.0. "PC Magazine" Adam Smith criticized EMUI for being bloated with duplicate apps and the settings menus being difficult to navigate.


title: Arab Federation

text: The Hashemite Arab Federation was a short-lived country that was formed in 1958 from the union between the Hashemite Kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan. Although the name implies a federal structure, it was "de facto" a confederation.


title: Arab Federation

text: The Federation was formed on 14 February 1958, when King Faisal II of Iraq and his cousin, King Hussein of Jordan, sought to unite their two Hashemite kingdoms, as a response to the formation of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria. The union lasted only six months, being officially dissolved on 2 August 1958, after Faisal was deposed by a military coup on 14 July.


title: Arab Federation

text: From the 1930s on the Hashemite dynasty tried to promote Arab unity, as witnessed by the efforts of Iraq and Jordan to unite at three different times. "From the Iraqi perspective, Jordan had little to offer, either economically or strategically, to counterbalance its numerous liabilities". The liabilities included Jordanian King Abdullah's moderation on the Arab–Israeli conflict, his installation by United Kingdom and the unstable relationship between Abdullah and his nephew, Iraqi regent, 'Abd al-Ilah. Regardless of the issues, the two countries first attempted unification in 1946 and 1947 and was introduced by King Abdallah "Stemming from his renewed promotion of the Greater Syria Scheme". The second time was in 1951 and 1952 and resulted from the attempt to rescue Jordan and the Hashemite control after Abdullah was assassinated.


title: Arab Federation

text: In 1958 was the third alliance, which came out of the shared regional interests between Iraq and Jordan against the expansion of the United Arab Republic.


title: Arab Federation

text: During the post-colonial years in the Arab world many forces argued for the creation of a single Arab state. Popular under the name of Arab nationalism, it became increasingly popular among young intellectuals throughout the Middle East and in Iraq during the 1950s. Many different versions of Arab nationalism arose, which developed into an Arab Cold War. The movements were led by many different leaders, the most famous being that espoused by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt. His vision of a pan-Arab state was one that was free of foreign and specifically European interference, with land reform, socialist sympathies and dissolution of the ruling monarchies. For royalist and pro-European Iraq and Jordan, Nasser's vision was incompatible with their existence. Led by Prime Minister Nuri al-Said under King Faisal II, Iraq and Jordan were Hashemite monarchies since their establishment in 1922 at the bequest of the British. The basis of rule in Iraq was diametrically opposite to the type of rule espoused by Nasser, who had overthrown Egypt's own monarchy in 1952, when the Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk into exile.


title: Arab Federation

text: Further complicating the relationship with pan-Arabism was Iraq's relationship with the West and its Anti-Soviet containment policy. In 1955, Iraq entered the short-lived Baghdad Pact at the urging of the United Kingdom and the United States. The pact sought to block the Soviet Union from southward expansion by preventing it from getting access to the petroleum resources of the Middle East and aimed to prevent it from establishing a foothold in the region, especially among the populace. It aligned Iraq with Turkey, Pakistan, Iran and the United Kingdom.


title: Arab Federation

text: While al-Said vainly saw the treaty as a "guarantee" to the security of the Iraqi state, his government and the Hashemite monarchy, Nasser openly and loudly criticised the treaty as a capitulation to imperialist traitors.


title: Arab Federation

text: In early 1958, the formation the United Arab Republic (UAR) between Syria and Egypt brought Nasser's pan-Arab ideals that threatened the existence of both Hashemite regimes, to the Western borders of Iraq. To counter Nasser's pan-Arabism, as-Said approached the Hashemite government of Jordan to discuss the formation of a union while also appeasing Arab nationalists within Iraq. Officially formed on 14 February 1958, the Arab Union or Arab Federation united foreign policy and defense of each country but left the vast majority of other domestic programs under national jurisdiction. According to the 7th article of the Federation convention, the Arab revolt flag came to be the official flag of the Union.


title: Arab Federation

text: Nuri as-Said became the Premier of the Arab Union, mistakenly believing that the Iraqi military command would keep the King on his throne and his government in power, but he neglected to see the growing opposition in the Sunni officer corps against the regime. That overthrew him and Iraqi government and ended the Arab Union in the summer of 1958.


title: Arab Federation

text: Tension between the UAR and the Arab Union (Arab Federation) resulted in the fall of as-Said, the Union and the entire Iraqi Hashemite regime. During the summer of 1958, UAR troop movements to the Syrian border instigated the Arab Union to mobilize troops to counter this move. In July 1958, troops led by Abd al-Karim Qasim travelling through Iraq, took a chance to overthrow the King and his government in Baghdad. With the fall and resulting deaths of Saed, King Faisal II and the rest of the Iraqi royal family, both the Hashemite regime fell and with it the short-lived Arab Union.


title: Arab Federation

text: The deposition of the Hashemites in Iraq had immediate ramifications on the Hashemites in Jordan. Not only were King Hussein's ruling cousins in Iraq executed for their attempted oppression, but so was the Jordanian Prime Minister Ibrahim Hashem who was visiting at the time. After the revolutionaries in Iraq declared a republic, King Hussein of Jordan requested "immediate British and U.S. help to maintain his throne." The British sent 4,000 soldiers to Jordan who remained until November 2, 1958 while the US stationed troops in Beirut. The British forces remained until November 2, 1958 when the US pledged to "support the throne [of the Hashemites in Jordan]" and "provide the country with $40 to $50 million as an annual subsidy, replacing the British subsidy".


title: Arab Federation

text: Yet, however, the revolution and downfall of the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq would not be the end of relations between Iraq and Jordan. In 1975, Jordan turned away from their economic relationship with Syria and instead looked to Iraq. Iraq offered Jordan a strong economy, oil money, a large market and strategic depth. With Iraq's financial aid, Jordan made some economic gains. In fact, by 1990 Iraq was "Jordan's largest market, it was repaying trade credit debts in oil, and it held out the hope of lucrative reconstruction contracts after the Iran–Iraq War."


Warhammer 40,000: Chaos Gate - Daemonhunters is a video game set in the gothic science fiction backdrop of the Games Workshop game system "Warhammer 40,000". In it the player commands a squad of Grey Knights in a fight against the forces of Nurgle who are attempting to release a plague on the galaxy called "the Bloom". It is a reboot of the 1998 game "" and was released 5 May 2022. The game was developed by Canadian studio Complex Games and was published by Frontier Foundry.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Chaos Gate - Daemonhunters

text: The Grey Knights are a secret order of the Imperium of Man. They are a chapter of Adeptus Astartes (Space Marines) composed of psychics created by the Emperor of Mankind and Malcador the Sigilite for the purpose of combating the daemonic forces of chaos.


text: In the game's prologue, Captain Agravain of the Grey Knight Strike Force, Xiphos, battles on the fallen planet of Gaheris against a Khornate warhost, led by the Bloodthirster, Ere'khul. Agravain manages to banish Ere'khul, but he and most of his squad die in the process. Ectar, a Grey Knight Purifier aboard the strike cruiser, the "Baleful Edict" as part of punishment detail for reckless actions in a previous mission appoints one of the survivors of the campaign as the strike force's new commander. Ectar and the Adeptus Mechanicus Dominus, Lunete, travel to their home base of Titan (one of Saturn's moons) for debriefing and repairs when they are intercepted by Inquisitor Kartha Vakir of the Ordo Malleus. Coming aboard their ship, the inquisitor requests their service to aid in her investigation of a sector-wide plague known as ""The Bloom"".


text: Their investigations lead them to an Aeldari Craftworld that has long been lost to the corrupting influence of Nurgle, the Chaos God of Disease and Decay. Vakir accompanies the squad of Grey Knight's to the Craftworld's infinity circuit chamber, and a dormant Avatar of Khaine explains to her that The Bloom is being spread by five Champions of Nurgle known as the ""Reapers"". The Reapers intend to spread the Bloom until the entire sector is infected, and thus allowing a being known as the ""Morbus"" to be summoned. As Vakir tries to obtain a sample of a bloom seed, she and the squad are attacked by Death Guard traitor astartes, led by a Daemon-Prince of Nurgle called Kadex Ilkarion (said Daemon-Prince had once been encountered by Vakir and was successfully banished many years ago).


text: During the battle, the Supreme Grandmaster of the Grey Knights, Kaldor Draigo, appears and manages to fend off the Death Guard whilst Vakir and the squad escape to their ship. Vakir proposes to hunt down the five reapers and trap their essences in a book known as the Codex Toxicus and save the sector. After dealing with three of the five reapers, Kadex Ilkarion attacks their ship and manages to destroy the Codex Toxicus before being captured. Vakir scries Kadex's mind for a way to locate the remaining Reapers and stop the bloom, but discovers to her horror that defeating the Reapers is not enough. The Bloom's roots are connected to the Garden of Nurgle, located within the Realm of Chaos itself. Kadex gloats that the bloom cannot be stopped, but when he mentions Kaldor Draigo, Vakir believes that Draigo and his sword, forged by the Emperor himself, can destroy the roots and finally put an end to the Bloom.


text: Kaldor Draigo has been cursed to wander the Realm of Chaos for centuries, and can only return to real-space for a short period of time before returning to the Warp. The Baleful Edict travels to a planet with a high level of warp energies, and Vakir manages to summon Draigo to inform him of their plans. As Draigo heads to the Garden of Nurgle, Vakir once again enters Kadex's mind and discovers that Kadex had tricked them into luring Draigo into a trap. Kadex's master, the Daemon-Primarch of the Death Guard, Mortarion, intends to ambush Draigo and take his vengeance upon him for the events that happened on the planet of Kornovin (where Draigo had carved the name of his slain master on Mortarion's heart before banishing him back to the Warp). It is revealed Mortarion is the Morbus, and he intends to use the sector as a base to launch an assault on the Grey Knights.


text: Enraged by this deception, Ectar almost slays Vakir before he is stopped by Lunete. Vakir claims that they can still save Draigo from Mortarion's trap by going to the Garden of Nurgle itself. Vakir proposes to infuse Kadex with a psychic beacon before slaying the Daemon-Prince, and following his returning spirit to the Garden. Before Vakir finishes her spell, she reveals that she has sacrificed her soul to Kadex so that she can act as the beacon. Once the spell is finished, Kadex's soul returns to his master, with the Grey Knights following suit.


text: The Grey Knights follow Kadex's soul to the Garden and manage to reinforce Draigo. As the Grey Knights battle Mortarion and his minions, Draigo cuts all five of the Bloom's roots. Once the final root has been severed, Mortarion flees. The Baleful Edict returns to real-space whilst the Grey Knights who fought Mortarion remain in the warp to accompany their Supreme Grandmaster. Ectar and Lunete return to Titan, where Ectar, impressed by Vakir's loyalty and bravery, recommends she has a memorial made for her.


text: After the End-Credits, a skull that contains Kadex's soul is shown. Kadex has managed to capture Vakir's soul, and declares that he will use her to further his future plans.


text: "Warhammer 40,000: Chaos Gate - Daemonhunters" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: At Eighteen

text: At Eighteen () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Ong Seong-wu, Kim Hyang-gi, Shin Seung-ho, and Kang Ki-young. The series marks Ong's first official lead role. It aired on JTBC from July 22 to September 10, 2019.


title: At Eighteen

text: "At Eighteen" follows the story of eighteen-year-old Choi Joon-woo (Ong Seong-wu), whose teenage life has been molded by his meager family life and the conflicts he faced in school. Forced to transfer for a violation he did not even commit, he arrives at Cheonbong High School and has decided to be a nobody: a loner just quietly riding out 11th grade. Little did he know the twists and turns and the surprises in store for his eighteen-year-old life.


title: At Eighteen

text: Soon, the loner inside Joon-woo has to come out of his comfort zone. Not only Joon-woo, but his fellow immature and inexperienced eighteen-year-olds, too, will have to experience conflicts and whirlwinds of emotions and face the prejudices of their world shaped by the adults around them. Together, they have to live their lives to the max and make life-changing decisions. And most of all, they must not forget to cherish every moment of their lives. For all they know, the memories of their eighteenth year of existence might be the sweetest, the most precious, and the most unforgettable.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: Tegan Joshua Anthony Chambers (born December 20, 1999), known professionally as Sleepy Hallow, is an American rapper and singer making Brooklyn drill music. Originally from Jamaica, Chambers grew up in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn in New York City alongside frequent collaborator Sheff G.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: In 2018, he had his first breakthrough viral single with "Flows", which also featured Sheff G. In August 2020, his single "Deep End Freestyle" featuring Fousheé was certified platinum by the RIAA. In August 2021, his single "2055" peaked at number 51 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his highest-charting song. He is currently signed to Winners Circle Entertainment and RCA Records.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: As a child, Chambers immigrated from Jamaica to the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York City. Around the age of 12, he started to rap. He later picked the name "Sleepy Hallow" as his rap name as that was his name in the streets. Chambers dropped out of school in the ninth grade. He first met friend and collaborator Sheff G when the two were preparing to fight, but stopped when Sheff G was impressed with how Chambers carried himself.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: He and Sheff G were signed to former NFL player, Junior Galette's music record label, Nula Entertainment from 2017 to 2018.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: In 2019, Sleepy Hallow released his debut mixtape, "Don't Sleep". In the same year, Winners Circle Entertainment was founded, with Sleepy Hallow as one of the first signees.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: In 2020, he released his second mixtape, "Sleepy for President". The mixtape featured the hit single "Deep End Freestyle" featuring Fousheé which peaked on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at number 80 on June 20, 2020. The single has over 85 million streams and was certified gold by RIAA in August 2020.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: In August 2020, Winners Circle Entertainment started a partnership with RCA Records. Sleepy Hallow and Sheff G released the single "Tip Toe", produced by Great John.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: In June 2021, he released his first studio album, "Still Sleep?" The album includes the single, "2055", which was released alongside a video that sees an animated Sleepy Hallow in an alternate, futuristic universe. The single would be certified double platinum in March 2022.


title: Sleepy Hallow

text: On June 24, 2022, Chambers was sentenced to seven months in prison on a weapons charge from February 2022. He is expected to be released on February 13, 2023.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: Voltes V: Legacy is an upcoming Philippine television drama action science fiction fantasy series to be broadcast by GMA Network. The series is based on the Japanese anime television series "Chōdenji Machine Voltes V" by Toei Animation and Sunrise. Directed by Mark A. Reyes, it stars Miguel Tanfelix, Radson Flores, Matt Lozano, Raphael Landicho and Ysabel Ortega. The series is slated to air in 2023.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: "Voltes V Legacy" is a live-action television adaptation by GMA Network of the Japanese anime television series "Chōdenji Machine Voltes V" that was produced by Toei Company and Sunrise. The anime is commonly known in the Philippines as "Voltes V". GMA Network acquired the rights to make a live-action adaptation through Telesuccess Productions, Toei's Philippine licensee.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: "Voltes V" was first broadcast in the Philippines on May 5, 1978, on GMA Network with English dubbing. It was banned by then-President Ferdinand Marcos on August 27, 1979, citing "harmful effects on children" with four remaining episodes being unaired. After the 1986 People Power Revolution that resulted to Marcos' removal from office, the anime was reaired on Philippine television in the 1980s to 2010s.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: Additionally, Kimson Tan, Migs Villasis, Dave Duque, Joaquin Manansala, Angela Alarcon, Sophia Senoron, Julia Pascual, Crystal Paras and Elle Villanueva have been cast in undisclosed roles, while Jamir Zabarte is set to appear as Thomas.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: GMA Network hired Riot Inc. for the post-production and visual effects of the series, with approval and supervision from Toei Company. Script, characters and creation of the Boazanian language would undergo review and approval by Toei.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: Mark A. Reyes was hired as the director of the television series. Reyes has been attached for eight years, from the pitching and approval of the series. Noel Layon Flores serves as the lead visual designer. While Suzette Doctolero is attached as a writer.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: Production sets has been made for Camp Big Falcon, the Boazanian Skull Ship and an underground base. The costumes took a year to produce, undergoing several revisions. Reyes said that they had to establish a "good marriage within the "classic Voltes V" look and one that’s acceptable nowadays" when it comes to the series' visuals, adding that they deviate from using spandex for the costumes.


title: Voltes V: Legacy

text: Production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Principal photography commenced on May 28, 2021. It was halted in August 2021 due to the enhanced community quarantine in National Capital Region caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2000–01 Serie A

text: The 2000–01 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 99th season of top-tier Italian football, the 69th in a round-robin tournament. It was contested by 18 teams, for the 13th consecutive season since 1988–89.


title: 2000–01 Serie A

text: Roma won its first "Scudetto" since 1982–83, its third title overall. Juventus finished second, and these two teams automatically qualified for the first group stage of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League. Lazio, the defending champions, and Parma finished third and fourth respectively, to enter the third qualifying round of the same competition. Internazionale and Milan finished fifth and sixth respectively, and qualified for the 2001–02 UEFA Cup along with Fiorentina, the winners of the Coppa Italia. Brescia gained entry into the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup.


title: 2000–01 Serie A

text: Vicenza, Napoli and Bari were automatically relegated to Serie B. Reggina and Hellas Verona were forced to contest a relegation tie-breaker after finishing level on points, with Verona winning on away goals to relegate Reggina.


title: 2000–01 Serie A

text: In the middle of the season, the old quota system was abolished, meaning that each team was no longer limited to having no more than five non-EU players and using no more than three in each match.


title: 2000–01 Serie A

text: Concurrent with the abolition of the quota system, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) investigated footballers from South America and Africa who had used fake passports in order to enable their teams to field them as Europeans. Alberto, Warley, Alejandro Da Silva and Jorginho of Udinese, Fábio Júnior and Gustavo Bartelt of Roma, Dida of Milan, Álvaro Recoba of Inter, Thomas Job, Francis Zé and Jean Ondoa of Sampdoria, and Jeda and André Leone of Vicenza were all handed bans in July 2001, ranging from six months to one year. However, most of these bans were subsequently reduced.


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy, and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the "Oration on the Dignity of Man", which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance", and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the "Hermetic Reformation". He was the founder of the tradition of Christian Kabbalah, a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism. The "900 Theses" was the first printed book to be universally banned by the Church. Pico is sometimes seen as a proto-Protestant, because his 900 theses anticipated many Protestant views.


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: Giovanni was born at Mirandola, near Modena, the youngest son of Gianfrancesco I Pico, Lord of Mirandola and Count of Concordia, by his wife Giulia, daughter of Feltrino Boiardo, Count of Scandiano. The family had long dwelt in the Castle of Mirandola (Duchy of Modena), which had become independent in the fourteenth century and had received in 1414 from the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund the fief of Concordia. Mirandola was a small autonomous county (later, a duchy) in Emilia, near Ferrara. The Pico della Mirandola were closely related to the Sforza, Gonzaga and Este dynasties, and Giovanni's siblings wed the descendants of the hereditary rulers of Corsica, Ferrara, Bologna, and Forlì.


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: Born twenty-three years into his parents' marriage, Giovanni had two much older brothers, both of whom outlived him: Count Galeotto I continued the dynasty, while Antonio became a general in the Imperial army. The Pico family would reign as dukes until Mirandola, an ally of Louis XIV of France, was conquered by his rival, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1708 and annexed to Modena by Duke Rinaldo d'Este, the exiled male line becoming extinct in 1747.


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: Giovanni's maternal family was singularly distinguished in the arts and scholarship of the Italian Renaissance. His cousin and contemporary was the poet Matteo Maria Boiardo, who grew up under the influence of his own uncle, the Florentine patron of the arts and scholar-poet Tito Vespasiano Strozzi.


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: Giovanni had a paradoxical relationship with his nephew Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola, who was a great admirer of his uncle, yet published "Examen vanitatis doctrinae gentium" (1520) in opposition to the "ancient wisdom narrative" espoused by Giovanni, described by historian Charles B. Schmitt as an attempt "to destroy what his uncle had built."


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: A precocious child with an exceptional memory, Giovanni was schooled in Latin and possibly Greek at a very early age. Intended for the Church by his mother, he was named a papal protonotary (probably honorary) at the age of 10 and in 1477, he went to Bologna to study canon law.


title: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: At the sudden death of his mother three years later, Pico renounced canon law and began to study philosophy at the University of Ferrara. During a brief trip to Florence, he met Angelo Poliziano, the courtly poet Girolamo Benivieni, and probably the young Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola. For the rest of his life he remained very close friends with all three. He may also have been a lover of Poliziano.