title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber played for the Lake Elsinore Storm of the Class A-Advanced California League in 2009. On June 1, 2009, he was named the California League Pitcher of the Week. He received a promotion to the San Antonio Missions of the Class AA Texas League in 2009, finishing the year with an 11–13 win–loss record and a 4.55 ERA. On July 26, 2010, Kluber was named the Texas League Pitcher of the Week. He pitched to a 6–6 win–loss record with a 3.45 ERA with the Missions, while leading the Texas League in strikeouts.


title: Corey Kluber

text: The Padres traded Kluber to the Cleveland Indians on July 31, 2010, in a three-team trade also involving the St. Louis Cardinals. Cleveland sent Jake Westbrook to the Cardinals and Ryan Ludwick to the Padres. The Padres sent Nick Greenwood to the Cardinals, and the Indians paid $2.7 million of Westbrook's remaining salary. At the time of the trade, Kluber's minor league record was 18–24, and he was not ranked among the top thirty prospects in the Padres' farm system. The Indians assigned Kluber to the Akron Aeros of the Class AA Eastern League. After the 2010 season, he took part in the Indians' Winter Development Program. He was added to the Indians' 40-man roster after the season.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber played for the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League in 2011, pitching to a 7–11 win–loss record and a 5.56 ERA.


title: Corey Kluber

text: The Indians called him up on September 1, 2011, and made his major league debut that day. During a rain-induced bullpen session in May 2012, at the recommendation of Columbus pitching coach Ruben Niebla, Kluber first threw his two-seam fastball. Kluber was brought up from Columbus in August 2012 to replace starting pitcher Josh Tomlin in the Indians' rotation. Tomlin was moved to the bullpen.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber began the 2013 season with Columbus, but received a promotion when Brett Myers suffered an elbow injury. On June 16, 2013, Kluber threw eight shutout innings in a 2–0 victory over the Washington Nationals. He co-won the American League Player of the Week Award for the week ending June 16, 2013, sharing the honor with teammate Jason Kipnis. On September 22, 2013, Kluber became the first pitcher to strike out 14 batters in consecutive starts since Randy Johnson in 2004. He finished the season with an 11–5 record and a 3.85 ERA.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber was named the American League Player of the Week on September 21, 2014, and the Pitcher of the Month for September 2014. He posted back-to-back 14 strikeout games as Cleveland stayed in contention late in the season for a wild card spot. His totals on the month included a 5–1 record, 2.09 ERA and 56 strikeouts. He finished the 2014 season with an 18–9 win–loss record and a 2.44 ERA. His 18 wins were tied with Max Scherzer and Jered Weaver for the most in the American League (AL), and his ERA was the third-best in the league. Additionally, Kluber led the AL in fielding-independent pitching. He also struck out 269 batters in innings, good for second-best in the major leagues behind David Price's 271.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Though the Indians missed the playoffs, the 2014 season culminated with Kluber – in just his second full season – winning the AL Cy Young Award, beating Félix Hernández in a close vote. Kluber earned 17 of 30 first-place votes, with Hernandez getting the remaining 13. Kluber became the fourth Indians player to win the award, following Gaylord Perry, CC Sabathia, and Cliff Lee. He also became the lowest-drafted player (134th overall) since Bret Saberhagen in 1989 (480th) to win an AL Cy Young Award.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On April 5 Kluber signed a guaranteed five-year extension with an additional two option years, for a team-friendly $38.5 million. On signing he remarked, "I wanted to be here. I wanted to be in Cleveland." On May 13, 2015, Kluber struck out a career-high 18 batters over eight shutout innings against the St. Louis Cardinals, earning his first win of the 2015 season. Kluber tied Bob Feller's 77-year franchise record for strikeouts in one game, Feller having done so on October 2, 1938. Despite posting a 3.49 ERA and striking out 245 batters in 222 innings, Kluber suffered from poor run support for much of the 2015 season, finishing with only nine wins and an American League-leading 16 losses.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber was named a member of the 2016 American League All-Star team on July 7, 2016, his first selection, as a replacement for an injured Marco Estrada. Kluber was the winning pitcher in the All-Star Game. He finished the 2016 regular season with an 18–9 record, 3.14 ERA, an AL-leading 149 ERA+, and 227 strikeouts in 215 innings.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber won his first two starts of the 2016 postseason, defeating the Boston Red Sox in Game 2 of the American League Division Series (ALDS) and the Toronto Blue Jays in Game 1 of the American League Championship Series (ALCS). In Game 1 of the World Series against the Chicago Cubs, Kluber struck out nine batters in six-plus shutout innings. He earned the win in both Games 1 and 4, and started Game 7. Though the Cubs won Game 7 and claimed the Series, Kluber's efforts help boost Cleveland's opportunities: he posted a 1.83 ERA in six postseason starts.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On November 7, Kluber was announced by the BBWAA as a finalist for the 2016 American League Cy Young Award, along with Justin Verlander and Rick Porcello. With 98 points, Kluber finished third in the voting that was announced on November 16, behind Porcello (137) and Verlander (132). He was, however, selected as the AL "Sporting News" Starting Pitcher of the Year.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On May 3, 2017, after six subpar starts, the Indians placed Kluber on the 10-day disabled list due to a lower back strain. He had posted a 3–2 record, 5.06 ERA, 41 strikeouts and 13 walks in innings. Upon returning from injury, Kluber's performances improved significantly. On July 3, 2017, Kluber was named the AL Pitcher of the Month for June after he posted a 4–0 record, 43 IP, 1.26 ERA, 64 SO, 0.67 WHIP and 13.4 K/9 in six starts. He won the award for the third time in his career. He was selected to the American League team in the 2017 All-Star Game, but chose not to play. On August 3, 2017, Kluber struck out 11 batters and gave up three hits in a 5–1 complete game win against the New York Yankees, making him the fourth pitcher ever to get eight or more strikeouts in 12 consecutive starts. The preceding three were Nolan Ryan, Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. He won his second AL Pitcher of the Month Award of the season in August, totaling a 5–1 record and 1.96 ERA. The Indians went 19–9.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber hurled his third shutout of the season with 12 strikeouts on September 12, 2017, versus the Detroit Tigers, giving the Indians their 20th consecutive win. That tied the 2002 Oakland Athletics for the American League record. Kluber scattered five hits while allowing no walks and struck out eight. He won another AL Player of the Week Award for September 17 after becoming the third Indians pitcher with multiple 250-strikeout seasons. In 22 starts from June 1 through the penultimate, his ERA was 1.62. Named the AL Pitcher of the Month for September, it was Kluber's such third award of the season. His record included a 5–0 W−L, 0.84 ERA, 50 strikeouts and 43 innings pitched. The Indians' record for the month was 25–4, and included the majority of a 22-game win streak that set the American League record, with Kluber helping Cleveland to three of those victories in September. The club won an AL-best 102 games.


title: Corey Kluber

text: In his most dominant season to date, Kluber concluded 2017 leading the major leagues or tying for the lead in each of ERA (2.25), wins (18), complete games (five), shutouts (three), WHIP (0.869), SO/BB (7.36), ERA+ (202), and WAR for pitchers (8.0). He also led the AL in H/9 (6.2) and BB/9 (1.6). His ERA was the lowest for an Indians pitcher to qualify for the ERA title since Gaylord Perry in 1972 (1.92).


title: Corey Kluber

text: Cleveland faced New York in the ALDS, and Kluber started two of the games. He allowed nine runs and four home runs in innings as New York defeated Cleveland in five games. Speculation arose that he had reinjured his back, but Kluber denied such assertions.


title: Corey Kluber

text: End of season awards for Kluber included his second Cy Young Award and selection as a starting pitcher on "Baseball America"'s All-MLB Team.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber was selected to his third All-Star Game in July (though he did not pitch in the game), and on September 24, Kluber pitched seven shutout innings as the Indians beat the Chicago White Sox 4–0, giving him his 20th win of the season – the first time in his career he had reached that milestone. He started Game 1 of the American League Division Series but was the losing pitcher after giving up three home runs in 4 innings against the Houston Astros.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On May 1, 2019, Kluber fractured his right arm after being hit by a line drive during a game against the Miami Marlins. He was placed on the team's injured list without a concrete timetable for his return. After pitching a simulated game on August 3, 2019, Kluber was cleared for minor league rehab assignment. On August 7, 2019, Kluber pitched for the Columbus Clippers in his first rehab start, conceding two runs in three innings. Continuing his recovery process, he pitched four innings for the Akron RubberDucks on August 13, 2019. However, abdominal tightness halted his third rehab start on August 18, 2019. Kluber had thrown 20 pitches in one inning for Columbus before exiting. Though Kluber did not play for the Indians again in 2019, the Indians announced on October 31, 2019 that they had exercised their $17.5 million club option on Kluber for the 2020 season.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On December 15, 2019, Cleveland traded Kluber and cash considerations to the Texas Rangers in exchange for Delino DeShields Jr. and Emmanuel Clase. On July 26, 2020, Kluber made his Rangers debut but lasted just 1 inning after experiencing shoulder tightness. He was subsequently diagnosed with a torn teres major muscle, sending him to the Rangers' injured list.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On January 27, 2021, Kluber signed a one-year, $11 million contract with the New York Yankees. He earned his first win for the Yankees on April 27, 2021, against the Baltimore Orioles. He earned his 100th career win on May 2, pitching eight scoreless innings against the Detroit Tigers.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On May 19, 2021, Kluber pitched the 12th no-hitter in Yankees history against his team the previous season, the Texas Rangers. He threw 71 of 101 pitches for strikes and struck out nine batters in a 2–0 win, with a third-inning walk to Charlie Culberson being the only blemish in an otherwise perfect game. It was the Yankees' first no-hitter since David Cone's perfect game in 1999. Moreover, the no-hitter occurred one day after another no-hitter had been thrown by Spencer Turnbull of the Detroit Tigers, and was the sixth no-hitter overall of the 2021 MLB season. The homestanding Rangers gave out promotional bobbleheads of Kluber to fans before the game, as Kluber had pitched for them in 2020 when all their fan promotions were canceled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 25, Kluber exited a game against the Toronto Blue Jays after experiencing a shoulder injury. An MRI revealed that he had suffered a strain to the subscapularis muscle of his right shoulder, and was expected to miss two months of the 2021 season. He was placed on the 60-day injured list on June 5. He made his return against Los Angeles Angels on August 30, 2021. In 16 games, Kluber was 5–3 with a 3.83 ERA and 82 strikeouts. Following the season, he became a free agent.


title: Corey Kluber

text: On December 1, 2021, Kluber signed a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Rays, with $8 million guaranteed salary and $5 million in achievable incentives.


title: Corey Kluber

text: In 2022 he was 10-10 with a 4.34 ERA, and his 3.0% walk percentage was the lowest in MLB among qualified pitchers.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber throws five pitches: a four-seam fastball, a sinker with a two-seam fastball grip, a cutter, a breaking ball, and a changeup. His most dominant pitches are his two-seam sinker, which he first learned in 2011 as a member of the Columbus Clippers, and his breaking ball, which variously resembles a slider and a curveball.


title: Corey Kluber

text: Kluber and his wife, Amanda, have three children. They reside in her hometown of Winchester, Massachusetts.


title: Corey Kluber

text: In November 2014, Kluber was inducted into the Stetson Athletics Hall of Fame, and into the Atlantic Sun Conference Hall of Fame the following year.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: Daeg Neergaard Faerch (; born September 27, 1995), also known as GreatDaeg, is an American actor and rapper. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of young Michael Myers in Rob Zombie's horror remake "Halloween" (2007). Faerch has also played in theatrical productions of "Grapes of Wrath" in which he played the role of Winfield, "Marat/Sade" in which he played the role of young Herald, "Waiting for Godot" playing the messenger, and "Shakespeare Unabridged" as a musical guest. He has performed in multiple Shakespeare productions, including "Coriolanus", in which he played young Coriolanus, "The Merry Wives of Windsor", and "Hamlet". He also landed the role of Pincegurre in the French play "L'Impromptu de Théophile", as well as a role in the comedy "The Nerd", in which he played the character Thor Waldgrave. In addition to English, Faerch speaks French. On YouTube Faerch has posted videos in which he performs in rap music videos. His albums include "Stunt from the 6" (2018), "Vlad" (2019), "Albino Animal" (2019), "Quarantime" (2020), "Wicked Wicked West" (2020), and "Pieces" (2020).


title: Daeg Faerch

text: As a child actor, Faerch was cast in the "Halloween" remake as a young Michael Myers, performing his own stunts. Faerch's performance as the murderous young Myers was met with positive reviews. KPBS said of the young actor: "Daeg Faerch is key in making these early scenes work. He delivers a truly chilling performance as a surprisingly sweet, soft and feminine looking ten-year-old Myers. His physical appearance contrasts with his brutal actions and it's only in his eyes that you perceive his true nature...Faerch’s Myers can be like a normal kid one minute and a monster the next." Although Faerch was initially signed on to reprise his role as young Michael Myers in the sequel, "Halloween II" (then known as "H2"), after filming briefly in Georgia as young Michael, he was later recast because he had grown taller. He was replaced by Chase Wright Vanek.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: Faerch has a comedic role as a character named Michel in Peter Berg's 2008 Will Smith film, "Hancock", where he plays a French American neighborhood boy who swears at Smith and is thrown into the sky by the titular superhero for insulting him, but falls back to earth unharmed with Hancock catching him.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: Faerch's other projects include the thriller "Sebastian" in the title role, which also features his mother; the Christmas comedy "Wreck the Halls" starring Mickey Rooney as Santa Claus; the short film "Suffer the Little Children", based on a story by Stephen King co-starring his mother. Faerch also performed in 2008 episodes of the TV show "Pushing Daisies", as a German schoolboy. He also recently co-starred as a homosexual young man named Jesse in the award-winning short film, "Mental". On April 14, 2012, Faerch's 2010/2011 film "Sebastian" premiered at the Independent Film Quarterly (IFQ) Film and Webisode Festival, its only screening, where it also won Best Sci-Fi Feature.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: A serious, near-fatal head injury and emergency surgery put Faerch's career on hold in 2012. In April 2013, Faerch and Kimberly J. Brown were attached to star in a science fiction thriller entitled "Out There...", to be directed by writer and Colorado native Bonné Bartron. It was to be filmed in Bartron's home state, and was originally to be funded through Kickstarter, but failed to meet its $200,000 goal. Bartron then posted an update on Kickstarter, stating that she was taking the project to Indiegogo with flexible funding. According to Bartron, the campaign would be launched "in the coming days." However, this never happened, but the film has a page on FilmBreak The current status of the film is unknown as of 2022.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: In August 2014, Faerch's mother announced on Facebook that he would be taking a break from rapping to film a role "in the coming month". The project was later revealed to be "Ditch Party" by the film's official Facebook page. The film was met with negative consensus. Filmthreat.com describes his role as "he's an invisible presence for most of the first two acts, much-discussed but rarely encountered. That turns out to be for the better, because when he does finally cross paths with the holed-up main characters, he has a tendency toward monologues that wouldn't pass muster for a third-rate "Walking Dead" villain."


title: Daeg Faerch

text: In 2015, Faerch's planned films were to include the Christian football/drug TV movie "Lost in Oxyland" as Dylan Jennings, the Daniel Baldwin Christian boxing drama "Devotion" as "Paul the Bartender", the drug thriller "The Glass Circle" as "The Weasel", a role in the Edward Furlong action-thriller "Karma", a role in the thriller "Amnesia", and the role of Devontae in the race-drama "Peterson Park". As of July 2021, none of these films have been made.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: In June 2015, writer-director Edward Burney Jr. launched an unsuccessful Kickstarter campaign for "Peterson Park", along with an official website.


title: Daeg Faerch

text: Faerch was named best minor character in Miami Herald's 2008 Movie Yearbook for his role in "Hancock".


title: Daeg Faerch

text: HorrorNews.net ranks Fearch in the all-time Top Ten Kids in Horror. Similarly, Fear Fragments.com ranks his Young Michael Myers as the No. 2 greatest "evil kid" performance in horror. 411Mania.com ranks Michael Myers as portrayed by Faerch and Tyler Mane as #5 on its list of the Top 8 Asylum Inmates.


title: AWTF-80 SC

text: The Aisin AW TF-8# SC series is a 6-speed automatic transmission designed for use in transverse engine applications and produced by Aisin Seiki. It is designed to handle a maximum of of torque. It is built in Anjō, Japan. It is also called the TF-80SC (AWF21, AF40-6, AM6, AW6A-EL) and TF-81SC (AF21).


title: AWTF-80 SC

text: The design team set out to create a 6-speed automatic transmission that fits in the same space as a manual gearbox. It measures in length and weighs . Its combined use of a conventional 5-pinion planetary gearset and a compound Ravigneaux gearset makes it incredibly light and compact. This combination is known as a Lepelletier arrangement. The shifting of gears is managed by a sophisticated computer program that oversees a clutch-to-clutch actuation. Gear changes are accomplished by one clutch engaging the instant the clutch from the previous gear disengages. The transmission control module (TCM) is located inside the transmission housing, instead of being located outside it. The advantage of this is to reduce external wiring as well as to provide a constant environment for TCM operation which encourages longevity. One aspect of the advanced nature of the electronics is at idle (along with required foot brake depression on e.g. Opel Astra), it automatically selects neutral gear to reduce internal temperatures and improve the fuel economy.


title: AWTF-80 SC

text: It is a sealed for life unit, using proprietary transmission fluid which is labelled as being maintenance free. However, for vehicles used primarily for towing, taxi or in mountainous environments transmission fluid change every 60,000 km is recommended. Transmissions made before year 2011 (generation 1) use JWS 3309 standard oil, while transmissions made from year 2011 (generation 2) use JWS 3324 standard oil. Saab versions of the transmission use AW-1 Mineral oil.


title: Anal fissure

text: An anal fissure is a break or tear in the skin of the anal canal. Anal fissures may be noticed by bright red anal bleeding on toilet paper and undergarments, or sometimes in the toilet. If acute they are painful after defecation, but with chronic fissures, pain intensity often reduces. Anal fissures usually extend from the anal opening and are usually located posteriorly in the midline, probably because of the relatively unsupported nature and poor perfusion of the anal wall in that location. Fissure depth may be superficial or sometimes down to the underlying sphincter muscle. Untreated fissures develop a hood-like skin tag (sentinel piles) which cover the fissure and cause discomfort and pain.


title: Anal fissure

text: Superficial or shallow anal fissures look much like a paper cut, and may be hard to detect upon visual inspection; they will generally self-heal within a couple of weeks. However, some anal fissures become chronic and deep and will not heal. The most common cause of non-healing is spasming of the internal anal sphincter muscle which results in impaired blood supply to the anal mucosa. The result is a non-healing ulcer, which may become infected by fecal bacteria.


title: Anal fissure

text: In adults, fissures may be caused by constipation, the passing of large, hard stools, or by prolonged diarrhea. In older adults, anal fissures may be caused by decreased blood flow to the area. When fissures are found laterally, tuberculosis, occult abscesses, leukemic infiltrates, carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or inflammatory bowel disease should be considered as causes. Some sexually transmitted infections can promote the breakdown of tissue resulting in a fissure. Examples of sexually transmitted infections that may affect the anorectal area are syphilis, herpes, chlamydia and human papilloma virus.


title: Anal fissure

text: Internal anal fissures in adults on anterior side, posterior side or within any part of the inner circumference of the anal sphincter muscle can be diagnosed with beak proctoscope 23mm diameter, Chelsea Eaton anal speculum 23mm diameter, Park anal retractor or by digital rectal examination with a finger inside the anal sphincter muscle. Narrow anal fissures might not be felt by finger during rectal examination due to the glove.


title: Anal fissure

text: Note that colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or normal proctoscopy is for diagnosing internal hemorrhoids and other internal rectal diseases and not for diagnosing anal fissures.


title: Anal fissure

text: In infants, frequent diaper change can prevent anal fissure. As constipation can be a cause, making sure the infant is drinking enough fluids (i.e. breastmilk, proper ratios when mixing formulas) is beneficial. In infants, once an anal fissure has occurred, addressing underlying causes is usually enough to ensure healing occurs.


title: Anal fissure

text: Non-surgical treatments are recommended initially for acute and chronic anal fissures. These include topical nitroglycerin or calcium channel blockers (e.g. diltiazem), or injection of botulinum toxin into the anal sphincter.


title: Anal fissure

text: Local application of medication to relax the sphincter muscle, thus allowing the healing to proceed, was first proposed in 1994 with nitroglycerine ointment,


title: Anal fissure

text: Branded preparations are now available of topical nitroglycerine ointment (Rectogesic (Rectiv) as 0.2% in Australia and 0.4% in UK and US), topical nifedipine 0.3% with lidocaine 1.5% ointment (Antrolin in Italy since April 2004) and diltiazem 2% (Anoheal in UK, although still in Phase III development). A common side effect drawback of nitroglycerine ointment is headache, caused by systemic absorption of the drug, which limits patient acceptability.


title: Anal fissure

text: A combined surgical and pharmacological treatment, administered by colorectal surgeons, is the direct injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) into the anal sphincter to relax it. This treatment was first investigated in 1993. However, in many cases involving Botox injections, the patients eventually had to choose another cure as the injections proved less and less potent, spending thousands of dollars in the meantime for a partial cure. Lateral sphincterotomy is the Gold Standard for curing this condition.


title: Anal fissure

text: Surgical procedures are generally reserved for people with anal fissure who have tried medical therapy for at least one to three months and have not healed. It is not the first option in treatment.


title: Anal fissure

text: The main concern with surgery is the development of anal incontinence. Anal incontinence can include the inability to control gas, mild fecal soiling, or loss of solid stool. Some degree of incontinence can occur in up to 45 percent of patients in the immediate surgical recovery period. However, incontinence is rarely permanent and is usually mild. The risk should be discussed with one's surgeon.


title: Anal fissure

text: Surgical treatment, under general anaesthesia, was either anal stretch (Lord's operation) or lateral sphincterotomy where the internal anal sphincter muscle is incised. Both operations aim to decrease sphincter spasming and thereby restore normal blood supply to the anal mucosa. Surgical operations involve a general or regional anaesthesia. Anal stretch is also associated with anal incontinence in a small proportion of cases and thus sphincterotomy is the operation of choice.


title: Anal fissure

text: Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) is the surgical procedure of choice for anal fissures due to its simplicity and its high success rate (~95%). In this procedure the internal anal sphincter is partially divided in order to reduce spasming and thus improve the blood supply to the perianal area. This improvement in the blood supply helps to heal the fissure, and the weakening of the sphincter is also believed to reduce the potential for recurrence. The procedure is generally performed as a day surgery after the patient is given general anesthesia. The pain from the sphincterotomy is usually mild and is often less than the pain of the fissure itself. Patients often return to normal activity within one week.


title: Anal fissure

text: LIS does, however, have a number of potential side effects including problems with incision site healing and incontinence to flatus and faeces (some surveys of surgical results suggest incontinence rates of up to 36%).


title: Anal fissure

text: Though lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) is considered safe on a short-term basis, there are concerns about its long-term safety. Pankaj Garg et al. published a systematic review and meta-analysis in which they analyzed the long-term continence disturbance two years after the LIS procedure. They found the incidence of long-term continence disturbance to be 14%, so caution and careful patient selection are needed before undergoing LIS.


title: Anal fissure

text: Anal dilation, or stretching of the anal canal (Lord's operation), has fallen out of favour in recent years, primarily due to the unacceptably high incidence of fecal incontinence. In addition, anal stretching can increase the rate of flatus incontinence. The incidence of incontinence is thought to be due to a lack of standardization and that proper technique results in little chance that it will occur.


title: Anal fissure

text: In the early 1990s, however, a repeatable method of anal dilation proved to be very effective and showed a very low incidence of side effects. Since then, at least one other controlled, randomized study has shown there to be little difference in healing rates and complications between controlled anal dilation and LIS, while another has again shown high success rates with anal dilation coupled with low incidence of side effects.


title: Anal fissure

text: Fissurectomy involves excision of the skin on and around the anal fissure and excision of the sentinel pile if one is present. The surgical wound can be left open. New skin tissue grows and it heals.


title: Anal fissure

text: The incidence of anal fissures is around 1 in 350 adults. They occur equally common in men and women and most often occur in adults aged 15 to 40.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Ekaterine Giorgis asuli Geladze (1856/1858 – 4 June 1937), commonly known as "Keke", was the mother of Joseph Stalin.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Born into a family of peasants outside of Gori, she married Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, and had three sons; only the youngest, Ioseb, lived. Besarion would leave the family, leaving Geladze to raise her son. Deeply religious, she wanted Ioseb to become a priest, working as a seamstress in Gori in order to pay for his education. Geladze remained in Gori when Ioseb moved to the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary, and stayed there until his rise to power in the Soviet Union as Joseph Stalin. In her older age Geladze lived in Tbilisi, the capital city of Georgia; while Stalin wrote to her, he visited rarely, with the last visit in 1935. She died in 1937, and was buried in the Mtatsminda Pantheon in Tbilisi.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Geladze was born to a family of Georgian Orthodox Christian serfs in Gambareuli near Gori in either 1856 or 1858. Her father, Giorgi (or Glakha) Geladze, was either a bricklayer or potter, and was a serf belonging to Prince Ivane Amilakhvari. He died around the time of Geladze's birth, though her mother Melania ensured that Geladze learned to read and write, which was unusual for women at the time. She had two brothers: Giorgi (Gio) and Sandala. Melania died while Geladze was young, leaving the children to be raised by Melania's brother, who moved them into Gori around 1864, when serfs were emancipated in the Caucasus (they had been freed in Russia in 1861).


title: Keke Geladze

text: As a teenager, Geladze was apparently quite "an attractive freckled girl with auburn hair." Geladze would later brag that among her friends she "became the desired and beautiful girl." She was sought out by Besarion Jughashvili, a local cobbler, and the two married in either 1872 or 1874, when she was likely 16. They had three children, all boys, though the first two, Mikheil (14–21 February 1875) and Giorgi (24 December 1876 – 19 June 1877), died aged two weeks and six months, respectively. Their third and final son, Ioseb, was born on 6 December 1878. Prior to the birth of Ioseb, Geladze became intensely religious, promising to make a pilgrimage to a church in Geri if the child survived, a promise she and Jughashvili upheld.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Initially Jughashvili's shop was quite successful, employing up to ten people as well as apprentices, and the family initially enjoyed a rather high standard of living; a former apprentice would later note that he frequently saw butter in their home, which was an expensive delicacy for most Georgians (however Kotkin wrote that the family lived more modestly, eating more traditional foods like lobio, lavash, and badrijani nigvzit). However Jughashvili's drinking, exacerbated by a Georgian custom that business paid in part with wine rather than money, had adverse effects on his business and home life. Isaac Deutscher felt that Jughashvili's inability to lift his status, "to be his own master," likely contributed to his drinking and frustrations. This idea is echoed by Robert Service, who noted that Jughashvili did not adapt to make European-style shoes that were popular at the time, and instead kept producing traditional Georgian styles, and suggests that the rumours about Geladze were also a major influence on his drinking. Frequently drunk, Jughashvili became violent and routinely would beat Geladze (who often hit back) and Iosef, and acted out in public, earning the nickname "Crazy Beso." Jughashvili's business suffered from his drinking, and he was eventually forced to give it up. The family also lost their home, and began staying with others for short periods, with nine different addresses over a ten-year period.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Jughashvili's drinking was likely exacerbated by rumours of Geladze flirting with married men in Gori: rumours linked her to several men, including Yakov Egnatashvili, who served as best man at the wedding and godfather to the first two children; Damian Davrishevi, a police officer; and Kristopore Charkviani, a priest. This also fed the idea that Ioseb was not the son of Jughashvili, but was instead fathered by one of the other men. However, there is no evidence to show either that Geladze was flirtatious, or even that the men came to her, and there has been no proof that Jughashvili was not Ioseb's father.


title: Keke Geladze

text: In 1884 Jughashvili left the family and moved to Tiflis, returning to his old job at the Adelkhanov factory. He sent some money to Keke, as well as offers to reconcile, but all efforts to do so failed. To support herself and her son, Geladze took on any menial job available; mainly housework, sewing and laundering, including in the homes of Davrichewy and Egnatashvili. Living in near-poverty, they moved frequently, living in nine homes over the next decade. In 1886 they were able to move into the top story of Charkviani's house; historian Stephen Kotkin has suggested that this was a calculated move on Geladze's part, as she lobbied Charkviani to help enroll Ioseb into the church school that year, as well as teach him Russian. Around this time Geladze started working at a couture shop, and would remain there until she left Gori.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Jughashvili was upset when he learned that Keke had enrolled Ioseb in school, instead hoping his son would follow his path and become a cobbler. This led to a major incident in January, 1890. Ioseb had been struck by a phaeton, severely injuring him. Jughashvili returned to Gori and brought his son to a Tiflis hospital, and after Ioseb healed he was apprenticed to the Adelkhanov factory. Keke was adamantly opposed to the idea, and used her connections with the church to bring Ioseb back to Gori, where he would continue his studies to become a priest. This marked the last real contact Jughasvhili had with his wife or son, as he cut off contact and financial support when Ioseb left Tiflis. Geladze cleaned the school to help pay the tuition, though Ioseb soon gained a stipend due to his academic performance, and upon graduating in 1894 wrote entrance exams for the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary, one of the top schools in the Caucasus at the time, and was admitted.


title: Keke Geladze

text: While Ioseb moved to Tiflis, Geladze remained in Gori. Expelled from the Seminary in 1899, Ioseb turned to revolutionary activity, eventually taking the name Joseph Stalin. He would visit Geladze in Gori one final time, in 1904 after escaping from exile in Siberia. She would not hear any further information about her son for more than 10 years, until his role in the Russian Revolution in 1917. In 1922 Geladze moved to Tiflis, at the insistence of the leadership of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, as they felt the mother of one of the leading Bolsheviks should be taken care of. She was given a room in the palace of the former Viceroy of the Caucasus; the Council of People's Commissars of Georgia also used the palace. She was cared for by Lavrentiy Beria, the leader of Georgia and a close ally of Stalin, and frequently visited by his wife Nino. Dressed in black, signifying she was widowed, Geladze was frequently seen in the Tbilisi markets, closely guarded by the secret police, which were under Beria's control.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Stalin rarely visited his mother after coming to power: in a 1930 interview with H.R. Knickerbocker of the "New York Evening Post" she was quoted as saying Stalin had only visited her in 1921 and 1926, and had visited Moscow once, though "didn't like it." They kept up via letter-writing, though that decreased after the suicide of Stalin's second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva in 1932; only eighteen letters from Stalin were archived, while one from Geladze remains. Stalin's children visited in 1935, though both Vasily and Svetlana did not understand Georgian and needed their half-brother Yakov to translate (Geladze never learned Russian).


title: Keke Geladze

text: Hearing that his mother was ill, Stalin visited her for the final time on 17 October 1935. According to an unpublished memoir of Geladze's doctor, the two had a short discussion about Stalin's position: "Mama, do you remember our tsar? Well, I'm something like the tsar," to which Geladze replied "You'd have done better to become a priest." From the same source, it is reported that Stalin asked, "Why did you dream so much of me becoming a priest?", with Geladze saying "I saw how little they worked and how well they lived. They were also greatly respected. So I thought that there was no better occupation for a man, and I would have been proud that I was a priest's mother. But I confess, even about that I was wrong." Three days after Stalin's visit Geladze was interviewed by "Pravda"; the article appeared in the 23 October edition of the newspaper, with a follow-up article in the 27 October edition, detailing Stalin's visit. Though he was indifferent to the first article's publication, Stalin was not pleased with a second one about his mother being published.


title: Keke Geladze

text: Geladze died on 4 June 1937. The medical report listed the cause of death as heart failure. Occupied with the Great Purge of Communist officials and the Red Army, in particular the arrest and interrogation of Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Stalin did not attend the funeral; Beria was sent in his stead, with a wreath that had the message "To a dear and beloved mother, from your son Iosif Jughashvili (Stalin)" written in Georgian and Russian. Stalin had her buried in the Mtatsminda Pantheon overlooking Tbilisi, a necropolis full of prominent Georgian figures. In the 21st century there was discussion about moving Geladze's body from Mtatsminda to her hometown of Gori, with the Deputy Mayor of Tbilisi stating in 2017 that "there is no place for Stalin’s mother in the Mtatsminda", but no action was taken, and Geladze's grave is one of the most popular spots for tourists in the Pantheon.


title: Riemann sphere

text: In mathematics, the Riemann sphere, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a model of the extended complex plane: the complex plane plus one point at infinity. This extended plane represents the extended complex numbers, that is, the complex numbers plus a value formula_1 for infinity. With the Riemann model, the point formula_1 is near to very large numbers, just as the point formula_3 is near to very small numbers.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The extended complex numbers are useful in complex analysis because they allow for division by zero in some circumstances, in a way that makes expressions such as formula_4 well-behaved. For example, any rational function on the complex plane can be extended to a holomorphic function on the Riemann sphere, with the poles of the rational function mapping to infinity. More generally, any meromorphic function can be thought of as a holomorphic function whose codomain is the Riemann sphere.


title: Riemann sphere

text: In geometry, the Riemann sphere is the prototypical example of a Riemann surface, and is one of the simplest complex manifolds. In projective geometry, the sphere can be thought of as the complex projective line formula_5, the projective space of all complex lines in formula_6. As with any compact Riemann surface, the sphere may also be viewed as a projective algebraic curve, making it a fundamental example in algebraic geometry. It also finds utility in other disciplines that depend on analysis and geometry, such as the Bloch sphere of quantum mechanics and in other branches of physics.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The extended complex numbers consist of the complex numbers formula_7 together with formula_1. The set of extended complex numbers may be written as formula_9, and is often denoted by adding some decoration to the letter formula_7, such as


title: Riemann sphere

text: The notation formula_12 has also seen use, but as this notation is also used for the punctured plane formula_13, it can lead to ambiguity.


title: Riemann sphere

text: Geometrically, the set of extended complex numbers is referred to as the Riemann sphere (or extended complex plane).


title: Riemann sphere

text: for all nonzero complex numbers formula_16, with formula_19. Note that formula_20 and formula_21 are left undefined. Unlike the complex numbers, the extended complex numbers do not form a field, since formula_1 does not have an additive nor multiplicative inverse. Nonetheless, it is customary to define division on formula_9 by


title: Riemann sphere

text: for all nonzero complex numbers formula_16 with formula_26 and formula_27. The quotients formula_28 and formula_29 are left undefined.


title: Riemann sphere

text: Any rational function formula_30 (in other words, formula_31 is the ratio of polynomial functions formula_32 and formula_33 of formula_16 with complex coefficients, such that formula_32 and formula_33 have no common factor) can be extended to a continuous function on the Riemann sphere. Specifically, if formula_37 is a complex number such that the denominator formula_38 is zero but the numerator formula_39 is nonzero, then formula_40 can be defined as formula_1. Moreover, formula_42 can be defined as the limit of formula_31 as formula_44, which may be finite or infinite.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The set of complex rational functions—whose mathematical symbol is formula_45—form all possible holomorphic functions from the Riemann sphere to itself, when it is viewed as a Riemann surface, except for the constant function taking the value formula_1 everywhere. The functions of formula_45 form an algebraic field, known as "the field of rational functions on the sphere".


title: Riemann sphere

text: we may define formula_49, since the denominator is zero at formula_50, and formula_51 since formula_52 as formula_44. Using these definitions, formula_54 becomes a continuous function from the Riemann sphere to itself.


title: Riemann sphere

text: As a one-dimensional complex manifold, the Riemann sphere can be described by two charts, both with domain equal to the complex number plane formula_7. Let formula_56 be a complex number in one copy of formula_57, and let formula_58 be a complex number in another copy of formula_59. Identify each nonzero complex number formula_56 of the first formula_57 with the nonzero complex number formula_62 of the second formula_59. Then the map


title: Riemann sphere

text: is called the transition map between the two copies of formula_59—the so-called charts—glueing them together. Since the transition maps are holomorphic, they define a complex manifold, called the Riemann sphere. As a complex manifold of 1 complex dimension (i.e. 2 real dimensions), this is also called a Riemann surface.


title: Riemann sphere

text: Intuitively, the transition maps indicate how to glue two planes together to form the Riemann sphere. The planes are glued in an "inside-out" manner, so that they overlap almost everywhere, with each plane contributing just one point (its origin) missing from the other plane. In other words, (almost) every point in the Riemann sphere has both a formula_56 value and a formula_67 value, and the two values are related by formula_68. The point where formula_69 should then have formula_56-value "formula_71"; in this sense, the origin of the formula_58-chart plays the role of formula_73 in the formula_56-chart. Symmetrically, the origin of the formula_56-chart plays the role of formula_73 in the formula_58-chart.


title: Riemann sphere

text: Topologically, the resulting space is the one-point compactification of a plane into the sphere. However, the Riemann sphere is not merely a topological sphere. It is a sphere with a well-defined complex structure, so that around every point on the sphere there is a neighborhood that can be biholomorphically identified with formula_7.


title: Riemann sphere

text: On the other hand, the uniformization theorem, a central result in the classification of Riemann surfaces, states that every simply-connected Riemann surface is biholomorphic to the complex plane, the hyperbolic plane, or the Riemann sphere. Of these, the Riemann sphere is the only one that is a closed surface (a compact surface without boundary). Hence the two-dimensional sphere admits a unique complex structure turning it into a one-dimensional complex manifold.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The Riemann sphere can also be defined as the complex projective line. The points of the complex projective line are equivalence classes established by the following relation on points from formula_79: If for some formula_80, formula_81 and formula_82, then formula_83.


title: Riemann sphere

text: In this case, the equivalence class is written formula_84 using projective coordinates. Given any point formula_84 in the complex projective line, one of formula_86 and formula_87 must be non-zero, say formula_88. Then by the equivalence relation, formula_89, which is in a chart for the Riemann sphere manifold.


title: Riemann sphere

text: This treatment of the Riemann sphere connects most readily to projective geometry. For example, any line (or smooth conic) in the complex projective plane is biholomorphic to the complex projective line. It is also convenient for studying the sphere's automorphisms, later in this article.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The Riemann sphere can be visualized as the unit sphere formula_90 in the three-dimensional real space formula_91. To this end, consider the stereographic projection from the unit sphere minus the point formula_92 onto the plane formula_93, which we identify with the complex plane by formula_94. In Cartesian coordinates formula_95 and spherical coordinates formula_96 on the sphere (with formula_97 the zenith and formula_98 the azimuth), the projection is


title: Riemann sphere

text: Similarly, stereographic projection from formula_100 onto the plane formula_93, identified with another copy of the complex plane by formula_102, is written


title: Riemann sphere

text: In order to cover the unit sphere, one needs the two stereographic projections: the first will cover the whole sphere except the point formula_92 and the second except the point formula_105. Hence, one needs two complex planes, one for each projection, which can be intuitively seen as glued back-to-back at formula_93. Note that the two complex planes are identified differently with the plane formula_93. An orientation-reversal is necessary to maintain consistent orientation on the sphere, and in particular complex conjugation causes the transition maps to be holomorphic.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The transition maps between formula_56-coordinates and formula_58-coordinates are obtained by composing one projection with the inverse of the other. They turn out to be formula_110 and formula_111, as described above. Thus the unit sphere is diffeomorphic to the Riemann sphere.


title: Riemann sphere

text: Under this diffeomorphism, the unit circle in the formula_56-chart, the unit circle in the formula_58-chart, and the equator of the unit sphere are all identified. The unit disk formula_114 is identified with the southern hemisphere formula_115, while the unit disk formula_116 is identified with the northern hemisphere formula_117.


title: Riemann sphere

text: A Riemann surface does not come equipped with any particular Riemannian metric. The Riemann surface's conformal structure does, however, determine a class of metrics: all those whose subordinate conformal structure is the given one. In more detail: The complex structure of the Riemann surface does uniquely determine a metric up to conformal equivalence. (Two metrics are said to be conformally equivalent if they differ by multiplication by a positive smooth function.) Conversely, any metric on an oriented surface uniquely determines a complex structure, which depends on the metric only up to conformal equivalence. Complex structures on an oriented surface are therefore in one-to-one correspondence with conformal classes of metrics on that surface.


title: Riemann sphere

text: Within a given conformal class, one can use conformal symmetry to find a representative metric with convenient properties. In particular, there is always a complete metric with constant curvature in any given conformal class.


title: Riemann sphere

text: In the case of the Riemann sphere, the Gauss–Bonnet theorem implies that a constant-curvature metric must have positive curvature formula_118. It follows that the metric must be isometric to the sphere of radius formula_119 in formula_120 via stereographic projection. In the formula_121-chart on the Riemann sphere, the metric with formula_122 is given by


title: Riemann sphere

text: Up to a constant factor, this metric agrees with the standard Fubini–Study metric on complex projective space (of which the Riemann sphere is an example).


title: Riemann sphere

text: Up to scaling, this is the "only" metric on the sphere whose group of orientation-preserving isometries is 3-dimensional (and none is more than 3-dimensional); that group is called formula_126. In this sense, this is by far the most symmetric metric on the sphere. (The group of all isometries, known as formula_127, is also 3-dimensional, but unlike formula_126 is not a connected space.)


title: Riemann sphere

text: Conversely, let formula_129 denote the sphere (as an abstract smooth or topological manifold). By the uniformization theorem there exists a unique complex structure on formula_129 up to conformal equivalence. It follows that any metric on formula_129 is conformally equivalent to the round metric. All such metrics determine the same conformal geometry. The round metric is therefore not intrinsic to the Riemann sphere, since "roundness" is not an invariant of conformal geometry. The Riemann sphere is only a conformal manifold, not a Riemannian manifold. However, if one needs to do Riemannian geometry on the Riemann sphere, the round metric is a natural choice (with any fixed radius, though radius formula_132 is the simplest and most common choice). That is because only a round metric on the Riemann sphere has its isometry group be a 3-dimensional group. (Namely, the group known as formula_133, a continuous ("Lie") group that is topologically the 3-dimensional projective space formula_134.)


title: Riemann sphere

text: The study of any mathematical object is aided by an understanding of its group of automorphisms, meaning the maps from the object to itself that preserve the essential structure of the object. In the case of the Riemann sphere, an automorphism is an invertible conformal map (i.e. biholomorphic map) from the Riemann sphere to itself. It turns out that the only such maps are the Möbius transformations. These are functions of the form


title: Riemann sphere

text: where formula_136, formula_137, formula_138, and formula_139 are complex numbers such that formula_140. Examples of Möbius transformations include dilations, rotations, translations, and complex inversion. In fact, any Möbius transformation can be written as a composition of these.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The Möbius transformations are homographies on the complex projective line. In projective coordinates, the transformation "f" can be written


title: Riemann sphere

text: Thus the Möbius transformations can be described as two-by-two complex matrices with nonzero determinant. Since they act on projective coordinates, two matrices yield the same Möbius transformation if and only if they differ by a nonzero factor. The group of Möbius transformations is the projective linear group formula_142.


title: Riemann sphere

text: If one endows the Riemann sphere with the Fubini–Study metric, then not all Möbius transformations are isometries; for example, the dilations and translations are not. The isometries form a proper subgroup of formula_142, namely formula_144. This subgroup is isomorphic to the rotation group formula_145, which is the group of symmetries of the unit sphere in formula_146 (which, when restricted to the sphere, become the isometries of the sphere).


title: Riemann sphere

text: In complex analysis, a meromorphic function on the complex plane (or on any Riemann surface, for that matter) is a ratio formula_147 of two holomorphic functions formula_148 and formula_149. As a map to the complex numbers, it is undefined wherever formula_149 is zero. However, it induces a holomorphic map formula_151 to the complex projective line that is well-defined even where formula_152. This construction is helpful in the study of holomorphic and meromorphic functions. For example, on a compact Riemann surface there are no non-constant holomorphic maps to the complex numbers, but holomorphic maps to the complex projective line are abundant.


title: Riemann sphere

text: The Riemann sphere has many uses in physics. In quantum mechanics, points on the complex projective line are natural values for photon polarization states, spin states of massive particles of spin formula_153, and 2-state particles in general (see also Quantum bit and Bloch sphere). The Riemann sphere has been suggested as a relativistic model for the celestial sphere. In string theory, the worldsheets of strings are Riemann surfaces, and the Riemann sphere, being the simplest Riemann surface, plays a significant role. It is also important in twistor theory.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: A.R.G.U.S. is a government organization in DC Comics. A.R.G.U.S. first appeared in "Justice League" vol. 2 #7 and was created by Geoff Johns and Gene Ha.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: Headed by Amanda Waller, A.R.G.U.S. is typically depicted as a parent organization for the previously established Checkmate and Suicide Squad organizations. Since its debut, A.R.G.U.S has been adapted into numerous television projects within the Arrowverse, the DC Extended Universe (both film and television), as well as numerous animated projects.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: Originally standing for Armed Revolutionaries Governing Under Secrecy, it became the Anonymous Ranger Group of the United States, then Advanced Research Group Uniting Super-Humans. Within the various television series set in the Arrowverse, as well as multiple animated, video game, and live-action projects, the acronym stands for Advanced Research Group United Support.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: A.R.G.U.S. is a United States federal agency operating under the jurisdiction of Homeland Security. It is under the command of Col. Steve Trevor and Director Amanda Waller.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: It is introduced in "The New 52" (a reboot of DC Comics continuity) following Darkseid's invasion. A.R.G.U.S. acts as support and liaison to the Justice League, supplying them with resources and cleaning up afterwards. Trevor was asked to stand down as head liaison after their battle with Graves, having gotten too close to Wonder Woman.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: During the "Trinity War" storyline, A.R.G.U.S. later directly establishes the counterpart group to the Justice League in the form of the Justice League of America, of which Trevor is himself a member. Dr. Arthur Light is called in by A.R.G.U.S. to examine the Secret Society's communication coin. While doing so, it is manipulated from the other side causing Light to be enveloped in a white light, giving him powers. After seemingly losing control of his powers, Superman surrenders himself to A.R.G.U.S. At A.R.G.U.S. headquarters, the Question enters Superman's cell and releases him.


title: A.R.G.U.S.

text: During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Steve Trevor awakes at the remains of the A.R.G.U.S. headquarters in Washington, D.C and learns from Etta Candy that the headquarters' destruction was caused by a massive spike in energy around Doctor Light's body and that A.R.G.U.S. and its agents have been completely exposed. After seeing the Crime Syndicate of America's broadcast, Trevor learns that the President of the United States is in danger as the President has a backup key that would assist in A.R.G.U.S. gaining their assets back. After rescuing the President from Deathstroke, Copperhead, and Shadow Thief, Trevor uses the President's key to open A.R.G.U.S.' Green Room to keep the President and Candy safe. Then he heads to the Wonder Room which he has filled with mementos of his past relationship with Wonder Woman in order to use the Delphi Mirror to strike a deal with the Moirai. While in the Green Room, Candy begins investigating about the founding of A.R.G.U.S. Martin Stein takes Trevor and Killer Frost to his secret off the grid basement where he uses his teleportation devices to transport them to A.R.G.U.S.' Detroit station known as "The Circus". Inside, they encounter fellow A.R.G.U.S. agents, who allow Trevor to talk to one of their prisoners named Psi in hopes of seeing if she could psychologically disrupt the Firestorm matrix to free the Justice League. In the Green Room, the President and "Mr. Green" discuss a promotion with Candy. "Mr. Green" later reveals the history of A.R.G.U.S. "Mr. Green" reveals himself to be a member of the Crimson Men who are looking to reshape A.R.G.U.S. through Trevor and Candy.


title: O visa

text: An O visa is a classification of non-immigrant temporary worker visa granted by the United States to an alien "who possesses extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics, or who has a demonstrated record of extraordinary achievement in the motion picture or television industry and has been recognized nationally or internationally for those achievements", and to certain assistants and immediate family members of such aliens.


title: O visa

text: An O-1 visa is initially granted for up to three years. Subsequently, it can be extended for one year at a time. There is no limit to the number of extensions that may be granted. The term "O-1" refers to (O)(i), added by section 207(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990, which provides for the admission of "aliens of extraordinary ability" in the stated fields. Spouses and dependent children of O-1 visa holders do not receive the status, but instead qualify for O-3 visas.


title: O visa

text: The O-1 visa application must be submitted along with a petition submitted by a US Petitioner. This includes information regarding the petitioner and evidence documenting the alien's extraordinary ability, details of the proposed work in the U.S. in the form of an itinerary, supporting contracts that collate with the itinerary, and evidence of past work that confirms alien's extraordinary status is true and valid. It also must include an advisory letter from a US established person in the alien's appropriate industry field. This person is generally required to possess more than ten years in said field and is well known and respected among peers. The petition is to be approved for the duration of the event in which the alien will participate, for a maximum of three years. One-year extensions are permitted thereafter with no maximum cumulative duration.


title: O visa

text: To prove the alien's extraordinary ability, documentation must be adequate to support extraordinary ability as demonstrated by sustained national or international acclaim; substantial documentation in at least 3 of the acceptable evidence categories defined by statute; a written advisory opinion from a peer group; the employer petition on behalf of the employee; and an offer of employment.


title: O visa

text: Generally, to qualify for O-1A classification, aliens of extraordinary ability in the sciences, education, business, or athletics must demonstrate sustained national or international acclaim and recognition for achievements in the field of expertise by providing evidence of:


title: O visa

text: Receipt of a major, internationally recognized award, such as the Nobel Prize; or at least three of the following forms of documentation:


title: O visa

text: To qualify for an O-1A visa, an applicant must provide documents proving extraordinary ability. Examples of proof of extraordinary ability include nationally or internationally recognized prizes or awards for excellence, membership in associations requiring outstanding achievements, and articles written by or about the applicant. To supplement these materials, employer may submit letters signed by experts in the applicant's field attesting to the applicant's extraordinary ability in that field.


title: O visa

text: To qualify for O-1B classification, the applicant will need to supply documents showing that he or she has been nominated for or have received significant national or international awards or prizes in the particular field, such as an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, or Tony Award. Alternately, the employer filing the petition can submit at least three of the following forms of documentation:


title: O visa

text: For extraordinary ability in motion picture or television, the definition of "extraordinary" is different. For these individuals, "extraordinary achievement" is defined as "a very high level of accomplishment in the motion picture or television industry evidenced by a degree of skill and recognition substantially above that ordinarily encountered to the extent that the person is recognized as outstanding, leading, or well-known in the motion picture or television field."


title: O visa

text: Before an O-1 visa can be granted, the applicant must go through a special consultation process. The applicant must get an "advisory opinion" from a peer group, a group of professionals in the alien's occupation or profession, or from a union, labor, or management organization. An "advisory opinion" is a letter from an organization stating that the position the alien applicant will hold requires extraordinary ability.


title: O visa

text: The peer group must provide a written opinion to the USCIS. If the application does not include a peer group opinion, the USCIS will attempt to contact a peer group directly. If no peer group exists, the USCIS will make a decision without a peer group consultation.


title: O visa

text: The USCIS will not require a new consultation if the alien beneficiary is reentering the U.S. in the O-1 category within two years of a previous peer group consultation. Unlike the EB1-Extraordinary Ability category, the O-1 category requires employment and sponsorship by the employer.


title: O visa

text: Consultation with an appropriate peer group, labor and/or management organization regarding the nature of the proposed work and the beneficiary's qualifications is mandatory before an O-1 petition can be approved. This requirement may be especially important in the arts, entertainment fields, or athletics.


title: O visa

text: An O-1 artist can be sponsored by a U.S. employer, U.S. agent, or a foreign employer through a U.S. agent. Although the artist cannot petition for him/herself for O-1 status, the regulations recognize that O-1 cases can involve workers who are traditionally self-employed.


title: O visa

text: In the table below, the years are Fiscal Years, so for instance the year 2009 refers to the period from October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009. Note that this only counts O visas issued at embassies and consulates outside the United States, and not transitions to O status within the United States via Form I-129. Also, since a single person may need to renew his or her O visa, it is not an estimate of the number of people currently in the status.


title: Melissa Ponzio

text: Melissa Ponzio is an American actress, best known for her roles as Melissa McCall on "Teen Wolf" and Karen on "The Walking Dead". Most recently, Ponzio has starred in "Chicago Fire" as Donna Robbins.


title: Melissa Ponzio

text: As of the late 1990s, Ponzio began appearing in supporting guest roles on television series, including "Dawson's Creek", "One Tree Hill", "Surface", "Drop Dead Diva", "", "The Gates", "NCIS", "The Following" and "Banshee". She also appeared in films "The Greenskeeper" (2002), "" (2009), "Life as We Know It" (2010) and "Upside" (2010).


title: Melissa Ponzio

text: Ponzio is known for her recurring roles as Angie on the Lifetime Television drama series "Army Wives" (2007–2009), and as Melissa McCall in the MTV teen drama "Teen Wolf" (2011–2017). In 2013, she had a recurring role as Karen in the AMC drama series "The Walking Dead".


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: Samsung Galaxy A71 is an Android smartphone designed, developed, marketed, and manufactured by Samsung Electronics as part of its sixth-generation Galaxy A series.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: The A71 line consists of SM-A715F/DS, SM-A715F/DSN and SM-A715F/DSM. Key upgrades over the previous model, the Samsung Galaxy A70, include the Android 10 operating system, the Qualcomm Snapdragon 730 chipset, and the camera system. It was announced in December 2019 and released in January 2020.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: The phone has a Super AMOLED Plus FHD+ 6.7" display, a 64 MP wide, 12 MP ultrawide, 5 MP depth, and 5 MP macro camera, a 4500 mAh battery, and an under display optical fingerprint scanner.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: A standard 5G variant of the phone was introduced in April 2020, as well as a 5G UW variant in July 2020.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: The Galaxy A71 has a 6.7 " Super AMOLED Plus Infinity O display with an FHD+ 1080x2400 resolution with a 20:9 aspect ratio and a ~393 ppi density with Corning Gorilla Glass 3. The phone itself measures x x and weighs whereas the 5G variant measures 162.5 mm (6.40 in) x 75.5 mm (2.97 in) x 8.1 mm (0.32 in) and weighs 185 g (6.5 oz). The phone is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 730 (8 nm) octa-core (2x2.2 GHz Kryo 470 Gold & 6x1.8 GHz Kryo 470 Silver) chip and an Adreno 618 GPU. The 5G variant is powered by an Exynos 980 (8 nm) octa-core (2x2.2 GHz Cortex-A77 & 6x1.8 GHz Cortex-A55) alongside a Mali-G76 MP5 GPU, and the 5G UW variant is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 765G (7 nm) octa-core (1x2.4 GHz Kryo 475 Prime & 1x2.2 GHz Kryo 475 Gold & 6x1.8 GHz Kryo 475 Silver) and an Adreno 620 GPU. The phone comes with either 6GB or 8GB RAM as well as 128GB internal storage, which can be expanded via a microSD card of up to 512GB. It comes with a non-removable 4500mAh lithium polymer battery which charges with a 25W Super Fast Charger. It also has an in-display optical fingerprint sensor.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: The Samsung Galaxy A71 has a four-camera setup arranged in an "L" shape located in the corner with a rectangular protrusion similar to that of the iPhone 11 and the Pixel 4. The array consists of a 64 MP wide angle camera, a 12 MP ultrawide camera, a 5 MP macro camera, and a 5 MP depth sensor. It also has a single 32 MP front facing camera, which sits in a small punch hole on the front of the screen. The rear facing cameras can record video up to 4K in 30 fps, as well as 1080p in 30, 240, and 960 fps. The front cameras can shoot 1080p at 30 fps. The rear cameras also have Super Steady OIS.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: The Galaxy A71 comes with Android 10 and One UI 2. The phone also has Samsung Knox for added system security. Currently, it has been updated to Android 12 with One UI 4.1


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: On 18 August 2020, it was announced by Samsung that select Galaxy devices would be supported for three generations of Android software updates, of which the A71 was included.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: On 2 December 2020, the Galaxy A71 was announced to be eligible for the Android 11 upgrade with One UI 3.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: Owing to the A71 being listed for three generations of Android software updates, it's highly likely that the A71 will receive two more major Android upgrades after receiving Android 11.


title: Samsung Galaxy A71

text: The Samsung Galaxy A71 was announced and released in December of 2019 along with the Galaxy A51. Samsung later announced a 5G variant in April 2020 featuring an Exynos 980 SoC. A 5G ultra-wideband version with mmWave support is exclusive to Verizon.


title: XNU

text: XNU is the computer operating system (OS) kernel developed at Apple Inc. since December 1996 for use in the Mac OS X (now macOS) operating system and released as free and open-source software as part of the Darwin OS, which in addition to macOS is also the basis for the Apple TV Software, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS OSes. "XNU" is an abbreviation of "X is Not Unix".


title: XNU

text: Originally developed by NeXT for the NeXTSTEP operating system, XNU was a hybrid kernel derived from version 2.5 of the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University, which incorporated the bulk of the 4.3BSD kernel modified to run atop Mach primitives, along with an application programming interface (API) in Objective-C for writing drivers named Driver Kit.


title: XNU

text: After Apple acquired NeXT, the kernel was updated with code derived from OSFMK 7.3 from OSF, and the FreeBSD project, and the Driver Kit was replaced with a C++ API for writing drivers named I/O Kit.


title: XNU

text: XNU is a hybrid kernel, containing features of both monolithic kernels and microkernels, attempting to make the best use of both technologies, such as the message passing ability of microkernels enabling greater modularity and larger portions of the OS to benefit from memory protection, and retaining the speed of monolithic kernels for some critical tasks.


title: XNU

text: , XNU runs on ARM64 and x86-64 processors, both one processor and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) models. PowerPC support was removed as of the version in Mac OS X 10.6. Support for IA-32 was removed as of the version in Mac OS X 10.7; support for 32-bit ARM was removed as of the version in .


title: XNU

text: The basis of the XNU kernel is a heavily modified (hybrid) Open Software Foundation Mach kernel (OSFMK) 7.3. As such, it is able to run the core of an operating system as separated processes, which allows a great flexibility (it could run several operating systems in parallel above the Mach core), but this often reduces performance because of time-consuming kernel/user mode context switches and overhead stemming from mapping or copying messages between the address spaces of the kernel and that of the service daemons. With macOS, the designers have attempted to streamline some tasks and thus BSD functions were built into the core with Mach. The result is a heavily modified (hybrid) OSFMK 7.3 kernel, Apple licensed OSFMK 7.3, which is a microkernel, from the OSF. OSFMK 7.3 includes applicable code from the University of Utah Mach 4 kernel and from the many Mach 3.0 variants forked from the original Carnegie Mellon University Mach 3.0 microkernel.


title: XNU

text: The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) part of the kernel provides the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) application programming interface (API, BSD system calls), the Unix process model atop Mach tasks, basic security policies, user and group ids, permissions, the network protocol stack (protocols), the virtual file system code (including a file system independent journaling layer), several local file systems such as Hierarchical File System (HFS, HFS Plus (HFS+)) and Apple File System (APFS), the Network File System (NFS) client and server, cryptographic framework, UNIX System V inter-process communication (IPC), audit subsystem, mandatory access control, and some of the locking primitives. The BSD code present in XNU has been most recently synchronised with that from the FreeBSD kernel. Although much of it has been significantly modified, code sharing still occurs between Apple and the FreeBSD Project .


title: XNU

text: XNU in Mac OS X Snow Leopard, v10.6, (Darwin version 10) comes in two varieties, a 32-bit version called "K32" and a 64-bit version called "K64". K32 can run 64-bit applications in userland. What was new in Mac OS X 10.6 was the ability to run XNU in 64-bit kernel space. K32 was the default kernel for 10.6 "Server" when used on all machines except Mac Pro and Xserve models from 2008 onwards and can run 64-bit applications. K64 has several benefits compared to K32:


title: XNU

text: Booting while holding down "6" and "4" forces the machine to boot K64 on machines supporting 64-bit kernels. K64 will run 32-bit applications but it will not run 32-bit kernel extensions (KEXTs), so these must be ported to K64 to be able to load.


title: XNU

text: I/O Kit is the device driver framework, written in a subset of C++ based on Embedded C++. Using its object-oriented design, features common to any class of driver are provided within the framework, helping device drivers be written in less time and code. The I/O Kit is multi-threaded, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)-safe, and allows for hot-pluggable devices and automatic, dynamic device configuration.


title: XNU

text: Many drivers can be written to run from user space, which further enhances the stability of the system. If a user-space driver crashes, it will not crash the kernel. However, if a kernel-space driver crashes it will crash the kernel. Examples of kernel-space drivers include disk adapter and network adapter drivers, graphics drivers, drivers for Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire host controllers, and drivers for virtual machine software such as VirtualBox, Parallels Desktop for Mac, and VMware Fusion.


title: Louis the German

text: Louis the German (c. 806/810 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II of Germany and Louis II of East Francia, was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843 to 876 AD. Grandson of emperor Charlemagne and the third son of Louis the Pious, emperor of Francia, and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, he received the appellation "Germanicus" shortly after his death when East Francia became known as the kingdom of Germany.


title: Louis the German

text: After protracted clashes with his father and his brothers, Louis received the East Frankish kingdom in the Treaty of Verdun (843). His attempts to conquer his half-brother Charles the Bald's West Frankish kingdom in 858–59 were unsuccessful. The 860s were marked by a severe crisis, with the East Frankish rebellions of the sons, as well as struggles to maintain supremacy over his realm. In the Treaty of Meerssen he acquired Lotharingia for the East Frankish kingdom in 870. On the other hand, he tried and failed to claim both the title of Emperor and Italy. In the East, Louis was able to reach a longer-term peace agreement in 874 after decades of conflict with the Moravians. His rule shows a marked decline in creation of written administration and government documents, a trend that would continue into Ottonian times.


title: Louis the German

text: His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis the Pious divided his dominions between his sons in 817, Louis was made the ruler of the Duchy of Bavaria, following the practice of emperor Charlemagne of bestowing a local kingdom to a close family member who then would serve as his lieutenant and local governor. Louis ruled from Regensburg, the old capital of the Bavarii. In 825 he became involved in wars with the Wends and Sorbs on his eastern frontier. In 827 he married Hemma, sister of his stepmother Judith of Bavaria, both daughters of Welf, whose possessions ranged from Alsace to Bavaria.


title: Louis the German

text: It was not until 826 that Louis first came to rule Bavaria. In 828 and 829 he undertook two campaigns against the Bulgarians who wanted to penetrate into Pannonia without great success. During his time as Unterkönig, he tried to extend his rule to the Rhine-Main area.


title: Louis the German

text: His involvement in the first civil war against his father's reign was limited, but in the second his elder brothers, Lothair I, then King of Italy, and Pepin I, Duke of Aquitaine, persuaded him to invade Alamannia which their father had given to their young half-brother Charles the Bald, by promising to give him the land in the new partition they would make after a victory. In 832 he led an army of Slavs into Alamannia, but was driven back by his father. Louis the Pious disinherited him, but to no effect; the emperor was soon captured by his own rebellious sons and deposed. Upon his swift reinstatement, however, the emperor Louis made peace with his son Louis and legally restored Bavaria (never actually lost) to him in 836.


title: Louis the German

text: Louis was the instigator of the third civil war, which began in 839. A strip of his land having been given to the young half-brother Charles, Louis invaded Alamannia again. This time emperor Louis responded quickly, and soon the younger Louis was forced into the far southeastern corner of his realm, the March of Pannonia. Peace was then made by force of arms.


title: Louis the German

text: When the emperor Louis died in 840, and Lothair I claimed the whole Empire, Louis allied with Charles the Bald, and defeated Lothair I and their nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine, son of Pepin I of Aquitaine, at the Battle of Fontenoy in June 841. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. According to the Annals of Fulda, it was the biggest bloodbath the Franks had experienced since time immemorial. At the same time, it was Louis's last battle in the struggle for the unification of the kingdom.


title: Louis the German

text: In June 842 the three brothers met on an island in the river Saône to negotiate a peace and each appointed forty representatives to arrange the boundaries of their respective kingdoms. This developed into the Treaty of Verdun, concluded by 10 August 843, by which Louis received the bulk of the lands lying east of the Rhine (East Francia), together with a district around Speyer, Worms, and Mainz, on the left bank of the river (see also Oaths of Strasbourg 842). His territories included Bavaria (where he made Regensburg the centre of his government), Thuringia, Franconia, and Saxony.


title: Louis the German

text: Louis may be called the founder of the German kingdom, though his attempts to maintain the unity of the Empire proved futile. Having in 842 crushed the "Stellinga" rising in Saxony, in 844 he compelled the Obotrites to accept his authority and put their prince, Gozzmovil, to death. Thachulf, Duke of Thuringia, then undertook campaigns against the Bohemians, Moravians, and other tribes, but was not very successful in resisting the ravaging Vikings.


title: Louis the German

text: In 852 Louis sent his son Louis the Younger to Aquitaine, where nobles had grown resentful of Charles the Bald's rule. The younger Louis did not set out until 854, and returned the following year.


title: Louis the German

text: Starting from 853 Louis made repeated attempts to gain the throne of West Francia, which, according to the "Annals of Fulda" ("Annales Fuldenses"), the people of that country offered him in their disgust with the cruel misrule of Charles the Bald. Encouraged by his nephews Peppin II and Charles of Provence, Louis invaded in West Francia in 858. Charles the Bald could not even raise an army to resist the invasion and fled to Burgundy. Later that year Louis issued a charter dated "the first year of the reign in West Francia." However, treachery and desertion in his army, and the continued loyalty of the Aquitanian bishops to Charles the Bald, brought about the failure of the whole enterprise. As such on 7 June 860 at Koblenz, both Louis and Charles made public vows to uphold the peace.


title: Louis the German

text: After the emperor Lothair I died in 855, Louis and Charles for a time cooperated in plans to divide Lothair's possessions between themselves, the only impediments to this being Lothair's sons and heirs—Lothair II (who received Lotharingia), Louis II of Italy (who held the imperial title and the Iron Crown of Lombardy) and Charles of Provence. In 868 at Metz Louis and Charles agreed to partition Lotharingia. When Lothair II died in 869, Louis was lying seriously ill, and his armies were engaged in a war with the Moravians. Charles the Bald quickly seized Lothair's lands, but Louis, having recovered, compelled him by threat of war to agree to the Treaty of Meerssen, which divided Lothair's lands among all the claimants.


title: Louis the German

text: The later years of Louis the German were troubled by rebellions of his sons. The eldest, Carloman of Bavaria, revolted in 861 and again two years later. This was followed by the second son Louis the Younger, who was joined by his brother Charles the Fat. In 864 Louis was forced to grant Carloman the kingdom of Bavaria, which he himself had once held under his father. In 865 he divided the remainder of his lands—Saxony with Franconia and Thuringia went to Louis the Younger and Swabia with Raetia to Charles the Fat.


title: Louis the German

text: In May 868, Louis convoked a synod at Worms to deal with the aftermath of the Photian schism and to get the church's support against Moravia.


title: Louis the German

text: A report that the Emperor Louis II had died in Italy led to a peace between father and sons and attempts by Louis the German to gain the imperial crown for his oldest son Carloman. These efforts were thwarted by Louis II, who was in fact not dead, and Louis' old adversary, Charles the Bald.


title: Louis the German

text: In the years 872 and 873, ambassadors of the Eastern Roman Emperor Basil I came to Louis in Regensburg and showed that his rule was perceived as far as Constantinople. After the death of Emperor Louis II in August 875, Louis tried to win the emperorship for himself and his descendants. For this purpose, Abbot Sigihard von Fulda undertook a trip to Rome to Pope John VIII. On 18 May 876 he returned to Ingelheim and reported to Louis that, in December 875, Charles the Bald had been able to obtain the title of emperor by a swift move to Rome.


title: Louis the German

text: His wife Hemma visited Louis for the last time in May 875. In 874 she had lost her voice as a result of a stroke. During his stay, he donated the Berg im Donaugau Abbey to the Marienkapelle, which he built. Hemma died at the end of January 876 in Regensburg. Louis then died after a short illness on 28 August 876 in his palace in Frankfurt. The following day he was buried by his son Louis in Lorsch Abbey. However, according to Wilfried Hartmann, it cannot be determined with certainty whether the dead man in his sarcophagus is the Carolingian king. After Louis' death, Charles the Bald tried to win over the Eastern kingdom as well. However, Louis the Younger defeated him on 8 October 876 at Andernach with a squad of Franks, Saxons and Thuringians. One year later, Charles the Bald died as well.


title: Louis the German

text: As there exist only 172 royal documents from 50 years of reign, it is impossible to create a detailed picture of Louis' whereabouts in the East Frankish kingdom. By comparison, Louis the Pious had 18 certificates created per year, and his half-brother Charles the Bald had 12 produced annually. This pattern of not producing many documents lasts for several months at certain times. For example, it is completely uncertain where the East Frankish king stayed between June 849 and July 850. At least 52 documents are addressed to Bavarian beneficiaries. However, the intensity of the documentary production for Bavarian recipients steadily decreased during his reign.


title: Louis the German

text: As former stem duchy, the Rhine-Main area contained Frankfurt, Mainz and Worms, and had plenty of Imperial Palaces and treasuries. Since it was located in the geographic centre of the East Frankish kingdom, it was easily accessible by road. As a result, it was the region in which most East Frankish synods and imperial assemblies were hosted.


title: Louis the German

text: Louis was only nicknamed "the German" in the 18th century. Contemporary West Frankish sources called Louis "rex Germaniae" ("King of Germania") or "rex Germanorum" ("King of the Teutons"). However, in this context, Germania or Germani does not mean "Germany" or "the Germans", but, as in ancient Latin, the area on the right bank of the Rhine outside the former Roman Empire and its inhabitants. Contemporaries gave Louis the epithet pius (pious) or piissimus (very pious). The contemporary coinage called him HLUDOVICUS PIUS REX.


title: Office Open XML

text: Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML) is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions as ISO/IEC 29500.


title: Office Open XML

text: Microsoft Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA-376, full support for ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional, and read support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict. Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict, but don't use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns.


title: Office Open XML

text: In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed. The Excel and Word formats—known as the Microsoft Office XML formats—were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office.


title: Office Open XML

text: Microsoft announced in November 2005 that it would co-sponsor standardization of the new version of their XML-based formats through Ecma International as "Office Open XML". The presentation was made to Ecma by Microsoft's Jean Paoli and Isabelle Valet-Harper.


title: Office Open XML

text: Microsoft submitted initial material to Ecma International Technical Committee TC45, where it was standardized to become ECMA-376, approved in December 2006.


title: Office Open XML

text: This standard was then fast-tracked in the Joint Technical Committee 1 of ISO and IEC. After initially failing to pass, an amended version of the format received the necessary votes for approval as an ISO/IEC Standard as the result of a JTC 1 fast-tracking standardization process that concluded in April 2008. The resulting four-part International Standard (designated ISO/IEC 29500:2008) was published in November 2008 and can be downloaded from the ITTF. A technically equivalent set of texts is published by Ecma as "ECMA-376 Office Open XML File Formats—2nd edition" (December 2008); they can be downloaded from their web site.


title: Office Open XML

text: The ISO/IEC standardization of Office Open XML was controversial and embittered, with much discussion both about the specification and about the standardization process. According to "InfoWorld", "OOXML was opposed by many on grounds it was unneeded, as software makers could use OpenDocument Format (ODF), a less complicated office software format that was already an international standard." The same "InfoWorld" article reported that IBM (which supports the ODF format) threatened to leave standards bodies that it said allow dominant corporations like Microsoft to wield undue influence. The article further says that Microsoft was accused of co-opting the standardization process by leaning on countries to ensure that it got enough votes at the ISO/IEC for Office Open XML to pass, although it does not specify exactly who accused Microsoft.


title: Office Open XML

text: Under the Ecma International code of conduct in patent matters, participating and approving member organizations of ECMA are required to make available their patent rights on a reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) basis.


title: Office Open XML

text: Holders of patents which concern ISO/IEC International Standards may agree to a standardized license governing the terms under which such patents may be licensed, in accord with the ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy.


title: Office Open XML

text: Microsoft, the main contributor to the standard, provided a covenant not to sue for its patent licensing. The covenant received a mixed reception, with some like the Groklaw blog criticizing it, and others such as Lawrence Rosen, (an attorney and lecturer at Stanford Law School), endorsing it.


title: Office Open XML

text: Microsoft irrevocably promises not to assert any Microsoft Necessary Claims against you for making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing or distributing any implementation to the extent it conforms to a Covered Specification […]


title: Office Open XML

text: This is limited to applications which do not deviate from the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 or Ecma-376 standard and to parties that do not "file, maintain or voluntarily participate in a patent infringement lawsuit against a Microsoft implementation of such Covered Specification".


title: Office Open XML

text: The Open Specification Promise was included in documents submitted to ISO/IEC in support of the ECMA-376 fast-track submission.


title: Office Open XML

text: Ecma International asserted that, "The OSP enables both open source and commercial software to implement [the specification]".


title: Office Open XML

text: Later versions of the ECMA-376 standard are aligned and technically equivalent to the corresponding ISO standard.


title: Office Open XML

text: The ISO/IEC standard is structured into four parts: Parts 1, 2 and 3 are independent standards; for example, Part 2, specifying Open Packaging Conventions, is used by other file formats including XPS and Design Web Format. Part 4 is to be read as a modification to Part 1, which it requires.


title: Office Open XML

text: The standard specifies two levels of document & application conformance, "strict" and "transitional," for each of WordprocessingML, PresentationML and SpreadsheetML, and also specifies applications' descriptions of "base" and "full".


title: Office Open XML

text: The intent of the changes from ECMA-376 1st Edition to ISO/IEC 29500:2008 was that a valid ECMA-376 document would also be a valid ISO 29500 Transitional document; however, at least one change introduced at the BRM—refusing to allow further values for xsd:boolean—had the effect of breaking backwards-compatibility for most documents. A fix for this had been suggested to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34/WG 4, and was approved in June 2009 as a recommendation for the first revision to Office Open XML.


title: Office Open XML

text: Applications capable of reading documents compliant to ECMA-376 Edition 1 would regard ISO/IEC 29500-4 Transitional documents containing ISO 8601 dates as corrupt.


title: Office Open XML

text: Some older versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Office are able to read and write codice_1 files after installation of the free compatibility pack provided by Microsoft, although some items, such as equations, are converted into images that cannot be edited.


title: Office Open XML

text: Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats have become the default file format of Microsoft Office. However, due to the changes introduced in the Office Open XML standard, Office 2007 is not wholly in compliance with ISO/IEC 29500:2008.


title: Office Open XML

text: Office 2010 includes support for opening documents of the ISO/IEC 29500:2008-compliant version of Office Open XML, but it can only save documents conforming to the "transitional", not the "strict", schemas of the specification. Note that the intent of the ISO/IEC is to allow the removal of the transitional variant from the ISO/IEC 29500 standard.


title: Office Open XML

text: The ability to read and write Office Open XML format is, however, not limited to Microsoft Office; other office products are also able to read & write this format:


title: U.S. Woodland

text: The U.S. Woodland is a camouflage pattern that was used as the default camouflage pattern issued to the United States Armed Forces from 1981, with the issue of the Battle Dress Uniform, until its replacement in the mid to late 2000s. It is a four color, high contrast disruptive pattern with irregular markings in green, brown, sand and black. It is also known unofficially by its colloquial moniker of "M81", though this term was not officially used by the U.S. military.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: Although completely phased out of frontline use in the U.S. Armed Forces, U.S. Woodland is still used on some limited level by some branches such as MOPP suits, equipment and vests left over while some modernized uniforms (either BDU or commercial) were worn specifically by special forces such as USMC Forces Special Operations Command and United States Navy Seabees.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: The woodland pattern is nearly identical to highland ERDL, only differing in that it is printed from an enlargement of the original. The woodland pattern was enlarged and the borders of the splotches were re-drawn to make them less regular. Part of the earlier pattern was left off the later pattern because the enlargement made them no longer fit on the width of the bolt of cloth. The pattern does not repeat horizontally across the width of the bolt, but only vertically along its length. The pattern was officially adopted in 1981.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: The effect of enlarging the pattern was to make the pattern more visible at a distance, avoiding "blobbing", where smaller areas of color seem to blend into larger blobs. This also gave the pattern a higher contrast, making it stand out more sharply at close distances and defeating the camouflage effect at closer range. Digital and Flecktarn camouflage patterns resolve this problem by using a range of blob sizes to give a similar effect whatever the distance.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: These changes reflected a shift in the tactical focus of the United States military from fighting an extremely close-range war such as the one in South Vietnam to a longer-range one such as on the fields of Europe.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: In the U.S. Army, the woodland-patterned Battle Dress Uniform was replaced by the digital Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) found on the Army Combat Uniform, introduced in 2004. UCP itself was replaced by the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) in 2019. The pattern is still used on MOPP suits and some older models of body armor yet to be retired, such as PASGT vests and Interceptor Body Armor.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: The U.S. Navy no longer uses the Woodland pattern. Most of the Navy has transitioned to the Navy Working Uniform, which uses digital patterns in either a woodland colorway (NWU Type III) or, for some deployed tactical units only, a desert version (Type II).


title: U.S. Woodland

text: The Woodland Pattern BDU was phased out by the Marine Corps with the introduction of the digital MARPAT Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform in 2002, although it was reintroduced for the United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command in 2011 and was also worn by MARSOC forces in the War in Afghanistan.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: The Air Force phased out the woodland pattern battle dress uniform in 2011 when they went to the Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) which used a pixelated version of the Tigerstripe pattern. It was in turn replaced by the Army's OCP by 2021. The Civil Air Patrol, the U.S. Air Force's civilian auxiliary, also used woodland patterned BDUs until being discontinued 15 June 2021.


title: U.S. Woodland

text: Several state defense forces use the Woodland Pattern on their BDUs. Members of the Virginia Defense Force wear a Woodland version of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU). The pattern also sees use among police departments, such as the Rhode Island State Police.


title: Kabal (Mortal Kombat)

text: Kabal is a fictional character in the "Mortal Kombat" fighting game franchise by Midway Games and NetherRealm Studios. He debuted in "Mortal Kombat 3" (1995) as a former member of the Black Dragon criminal organization. Chosen by the thunder god Raiden to help defend Earthrealm, he pursues redemption by battling invading forces from Outworld. Subsequent installments, however, give Kabal a more villainous depiction as the leader of a new Black Dragon clan in the original timeline and an undead revenant in the reboot. Due to injuries suffered against Outworld's warriors, the character wears a specialized helmet with a built-in life-support system. He possesses superhuman speed and uses a pair of hookswords as his primary weapon.


title: Kabal (Mortal Kombat)

text: Reception to Kabal has been mostly positive, with him regarded as one of the franchise's most powerful fighters, although his Fatality finishing moves have been more scrutinized. He has also appeared in various media outside of the games.


title: Kabal (Mortal Kombat)

text: Making his debut in 1995's "Mortal Kombat 3", Kabal was a member of the Black Dragon crime syndicate alongside Kano until Outworld emperor Shao Kahn's invasion of Earthrealm. After the thunder god Raiden chose him to help defend Earthrealm, Kabal became a target of the Kahn's extermination squads, who subjected him to a vicious attack that left him badly maimed and scarred; forcing him thereafter to rely on artificial respirators for survival and a mask to hide his now disfigured face. However, the assault had also resulted in Kabal abandoning his life of crime in order to fight alongside the Earthrealm warriors and successfully thwart Shao Kahn and his forces.


title: Kabal (Mortal Kombat)

text: As was the case with the debuting characters from "MK3" onward, Kabal is not playable in "Mortal Kombat Deadly Alliance" (2002), though he has a significant role in the game's storyline when he is killed in battle and has his hook swords stolen by Mavado, a leading member of the Black Dragon's rival, the Red Dragon clan. This storyline briefly continues in "" (2004), when Kabal hunts and defeats Mavado and takes back his swords. Beforehand, a cleric of the otherworldly dimension Chaosrealm, Havik, brought Kabal back from the brink of death and instructed him to restore the same Black Dragon that he had long tried to disassociate himself from. Kabal complies, recruiting Kira, who had impressed him by being able to do business with extremist terrorist organizations despite her gender, and martial artist turned killer Kobra after freeing him from police custody. At Havik's request, Kabal brings his recruits to Outworld and, as depicted in his ending, assigns them to distract the Earthrealm heroes while Havik slays the Dragon King Onaga and takes his heart, which has the power to raise the dead. However, Kabal kills Havik and takes the organ for himself.