title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Later in the season, opponents decided to focus all their defensive efforts on stopping Peterson and the Vikings running game, while daring Jackson to beat them in the passing game. The Washington Redskins successfully utilized five defensive lineman or four linebackers against the Vikings, leaving only two or three defensive backs in pass coverage. And the 49ers blitzed their cornerbacks 20 percent of the time instead of covering receivers with them. On the season's last game against the Denver Broncos, Jackson led the Vikings to two fourth quarter drives to tie the game and send it into overtime. In overtime, however, Jackson fumbled on the second play and the Vikings lost the game. Jackson showed slow improvement over the season: he played a large role when the Vikings went on a five-game winning streak in November, but also showed his inexperience in several ill-judged interceptions, jump passes, and turnovers. After the season, Childress would not say if Tarvaris Jackson would be the starter in 2008.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: There was a lot of media coverage on Jackson the summer of 2008. The Vikings returned seven players that were in the 2008 Pro Bowl (only three teams had more), and spent $60 million in guaranteed contract money upgrading their team with Jared Allen, traded from the Kansas City Chiefs, and free agents Bernard Berrian and Madieu Williams. Several analysts believed better quarterback play was all that was needed to make the Vikings one of the top contending teams in the NFL, and with the Green Bay Packers losing Brett Favre the NFC North Division was up for grabs. Sport's Illustrated's Paul Zimmerman predicted the Vikings would win the Super Bowl.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Head coach Brad Childress decided to stay with Jackson as the starting quarterback and brought in Gus Frerotte to be his backup. It was widely reported in the off-season that Jackson had a new swagger, handled situations in practice well where he looked lost in the previous years, and had an improved grasp of the Vikings offensive system. Childress threw a "Coaching 101" clinic for media reporters in which he played a tape of Jackson showing the progress he made in 2007 through a series of missed passes or poor decisions that he made in early games but executed properly in later contests and concluded with some tape of him hitting a target net with every 15-yard pass he threw during an offseason drill. Offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell repeatedly told the press that although it was Jackson's third year with the Vikings it was really his second year playing, and NFL quarterbacks improve the most between their first and second years. Jackson had another good preseason, until he injured his knee again in the second preseason game which kept him from playing the last two preseason games.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: In the first game of the regular season against the Green Bay Packers, Jackson threw a game-ending interception and in the second game the Vikings made five field goal attempts and no touchdowns against the Indianapolis Colts. The Vikings lost both games by close margins, and Jackson's 64.8 passer rating ranked him 26th in the NFL. Childress said in the second post-game press conference that Jackson would still definitely be the starter next week, but on Monday after a coaches' meeting he changed his mind and benched Jackson for the remainder of the year.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: After being relegated to backup after the loss to the Colts, Jackson saw his next significant action in Week 14 against Detroit, where he played the entire second half in place of an injured Gus Frerotte. With the Vikings trailing 6–3 at halftime to the winless Lions, Jackson completed eight of ten passes for 105 yards and a touchdown, an 11-yard strike to tight end Visanthe Shiancoe that would be the game-winning score for the Vikings. The following week, with Frerotte still injured, Jackson was the starting quarterback against the Arizona Cardinals and he played arguably the best game of his career. Jackson completed 11 of 17 passes for 163 yards and, most impressively, threw four touchdown passes and no interceptions. Jackson earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for his performance as well as the FedEx Air Player of the Week award.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: The Vikings lost 24–17 to the Atlanta Falcons in Week 16 despite Jackson's performance. He completed 22 of 36 passes for 233 yards with two touchdowns and no interceptions. He also rushed for 76 yards (which matched the total of Pro-Bowl running back Adrian Peterson). With the Vikings in a win-and-in situation against the New York Giants in Week 17, Jackson overcame an interception in the end zone by leading the Vikings on a touchdown drive (a 54-yard strike to Bernard Berrian) and the game-winning field goal drive on the following possessions. The Vikings defeated the Giants 20–19 and earned the NFC North title.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: The Vikings season ended in the of the playoffs with a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. Jackson went 15-for-35 for 164 yards in the game with one interception.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Jackson went into the 2009 season in competition for a starting job with Sage Rosenfels, who the Vikings had acquired from the Houston Texans. The Vikings also pursued former New York Jets and Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre, who had retired after the end of the 2008 season. Favre announced that he would not join the Vikings prior to training camp, however, and Jackson and Rosenfels split duties in the early part of camp. Jackson was the second quarterback to play in the opening preseason game, and was expected to start the second preseason game against the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: That changed, however, when Favre announced that he would play for the Vikings after all, signing with the team on August 19. Jackson, Rosenfels, and 2008 third-stringer John David Booty were believed to be competing for two roster spots, and for the primary backup job. Many observers believed the Vikings would attempt to trade Jackson.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Jackson helped his case with a strong performance in Favre's debut game against the Kansas City Chiefs, throwing for 202 yards and two touchdowns in backup work. Ultimately, the Vikings elected to keep Jackson and Rosenfels on the active roster, with Jackson as the primary backup to Favre.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: The Vikings re-signed Jackson on April 19, 2010, as they waited for Favre to decide whether he would return for another season, which he did. Jackson was a restricted free agent who was given a one-year tender worth $1.176 million. Jackson backed up Favre for the 2010 season.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Jackson took over for an injured Favre in Week 8 against the New England Patriots. Jackson threw for one touchdown in the loss. Jackson took over for an injured Favre yet again in Week 13 against the Buffalo Bills. Jackson threw two touchdown passes to Sidney Rice in the 38–14 win, but also threw three interceptions. Jackson started on December 13, against the New York Giants in place of the injured Favre. In that game, Jackson suffered a turf toe injury and missed the rest of the season.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: On March 3, 2011, the Vikings declined to tender Jackson a contract offer to play for them in the 2011 season. Under league rules, Jackson became an unrestricted free agent.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Jackson officially signed a two-year contract with the Seattle Seahawks on July 29, 2011 and was announced as the starting quarterback shortly after. In Seattle, he had been reunited with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and wide receiver Sidney Rice both members of the Vikings during his time there. Along with wide receiver Mike Williams, Jackson was appointed to offensive team captain, which was previously owned by Matt Hasselbeck, who signed with the Tennessee Titans. Despite having a below-average year compared to other quarterbacks in the league, Jackson had the best year of his career, finishing with 3,091 yards passing, throwing 14 touchdowns and 13 interceptions. During the off-season, the Seahawks acquired former Green Bay Packers quarterback Matt Flynn and drafted Wisconsin quarterback Russell Wilson to compete with Jackson for the 2012 starting quarterback position.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: On August 26, 2012, Jackson was traded to the Buffalo Bills for a conditional seventh round draft pick. The third-string quarterback for the season, Jackson did not see any game action in 2012.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: On February 15, 2013, the Bills re-signed Jackson to a one-year, $2.25 million deal. He was released on June 10, 2013. ESPN reported on June 12 that Jackson was likely to re-sign with the Seattle Seahawks for the 2013 season.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: On June 13, 2013, Jackson signed a one-year deal with the Seattle Seahawks. Jackson competed with Brady Quinn for the backup quarterback spot behind starter Russell Wilson. To coincide with the signing of Jackson, the Seahawks released quarterback Jerrod Johnson. The Seahawks released quarterback Brady Quinn and made Jackson the official backup quarterback to Wilson. Jackson appeared in three games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the fourth quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a one-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell to the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Following the 2015 season, Jackson became an unrestricted free agent. Seahawks coach Pete Carroll said that the team was interested in re-signing Jackson, though they ultimately opted to roster undrafted rookie Trevone Boykin as their backup quarterback the following season.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: In 2018, Jackson took a graduate assistant role at Alabama State, his alma mater. In 2019, Jackson was named quarterbacks coach for Tennessee State.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: Jackson was arrested on June 25, 2016, in Kissimmee, Florida and charged with aggravated assault after police said he threatened his wife with a gun. After the arrest, Jackson publicly stated that he lacked the money to afford an attorney.


title: Tarvaris Jackson

text: On April 12, 2020, Jackson was killed in a car accident nine days before his 37th birthday. The Alabama Law Enforcement Agency said Jackson was killed in a single-car crash at 8:50 p.m. He had been driving in Pike Road, Alabama, when his 2012 Chevrolet Camaro drifted off the road, struck a tree and flipped. Jackson had been driving 70 mph in a 30 mph zone and was wearing a seatbelt.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: Kílian Jornet (; born 27 October 1987) is a Spanish professional sky runner, trail runner, ski mountaineer and long-distance runner. He is a six-time champion of the long-distance running Skyrunner World Series and has won some of the most prestigious ultramarathons, including the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc, Grand Raid, the Western States Endurance Run and the Hardrock Hundred Mile Endurance Run.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: Jornet holds the fastest known time speed record for the ascent and descent of major mountains including the Matterhorn and Mont Blanc. He also previously held speed records for Aconcagua, Denali, and Kilimanjaro, all of which were eventually broken by Karl Egloff. In addition, he holds the 24-hour uphill skiing record: 23,864-meters (78,274 ft). This achievement was set on 8 February 2019.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: Jornet was born in Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain near Barcelona. He grew up in Refugi de Cap de Rec, a mountain hut at 2000 meters in the Pyrenees at the cross-country Lles ski resort in Lles de Cerdanya, where his father was a hut keeper and mountain guide. At the age of three he climbed Tuc de Molières, a three-thousander in the Pyrenees. By the age of five he climbed Aneto , the highest mountain in the Pyrenees, and a year later he climbed his first four-thousander, the Breithorn () on the Switzerland - Italy border.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: He started ski mountaineering in 1999, and competed for the first time at the La Molina race of the Spanish Cup in 2000. In 2003, he became a junior member of the Spanish national ski mountaineering team, and has raced as a senior since 2007. Jornet studied at the University of Perpignan Via Domitia.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: Jornet has been recognised as an elite athlete since 2004 by the Catalan and Spanish sports councils ( and ). For his achievements in the "junior" class ski mountaineering team, he won the Catalan sports award () in 2004, 2005 and 2006.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: In 2005 he set a course record of 2:30:57 for the race to the summit of the Dôme de Neige des Écrins. He was World Champion in the Buff SkyRunner World Series in 2007, 2008 and 2009 becoming the youngest athlete to win this honour.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: His sister Naila Jornet Burgada and his wife Emelie Forsberg from Sweden also compete in ski mountaineering and skyrunning events.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: On 7 September 2013 Jornet and Forsberg had to be rescued by the "Peloton de Gendarmerie de haute montagne" (PGHM, alpine rescue squad) at 3,800 meters of altitude (ésperon Frendo) while attempting to climb the north face of the Aiguille du Midi in the Mont Blanc massif, wearing trail running shoes with crampons and a body stocking.


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: "Summits of My Life" is Kilian Jornet's personal project, trying to set ascent and descent records for some of the world's major mountains, which reached its peak with the record attempt on Mount Everest. This project includes:


title: Kílian Jornet Burgada

text: Karl Eggloff broke this record by running up and down Denali in 11 hours 44 minutes, on 20 June 2019. Eggloff did not use skis during the descent.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy is a city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States. Its population was 87,294 at the 2020 U.S. census, making Troy the most populous city in the county and the 13th most-populous municipality in the state. Troy is a northern suburb of Metro Detroit, located about sixteen miles (25.7 km) northwest of downtown Detroit.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy was organized as a township in 1827, and sections of the township incorporated much later into the cities of Birmingham, Clawson, and Royal Oak. The remainder of the township incorporated as the present-day city of Troy in 1955.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy has become a business and shopping destination in the region, with numerous office centers and the upscale Somerset Collection mall. In 2011, Troy was ranked the safest city in Michigan and the 19th safest city in the United States. In 2008, Troy was ranked 22nd on a list of "Best Places to Live" in the United States by CNN Money, using criteria including housing, quality of education, economic strength, and recreational opportunities. In 2008, Troy was also ranked as the fourth most-affordable U.S. city with a median household income of approximately $79,000.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: The earliest recorded purchases of land in what was known as Troy Township occurred in 1819. A couple of years later a settlement known as Troy Corners was established due to Johnson Niles buying 160 acres in the region. The area is currently the north-central area of Troy. In 1827 Troy Township was established. In 1955, Troy was officially incorporated primarily as a strategy for preventing border cities from taking more land.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: It was named after Troy, New York and the ancient city of Troy, as many of the early settlers, as in much of Michigan, originated from New York.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: The Troy Historic Village is a fully interactive historical museum chronicling the different stages of Troy's progression from its first settlers to the city it has become today. Located at the corners of Livernois Road and Wattles Road, the village is located behind the old city hall building. Open year-round, the village has ten original, complete structures which patrons may enter and observe how they functioned in the past and how they were decorated, as all buildings are full of artifacts from that period. Each structure is original and was painstakingly moved from its original location to the museum intact. Starting with a log and mud structure used by the first settlers, there is also an 18th-century schoolhouse and estate, a general store, a blacksmith's shop, a church along with the pastor's home, and the old city hall, which acts as a general museum. There is a gazebo in the center of the square which will host parties and period bands during annual festivities. Many schools from around the area plan field trips to the museum, and the church is also available for weddings.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: In the summer of 2005, to commemorate the city's 50th anniversary, ceramic beaver statues, each standing four feet (1.2 m) high, were displayed at various locations in the city. The beaver is the symbol of Troy, and the city's main commercial thoroughfare (Big Beaver Road) is named after it.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy is home to two of the largest Protestant churches in the USA, Kensington Community Church and Woodside Bible Church.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: In 2003, Troy was named Michigan's Sportstown by "Sports Illustrated" magazine for having the top community sports programs in the state.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: In addition to "The Detroit News" and "Detroit Free Press", regional newspapers serving all of southeast Michigan, the city is served by the "Daily Tribune" (published daily), the "Observer & Eccentric" (which is published twice a week), the "Troy Beacon" (published every Thursday), the "Troy Times", and the "Troy-Somerset Gazette" and, most recently, "Troy Patch". The "Troy Eccentric" newspaper edition ceased publication in 2009.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: City of Troy Parks include a variety of amenities and a mixture of open space, woodlands, rivers, lakes and recreational facilities. You will find soccer fields, ball diamonds, disc golf courses, shore fishing, outdoor exercise equipment, tennis courts, basketball courts, natural and paved walking pathways, play structures and swing sets, a skate park, picnic areas and pavilions.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.51%) is water.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy is a thriving center of business, particularly in the automotive and financial sectors, and is home to a number of major companies. Troy has the second highest cumulative property value in Michigan, second only to Detroit. Troy is home to the Somerset Collection mall, featuring a skywalk and over 180 stores, and the Oakland Mall. The Top of Troy is the city's tallest building with offices of PNC Financial Services. Bank of America maintains a major operations center in Troy.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: According to a 2018 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $96,864, and the median income for a family was $113,640. Males had a median income of $72,005 versus $52,365 for females. The per capita income for the city was $46,664. About 5.1% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 80,980 people, 30,703 households, and 22,443 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 32,907 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 74.1% White, 4.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 19.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: There were 30,703 households, of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.9% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.14.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: The median age in the city was 41.8 years. 23.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: From the census of 2000, there were 80,959 people, 30,018 households, and 21,883 families living in the city. The population density was 2,413.9 people per square mile (932.0/km). There were 30,872 housing units at an average density of 920.5 per square mile (355.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 82.30% White, 2.09% African American, 0.15% Native American, 13.25% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 1.82% from two or more races. 1.46% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: There were 30,018 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.23.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: In the city 26.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: From 1990 to 2000, of all of the municipalities in Oakland, Wayne, and Macomb counties, Troy had the highest numeric growth in the Asian population. It had 4,932 Asians according to the 1990 U.S. Census and 10,730 according to the 2000 U.S. Census, an increase of 5,798. The increase gave Troy the largest Asian-American population in the tri-county area, surpassing that of Detroit.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy uses the Council-Manager form of government, and thus is governed by a City Council consisting of a Mayor and six council members. The current mayor is Ethan Baker, who was elected to a four-year term on November 5, 2019. The city council appoints a City Manager, who manages the day-to-day operations of the city.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: The City of Troy and City of Clawson on its southern border compose Michigan's 41st District for State Representative. The district is currently represented by Padma Kuppa in the State House since 2019, and in the state Senate by Mallory McMorrow, since 2019. The district was previously represented in the State House by Martin Howrylak since 2013, and in the state Senate by Marty Knollenberg, since 2015. On the national level, Troy was part of the 9th district, represented by Joe Knollenberg from 1993 to 2009 and Gary Peters, who defeated Knollenberg in a highly publicized race in November 2008. Nationally, Troy is part of the 11th district, held by Democrat Haley Stevens.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: In May 2010, the Troy city council voted to adopt a budget that called for the Troy Public Library to close on July 1, 2011. A proposal was made to increase property taxes in order for the library to run independently, but the citizens voted it down by a 2.2 percent margin. A Library millage was ultimately passed in 2011 that exists today.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy is home to Walsh College, a business-oriented school, as well as branches for the University of Phoenix, Northwood University, Central Michigan University, Spring Arbor University, and the International Academy of Design and Technology. Michigan State University also has its Management Education Center (Eli Broad College of Business) located off of I-75 near the intersection of Crooks Rd. and Square Lake Rd. (19 Mile).


title: Troy, Michigan

text: There are 7 different school districts serving the city of Troy; however, Troy School District serves the majority of the limits. The district has multiple elementary schools, four middle schools, and two zoned high schools: Troy High School and Athens High School.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: There are also three school districts that have sizable portions of territory in Troy and that operate at least one elementary school within the city; these are Avondale School District, in the north and northwest most portion of the city, Birmingham City School District, in the southwest most portion, and Warren Consolidated Schools, in the southeast, which operates Susick Elementary within the city. These districts operate Woodland Elementary, Pembroke Elementary, and Susick Elementary, respectively.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: In addition, there are two other school districts within the city that have residential territory there, those being Bloomfield Hills School District, with a portion of the northwest part of the city, and Royal Oak School District, which has a very small portion of the southern part of the city. Finally, a small area of commercial property also in the south lies within the borders of Lamphere Public Schools


title: Troy, Michigan

text: The Troy School District also hosts the eastern campus of the International Academy, currently ranked 7th in the "Newsweek" rankings of the best public high schools in the United States. The school has been located in the older Baker Middle School building since the beginning of the 2008–2009 academic year. Previously, Troy sent students through the class of 2011 to the central IA campus in Bloomfield Hills.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Oakland-Troy Airport (FAA LID: VLL, ICAO: KVLL), formerly (IATA: 7D2, ICAO: K7D2) is a small suburban general aviation airport operated by Oakland County and has a single 3,550 feet x 60 feet (1082 m x 18 m) paved runway.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: The Oakland-Troy Airport is considered the county's 'executive' airport. Business travelers and tourists using private, corporate and charter aircraft benefit from the airport's convenient proximity to business, recreation and entertainment facilities. It is located between Maple Road and 14 Mile Road.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Charter passenger, air freight, as well as aircraft maintenance and fuel, are available on the field.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: Troy was also home to the Big Beaver Airport, (IATA: 3BB), which was located at the corners of Big Beaver Road and John R Road. It opened in 1946 and closed in 1995 due to declining use and pressure to sell the land for commercial development.


title: Troy, Michigan

text: M-1/Woodward Avenue and US-24/Telegraph Road are on the west side of Troy and provide access to the city.


title: Hetaira

text: Hetaira (plural hetairai (), also hetaera (plural hetaerae ), (, "companion", pl. , , pl. ) was a type of prostitute in ancient Greece, who served as an artist, entertainer and conversationalist in addition to providing sexual service. Unlike the rule for ancient Greek women, hetairas would be highly educated and were allowed in the symposium.


title: Hetaira

text: Traditionally, historians of ancient Greece have distinguished between "hetairai" and "pornai", another class of prostitute in ancient Greece. In contrast to pornai, who provided sex for numerous clients in brothels or on the street, hetairai were thought to have had only a few men as clients at any one time, to have had long-term relationships with them, and to have provided companionship and intellectual stimulation as well as sex. For instance, Charles Seltman wrote in 1953 that "hetaeras were certainly in a very different class, often highly educated women".


title: Hetaira

text: More recently, however, historians have questioned the extent to which there was really a distinction between hetairai and pornai. The second edition of the "Oxford Classical Dictionary", for instance, held that "hetaira" was a euphemism for any kind of prostitute. This position is supported by Konstantinos Kapparis, who holds that Apollodorus' famous tripartite division of the types of women in the speech Against Neaera ("We have courtesans for pleasure, concubines for the daily tending of the body, and wives in order to beget legitimate children and have a trustworthy guardian of what is at home.") classes all prostitutes together, under the term "hetairai".


title: Hetaira

text: A third position, advanced by Rebecca Futo Kennedy, suggests that hetairai "were not prostitutes or even courtesans". Instead, she argues, hetairai were "elite women ... who participated in sympotic and luxury culture", just as "hetairoi" – the masculine form of the word – was used to refer to groups of elite men at symposia.


title: Hetaira

text: Even when the term "hetaira" was used to refer to a specific class of prostitute, though, scholars disagree on what precisely the line of demarcation was. Kurke emphasises that hetairai veiled the fact that they were selling sex through the language of gift-exchange, while pornai explicitly commodified sex. Leslie Kurke claims that both hetairai and pornai could be slaves or free, and might or might not work for a pimp. Kapparis says that hetairai were high-class prostitutes, and cites Dover as pointing to the long-term nature of hetairai's relationships with individual men. Miner disagrees with Kurke, claiming that hetairai were always free, not slaves.


title: Hetaira

text: Along with sexual services, women described as "hetairai" rather than "pornai" seem to have often been educated, and have provided companionship. According to Kurke, the concept of hetairism was a product of the symposium, where hetairai were permitted as sexually available companions of the male party-goers. In Athenaeus' "Deipnosophistai", hetairai are described as providing "flattering and skillful conversation": something which is, elsewhere in classical literature, seen as a significant part of the hetaira's role. Particularly, "witty" and "refined" () were seen as attributes which distinguished hetairai from common pornai. Hetairai are likely to have been musically educated, too.


title: Hetaira

text: Free hetairai could become very wealthy, and control their own finances. However, their careers could be short, and if they did not earn enough to support themselves, they might have been forced to resort to working in brothels, or working as pimps, in order to ensure a continued income as they got older.


title: James Rouse

text: James Wilson Rouse (April 26, 1914 – April 9, 1996) was an American businessman and founder of The Rouse Company. Rouse was a pioneering American real estate developer, urban planner, civic activist, and later, free enterprise-based philanthropist. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award, for his lifetime achievements.


title: James Rouse

text: James "Jim" Rouse was born in Easton, Maryland, to Lydia Agnes (née Robinson) and Willard Goldsmith Rouse, a canned-foods broker. His father, a lawyer trained at Johns Hopkins University, once ran for state's attorney for Harford County. When he lost, the Rouse family moved from Bel Air, Maryland, to Easton. Rouse grew up in Easton (then population: 5,000) on a well-to-do street on the edge of town. He was taught at home by his mother until second grade when he transferred to a public school. In 1930, Rouse lost his father to bladder cancer, his mother to heart failure, and his childhood home to bank foreclosure. His brother Bill paid for him to attend the private preparatory Tome School in Port Deposit, Maryland, for a year.


title: James Rouse

text: Facing money problems and unable to continue at the Tome School, the Rouse family sought a way for him to attend college by appealing to his oldest sister, who had married a United States Navy officer stationed in Hawaii. Rouse declared himself his sister's dependent and, with Navy connections now secured, was thereby able to attend the University of Hawaii at Manoa at a greatly reduced cost. Rouse later attended the University of Virginia. He declared his major as political science and waited tables at a local boarding house. Because he was unable to cover the gap between his scholarship and his remaining expenses, he left Charlottesville and moved to Baltimore to try to make it on his own.


title: James Rouse

text: He found a job parking cars at the St. Paul Garage for one year. He later remarked that he got the job even though he could not drive, and had convinced his foreman to teach him rather than fire him. In May 1935, Rouse wrote Millard Tydings, who found him a position with the Federal Housing Administration as a clerk specializing in completing FHA loans to eastern Maryland banks. While working at the FHA, Rouse was tasked with enforcing racially discriminatory guidelines. Although he had only two years of undergraduate college on his transcript, in the 1930s that was enough to qualify for law school. He borrowed money in March 1936 from Guy Hollyday who was a loan officer with the Title Guarantee and Trust Company seeking FHA loan guarantees and attended classes three nights a week at the University of Maryland law school. He was hired at age 22 by his mentor Hollyday.


title: James Rouse

text: Rouse graduated in 1937 and in 1939 left the FHA and became partner with Hunter Moss at a mortgage banking firm called the Moss-Rouse Company funded by a $20,000 loan from Moss's sister, which would eventually become the Rouse Company. The company would specialize in FHA backed loans, and hired Churchill G. Carey from Connecticut General, with his former company providing loan capital to Moss-Rouse. Both Moss and Rouse served during WWII, with Moss joining the Marines and Rouse the Navy. Rouse was able to defer duty while his wife was pregnant, shipping out to Hawaii to work on John Henry Towers staff on July 4, 1942. Rouse returned from the war to put his gambling assets to work with Moss. In 1952, Moss would leave the firm after Rouse brought in his brother Bill as vice president. Rouse would make new connections that year crossing party lines as a board member of "Democrats for Eisenhower".


title: James Rouse

text: After World War II he co-founded the Citizens Planning and Housing Association (CPHA) and became involved in Baltimore, Maryland's efforts to rehabilitate its decayed housing stock for profit through The Baltimore Plan. The national publicity of this program led to his participation in Dwight D. Eisenhower's National Housing Task Force starting in 1953. He introduced (or at least helped popularize) the term "urban renewal" to describe the series of recommendations made by that task force.


title: James Rouse

text: Rouse used antisemitic quotas when building in the Roland Park neighborhood of Baltimore. In 1951, Rouse enforced a quota of no more than 12% Jewish residents for the Maryland Apartment in north Baltimore until 75% of the apartments were rented.


title: James Rouse

text: In 1958, Rouse built Harundale Mall in Glen Burnie, Maryland, the first enclosed shopping center east of the Mississippi River and the first built by a real estate developer. His company used the term "mall" to describe the development, which was an alternative to the more typical strip malls usually built in the suburbs (the "mall" in "strip mall" came into usage later, after the enclosed mall had been popularized by Rouse's company). Although many now attribute the rise of the shopping mall to the decline of the American downtown core, Rouse's focus at the time was on the introduction of malls as a form of town center for the suburbs.


title: James Rouse

text: His company became an active developer and manager of shopping center and mall properties, even as he shifted focus to new projects which eventually included planned communities and festival marketplaces.


title: James Rouse

text: Harundale Mall has since been replaced by Harundale Plaza. In 1999, the mall reopened and redeveloped as Harundale Plaza, a strip shopping center. Stores include A.J. Wright, a Super Fresh supermarket, Outback Steakhouse, Hollywood Video, Burlington Coat Factory, and a U.S. Post Office, along with several other typical strip-mall stores. The signature "rock" from Harundale Mall is now at Harundale Plaza.


title: James Rouse

text: In the 1960s Rouse turned his focus to planned communities. After engaging in a planning exercise for the Pocantico Hills estate of the Rockefellers, Rouse constructed his first planned residential development: the Village of Cross Keys in Baltimore. On June 16, 1961, Rouse bought inside the city from the Baltimore Country Club for $25,000 an acre. Rouse excitedly proclaimed that this undertaking "will be the largest, and potentially most important development in the history of Baltimore." Rouse hoped that he could bring to the residential field "some of the fresh thinking, good taste and high standards which we believe have marked our shopping center developments."


title: James Rouse

text: Familiar with bad housing in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., Rouse now had an opportunity to demonstrate what housing within a city's borders could be like. "There is a real need for residential development," he said, "in which there is a strong sense of community; a need to feed into the city some of the atmosphere and pace of the small town and village; a need to create a community which can meet as many as possible of the needs of the people who live there; which can bring these people into natural contact with one another; which can produce out of these relationships a spirit and feeling of neighborliness and a rich sense of belonging to a community." In a city that practiced strict racial segregation, Rouse intended Cross Keys to be open to all who could afford to live there. The development was a mixture of townhouses, garden apartments, a high-rise apartment house designed by Frank Gehry, stores grouped around a village square, and an office complex. By 1970, the Village of Cross Keys had become among the most desirable places to live in the Baltimore area.


title: James Rouse

text: While Cross Keys was still under construction, Rouse decided to build a whole new "city." The creation of Columbia, Maryland, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., was the greatest adventure of Rouse's life. Columbia was the ultimate opportunity: the chance to embody his ideals in a whole new city. For the undertaking that would become Columbia, Rouse turned to his partner in previous projects, the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company ("CG"). At a meeting at company headquarters in Hartford, Rouse made his pitch to CG's top real estate and mortgage people and the company's chairman of the board, Frazar B. Wilde. The questioning was mostly negative, until Wilde joined in. He expressed the view that CG couldn't lose. If Rouse's project did not succeed, the land could always be sold, and probably for a higher price than what it cost.


title: James Rouse

text: The land for the new city would be owned by a subsidiary called Howard Research and Development Corporation. CG would own half of that corporation and Rouse's corporation the other half. Rouse would be responsible for the management of the acquired land and for preparing a master plan for development. CG also put up some of the money for Columbia's infrastructure. The rest was supplied by Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and the Chase Manhattan Bank.


title: James Rouse

text: By the end of the summer of 1963 close to of Howard County farmland had been acquired, and the time was at hand to begin planning what to do with it. Rouse wanted to hear from a wide assortment of experts and scholars. He brought together an assemblage which became known as "the Work Group." It consisted of top people in health, family life, education, recreation, government, transportation, and employment. Ultimately emerging was the idea that the new city should be a real multi-faceted city, not a bedroom suburb. It should be possible for its residents to find everything they needed right there—jobs, education, recreation, health care, and any other necessity.


title: James Rouse

text: Rouse was not reluctant to bring up his home town of Easton as a model for Columbia. Consensus formed around the idea that the basic subdivision within the new city should be the village, a unit of from 10,000 to 15,000 people. This number was thought to be the most likely to foster a local feeling of identification: for merchants to get to know their customers, ministers their memberships, and teachers their pupils and parents.


title: James Rouse

text: Within the city, there would be 12 villages. Each village would have a central gathering place where people of different income levels and types of housing would cross paths and mix. Each village would have a middle school and a high school, a teen center, a supermarket, a library, a hospital, an auditorium, offices, restaurants, some specialty shops, and a few larger recreational facilities. It also would have a multi-denominational house of worship known as an "interfaith center" based on the Gordon Cosby's Ecumenical Church of the Savior called the Kittamaqundi Community. The hope was that one building would be used by several religions.


title: James Rouse

text: In addition to the villages there would be a core area that would function as the new city's "downtown." Here would be the main cluster of retail stores (arranged as a mall), a hotel and conference center, a hospital, movie theaters and a concert hall, a community college, and branches of the Maryland Institute College of Art and the Peabody Conservatory of Music.


title: James Rouse

text: The main entertainment area was to be known as Tivoli, after the entertainment area in Copenhagen. Early on, Rouse said that he hoped Tivoli would be a place "where, under the benign influence of having fun and relaxing in familiar ways, people would have opportunities, especially attractively and conveniently presented, for discovering new ways to enjoy their free time—new foods, new visual and tactile aesthetic experiences, even new social relations." Rouse wanted the town center in Columbia to provide the most comprehensive range of recreational activities and services that had ever been contemplated in a new town.


title: James Rouse

text: In late 1973, the Columbia project took a downturn as Maryland land developers such as Joel Kline, and politicians such as Governor Marvin Mandel, and Vice President Spiro Agnew were indicted on various charges of corruption related to land speculation. Rouse was indicted on board of elections charges for donating over the limits toward Mandel's 1974 campaign, but had charges dropped because the charges were tried just outside the one year limit.


title: James Rouse

text: Rouse shifted focus from suburban retail to urban malls, which he called "festival marketplaces," of which the Faneuil Hall Marketplace was the first and most successful example. Completed in 1976, and partly funded with assistance from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Faneuil Hall Marketplace (comprising Quincy Market and other spaces adjacent to Boston's Faneuil Hall) was designed by architect Benjamin C. Thompson and was a financial success, an act of historic preservation, and an anchor for urban revitalization. Later the Boston Museum of Fine Arts established an annex at the Quincy Market, and the mall generated more foot traffic than the museum. Initially, there were critics who predicted the project would fail, while other dismissed its early success as a fad. Calvin Trillin and Peter Hall each invoked Disneyland in their claims that Faneuil Hall Marketplace was an example of fake urbanism. Robert Campbell, an architecture critic, rejected this kind of criticism as snobbery, and claimed that the festival marketplace was effective at getting people out of their cars and getting them to experience the city. In his planning for the project, Rouse imagined that people would not just shop, that they would also be entertained. However, he later claimed that he had not anticipated its popularity as a tour bus destination.


title: James Rouse

text: Other examples of Rouse Company "festival marketplace" developments include South Street Seaport in New York City, The Gallery at Market East, in Philadelphia, Harborplace in Baltimore, St. Louis Union Station in St. Louis, Downtown Portland's Pioneer Place, and the Riverwalk Marketplace of New Orleans. The early festival marketplaces like Faneuil Hall and Harborplace led "TIME" magazine to dub Rouse "the man who made cities fun again."


title: James Rouse

text: After 40 years at the Rouse Company, Rouse retired from day-to-day management in 1979. Soon afterwards, he and his wife founded the Enterprise Community Partners, a not-for-profit foundation funded in part by a for-profit subsidiary, The Enterprise Development Company, and focused on seeding partnerships with community groups that would address the need for affordable housing and associated social services for poor neighborhoods. In 1984, Jim Rouse was soliciting business representing both Rouse Company as CEO and Enterprise Development as president. The Rouse Company board of directors asked Jim Rouse to leave as CEO of the Rouse Company and his position in Enterprise Development which ended his involvement with the company he founded.


title: James Rouse

text: Rouse was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1981. In 1988, Rouse was awarded the second Honor Award from the National Building Museum.


title: James Rouse

text: The Rouse Theatre in Wilde Lake High School is named after James. In May 2006, an approximately four-mile stretch of Maryland Route 175 between Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 29 in Columbia, Maryland, was named after Rouse and his wife, Patty. The Jim Rouse Visionary Center opened in 2006 in a formerly contaminated Whiskey Warehouse in Baltimore.


title: James Rouse

text: In 1978, Rouse received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.


title: James Rouse

text: James Rouse's first wife was Elizabeth Jamieson "Libby" (née Winstead) whom he married on May 3, 1941. His daughter Robin is the mother of actor Edward Norton. His son Jim applied for conscientious objector status during the Vietnam War with his father's support. In May 1970, Rouse posted full page anti-war ads in "The Washington Post" and later "The New York Times" that upset the new Nixon administration. Rouse separated from Libby in 1973, and married Myrtle Patricia Traugott from Norfolk, Virginia in November 1974. He died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on April 9, 1996. Patty Rouse died on March 5, 2012.


title: James Rouse

text: His grandson Edward Norton, upon graduating from Yale University in 1991, moved to Japan to work for the Rouses' foundation. Later, Norton directed the film "Motherless Brooklyn", released in 2019, "as an homage to the things [James Rouse] cared about". In particular, the movie denounces the controversial urbanist Robert Moses, accused of lust for power, questionable ethics, vindictiveness, and racism.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: The Huntress, also known as Helena Wayne, is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is the daughter of the Batman and Catwoman (Selina Kyle) of an alternate universe established in the early 1960s and referred to as "Earth-Two", where the Golden Age stories took place. A modern-day predecessor (and retroactive namesake) of Helena Wayne as Huntress with no blood-relation to Batman or Catwoman, Helena Bertinelli, was additionally co-created by the character's co-creator Joe Staton in 1989, originally intended as a reinvention of the character following the events of "Crisis on Infinite Earths", before being retconned as different characters.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Actress Ashley Scott portrayed Helena Kyle / The Huntress in the 2002 television series "Birds of Prey" and reprised her role in the annual Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths".


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: The Huntress was created as a response to "All Star Comics" inker Bob Layton's suggestion that a revamped Earth-Two Batgirl be added to the lineup of the Justice Society of America. Penciller Joe Staton recounted how the character was designed:


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Staton also admitted that the character's costume was heavily inspired by the Black Cat. The title Huntress was borrowed from "relatively obscure Golden Age villainess" Paula Brooks. Helena's first appearance was in "DC Super Stars" #17 (November/December 1977), which told her origin, and then "All Star Comics" #69 (December 1977), which came out the same day, and revealed her existence to the Justice Society of America. She appeared in "Batman Family" #17-20 when it expanded into the Dollar Comics format for its last few issues. The bulk of her solo stories appeared as backup features in issues of "Wonder Woman" beginning with issue #271 (September 1980). These stories, almost all of which were written by Levitz and pencilled by Staton, tended to a noir style, with the Huntress typically combating street level crime rather than costumed supervillains.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Following the character's death and erasure from history in "Crisis on Infinite Earths" #12 (1986), DC created a new Huntress (Helena Bertinelli), whose costume and weaponry are similar to that of Helena Wayne, and whose adventures were drawn by Staton.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: A trade paperback collection entitled "The Huntress: Darknight Daughter" was published in December 2006. It collects "DC Super Stars" #17 and stories from "Batman Family" #18 - 20, as well as the backup stories from "Wonder Woman" #271 - 287, #289 - 290 and #294 - 295. The cover art is drawn by Brian Bolland.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Following "52" (2007), DC Comics superheroes' fictional world was newly established as a collection of 52 parallel-world "universes". An alternate rebooted version of the Helena Wayne character now resides on "Post-"Crisis"" Earth-2 and has appeared in "Justice Society of America" (vol. 3) in issues set on the parallel world of Earth-2.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Helena was born in 1950 to Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle Wayne, and grew up enjoying the benefits of being in a wealthy household. As a youth, she enjoyed a thorough education, as well as being trained by her parents, Batman and Catwoman, to become a super-athlete. As a young girl she was amazed to learn that her father was the Batman and embraced Dick Grayson/Robin as her older brother. She also looked up to Alfred as a second father. After Yale College and Yale Law School, she joined the law firm of Cranston and Grayson, one of whose partners was Dick Grayson, alias Robin.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: In 1976, criminal Silky Cernak blackmailed his old boss Selina Kyle into resuming action once again as the Catwoman, an act which eventually led to her death. Helena, deciding to bring Cernak to justice, created a costume for herself, fashioned some weapons from her parents' equipment (including her eventual trademark weapon, a crossbow), and set out to bring him in. After accomplishing this, Helena decided to continue to fight crime, under the code name "the Huntress".


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: After her mother's death, Helena moved out of Wayne Manor and into a Gotham City apartment. She soon found herself involved with the Justice Society of America (her father's old team) and formally joined the group in "All Star Comics" #72. Helena was also briefly associated with the superhero group Infinity, Inc., a team made up of second generation superheroes, mostly the children of JSA members.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Helena also struck up a friendship with fellow new superheroine Power Girl, who was also a part of both the JSA and Infinity Inc. In addition to Power Girl, Helena frequently worked with Robin and with a new hero named Blackwing. Some of her foes were the Thinker, the Joker, Lion-Mane (one of her mother's embittered former minions), Karnage, the Crime lord, the Boa and the Earthworm. Her lover for a time was Gotham District Attorney Harry Sims. Despite the fact that she proposed a partnership ("I nail'em, you jail'em"), their relationship grew difficult in that he knew of her secret identity and was constantly worrying about her safety. She briefly flirted with Robin who, cited her father's choice in looking for a wife, told her that a normal man would not be able to satisfy her.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: She made several visits to Earth-One. Her first was in "Batman Family" #17, where she met the Earth-One Batman, Robin, Batgirl and Batwoman, and fought the Earth-One Catwoman, Poison Ivy and Madame Zodiac. Seeing in him her father returned to her, she took to calling the Earth-One Batman her "Uncle Bruce", and built a familiar relationship with him. As a member of the Justice Society, she participated in several of the annual JLA/JSA meetings, most of which took place on Earth-One. She also participated in the battle against the Adjudicator as part of the female force of multiple Earths led by the Earth-One Wonder Woman. Other heroines involved in this adventure included Zatanna, Supergirl, the Phantom Lady, Madame Xanadu, Power Girl, the Black Canary, Wonder Girl, Raven and Starfire.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Despite the fact that she did love her mother and became the Huntress to avenge her death, she secretly feared that she might follow in her mother's footsteps. Either fighting a demonic version of her mother in a drug-induced haze or fighting her mother's Earth-One counterpart (who had never reformed), Helena had a difficult time coming to grips with her mother's criminal career, even going so far as to seek therapy. Looking at her mother's Earth-One counterpart, she secretly hoped that one day that the Catwoman would reform.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Helena's last solo appearance was before the 1985 miniseries "Crisis on Infinite Earths"; her storyline ended with the Harbinger contemplating the coming Crisis.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: The Huntress participated in the battle to save all Creation from the Anti-Monitor and while she, along with dozens of other heroes, succeeded in preventing the villain from erasing the universe from having ever existed, she nevertheless failed to prevent the end of the multiverse. While parts of Earth-Two, along with other Earths, were grafted onto Earth-One creating the Post-"Crisis" Earth, Earth-Two itself was destroyed. The Huntress was traumatized to learn that her Earth and her family not only no longer existed but, with history rewritten, had "never" existed.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Despite collapsing in her Robin's arms at one point, she galvanized herself for the last battle wherein she (along with her Robin and Kole) died saving several children from the Anti-Monitor's shadow demons. After "Crisis" ended, Helena Wayne, like her parents and Earth-Two's Dick Grayson, disappeared and was forgotten.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Her last appearance was in "Superman/Batman" #27, wherein Power Girl, whose memories of Earth-Two were restored, recollects an adventure she had with the Huntress in which they clash with the Ultra-Humanite and Brainwave, the Ultra-Humanite having briefly trapped Superman and Batman's minds in the bodies of their cousin and daughter, respectively.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Following the events of "Infinite Crisis" and "52", the multiverse is effectively restored and among those universes is Earth-2, complete with the Huntress.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: In "Justice Society of America Annual" #1, Power Girl is sent to Earth-2 by Gog. There, she is discovered by the Huntress who recognizes her as the Power Girl from their world who went missing after the first Crisis. In this new Earth-2, the citizens remember having been the only Earth in existence following the Crisis. The Huntress re-initiates Power Girl into an amalgamated Justice Society Infinity (an Infinity Inc. and Justice Society merger) and brings her up to speed on her life. Following the death of Alfred, the Huntress has become more estranged from her friends; Robin serves in the Batman's place as a global protector, while the Huntress protects the streets of Gotham. As all her father's rogues gallery have begun to die, an aged Joker makes plans to recreate Two-Face by scarring acid on the Huntress' would-be fiancée, D.A. Harry Sims. The Huntress attempts to kill him, and is stopped by Power Girl; the Joker's plan to take the Huntress out with him backfires, and he dies of old age and prolonged exposure to his own chemicals. However, the Huntress confesses to Power Girl that it is Robin she truly loves, but Sims' injuries leave her feeling obligated to remain with him as he suffered his burns after he had proposed to her, but before she had the chance to say "No".


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: The Huntress has not only returned along with Earth-Two but, as Helena Kyle, she has even been born into the mainstream DC Universe. Her mother is still Selina Kyle, though Helena's father is initially unknown. Many assume it is the Batman, but it is eventually claimed that the father was Slam Bradley's son. Despite initially quitting being the Catwoman to care for her, Selina ultimately puts Helena up for adoption under the Batman's arrangement for fear she would be unable to protect her.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: A month after Helena is placed with a new family, the Catwoman asks sorceress Zatanna to erase her memories of Helena and to make her stop thinking of herself as a heroine. Zatanna refuses, because such an act would be cruel to both mother and daughter and because Selina was already on the path to becoming a heroine on her own.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: The Helena Wayne incarnation of the Huntress returned in the wake of DC's "The New 52" relaunch with a six-issue "Huntress" miniseries that was released in October 2011. Alongside Power Girl, she later starred in a revival of the "Worlds' Finest" series, written by Paul Levitz and drawn by George Pérez and Kevin Maguire. In the Post-"Flashpoint" Earth 2 continuity, Helena Wayne was the daughter of Batman and Catwoman (Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle Wayne). She was also the only Robin to her father's Batman identity and a more ruthless character than previously seen. As well as Catwoman of Earth 2, who dies in an attack on a Gotham building under crossfire, Batman of Earth 2 is killed along with that world's Superman and Wonder Woman during an attempted Apokoliptian invasion. Helena only adopts the Huntress identity after accidentally arriving on Prime Earth through a Boom Tube, along with the Earth 2 Supergirl who changes to her subsequent Power Girl identity several years later. The "Worlds' Finest" storyline explores how Helena and Power Girl arrived on the mainstream DC Earth and their attempts to return to their source Earth. It starts five years after their arrival.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: In the 2016–2019 run of "Batman" penned by Tom King as part of the "DC Rebirth" era, Selina and Bruce reconnected and fell in love once more, with the two almost marrying. In the possible futures of the story called "Last Rites" (in "Batman Annual" Vol 3 #2) and the series "Batman/Catwoman", Selina falls pregnant with Bruce's child whom they name Helena. After Bruce's death in a flash-forward she helps her widowed mother come to terms with it and ends up becoming the new "Batwoman".


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: A version of character is reintroduced in a flashforward depicted in Geoff Johns' one-shot "The New Golden Age", which deals with never-before-seen characters being returned to history having been removed, changing the DC timeline. In a future scene, a young Helena is being stalked by "The Stranger". Late one night, Je;ema spots Batman in her home and stabs him, only for him to reveal himself as her father Bruce. Her mother Selena is furious, knowing that this will start Helena down the tragic road taken by various Robins in the past. Because of this, Bruce retired from being Batman. Further in the future still, when Bruce is murdered, an adult Helena swears vengeance, becoming Huntress. When Huntress and her makeshift incarnation of the JSA confronted the Stranger, he killed most of it's members which also resulted in Huntress being sent back in time to the 1940s where her body is found by Johnny Thunder and Thunderbolt.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: The Huntress is a highly skilled gymnast and is also skilled at hand-to-hand combatant. In addition, the Huntress is an expert markswoman, with her trademark weapon being a crossbow.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: In January 2020, coinciding with the film "Birds of Prey", DC Comics published The Huntress: Origins (), a trade paperback which was a re-release of 2006's "Huntress: Darknight Daughter" under a new title.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Editor Paul Levitz justified the creation of the character of Helena Wayne by a wish to bring more diversity into the comic books, for the ALL-STAR JSA group, and to give Power Girl (the only female in the groups at the time) someone to contrast with and befriend.


title: Huntress (Helena Wayne)

text: Reviewers Michael Eury and Gina Misiroglu found the character of Helena Wayne "intriguingly distinguished by her parentage". This incarnation of the Huntress "so enthralled DC readers fascinated by the heroine's lineage and motivation" that she was spun out into her own successful series. When the character was eliminated by DC's "Crisis on Infinite Earths" series, it "was too popular to fully jettison from the DC universe", leading to the creation of Helena Bertinelli as the next Huntress.


title: Rape and revenge film

text: Rape and revenge films are a subgenre of exploitation film that was particularly popular in the 1970s, but attracted controversy as a target of extreme cinema.


title: Rape and revenge film

text: In Gaspar Noé's 2002 film "Irréversible", the structure was reversed, with the first act depicting the revenge before tracing back the events which led to that point. Roger Ebert argues that, by using this structure as well as a false revenge, "Irréversible" cannot be classified as an exploitation film, as no exploitation of the subject matter takes place.


title: Europium

text: Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. Europium is the most reactive lanthanide by far, having to be stored under an inert fluid to protect it from atmospheric oxygen or moisture. Europium is also the softest lanthanide, as it can be dented with a fingernail and easily cut with a knife. When oxidation is removed a shiny-white metal is visible. Europium was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is also common. All europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing. Europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic as compared to other heavy metals. Most applications of europium exploit the phosphorescence of europium compounds. Europium is one of the rarest of the rare-earth elements on Earth.


title: Europium

text: Europium is a ductile metal with a hardness similar to that of lead. It crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice. Some properties of europium are strongly influenced by its half-filled electron shell. Europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides.


title: Europium

text: Europium has been claimed to become a superconductor when it is cooled below 1.8 K and compressed to above 80 GPa. However the experimental evidence on which this claim is based has been challenged, and the paper reporting superconductivity has been subsequently retracted. If it becomes a superconductor this is believed to occur because europium is divalent in the metallic state, and is converted into the trivalent state by the applied pressure. In the divalent state, the strong local magnetic moment (J = /) suppresses the superconductivity, which is induced by eliminating this local moment (J = 0 in Eu).


title: Europium

text: Europium is the most reactive rare-earth element. It rapidly oxidizes in air, so that bulk oxidation of a centimeter-sized sample occurs within several days. Its reactivity with water is comparable to that of calcium, and the reaction is


title: Europium

text: Because of the high reactivity, samples of solid europium rarely have the shiny appearance of the fresh metal, even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil. Europium ignites in air at 150 to 180 °C to form europium(III) oxide:


title: Europium

text: Although usually trivalent, europium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for most lanthanides, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has an electron configuration 4"f" because the half-filled "f"-shell provides more stability. In terms of size and coordination number, europium(II) and barium(II) are similar. The sulfates of both barium and europium(II) are also highly insoluble in water. Divalent europium is a mild reducing agent, oxidizing in air to form Eu(III) compounds. In anaerobic, and particularly geothermal conditions, the divalent form is sufficiently stable that it tends to be incorporated into minerals of calcium and the other alkaline earths. This ion-exchange process is the basis of the "negative europium anomaly", the low europium content in many lanthanide minerals such as monazite, relative to the chondritic abundance. Bastnäsite tends to show less of a negative europium anomaly than does monazite, and hence is the major source of europium today. The development of easy methods to separate divalent europium from the other (trivalent) lanthanides made europium accessible even when present in low concentration, as it usually is.


title: Europium

text: Naturally occurring europium is composed of two isotopes, Eu and Eu, which occur in almost equal proportions; Eu is slightly more abundant (52.2% natural abundance). While Eu is stable, Eu was found to be unstable to alpha decay with a half-life of in 2007, giving about one alpha decay per two minutes in every kilogram of natural europium. This value is in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. Besides the natural radioisotope Eu, 35 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being Eu with a half-life of 36.9 years, Eu with a half-life of 13.516 years, and Eu with a half-life of 8.593 years. All the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than 4.7612 years, and the majority of these have half-lives shorter than 12.2 seconds; the known isotopes of europium range from Eu to Eu. This element also has 17 meta states, with the most stable being Eu ("t"=12.8 hours), Eu ("t"=9.3116 hours) and Eu ("t"=96 minutes).


title: Europium

text: The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than Eu is electron capture, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before Eu are isotopes of samarium (Sm) and the primary products after are isotopes of gadolinium (Gd).


title: Europium

text: Europium is produced by nuclear fission, but the fission product yields of europium isotopes are low near the top of the mass range for fission products.


title: Europium

text: As with other lanthanides, many isotopes of europium, especially those that have odd mass numbers or are neutron-poor like Eu, have high cross sections for neutron capture, often high enough to be neutron poisons.


title: Europium

text: Eu is the beta decay product of samarium-151, but since this has a long decay half-life and short mean time to neutron absorption, most Sm instead ends up as Sm.


title: Europium

text: Eu (half-life 13.516 years) and Eu (half-life 8.593 years) cannot be beta decay products because Sm and Sm are non-radioactive, but Eu is the only long-lived "shielded" nuclide, other than Cs, to have a fission yield of more than 2.5 parts per million fissions. A larger amount of Eu is produced by neutron activation of a significant portion of the non-radioactive Eu; however, much of this is further converted to Eu.


title: Europium

text: Eu (half-life 4.7612 years) has a fission yield of 330 parts per million (ppm) for uranium-235 and thermal neutrons; most of it is transmuted to non-radioactive and nonabsorptive gadolinium-156 by the end of fuel burnup.


title: Europium

text: Overall, europium is overshadowed by caesium-137 and strontium-90 as a radiation hazard, and by samarium and others as a neutron poison.


title: Europium

text: Europium is not found in nature as a free element. Many minerals contain europium, with the most important sources being bastnäsite, monazite, xenotime and loparite-(Ce). No europium-dominant minerals are known yet, despite a single find of a tiny possible Eu–O or Eu–O–C system phase in the Moon's regolith.


title: Europium

text: Depletion or enrichment of europium in minerals relative to other rare-earth elements is known as the europium anomaly. Europium is commonly included in trace element studies in geochemistry and petrology to understand the processes that form igneous rocks (rocks that cooled from magma or lava). The nature of the europium anomaly found helps reconstruct the relationships within a suite of igneous rocks. The average crustal abundance of europium is 2–2.2 ppm.


title: Europium

text: Divalent europium (Eu) in small amounts is the activator of the bright blue fluorescence of some samples of the mineral fluorite (CaF). The reduction from Eu to Eu is induced by irradiation with energetic particles. The most outstanding examples of this originated around Weardale and adjacent parts of northern England; it was the fluorite found here that fluorescence was named after in 1852, although it was not until much later that europium was determined to be the cause.


title: Europium

text: In astrophysics, the signature of europium in stellar spectra can be used to classify stars and inform theories of how or where a particular star was born. For instance, astronomers in 2019 identified higher-than-expected levels of europium within the star J1124+4535, hypothesizing that this star originated in a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way billions of years ago.


title: Europium

text: Europium is associated with the other rare-earth elements and is, therefore, mined together with them. Separation of the rare-earth elements occurs during later processing. Rare-earth elements are found in the minerals bastnäsite, loparite-(Ce), xenotime, and monazite in mineable quantities. Bastnäsite is a group of related fluorocarbonates, Ln(CO)(F,OH). Monazite is a group of related of orthophosphate minerals (Ln denotes a mixture of all the lanthanides except promethium), loparite-(Ce) is an oxide, and xenotime is an orthophosphate (Y,Yb,Er...)PO. Monazite also contains thorium and yttrium, which complicates handling because thorium and its decay products are radioactive. For the extraction from the ore and the isolation of individual lanthanides, several methods have been developed. The choice of method is based on the concentration and composition of the ore and on the distribution of the individual lanthanides in the resulting concentrate. Roasting the ore, followed by acidic and basic leaching, is used mostly to produce a concentrate of lanthanides. If cerium is the dominant lanthanide, then it is converted from cerium(III) to cerium(IV) and then precipitated. Further separation by solvent extractions or ion exchange chromatography yields a fraction which is enriched in europium. This fraction is reduced with zinc, zinc/amalgam, electrolysis or other methods converting the europium(III) to europium(II). Europium(II) reacts in a way similar to that of alkaline earth metals and therefore it can be precipitated as a carbonate or co-precipitated with barium sulfate. Europium metal is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten EuCl and NaCl (or CaCl) in a graphite cell, which serves as cathode, using graphite as anode. The other product is chlorine gas.


title: Europium

text: A few large deposits produce or produced a significant amount of the world production. The Bayan Obo iron ore deposit in Inner Mongolia contains significant amounts of bastnäsite and monazite and is, with an estimated 36 million tonnes of rare-earth element oxides, the largest known deposit. The mining operations at the Bayan Obo deposit made China the largest supplier of rare-earth elements in the 1990s. Only 0.2% of the rare-earth element content is europium. The second large source for rare-earth elements between 1965 and its closure in the late 1990s was the Mountain Pass rare earth mine in California. The bastnäsite mined there is especially rich in the light rare-earth elements (La-Gd, Sc, and Y) and contains only 0.1% of europium. Another large source for rare-earth elements is the loparite found on the Kola peninsula. It contains besides niobium, tantalum and titanium up to 30% rare-earth elements and is the largest source for these elements in Russia.


title: Europium

text: Europium compounds tend to exist in a trivalent oxidation state under most conditions. Commonly these compounds feature Eu(III) bound by 6–9 oxygenic ligands, typically water. These compounds, the chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, are soluble in water or polar organic solvent. Lipophilic europium complexes often feature acetylacetonate-like ligands, e.g., EuFOD.


title: Europium

text: This route gives white europium(III) fluoride (EuF), yellow europium(III) chloride (EuCl), gray europium(III) bromide (EuBr), and colorless europium(III) iodide (EuI). Europium also forms the corresponding dihalides: yellow-green europium(II) fluoride (EuF), colorless europium(II) chloride (EuCl) (although it has a bright blue fluorescence under UV light), colorless europium(II) bromide (EuBr), and green europium(II) iodide (EuI).


title: Europium

text: Europium forms stable compounds with all of the chalcogens, but the heavier chalcogens (S, Se, and Te) stabilize the lower oxidation state. Three oxides are known: europium(II) oxide (EuO), europium(III) oxide (EuO), and the mixed-valence oxide EuO, consisting of both Eu(II) and Eu(III). Otherwise, the main chalcogenides are europium(II) sulfide (EuS), europium(II) selenide (EuSe) and europium(II) telluride (EuTe): all three of these are black solids. Europium(II) sulfide is prepared by sulfiding the oxide at temperatures sufficiently high to decompose the EuO:


title: Europium

text: Although europium is present in most of the minerals containing the other rare elements, due to the difficulties in separating the elements it was not until the late 1800s that the element was isolated. William Crookes observed the phosphorescent spectra of the rare elements including those eventually assigned to europium.


title: Europium

text: Europium was first found in 1892 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. However, the discovery of europium is generally credited to French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay, who suspected samples of the recently discovered element samarium were contaminated with an unknown element in 1896 and who was able to isolate it in 1901; he then named it "europium".


title: Europium

text: When the europium-doped yttrium orthovanadate red phosphor was discovered in the early 1960s, and understood to be about to cause a revolution in the color television industry, there was a scramble for the limited supply of europium on hand among the monazite processors, as the typical europium content in monazite is about 0.05%. However, the Molycorp bastnäsite deposit at the Mountain Pass rare earth mine, California, whose lanthanides had an unusually high europium content of 0.1%, was about to come on-line and provide sufficient europium to sustain the industry. Prior to europium, the color-TV red phosphor was very weak, and the other phosphor colors had to be muted, to maintain color balance. With the brilliant red europium phosphor, it was no longer necessary to mute the other colors, and a much brighter color TV picture was the result. Europium has continued to be in use in the TV industry ever since as well as in computer monitors. Californian bastnäsite now faces stiff competition from Bayan Obo, China, with an even "richer" europium content of 0.2%.


title: Europium

text: Frank Spedding, celebrated for his development of the ion-exchange technology that revolutionized the rare-earth industry in the mid-1950s, once related the story of how he was lecturing on the rare earths in the 1930s, when an elderly gentleman approached him with an offer of a gift of several pounds of europium oxide. This was an unheard-of quantity at the time, and Spedding did not take the man seriously. However, a package duly arrived in the mail, containing several pounds of genuine europium oxide. The elderly gentleman had turned out to be Herbert Newby McCoy, who had developed a famous method of europium purification involving redox chemistry.


title: Europium

text: Relative to most other elements, commercial applications for europium are few and rather specialized. Almost invariably, its phosphorescence is exploited, either in the +2 or +3 oxidation state.


title: Europium

text: It is a dopant in some types of glass in lasers and other optoelectronic devices. Europium oxide (EuO) is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and fluorescent lamps, and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. Color TV screens contain between 0.5 and 1 g of europium oxide. Whereas trivalent europium gives red phosphors, the luminescence of divalent europium depends strongly on the composition of the host structure. UV to deep red luminescence can be achieved. The two classes of europium-based phosphor (red and blue), combined with the yellow/green terbium phosphors give "white" light, the color temperature of which can be varied by altering the proportion or specific composition of the individual phosphors. This phosphor system is typically encountered in helical fluorescent light bulbs. Combining the same three classes is one way to make trichromatic systems in TV and computer screens, but as an additive, it can be particularly effective in improving the intensity of red phosphor. Europium is also used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass, increasing the general efficiency of fluorescent lamps. One of the more common persistent after-glow phosphors besides copper-doped zinc sulfide is europium-doped strontium aluminate. Europium fluorescence is used to interrogate biomolecular interactions in drug-discovery screens. It is also used in the anti-counterfeiting phosphors in euro banknotes.


title: Europium

text: An application that has almost fallen out of use with the introduction of affordable superconducting magnets is the use of europium complexes, such as Eu(fod), as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. Chiral shift reagents, such as Eu(hfc), are still used to determine enantiomeric purity.


title: Europium

text: A theorized application of europium is its use in stopping thermonuclear threats. Due to its high neutron capture cross-section and neutron poison chain it is preferred for neutron poison based anti-thermonuclear missiles.


title: Europium

text: There are no clear indications that europium is particularly toxic compared to other heavy metals. Europium chloride, nitrate and oxide have been tested for toxicity: europium chloride shows an acute intraperitoneal LD toxicity of 550 mg/kg and the acute oral LD toxicity is 5000 mg/kg. Europium nitrate shows a slightly higher intraperitoneal LD toxicity of 320 mg/kg, while the oral toxicity is above 5000 mg/kg. The metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Madeline is an animated television series produced by DIC Entertainment, L.P., part of the Madeline media franchise about the character Madeline. It began as a series of six television specials from 1988 to 1991, and then continued as "Madeline" and "The New Adventures of Madeline" from 1993 to 2001. The show is narrated by famous celebrity voice talent Christopher Plummer.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 1960, the Madeline stories were adapted to a one-hour color episode for the NBC series "The Shirley Temple Show". Madeline was played by Gina Gillespie, child actor Michel Petit played Pepito, and Imogene Coca portrayed Miss Clavel. It was Madeline's first appearance on television. The episode has been released to DVD.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Madeline: The central protagonist of the show. She is a kind, caring, and brave little redheaded girl who is also the bravest of her group despite being short. She lives in a boarding school/orphanage with eleven other girls and their instructor, Miss Clavel. Although she is shown to have parents in one of the books and in the special Madeline's Christmas, she's depicted as an orphan in later episodes as well as in "" and the live-action film as her parents have passed away at some point. It's revealed that Madeline comes from an exceedingly wealthy family as she is to become the heir to her family's fortune, which was once at risk of being stolen by Madame LaCroque and Henri, a criminal duo who kidnaps young children and forces them to work at their underground lace factory.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Eleven Little Girls: Eleven classmates that accompany Madeline in her adventures and live in the same orphanage and boarding school as her. Their names are Anne, Chloe, Danielle, Ellie, Janine, Lulu, Monique, Nicole, Nona, Sylvie and Yvette. In the first few seasons and specials, only Chloe, Danielle, and Nicole had significant roles. By the third season, the other girls became more vocal and displayed their own individual personality. In "Madeline in Tahiti", Nona gets major role along with Chloe, Danielle, and Nicole in assisting Madeline during their vacation.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Miss Clavel: A nun that owns the orphanage/boarding school in which the girls live and is also their teacher. She has Catholic tendencies, as she and her students say grace before every meal.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Genevieve: Once a stray dog, now the school's pet. Madeline has more affection toward her, because she rescued her from drowning at River Seine.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Lord Cucuface: The administrator of a chain of orphanages and boarding schools. He maintains a close friendship with Miss Clavel.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Pepito: The son of the Spanish ambassador who lives next to the orphanage school. Despite being mean and aggressive to Madeline and the girls at first in "Madeline and the Bad Hat", they all soon become friends and he secretly develops a crush on Madeline.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Simon (voiced by Mark Hellman): The gardener in Madeline in London. He is very upset when he sees that Piccadilly ate all the plants he grew in the garden.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Mrs. Murphy: The housekeeper of the school/orphanage. She babysits the girls in case Miss Clavel needs to do business.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Lakshmi: A girl who traveled from India to stay in the orphanage/boarding school for a month. At first, the other girls believe she is an alien from outer space when they saw her communicating with a friend of hers from a CB radio, as the antennas on the radio made her look like a space martian, but they eventually come to find out that it wasn't the case. She has a fear of dogs after getting bitten by one when she was a lot younger; when she met Genevieve, she is afraid and doesn't want her to go near her, but after some time, Madeline tells Lakshmi that not all dogs are bad and that Genevieve is a good dog; she eventually overcomes her fear of dogs after letting Genevieve sniff and lick her hand.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 1988, DIC Enterprises and Cinar (now part of WildBrain) adapted the first book into an animated television special for HBO. The screenplay was written by Judy Rothman, who was writer, lyricist and story editor for nearly all subsequent "Madeline" animated projects. The special was narrated by Christopher Plummer, and featured original music and songs by veteran "Sesame Street" songwriter and composer Joe Raposo with lyrics by Judy Rothman. The special was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (One Hour or Less). In 1990, the special was released onto VHS by Hi-Tops Video.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Between 1990 and 1991, CINAR and France Animation produced animated adaptations of the other five original books for The Family Channel, with Christopher Plummer returning as the narrator and Marsha Moreau returning to voice Madeline. Each special featured new songs, with lyrics by Rothman and music by Jeffrey Zahn, who replaced Raposo after his death in 1989. "I'm Madeline", Madeline's theme song from the original special, was reprised. The specials were released on video by Golden Book Video.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 1993, DIC produced a "Madeline" television series, which also aired on The Family Channel. Twenty episodes were produced for the first series. Christopher Plummer reprised his role as narrator again and "I'm Madeline" was the series' theme song, but most of the voice actors were replaced. The series was rerun on Disney Channel, Playhouse Disney and Toon Disney in the U.S. It features new songs with music by Andy Street (who replaced Jeffrey Zahn) and lyrics by Rothman, but compared to the previous TV specials, the first series onwards would only feature one song per episode in addition to the aforementioned theme songs.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 1995, an additional 13 episodes were produced by DIC for ABC under the title "The New Adventures of Madeline". A new theme song, called "Hats Off to Madeline", was used as the new opening theme, with the music by Andy Street with lyrics by Judy Rothman, although some early airings of those episodes however featured "I'm Madeline" but sung by the new voice cast. The new voice cast included Andrea Libman as the title character, S. Louise Vallance as both Miss Clavel and Genevieve, and David Morse from Maple Ridge, Canada as Pepito.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Between 2000 and 2001, DIC produced 26 episodes for Disney Channel. "Hats off to Madeline" was re-sung by the cast and was used as the intro theme again (the Lions Gate VHS's and DVDs from 2001, alongside both Sing-a-Longs, had a different song titled "Our Madeline"). Christopher Gaze took over from Christopher Plummer as narrator. The show won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: Broadcast and home video rights to all of the DIC/CINAR "Madeline" episodes/specials/telefilm/direct-to-video film are owned by WildBrain, as of September 2019.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: "Madeline" was exclusive on Sprout on its On Demand section from 2015 to 2017 when the channel was rebranded to Universal Kids.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: On August 3, 1999, Buena Vista Home Video through Walt Disney Home Video released the feature-length movie "", featuring Madeline being drawn into a scam by her supposed "Uncle" Horst and finding the true meaning to the word "family". As with Season 2 and eventually Season 3 of the series, Andrea Libman reprised her role as Madeline.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: As part of the "DIC Movie Toons" series of Television films, DIC produced "My Fair Madeline", where Madeline is falsely accused of misbehavior on a trip to the Louvre and is sent to a London Finishing School, while attempting to foil the plot of two thieves. The voice cast was almost entirely replaced for the movie, with Chantal Strand voicing Madeline and most notably featuring Whoopi Goldberg as Miss Clavel. Coincidentally, Goldberg played Deloris Van Cartier in Sister Act. Deloris is a nun while Miss Clavel is coincidentally a nun as well.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: The movie was originally aired on November 17, 2002, on Nickelodeon and was later released onto VHS and DVD by MGM Home Entertainment followed on with international airings on Disney Channel, Toon Disney and Playhouse Disney.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 2005, DIC produced another film, titled "Madeline in Tahiti", which is the final "Madeline" production to have been created. The movie features Madeline and her friends going on a vacation to Tahiti to stop Miss Clavel from retiring, with Pepito sneaking along, as well as stopping a villainous plot to erupt the Tahiti-nui volcano. Chantal Strand reprised her role as Madeline while other characters were recast or reprised their roles from "My Fair Madeline".


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: The film was originally going to be released on DVD in the United States by Walt Disney Home Entertainment in 2006, but this release never saw the light of day. It was, however, released on DVD in some regions in 2007 through other distributors, and was eventually released in the United States on iTunes and Amazon Video in 2015 and YouTube in 2020.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 2006, DIC produced an animated short titled "Madeline and Miss Clavel". The television short program follows Madeline and Miss Clavel living in Hawaii with eleven little girls, Uncle Horst and Pepito.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 2001, DIC produced two Direct-to-Video releases which featured songs and clips from Season 3 of the series akin to Disney's Sing-Along Songs series, which were titled "Sing-a-Long with Madeline and her Friends" and "Sing-a-Long Around the World with Madeline".


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: They were originally released by Lions Gate Home Entertainment and Trimark Home Video on September 25, 2001, and March 25, 2002, respectively, and later reissued together by Mill Creek Entertainment as "Madeline's Merry Musical Melodies" on September 10, 2013, as well as being available for digital download.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: The 1993 series was originally released by Golden Book Video on all single VHS volumes, and Sony Wonder on both VHS and DVD. The DVD versions contained 2 episodes each, sometimes with the original specials.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: The 2000 series was released by Lions Gate Home Entertainment and Trimark Home Video in 2001 and 2002 on all VHS and DVD sets.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In 2008, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released 2 DVDs titled "Next Stop, America" and "Meet Me in Paris", each containing 3 episodes.


title: Madeline (TV series)

text: In September 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment released 3 single disc collections featuring content from the animated series as well as the original TV specials. "The New Adventures of Madeline- Adventures in Paris" contains 6 episodes from the 2000 series, while "Madeline's Merry Musical Melodies" features various musical interludes from the animated series. "Bonjour Madeline" contains all 6 original TV specials. Later in May 2014, Mill Creek re-released the three single disc collections together in one three-pack set, followed by "Madeline: The Complete Collection" on DVD in Region 1 for the first time in August 2015. This six-disc collection features all six original specials produced by DIC Entertainment and CINAR between 1988 and 1991, as well as all 59 episodes from the "Madeline" TV series (1993, 1995, 2000–2001).


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Lodewicus Theodorus "Louis" Oosthuizen (; born 1982) is a South African professional golfer who won the 2010 Open Championship. He has finished runner-up in all four major championships: the 2012 Masters Tournament, the 2015 and 2021 U.S. Open, the 2015 Open Championship, and the PGA Championship in 2017 and 2021. His highest placing on the Official World Golf Ranking is fourth, which he reached in January 2013.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen was born in Mossel Bay, South Africa. His early career was supported financially for three years by the foundation of fellow South African golfer Ernie Els. He won numerous amateur titles before turning professional in 2002 at the age of 19.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: He won five professional tournaments on the Sunshine Tour before he won on the EuropeanTour: the 2004 Vodacom Origins of Golf Tour event at Arabella, the 2007 Dimension Data Pro-Am and Platinum Classic, and the Telkom PGA Championship twice, in 2007 and 2008.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: He played on the European Challenge Tour in 2003 and has been a member of the European Tour since 2004. In 2009, he finished 31st on the Race to Dubai. On 10 September 2012 he reached the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for the first time in his career.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: In March 2010, he won his first European Tour event at the Open de Andalucia de Golf. The month after he won the 2010 Masters Par 3 Contest.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen entered the 2010 Open Championship at St Andrews ranked 54th in the Official World Golf Ranking, and only having made one cut in eight major championship appearances. He shot a 65 on the first day, placing him in second place, behind a 63 shot by Rory McIlroy.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen's 67 on Friday was the low round of the day and gave him a lead that he would not relinquish throughout the final two rounds. His two-day total of 132 tied the record for the lowest 36-hole score in an Open Championship at St Andrews. A 69 on Saturday placed Oosthuizen at 15-under-par, and four shots clear of second-place Paul Casey with one round to play.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: On Sunday, Casey closed the gap to three shots on the 8th hole, before Oosthuizen drove the 9th green and made a long putt for eagle. On the 12th hole, Oosthuizen made birdie, while Casey hit his drive into a gorse bush, and wound up making triple bogey to give Oosthuizen an eight-shot lead. In the end, Oosthuizen shot 71 on Sunday, and 16-under-par 272 for the championship, to win by seven strokes. His 272 was the second lowest in St Andrews history. Casey eventually finished third with Lee Westwood taking second.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen became the fourth man from South Africa to win the Claret Jug – following Bobby Locke, Gary Player, and Ernie Els – and moved to 15th in the Official World Golf Ranking, leapfrogging fellow South African Retief Goosen in 16th position.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen said that his exemplary focus during the tournament, which enabled him to win by a wide margin, was due to a red spot marked on his glove. He would look at that spot as the beginning of his pre-shot routine and use it to help him remain focused before and during his swing. Oosthuizen had consulted Karl Morris, a Manchester-based sports psychologist, prior to the event for ways in which he could improve his concentration.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen finished the 2010 season in 10th place on the Race to Dubai, posting three further top-10s after his major win. In January 2011, he claimed his third European Tour title, and his sixth in his home country, winning the Africa Open in a playoff. In 2012, Oosthuizen successfully defended his title at the Africa Open with a two stroke victory over Tjaart van der Walt. His success was helped by a second round 62, which took Oosthuizen to the top of the leaderboard at the halfway stage and from there he held on for victory.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: Oosthuizen was runner-up at the 2012 Masters Tournament. In the final round, he scored an albatross on the second hole of Augusta National Golf Club. This was only the fourth ever albatross in Masters history, and the first to be televised, as well as the first ever on that hole. Oosthuizen took the outright lead of the tournament with this exceptional shot, and maintained the lead until caught on the 16th hole, by Bubba Watson. He was eventually defeated by Watson on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff. He won his fifth European Tour title at the Maybank Malaysian Open the following week. In the second event of the 2012 PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoffs, the Deutsche Bank Championship, Oosthuizen held the 54-hole lead by three strokes and came close to his first victory on US soil, finishing second to Rory McIlroy by one shot. On 10 September 2012, he reached the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for the first time in his career. He finished the season ranked third on the Race to Dubai.


title: Louis Oosthuizen

text: On 13 January 2013, he won the Volvo Golf Champions, shooting a six-under-par 66 final round to win the title by one stroke.