title: Film4

text: The network has its origins in Channel Four Films, a production company opened by Channel Four Television Corporation in 1982 which has been responsible for backing a large number of films made in the United Kingdom and around the world. The company's first production was Stephen Frears' "Walter", which was released in the same year.


title: Film4

text: On 1 November 1998, the production company was re-branded as FilmFour to coincide with the launch of a new digital television channel of the same name on both Sky and ONdigital platforms, becoming Channel 4's second network. At its launch, it was a subscription-only service costing £6 a month, eventually rising to £7. The launch night (which was also broadcast on Channel 4) was hosted by Johnny Vaughan and the first film to be shown was 1995's "The Usual Suspects". On 31 March 2000 at 6.00am, the analogue version of FilmFour shut down and later switched to digital.


title: Film4

text: On 7 April 2001, the three additional channels were added: FilmFour World broadcasts international cinema from 4.00pm to 10.00pm, as well as FilmFour Extreme carries "controversial and cutting-edge" movies from 10.00pm to 4.00am which operated on a timeshare, and the timeshift channel FilmFour +1.


title: Film4

text: In July 2002, Channel 4 reduced FilmFour's budget from £30 to £10 million and cut 50 staff to curb mounting losses, reintegrating FilmFour as a division of its television operation to continue to invest in new films. The cuts were a consequence of FilmFour's unsuccessful attempts to compete with Hollywood. David Thompson, head of BBC Films described it as:


title: Film4

text: Also in the same year, Tessa Ross became the head of both FilmFour and Channel 4 drama. FilmFour World and Extreme were discontinued on 5 May 2003 and replaced by FilmFour Weekly, which screened four movies across the week at the same time each day to make it easier to catch at least once.


title: Film4

text: Subscription access to FilmFour ended on 19 July 2006, as well as FilmFour Weekly ceases broadcasting to became a free channel, and the service relaunched under modified branding as Film4 a few days later on 23 July. With this relaunch, the channel also returned to digital terrestrial television as part of the Freeview service. At this time, it also became free-to-air on satellite television. As part of the rebrand, the production company was also rebranded to "Film4 Productions". Due to the change, the channel's availability increased from 300,000 (subscribers) to 18 million households. It also changed its broadcasting hours, broadcasting from 12.45pm to 8.45am with commercial breaks included during films for the first time. The first film broadcast under the new format was the British non-subscription television premiere of 2003's "Lost in Translation". Prior to the arrivals of Movie Mix and Movies4Men on the Freeview platform, Film4 was the only free film channel available on digital terrestrial television.


title: Film4

text: From 23 May 2009, the broadcasting hours were amended to 11.00am to 4.00am, with the downtime hours broadcasting either teleshopping or an animated caption screen stating when the channel will return. On 1 November 2010, Film4 partnered with FilmFlex to launch Film4oD.


title: Film4

text: On 2 September 2014, Film4 debuted a new on-air look, designed by Man vs. Machine. There are 15 new idents in the series which run alongside a new on-screen presentation.


title: Film4

text: Prior to 20 August 2007, Film4 operated a one-hour timeshift channel, Film4 +1, on satellite, cable and Freeview. This channel was later dropped on Freeview to free up space for Channel 4 +1, but returned on 27 August 2013. It continued to be broadcast on Sky, Virgin and Freesat during this time period. On 26 November 2014, Film4 +1 became available via Freeview HD services only.


title: Film4

text: On 10 January 2019, Film4 +1 was moved from the Freeview HD PSB3 (DVB-T2) multiplex to the Freeview PSB2 (DVB-T) multiplex, making the service available once again to viewers with non-HD Freeview systems and television sets that are incapable of decoding DVB-T2 signals. The capacity on PSB2 was made available by the "Sewing Quarter" service moving to Freeview COM6 (DVB-T) multiplex operated by Arqiva.


title: Film4

text: On 20 July 2010, Film4 HD launched exclusively on Virgin Media's cable television platform on channel 429, only available on certain packages. Film4 HD launched on Sky on 2 September 2013, but requires customers to add the Sky HD upgrade to their subscription. Film4 HD is not available on Freeview.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Huygens ( ) was an atmospheric entry robotic space probe that landed successfully on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005. Built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), launched by NASA, it was part of the "Cassini–Huygens" mission and became the first spacecraft to land on Titan and the farthest landing from Earth a spacecraft has ever made. The probe was named after the 17th-century Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, who discovered Titan in 1655.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The combined "Cassini–Huygens" spacecraft was launched from Earth on October 15, 1997. "Huygens" separated from the "Cassini" orbiter on December 25, 2004, and landed on Titan on January 14, 2005 near the Adiri region. "Huygens"'s landing is so far the only one accomplished in the outer Solar System, and was also the first on a moon other than Earth's.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" touched down on land, although the possibility that it would touch down in an ocean was also taken into account in its design. The probe was designed to gather data for a few hours in the atmosphere, and possibly a short time at the surface. It continued to send data for about 90 minutes after touchdown.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" was designed to enter and brake in Titan's atmosphere and parachute a fully instrumented robotic laboratory to the surface. When the mission was planned, it was not yet certain whether the landing site would be a mountain range, a flat plain, an ocean, or something else, and it was thought that analysis of data from "Cassini" would help to answer these questions.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Based on pictures taken by "Cassini" above Titan, the landing site appeared to be a shoreline. Assuming the landing site could be non-solid, "Huygens" was designed to survive the impact, splash down on a liquid surface on Titan, and send back data for several minutes under these conditions. If that occurred it was expected to be the first time a human-made probe would land in an extraterrestrial ocean. The spacecraft had no more than three hours of battery life, most of which was planned to be used during the descent. Engineers expected to get at most only 30 minutes of data from the surface.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The "Huygens" probe system consists of the probe itself, which descended to Titan, and the probe support equipment (PSE), which remained attached to the orbiting spacecraft. "Huygens"<nowiki>'</nowiki> heat shield was in diameter. After ejecting the shield, the probe was in diameter. The PSE included the electronics necessary to track the probe, to recover the data gathered during its descent, and to process and deliver the data to the orbiter, from where it was transmitted or "downlinked" to the Earth.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The probe remained dormant throughout the 6.7-year interplanetary cruise, except for semiannual health checks. These checkouts followed preprogrammed descent scenario sequences as closely as possible, and the results were relayed to Earth for examination by system and payload experts.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Prior to the probe's separation from the orbiter on December 25, 2004, a final health check was performed. The "coast" timer was loaded with the precise time necessary to turn on the probe systems (15 minutes before its encounter with Titan's atmosphere), then the probe detached from the orbiter and coasted in free space to Titan in 22 days with no systems active except for its wake-up timer.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The main mission phase was a parachute descent through Titan's atmosphere. The batteries and all other resources were sized for a "Huygens" mission duration of 153 minutes, corresponding to a maximum descent time of 2.5 hours plus at least 3 additional minutes (and possibly a half-hour or more) on Titan's surface. The probe's radio link was activated early in the descent phase, and the orbiter "listened" to the probe for the next three hours, including the descent phase, and the first thirty minutes after touchdown. Not long after the end of this three-hour communication window, "Cassini"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s high-gain antenna (HGA) was turned away from Titan and towards Earth.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Very large radio telescopes on Earth were also listening to "Huygens"<nowiki>'s</nowiki> 10-watt transmission using the technique of very long baseline interferometry and aperture synthesis mode. At 11:25 CET on January 14, the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in West Virginia detected the carrier signal from "Huygens". The GBT continued to detect the carrier signal well after "Cassini" stopped listening to the incoming data stream. In addition to the GBT, eight of the ten telescopes of the continent-wide VLBA in North America, located at Pie Town and Los Alamos, New Mexico; Fort Davis, Texas; North Liberty, Iowa; Kitt Peak, Arizona; Brewster, Washington; Owens Valley, California; and Mauna Kea, Hawaii, also listened for the "Huygens" signal.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The signal strength received on Earth from "Huygens" was comparable to that from the "Galileo" probe (the Jupiter atmospheric descent probe) as received by the VLA, and was therefore too weak to detect in real time because of the signal modulation by the (then) unknown telemetry. Instead, wide-band recordings of the probe signal were made throughout the three-hour descent. After the probe telemetry was finished being relayed from "Cassini" to Earth, the now-known data modulation was stripped off the recorded signal, leaving a pure carrier that could be integrated over several seconds to determine the probe frequency. It was expected that through analysis of the Doppler shifting of "Huygens"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s signal as it descended through the atmosphere of Titan, wind speed and direction could be determined with some degree of accuracy. A position of Huygens's landing site on Titan was found with precision (within one km – one km on Titan measures 1.3 arcminutes of latitude and longitude at the equator) using the Doppler data at a distance from Earth of about 1.2 billion kilometers. The probe landed on the surface of the moon at . A similar technique was used to determine the landing site of the Mars exploration rovers by listening to their telemetry alone.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" landed at around 12:43 UTC on January 14, 2005 with an impact speed similar to dropping a ball on Earth from a height of about . It made a dent deep, before bouncing onto a flat surface, and sliding across the surface. It slowed due to friction with the surface and, upon coming to its final resting place, wobbled back and forth five times. "Huygens" sensors continued to detect small vibrations for another two seconds, until motion subsided about ten seconds after touchdown. The probe kicked up a cloud of dust (most likely organic aerosols that drizzle out of the atmosphere) which remained suspended in the atmosphere for about four seconds by the impact.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: At the landing site there were indications of pebbles of water ice scattered over an orange surface, the majority of which is covered by a thin haze of methane. Early aerial imaging of Titan from "Huygens" was consistent with the presence of large bodies of liquid on the surface. The initial photos of Titan before landing showed what appeared to be large drainage channels crossing the lighter colored mainland into a dark sea. Some of the photos suggested islands and mist shrouded coastline. Subsequent analysis of the probe's trajectory indicated that, in fact, "Huygens" had landed within the dark 'sea' region in the photos. The photos from the surface of a dry lakebed like landscape suggest that while there is evidence of liquid acting on the surface recently, hydrocarbon lakes and/or seas might not currently exist at the "Huygens" landing site. Further data from the "Cassini" Mission, however, definitely confirmed the existence of permanent liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the polar regions of Titan (see Lakes of Titan). Long-standing tropical hydrocarbon lakes were also discovered in 2012 (including one not far from the "Huygens" landing site in the Shangri-La region which is about half the size of Utah's Great Salt Lake, with a depth of at least ). The likely supplier in dry desert areas is probably underground aquifers; in other words, the arid equatorial regions of Titan contain "oases".


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The surface was initially reported to be a clay-like "material which might have a thin crust followed by a region of relative uniform consistency." One ESA scientist compared the texture and colour of Titan's surface to a crème brûlée (that is, a hard surface covering a sticky mud like subsurface). Subsequent analysis of the data suggests that surface consistency readings were likely caused by "Huygens" pushing a large pebble into the ground as it landed, and that the surface is better described as a "sand" made of ice grains or snow that has been frozen on top. The images taken after the probe's landing show a flat plain covered in pebbles. The pebbles, which may be made of hydrocarbon-coated water ice, are somewhat rounded, which may indicate the action of fluids on them. The rocks appear to be rounded, size-selected and size-layered as though located in the bed of a stream within a dark lakebed, which consists of finer-grained material. No pebbles larger than across were spotted, while rocks smaller than are rare on the "Huygens" landing site. This implies large pebbles cannot be transported to the lakebed, while small rocks are quickly removed from the surface.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The temperature at the landing site was and pressure of , implying a methane abundance of 5 ± 1% and methane relative humidity of 50% near the surface. Therefore, ground fogs caused by methane in the neighborhood of the landing site are unlikely. Thermometers indicated that heat left "Huygens" so quickly that the ground must have been damp, and one image shows light reflected by a dewdrop as it falls across the camera's field of view. On Titan, the feeble sunlight allows only about one centimeter of evaporation per year (versus one metre of water on Earth), but the atmosphere can hold the equivalent of about of liquid before rain forms vs. only a few centimeters on Earth. So Titan's weather is expected to feature torrential downpours causing flash floods, interspersed by decades or centuries of drought.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" found the brightness of the surface of Titan (at time of landing) to be about one thousand times dimmer than full solar illumination on Earth (or 500 times brighter than illumination by full moonlight)—that is, the illumination level experienced about ten minutes after sunset on Earth, approximately late civil twilight. The color of the sky and the scene on Titan is mainly orange due to the much greater attenuation of blue light by Titan's haze relative to red light. The Sun (which was comparatively high in the sky when "Huygens" landed) would be visible as a small, bright spot, one tenth the size of the solar disk seen from Earth, and comparable in size and brightness to a car headlight seen from about . It casts sharp shadows, but of low contrast as 90% of the illumination comes from the sky.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: There was a transit of the Earth and Moon across the Sun as seen from Saturn/Titan just hours before the landing. "Huygens" entered the upper layer of Titan's atmosphere 2.7 hours after the end of the transit of the Earth, or only one or two minutes after the end of the transit of the Moon. However, the transit did not interfere with the "Cassini" orbiter or "Huygens" probe, for two reasons. First, although they could not receive any signal from Earth because it was in front of the Sun, Earth could still listen to them. Second, "Huygens" did not send any readable data directly to Earth. Rather, it transmitted data to the "Cassini" orbiter, which later relayed to Earth the data received.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" had six instruments aboard that took in a wide range of scientific data as the probe descended through Titan's atmosphere. The six instruments are:


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: This instrument contains a suite of sensors that measured the physical and electrical properties of Titan's atmosphere. Accelerometers measured forces in all three axes as the probe descended through the atmosphere. With the aerodynamic properties of the probe already known, it was possible to determine the density of Titan's atmosphere and to detect wind gusts. The probe was designed so that in the event of a landing on a liquid surface, its motion due to waves would also have been measurable. Temperature and pressure sensors measured the thermal properties of the atmosphere. The Permittivity and Electromagnetic Wave Analyzer component measured the electron and ion (i.e., positively charged particle) conductivities of the atmosphere and searched for electromagnetic wave activity. On the surface of Titan, the electrical conductivity and permittivity (i.e., the ratio of electric displacement field to its electric field) of the surface material was measured. The HASI subsystem also contains a microphone, which was used to record any acoustic events during probe's descent and landing; this was the first time in history that audible sounds from another planetary body had been recorded.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: This experiment used an ultra-stable oscillator which provided a precise S-band carrier frequency that allowed the Cassini orbiter to accurately determine Huygens's radial velocity with respect to Cassini via the Doppler Effect. The wind-induced horizontal motion from Huygens would have been derived from the measured Doppler shift measurements, corrected for all known orbit and propagation effects. The swinging motion of the probe beneath its parachute due to atmospheric properties may also have been detected. Failure of ground controllers to turn on the receiver in the "Cassini" orbiter caused the loss of this data. Earth-based radio telescopes were able to reconstruct some of it. Measurements started above Titan's surface, where "Huygens" was blown eastwards at more than , agreeing with earlier measurements of the winds at altitude, made over the past few years using telescopes. Between , "Huygens" was buffeted by rapidly fluctuating winds, which are thought to be vertical wind shear. At ground level, the Earth-based doppler shift and VLBI measurements show gentle winds of a few metres per second, roughly in line with expectations.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: As "Huygens" was primarily an atmospheric mission, the DISR instrument was optimized to study the radiation balance inside Titan's atmosphere. Its visible and infrared spectrometers and violet photometers measured the up- and downward radiant flux from an altitude of down to the surface. Solar aureole cameras measured how scattering by aerosols varies the intensity directly around the Sun. Three imagers, sharing the same CCD, periodically imaged a swath of around 30 degrees wide, ranging from almost nadir to just above the horizon. Aided by the slowly spinning probe they would build up a full mosaic of the landing site, which, surprisingly, became clearly visible only below altitude. All measurements were timed by aid of a shadow bar, which would tell DISR when the Sun had passed through the field of view. Unfortunately, this scheme was upset by the fact that "Huygens" rotated in a direction opposite to that expected. Just before landing a lamp was switched on to illuminate the surface, which enabled measurements of the surface reflectance at wavelengths which are completely blocked out by atmospheric methane absorption.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: DISR was developed at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona under the direction of Martin Tomasko, with several European institutes contributing to the hardware. "The scientific objectives of the experiment fall into four areas including (1) measurement of the solar heating profile for studies of the thermal balance of Titan; (2) imaging and spectral reflection measurements of the surface for studies of the composition, topography, and physical processes which form the surface as well as for direct measurements of the wind profile during the descent; (3) measurements of the brightness and degree of linear polarization of scattered sunlight including the solar aureole together with measurements of the extinction optical depth of the aerosols as a function of wavelength and altitude to study the size, shape, vertical distribution, optical properties, sources and sinks of aerosols in Titan’s atmosphere; and (4) measurements of the spectrum of downward solar flux to study the composition of the atmosphere, especially the mixing ratio profile of methane throughout the descent."


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: This instrument is a gas chemical analyzer that was designed to identify and measure chemicals in Titan's atmosphere. It was equipped with samplers that were filled at high altitude for analysis. The mass spectrometer, a high-voltage quadrupole, collected data to build a model of the molecular masses of each gas, and a more powerful separation of molecular and isotopic species was accomplished by the gas chromatograph. During descent, the GC/MS also analyzed pyrolysis products (i.e., samples altered by heating) passed to it from the Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser. Finally, the GC/MS measured the composition of Titan's surface. This investigation was made possible by heating the GC/MS instrument just prior to impact in order to vaporize the surface material upon contact. The GC/MS was developed by Goddard Space Flight Center and the University of Michigan's Space Physics Research Lab.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The ACP experiment drew in aerosol particles from the atmosphere through filters, then heated the trapped samples in ovens (using the process of pyrolysis) to vaporize volatiles and decompose the complex organic materials. The products were flushed along a pipe to the GC/MS instrument for analysis. Two filters were provided to collect samples at different altitudes. The ACP was developed by a (French) ESA team at the Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA).


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The SSP contained a number of sensors designed to determine the physical properties of Titan's surface at the point of impact, whether the surface was solid or liquid. An acoustic sounder, activated during the last of the descent, continuously determined the distance to the surface, measuring the rate of descent and the surface roughness (e.g., due to waves). The instrument was designed so that if the surface were liquid, the sounder would measure the speed of sound in the "ocean" and possibly also the subsurface structure (depth). During descent, measurements of the speed of sound gave information on atmospheric composition and temperature, and an accelerometer recorded the deceleration profile at impact, indicating the hardness and structure of the surface. A tilt sensor measured pendulum motion during the descent and was also designed to indicate the probe's attitude after landing and show any motion due to waves. If the surface had been liquid, other sensors would also have measured its density, temperature, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) and refractive index (using a critical angle refractometer). A penetrometer instrument, that protruded past the bottom of the "Huygens" descent module, was used to create a penetrometer trace as "Huygens" landed on the surface. This was done by measuring the force exerted on the instrument by the body's surface as it broke through and was pushed down into the body by the landing. The trace shows this force as a function of time over a period of about 400 ms. The trace has an initial spike which suggests that the instrument hit one of the icy pebbles on the surface photographed by the DISR camera.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The "Huygens" SSP was developed by the Space Sciences Department of the University of Kent and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Space Science Department (now RAL Space) under the direction of Professor John Zarnecki. The SSP research and responsibility transferred to the Open University when John Zarnecki transferred in 2000.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" was built under the Prime Contractorship of Aérospatiale in its Cannes Mandelieu Space Center, France, now part of Thales Alenia Space. The heat shield system was built under the responsibility of Aérospatiale near Bordeaux, now part of Airbus Defence and Space.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Martin-Baker Space Systems was responsible for "Huygens"' parachute systems and the structural components, mechanisms and pyrotechnics that control the probe's descent onto Titan. IRVIN-GQ was responsible for the definition of the structure of each of "Huygens"<nowiki>'</nowiki> parachutes. Irvin worked on the probe's descent control sub-system under contract to Martin-Baker Space Systems.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Long after launch, a few persistent engineers discovered that the communication equipment on "Cassini" had a potentially fatal design flaw, which would have caused the loss of all data transmitted by "Huygens".


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Since "Huygens" was too small to transmit directly to Earth, it was designed to transmit the telemetry data obtained while descending through Titan's atmosphere to "Cassini" by radio, which would in turn relay it to Earth using its large diameter main antenna. Some engineers, most notably ESA ESOC employees Claudio Sollazzo and Boris Smeds, felt uneasy about the fact that, in their opinion, this feature had not been tested before launch under sufficiently realistic conditions. Smeds managed, with some difficulty, to persuade superiors to perform additional tests while "Cassini" was in flight. In early 2000, he sent simulated telemetry data at varying power and Doppler shift levels from Earth to "Cassini". It turned out that "Cassini" was unable to relay the data correctly.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: This was because under the original flight plan, when "Huygens" was to descend to Titan, it would have accelerated relative to "Cassini", causing the Doppler shift of its signal to vary. Consequently, the hardware of "Cassini"'s receiver was designed to be able to receive over a range of shifted frequencies. However, the firmware failed to take into account that the Doppler shift would have changed not only the carrier frequency, but also the timing of the payload bits, coded by phase-shift keying at 8192 bits per second.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Reprogramming the firmware was impossible, and as a solution the trajectory had to be changed. "Huygens" detached a month later than originally planned (December 2004 instead of November) and approached Titan in such a way that its transmissions travelled perpendicular to its direction of motion relative to "Cassini", greatly reducing the Doppler shift.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The trajectory change overcame the design flaw for the most part, and data transmission succeeded, although the information from one of the two radio channels was lost due to an unrelated error.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Huygens" was programmed to transmit telemetry and scientific data to the "Cassini" orbiter for relay to Earth using two redundant S-band radio systems, referred to as Channel A and B, or Chain A and B. Channel A was the sole path for an experiment to measure wind speeds by studying tiny frequency changes caused by "Huygens"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s motion. In one other deliberate departure from full redundancy, pictures from the descent imager were split, with each channel carrying 350 pictures.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: "Cassini" never listened to channel A because of an error in the sequence of commands sent to the spacecraft. The receiver on the orbiter was never commanded to turn on, according to officials with the European Space Agency. ESA announced that the error was a mistake on their part, the missing command was part of a command sequence developed by ESA for the "Huygens" mission, and that it was executed by "Cassini" as delivered.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Because Channel A was not used, only 350 pictures were received instead of the 700 planned. All Doppler radio measurements between "Cassini" and "Huygens" were lost as well. Doppler radio measurements of "Huygens" from Earth were made, although they were not as accurate as the lost measurements that "Cassini" made. The use of accelerometer sensors on "Huygens" and VLBI tracking of the position of the "Huygens" probe from Earth allowed reasonably accurate wind speed and direction calculations to be made.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: The fact that "Huygens" rotated in the opposite direction than planned delayed the creation of surface mosaics from the raw data by the project team for many months. On the other hand, this provided an opportunity for some citizen science projects to attempt the task of assembling the surface mosaics. This was possible, because the European Space Agency approved the publication of the DISR raw images and gave the permission for citizen scientists to present their results on the internet.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: Some of these citizen science projects have received a lot of attention in the scientific community, in popular scientific journals


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: While the media liked to present the story of amateurs outperforming the professionals, most of the participants understood themselves as citizen scientists, and the driving force behind their work was a desire to find out and show as much as possible of the hitherto unknown surface of Titan. Some enthusiasts projects were the first at all to publish surface mosaics and panoramas of Titan already the day after "Huygens" landed,


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: another project worked with the "Huygens" DISR data for several months until virtually all images with recognizable structures could be assigned to their correct position, resulting in comprehensive mosaics and panoramas.


title: Huygens (spacecraft)

text: A surface panorama from this citizen science project was finally published in the context of a Nature review by Joseph Burns.


title: Beaver dam

text: A beaver dam or beaver impoundment is a dam built by beavers to create a pond which protects against predators such as coyotes, wolves and bears, and holds their food during winter. These structures modify the natural environment in such a way that the overall ecosystem builds upon the change, making beavers a keystone species and ecosystem engineers. They build prolifically at night, carrying mud and stones with their forepaws and timber between their teeth.


title: Beaver dam

text: A minimum water level of is required to keep the underwater entrance to beaver lodges from being blocked by ice during the winter. In lakes, rivers and large streams with deep enough water, beavers may not even need to build dams, and instead simply live in bank burrows and lodges. If the water is not deep enough to keep beavers safe from predators and their lodge entrances ice-free, beavers build dams.Beavers start construction by diverting the stream to lessen the water's flow pressure. Branches and logs are then driven into the mud of the stream bed to form a base. Then sticks, bark (from deciduous trees), rocks, mud, grass, leaves, masses of plants, and anything else available are used to build the superstructure. Beavers can transport their own weight in material; they drag logs along mudslides and float them through canals to get them in place. Once the dam has flooded enough area to the proper depth to form a protective moat for the lodge (often covering many acres), beavers begin construction on the lodge.


title: Beaver dam

text: Trees approaching a diameter of may be used to construct a dam, although the average is . The length depends on the diameter of the tree and the size of the beaver. There are recorded cases of beavers felling logs of as much tall and in diameter. Logs of this size are not intended to be used as structural members of the dam; rather, the bark is used for food, and sometimes to get to upper branches. It takes a beaver about 20 minutes to cut down a wide aspen, by gnawing a groove around the trunk in an hourglass shape. A beaver's jaws are powerful enough to cut a sapling in one bite.


title: Beaver dam

text: Furthermore, if beavers are considered central place foragers, then their canals may be considered an extension of their "central place" far beyond the lodge, according to a 2004–2012 study that mapped beaver ponds and cut stumps.


title: Beaver dam

text: Beaver dams typically range in length from a few meters to about . Additionally, canals can be over in length. The largest beaver dam known to exist is in Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta, Canada and measures in length. Satellite photos provided by NASA WorldWind show the dam did not exist in 1975 but it appeared in subsequent images. It has two or more lodges and is a combination of two original dams. Google Earth images show new dams being built which could ultimately join the main dam and increase the overall length by another during the next decade. Coordinates: 58°16'15"N 112°15'6"W


title: Beaver dam

text: Another large beaver dam measuring long, high and thick at the base was found in Three Forks, Montana.


title: Beaver dam

text: Dam building can be helpful in restoring wetlands. Wetland benefits include flood control downstream, biodiversity (by providing habitat for different species), and water cleansing, both by the breakdown of toxins such as pesticides and the retention of silt by beaver dams. Beaver dams reduce erosion as well as decrease the turbidity that can be a limiting factor for some aquatic life. The benefits may be long-term and largely unnoticed unless a catchment is monitored closely. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North America rely upon wetlands.


title: Beaver dam

text: In 2012, a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat (biased to North America (88%)). The most frequently cited benefits of beaver dams were increased habitat heterogeneity, rearing and overwintering habitat as well as flow refuge, and invertebrate production. Impeded fish movement because of dams, siltation of spawning habitat and low oxygen levels in ponds were the most often cited negative impacts. Benefits (184) were cited more frequently than costs (119).


title: Beaver dam

text: A beaver dam may have a freeboard above the water level. When heavy rains occur, the river or lake fills up. Afterwards the dam gradually releases the extra stored water, thus somewhat reducing the height of the flood wave moving down the river.


title: Beaver dam

text: The surface of any stream intersects the surrounding water table. By raising the stream level, the gradient of the surface of the water table above the beaver dam is reduced, and water near the beaver dam flows more slowly into the stream. This may also help in reducing flood waves, and increasing water flow when there is no rain. In other words, beaver dams smooth out water flow by increasing the area wetted by the stream. This allows more water to seep into the ground where its flow is slowed. This water eventually finds its way back to the stream. Rivers with beaver dams in their head waters have lower high water and higher low water levels.


title: Beaver dam

text: By raising the water table in wetlands such as peatlands, they can stabilize a fluctuating water table, which influences the levels of both carbon and water. In a 2017 study of beaver dam hydrology, monitored beaver dams in a Rocky Mountain peatland were found to increase groundwater storage and regional water balance, which can be beneficial for preventing drought. The study also suggested potential to improve carbon sequestration.


title: Beaver dam

text: Beaver ponds can cause the removal of nutrients from the stream flow. Farming along the banks of rivers often increases the loads of phosphates, nitrates and other nutrients, which can cause eutrophication and may contaminate drinking water. Besides silt, the beaver dam collects twigs and branches from the beavers' activity as well as leaves, notably in the autumn. The main component of this material is cellulose, a polymer of β-glucose monomers. (This creates a more crystalline structure than is found in starch, which is composed of α-glucose monomers. Cellulose is a type of polysaccharide.) Many bacteria produce cellulase which can split off the glucose and use it for energy. Just as algae receive energy from sunlight, these bacteria derive energy from cellulose, and form the base of a very similar food chain.


title: Beaver dam

text: Additionally, bacterial populations absorb nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as they pass by in the water stream and keep these and other nutrients in the beaver pond and the surrounding ecology.


title: Beaver dam

text: Agriculture introduces herbicides and pesticides into streams. Some of these toxicants are metabolized and decomposed by the bacteria in the cellulose-rich bottom of a beaver dam.


title: Beaver dam

text: Some scientists believe that the nitrogen cascade, the production of more fixed nitrogen than the natural cycles can turn back into nitrogen gas, may be as much of a problem to Earth's ecology as carbon dioxide production. Studies have shown that beaver dams along a stream contribute to denitrification (the conversion of nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen). Bacteria in the dirt and the plant debris, which collects at the dams, turns nitrates into nitrogen gas. The gas bubbles to the surface and mixes with the atmosphere once more.


title: Beaver dam

text: Beaver dams and the associated ponds can provide nurseries for salmon and trout. An early indication of this was seen following the 1818 agreement between the British government of Canada and the government of America allowing Americans access to the Columbia watershed. The Hudson's Bay Company, in a fit of pique, instructed its trappers to extirpate the fur-bearing animals in the area. The beaver was the first to be made locally extinct. Salmon runs fell precipitously in the following years, even though none of the factors associated with the decline of salmon runs were extant at that time.


title: Beaver dam

text: There are several reasons why beaver dams increase salmon runs. They produce ponds that are deep enough for juvenile salmon to hide from predatory wading birds. They trap nutrients in their ecology and notably the nutrient pulse represented by the migration of the adult salmon upstream. These nutrients help feed the juveniles after the yolk sac has been digested. The dams provide calm water which means that the young salmon can use energy for growth rather than for navigating currents; larger smolts with a food reserve have a better rate of survival when they reach the sea. Finally, beaver dams keep the water clear which favours all salmonoids.


title: Beaver dam

text: Beaver dams have been shown to be beneficial to frog and toad populations, likely because they provide protected areas for larvae to mature in warmer, well-oxygenated water. A study in Alberta, Canada, showed that "Pitfall traps on beaver ponds captured 5.7 times more newly metamorphosed wood frogs, 29 times more western toads and 24 times more boreal chorus frogs than on nearby free-flowing streams."


title: Beaver dam

text: Beaver dams help migrating songbirds. By stimulating the growth of species of plants that are critical to populations of songbirds in decline, beaver dams help create food and habitat. The presence of beaver dams has been shown to be associated with an increased diversity of songbirds. They can also have positive effects on local waterfowl, such as ducks, that are in need of standing water habitats.


title: Beaver dam

text: Beaver dams can be disruptive; the flooding can cause extensive property damage, and, when the flooding occurs next to a railroad roadbed, it can cause derailments by washing out the tracks. When a beaver dam bursts, the resulting flash flood may overwhelm a culvert.


title: Beaver dam

text: Traditional solutions to beaver problems have been focused on the trapping and removal of all the beavers in the area. While this is sometimes necessary, it is typically a short-lived solution, as beaver populations have made a remarkable comeback in the United States (after near extirpation in the nineteenth century) and are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost-effective and low maintenance flow devices.


title: Beaver dam

text: Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in Tierra del Fuego, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego cannot be coppiced as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver's disruption is not limited to human geography; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species. "(See also: Beaver eradication in Tierra del Fuego)"


title: Beaver dam

text: Warming temperatures in the Arctic allow beavers to extend their habitat further north, where their dams impair boat travel, impact access to food, affect water quality, and endanger downstream fish populations. Pools formed by the dams store heat, thus changing local hydrology and causing localized thawing of permafrost that in turn contributes to global warming.


title: Beaver dam

text: If a beaver pond becomes too shallow due to sediment accumulation, or the tree supply is depleted, beavers will abandon the site. Eventually the dam will be breached and the water will drain out. The rich thick layer of silt, branches, and dead leaves behind the old dam is an ideal habitat for some wetland species.


title: Beaver dam

text: As the wetland fills up with plant debris and dries out, pasture species colonize it and the wetland may eventually become a meadow suitable for grazing in a previously forested area. This provides a valuable niche for many animals which otherwise would be excluded. Beaver dam creation also increases the plants the dams were made from (such as willows) to reproduce by cutting, encouraging the growth of adventitious roots.


title: Beaver dam

text: Finally the meadow will be colonized by riverine trees, typically aspens, willows and such species which are favoured by the beaver. Beavers are then likely to recolonize the area, and the cycle begins again.


title: Beaver dam

text: Each time the stream life cycle repeats itself another layer of organic soil is added to the bottom of the valley. The valley slowly fills and the flat area at the bottom widens. Research is sparse, but it seems likely that parts of the bottomland in North America was created, or at least added to, by the efforts of the generations of beavers that lived there.


title: Beaver dam

text: Humans sometimes build structures similar to beaver dams in streams, either to get the benefits of beaver dams in places without beavers, or to encourage beavers to settle in a particular area. These are often called "beaver dam analogs" (BDA) although other names are also used. When the goal is to attract beavers, sometimes the site is unsuitable in its present condition, such as being too eroded for beavers to build a dam in their usual way. BDA builders may use construction techniques beyond the beaver's capabilities, such as driving wooden posts into the stream bed to brace horizontal branches that would otherwise be washed away. The hope is that beavers who wander by or are brought in will choose to live there and take over construction and maintenance of the dam.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Marc Kevin Albrighton (born 18 November 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger or wing-back for Premier League club Leicester City.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Albrighton joined Aston Villa at the age of eight, and made his professional debut for them in 2009. he totalled nine goals in 101 professional appearances for Villa, also spending a loan spell at Wigan Athletic in 2013. After being released in 2014, he signed for Leicester City where he won the Premier League in 2015–16, playing in every league match of the season, and the FA Cup in 2020–21.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Born in Tamworth, Staffordshire, Albrighton started his career at hometown club Mile Oak Monarchs, before he was offered a trial at Villa's local rivals West Bromwich Albion. He was rejected by Albion, then subsequently signed for Villa at the age of eight.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: After impressing in the under-18 squad and playing in the reserves, Albrighton's first taste of senior action came on 10 July 2008, playing 17 minutes as a substitute in the 6–0 pre-season friendly victory over Wil. He made his competitive debut in the UEFA Cup match away at CSKA Moscow on 26 February 2009, a 2–0 loss (3–1 aggregate).


title: Marc Albrighton

text: During the 2009–10 pre-season, Albrighton was included in the squad which played in the pre-season friendly tournament, the 2009 Peace Cup, in which he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 win over Atlante. He played in the Peace Cup final in which Villa beat Italians Juventus 4–3 in a penalty shootout.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Albrighton made his Premier League debut on 15 August 2009, the opening day of the 2009–10 season against Wigan Athletic at Villa Park, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Habib Beye in a 0–2 loss. On 24 September, he extended his contract with Villa by three years. In December, manager Martin O'Neill admitted that Albrighton along with fellow youngsters Nathan Delfouneso and Ciaran Clark were the subject of many loan offers, but went on to state his belief that the trio were good enough to learn their trade in the fringes of the Aston Villa side.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: After a good pre-season, Albrighton made his first Premier League start in the first match of the 2010–11 season against West Ham United on 14 August 2010, assisting two goals in Villa's 3–0 win. He scored his first goal for Villa against Tottenham Hotspur on 2 October. He was sent off against Burnley in the League Cup on 27 October, therefore missing a chance to play in the following match against local rivals Birmingham City. On 5 November, Albrighton signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2014. On 23 November, Albrighton was ruled out of action for three to four weeks after having his appendix removed, but made his return ahead of schedule in a 3–0 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield on 6 December, playing 65 minutes before being replaced by Robert Pires.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Albrighton then set up both goals for the home side in the 2–1 defeat of local rivals West Bromwich Albion in December 2010.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 21 December 2011, he scored the Premier League's 20,000th goal at home against Arsenal, winning a £20,000 cheque from league sponsors Barclays, donated to his chosen charity, Acorns Children's Hospice. He then scored the opening goal in a 3–1 win against Bristol Rovers at the Memorial Ground in the FA Cup.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: A throat operation restricted Albrighton to a single outing, in the League Cup, up to October 2013. He joined Wigan Athletic on a 28-day loan on 30 October 2013. He made four appearances for Wigan before returning to his parent club on 27 November 2013. Albrighton was released by Villa on 20 May 2014.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 23 May 2014, Albrighton joined Leicester City on a four-year contract, following their return to the Premier League for the first time in a decade. He made his debut for the Foxes on 23 August, replacing Riyad Mahrez for the final 22 minutes of a 2–0 loss at Chelsea. The following 29 April, in the reverse fixture at the King Power Stadium, he scored his first Leicester goal, putting Leicester ahead just before half time in an eventual 3–1 loss. Albrighton totalled 18 league appearances in his first season at his new club, adding a second goal in the last match of the season, a 5–1 win against Queens Park Rangers on 24 May. Albrighton struggled to break into the first team squad at the start of the season, but nearer the end of the year was used as a wing-back by manager Nigel Pearson in a new formation that brought Leicester success. He played an instrumental role in helping complete Leicester's 'great escape' as the team won 7 out of their last 9 matches to finish 14th.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Albrighton played more regularly under new manager Claudio Ranieri, featuring in every league match in the campaign. Albrighton scored his first goal of the season in the opening 4–2 victory over Sunderland, which set the tone for a remarkable season. He partnered N'Golo Kanté, Riyad Mahrez and Danny Drinkwater in a regular 4-man midfield as the club won their first ever top-flight title. Albrighton played on the left of midfield for the majority of the campaign, and was noted for his "diligent work defensively and when going forward, as well as his high-class crossing from open play and set pieces." with manager Ranieri claiming "Albrighton embodies the spirit of Leicester" for his "unmistakable sense of sacrifice." Whilst playing every match, Albrighton scored two goals, with his second coming in Leicester's crucial 4–0 win over Swansea on 24 April. He was rewarded with a new four-year contract in August 2016.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 14 September 2016, Albrighton scored the club's first ever Champions League goal in a 3–0 win over Club Brugge at the Jan Breydel Stadium. He was the first Leicester player to score in a European competition since Muzzy Izzet against Red Star Belgrade in September 2000. Albrighton described the goal as "probably one of the greatest achievements of my career so far".


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 25 February 2017, reports emerged alleging that Albrighton was among several teammates who met with chairman Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha following their 2–1 Champions League defeat at Sevilla on 22 February, which led to manager Claudio Ranieri being sacked. Albrighton dismissed the claims as "totally incorrect".


title: Marc Albrighton

text: In Leicester City's Champions League Last 16 tie against Sevilla on 14 March 2017, Albrighton scored the second goal for the hosts which capped off a remarkable win, sealing a 3–2 aggregate win and progression to the quarter-finals.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Leicester City finished in 9th place in consecutive seasons in 2017–18 and 2018–19 with Albrighton scoring two league goals in each season respectively. After Brendan Rodgers was appointed new Leicester City manager in February 2019, Albrighton continued to be a crucial and reliable member of the first-team squad, with his versatility allowing him to play both on the flanks and in defence. The Foxes ended the 2019–20 season in fifth place to qualify for the group stage of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 9 January 2021, Albrighton scored his first goal for Leicester for 53 matches in all competitions, netting his side's second in their 4–0 win over Stoke City in the third round of the FA Cup. His first Premier League goal of the 2020–21 season came on 8 May 2021 in a 2–4 home defeat against Newcastle United. He would help the Foxes win their first-ever FA Cup later that month, coming on for an injured Jonny Evans in the 34th minute in the final.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 30 July 2021, Albrighton signed a new contract to stay at Leicester until 2024. Albrighton made an appearance off the bench in Leicester's 1–0 triumph over reigning Premier League champions Manchester City in the FA Community Shield on 7 August 2021.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: On 2 April 2009, Albrighton made his debut for the England under-20s. He made his debut for the England U21 team in September 2010 during their Euro 2011 qualifying play-offs, and scored just fifteen minutes after coming on as a substitute.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Albrighton confirmed to the "Birmingham Mail" that his dreams came true in playing for Aston Villa, the team he has supported since he was a boy. He named former Villa players David Ginola, Benito Carbone and Robert Pires as some of his footballing role models, along with England legend David Beckham to whom he has been compared due to crossing ability and technique.


title: Marc Albrighton

text: Albrighton became a father for the first time on 19 February 2012 when his partner Chloe Fulford gave birth to a daughter in Sutton Coldfield. Fulford's mother, Sue Davey, was killed in the Tunisian terror attacks in June 2015.


title: Winans family

text: Delores and David Winans recorded together as "Mom and Pop Winans" and separately at various times as "Mom", "Pop", "David" or "Delores". They received a Grammy nomination for their CD "Mom & Pop Winans" in 1989. Delores is currently signed to daughter CeCe's label PureSprings Gospel. Delores and David met while in the Lucille Lemon Choir conducted by James Cleveland. They organized yearly Christmas concerts at Mercy Hall in which their ten children participated.


title: Winans family

text: Brothers Ronald, Carvin, Marvin, and Michael Winans (the second, third, fourth and fifth siblings) are known professionally as The Winans. They were discovered by Andrae Crouch, who signed them to Light Records. Their first record, "Introducing The Winans" was produced in 1981. Their style was noted for its crossover efforts and received airplay on R&B radio. The group's last recording was in 1995, but they have subsequently been involved in various Winans family projects where they are credited as "The Winans" (e.g. November 2000's "").


title: Winans family

text: David Winans II is an instrumentalist; first as bassist for "The Winanaires", the earliest version of the Winans as a gospel quartet, before they became "The Testimonial Singers". While they were the "Testimonial Singers", David switched to guitars. After the change to "The Winans", David continued to play guitar under the production of Bill Maxwell, and then Quincy Jones' label Qwest records for the Grammy award-winning "Let My People Go" album. David also has solo Christian rock projects, Xairia, DWP, and more recently, David Winans' pi. With the group pi in existence David has won 10 Detroit Music Awards for Outstanding Songwriter, Outstanding Instrumentalist and Outstanding Performance. He also won Outstanding Instrumentalist with his premiere recording with Righteous Through God. And most recently 3 Detroit Music Awards for the song, 'Will You Bring Me There Again' which he collaborated with Joya Koch, on lyrics. He was married to Deborah Ann Coduto Winans (she died due to illness in 2007) with whom he had a daughter, Seven Simone.


title: Winans family

text: In addition to his involvement with The Winans, Ron released a solo album in the late 1980s on the EMI Gospel label, and recorded a series of five CDs, Ron Winans Family & Friends).


title: Winans family

text: He also co-founded, with Gladys Knight, the Gladys and Ron's Chicken & Waffles restaurant chain. Ronald Winans died in 2005.


title: Winans family

text: Carvin was a member of the Winans with his brothers. During his first five years with the Winans, Carvin not only wrote for the project but had begun producing some of their albums. In 1987, as part of the Winans, he was a backing vocalist on Michael Jackson's Bad. Carvin now resides in Canada where he won Family Feud Canada.


title: Winans family

text: In 2002, Carvin performed on a sold out world tour with the Winans family in front of millions of fans which closed out in Detroit at the Fox Theatre. In October 2007 he was inducted in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in Nashville Tennessee along with his brothers. On June 18, 2008 Carvin received the President's Merit Award from the Recording Academy in recognition of his extraordinary gifts as a passionate singer, performer, expressive communicator, and pioneer of contemporary gospel music. He has 5 Grammy's and 3 Gold Records, several NAACP Awards and Soul Train Awards after 30 years in the business with minimal success. He worked with such greats as Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, Quincy Jones, Whitney Houston, Peabo Bryson, Kenny Loggins, Brian McKnight, Michael McDonald and Anita Baker, just to name a few. In 2019, he released his first solo debut album "In The Softest Way" which featured album production himself alongside Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Album singles: "Once In A Lifetime", "A Little Love", and "Misunderstood". Carvin now lives in Canada where he won Family Feud Canada.


title: Winans family

text: Marvin Winans has focused on work as the pastor of Perfecting Church in Detroit, where he continues to record albums with the church's choir, under the name "Marvin Winans and the Perfected Praise Choir". Marvin, along with Delores ("Mom") and nephew Alvin Love III (sister CeCe's son), signed to CeCe's record label PureSprings Gospel. PureSprings Gospel released Marvin's album "Alone But Not Alone" in September 2007. He has also founded the Marvin L. Winans Academy of Performing Arts, which opened in 1997.


title: Winans family

text: Michael Winans has performed and released several recordings with wife Regina, including the independent album "Be Yourself". The album featured background vocals provided by their children Mike (Michael Jr) and LaShay. Their third CD was released in January 2008.


title: Winans family

text: Born in Detroit, Michigan, Daniel Winans is the sixth sibling. Daniel has gone on to win his own Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus and is a three-time Grammy nominee.


title: Winans family

text: Youngest brother and seventh sibling Benjamin (BeBe Winans) recorded with younger sister and eighth sibling Priscilla (CeCe Winans) as BeBe & CeCe Winans. Premiering as background vocalists for Andrae Crouch in the 70s, BeBe & CeCe went on to become singers for the PTL Club at Heritage USA in Charlotte, NC. Leaders at The PTL gave BeBe & CeCe a song to sing together, called Up Where We Belong from the 1982 movie "An Officer and a Gentleman". Adding a gospel twist, the name and lyrics were changed to "Lord Lift Us Up (Where We Belong)". After singing that song on the popular Christian television show, BeBe & CeCe were requested to sing on television shows, at conferences and in award shows. The two became a duo releasing their first album in 1984. BeBe & CeCe are the most popular and widely-known of the Winans Family, the first family of Gospel music. They have collaborated with greats such as their best friend, Whitney Houston. In 1991 they released their album Different Lifestyles through Sparrow which included the hits Addictive Love and It's Okay. Both Bebe and Cece subsequently recorded as solo acts, and have established solo careers. CeCe is the best-selling gospel artist of all time with 15 grammys and a host of other awards. She has also founded the PureSprings Gospel label, which has signed a number of artists, including family members: Delores ("Mom") Winans, Marvin Winans, and CeCe's son, Alvin Love III.


title: Winans family

text: Sisters Angie and Debbie Winans are the ninth and tenth of the siblings and are the youngest members of the family. In 1990 they co-wrote and performed a smooth jazz song called "Be With You" for GospelJazz pioneer, Ben Tankard on his "Keynote Speaker" album. The song went #1 on secular radio. Their first album, "Angie and Debbie", was released in 1993 on Capitol Records. It included "Light of Love", which featured pop diva Whitney Houston on background vocals. Stephanie Mills was also featured on background vocals on the song "Father, Father". Their second album, "Bold" (1997), contained the song "Not Natural", a song denouncing homosexuality. This led to protests by GLAAD. Angie Winans released a solo project in 2001, "Melodies of My Heart". Debbie Winans later released a children's album.


title: Winans family

text: Winans Phase 2 was formed in 1998 and recorded on Myrrh Records. It consists of Marvin Winans Jr., Carvin Winans Jr., Michael Winans Jr., and Juan Winans, (son of Carvin Sr.). Marvin Jr. started a production company called M2 Entertainment and produced songs for his mother Vickie Winans' album "Woman To Woman". He also released a solo album, "Image of a Man". They released one album in 1999 called "We Got Next". Michael Winans Jr. signed with Sean "Diddy" Combs, writing and producing for some of the biggest artists (Chris Brown, New Edition, Case, Michelle Williams, Mario Winans, Danity Kane and Diddy himself). He was scheduled to release his album titled "My Own Genre" March 1, 2011.


title: Winans family

text: 3 Winans Brothers is a Winans brothers supergroup formed in 2013 with Carvin Winans, Marvin Winans, and BeBe Winans. September 2013, the lead single from the upcoming album "If God Be For Us" was released worldwide. The second single "Move In Me" was released July 2, 2014. Leading up to the debut album release of "Foreign Land" September 30, 2014, on Entertainment One Music/BMG/Regimen Records. On October 14, 2014 the album debuted #2 on Billboard Top 10 Gospel Charts.


title: Winans family

text: Vickie Winans is the former wife of Marvin and a solo artist. She was also raised in a musical family in Detroit. Her debut solo album in 1987 was titled "Be Encouraged".


title: Winans family

text: Mario Winans is a solo R&B artist. He debuted in 1997 and had a Billboard number one album in 2004. He is the son of Vickie Winans and Ronald Brown, and took the Winans name after Vickie married Marvin Winans in the late 1970s.


title: Winans family

text: Marvin Winans Jr, like his brother, is a solo gospel artist. He is the son of Vickie Winans and Marvin Winans.


title: Winans family

text: Juan Winans is a Grammy-nominated singer/songwriter. He has written for Warryn Campbell, George Huff, Joe, Lalah Hathaway,Tyler Perry, and Boyz II Men.


title: Winans family

text: On December 24, 1990, the family appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Family members on the show included Ronald, Carvin, Marvin, and Michael (as "The Winans"), BeBe & CeCe (as a duo), Vickie, Mom and Pop, Daniel, David, Angie, and Debbie.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: Tetris is a puzzle video game developed by EA Mobile and published by Electronic Arts for iOS, Android, BlackBerry OS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, and Windows Phone. The game featured gameplay like other "Tetris" titles, with a new soundtrack.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: The game reached 100 million paid downloads by 2010, making it the best-selling paid mobile game of all time, and third best-selling game of all time altogether.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: Gameplay was nearly identical in gameplay to other "Tetris" titles, but with a new soundtrack. Players also had the ability to create their own soundtrack for the game using the music library of the iPhone or iPod Touch device on which the game is being played. The game offered two modes of play dubbed "Marathon" mode and "Magic" mode.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: Marathon mode played as a more classic version of "Tetris", where a point system along with number of lines cleared were kept as indicators of progress. The level of speed was chosen prior to starting the mode of gameplay. There were 15 levels total, and like Magic mode, this mode ends after all 15 levels have been completed. Unlike the original version of Tetris, Marathon mode ends after clearing 150 lines. Once Marathon mode ends, the Endless feature becomes unlocked.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: Magic mode was an enhanced version of gameplay, where there are fifteen levels of difficulty. Each level of difficulty is incremented by speed and number of lines required to clear the level. Once the number of lines required to clear the level are met, the next level is presented. Upon failure of a level, the game offers players to retry an unlimited number of times. The game allows for pausing of gameplay, which is automatic when a player receives a phone call on an iPhone device. Another element of gameplay in Magic mode is the addition of helper objects that are retrieved throughout levels, which allow players to make minor edits to the puzzle. The special objects become available in the first five levels, and then remain generating upon lines completed and tetriminos placed. There are five special objects, ranging from a magic crayon to blocks converting to bubble popping status.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: On December 1, 2011, the game was relaunched (only in iOS) and replaced with a paid new version, which comes with an additional "Marathon One Touch Mode" as well as a paid subscription which comes with discounts and premium content.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: Concerning the PSP Mini release in 2009, some players had the expectation that Electronic Arts could have "moved the game on" in regards of originality and taking new hardware possibilities into account, which did not happen. The relatively high cost of the game compared to previous free versions also did not make many seasoned players feel easy.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: EA Mobile's 2011 release of Tetris received heavy criticism to be "needlessly cumbersome" in terms of touch controls, and missing (online) multiplayer options were seen as no longer up to current times.


title: Tetris (Electronic Arts)

text: In January 2020, EA announced that they would retire their mobile version of the game on April 21, 2020, and the game became unplayable after this date, even if the full version was purchased. The Tetris Company, however, licensed the rights to N3TWORK to create a new mobile version. The new version features online compatibility, as well as a knockout and battle royale mode.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Pyramid Lake is the geographic sink of the basin of the Truckee River, northeast of Reno, Nevada, United States.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Pyramid Lake is the biggest remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan, the colossal inland sea that once covered most of Nevada. It is approximately 15 miles long and 11 miles wide, covering 112,000 acres entirely enclosed within the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe Reservation.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Pyramid Lake is fed by the Truckee River, which is mostly the outflow from Lake Tahoe. The Truckee River enters Pyramid Lake at its southern end. Pyramid Lake is an endorheic lake. It has no outlet, with water left only by evaporation, or sub-surface seepage. The lake has about 10% of the area of the Great Salt Lake, but it has about 25% more volume. The salinity is approximately 1/6 that of sea water. Although clear Lake Tahoe forms the headwaters that drain to Pyramid Lake, the Truckee River delivers more turbid waters to Pyramid Lake after traversing the steep Sierra terrain and collecting moderately high silt-loaded surface runoff.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: The north and east sides of the lake have been restricted to the public and non-Tribal members for nearly a decade. In 2011, the Tribal Nation made the decision to close these areas due to the desecration of sacred sites. When visiting, it is recommended to take note of the Tribal protocols and restricted areas.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: A remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Lahontan (~890 feet deep), the lake area has long been inhabited by the Paiute, who ancestrally fished the Tui chub and Lahontan cutthroat trout from the lake.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Archeological evidence shows that human populations lived in this area between 9500 B.C.E. and 1400 A.D. Excavations have uncovered tools, weapons, clothing, food, and mummified bodies in the area. The Paiute people in this region call themselves "Cui-ui" eaters, named after the fish that helped sustain the population. The Native name for the lake is "Cui-ui Pah."


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: A tufa rock formation near the lake called the "Stone Mother," is a central sacred site to the Paiute people of Pyramid Lake and serves as the creation story for the lake.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: The lake was first mapped by John C. Frémont, an American who gave the lake its English title, in 1844. The name comes from a large rock formation that resembles a bent pyramid.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: In the 19th century, two battles were fought near the lake, major actions in the Paiute War. In the 1960s, a marker was placed commemorating these battles.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Because of water diversion beginning in 1905 by Derby Dam through Truckee Canal to Lahontan reservoir, the lake's existence was threatened, and the Paiute sued the Department of the Interior. By the mid-1970s, the lake had lost 80 feet of depth, and according to Paiute fisheries officials, the lake's life was seriously under threat. According to documentary filmmaker John Pilger, the irrigation scheme for which water was diverted was an economic failure.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Pyramid Lake is located in southeastern Washoe County in western Nevada. It is in an elongated intermontane basin between the Lake Range on the east, the Virginia Mountains on the west, and the Pah Rah Range on the southwest. The Fox Range and the Smoke Creek Desert lie to the north.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: In a parallel basin to the east of the Lake Range is Winnemucca Lake, now a dry lake bed. Prior to the construction of the Derby Dam in 1905, both lake levels stood at near above sea level. Following the dam's completion, the water levels dropped to and for Pyramid and Winnemucca, respectively. In 1957, the Pyramid Lake level was at and the dry Winnemucca Lake bed at had been dry since the 1930s.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Pyramid Lake is the largest remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan, which covered much of northwestern Nevada at the end of the last ice age. It was the deepest point of Lake Lahontan, reaching an estimated due to its low level relative to the surrounding basins.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Sutcliffe is on the west shore of Pyramid Lake along State Route 445. Nixon is on the Truckee River to the southeast of the lake on State Route 447.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: The name of the lake comes from the impressive cone- or pyramid-shaped tufa formations found in the lake and along the shores. The largest such formation, Anaho Island, is home to a large colony of American white pelicans and is restricted for ecological reasons. Access to the Needles, another spectacular tufa formation at the northern end of the lake, has also been restricted due to recent vandalism.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: The Pyramid (), also known as Fremonts Pyramid and Pyramid Island, is a small island near the southeastern shore of the lake. It is located approximately 1.2 miles northeast of Anaho Island and slightly less than six miles from the community of Sutcliffe. The white band seen to the east of the island is composed of calcium carbonate which came from when the lake was at or near its overflow point.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Major fish species include the Cui-ui lakesucker, which is endemic to Pyramid Lake, the Tui chub and Lahontan cutthroat trout (the world record cutthroat trout was caught in Pyramid Lake). The former is endangered, and the latter is threatened. Both species were critical to the Paiute people in pre-contact times. The Lahontan cutthroat was called "Hoopagaih" by the Paiute people. As they are both obligate freshwater spawners, they rely on sufficient inflow to allow them to run up the Truckee River to spawn, otherwise their eggs will not hatch.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Diversion of the Truckee for irrigation at Derby Dam beginning in 1905 reduced inflow and the lake level to such an extent that stream flow is rarely sufficient for spawning. The Truckee Canal diverts water used to irrigate croplands in Fallon. The dam lacks fish ladders, which prevents upstream spawning. By 1939 the Lahontan cutthroat trout (the "salmon-trout" as described by Frémont) became extinct in Pyramid Lake and its tributaries. They were replaced with hatchery trout from outside the watershed.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: However, in 1979 a remnant population of the original Pyramid Lake cutthroat trout was discovered in a small brook on Pilot Peak, on the Nevada/Utah border, by Dr. Robert Behnke of Colorado State University while he was looking for the Bonneville cutthroat trout, another subspecies of the cutthroat trout. The fish were tiny and in poor condition, but Behnke identified the fingerlings as the missing Pyramid Lake variety.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Subsequent DNA testing of a museum specimen has shown his identification to be correct. The fish had been dumped in the creek in the early 20th century. A brood stock was raised at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in Gardnerville, Nevada, and a successful reintroduction effort was mounted by the USFWS and the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. As of 2017, 24 pound Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout are again being caught from the Lake's waters.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: The fish are doing very well, according to the USFWS project head Lisa Heki. The fish have also been placed in California's Fallen Leaf Lake, upstream of Pyramid Lake, and elsewhere. Fish populations are now sustained by several tribally-run fish hatcheries and state and federal agencies. The Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout is one of the largest inland trout species in the world.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: The following data are for the census-designated place (CDP) of Sutcliffe, NV, located on the shore of Pyramid Lake.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Because of the endangered species present and because the Lake Tahoe Basin comprises the headwaters of the Truckee River, Pyramid Lake has been the focus of several water quality investigations, the most detailed starting in the mid-1980s. Under direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a comprehensive dynamic water quality computer model, the DSSAM Model was developed to analyze impacts of a variety of land use and wastewater management decisions throughout the Truckee River Basin. Analytes addressed included nitrogen, reactive phosphate, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and nine other parameters. Based on the use of the model, some decisions have been influenced to enhance Pyramid Lake water quality and aid the viability of Pyramid Lake biota. Another contaminant of interest is mercury, introduced to Pyramid Lake from the Truckee River. It is suggested that mercury remediation efforts be carefully considered such that methylmercury production are not enhanced.


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Salinity increased from 3.7 to 5 g/L, and the pH level is about 9. Temperature ranges between near freezing () to over .


title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

text: Pyramid Lake was used as a stand-in for the Sea of Galilee in the 1965 biblical film, "The Greatest Story Ever Told". Also, in 1961, part of "The Misfits" was filmed nearby.


title: Dream, After Dream

text: Dream, After Dream, performed by the American rock band Journey, is the soundtrack album to the Japanese fantasy film "Yume, Yume No Ato" directed by fashion designer Kenzo Takada. Released in 1980 on Columbia Records, it was the seventh album-length recording by the group. The soundtrack firmly overshadowed the film itself, which enjoyed little fame. The album was a significant departure from the hard rock which characterized the band's three preceding albums, harking back to their progressive rock beginnings and relying on complex musicianship and instrumentals.


title: Dream, After Dream

text: "Dream, After Dream" features a full vocal on three of its nine tracks, "Destiny", "Sand Castles" and "Little Girl". "Little Girl" was later the B-side of the "Open Arms" single and was featured on Journey's "Time" collection. It also appears as a bonus track on the 2006 reissue of "Departure" and the 2011 edition of "Greatest Hits 2". "Destiny" is the band's longest recorded song.


title: Dream, After Dream

text: "Dream, After Dream" has been viewed as a major departure from the commercially successful, radio-friendly pop of their previous three albums, instead harking back to their early, progressive rock-oriented work. AllMusic wrote, "One of the most overlooked albums in Journey's catalogue ... "Dream, After Dream" is a fine example of Journey's underrated musicianship, and recommended for devoted fans." Dave Marsh, normally an ardent detractor of the band, was even more enthusiastic, describing the album as "the band's finest recording of the 80's".


title: Freestyler

text: "Freestyler" is a song by Finnish hip hop group Bomfunk MC's. It was released in Finland on 30 October 1999 as the third single from their debut studio album, "In Stereo" (1999), and was released internationally in February 2000. "Freestyler" peaked at number four on the Finnish Singles Chart and topped the charts in more than 10 countries, including Australia, Germany, Italy, and New Zealand. The song also peaked within the top 10 of the charts in Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.


title: Freestyler

text: "Freestyler" is primarily a breakbeat song, with strong influences of UK dance culture and electronic dance music, as well as some influences from drum and bass and hip hop. It is written in the key of E minor and composed in a tempo of 164 beats per minute.


title: Freestyler

text: "Daily Record" described "Freestyler" as a "cracking old-skool track". "CMJ New Music Monthly" described the track as "a housed-up hip-hoppity mélange of sampled slide-guitar, rubbery synth bass and Caribbean-inflected dance instructions; a dancefloor natural."


title: Freestyler

text: The music video for the song was mainly filmed at the Hakaniemi metro station, an underground station on the Helsinki Metro line in Finland and with platforms 21 metres below sea level. The principal "home boy" featured in the video is Marlo Snellman, a Finnish model and musician, who later released his own single entitled "Dust" and went on to work as producer for his own projects such as "Hipsters" and "Okta". The actor was 15 years old at the time of shooting and got the part through his mother, Finnish modelling magnate Laila Snellman.


title: Freestyler

text: The video begins with a man dancing extravagantly during the instrumental intro of the song as Marlo is catching a train while listening to "Freestyler" on his MiniDisc (Sony Walkman MZ-R55) player. A character sits across him in the train, who is played by Raymond Ebanks (B.O. Dubb), the lead singer of the Bomfunk MC's, and who imbues Marlo's Sony MiniDisc remote controller with the ability to pause, rewind or fast-forward individuals. Realising this ability, Marlo spends the duration of the video manipulating passersby, dancers and even the train, with Raymond appearing in the background wherever he goes, watching Marlo. As Marlo comes across the Bomfunk MC's, he tries to manipulate them to no effect. As Raymond approaches Marlo, he accidentally rewinds himself, and the whole video is then sent into backward rewind. The music video is a play on themes of empowerment, with the power of the music being transferred to and in the end taken from Marlo by Ebanks. There is a continuity error in the video with the number on the train carriage changing throughout the sequence.


title: Freestyler

text: During the video, Marlo comes across the main character from the music video of "Uprocking Beats", another song from "In Stereo", and freezes him. Marlo also appears briefly in the music video of "B-Boys & Flygirls", reversing and forwarding the car the main characters are driving.


title: Freestyler

text: The music video was later parodied by the hip hop group Raptori for their song "Hiphopmusiikkia". In 2011, the beginning scene was remade in the music video of DJ RZY's "Tervetuloo Helsinkiin". In 2019, the beginning scene was also tributed in a hardcore techno fashion in the music video "Luonnon Nostatus" by Teknoaidi & Iconobreaker featuring Samu Kuusisto.


title: Freestyler

text: For the twentieth anniversary in 2019, a new music video was produced featuring the original band members, with updates to reflect developments in technology and culture. The central figure is now a girl (Milica Bajčetić) with a mobile phone, with various Belgian YouTuber cameo appearances.


title: Freestyler

text: The 2019 music video was filmed at Vukov Spomenik railway station, an underground station on the BG Voz commuter railway network serving Belgrade, Serbia.


title: Freestyler

text: The new video had been sponsored by communications provider Telenet (Belgium) to promote a new mobile phone service.


title: Noam Dar

text: Noam Dar (; born 28 July 1993) is an Israeli-Scottish professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, and is a record setting two-time NXT UK Heritage Cup Champion. He also wrestles for Scottish promotion Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW).


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar first competed for WWE in the 2016 Cruiserweight Classic, and is the first Israeli professional wrestler to perform for the company. He has also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and on its "British Boot Camp" series, as well as Progress Wrestling, Preston City Wrestling (PCW), Dragon Gate UK (DGUK), Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW), Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw), Global Force Wrestling (GFW), and Ring of Honor (ROH). He is a two-time ICW Zero-G Champion, a one-time PCW Cruiserweight Champion, and a one-time ICW World Heavyweight Champion, among other championships and accomplishments.


title: Noam Dar

text: Noam Dar was born in Be'er Ya'akov on 28 July 1993. He moved with his family to Scotland at the age of five and was raised in Ayr, where he became a supporter of the football team Rangers FC.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar debuted on the British independent circuit at the age of 15, working for Scottish promotions such as British Championship Wrestling and Premiere British Wrestling. Dar would get his first international experience wrestling in Spain for Dragon Gate's "European Invasion" and Zero1 Spain, with winning efforts over Colin McKaye and Sean South, respectively.


title: Noam Dar

text: On 1 May 2011, Dar captured his first championship by becoming one half of the Premier British Wrestling (PBW) Tag Team Champions with Liam Thomson, holding the titles for over 11 months, with six title defenses, before losing them to the team of Lionheart and Wolfgang.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar entered a tournament to become the One Pro Wrestling 1PW World Heavyweight Champion in February 2011; he was unsuccessful but later that year went on to become the final 1PW Openweight Champion, winning the vacant title in a four-way match with Marty Scurll, Kris Travis and Joey Hayes and successfully defending it against Bad Bones and Kid Kash at 1PW's final show.


title: Noam Dar

text: In October 2011, Dar worked a dark match for Dragon Gate UK's "Yosuka vs Shingo 3" event, in a winning effort against Daniel Robert.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar finished 2011 with another trip overseas, scoring a win over MK McKinnan for Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw), which qualified him to return in 2012 to compete in a series of matches at the wXw 16 Carat Gold 2012 shows.


title: Noam Dar

text: In 2011, Dar began working higher profile matches, challenging multiple times for the BCW Heavyweight and Openweight Championships, albeit unsuccessfully and wrestling bigger name opponents such as Eddie Edwards for IPW, continuing the feud into 2012. For the Revolution Pro Wrestling promotion, Dar wrestled Jerry Lynn and challenged Prince Devitt for the RPW Cruiserweight Championship. Dar entered the SWE Speed King Championship tournament, qualifying for the finals with a win over Spud but failing to capture the championship. Dar competed unsuccessfully in two tournaments for IPW, losing to Sami Callihan in a Quarter Finals match for the IPW:UK Cruiserweight Championship and a first round loss to Zack Sabre Jr. in a tournament to crown the first British National Champion.


title: Noam Dar

text: In April 2012, Dar began competing for Lionheart's Pro Wrestling Elite promotion, debuting with a win over Mark Haskins, before a loss to AJ Styles. Dar was entered into a tournament to crown a PWE World Heavyweight Champion, defeating El Ligero and Mikey Whiplash before losing to Andy Wild in the finals.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar captured the PBW "King of Cruisers 2012" crown in a six-way match to finish a successful year in the promotion.


title: Noam Dar

text: 2013 saw Dar return to Dragon Gate UK, working a series of matches against Yamato, Jimmy Susumu and Masaaki Mochizuki.


title: Noam Dar

text: RPW invited Dar back for a run of shows which saw him defeat Mark Andrews in his return, but lose contests to Michael Elgin and Marty Scurll.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar ended 2013 by finally capturing the BCW Openweight Championship from Andy Wild, Dar would hold the championship for well over a year before losing it to Kenny Williams in April 2015. Dar was granted a rematch for the title against Williams in a triple threat also involving Will Ospreay but Williams retained.


title: Noam Dar

text: Between 2014 and 2015, Dar had a three match feud with Grado over the PWE World Heavyweight Championship, where Dar first scored a disqualification victory, in a subsequent rematch they wrestled to a no-contest before Grado was finally victorious in a third defense, ending their feud. During this period, Dar also scored a notable win over Christopher Daniels.


title: Noam Dar

text: As a result of winning PWE's "Elite Rumble", Dar received another shot at the PWE World Heavyweight Championship. Dar succeeded in dethroning Iestyn Rees for the title on 23 July 2016 at PWE's "Five Year Anniversary: Dar Wars – The Final Episode" Show.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar debuted in Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW) with a win over The Highlander before winning a tournament to become the inaugural ICW Zero-G Champion. Dar held the title for 266 days (the longest reign in the title's history) before losing it to Lionheart. Dar won the championship back less than two months later to become the first two-time ICW Zero-G Champion. Dar's second reign would last 252 days, where he was defeated by Andy Wilde.


title: Noam Dar

text: In 2012, Dar would challenge unsuccessfully for both the ICW Tag Team Titles and ICW Heavyweight Championship.


title: Noam Dar

text: From 2013 to 2015, Dar would continue his pursuit of championships in ICW, he challenged subsequent champions Mark Coffey, Wolfgang, Kenny Williams, and Stevie Boy unsuccessfully to regain the ICW Zero-G Championship and began teaming with Kenny Williams as Champagne Superbollocks to challenge Polo Promotions for the ICW Tag Team Championships on two occasions, one (swiftly interrupted) no-contest and one loss. However, following a Best of Five series with Joe Coffey where Dar was bested 3-2 and a lengthy feud with ICW authority figure Red Lightning, Dar would end 2015 on a high in ICW by defeating Joe Hendry in an ICW World Heavyweight Championship No.1 Contender match and gaining a win over former two-time champion Drew Galloway.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar remained prominent in ICW throughout 2016, entering the 30-man Square Go! match and challenging for the Zero-G Championship in addition to wins over Doug Williams, Sha Samuels and Liam Thomson. Dar was in one of the three main-events of ICW's debut iPPV Shug's Hoose Party 3 teaming with Sha Samuels and Grado as "Team Mark Dallas" to defeat The Black Label (Drew Galloway, Jack Jester and Wolfgang), thus restoring 50% of ICW ownership to Mark Dallas.


title: Noam Dar

text: Due to signing with WWE, Dar's final ICW match was against Andy Wilde on 11 September 2016. Dar lost before giving a farewell speech and receiving an ovation from the crowd and ICW roster.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar returned to ICW for one night only on 29 July 2017 for "Shug's Hoose Party 4, Night One", tagging with Sha Samuels in a winning effort against Joe Coffey and Bram.


title: Noam Dar

text: On 11 November 2018, it was announced Dar would make a further appearance at "ICW Fear and Loathing XI", teaming with Wolfgang and BT Gunn against British Strong Style.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar returned to ICW on Night Two of Fear & Loathing XII, and defeated Kieran Kelly & Leyton Buzzard in a triple threat match. After said match, Dar was interviewed and announced that he will be returning to ICW on a full-time basis, along with competing on NXT UK, due to WWE's Global Expansion and partnership with ICW. In the main event of ICW's 9th Annual Square Go! Event, Noam Dar defeated Stevie Xavier to capture the ICW World Heavyweight Title for the first time, something he never managed to do in his first stint with the promotion. Dar is the first ICW World Heavyweight Champion of non-British descent, being born in Israel to an Israeli father.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar debuted in Preston City Wrestling (PCW) in 2011, fighting his way to finals of a tournament to crown the first PCW Heavyweight Champion before being bested by T-Bone. However, Dar would remain in title contention and in 2012 he became the inaugural PCW Cruiserweight Champion, holding the championship for 168 days before losing the title to Dave Rayne in 2013.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar bounced back into title contention by winning the 2013 "Road to Glory" tournament, with wins over CJ Banks, Brian Kendrick and Joey Hayes. The tournament win earned him another shot at the PCW Heavyweight Championship. Cashing in his title opportunity, he wrestled champion Doug Williams to a time-limit draw, before challenging later champion Lionheart in a losing effort. Dar rounded up 2013 with a loss to Doug Williams, a victory over Johnny Gargano and a Tag Team loss to both Williams and Lionheart where Dar was teamed with Uhaa Nation.


title: Noam Dar

text: Following the championship loss, Dar would remain a prominent figure in PCW in 2014 and 2015, wrestling established names like Paul London, Steve Corino, Chris Hero, Tommaso Ciampa, John Morrison and Rob Van Dam. Dar had a violent three match feud with former WWE star Drew Galloway, which Dar won 2:1.


title: Noam Dar

text: Due to a working relationship between PCW and Ring of Honor (ROH), Dar has competed on a number of ROH/PCW "Supershows", wrestling the likes of Cedric Alexander, Adam Cole, Roderick Strong, Bobby Fish and A. C. H. – as well as challenging Jay Lethal for the ROH World Championship.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar entered the 2016 "Road to Glory" tournament, eliminating Timothy Thatcher and El Ligero but eliminated in the semi-finals by Drew Galloway. In March 2016, Dar wrestled Jeff Jarrett in a losing effort for the PCW vs GFW "Global Conflict" show. Dar would begin a climb up the card following this loss, with wins over Phillip Michaels, John Morrison and PCW Heavyweight Champion Sha Samuels, in a match originally billed as a championship contest, reversed to a non-title match by GM Joanna Rose following his victory.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar was a surprise addition to the main-event of "Tribute to the Troops 3" iPPV on 25 June 2016, defeating Drew Galloway and Sha Samuels to win the PCW Heavyweight Championship. He retained the title twice in one night on 6 August 2016 at the "Fifth Anniversary" iPPV, defeating Samuels in a rematch and "Road to Glory" 2016 winner and current PCW Tag Team Champion Rampage Brown, respectively. Dar again retained the PCW Heavyweight Championship on September 3, 2016, at PCW "Collision Course".


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar competed at the first Progress Wrestling show in 2012, entering a tournament to become the inaugural Progress Champion, he was unsuccessful in the tournament but then began a winning streak that would last the remainder of the year and continue into 2013 when he became the No.1 Contender to Progress Championship with a win over Dave Mastiff, but Dar was unable to unseat El Ligero for the title.


title: Noam Dar

text: In 2014, Dar entered and won the first Progress World Cup tournament; representing Israel he defeated Darrell Allen (Jamaica), Grado (Scotland) and Rampage Brown (England). The tournament win earned him another shot at the Progress Championship against Jimmy Havoc. During the match, he made Havoc tap out but as the referee was knocked out at the time the decision didn't count and Havoc eventually won.


title: Noam Dar

text: In 2015, at Chapter 18 Dar again challenged Havoc for the championship in a six-way elimination match. Dar eliminated Mastiff first, who then came back into the match and attacked Dar causing him to be eliminated too. He then entered the inaugural "Super Strong Style 16" tournament but was eliminated in the first round by Dave Mastiff due to referee stoppage and a storyline injury. The two were due to meet at Chapter 20, however travel issues prevented Mastiff from appearing and so Dar faced Pastor William Eaver and lost in what would become Dar's last Progress match.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar was a contestant on Season 2 of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's British Boot Camp which was televised nationally in the UK on Challenge TV. He advanced to the final six but the competition was eventually won by Mark Andrews.


title: Noam Dar

text: Dar worked a handful of matches for TNA in the UK and US, most notably a loss on Xplosion to former TNA World Heavyweight Champion Austin Aries. As one of the final six, Dar accompanied TNA on their UK stadium tour where he was victorious in a pair of Tag Team matches and wrestled to a no-contest with Rampage Brown.


title: Noam Dar

text: On 2 June 2016, Dar was announced to be a part of the What Culture Pro Wrestling roster. He wrestled his first match for the promotion against Rampage on the 4 July episode of "Loaded", in which Dar lost via pinfall. On the 18 July episode of "Loaded", he faced Joseph Conners in a winning effort. At WCPW Built To Destroy, he faced off against Jay Lethal for the ROH World Championship, but was defeated via pinfall. On the 8 August episode of "Loaded", Dar faced off against Will Ospreay and El Ligero in a triple threat match. Ospreay emerged victorious, after an "OsCutter" on Dar.


title: Noam Dar

text: On the 15 August episode of "Loaded", Dar put his WCPW career on the line against Doug Williams for a chance to face Cody Rhodes in October, and after a controversial finish, Williams picked up the win, forcing Dar to leave WCPW.


title: Noam Dar

text: On 31 March 2016, Dar was announced as a participant in WWE's upcoming Global Cruiserweight Series tournament. The tournament, now renamed the "Cruiserweight Classic", began on June 23 with Dar defeating Gurv Sihra in his first round match. On 14 July, Dar defeated Ho Ho Lun in his second round match. On 26 August, Dar was eliminated from the tournament in the quarterfinals by Zack Sabre Jr. During the Cruiserweight Classic finale, Dar teamed with Cedric Alexander in a losing effort against Tommaso Ciampa and Johnny Gargano.


title: Noam Dar

text: On the 22 August episode of "Raw", Dar was announced as part of the upcoming cruiserweight division and had signed with WWE in the process. On the 7 November episode of "Raw", Dar teamed with The Brian Kendrick in a losing effort against Rich Swann and Sin Cara in his main roster debut, which also was in his home country. On the 6 December episode of "WWE 205 Live", Dar was victorious over Cedric Alexander. After the match, Dar cut a villainous promo, establishing himself as a heel in the process.


title: Noam Dar

text: In early 2017, Dar began an on-screen relationship with Alicia Fox, who was involved in an on-screen relationship with Alexander. After two separate occasions in which Alexander was defeated by Dar, the two had a third match on the January 10 edition of "205 Live". Fox interfered in the match on behalf of Dar, allowing him to defeat Alexander once again, officially siding with Dar. Dar and Fox would subsequently accompany each other to their respective matches. At Fastlane, Dar teamed with Kendrick in a losing effort against Swann and Akira Tozawa.


title: Noam Dar

text: After weeks of Fox receiving anonymous flowers (in which Dar would take credit for them), Swann revealed himself to be the sender on the 18 April edition of "205 Live". Fox chose to side with Swann, abandoning Dar. Dar and Fox reunited on the May 2 edition of "205 Live" after Dar defeated Swann. The two would team together in a losing effort to Swann and Sasha Banks at Extreme Rules. Dar lost to a recently returning Alexander on the July 11 edition of "205 Live" in an "I Quit" match. Following his loss, Dar broke up with Fox. In the later-half of 2017, Dar joined "The Zo Train," a faction consisting of Ariya Daivari, Drew Gulak, Tony Nese and WWE Cruiserweight Champion Enzo Amore.


title: Noam Dar

text: On December 12, 2017, it was reported that Dar had suffered a knee injury and that he would require surgery. Dar underwent successful surgery to his left knee on 14 December to repair a tear in his meniscus, and despite not having a definitive timetable for returning, stated that it was "more than likely going to be around the five-month mark." On the June 20, 2018 tapings for WWE's United Kingdom Championship Tournament, Dar returned to action in a fatal four-way match, defeating Flash Morgan Webster, Mark Andrews and Travis Banks to become the number one contender for the WWE United Kingdom Championship.