title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: At the age of 22 she became a teacher of English at a boarding school for girls at Elburg, later teaching at the High School for Girls at Utrecht. About this time while in Amsterdam she was introduced by her brother Andries to Theo van Gogh, brother of Vincent. One of the Van Gogh sisters described her as "smart and tender".


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Theo became preoccupied with Johanna, and the following year paid a visit to Amsterdam to declare his love. Surprised and annoyed that a man she hardly knew should wish to marry her, she initially rejected him. She accepted his proposal the following year, and they were married in Amsterdam on 17 April 1889. Leaving home in the Netherlands with her parents and siblings and moving to Paris to take up life with her art dealer husband was a major change for her. The couple exchanged many letters prior to their marriage, published as "Brief Happiness: The Correspondence of Theo Van Gogh and Jo Bonger", where they got to know each other better. Going into the marriage, Jo knew that the relationship between her future husband and his brother Vincent was strong, so that in marrying Theo, she was also in essence marrying Vincent as well. For years her husband Theo had supported Vincent's work as an artist, financially and in all other ways.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Theo was infected with syphilis prior to his marriage through visits to prostitutes, but he did not infect Jo or their son Vincent Willem, born on 31 January 1890, nine months after the marriage. They asked Vincent if he would be the baby's godfather, strengthening the bond amongst them all. Shortly after the baby's birth, Vincent visited the family in Paris and he met his namesake. The brothers exchanged hundreds of letters, with those from Vincent preserved by Theo. A letter from Johanna to Vincent survives, written during her extended labor with baby Vincent Willem. Theo's younger sister Wil stayed with Jo during her pregnancy and after the baby's birth, helping the new mother. The two had become friends when Jo and Theo were engaged and continued after Vincent's and Theo's deaths.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: After Vincent's death, Theo organized an exhibition of his brother's paintings in their Montmartre apartment in Paris. Theo's health collapsed after Vincent's death, which was attributed at the time to his profound grief. Jo attempted to have Theo moved to the Netherlands for treatment, but exigen circumstances made that impossible. She did persuade a Dutch physician, Frederik van Eeden, to come to Paris to attempt treatment using hypnosis. While there Van Eeden viewed Vincent's paintings in Jo and Theo's apartment and wrote glowingly about them. In return, Jo gifted him a version of "The Sower", which he showed to friends and wrote about. "Jo had successfully planted the first Van Gogh seed in the Netherlands". With her husband's death six months after Vincent's, Van Gogh-Bonger was determined to carry on her husband's efforts to establish Vincent's importance as an artist, but she also worked to demonstrate her husband's crucial role in supporting Vincent's life as an artist.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Following Theo's death in January 1891 only a few months after Vincent's, Johanna was left a widow with her infant son to support. She was left with only an apartment in Paris filled with a few items of furniture and about 200 then valueless works of her brother-in-law Vincent. Although advised to leave of the paintings in Paris, a center of the art world, instead she moved back to the Netherlands with the canvasses and hundreds of sketches, as well as the large cache of letters from Vincent to her late husband. Although not trained in art herself, during her short marriage she had been on the scene of the lively art world of the Impressionists and post-Impressionists, whose work her late husband had promoted.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: In the Netherlands she opened a boarding house in Bussum, a village 25 km from Amsterdam, and began to re-establish her artistic contacts. During her short but fruitful marriage to Theo, she had not kept her diary, but resumed it, intending that her son should read it someday. To earn extra income she translated short stories from French and English into Dutch.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: In August 1901, she married Johan Cohen Gosschalk (1873–1912), a Dutch painter, ten years younger than she. Born in Amsterdam, he studied art in Bussum and lived in Jo's boardinghouse. Their were engaged for a year, and it was unclear whether they would marry. They did finally go ahead and wed, making a prenuptial agreement that the property they brought into the marriage would remain separate. Vincent's paintings inherited from Theo's estate remained hers, and those belonging her son Vincent Willem were also separate. With her marriage, she ceased running her boarding house and moved with her new husband and son to a nearby house. Her marriage to Cohen, a depressive who preferred solitude, was challenging, and Jo confided to others about its difficulties. Jo's her good friend and sister-in-law Wil van Gogh was hospitalized for mental illness and was hospitalized for what turned out to be the rest of her life. Jo visited her in the mental hospital and held Vincent's paintings owned by Wil in trust, selling some to pay for her hospitalization. She was widowed again in 1912 and never again married.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: She became involved in feminist causes in this period of her life. She wrote book reviews for feminist publications and became good friends with feminist journalist Henriëtte van der Meij. She was one of the founding members of a women's socialist movement, the Amsterdam Social-Democratic Women’s Propaganda Club, "which set out to improve working-class education and women’s working conditions."


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: She devoted her life to continuing to establish the legacy of Vincent and her late husband Theo. Early in her widowhood, she began a systematic and what turned out to be her life-long effort and that of her son and grandson to bring attention to the Vincent's art and life. For her the letters and the paintings were a unified package and that the way to persuade critics who might dismiss his work was through the letters. In them, Vincent laid out his artistic vision by which those seeing the paintings could better understand them. For the men of the art world, she seemed an uninformed and obsessed woman connected by marriage to the relatively unknown Vincent and Theo van Gogh. In 1892, while organizing an exhibition of Vincent's works, she was harshly criticized by artist Richard Roland Holst:


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: "Mrs Van Gogh is a charming little woman, but it irritates me when someone gushes fanatically on a subject she knows nothing about, and although blinded by sentimentality still thinks she is adopting a strictly critical attitude. It is schoolgirlish twaddle, nothing more. [...] The work that Mrs Van Gogh would like best is the one that was the most bombastic and sentimental, the one that made her shed the most tears; she forgets that her sorrow is turning Vincent into a god."


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Despite the dismissal by the establishment of the art world, she worked tirelessly and successfully to bring art critics and the public to her view of Vincent as a suffering artistic genius both in painting and in literature through his letters. She even won over Holst eventually and he designed the cover of the catalogue to a major exhibition of Vincent's works. She edited the brothers' correspondence, publishing the first volume in Dutch in 1914. She also played a key role in the growth of Vincent's fame and reputation through her strategic lending some of Vincent's work to various early retrospective exhibitions, while retaining ownership.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: She stayed in contact with Vincent van Gogh's friend Eugène Boch to whom she offered the painting his portrait in July 1891. She also stayed in touch with Émile Bernard, who helped her to promote Vincent van Gogh's paintings.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: The legacy and renown of Vincent van Gogh the long-suffering artist began to spread in the years after his death; first in the Netherlands, and Germany and then throughout Europe. His deep connection with his younger brother Theo was documented in numerous letters they exchanged from August 1872 onwards. Van Gogh-Bonger published the letters in three volumes in 1914. She initially worked closely with German art dealers and publishers Paul Cassirer and his cousin Bruno to organize exhibitions of Van Gogh's paintings in Berlin and in 1914 to publish the first volume of "the Letters to Theo". Publication of the letters helped spread the compelling mystique of Vincent van Gogh, the intense and dedicated painter who suffered for his art and died young.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Jo's life revolved around promoting Vincent's posthumous importance. Her sister-in-law Lies published a personal remembrance of Vincent in 1910, which was translated to English, French, and German, indicating the perceived demand for information about Vincent's life. Writing from memory, Lies did not get all the facts straight. Jo had reservations about Lies's memoir; its publication just before Jo's planned publication of her edition of Vincent's letters to Theo caused a rift between the two women. When Jo's edition of the letters was published in 1914, Lies renewed the conflict, criticizing Jo for publishing letters with such intimate details and family secrets, and accusing Jo of betraying the memory of the brothers for financial gain. When Jo's edition of the letters were published, all mentions of Lies were eliminated. In a letter, Lies van Gogh referred to Jo as "Mrs. Cohen Gosschalk", using Jo's name following her second marriage, seemingly an attempt to undermine Jo's standing as an advocate for the Van Gogh brothers. Jo's son Vincent Willem conveyed to Lies's children his mother's regret about the end of the women's friendship.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: In 1914, Jo moved Theo's remains from Utrecht to Auvers-sur-Oise, interring them next to Vincent's grave with matching tombstones. Her son Vincent Willem and his fianceé were present at the reburial. A sprig of ivy taken from the garden of Dr Paul Gachet carpets both graves to this day. he graves became a pilgrimage site shortly thereafter.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Understanding that winning Americans' appreciation of Vincent's art, Jo saw translating the letters to English and actively cultivating attention to his talents in the New York was important. She spent three years in New York, living on the Upper West Side and Queens from 1915 to 1919, where she began the work of translating Vincent's letters into English. She was successful in attracting the favorable attention for Vincent's work, mounting a show on Fifth Avenue. After World War I ended, in 1919 she returned to Amsterdam.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: She had been in ill-health for some time before her death, suffering from Parkinson's disease. Although ill, she continued right up to her death to manage the sales of Vincent's works. She died on 2 September 1925, at the age of 62, in her country home in Laren, Netherlands. At the time of her death, she was still engaged in translating 526 of Vincent's letters into English. In her obituary, "De Proletarische Vrouw" on 10 September 1925: ‘She always apologized for not being more active in the [Socialist] movement. She would say that bringing her son up properly was also a good thing to do for society. “So that has been my main work.”’


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Following her death, her son Vincent Willem van Gogh inherited the collection of some 200 paintings, many drawings, and the Van Gogh brothers' letters, and the voluminous documentation of Jo's business dealings. The inventory of her estate shows that in addition to Van Gogh's paintings and letters, she also had works by her late second husband, Johan Cohen Gosschalk. Her strategy of retaining his best works and controlled selling of others meant that a significant collection remained in family hands. Her son and grandson continued her work to shore up the legacy of his uncle Vincent and father Theo, resulting in the Dutch government's construction of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.


title: Johanna van Gogh-Bonger

text: Vincent van Gogh as a subject in popular culture is well known, but recently Jo van Gogh-Bonger has also been a focus. Novels based on the life of van Gogh-Bonger include "Johanna. A Novel of the Van Gogh Family" (1995) by Claire Cooperstein, "The Secret Life of Sunflowers" by Marta Molnar and "La viuda de los Van Gogh" [The widow of the Van Goghs] by Camilo Sánchez A fictionalized account of her life is found in volume 2, "Mrs. Van Gogh", of the doctoral dissertation of Caroline Smailes A one-woman show by actress Muriel Nussbaum, "Van Gogh and Jo" was performed at Fairfield University in 2005. "Mrs. Van Gogh", a play by Geoff Allen, who previously authored the play "Vincent and Theo", was performed in 2012 at the University of Auckland, NZ, with a reviewer panning it as "Wikipedia for the stage," lacking in emotion and failing to convey why she spent a lifetime promoting Vincent's work. There are two documentaries on YouTube focusing on Jo's role, one short "The Woman who Made Van Gogh Famous" and a longer one, "How Van Gogh's Sister-in-Law Made Him a Renowned Painter". A film adaptation in English of Camilo Sánchez's Spanish-language novel is due for release in 2023 by Cinema7.


title: Limey

text: "Limey" (from lime / lemon) is a predominantly American slang nickname for a British person that has been around since the mid 19th century.


title: Limey

text: The term is thought to have originated in the 1850s as "lime-juicer", later shortened to "limey", and originally used as a derogatory word for sailors in the British Royal Navy. Since the beginning of the 19th century, it had been the practice of the Royal Navy to add lemon juice to the sailors' daily ration of grog (watered-down rum). The vitamin C (specifically acid) in citrus fruits prevented scurvy and helped to make these sailors some of the healthiest of the time. At that time, "lemon" and "lime" were used interchangeably to refer to citrus fruits. Initially, lemon juice (from lemons imported from Europe) was used as the additive to grog on the Royal Navy ships but was later switched to limes (grown in British colonies), not realizing that limes contained only a quarter of the vitamin C the lemons had, and that the way the juice was stored and processed destroyed much of that, leaving the lime juice unable to prevent scurvy.


title: Limey

text: In time, the term lost its naval connotation and was used to refer to British people in general, and in the 1880s, British immigrants in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Although the term may have been used earlier in the U.S. Navy as slang for a British sailor or a British warship, such usage was not documented until 1918. By 1925, the usage of "limey" in American English had been extended to mean any British person, and the term was so commonly known that it was featured in American newspaper headlines.


title: Usman Ally

text: Usman Ally (born August 27, 1982) is a Swazi-born Pakistani-American film, stage and television actor. Marking his acting debut in 2008, Ally won an Obie Award in 2015 for his role in "The Invisible Hand".


title: Usman Ally

text: He has appeared in several stage productions including "The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity", "The Jungle Book" and a production of "Around the World in 80 Days". He is known for his on-screen roles such as Vincent on "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and Fernald the Hook-Handed Man in Netflix's adaptation of "A Series of Unfortunate Events", which premiered in 2017 and Andy Malik in "Suits".


title: Usman Ally

text: Ally was born in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) to Pakistani parents. He grew up in Kenya, Botswana, Tanzania, and Pakistan. According to Ally, his father was "involved in trade between African countries — textiles and things of that sort", and hence his parents spent three decades living and moving across southern and eastern Africa.


title: Usman Ally

text: Ally graduated from the International School of Tanganyika in 2000, where he was part of the school's cricket team, nicknamed "Msenge Wa Duniya" for his bowling.


title: Usman Ally

text: At age 18, he moved to the United States and attended Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon, majoring in theater and cultural anthropology. While there, he was introduced to a group called Prisoners of Politics, and began to take part in slam poetry and hip hop performances. Soon after graduating from Lewis and Clark, he attended the University of Florida, where he graduated magna cum laude with a Master of Fine Arts in acting. He has lived in Portland, Chicago, and Los Angeles.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Anthony Edwin Phillips (born 23 December 1951) is an English musician, songwriter, producer and singer who gained prominence as the original lead guitarist of the rock band Genesis, from 1967 to 1970. He left in July 1970 and learned to play more instruments, before he began a solo career. His departure from Genesis on the eve of the group's breakthrough to mainstream popularity has led him to be popularly dubbed "the Pete Best of progressive rock" (though unlike Best, Phillips left voluntarily).


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Phillips released his first solo album, "The Geese & the Ghost", in 1977. He continues to release solo material, including further solo albums, television and film music, collaborations with several artists, and compilation albums of his recordings.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Phillips was born on 23 December 1951 in Chiswick, England. He attended a preparatory school, during which he formed a group and took part in a performance of "My Old Man's a Dustman" in the school hut as the singer, but forgot the words during it and was kicked out. This led to his decision to learn the guitar. He learned enough to perform lead guitar to a rendition of "Foot Tapper" by The Shadows in the school lounge. The Shadows were a major influence for Phillips in terms of acoustic guitar. At thirteen Phillips acquired a Stratocaster and wrote the basis of his first song, "Patricia", named after the first girl he liked. Part of the song was recorded later by Genesis on "In Hiding". He was not entirely a self-taught guitar player; he received some tuition in rudimentary chords from classical guitarist David Channon, who became a big source of inspiration for Phillips, and used sheet music to songs by The Beatles that his mother would send him. Phillips then picked up more chord knowledge, and learned to copy "reasonably well". As a teenager, Phillips briefly lived in the United States.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: In April 1965, Phillips attended Charterhouse, an independent school in Godalming, Surrey. In the following month, he formed a band with fellow pupils Rivers Jobe, Richard Macphail, Mike Rutherford, and Rob Tyrell, naming themselves Anon. They based their sets on songs by The Beatles and The Rolling Stones and recorded one demo, Phillips's song "Pennsylvania Flickhouse". The group disbanded in December 1966.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: In January 1967, after Anon had split up, Phillips and Rutherford became a songwriting unit and started recording several demos. They invited Charterhouse pupil Tony Banks, a member of Garden Wall, another disbanded school group, to play keyboards. Banks agreed, and suggested involving his Garden Wall bandmates, singer Peter Gabriel and drummer Chris Stewart. After the five made a demo tape, it was given to Jonathan King, who signed them to his publishing company and had them record some singles. He named the group Genesis, and suggested they record a studio album which became "From Genesis to Revelation". Phillips was particularly angry when King added string arrangements to their songs without their knowledge.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: In September 1969, the 17-year-old Phillips chose not to pursue a university degree and instead reunite with Gabriel, Banks and Rutherford after they had decided to become a full-time band. However, early in 1970 the constant touring had become wearing on Phillips partly due to the lack of scope for solos in the band's set and the shortage of time to develop new material. To further complicate matters he had developed stage fright which got progressively worse as time went on, and battled with it for three months thinking it was a passing phase. After falling ill with bronchial pneumonia, Phillips was advised by his doctor to quit the band.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: In June 1970, Phillips had recovered enough to reunite with his bandmates and record their second album, "Trespass". Despite his various problems at the time Phillips enjoyed the recording sessions. After recording finished in July the band resumed touring, though early into the tour Phillips announced his decision to leave. His final gig took place at Haywards Heath on 18 July. Banks and Rutherford later said that the group seriously considered disbanding altogether in the wake of Phillips's departure. "Nursery Cryme", the next Genesis album, opens with "The Musical Box" which is based on a piece written by Phillips and Rutherford originally titled "F#" (pronounced "F Sharp").


title: Anthony Phillips

text: After leaving Genesis, Phillips lacked a solid direction. He recalled listening to Jean Sibelius around the time of his departure and recognised his musical ability was "terribly limited", which encouraged him to become a more proficient musician. In 1974, he became a qualified music teacher and gave lessons to students. By 1977, he was playing classical guitar and piano, and studied orchestration.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: After leaving Genesis, Phillips studied classical music (especially classical guitar) and made recordings in collaboration with Harry Williamson, Mike Rutherford and Phil Collins, among others. His first solo album, "The Geese & the Ghost", was issued in 1977.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Following the commercial failure of "The Geese & the Ghost", Phillips was pushed in a pop direction by his record labels. They released his second album, "Wise After the Event", in 1978. This was followed the next year by "Sides". Both of these albums were produced by Rupert Hine and were intended to reach a mainstream audience, though neither album was successful in that regard.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: In its initial release in the UK, "Sides" was accompanied by a more experimental album entitled "Private Parts & Pieces"; in the US and Canada the two albums were issued separately. "" followed the next year, and several further sequels were issued in the 1980s and 1990s. According to Phillips, the series "arose partly out of poverty. I was just getting by, library music was just getting going. I had to issue a collection of twelve-string or solo-piano stuff to boost my income."


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Phillips began writing material with Andrew Latimer of Camel in 1981, and was a featured performer on that band's album, "The Single Factor" (released in 1982).


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Phillips released a mainstream pop album entitled "Invisible Men" in 1983. He later claimed that this project went "horribly wrong" as a result of commercial pressures, and would subsequently eschew mainstream success in favour of more specialised material. He co-wrote "Tears on the Ballroom Floor" for "I Hear Talk" by Bucks Fizz.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: Since leaving Genesis, Phillips has remained involved in a variety of musical projects, including soundtrack work in England, often for the label Atmosphere, part of the Universal Music Group. In 1988 he recorded an album with Harry Williamson called "Tarka". The album's cover featured a picture of a woman and did not credit Phillips or Williamson, which led to it often being filed under "female vocalist" in record shops. In the mid-1990s, he released an album entitled "The Living Room Concert", which featured solo acoustic versions of his earlier material. He also provided archival material for the first Genesis box set, "Genesis Archive 1967–75", released in 1998.


title: Anthony Phillips

text: In 2008, the first Anthony Phillips biography, "The Exile", by journalist Mario Giammetti, was published in Italy (Edizioni Segno). "Harvest of the Heart", a 5-CD Box Set chronicling Phillips' solo career and collaborations, was released in 2014.


title: Hundred Acre Wood

text: The Hundred Acre Wood (also spelled as 100 Aker Wood, Hundred-Acre Wood, and 100 Acre Wood; also known as simply "The Wood") is a part of the fictional land inhabited by Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends in the Winnie-the-Pooh series of children's stories by author A. A. Milne. The wood is visited regularly by the young boy Christopher Robin, who accompanies Pooh and company on their many adventures.


title: Hundred Acre Wood

text: In A. A. Milne's books, the term "Hundred Acre Wood" is actually used for a specific part of the larger Forest, centred on Owl's house (see the map in the book, as well as numerous references in the text to the characters going "into" or "out of" the Hundred Acre Wood as they go between Owl's house and other Forest locations). However, in the Pooh movies, and in general conversation with most Pooh fans, "The Hundred Acre Wood" is used for the entire world of Winnie-the-Pooh, the Forest and all the places it contains.


title: Hundred Acre Wood

text: The Hundred Acre Wood of the "Winnie-the-Pooh" stories is in actuality Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, England, where the "Winnie-the-Pooh" stories were set. A. A. Milne's country home at Cotchford Farm, Hartfield was situated just north of Ashdown Forest, and "Five Hundred Acre Wood" is a dense beech wood that Christopher Robin Milne would explore on his way from Cotchford Farm onto the Forest. Five Hundred Acre Wood is long-established, having been originally sold off from the Forest in 1678. The wood remains privately owned, being part of Buckhurst Park estate, and is not therefore generally accessible to the public, though two footpaths which are public rights of way, one of which is part of a long-distance footpath, the Wealdway, cross through the wood and may be used by members of the public.


title: Hundred Acre Wood

text: Milne was inspired by the landscape of Ashdown Forest to use it as the setting for his Winnie-the-Pooh stories, and many features from the stories can be identified with specific locations in the forest. The car park at the hilltop of Gills Lap (the Galleon's Lap of the Pooh stories) in Ashdown Forest, (), contains a display panel with a map of the surrounding area and the features from several of the Winnie-the-Pooh stories marked on it. For example, Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north-east, while the "Enchanted Place" is a small wooded area to the north. A memorial plaque dedicated to A. A. Milne and his illustrator, Ernest H. Shepard, lies away. Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north-east.


title: Hundred Acre Wood

text: The following places are shown on Ernest H. Shepard's map at the beginning of the Winnie-the-Pooh book:


title: Hundred Acre Wood

text: In the "Kingdom Hearts" series, the Hundred Acre Wood is located within a book found at Merlin's house (which is in Traverse Town during "Kingdom Hearts", Hollow Bastion in "Kingdom Hearts II", and Twilight Town in "Kingdom Hearts III"). In the games, the main character, Sora, gathers pages of a Winnie-the-Pooh storybook after it is destroyed, affecting the inhabitants. The Hundred Acre Wood is unique in being a totally optional world to visit and entirely lacking in combat, rather being made up of several minigames which reward the player with experience and items.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Jeffrey Demarco Teague (born June 10, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player who is a regional scout for the Atlanta Hawks. Teague played college basketball for Wake Forest University before being selected 19th overall in the 2009 NBA draft by the Hawks. He made an appearance as an NBA All-Star in 2015 and won an NBA championship in 2021 with the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague attended Pike High School in Indianapolis, Indiana where as a senior in 2006–07, he averaged 22 points and four assists per game.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Teague was listed as the No. 9-point guard and the No. 57 player in the nation in 2007.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague played college basketball for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons. As a freshman in 2007–08, Teague was second on the team in scoring, scoring 13.9 points per game, just behind fellow freshman James Johnson's 14.6.


title: Jeff Teague

text: As a sophomore in 2008–09, Teague became the first Wake Forest All-American since Chris Paul in 2004–05, and the 13th in school history. He was selected as a finalist for the Bob Cousy Award, the John Wooden Award and the Oscar Robertson Trophy. He led Wake in scoring with 18.8 points per game, in passing with 3.5 assists per game, in steals with 1.9 per game, and in three-point percentage at 48.5%. He scored his 1,000th point with the Demon Deacons and became the 45th player in the history of the school to join the club. He scored a career-high 34 points on January 11, 2009, in a 92–89 victory over North Carolina.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On April 8, 2009, Teague declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final two years of college eligibility.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague was selected with the 19th overall pick by the Atlanta Hawks in the 2009 NBA draft. On July 20, 2009, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Hawks. As a rookie in 2009–10, he averaged 3.2 points, 1.7 assists and 0.9 rebounds in 10.1 minutes (.396 FG%, .837 FT%), playing in 71 games (three starts) and ranking 10th among rookies in assists. He finished the regular season in style, setting then career-highs in several categories with a 24-point, 15-assist, five-rebound effort against the Cleveland Cavaliers on April 14, hitting 11-of-19 from the field and playing all 48 minutes. He went on to play sparingly in the team's playoff run, a run that saw the Hawks lose to the Orlando Magic in the Conference semi-finals.


title: Jeff Teague

text: In 2010–11, the second-year guard averaged 5.2 points, 2.0 assists and 1.5 rebounds in 13.8 minutes (.438 FG%, .375 3FG%, .794 FT%). He scored in double-figures 12 times, including three 20-point efforts. He led the team in assists four times and scoring on three occasions. On March 12, 2011, he tied his career-high of 24 points in a 91–82 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. During the Hawks' 2011 first round playoff match-up with the Orlando Magic, Teague played under 10 minutes in just two games, as the Hawks won 4–2. He was moved into the starting spot for the team's second round match-up with the Chicago Bulls following an injury to starter Kirk Hinrich. Teague started all six games against the Bulls, a series the Hawks lost 4–2. Teague averaged 14.8 points and 4.2 assists in 38.1 minutes in his six playoff starts, well above his regular season averages.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague in 2011–12, started all 66 games, averaging 12.6 points, 4.9 assists, 2.4 rebounds and 1.6 steals in 33.1 minutes (.476 FG%, .342 3FG%, .757 FT%). He ranked eighth in the NBA in steals (106), 10th in steals per game, 20th in steal-to-turnover ratio (0.79), 22nd in assists (321), 23rd in assists per game, and 40th in FG%. He had 10 20-point efforts and three double-doubles during the regular season, in addition to four double-digit scoring games during the Hawks' 4–2 first round playoff loss to the Boston Celtics.


title: Jeff Teague

text: In 2012–13, Teague recorded career-highs of 14.6 points and 7.2 assists, along with 2.3 rebounds and 1.5 steals in 32.9 minutes (.451 FG%, .359 3FG%, .881 FT%), appearing in a team-high 80 games (78 starts). He recorded ten 20-point/10-assist games in 2012–13, the third highest total in a single season in franchise history (Pete Maravich – 12 in 1972–73, and Eddie Johnson – 11 in 1984–85). On January 16, 2013, he scored a career-high 28 points in a 109–95 win over the Brooklyn Nets. Teague later participated in the Taco Bell Skills Challenge during NBA All-Star Weekend. The Hawks were once again knocked out in the first round of the playoffs, losing 4–2 to the Indiana Pacers.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On July 10, 2013, Teague was extended a four-year, $32 million offer sheet by the Milwaukee Bucks; however, three days later, the Hawks matched the offer. On December 26, 2013, he scored a career-high 34 points in a 127–125 double overtime win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On March 18, 2014, he tied that mark with 34 points in a 118–113 overtime win over the Toronto Raptors. On April 14, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, April 7, through Sunday, April 13. He earned his first Player of the Week honor after averaging 20.3 points, 5.8 assists, 2.0 rebounds and 1.8 steals in 33.8 minutes per game (.509 FG%, .917 FT%) in four games, in a week that the Hawks went 3–1.


title: Jeff Teague

text: The Hawks finished the 2013–14 season as the eighth seed in the East, eventually losing in the first round of the playoffs to the Indiana Pacers in seven games. Teague scored in double-figures in all seven games, including three 20-point nights, and had one double-double. He scored a playoff career-high 29 points on May 1, and notched his first career postseason double-double with 22 points and playoff career-high 10 assists on April 24.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On January 29, 2015, Teague earned his first All-Star selection as a reserve for the Eastern Conference in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game. Teague went on to lead the Hawks to a first-place finish in the East. In the first round against the eighth-seeded Brooklyn Nets, Teague averaged 14.2 points and 7.8 assists per game. In Game 6, Teague tallied 13 assists without a single point, helping the Hawks close out the series with a dominating 114–87 win. In the Conference semi-finals against the Washington Wizards, Teague averaged 16.3 points and 7.0 assists per game. In Game 4, Teague recorded 26 points and 8 assists, scoring 10 points in the fourth quarter and hitting a clutch three-pointer in the final minutes, sealing a 106–101 win over the Wizards and tying the series at 2–2. In Game 6, he recorded 20 points and 7 assists, while assisting DeMarre Carroll on two consecutive possessions in the final minute, giving the Hawks a four-point lead. They went on to win 94–91 after a potential tying three-pointer by Paul Pierce was waved off, clinching the series 4–2. They eventually lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Eastern Conference Finals.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Early on in 2015–16, Teague began to compete for minutes with back-up point guard Dennis Schröder as his role started to diminish largely due to Schröder's improved play and Teague's drop off in production. Midway through the season, Teague began drawing interest from opposing teams, with the Hawks reportedly talking with other teams about potential trades involving Teague. On February 1, 2016, Teague scored a season-high 32 points and hit a career-high five three-pointers in a 112–97 win over the Dallas Mavericks. Teague helped the Hawks reach the Eastern Conference semi-finals, where they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On July 7, 2016, Teague was traded to his hometown team, the Indiana Pacers, in a three-team deal involving the Hawks and the Utah Jazz. He made his debut for the Pacers in their season opener on October 26, 2016, recording 20 points and eight assists in a 130–121 overtime win over the Dallas Mavericks. On November 9, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 122–115 overtime win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He tied that mark on November 20, recording 30 points, nine assists and six steals in a 115–111 overtime win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. On December 30, he recorded a career-high 17 assists in a 111–101 win over the Chicago Bulls. In 2016–17, Teague became the first Pacers player to start 82 games since Mike Dunleavy Jr. in 2007–08.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On July 10, 2017, Teague signed a three-year, $57 million contract with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On December 27, 2017, in a game against the Denver Nuggets, Teague suffered a Grade 1 MCL sprain in his left knee and was subsequently ruled out for two-to-four weeks. He returned to action on January 10 against the Oklahoma City Thunder after missing seven games.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague missed six games early in the 2018–19 season with a bruised left knee. On December 5, he had a season-high 18 assists in a 121–104 win over the Charlotte Hornets. He missed nine games due to left ankle inflammation between mid-December and early January. The left foot injury kept him out for a further eight games between late January and early February. On March 21, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after reaggravating a left foot injury, originally suffered in December. On April 11, it was reported that the surgery Teague underwent for his left ankle was a success.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On January 16, 2020, Teague, along with Treveon Graham, was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Allen Crabbe.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On March 25, 2021, Teague was traded to the Orlando Magic along with two future second round draft picks in exchange for Evan Fournier, but was waived two days later.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On April 1, 2021, Teague signed with the Milwaukee Bucks reuniting with his coach Mike Budenholzer. Teague played in 21 regular season games for the Bucks averaging 6.6 points 2.8 assists and 1.5 rebounds in 15.9 minutes per game. On July 20, 2021, the Bucks defeated the Phoenix Suns in game 6 of the 2021 NBA Finals, giving Teague his first NBA championship. He played in all 6 of the NBA Finals games, averaging 1.5 points, 0.8 rebounds and 0.5 steals in 9.3 minutes per game as the Bucks backup point guard to Jrue Holiday.


title: Jeff Teague

text: On March 9, 2022, Teague was hired by the Atlanta Hawks as a regional scout, returning to the franchise that drafted him in 2009 and where he spent his first 7 seasons of his career, as well as half a season when he returned after being traded back there by the Timberwolves.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague is the son of Shawn and Carol Teague. His father, Shawn Teague, played college basketball at Missouri for a year and then three years at Boston University, playing under Rick Pitino at Boston. Also while at Boston University, Shawn played with Drederick Irving who is the father of Kyrie Irving.


title: Jeff Teague

text: Teague has four siblings, including Marquis, who played point guard for the Kentucky Wildcats before being drafted by the Chicago Bulls in 2012.


title: West Covina, California

text: West Covina is a suburban city in Los Angeles County, California, located east of Downtown Los Angeles in the eastern San Gabriel Valley and is part of Greater Los Angeles. The population for the city was 106,098 at the 2010 census.


title: West Covina, California

text: West Covina is bordered by Covina to the northeast, Baldwin Park and Irwindale to the northwest, La Puente and Valinda to the southwest, Industry to the south, Ramona to the east, and Walnut to the southeast.


title: West Covina, California

text: West Covina was incorporated as an independent city in 1923 to prevent the city of Covina from building a sewage farm in the area. Benjamin Franklin Maxson, Jr., (1897-1928) initiated the incorporation process and was the first mayor. Walnut groves and orange groves continued to flourish. The population in 1930 was 769 and blossomed to 1,549 in 1940. As a result of remarkable expansion during the post World War II building boom, West Covina became one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities between 1950 and 1960, experiencing a growth in population of 1025.69% from less than 5,000 to more than 50,000 citizens. the decades 1960 and 2000 demonstrated steady growth for the West Covina, which had slowed significantly by the time of the 2010 census.


title: West Covina, California

text: The City of West Covina began the second half of the 20th century with new developments and projects, mostly brought on by big business. The City Hall and police facility were built in 1969 as the first phase of an example of a Joint Powers Authority in the County of Los Angeles. The Civic Center Joint Powers Authority, consisting of the County of Los Angeles and the City of West Covina, also completed a three-level parking structure in the Civic Center complex. The Civic Center complex includes the Los Angeles County Regional Library and the Citrus Municipal Court building and the city offices.


title: West Covina, California

text: The first Redevelopment Agency project included a regional shopping center, the West Covina Fashion Plaza, with three major department stores and 150 shops in an air-conditioned, enclosed mall. It also included the revitalization of the older sections of the shopping center. The Fashion Plaza has provided the citizens of the San Gabriel Valley with convenient access to all shopping needs. In 1991 the mall was renovated adding a food court and additional shops, as well as the redecorating of the entire mall. The mall was renamed "The Plaza at West Covina". The Plaza opened a new . wing in October 1993 featuring 50 new stores including a new Robinson's-May and interior renovation throughout The Plaza.


title: West Covina, California

text: The Redevelopment Agency's efforts have also resulted in several major office buildings in the city, such as "The Lakes", in addition to two new community shopping centers, freestanding retail developments, restaurants, residential projects, and the Auto Plaza.


title: West Covina, California

text: West Covina was the shooting for scenes of Mondo Burger and the title role of the restaurant in the 1997 family comedy film, "Good Burger", directed by Brian Robbins.


title: West Covina, California

text: A 2020 ranking of the fiscal health of California cities issued by State Auditor Elaine Howle's office placed West Covina as the ninth-worst in the state The city was also audited by the state the same year, as the state auditor had determined that the city's poor finances put it at high risk for default.


title: West Covina, California

text: West Covina was incorporated in 1923 to prevent Covina from establishing a sewage farm within the current city boundaries. Walnut groves and orange groves continued to flourish decades later.


title: West Covina, California

text: The San Gabriel Valley region has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, with summer temperatures averaging above .


title: West Covina, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that West Covina had a population of 106,098. The population density was . The racial makeup of West Covina was 42.8% White (15.3% Non-Hispanic White), 4.5% Black, 1.0% Native American, 25.8% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 21.3% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin were 53.2%.


title: West Covina, California

text: The Census reported that 105,424 people (99.4% of the population) lived in households, 351 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 323 (0.3%) were institutionalized.


title: West Covina, California

text: There were 31,596 households, out of which 13,670 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 17,650 (55.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5,402 (17.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,308 (7.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,664 (5.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 202 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 4,795 households (15.2%) were made up of individuals, and 2,164 (6.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34. There were 25,360 families (80.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.68.


title: West Covina, California

text: The population was spread out, with 26,075 people (24.6%) under the age of 18, 11,326 people (10.7%) aged 18 to 24, 28,860 people (27.2%) aged 25 to 44, 26,974 people (25.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 12,863 people (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.


title: West Covina, California

text: There were 32,705 housing units at an average density of , of which 20,703 (65.5%) were owner-occupied, and 10,893 (34.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%. 70,474 people (66.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 34,950 people (32.9%) lived in rental housing units.


title: West Covina, California

text: During 20092013, West Covina had a median household income of $67,088, with 10% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: West Covina, California

text: In 2017, there were more than 10,000 Filipino Americans living in West Covina; they make up the majority population in the south side of the city.


title: West Covina, California

text: According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: West Covina, California

text: There are three major shopping centers in West Covina: Plaza West Covina, Eastland Center, and The Heights at West Covina.


title: West Covina, California

text: Plaza West Covina is a regional mall that has 208 shops, stores, and restaurants. The mall is two levels and is anchored by Macy's (180,000 sq ft.) to the east, JC Penney (193,963 sq ft.) to the south, Sears (137,820 sq ft.) to the west, Best Buy (45,000 sq ft.) to the north, and the XXI Forever flagship store, also to the north. There is a food court on the second level as well as other restaurants, and food and drink kiosks throughout the mall. The mall is known for its many fashion shops and high-end fashion boutiques.


title: West Covina, California

text: The Eastland Center is a power center which has undergone major renovations since it opened in 1957. Eastland is two levels, with parking for the lower level on south side of the center and parking for the upper level on the north side. It has many larger department stores like Burlington Coat Factory, Dick's Sporting Goods, and PetSmart. Eastland Center is anchored by Walmart to the west and by Target () to the east.


title: West Covina, California

text: The Heights at West Covina is a new retail shopping center located just south of Big League Dreams Sports Park. It is anchored by The Home Depot to the north, and Target to the south. The center has many stores and restaurants.


title: West Covina, California

text: The West Covina Sportsplex is a commercial and recreational center opened in 2007. Built on a former landfill, the center includes a sports park, commercial development, and public golf course.


title: West Covina, California

text: In the California State Legislature, West Covina is split between , and . In the California State Assembly, it is split between , and . In the United States House of Representatives, West Covina is in .


title: West Covina, California

text: Foothill Transit, based in West Covina, provides services across San Gabriel Valley with buses going to Downtown Los Angeles and Montclair. In addition to the bus services provided by Foothill Transit, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Agency, commonly known as Metro, provides services from El Monte Station to Cal Poly Pomona.


title: West Covina, California

text: The city operates the Go West shuttle bus system, with three routes that provide transportation to several West Covina destinations. The city also provides a free shuttle bus to the Baldwin Park Metrolink station.


title: West Covina, California

text: Emanate Health Queen of the Valley Hospital in West Covina offers the following services: emergency room, surgery, maternity care, pediatrics, neurology, and diagnostic imaging.


title: West Covina, California

text: West Covina and the San Gabriel Valley are the setting for the US television series "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend". It is inaccurately depicted as being part of the Inland Empire and being "two hours from the beach, four in traffic." In fact, West Covina is only about 34 minutes from the beach in Santa Monica without traffic.


title: West Covina, California

text: The 1974 US television series "Chopper One" depicts the activities of a helicopter unit in the West Covina Police Department (as shown by the WCPD uniform patches).


title: West Covina, California

text: The USS West Covina was a Federation California-class starship operated by Starfleet in the late 24th century featured in .


title: Coworking

text: Coworking is an arrangement in which workers for different companies share an office space, allowing cost savings and convenience through the use of common infrastructures, such as equipment, utilities and receptionist and custodial services, and in some cases refreshments and parcel acceptance services. It is attractive to independent contractors, independent scientists, remote workers, digital nomads, and people who travel frequently. Additionally, coworking helps workers avoid the feeling of social isolation they may experience while remote working or traveling and eliminate distractions. Most coworking spaces charge membership dues. Major companies that provide coworking space and serviced offices include WeWork and IWG plc.


title: Coworking

text: Coworking is not only about providing a physical place, but also about establishing a community. Its rapid growth has been seen as a possible way for city planners to address the decline of high street retail in urban centres. Its benefits can already be experienced outside of the physical spaces, and it is recommended to start with building a coworking community first before considering opening a coworking place. However, some coworking places have no community building; they just get a part of an existing one by combining their opening with an event which attracts their target group.


title: Coworking

text: Coworking tends to fall into two sides: Those that are real-estate-centric (all about selling desks and offices first) while others are community-centric (focused on building community that happens to also have offices or desks.) Players target freelance professionals, remote workers, and small to medium enterprises (SMEs) who need a space and seek a community with a collaborative spirit. Customers also often benefit from professional services such as printing or incorporation or consulting.


title: Coworking

text: Coworking is distinct from business accelerators, business incubators, and executive suites. These spaces do not fit into the coworking model because they often miss the social, collaborative, and informal aspects of the process. In coworking, management practices are closer to that of a cooperative, including a focus on community rather than profit. Some coworking participants are also involved in an unconference such as BarCamp.


title: Coworking

text: Some coworking spaces are geared towards particular niches. For example, CoWorking With Wisdom, in Berkeley, California, combines coworking with meditation, mindfulness, and yoga programs, The Wing was founded for "the advancement of a certain type of woman", and Work and Play in South Orange, New Jersey has onsite childcare for entrepreneurial parents. Coworking spaces with a religious aspect include Epiphany Space, a Los Angeles space for artists, and SketchPad, a Chicago space for Jewish not-for-profit organizations.


title: Coworking

text: Between 2006 and 2015, a few studies showed that the number of coworking spaces and available seats have roughly doubled each year.


title: Coworking

text: Coworking was preceded by European hacker spaces of the 1990s, where programmers would exchange skills and best practices.


title: Coworking

text: Some coworking places were developed by remote workers and entrepreneurs seeking an alternative to working in coffeehouses and cafes, or to isolation in independent or home offices.


title: Coworking

text: Another major factor that drives demand for coworking is the growing role of independent contractors and digital nomads.


title: Coworking

text: Coworking in Asia has become very popular as space is limited in regions like China, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The major metropolitan cities in each of these regions are every day coming up with new coworking ideas and spaces, promoting emerging startups and business to adopt the trend. Research from commercial brokerage firm JLL found that flexible work space in Asia-Pacific, including both serviced offices and coworking, surged 150% from 2014 to 2017.


title: Coworking

text: In Pacific countries such as Australia and New Zealand, coworking has been made popular as the prices of commercial spaces and bills rise, with coworking being up to 25% cheaper for most freelancers and businesses.


title: Coworking

text: In Hong Kong for example, dozens of coworking spaces have been set up to foster the rapidly growing startup community; according to "Forbes" it is among the leading tech locations in the world, along with New York City and Silicon Valley. Spread across almost all districts, coworking places can be found everywhere while the majority of places are situated on Hong Kong Island and there predominantly in the Central and Sheung Wan districts.


title: Coworking

text: The Malaysian state of Penang, long regarded as the "Silicon Valley of the East", has also witnessed an increase in coworking spaces. Aside from privately owned startups, the Penang state government has embarked on a drive to convert colonial-era buildings in the capital city of George Town into coworking spaces.


title: Coworking

text: As well as tech startups, coworking is becoming increasingly common amongst digital nomads in Asia. A 2011 survey found most coworkers are currently in their late twenties to late thirties, with an average age of 34 years. Two-thirds are men, one third are women. Four in five coworkers started their career with a university education. The majority of coworkers work in creative industries or new media. Slightly more than half of all coworkers are freelancers.


title: Coworking

text: Coworking is popular in India. According to a 2017 report by real estate firm CBRE, there are 350 shared office operators present in India spread across more than 800 locations. Leasing activity by coworking and business center operators more than tripled on 2016.


title: Coworking

text: In Australia, WeWork and Spaces are present, challenging locally owned and operated companies. Hub Australia is the largest, privately owned Australian coworking operator. With many independent operators opening smaller specialist sites (including in rural and regional areas of the large country), some larger providers have expanded nationwide, with the distance between major cities an asset to both the coworking provider and the community.


title: Coworking

text: In India, Coworking business is very popular in metro city as Tier 2 and Tier 3 Cities of India. In India during 2017 and 2018 indicates a marked increase. While in 2017, the space leased was 1.9 million sq. ft., it increased more than two times to 3.9 million sq. ft. in 2018. India has the third-largest startup ecosystem after China and the US with more than 5,200 startups. Now many major cities like Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Chennai have coworking spaces and they are increasing by the day due to the startups.


title: Coworking

text: In 2017, Europe ranked third as a region in terms of the number of coworking spaces, behind the United States (3,205) and Asia (3,975).


title: Coworking

text: The U.K. is among the most responsive European country to the idea of collaborative working, with a special focus on London. In the city, the Shoreditch area leads the coworking market, not only for the large number of coworking places it offers but also for the variety of places that exist to fit the differing needs among start-ups, entrepreneurs and freelancers. Camden Collective is a regeneration project in London that re-purposes previously vacant and underused properties that opened its first ‘wire-less, wall-less’ coworking space in 2009.


title: Coworking

text: In June 2013, the Government of the United Kingdom announced it would be applying coworking principles to a new pilot scheme for its 'One Public Sector Estate' strategy covering 12 local authorities in England, which will encourage councils to work with central government departments and other bodies so that staff share buildings. This will enable the authorities to encourage collaboration as well as re-use or release property and land deemed surplus to requirements, cutting spending and freeing up land for local development.


title: Coworking

text: Estonia At the beginning of 2022, the Pärnu Start-Up Center coworking space opened in Pärnu. Their aim is to connect remote workers and small entrepreneurs who usually work in a café or at home, offering them a comfortable business centre where they can work in peace and meet their clients. Helping local business community to grow and make new contacts. Believing in the power of community and collaboration, and knowlage that together they can make the impossible possible. The building Hommiku 5 was renovated and funded for digital professionals by Chi Keung Ivan Wong from Hong Kong.


title: Coworking

text: Smaller urban areas with many young and creative people and especially College towns may offer coworking places, with "Cowork Greifswald" in Germany being one example. Cooperation between coworking spaces and academic environments are focused.


title: Coworking

text: Since Neuberg started the coworking movement in 2005, San Francisco continues to have a large presence in the coworking community and is home to a growing number of coworking spaces. Also in the Bay Area, Anca Mosoiu established Tech Liminal in 2009, a coworking place in Oakland.


title: Coworking

text: The coworking model for office space is extremely popular in Miami. In fact, a 2018 study done by Yardi Matrix, recognized Miami as the US city with most co-working spaces per square foot. Coworking has also spread into many other metropolitan areas, with cities such as Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon, Toronto, Wichita, Kansas, and Columbus, Ohio now offering several coworking venues. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of suburban and rural coworking spaces including Amarillo, Texas, Des Moines, Iowa, Independence, Oregon and Indianapolis, Indiana.


title: Coworking

text: The New York coworking community has also been evolving rapidly in Regus and Rockefeller Group Business Center. WeWork and other services have a large presence. The demand for coworking in Brooklyn neighborhoods is high due to the increased number of millennials in the workforce; nearly one in 10 workers in the Gowanus, Brooklyn area are remote workers. The industrial area of Gowanus is seeing a surge in new startups that are redesigning old buildings into new coworking spaces. In Brooklyn, in 2008, the first green-focused coworking space in the US, called Green Spaces, was founded by Jennie Nevin, and it expanded in 2009 to Manhattan and Denver and has been a driving force for green entrepreneurship through the collaboration of coworking.


title: Coworking

text: In 2011, Co-Creation Hub was founded in Yaba, Lagos by Bosun Tijani and Femi Longe, it is often referred to as Cc-Hub and it houses over 50 startups such as BudgIT, GoMyWay, Lifebank, Findworka, Autobox


title: Coworking

text: IHub is also an innovation hub and incubator space for startups founded by Erik Hersman in 2010. iHub was a pioneering coworking space in Africa, in 2019 Cc-hub announces the acquisition of IHub in Nairobi, Kenya.


title: Coworking

text: Ventures Park was founded in 2016 in Abuja by Kola Aina. Its an artsy space for freelancer, entrepreneurs, professionals, and startups manage their operations and network. They launched a Campus Co-working space in University of Abuja known as Ventures Platform campus


title: Boone Helm

text: Levi Boone Helm (January 28, 1828 – January 14, 1864) was an American mountain man, Old West gunfighter and serial killer known as the Kentucky Cannibal. Helm gained his nickname for his opportunistic and unrepentant proclivity for consuming human flesh, usually in survival situations, though instances of killing people for their meat unprovoked were also documented.


title: Boone Helm

text: Boone Helm was born in Lincoln County, Kentucky, into what was considered an honest, hard-working, and respected family, who moved to Jackson Township, Monroe County, Missouri, when he was still a boy. Helm delighted in demonstrating feats of strength and agility, such as throwing his Bowie knife into the ground and retrieving it from a horse at full gallop. In one demonstration of his contempt for authority, Helm, on horseback, rebuffed a sheriff's attempt to arrest him by walking his horse up the stairs of a courthouse and into the courtroom, while the circuit court was in session, and by verbally haranguing the judge.


title: Boone Helm

text: In 1851, Helm married 17-year-old Lucinda Frances Browning in Monroe County Missouri and fathered a daughter, Lucy. He became known for his heavy drinking, riding his horse into the house, and beating his wife. The domestic violence grew to such an extent that Lucinda petitioned for divorce. Helm's father paid for the costs. Having bankrupted his father and ruined his family's reputation, Helm decided to move to California in search of gold.


title: Boone Helm

text: For the journey to California, Helm asked his cousin, Littlebury Shoot, to accompany him. Shoot initially agreed, but when he attempted to back out of the trip, an angered Helm murdered him by stabbing him in the chest and headed west alone. He was pursued and captured by Littlebury's brother and friends, but his antics in captivity quickly landed him in a mental asylum. Upon entering the asylum, Helm became taciturn and convinced his guard to take him on walks through the woods. After these walks became routine, Helm was able to escape.


title: Boone Helm

text: Once again traveling west to California, Helm murdered several men in various altercations. Forced to flee to avoid arrest and vigilante justice, he teamed up with six men to whom he confided that he had eaten all, or part, of his murder victims: "Many's the poor devil I've killed, at one time or another... and the time has been that I've been obliged to feed on some of 'em."


title: Boone Helm

text: An attack by Native Americans on the way to Fort Hall forced Helm and his party into the wilderness. Short on provisions, the men killed their horses, ate the meat, and made snowshoes out of the hides. The journey was arduous, reducing the party down to Helm and a man named Burton. When Burton could go no further, Helm left him only to return in time to hear Burton taking his own life with a pistol. Helm ate one of Burton's legs and wrapped the other to take with him on his journey. Helm was finally discovered by a man named John W. Powell at an Indian camp. Powell agreed to let Helm accompany him to Salt Lake City, Utah, but despite having over fourteen hundred dollars in coins on his person, Helm reportedly neither paid nor thanked Powell for his generosity.


title: Boone Helm

text: Upon reaching San Francisco, Helm killed a rancher who had befriended him and taken him in. He then traveled to Oregon and resumed robbing people for a living, frequently murdering them. In 1862, after heavily drinking, Helm gunned down an unarmed man named Dutch Fred in a saloon and fled. While on the run, Helm ate another fugitive who had been accompanying him. Captured by the authorities, Helm implored his brother "Old Tex", one of Helm's twelve siblings, for assistance. With a considerable amount of money, "Old Tex" paid off all of the witnesses. Unable to convict Helm, the authorities released him and he accompanied his brother to Texas. Helm soon reappeared at many of the settlements mentioned before, killing more men in the process. He was finally apprehended in Montana.


title: Boone Helm

text: After teaming up with the notorious Henry Plummer and his gang, Helm and four other gang members were captured, arrested, and tried in secret. At trial, Helm kissed the Bible and then proceeded to perjure himself, accusing "Three-Fingered" Jack Gallagher, Helm's close friend and fellow gang member, of crimes Helm himself had committed. The Montana Vigilantes hanged Helm, Gallagher, and other members of the gang in Virginia City, Montana on January 14, 1864 in front of a crowd of six thousand. Upon seeing his friend Gallagher hanged, Helm reportedly remarked "Kick away old fellow. My turn next. I'll be in Hell with you in a minute."


title: Boone Helm

text: When the executioner approached Helm, he allegedly exclaimed "Every man for his principles! Hurrah for Jeff Davis! Let 'er rip!" and then jumped off the hangman's box before it could be kicked away. Boone Helm is buried in Boot Hill cemetery, Virginia City.


title: University of Law

text: The University of Law (founded in 1962 as The College of Law of England and Wales) is a for-profit private university in the United Kingdom, providing law degrees, specialist legal training and continuing professional development courses for British barristers and solicitors; it is the United Kingdom's largest law school. It traces its origins to 1876.


title: University of Law

text: The College of Law had been incorporated by royal charter as a charity in 1975, but in 2012, prior to the granting of university status, its educational and training business was split off and incorporated as a private limited company. This became The College of Law Limited and later The University of Law Limited. The college was granted degree-awarding powers in 2006, and in 2012 changed its name to The University of Law (ULaw) when it became the UK's first for-profit educational institution to be granted university status.


title: University of Law

text: The charitable branch, which remained incorporated by the 1975 royal charter, became the Legal Education Foundation. Shortly after the granting of university status and being renamed The University of Law in 2012, The College of Law Limited was bought by Montagu Private Equity. Three years later, Montagu sold the company to its present owner, the Netherlands-based company Global University Systems.


title: University of Law

text: The university has nine campuses in the UK in Birmingham, Bristol, Chester, Guildford, Leeds, London (Bloomsbury and Moorgate), Manchester, Nottingham and Sheffield, as well as an international branch in Hong Kong.


title: University of Law

text: The Law Society of England and Wales created The College of Law in 1962 by merging its own solicitors' training school, the Law Society School of Law (founded in 1903) with the tutorial firm Gibson and Weldon (established in 1876). The arms were officially granted on 5 September 1967 to the then College of Law. The coat of arms of the College of Law of England and Wales was depicted with the motto "Leges Juraque Cognoscamus" ("Let us know the laws and rights"). The crest was deprecated when the institution became a private limited company.


title: University of Law

text: The college was created in its legal form by Royal Charter on 5 December 1975. It was registered as a charity on 24 May 1976, with the aim "to promote the advancement of legal education and the study of law in all its branches". Until the transfer of its training business to The College of Law Limited in 2012, The College of Law was in the top 100 of UK charities ranked by expenditure.


title: University of Law

text: Following the recommendations of the Ormrod Report on the reform of legal education in England and Wales, The Law Society submitted proposals in 1975 for a 36-week Final Examination course for aspiring solicitors and a Common Professional Examination (CPE) or law conversion course for non-law graduates to be taught at The College of Law. The first CPE was held in 1978. The number of institutions approved to deliver the CPE gradually increased until by 2006 the BPP Law School and 27 universities, most of them former polytechnics, were also running the course. However, the leading providers of the CPE (now called the Graduate Diploma in Law) remained The College of Law and BPP Law School, whose enrollments still "dwarfed" those of the universities in 2010.


title: University of Law

text: In the 1980s, The Law Society asked the college to produce a scheme for additional tuition in accounts for articled clerks (now trainee solicitors), combining distance learning with one-day's attendance at lectures. Further distance learning courses were developed in a partnership with the Open University beginning in 1998. The Guildford campus of the college also established the Fresh Start distance learning course for solicitors returning to practice after a career break or those wishing to change their specialisation.


title: University of Law

text: The 1990s saw a change in the relationship between The Law Society and The College of Law. In 1994, Nigel Savage, then the dean of Nottingham Trent University's law school, called for a review of the link between the college and The Law Society which had eight of its council members on the college's board of governors. Savage suggested that this gave the college an unfair advantage in recruiting students to the Legal Practice Course which had been set up The Law Society in 1993 to replace the Final Examination course. The society also regulated the course and determined which institutions would receive a licence to deliver it. He proposed that the college should either "come clean" about the relationship and declare itself the official college of The Law Society or sever the link and become completely independent. The college subsequently severed the link, and The Law Society stopped appointing college governors. Savage went on to become the president and CEO of The College of Law in 1996 and served in that capacity for the next 18 years.


title: University of Law

text: The College of Law established "pro bono" clinics, with students undertaking legal advice work for free supervised by the college's lecturers. In March 2015, The University of Law (as the college is now called) obtained an alternative business structure licence, allowing it to expand its legal advice clinics. It also restructured its Legal Practice Courses to give students more choice and won contracts to develop law firm-specific LPC programmes for three magic circle firms – Allen & Overy, Clifford Chance and Linklaters. However, by the end of 2014, it had retained only Linklaters, having lost the contracts with Allen & Overy and Clifford Chance, who moved to BPP Law School.


title: University of Law

text: The college was granted degree-awarding powers by the Privy Council in 2006, leading to development of its Bachelor and Master of Laws degree programmes. The London Moorgate centre was also opened that year. According to the University of Law, the Moorgate centre is the UK's largest corporate-specific law school.


title: University of Law

text: In 2012, The College of Law underwent a major restructuring. The College of Law Limited was created as a private limited company to take on its educational and training business. The parent charity changed its name to the Legal Education Foundation. In April of that year, Montagu Private Equity agreed to buy The College of Law Limited for approximately £200 million. On 22 November 2012, it was announced that the college had been granted full university status and its name would be changed to "The University of Law". Shortly thereafter, Montague Private Equity completed the acquisition process. This raised questions about the legality of transferring the degree-awarding powers granted under royal charter to the original College of Law to the newly created company, and then selling that company, now with university status, to a for-profit provider. The UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills explained that while degree-awarding powers cannot be transferred, when a whole institute changes its legal status, the powers remain with it. This was considered to be the case with The University of Law because all of the original College of Law's education and training business had been transferred to the for-profit college, and the activities remaining with the chartered body were not related to the degree-awarding powers. Dame Fiona Woolf was named the newly created university's first chancellor in 2013.


title: University of Law

text: The university began selling off its property portfolio on a leaseback basis in 2014, starting with the four buildings of its Bloomsbury campus. According to analysis of the university's accounts earlier that year by the "Times Higher Education Supplement", the purchase by Montagu Private Equity in 2012 had loaded the university with £177m of debt. Critics had compared the purchase by Montagu Private Equity to the leveraged buyouts of Premier League clubs in English football. At the time, The University of Law's ultimate parent company was L-J Holdco Ltd., which was incorporated in Guernsey and majority owned by Montagu-managed funds.


title: University of Law

text: In June 2015, Montagu Private Equity sold the university to Global University Systems (GUS) for an undisclosed sum. Former UK Education and Employment Secretary and Home Secretary David Blunkett, at the time a visiting lecturer at the London School of Business and Finance (also owned by Global University Systems), was named chairman of the board. The University of Law announced the launch of its De Broc School of Business in July 2015, but it had to defer the first intake of students (originally planned for September of that year) due to low student recruitment.


title: University of Law

text: The summer of 2015 also saw a restructuring of the university's governance. The provost, Andrea Nollent, also assumed the role of Chief Academic Officer. John Latham, who had been its CEO and president since 2014 and had overseen the sale of The University of Law to Global University Systems, resigned by "mutual consent". The office of president became a non-executive position and was assumed by Lord Grabiner. David Johnston, the former chief operating officer, took over as CEO. Johnston was subsequently replaced as CEO by economist Stelios Platis in April 2016. In turn, Platis stepped down in October 2016 and was replaced by Andrea Nollent, who serves as both CEO and Vice-Chancellor.


title: University of Law

text: In September 2018, Lord Neuberger, the former president of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, was appointed to succeed Fiona Woolf as the university's chancellor.


title: University of Law

text: On 4 January 2021, Legal Practice Course students complained that the university had given them an exam on a topic they hadn't yet been taught. The university apologised for the mix-up.


title: University of Law

text: On 27 January 2021, it was reported that the University of Law's owner Global University Systems was looking to sell a portion of its stake in the university.


title: University of Law

text: ULaw has campuses in the UK located in Birmingham, Bristol, Guildford, Leeds, London (Bloomsbury and Moorgate), Manchester, Nottingham and Sheffield. It also delivers the Graduate Diploma in Law and Legal Practice Course programmes at four other UK universities: University of Exeter (since 2015), University of Reading (since 2017), University of Liverpool (since 2018), and University of East Anglia (since 2019).


title: University of Law

text: The university opened an international branch in Hong Kong in 2019, which operates out of a serviced office. The Christleton (Chester) campus was sold in 2019 and closed in 2021.


title: University of Law

text: As of 2018, courses and degrees offered by the university include Bachelor of Laws (LL.B), Bar Professional Training Course, Graduate Diploma in Law, Legal Practice Course, Master of Laws (LL.M) in Legal Practice, Master of Science (MSc) in Law, Governance, Risk and Compliance, and the Professional Skills Course (for trainee solicitors on day-release).


title: University of Law

text: The Open University's courses in Law (including the LL.B by distance learning) were offered in association with The University of Law. However, the Open University announced in a 2013 press release that this partnership was being phased out and would end completely in 2018.


title: University of Law

text: In 2015, ULaw established a one-year foundation programme for international students wishing to progress to undergraduate legal study in the UK.


title: University of Law

text: The University of Law does not feature in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (also known as the Shanghai Ranking) or "Times Higher Education" university rankings (including QS World University Rankings), as the rankings exclude small and/or specialist institutions.


title: University of Law

text: In the 2014 "National Student Survey", the university was jointly classified with University of Exeter, University of East Anglia and University of Buckingham as the UK's second most successful university in terms of student ratings, with a learner satisfaction level of 92%. In the 2016 National Student Survey the university was ranked joint first (with the University of Buckingham) for satisfaction within the student body, achieving an overall satisfaction rate of 97%. The Advertising Standards Authority has noted, however, that this compared the ranking for all subjects, and that when limited to law, ULaw ranked sixth for student satisfaction. In 2019, the university received a Silver rating in the UK government's Teaching Excellence Framework.


title: Tracy Bond

text: Teresa "Tracy" Bond (born Teresa "Tracy" Draco, and also known as the Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo) is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the 1963 James Bond novel "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and its 1969 film adaptation. She is the second Bond girl to marry 007, the first being in "You Only Live Twice" as an undercover ploy. In the film version, Tracy is played by actress Diana Rigg.


title: Tracy Bond

text: It is suggested that the inspiration for Tracy Bond came from Ian Fleming's wartime romance with Muriel Wright, whom he met whilst skiing in Kitzbuhel. Wright's sudden death from a bomb raid in her London flat in 1944 and Fleming's subsequent grief are reflected in Tracy's own unexpected death and its effect on Bond, evident in the succeeding novels and film adaptations.


title: Tracy Bond

text: Born Teresa Draco in 1943 (1937 in the novel), she is the only child of Marc-Ange Draco, the head of the Unione Corse, a powerful Corsican crime syndicate – not quite as large as SPECTRE, but with substantially larger "legal" operations, including Draco Construction. Teresa goes by "Tracy", because she feels "Teresa" does not suit her. As she introduced herself to Bond, she stated, "Teresa is a saint; I'm known as Tracy".


title: Tracy Bond

text: Tracy's mother was an English governess and died in 1955; her father then sent her to a boarding school in Switzerland. Deprived of a stable home life, Tracy joined the "international fast set", committing "one scandal after another"; when Draco cut off her allowance, Tracy committed "a greater folly" out of spite. She later married Italian Count Giulio di Vicenzo who, during their marriage, got hold of a large portion of her money before eventually leaving her and her father paying him off for a divorce; he subsequently died while driving a Maserati in the company of one of his mistresses. During this marriage, Tracy had a child, who later died of spinal meningitis.


title: Tracy Bond

text: Desperate with grief for her child, Tracy attempted suicide by walking into the sea in Portugal, only to be saved by James Bond.


title: Tracy Bond

text: When her father meets Bond, he pleads with Bond to continue to see her, claiming that their relationship had changed her for the better. Bond initially refuses, but he changes his mind when Marc-Ange offers his resources for anything Bond desires. Since the events of "Thunderball" and the demise of SPECTRE, Bond had been hunting for Ernst Stavro Blofeld, and at one point was willing to retire from MI6 because he felt the hunt was folly and that his services and abilities could be used better. Using Draco's resources, however, Bond is able to track Blofeld to Switzerland. In return, Bond continues to see Tracy and eventually falls in love with her. Tragedy strikes on their wedding day, however, when Blofeld and his henchwoman Irma Bunt shoot at Bond and Tracy in a drive-by shooting. Tracy is shot in the head and killed.


title: Tracy Bond

text: In Fleming's novels, Bond is a broken man after Tracy's death. In "You Only Live Twice", he has begun drinking heavily, which has affected his work. M is forced to acknowledge that Bond is no longer fit for service. However, he decides to give Bond one last chance and assigns him to an intelligence-related diplomatic affair in Japan. This in turn leads to a duel to the death with Blofeld in the climax of the novel, and Bond is finally awarded his revenge but suffers a head injury that leaves him with amnesia.


title: Tracy Bond

text: In the films, James Bond is tracking Blofeld in the pre-title credits sequence of "Diamonds Are Forever". The film does not explain why nor does it mention Tracy. Originally, it had been planned that "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" would end with Bond and Tracy driving away from their wedding. The scenes where she was shot were filmed at the same time with the intention that they would form the pre-title sequence of "Diamonds Are Forever". As a result of George Lazenby leaving the role, these scenes ended up being part of "On Her Majesty's Secret Service".


title: Tracy Bond

text: Tracy's wedding dress is now kept at the Admiral Hotel in Milan, along with a big collection of "James Bond" and "Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang" items.


title: Sea angel

text: Sea angels (clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade Gymnosomata within the larger mollusc clade Heterobranchia. Sea angels were previously referred to as a type of pteropod.


title: Sea angel

text: Sea angels are also sometimes known as "cliones" but this is potentially misleading because the family Clionidae is just one of the families within this clade.


title: Sea angel

text: Recent molecular data suggest the Gymnosomata form a sister group to the Thecosomata (other planktonic, weakly or nonmineralized gastropods), but this long-standing hypothesis has also had some recent detractors. Fossils of the group go back to the Middle Frasnian stage of the Late Devonian period.


title: Sea angel

text: These organisms have a wide geographic range, from polar regions, under sea ice, to equatorial (tropic) seas.


title: Sea angel

text: In this clade, the foot of the gastropod has developed into wing-like flapping appendages (parapodia) and larval sea angels discard their embryonic shells a few days after hatching. Both adaptations suit their free-swimming oceanic lives. The adaptations also explain the common name sea angel and the scientific name of the order: From Greek "gymnos" meaning "naked" and "soma" meaning "body".


title: Sea angel

text: Sea angels are gelatinous, mostly transparent, and very small, with the largest species ("Clione limacina") reaching 5 cm. "C. limacina" is a polar species; those found in warmer waters are far smaller. Some species of sea angels feed exclusively on sea butterflies; the angels have terminal mouths with the radula common to mollusks, and tentacles to grasp their prey, sometimes with suckers similar to cephalopods.


title: Sea angel

text: By rowing their "wings" back and forth at 1–3 Hz, the sea angels swim at speeds up to . This is about twice as fast as their prey, the sea butterfly. It is not yet clear whether the sea angel uses its swimming appendages as 'rowing paddles' or as 'wings'.


title: Sea angel

text: Another large polar species of sea angel, "Clione antarctica", defends itself from predators by synthesizing a previously unknown molecule, "pteroenone". Because of this secretion, predators will not eat the sea angel. A species of amphipod takes advantage of this trait: The amphipod will seize an individual of "C. antarctica" out of the water column, and carry it around for protection. Local population density of "C. antarctica" may reach extraordinary levels; up to 300 animals per cubic metre have been recorded.


title: Sea angel

text: Gymnosomata are carnivorous, feeding only on their fellow pteropods, the Thecosomata. Their lifestyles have coevolved with those of their prey, with their feeding strategy adapting to the morphology and consistency of the thecosome shell.


title: Sea angel

text: Their hunting strategies are variable; some forms are ambush predators, sitting and waiting for their prey; whilst others actively pursue their prey; their metabolic rate is closely linked to that of their prey species. Even the size of the gymnosomes is correlated to the size of their prey, which they recognize by means of touch and grab using their sometimes-suckered buccal cones. A combination of hooks and a toothed radula are employed to scour the flesh from the thecosomes' shells.


title: Sea angel

text: Gymnosomes slowly beat their wing-like parapodia in a rowing motion to propel their "perfectly streamlined" bodies through the upper 20 m of the water column. Although usually slow-moving, beating their wings once or twice per second, they are capable of bursts of speed when they need to pursue their prey, calling a separate suite of muscles into action to obtain the higher beat frequency.


title: Sea angel

text: Like many gastropods, sea angels are simultaneous hermaphrodites with internal fertilization. A fertilized animal later releases a gelatinous egg mass, and the eggs float freely until hatching. Their embryonic shells are lost within the first few days after hatching.


title: Sea angel

text: The gymnosomes, like other shell-less opisthobranchs, discard their shells at metamorphosis, with the retractor muscles being severed and the shell lost.


title: Sea angel

text: The group does not truly, therefore, lack a shell. Few larval shells have been described (and consequently an understanding of their fossil record is as yet unknown).


title: Sea angel

text: The other suborder of pteropods, Thecosomata, is superficially similar to sea angels, but are not closely related; some authorities include both Thecosomata and Gymnosomata as separate branches of the order Pteropoda, whereas others list them as distinct orders within the subclass Heterobranchia. They have larger, broader parapodia, and most of that species retain a shell; they are commonly known as sea butterflies.


title: Sea angel

text: The group that used to be the family Thliptodontidae is treated as Thliptodontinae, a subfamily of the family Clionidae.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The British Rail Class 170 "Turbostar" is a British diesel multiple unit (DMU) passenger train built by Adtranz and later Bombardier Transportation at Derby Litchurch Lane Works. Introduced after privatisation, these trains operate regional as well as long-distance services, and to a lesser extent suburban services. A total of 139 units were built, but some were later converted to and units. These trains are currently in use with West Midlands Trains (formerly London Midland), CrossCountry, East Midlands Railway, Transport for Wales Rail, ScotRail and Northern Trains.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The class is a development of the design used in the British Rail Class 165 and 166 DMUs known as the "Networker Turbos" and built by British Rail Engineering Limited and later ABB Transportation Ltd before that company became part of Bombardier.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Notable features shared are the aluminium alloy frame and Voith transmission as well as the general body shape (the cab ends are similar to those of the Class 168, but not Class 165/166), interior design and door fittings. The final drive is sourced from ZF instead of Gmeinder and the diesel-engine supplier is MTU.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The engine and transmission are located under the body. One bogie per coach is powered. All coaches in the set are powered when in use (there are no unpowered trailers). The units can work in multiple with trains in the 15X series, i.e. "Sprinters" and 14X "Pacers" (the latter empty only), and with other units of the same class. They are unable to operate in multiple with units in the 16X series due to different wiring arrangements.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Seating arrangements are of both 2+1 (first class) and 2+2 (standard class) formation, and give a seated passenger capacity of between ~100 and ~200 per three-car set (depending on the specifications of the operator). 2-car sets are also operated.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Class 170 units have been categorised into six (originally seven) sub-classes; the basic specifications remain the same (engine, length, transmission, etc.), the differences being the seating arrangements specified by the different operators. Because of the different interior fittings the sub-classes differ in weight from one another by a small amount, up to around 2tonnes.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: All the sub-classes were built at Derby works either under Adtranz or Bombardier Transportation ownership. The change of ownership occurred in 2001, but early Bombardier units (such as the 2002 two-car 170/2 Phase 2 units) still display ADtranz branding, such as on the window glazing, due to use of backstocked parts.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Most units are owned by Porterbrook, although units 170416–424 are owned by Eversholt Rail Group. They are leased to the train operating companies.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: ScotRail is the largest operator of the Class 170, with a fleet which formerly comprised 55 3-car sets but has been reduced to 30 sets. All units are allocated to Edinburgh Haymarket depot.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The first Class 170s in Scotland were 24 units built for ScotRail (National Express) between 1999 and 2001 (170401–170424), which had first-class accommodation for use on ScotRail Express services (i.e. the Edinburgh–Glasgow Queen Street shuttle) and Aberdeen/Inverness–Glasgow/Edinburgh services. A further ten similar units (170425–170434) were built in 20032004 to complete the conversion of ScotRail Express services from Class 158 to Class 170 operation. By the time the second batch entered service the franchise had passed to First ScotRail.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Two standard-class only units were provided for Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) services from Glasgow Queen Street in 2001 (170470–170471), followed in 20042005 by seven more units for SPT (170472–170478) and 12 similar units for Edinburgh commuter services (170450–170461). In December 2008, six of the standard-class-only units (170450–170455) were fitted with first-class sections, and two more (170456 and 170457) were fitted with first class in December 2011.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: A further four three-car sets (170393–170396) with first class accommodation and 'mini-buffets', were obtained from Hull Trains in 2005, bringing the First ScotRail Class 170 fleet up to a peak of 59 three-car sets. The former Hull Trains units were initially used on ScotRail Express services to Inverness, but by 2012 the buffets were out of use and all four units were converted to standard class only.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The nine units built for SPT services were delivered in SPT livery, whereas the rest of the fleet carried First ScotRail livery (170401–170424 having originally worn the National Express ScotRail 'swoosh' livery). In September 2008, the Scottish Government's agency Transport Scotland announced that all "ScotRail" trains (including from the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport) would eventually be repainted in a new blue livery with white Saltire markings on the carriage ends.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In April 2015, the ScotRail franchise passed from First to Abellio, and the 9 units owned by Eversholt went off-lease. Five of these units (170416–170420) remained in Scotland on short-term lease to Abellio ScotRail (albeit with ScotRail branding removed) until their transfer to East Midlands Railway in 2020, whilst the other four units (170421–170424) were converted into Class 171s for their new operator Southern.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: As a result of the electrification of the Edinburgh to Glasgow Queen Street line in 2018 and the conversion of ScotRail Express services to Aberdeen and Inverness to HSTs in 20182019, the Class 170s are being displaced from ScotRail Express routes. Additionally, electrification of most of the Glasgow Queen Street (High Level) commuter lines and of the Edinburgh to Dunblane route will see Class 170s displaced from these services once the Class 385 EMU fleet is fully operational. Some of the surplus Class 170s will be cascaded to other Abellio ScotRail services replacing older Class 156 and 158 units, but 16 units were transferred to Arriva Rail North (170453–170461 and 170472–170478). The first four of these units moved to Northern in March 2018, followed by a further four in August 2018.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Arriva Rail North began operating the Class 170 in 2018, with a total of 16 three-car units due from Abellio ScotRail by the end of the year. All 16 units had transferred to Northern by January 2019, and can now be seen operating services between Sheffield and Scarborough via Hull and have diagrams around the Harrogate Loop. The units are maintained at Neville Hill TMD and Botanic Gardens TMD as well as light maintenance at Sheffield.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: From 23 March 2020, East Midlands Railway received its first two Class 170 units in the form of three-car 170416 and 170417, when they moved from Abellio ScotRail. The former was seen in EMR livery on 30 April 2020.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Unit 170417, named "The Key Worker", was the first unit to enter service, doing so on 2 November 2020 on the Robin Hood line, as part of EMR’s soft launch of the class.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: Alongside units 170418–170420 (also from ScotRail), EMR plans to become the largest operator of the Class 170, with a further 23 units due from West Midlands Trains and 12 from Transport for Wales Rail. The 170s will replace units of classes 153, 156 and 158.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In September 2022, three Class 171s, having been reformed to three-car formations and renumbered to 170422–170424, transferred from Southern to East Midlands Railway. They were then renumbered to 170/9s before entering service in order to emphasise the difference between them and the rest of the fleet as they have Dellner couplers rather than BSI couplers so they are not compatible with the rest of the fleet. They will regain their identities as 170/4s when BSI couplers are fitted.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: West Midlands Trains (WMT) operates two-car Class 170 Turbostars for services on the Birmingham to Hereford via Bromsgrove Line, and Birmingham - Shrewsbury via Telford Central services. Twenty-three (17 two-carriage 170/5s and six three-carriage 170/6s) were inherited from WMT's predecessor London Midland in 2017. WMT is to replace all of its 170s with 26 new Class 196 "Civity" units. The entire fleet will move to East Midlands Railway, with the first moving in February 2021. The centre coach of WMT's six Class 170/6s moved to CrossCountry in 2021 to enable it to strengthen some of its two-car sets.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: CrossCountry currently operates 29 Class 170 Turbostars (seven two-car and 22 three-car) on services between Cardiff Central and Nottingham, and between Birmingham, Leicester, and Stansted Airport. After being acquired in 2007, these units were refurbished in 2008 with the then-three-car units repainted at Marcroft Engineering, Stoke-on-Trent, the then-2-car units at EWS' Toton depot and the interiors done by Transys Projects, Clacton-on-Sea including the fitting of first-class seating to the Class 170/5s and 170/6s. CrossCountry's 170s were previously configured as 13 two-car and 16 three-car units; ex-West Midlands Trains centre cars are used on all of the 170/6's to make them three-car units.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: The centre cars from the six West Midlands Trains 170/6s were transferred to CrossCountry and inserted into six of its two-car units in 2021.


title: British Rail Class 170

text: In September 2019 Transport for Wales received three Class 170/2s (one three-car unit and two two-car units) from Greater Anglia, with driver training following. In November 2019, three more units (two three-car and one two-car) transferred depots from Norwich Crown Point to Cardiff Canton, with a further four three-car units delivered in December 2019, the last three-car unit delivered in January 2020 and the last two-car unit delivered in February 2020. This means that current operator Transport for Wales Rail now leases the entire 12-strong 170/2 subclass of eight three-car units and four two-car units.