title: Dryland farming

text: Dryland farmed crops may include winter wheat, maize, beans, sunflowers or even watermelon. Successful dryland farming is possible with as little as of precipitation a year; higher rainfall increases the variety of crops. Native American tribes in the arid Southwest survived for thousands of years on dryland farming in areas with less than of rain. The choice of crop is influenced by the timing of the predominant rainfall in relation to the seasons. For example, winter wheat is more suited to regions with higher winter rainfall while areas with summer wet seasons may be more suited to summer growing crops such as sorghum, sunflowers or cotton.


title: Dryland farming

text: Everyone knows that plants need water, soil, oxygen and sunlight in order to grow strong and healthy, but what happens when water is scarce? Modern farming solutions to this problem include irrigation systems that can direct water to rows of crops in huge fields, but some farmers believe that a return to dry farming is the solution.


title: Dryland farming

text: Dry Farming is a natural technique that utilizes rainwater and water leached from the ground in dry environments. Groundwater supply is often the result of melted snow and ice in climates that experience high precipitation in the winter and dry heat in the summer. Water from nearby watershed sources can also be used in dry farming, and some believe that the use of dry farms could solve not only food shortage challenges in small communities but also climate change concerns.


title: Dryland farming

text: Weedling ,Weedling is process of turning over 90 degree and exposing weed's root during tillage to prevent soil erosion by wind and desertification. At the same time, Direct absorption of nutrients from weeds and moisture provides suitable environment to floris biodiversity of organisms in soil.


title: Dryland farming

text: As an area of research and development, arid-zone agriculture, or desert agriculture, includes studies of how to increase the agricultural productivity of lands dominated by lack of freshwater, an abundance of heat and sunlight, and usually one or more of: Extreme winter cold, short rainy season, saline soil or water, strong dry winds, poor soil structure, over-grazing, limited technological development, poverty, or political instability.


title: Dryland farming

text: 10. Dry Farming Dry Farming Everyone knows that plants need water, soil, oxygen and sunlight in order to grow strong and healthy,


title: Sean McNamara (filmmaker)

text: Sean Patrick Michael McNamara (born May 9, 1962) is an American film director, film producer, actor, and screenwriter.


title: Sean McNamara (filmmaker)

text: McNamara was born in Burbank, California. He is best known for his feature films "Soul Surfer" and "The Miracle Season". In the pre-teen film market he worked with Jessica Alba, Hilary Duff, Shia LaBeouf, Christy Carlson Romano and Raven-Symoné. McNamara and David Brookwell are the founders of the Brookwell McNamara Entertainment production company. McNamara has continued to produce and create shows for MTV's The N, Nickelodeon, Disney Channel, and Cartoon Network. He collaborated with Shin Sang-ok to make "Galgameth" and "", starring Hulk Hogan.


title: Sean McNamara (filmmaker)

text: McNamara briefly appeared as the singing cowboy in the "Even Stevens" musical episode "Influenza: The Musical", and as an alleged alien abductee in the episode "Close Encounters of the Beans Kind". McNamara also had a cameo appearance on "That's So Raven", appearing as a plumber in the episode "Out of Control".


title: Sean McNamara (filmmaker)

text: In 2016, McNamara was hired to direct the upcoming 2023 biopic of President Ronald Reagan titled "Reagan".


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The Mercedes-Benz GLE, formerly Mercedes-Benz M-Class (designated with the "ML" nomenclature), is a mid-size luxury SUV produced by the German manufacturer Mercedes-Benz since 1997. In terms of size, it is slotted in between the smaller GLC and the larger GLS, the latter with which it shares platforms.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The first-generation M-Class, designated under the model code W163 is a body-on-frame SUV and was produced until 2004. For a short time, between 1999 and 2002, the W163 M-Class was also built by Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria, for the European market, before all production moved to the U.S. plant near Vance, Alabama. The second-generation M-Class (W164) moved to a unibody platform while sharing most components with the GL-Class, which sports a longer body to accommodate third-row seating.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Since April 2015, the M-Class has been renamed to the GLE with the release of the facelifted W166 model, in an effort to harmonize Mercedes-Benz SUV nameplates by aligning it with the E-Class.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Although grouped under the "M-Class" naming banner since the first launch, BMW, who sells M models such as the M3, objected to the car being badged "M" with the three-digit engine level afterwards (e.g. M 320). This forced Mercedes-Benz to defer to a double-tiered marketing strategy of "ML" badging (e.g. ML 320) under an M-Class umbrella. There has been some confusion surrounding this nomenclature, with many sources erroneously referring to the series as the "ML-Class", including Mercedes-Benz itself.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: From 2015, with the release of the facelifted W166 third-generation model at the New York Auto Show in April, the M-Class was renamed to GLE as per the revised nomenclature adopted by the brand. Under this scheme, SUVs use the base name "GL", followed by the model's placement in Mercedes-Benz hierarchy. The "G" is for Geländewagen (German for off land wagon or off-road vehicle) and alludes the long-running G-Wagen. This is followed by the letter "L" that acts as a linkage with the letter "E"—the GLE being the SUV equivalent to the E-Class.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Mercedes-Benz proposed a plan to replace the G-Class, which at the time had been in production for 11 years. A joint agreement with Mitsubishi Motors to develop and produce a sports-utility vehicle was made in early 1991 and was confirmed publicly that June. Plans were made to base it on the Montero/Pajero platform, with one of them being badged as a Mercedes-Benz and the other a Mitsubishi. In May 1992, these plans were abandoned citing "technical problems" and Mercedes-Benz continued on with in-house development from January 1993.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In March 1993, a search for a location to build a U.S. manufacturing plant began. By September 1993, a location in the state of Alabama was chosen and construction started in 1994.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: While plans were being made overseas, in Germany development continued. Design work took place from late 1992 to 1994. A design from Mercedes' Sindelfingen studio was chosen in 1993 and approved by the executive board in February 1994. The design patents were filed in Germany on 13 July 1994, and in the U.S. on 13 January 1995. Prototype testing started with test mules and crash tests using mock-ups in May 1994. First functional prototype's crash test took place in February 1995, with full testing run from March 1995 to December 1996 in various climates and regions of the world. Pilot production began in May 1996.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In July 1996, construction on the Mercedes-Benz U.S. International plant in Vance, Alabama concluded, with the very first production M-Class rolling off the assembly line the week of 9 February 1997.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Mercedes-Benz launched the first generation W163 series M-Class on 19 February 1997, in the United States for the 1998 model year, with sales beginning that September. It is a mid-sized body-on-frame SUV with seating for five, or seven with an optional third-row, seven-seat version. Access to the third-row was deemed problematic and the seats were not suitable for large adults. As the result, the seven seater ML-Class was discontinued after the 2005 model year and replaced by the larger GL-Class.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The Mercedes-Benz M-Class (W163) was available with permanent 4Matic four-wheel drive, which routed torque to all four wheels through all open front, center, and rear differentials. The system used a two-speed dual range BorgWarner 4409 transfer case with reduction gearing, and Mercedes' new "Four-wheel Electronic Traction System" (4-ETS). 4-ETS simulated three differential locks on all three open differentials, via aggressively braking one or more spinning wheels.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The M-Class was the first luxury SUV to feature electronic stability control, a system designed to detect loss of control and instantaneously intervene with selective braking to bring the vehicle back on its intended course. Furthermore, the M-Class boasted front- and side-impact airbags with advanced occupant detection for the front passenger seat, which helped earn the W163 the highest marks in insurance industry crash tests.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Manufactured in Vance, Alabama, in the United States, the M-Class launched in the North American market first as the ML 320. The ML 320 was sold internationally, with the "320" suffix alluding to the 3.2-litre V6 engine. An entry-level, manual transmission-only ML 230, fitted with a 2.3-litre inline-four was available in Europe from launch in March 1998 until 2000. From launch in 1998, European markets also received the ML 270 CDI with a 2.7-litre inline-five turbodiesel engine. This unit was made available in Australia in 2000 and continued on in the W163 until being replaced upon the release of the W164 M-Class in 2005.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Later, in 1998, the more powerful ML 430 became available with the newly introduced Mercedes-Benz 4.3-litre V8. This was followed by the February 1999 debut of the 2000 ML 55 AMG, featuring a 5.4-litre V8 engine made by AMG, modified bodywork, and other performance features.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In September 1996, before the vehicle was launched, Mercedes-Benz allowed the producers of the 1997 film "" to make use of modified pre-production M-Class SUVs as a way to advertise the W163 when it was launched in 1997. As a result, a Mercedes-Benz advertisement appears before the film on original VHS copies of the film. Jeff Goldblum, the star of the film, received a complimentary ML 320 from Mercedes-Benz as a result of the tie-in. Three versions were used in the movie, of which 2 copies of each were built. Two are displayed at the Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, there is one at the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart, Germany, and one at the Visitor Center at the M-class factory in Alabama.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The ML 320 was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year for 1998 and was voted the 1998 North American Truck of the Year at the North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 1998. It also received the World Car Award in March 1999, voted by an international jury of automotive journalists in Geneva. Despite the accolades, Mercedes-Benz received considerable criticism with respect to the substandard quality of the W163, resulting in the car being nicknamed "Alabama Trashcan". Quality improved over the years, especially after the facelift in 2001 for the 2002 model year. DaimlerChrysler spent US$600 million on improvements at the Alabama factory before launching the second generation ML in 2005.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Mercedes-Benz revised and updated the W163 in 2001 for the 2002 model year. Styling updates involved the fitment of new head- and tail-lamp lenses, front and rear bumpers, new alloy wheels on most variants, the relocation of the side turn signals from the fenders to the side-view mirrors, and various interior trim changes. At the same time, the ML 430 was replaced by the 5.0-litre V8-powered ML 500 and a new 4.0-litre V8 turbodiesel ML 400 CDI became available in Europe. The following year, in 2002, Mercedes-Benz launched the ML 350 fitted with a 3.7-litre V6 engine. The ML 350 replaced the ML 320 in some markets, but supplemented it in others.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The previous Popemobile was based on a W163 series ML 430 and has been in service since July 2002. Volkswagen had offered to build a new vehicle based on the Touareg, but Pope Benedict XVI opted to continue using his predecessor's Mercedes-Benz-manufactured vehicle.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In 1999, development on a successor to the W163 began under the codename "W164" and spanned a period of 6 years. First design drafts have appeared in 2000 with the first production models in scale 1:4, and in 2001, three full-sized versions were prepared. By late 2001, the production design styled by Steve Mattin under Peter Pfeiffer was chosen and approved by the executive board in 2002. The design patents were filed in Germany on 10 June 2003, and in the U.S. on 25 July. Prototype testing was conducted throughout 2003 and 2004, concluding in early 2005. The redesigned M-class (chassis name "W164") was introduced in April 2005 as a 2006 model after a showing at the North American International Auto Show in January. It was almost entirely new, with a more sporting, aerodynamic look—the coefficient of drag went down to 0.34 compared with the previous generation. Mercedes-Benz made the new M-Class 71 mm larger, 150 mm longer and 5 mm lower than the first model. The M-Class was named "Best New Sport Utility Vehicle" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Mercedes-Benz extensively publicised the US$600 million spent to update its factory and add manufacturing space for the new R-Class. According to early automotive press reports, the 2006 M-Class vehicles demonstrated vast improvements in quality.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The W164 platform used for the new M-Class is shared with the new GL-Class and is a unibody type rather than the former (W163) body-on-frame used by the M-Class vehicles produced from 1998–2005. The X164 GL-Class, a longer seven-seater version of the W164 platform, is also available.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: New features in the 2006 M-Class include the 7G-Tronic seven-speed automatic transmission, optional Active Curve-Illuminating Bi-Xenon headlights which "steer" in the path of the vehicle, and an adjustable-height air suspension. The manual transmission has been dropped. Permanent 4Matic four-wheel drive remained, with one-speed transfer case (no low range), center limited-slip differential and four-wheel electronic traction system (4-ETS). In most countries except the U.S., an Off-Road Pro package with center and rear differential locks, 4-ETS, two-speed transfer case with reduction gearing, and adjustable ground clearance was available as an option increasing the original fording depth from 500 mm to 600 mm.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The AMG version of the W164, the ML 63 AMG, was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show as a limited edition 2007 model. It features a 6.2 L "M156" V8 engine producing and that is handcrafted in Germany. The engine is added to an AMG Speedshift 7G-Tronic seven-speed automatic transmission. The 2006 ML 63 AMG can accelerate from in just 4.8 seconds, or from in just 5.0 seconds. These impressive features made the ML 63 AMG the most powerful naturally aspirated V8 SUV in the world.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: By 2007, design work on updates to the W164 were finalized and patented domestically in Germany on 23 November 2007. The 2009 Mercedes-Benz M-Class got a minor facelift as it debuted at the 2008 New York International Auto Show in March 2008.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: This facelift includes new front headlights, redesigned front and rear bumpers, new exterior mirrors, new rim choices, a larger front grille, restyled interior, and a new ML 420 CDI engine choice. The ML 280 CDI became the ML 300 CDI, the 320 CDI became the 350 CDI, and the 420 CDI became the 450 CDI.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Models using Bluetec Diesel engine with urea injection were introduced in 2008 for the 2009 model year.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: At the 2009 New York International Auto Show, Mercedes-Benz showed their ML 450 Hybrid SUV, which was announced on 8 April 2009. The ML 450 Hybrid consumes almost 50% less fuel than the ML 550 does, even though it produces over 90% of the power generated by the V8 model. Total power generated will be and of torque, while getting on the highway and in the city, according to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates. The engine itself runs on the Atkinson cycle and by itself makes 275 hp. The ML 450 was developed under the Global Hybrid Cooperation, and will only be available in the United States under lease.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In 2011, Mercedes-Benz came out with their flagship SUV model, the Mercedes-Benz M BlueTec Grand Edition. The vehicle had cosmetic changes, including specially-manufactured 22-inch 10 spoke wheels, black leather with white stitching, and smokers package with Grand Edition modeling. The exterior consisted of new wheels, tinted headlights and tail lights, xenon-package (LED tail lights and daytime running lights, Xenon headlights), black grille, AMG, and side-view mirrors. The Grand Edition was offered in Midnight Blue, Black, and Ivory White, differentiating the basic model by colour already. The interior had changes, including deletion of the heated steering wheel and the replacement with an AMG steering wheel.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In 2006, development began on the next-generation M-Class and spanned over a period of 5 years, a shorter duration than its predecessor. In 2008, the final design by Emiel Burki was approved and patented domestically on 16 December 2008 (U.S. design patent filed on 15 June 2009). The newly redesigned M-Class (chassis name "W166") was introduced in pre-production form 10 June 2011 as a 2012 model. The first customer-designated W166 rolled off the Vance production line on 20 July. It is moderately refined, taking styling cues from the new generation Mercedes-Benz E-Class. An increase in rear seat legroom has been implemented, alongside adjustable rear backrests. It was to be launched in September 2011.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: New features in the 2012 M-Class include an updated 7G-Tronic Plus seven-speed automatic transmission to provide improved fuel economy, optional adaptive cruise control (Distronic Plus), active lane departure warning system, and an adjustable-height air suspension (AirMatic). An active curve system with active anti-roll bars for body roll compensation was introduced.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The W166 was one of the last vestiges of the joint venture between Daimler and Chrysler while they were a consolidated company. DaimlerChrysler developed the core platform and technology, benefitting from Chrysler's strong SUV sales and R&D domestically. The underlying platform work was largely completed in 2006, as the two companies were separated. Chrysler uses the same platform to power the Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) and Dodge Durango. Because of the separation however, the cars are extremely different in terms of interior and body design as well as engine choices. Aside from engines, the three SUVs share many powertrain components, including some transmissions.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: An "On&Off Road Package" is available for most markets (now including North America) as of the 2013 model year. The package adds a two-speed dual range Magna Powertrain transfer case with center differential lock, reduction gearing, underbody skid plates, and a 6-mode selectable terrain driving program system. The rear differential lock has been discontinued.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Open front and rear differentials are fitted, and use four-wheel electronic traction system (4-ETS) to simulate front and rear differential locks.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The Mercedes M-Class won first place in the "Luxury Crossover SUV" category and has been named the most ideal vehicle for Americans based on a study undertaken by California-based automotive research and consulting firm AutoPacific.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Mercedes-Benz India established a manufacturing plant in Chakan, Pune in early 2009 that rolled out the first W166 M-Class to be built outside the US in October 2012. In the following month, Mercedes-Benz Indonesia began M-Class assembly at a factory in Wanaherang, West Java. These plants perform final assembly of vehicles shipped as "knocked-down" kits from Vance, USA.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The GLE name was used in 2015 for the facelifted W166 along with the new five-door coupé derivative GLE Coupé (C292) which was unveiled to the public in January 2015 at the North American International Auto Show. As part of Mercedes-Benz's new naming strategy, the GLE will define the SUV's positioning in the middle of its segment and between the future GLC and GLS (the former GLK and GL, respectively), the same way the E-Class is positioned in relation to the C and S-Classes.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The W166 facelift was unveiled at the New York Auto Show. The GLE 500 e is the first plug-in hybrid in this model range, combining a 333 hp V6 engine with a 116 hp electric motor. The first 19 units were delivered in the American market in June 2016.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The GLE Coupé (C292) is the coupé SUV version and is heavily related to the W166, sharing its platform, mechanicals and interior (but having a unique body with a similar design). The C292 coupe was unveiled to the public in January 2015 at the North American International Auto Show, it was discontinued in August 2019 after the introduction of the W167.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The GLE Coupé was built in Alabama with the GLE on which it is based. Sales are expected from the second half of 2015. The range is topped by the Mercedes-AMG GLE 63 S-Model, powered by 5.5-litre twin turbo V8 producing 585 bhp and 768 Nm of torque, making it one of the quickest of its type.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: At launch, the GLE was sold in the U.S. with two engine options. The GLE 350 has a 2-liter 4-cylinder engine with and the GLE 450 has a 3-liter, inline-6, turbocharged engine with and torque. The GLE 450 has a 48V electric system with an integrated starter motor. The system powers the air-conditioner, in-car electronics and the electronically driven turbocharger. The GLE 450 features a refined Active Body Control system, that does away with mechanical roll bars, notably enhancing performance.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: Other engine options are also available. The AMG GLE 53 was introduced at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show in March. It has a 3.0 L turbo I6 boosted to and torque. A 48V electric system like in the GLE 450 features EQ Boost for an extra and torque on demand.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In the European market, two plug-in hybrid versions are available: the GLE 350e, using a petrol engine, and the GLE 350de, using a diesel engine. Both use a 31.2-kWh battery. The vehicle can be equipped with a 60 kW quick charging option. The declared WLTP all-electric range is .


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: The fourth-generation GLE saw the introduction of a long-wheelbase (LWB) variant, which as of 2020 is currently only sold in India. The LWB has a wheelbase that is 8 centimetres longer than that of the standard version. The variant is still designed as a default 2-row SUV, with most (69 mm) of the additional length being put into use in the second row. Available powertrains include a 2.0-litre turbodiesel (300d), 3.0-litre turbodiesel (400d), and 3.0-litre petrol (450), all making the same power as in the short-wheelbase (SWB) counterparts.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLE

text: In India, the LWB's only market, the SWB variant is not marketed. Mercedes currently has no plans on bringing the LWB to Europe or North America.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Alexander Claud Cockburn ( ; 6 June 1941 – 21 July 2012) was a Scottish-born Irish-American political journalist and writer. Cockburn was brought up by British parents in Ireland, but lived and worked in the United States from 1972. Together with Jeffrey St. Clair, he edited the political newsletter "CounterPunch". Cockburn also wrote the "Beat the Devil" column for "The Nation", and another column for "The Week" in London, syndicated by Creators Syndicate.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Alexander Cockburn was born on June 6, 1941, in Scotland and grew up in Youghal, County Cork, Ireland. He was the eldest son of journalist, Claud Cockburn, a former Communist author, and his third wife, Patricia Byron, née Arbuthnot. (She wrote an autobiography, "Figure of Eight"). His ancestral family included Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet, who was responsible for the burning of Washington, DC in the War of 1812. His two younger brothers, Andrew Cockburn and Patrick, are also journalists.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: His half-sister, Sarah Caudwell, a barrister and mystery writer, died in 2000. His half-sister Claudia Cockburn and her husband Michael Flanders have two daughters, who are both journalists: Laura and Stephanie Flanders. Actress Olivia Wilde is the daughter of his brother Andrew.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn grew up between his family home in Ireland and Glenalmond College, an independent boys' boarding school, in Perthshire, Scotland. He later studied English at Keble College, University of Oxford.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn graduated from Oxford in 1963, after which he worked at the "New Left Review", becoming its managing editor in 1966. He was also assistant editor at the "Times Literary Supplement", and in 1967 worked at "New Statesman". In 1967 Cockburn co-edited "The Incompatibles: Trade Union Militancy and the Consensus" with Robin Blackburn. Blackburn described the book as "[bringing] together trade-union organizers, leftwing journalists including Paul Foot, Marxist economists and two liberals—Michael Frayn and Philip Toynbee—who mocked the demonization of union activists by Labour as well as Conservative pundits." In 1969 the pair co-edited "Student Power: Problems, Diagnosis, Action", with contributors including Herbert Marcuse, Perry Anderson, and Tom Nairn. In 1968, Cockburn published a letter to "The Times" supporting British socialists protesting the Vietnam War.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn moved to the United States in 1972 and lived there for the rest of his years. He contributed pieces to "The New York Review of Books", "Esquire", "Harper's", and, from 1973 to 1983, "The Village Voice". For the latter, he initiated the longstanding "Press Clips" column. His interview of Rupert Murdoch in "The Voice" preceded Murdoch's purchase of the paper. James Ridgeway later noted that "Murdoch, when he owned the "Voice", was said to gag on some of Alex's pointed epithets, but he never did anything about it."


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: In 1975 Cockburn wrote "Idle Passion: Chess and the Dance of Death." In 1979 Cockburn and Ridgeway co-wrote "Political Ecology."


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: In 1982 Cockburn was suspended from "The Voice" for "accepting a $10,000 grant from an Arab studies organization in 1982." In 1984, Cockburn became a regular contributor to "The Nation" with a column called "Beat the Devil", titled for the novel of the same name written by his father. During the 1980s Cockburn also contributed to the "New York Press", the "Los Angeles Times", the "New Statesman", the "Anderson Valley Advertiser", "The Week", "The Wall Street Journal", and "Chronicles".


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: In 1987, Cockburn completed the first of a series of books collecting columns, diary entries, letters, and essays dating from 1976, titled "Corruptions of Empire"; the cover featured a portrayal of Admiral George Cockburn torching the White House. Follow-up books included "The Golden Age Is In Us: Journeys and Encounters" (1995) and "A Colossal Wreck: A Road Trip Through Political Scandal, Corruption, and American Culture" (2013). In the 1990s Cockburn contributed to, and eventually became co-editor of, the newsletter "CounterPunch".


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn became a United States citizen in 2009. He lived in New York City for many years, before moving to Petrolia in Humboldt County in northern California in 1992.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: In a January 1980, "Village Voice" column, Cockburn criticized the US media's coverage of the Soviet–Afghan War, and described Afghanistan as "An unspeakable country filled with unspeakable people, sheepshaggers and smugglers ... I yield to none in my sympathy to those prostrate beneath the Russian jackboot, but if ever a country deserved rape it's Afghanistan." Cockburn later said that his comments were "satirical," "tasteless," and that he "shouldn't have written it ... it was a joke."


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: The USS "Vincennes" fired a missile in 1988 that brought down Iran Air Flight 655, killing 290 people. With Ken Silverstein, in reaction the two men co-wrote articles critical of the United States military and its commanders. Cockburn also criticized economic and political sanctions imposed on the Iraqi government by the United Nations. He said that such policies targeted "rogue states (most of which, like the Taliban or Saddam Hussein, started off as creatures of US intelligence)." After the 9/11 attacks, he criticized the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, and the 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq by American, British and other military forces.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn opposed conspiracism, particularly in regard to 9/11 conspiracy theories. He interpreted the rise of these ideas as a sign of the decline of the American Left. Cockburn also criticized conspiracy theories related to the 1963 assassination of US president Kennedy and the Country Walk case. He did suggest in writing that he US government had prior knowledge of the 1941 Japanese military attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn supported free speech, writing that "Free speech counts most when it's most risky". He said, "America is well on its way to making it illegal to say anything nasty about gays, Jews, blacks and women [...] with the First Amendment gone the way of the dodo." Cockburn wrote approvingly of the right-wing Patriot movement and militia rallies.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Asked about his position on the Second Amendment and gun control, Cockburn said, "a native Mexican turkey wandered onto my property in Humboldt County, unaware that the California Fish and Game regulations permitted a window of vulnerability for the aforementioned wild turkey. I then proceeded to my 12-gauge and brought that turkey down, thirteen and a half pounds, plucked it, drew it, and ate it, with my loved ones as they say," but also said "I think that people shouldn't carry Howitzers." Following the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, Cockburn wrote, "There have been the usual howls from the anti-gun lobby, but it's all hot air. America is not about to dump the Second Amendment giving people the right to bear arms."


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Among other social topics, Cockburn wrote extensively about his opposition to “scaremongering” about illegal immigration to the United States, anti-Semitism and use of anti-Semitism accusations in modern politics (for which he received criticism), and his support of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Cockburn also wrote about same-sex marriage and Scientology.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: In December 1968, Cockburn married writer Emma Tennant; their daughter Daisy Alice Cockburn was born in February 1969. Cockburn and Tennant divorced in 1973.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn had a complicated personal and professional relationship with British author and journalist Christopher Hitchens. Robin Blackburn commented that Cockburn “sort of invented Christopher. He showed him what could be done."


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: Cockburn died on 21 July 2012, in Bad Salzhausen, Germany, age 71, after suffering from cancer for two years.


title: Alexander Cockburn

text: In "CounterPunch", Jeffrey St. Clair wrote, "[Cockburn] didn't want the disease to define him. He didn't want his friends and readers to shower him with sympathy. He didn't want to blog his own death as Christopher Hitchens had done. Alex wanted to keep living his life right to the end."


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Sharon Farrell (born December 24, 1940) is an American television and film actress, and former dancer. Originally beginning her career as a ballerina with the American Ballet Theatre company, Farrell made her film debut in 1959 in "Kiss Her Goodbye", followed by roles in "40 Pounds of Trouble" (1962), "A Lovely Way to Die" (1968), and the neo-noir "Marlowe" (1969). She worked prolifically in television, including recurring parts in the series "Saints and Sinners" (1962), "Dr. Kildare" (1965), and "Hawaii Five-O" (1977–1980).


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Farrell's other roles include Larry Cohen's horror film "It's Alive" (1974), Dennis Hopper's drama film "Out of the Blue" (1980), and the teen comedy "Can't Buy Me Love" (1987). She continued to appear in television and film until 1999. In 2013, she reappeared in a minor role in the web series "Broken at Love".


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Born Sharon Forsmoe on Christmas Eve 1940 in Sioux City, Iowa, she is of Norwegian descent, and was raised in a Lutheran family. During her childhood, Farrell studied ballet and was involved in the theater department during high school. Farrell toured with the American Ballet Theatre Company as a dancer, which brought her to New York City.


title: Sharon Farrell

text: She made her acting debut at age 18 in the 1959 film "Kiss Her Goodbye". Throughout the 1960s to the 1980s, Farrell appeared in such films as "The Reivers" (1969), "Marlowe" (1969), "It's Alive" (1974), "The Stunt Man" (1980), "Out of the Blue" (1980), "Night of the Comet" (1984), and "Can't Buy Me Love" (1987). She took her stage name combining her father's name Darrel, with "F" for Forsmoe and two "L"s.


title: Sharon Farrell

text: In addition to film work, Farrell also appeared in guest roles on various television shows including "Death Valley Days", "Gunsmoke", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E", "I Dream of Jeannie",


title: Sharon Farrell

text: "My Favorite Martian", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Harry O", and "Hawaii Five-O". In 1991 she joined the cast of the long-running soap opera "The Young and the Restless", remaining with the show until 1996. Farrell's most recent television role was in a 1999 episode of "JAG".


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Between 2013 and 2014, Farrell appeared in the web series "Broken at Love", marking her first on-screen appearance in fourteen years.


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Farrell's first marriage was to actor Andrew Prine in 1962. They later divorced reportedly after only living together for one month and ten days.


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Farrell has one son, Chance Boyer, born when she was married to actor John F. Boyer. After Chance's birth in 1970, Farrell suffered an embolism which caused her heart to stop beating for four minutes. She ended up with serious brain damage that resulted in memory loss and physical impairments. With the help of colleagues, Farrell worked to regain her abilities, including her memory, and resumed her acting career, yet she kept her illness a secret under the advice of friend and actor Steve McQueen, who warned her that if word of her illness got out, her career would be over. Keeping her illness hidden, Farrell worked steadily for decades.


title: Sharon Farrell

text: Farrell was also married to Ron DeBlasi, Steve Salkin, and director Dale Trevillion. She had romantic relationships with actors Steve McQueen and Bruce Lee.


title: Sharon Farrell

text: In December 2013, Farrell self-published her autobiography "Hollywood Princess from Sioux City, Iowa".


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle is a borough in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. Carlisle is located within the Cumberland Valley, a highly productive agricultural region. As of the 2020 census, the borough population was 20,118; including suburbs in the neighboring townships, 37,695 live in the Carlisle urban cluster. Carlisle is the smaller principal city of the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry counties in South Central Pennsylvania. In 2010, "Forbes" rated Carlisle and Harrisburg the second-best place to raise a family.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The U.S. Army War College, located at Carlisle Barracks, prepares high-level military personnel and civilians for strategic leadership responsibilities. Carlisle Barracks ranks among the oldest U.S. Army installations and the most senior military educational institution in the United States Army. Carlisle Barracks is home of the United States Army Heritage and Education Center, an archives and museum complex open to the public. Carlisle also hosts Penn State Dickinson School of Law and Dickinson College.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The French-born fur trader James Le Tort may have built a cabin in the area as early as 1720. During the colonial era, Scots-Irish settlers began to settle in the Cumberland Valley beginning in the early 1730s. The settlement of Carlisle, at the intersection of several Indigenous trails, was designated by the Pennsylvania assembly and the Penn family in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County (named for the county of the same name in England). American engineer John Armstrong Sr., a surveyor for the Penn family, laid the plan for the settlement of Carlisle in 1751. Armstrong Sr. settled there and fathered John Armstrong Jr. in 1758. They named the settlement after its sister town of the same name in Cumberland, England, and even designed its former jailhouse (which now serve as general government offices in the county) to resemble the Carlisle Citadel.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: As a result of conflicts on the frontier with Native American tribes, a stockade was constructed in the settlement to protect against potential attacks in 1753. In 1755, the stockade was transformed into a fort, known as Fort Carlisle or Fort Lowther. In 1757, colonel-commandant John Stanwix—for whom Fort Stanwix in upstate New York was named—–established his headquarters in Carlisle, and was promoted to brigadier general on December 27. During the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War), the largely successful Forbes Expedition was organized in Carlisle in 1758; Henry Bouquet also organized a military expedition from the settlement in 1763 during Pontiac's War.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The Pennsylvania guide, compiled by the Writers' Program of the WPA in 1940, described the early history of Carlisle's public square and the physical changes that had occurred by the first half of the 20th century, noting that the square, located at the


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The settlement of Carlisle was largely supportive of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution, and numerous individuals from the settlement served in the Revolutionary War. Carlisle contains the home of lawyer James Wilson, who served as a representative to the Continental Congress; Wilson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in addition to being one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The First Presbyterian Church, begun in 1757 and completed in 1770, is the oldest building in Carlisle, and was where the Rev. John Steel (known as "The Fighting Parson") gave sermons in support of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. The church was also where Pennsylvania settlers met on July 12, 1774, to sign a document protesting the Boston Port Act. A year later Carlisle supplied a contingent for a line infantry regiment of the Continental Army. Steel was named commander of the leading company of this group when they marched from Carlisle. No longer standing but marked by a historical marker is the home of Ephraim Blaine, Commissary General of Revolutionary Army. Also, no longer standing but commemorated, is the home of Gen. John Armstrong Sr., "Hero of Kittanning," Revolutionary officer, and member of the Continental Congress.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Still standing is the gun shop of Thomas Butler Sr., an Irish immigrant, who manufactured long rifles during the French and Indian War. He later became Chief Armorer for The First Continental Congress. He and his five sons served in the Revolutionary War and were known as "The Fighting Butlers. His eldest son was Richard Butler (general).


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle also served as a munitions depot during the American Revolutionary War. The depot was later developed into the United States Army War College at Carlisle Barracks. Revolutionary War legend Molly Pitcher died in the borough in 1832, and her body lies buried in the Old Public Graveyard. A hotel was built in her honor, called the Molly Pitcher Hotel; it has since been renovated to house apartments for senior citizens.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle was incorporated as a borough a few years after the war on April 13, 1782. Carlisle continued to play a part in the early development in the United States through the end of the century: In response to a planned march in favor of the United States Constitution in 1787, Anti-Federalists instigated a riot in Carlisle. A decade later, during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, the troops of Pennsylvania and New Jersey assembled in Carlisle under the leadership of President George Washington. While in Carlisle, the president worshiped in the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Hanover Street and High Street.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, developed Carlisle Grammar School in 1773 and chartered it as Dickinson College—the first new college founded in the newly recognized United States. One of the college's more famous alumni, the 15th U.S. president, James Buchanan, graduated in 1809. The Dickinson School of Law, founded in 1834 and affiliated then with Dickinson College, ranks as the fifth-oldest law school in the United States and the oldest law school in Pennsylvania.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: On June 2, 1847, Carlisle was the site of the McClintock Slave Riot, which that broke out after a fugitive slave hearing at the courthouse; several of the fugitive slaves were able to escape during the fray with the help of Carlisle's black residents, while one of the slave catchers later died of his wounds. A Dickinson College professor, John McClintock, was tried and acquitted for his role in the riot.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: A general borough law of 1851 (amended in 1852) authorized a burgess and a borough council to administer the government of the borough of Carlisle.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Leading up to the American Civil War, Carlisle served as a stop on the Underground Railroad. During the war, an army of the Confederate States of America, under General Fitzhugh Lee, attacked and shelled the borough during the Battle of Carlisle on July 1, 1863, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign. A cannonball dent can still be seen on one of the columns of the historic county courthouse.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: United States Army Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt founded Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1879 as the first federally supported school for American Indians off a reservation. The United States government maintained the school, housed at Carlisle Barracks as an experiment in educating Native Americans and teaching them to reject tribal culture and to adapt to white society. Pratt retired from the Army in 1903 and from supervising the school as its superintendent in 1904. Athletic hero Jim Thorpe entered the school in 1907 and joined its football team under coach Glenn "Pop" Warner in 1908. Playing halfback, Jim Thorpe led the team to startling upset victories over powerhouses Harvard, Army, and the University of Pennsylvania in 1911–12, bringing nationwide attention to the school. Marianne Moore taught there c. 1910. Carlisle Indian School closed in 1918.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Dickinson School of Law was chartered as an independent institution in 1890. Dickinson School of Law merged into the Pennsylvania State University in 1997 as Penn State Dickinson School of Law.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle was the original eastern terminus of the Pennsylvania Turnpike when it opened in October 1940.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The Carlisle Historic District, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Hessian Powder Magazine, Carlisle Armory, and Old West, Dickinson College are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle is located slightly northeast of the center of Cumberland County at (40.202553, −77.195016) at an elevation of . The borough lies in the Cumberland Valley, a section of the Great Appalachian Valley, to the south of Conodoguinet Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River. Letort Spring Run, a tributary of Conodoguinet Creek, runs north through the eastern part of the borough.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle lies in south-central Pennsylvania southwest of the intersection of Interstate 76 (the Pennsylvania Turnpike) and Interstate 81 roughly west-southwest of Harrisburg, the state capital. By road it is approximately northwest of Baltimore and west-northwest of Philadelphia. According to the United States Census Bureau, Carlisle has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.14%, is water.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa") with hot, humid summers and cool winters. The average temperature in Carlisle is 51.3 °F (10.7 °C) with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 16 days a year and dropping below 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 119 days a year. On average, the borough receives 38.8 inches (986 mm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall averages 29.8 inches (757 mm) per year. On average, January is the coolest month, July is the warmest month, and September is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Carlisle was 102 °F (39 °C) in 1966; the coldest temperature recorded was −19 °F (−28 °C) in 1994.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 17,970 people, 7,426 households, and 4,010 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,308.9 people per square mile (1,277.8/km). There were 8,032 housing units at an average density of 1,479.0 per square mile (571.1/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 88.93% White, 6.92% African American, 0.14% Native American, 1.60% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of the population.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: There were 7,426 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.81.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: In the borough, the population was spread out, with 18.6% under the age of 18, 17.2% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The median income for a household in the borough was $33,969, and the median income for a family was $46,588. Males had a median income of $34,519 versus $25,646 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,394. About 8.6% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.7% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Leading industries in Carlisle's past have included Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company (founded 1917), Masland Carpets (founded 1866), and The Frog, Switch and Manufacturing. Carlisle Tire and Rubber and Masland Carpets have since gone out of business, and both plants were demolished in 2013. CenturyLink maintains a call center in the city, and Amazon.com is one of several warehouse facilities in the city. In 2013, Apple opened an AppleCare device repair facility southeast of the Interstate 81 overpass over the Pennsylvania Turnpike to cover American customers east of the Mississippi River.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle is famous to many people for its car shows, put on regularly by Carlisle Events throughout the spring, summer, and fall at the Carlisle Fairgrounds. In addition to the regularly scheduled shows there are specialty shows, including the GM Nationals, the Ford Nationals, the Chrysler Nationals, the Truck Nationals, Corvettes at Carlisle, and the Import/Kit Car Nationals.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Partly because of its location at the intersection of two major trucking routes (I-81 and I-76), air pollution within the borough often falls within the range considered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" [i.e., children, the elderly, and people with respiratory or heart disease]. The pollutant typically involved is PM2.5, particulate matter composed of particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: The Central Pennsylvania Youth Ballet (CPYB), a ballet school and performing company known internationally for their alumni, is based in Carlisle.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Carlisle was home to the Washington Redskins training camp for many years. In 1986, cornerback Darrell Green ran the 40-yard dash at Dickinson College in 4.09 seconds. Although the result was unofficial, it is the fastest "legitimate" time ever recorded in the 40-yard dash.


title: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

text: Two privately funded historical markers are located in Carlisle: one for the Hamilton Restaurant's Hot-Chee Dog and another for the Old Town Pump, which provided fresh spring water to Carlisle and "eventually became the source of a legend that claimed anyone who drank from the pump would return to Carlisle no matter how far they roamed".


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The President's Bodyguard (PBG) is an elite household cavalry regiment of the Indian Army. It is the senior-most regiment in the order of precedence of the units of the Indian Army. The primary role of the President's Bodyguard is to escort and protect the President of India which is why the regiment is based in the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi, India. It is equipped as a mounted unit, with horses for ceremonies at the presidential palace and BTR-80 vehicles for use in combat. The personnel of the regiment are also trained as paratroopers and nominally are expected to lead in airborne assaults in the role of pathfinders. The regiment is the successor of the Governor General's Bodyguard of the British Raj.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The first bodyguard to be raised in India was in 1773 when European troops, already recruited into the East India Company's service as infantry, were earmarked for the role. Since the army of the East India Company had no cavalry of any kind at that point of time, two troops of dragoons and one troop of hussars were raised - the latter becoming the personal bodyguard of the Governor-General. These were however disbanded in the reorganisation of the army by Robert Clive after his return to India in 1765. By 1772, the Company did not have a single cavalryman in service.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: President's Bodyguard (PBG) is the oldest surviving mounted unit and the senior most regiment of the Indian Army. It was raised by Governor-General Warren Hastings in September 1773. Hastings handpicked 50 troopers from the Moghal Horse, a unit which was raised in 1760 by local sirdars. In the same year, the Raja, Cheyt Singh of Benares (now Varanasi) provided another 50 troopers, that took the strength of the unit to 100. The first commander of the unit was Captain Sweeny Toone, an officer of the East India Company, who had Lieutenant Samuel Black as his subaltern.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The Bodyguard was the only corps of cavalry in the Bengal Presidency until 1777 when two regiments of cavalry were transferred to the Company by the Nawab of Oudh. Both the regiments were raised in 1776.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The strength of this regiment has varied throughout its history. The minimum strength of the unit was 50 when it was raised in 1773, but the precise maximum strength of the unit is not known. The President of India's website claims a number of 1,929, just before the First Sikh War but some historians believe the number to have been 469. According to the book "Historical Records of the Governor General's Body Guards", published in 1910, the maximum strength of the unit was 529 all ranks on 12 February 1844, just before the first Sikh War. In addition to 529 soldiers of all ranks, orders were also issued to attach two "Rissalahs" of Irregular Cavalry, taking the strength of the unit to 730 all ranks. The present strength of the regiment is 4 officers, 20 junior commissioned officers and 198 "sowars" (cavalrymen).


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The ethnic composition of the unit varied equally. Recruitment started when the unit was raised in 1773 by Governor Warren Hastings, with a strength of 50 handpicked troopers. This nucleus of the Bodyguard was later augmented by another 50 horsemen, provided by Maharaja Chait Singh of Benares, thus bringing the overall strength of the regiment up to 100 horses and men by the end of that year.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: By 1800, Hindus (Brahmins and Rajputs) were allowed to join the GGBG along with Muslims, but the area of the recruitment remained the same: Awadh & Bihar. In 1800, the recruitment pool was changed from the Bengal Presidency to the Madras Presidency and the GGBG was reconstituted with troopers from the Madras cavalry for the next 60 years. During this period, South Indian castes comprised the bulk of this unit. After the Great Mutiny of 1857, the center of recruitment of the Indian Army was shifted from Awadh and southern India to northern India. The GGBG was no exception and Sikhs were allowed to enlist for the first time in Aug 1883 and Punjabi Muslims in October 1887. The recruitment of Brahmins ceased in 1895. After that, the proportions of recruits was fixed at 50% Sikhs (Malwa and Majha) and 50% Muslims (Hindustani & Punjabi).


title: President's Bodyguard

text: Currently Jats, Rajputs and Jat Sikhs taken in equal numbers 33.1 percent, primarily from the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The basic height requirement for enlistment is . In the pre-Independence era, the average height of a member of the President's Bodyguards was .


title: President's Bodyguard

text: all of which, except for "Java", are considered to be repugnant (i.e. earned during the British rule of India) and cannot be carried on regimental colours.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The PBG first saw action in 1773–74, when it was deployed against Sanyasis – a band that ravaged the countryside in the guise of mendicants. Its next campaign was against Rohillas in April 1774 in the battle of St. George where the Rohillas were defeated completely. The Bodyguard was also present during the 3rd Mysore War (1790–92) against Tipu Sultan. During this campaign, it successfully thwarted an assassination attempt on the life of Governor General Lord Cornwallis. In 1801, a detachment consisting of one Native Officer and 26 other ranks went to Egypt to provide riders for an experimental unit of horse artillery. It marched for 120 miles in the desert in the height of summer. All their horses died and they had to place the guns on camels. The Bodyguard detachment never saw action in Egypt, as Alexandria had capitulated by the time that they arrived there.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: These campaigns did not bring any Battle Honours to the GGBG. They earned their first Battle Honour 'Java' in 1811, during the conquest of the island. At present the PBG has the unique distinction of being the only surviving unit to carry this honour. In 1824, a detachment volunteered to sail over the "kaala paani" ("black water", or open ocean, which Hindu soldiers once refrained from crossing, for fear of losing their caste) to take part in the First Anglo-Burmese War and earned their second Battle Honour "Ava". The Bodyguard received their third Battle Honour 'Maharajpore' for the battle of Maharajpore in 1843, when the British intervened in the battle for the succession that erupted in Gwalior after the death of Maharaja Scindia.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The PBG fought in all the main battles of the First Sikh War and earned four Battle Honours. During the 1857 Great Mutiny, Lord Canning asked the Indian officers and other ranks to serve without arms as a precautionary measure, which they did in good faith. With their loyalty established, the Bodyguard later escorted Lord Canning to the grand Durbar at Allahabad where on 1 November 1858, it was proclaimed that India would be governed by the British Crown, and the title of Viceroy was conferred on the Governor General.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: During World War I, Lord Hardinge offered the Bodyguards as Divisional Cavalry for the Meerut Division, which was going to France, but it was decided that the best use of the Bodyguards would to act as trainers for raw remounts of cavalry and artillery. Thus for the entire period of the WW1, GGBG worked as remount training center. However, a detachment of the unit was sent to France as a reinforcement for the 3rd Skinner's Horse. During World War II, for a brief period of time, the GGBG served as 44th Division Reconnaissance Squadron.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: Independence came with the partition of the nation and armed forces were also divided in 2:1 ratio between India and Pakistan. GGBG was no exception, the Muslim elements of the unit went to Pakistan, and Sikhs, Jats and Rajput elements stayed with India. The title of the regiment remained GGBG till 26 January 1950, when India became a republic and the GGBG became the President's Body Guard. The title remained GGBG in Pakistan, until it became a republic in 1956. The first commandant of the regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Thakur Govind Singh and his adjutant was Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, who decided to join Pakistan Army. After the division of other assets of the regiment, when it came to the gold plated buggy of the Viceroy, both India & Pakistan wanted it. To decide the fate of the buggy, Colonel Singh and Sahabzada Yaqub Khan tossed a coin and India got the buggy.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The PBG has seen action in all of independent India's major wars. It rendered yeoman service in the capitol and helped reinstate confidence in the general public in the aftermath of the Partition. After Independence, Humbers and Daimler armoured cars formed the mounts of the PBG and were deployed in the defense of Chushul at heights above 14,000 ft during the 1962 Indo-China War.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: It participated in Operation Ablaze in the 1965 Indo-Pak war. The regiment served in Siachen glacier, where it has been serving till date. A detachment of the regiment was a part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka during 1988–89, and Indian contingents to the UN Peace Keeping Forces in Somalia, Angola and Sierra Leone.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: Before Independence, there were three more body guard units, one for each Presidency. These units were called Governor's Body Guard (and not Governor General's Body Guards). All these units were disbanded in 1947.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: This was the senior most regiment among the three Governor's Body Guard regiments. Raised in 1778 at Madras with one Sergeant, one Corporal and 12 European troopers, it was placed under command of Lieutenant. P. Sullivan. Unlike other Madras Army regiments, GBG, Madras retained its title throughout its history till 1947, when it was disbanded. The strength and composition of the unit, however, kept on changing. In 1778, it had one European troop and in 1781, the strength was raised to 1 European and 1 Native troop. The European troop was disbanded in 1784 and a company of the light infantry was attached. By 1799, strength of the GBG was raised to 100 men and they performed escort duty in Persia and Mysore war. From 1808 to 1820, detachments from different Madras cavalry regiments joined GBG on rotation.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The regiment took part in third Maratha War (1817–1819), where its charge along with 6th Bengal Light Cavalry changed the course of the war and it was considered as the decisive factor in winning the war. During the war, the regiment earned its only Battle Honour 'Seetabuldee' for the relief of Nagpur Residency. GBG, Madras also took part in the First Burma War (1824–1826), where it rescued the advance guard which was surrounded by a large body of enemy force at Pagan. During the First World War, the regiment served as a remount training center and also patrolled the beaches during the bombardment of Madras by a German ship Emden. A combined force was also formed from detachment from Bombay and Madras Body Guards and was sent to serve in France.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The Governor's Body Guards, Madras also received a standard from Lord Willingdon in March 1924 bearing its Battle Honour 'Seetabuldee'. At the time of its raising, the unit only had European troops. But 1781 onwards, South Indian classes dominated the regiment for most of the time, especially Deccani and Madrasi Muslims. In 1947, the unit had Rajputs from Rajasthan and Jats from Western United Provinces and Punjab.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The unit was raised on 22 March 1865 in Poona from a selected body of troopers of a disbanded unit, The Southern Mahratta Horse (SMH), which was first raised in 1850. Though the unit was re-organized twice in 1895 and 1938, there was no change in its title. It also retained its title throughout its existence until 1947, when it was disbanded. In 1865, it had Mahratta troopers only from SMH; but later Sikhs, Deccani Muslims and Punjabi Muslims also served in the unit.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: In 1912, the capital of India was transferred from Calcutta to Delhi and the Viceroy, along with Governor General's Body Guard, moved to Delhi and Bengal got the status of the Presidency just like Bombay and Madras. At that time, Captain Rivers Berney Worgan of 20th Deccan Horse raised Governor's BG, Bengal from volunteers from different Bengal cavalry regiments. This was the youngest unit among three GBG units. GBG, Bengal also retained its title throughout its existence and was also disbanded in 1947. Only Punjabi Muslims, Jats and Rajputs were recruited for the unit.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: With respect to uniforms, all three GBG units followed the basic scarlet pattern with blue facings of the Governor General's Body Guards. There were however a number of distinctions such as cummerbunds and plastrons between the three Bodyguards.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: In 1779, the East India Company started issuing standards to Indian cavalry regiments. In 1800, GGBG was presented with its first Standard by Marquess Wellesley at the conclusion of his Review of the Body Guard. In 1815, the Countess of Moira and Loudon presented a standard to the newly raised squadron. Two more Standards were presented to the newly raised squadrons of the Body Guards in 1844, when the strength of the regiment was highest. Standards were abolished in regiments of Indian Cavalry in 1864 and in 1931, a Guidon was presented to the Body Guards, which was last carried on escorts in 1936.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: Two Silver state trumpets with banners were presented to the Bodyguard by the Lord Reading in 1923, on the 150th anniversary of the raising of the unit. One banner represented the Star of India with the battle honours of the regiment, and the other banner carried the coat-of-arms of the viceroy. Each successive viceroy presented a banner to the Bodyguard upon assuming office; the banners of previous viceroys being kept in the custody of the regiment. The practice continues in effect until the present day with each President of the Republic of India in turn presenting a silver trumpet to the regiment - although the coat-of-arms of the Viceroy is replaced by the monogram of the President.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: The first trumpet with banner of the President of the Republic of India was presented by Rajendra Prasad on 14 May 1957. It had a maroon background with the emblem and crest in gold thread. The design incorporated the initials of Rajendra Prasad in Devanagri script in the centre and four emblems in gold in all four corners of the banner, from the Personal Standard of the President. Prasad's personal standard was presented to the regiment on 18 January 1958 by the President himself. In November 1958, President Prasad presented a new Regimental Standard to the PBG, the previous Regimental Standard having been laid up after India became a republic. The old regimental standard rests in the Regiment's Officer's mess.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: When the second President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan assumed office, he presented his banner to the PBG on 21 October 1962. His banner had a grey background with emblem and crest in gold thread. The design incorporated his initials in Devanagari script in the center and four emblems in gold in the four corners, from the Personal flag of the President. The new President's Standard of the Body Guard and the Regimental Standard were awarded by President Radhakrishnan on 11 November 1963. The Regimental Standard is dark blue in colour with the regimental crest in the centre surrounded by lotus flowers and Ashoka leaves. Five scrolls on either side of the crest record the regiment's Battle Honours and the standard bears the motto "Bharat Mata ki Jai".


title: President's Bodyguard

text: In 2003, the President's Bodyguard had an establishment of 7 officers, 15 NCOs, and 140 enlisted men, for a total strength of 180 men. Throughout its history, the Bodyguard has varied in size from 50 men when first raised, to 1929 men in 1845. However, it was usually around squadron size, or about 130 men.


title: President's Bodyguard

text: By tradition, the Commanding Officer has always been of Brigadier or Colonel rank. Recruitment to the Regiment in India is now 1/3 each from Sikh Jats, Hindu Jats, and Rajputs, with officers and administrative staff from all over India.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Viktor Einar Gyökeres (; born 4 June 1998) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Championship side Coventry City and Sweden national team.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: He made his senior debut with Swedish side Brommapojkarna in 2015 with whom he made over 50 appearances before signing for Brighton three years later.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: He has also represented Sweden at various youth levels and was the joint-top goalscorer at the 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, before making his senior international debut in 2019.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Gyökeres signed for Brommapojkarna from IFK Aspudden-Tellus in 2013 and joined up with the club's under-17 side. He progressed through the youth teams and made his senior debut two years later. He scored his first goals for the club on 20 August 2015, netting a brace in a 3–0 Svenska Cupen win over IF Sylvia. The following year, with the club having suffered relegation the season before, Gyökeres scored seven goals to help Brommapojkarna secure promotion back into the Superettan. He later helped Brommapojkarna into the semi-finals of the Svenska Cupen when he scored the winning goal in the quarter finals against top division side, Elfsborg. Brommapojkarna were unable to progress further, though, as they were beaten 4–0 by IFK Norrköping in the next round.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: On 6 September 2017, having scored 10 league goals at the time, Gyökeres signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League side Brighton & Hove Albion with the deal to go through at the conclusion of the Superettan season. He ended the season with a return of 13 goals in 29 league appearances, including a hat-trick on the final day as Brommapojkarna secured promotion to the Allsvenskan as league champions.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Gyökeres officially joined Brighton on 1 January 2018 and began training with the club's under-23 side. He made his senior debut for the club on 28 August, starting in a 1–0 EFL Cup defeat to Southampton. On 26 January 2019, Gyökeres made his FA Cup debut coming on as a sub in a 0–0 draw at home to West Bromwich Albion.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: In July 2019 he moved on loan to German second tier side FC St. Pauli for the 2019–20 season. On the opening day of the season he made his debut coming on as a sub in a 1–1 away draw to Arminia. Gyökeres scored his first goal for St Pauli on 29 September scoring the second in a 2–0 home victory over SV Sandhausen.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: On 17 September 2020, Gyökeres scored his first goal for Brighton in a 4–0 victory against Portsmouth in the EFL Cup.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: On 2 October 2020, Gyökeres joined EFL Championship side Swansea City on loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. He made his debut a day later, coming on as a substitute in a 2–1 home win over Millwall. He scored his first goal for the club on 9 January 2021, scoring the second in a 2–0 away win over Stevenage sending "The Swans" through to the fourth round of the FA Cup. He was recalled by Brighton on 14 January 2021.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Gyökeres joined Coventry City on loan on 15 January 2021. He made his debut four days later starting and playing 59 minutes of the 3–0 away loss at Reading. He scored on his first appearance at St Andrew's netting the first in a eventual 2–0 victory over Sheffield Wednesday on 27 January, his first league goal in English football.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: He returned to Coventry City on a permanent deal on 9 July 2021, after signing a three-year contract with "The Sky Blues".


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Gyökeres scored in Coventry's opening game of the 2021–22 Championship season on 8 August, putting "The Sky Blues" back level in an eventual 2–1 victory over Nottingham Forest in Coventry's first home game since April 2019 after ground sharing with Birmingham City. Gyökeres scored 17 goals in 45 league appearances for the "Sky Blues" in the 2021–22 season.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: In the 2022–23 Championship season he was named as the player of the month in November after scoring 4 goals in four games, leading Coventry City to four straight wins during that period.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Gyökeres featured regularly for Sweden in the nation's qualification campaign for the 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship during which he scored twice, including the winning goal against Italy to help Sweden qualify for the tournament for the first time. He was then selected for the squad which took part in the tournament in Georgia and scored in all three of Sweden's group matches but was unable to help the nation progress to the knockout stages of the tournament. His return of three goals later saw him share the Golden Boot award with England's Ben Brereton and Ryan Sessegnon, and the Netherlands' Joël Piroe.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: On 8 January 2019, Gyökeres made his senior international debut for the Sweden in a 0–1 loss against Finland. Just three days later, Gyökeres scored his first senior goal for Sweden in a 2–2 draw vs Iceland.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: In October 2021, after scoring 9 goals in 11 EFL Championship games for Coventry, Gyökeres was called up to the Swedish national team to replace Zlatan Ibrahimovic to face Kosovo and Greece for the 2022 World Cup qualifiers.


title: Viktor Gyökeres

text: Gyökeres is in a relationship with Amanda Nildén who is a female professional footballer. Upon his transfer to Brighton in 2018, Nildén moved with him to England and impressed enough to secure a spot in the club's ladies team.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: "Love Never Felt So Good" is a song by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson, released posthumously on May 2, 2014. The song, reworked from a 1983 demo track originally composed by Jackson and Canadian singer-songwriter Paul Anka, was the first single released from Jackson's second posthumous album, "Xscape".


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: Two versions of the single were developed. The first was a solo version produced by American record producer John McClain and Dutch record producer Giorgio Tuinfort. The second version was a duet featuring American singer Justin Timberlake, produced by American record producers Timbaland and J-Roc, which received positive reviews from music critics. Its accompanying music video premiered on May 14, 2014 on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". In the video, Timberlake appears with a crowd of young dancers, who reference Jackson's most known dance moves, interspersed with archival footage of the pop singer's many short films. The song is the second collaboration between Jackson and Anka to be released since Jackson's death in 2009 — the first being "This Is It".


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: The duet version of "Love Never Felt So Good" charted within the top ten in eighteen international charts, reaching the top spot in five countries. Michael Jackson became the first artist in history to have a top 10 single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in five different decades when "Love Never Felt So Good" reached number 9 on May 31, 2014 (six decades if his Jackson 5 tenure is included). It spent eight weeks on top of the US Adult R&B Songs. The song also charted at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: The original demo was conceived and recorded during a two-week collaborative stint between Jackson and Anka in 1983, around the same time as "This Is It"(Originally titled "I Never Heard") and "Don't Matter to Me". The original version only featured Jackson's vocals, finger snaps and a piano, played by Anka. The song was later recorded by Johnny Mathis in 1983, with revised lyrics by Anka and Kathleen Wakefield. The Mathis version was included on his 1984 album, "A Special Part of Me". In 2006, Jackson's demo leaked online.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: In 2010, the co-executor of The Estate Michael Jackson, John McClain, and Dutch composer, Giorgio Tuinfort, remixed the track to be considered for "Michael", the first posthumous album of Jackson's unreleased material. The track was ultimately not selected for the "Michael" album.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: In 2014, after being left on the cutting room floor for four years, the McClain/Tuinfort version of the track was selected as the first track on the "Xscape" album. Yet another version of the track - co-produced by Timbaland with J-Roc and featuring vocals from Justin Timberlake - was included as a bonus track on the deluxe version of "Xscape". The version featuring Timberlake also includes sampled percussion and breaths from Jackson's 1979 song "Workin' Day and Night".


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: On April 30, 2014, it was revealed that "Love Never Felt So Good" would be unveiled at the iHeartRadio Music Awards on May 1, 2014, as the album's first single. During the awards show, the song premiered with a tribute by American R&B singer Usher. The digital download for the single became available on iTunes at 0:01 EDT on May 2, 2014 on both its album version and duet version with Justin Timberlake. The release date of the single to urban radio stations was confirmed as May 6, 2014, though actually the single hit the radios on May 2. On May 10, 2014 a Fedde Le Grand remix was announced and world-premiered by Danny Howard on his BBC Radio 1 show "Dance Anthems". The remix was released on May 19, 2014.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: Upon its release, "Love Never Felt So Good" received positive reviews from critics. Surprised by the quality of the song, Aisha Harris from "Slate" magazine wrote that Timberlake's version "sounds like an outtake from "Off the Wall"" and further commented: "If producers are going to put out more MJ music, let's hope it continues to sound this good." Carl Willott of Idolator offered a positive outlook on the duet version, stating: "... where [Timberlake and Jackson's] voices make for an uncannily natural combination ... the other great thing is that it's not trying to be an event, it's just a breezy dance floor strut that wouldn't feel out of place on "Off the Wall" or "The 20/20 Experience"."


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: Chris Richards of "The Washington Post" called the solo Jackson rendition "terrific. It's airy, sweet, funky and pretty much impossible to dislike," but panned the Timberlake remix, which he commented "surfaces all the grody feelings that came rushing in 2010 with Jackson's first posthumous album, "Michael"." Gavin Edwards from "Rolling Stone" said, "even if it isn't on a par with Jackson's best work, it sounded like it could have easily been the sixth single off "Bad", which is more impressive than it sounds."


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: Stephanie Chase from "Contactmusic" said, "It's not groundbreaking or an exceptional example of his artistry, but it gives a good indication that "Xscape" could serve as a fitting tribute to Jackson and his legacy. Jon O'Brien from Yahoo! commented: "the classy disco-soul of this single could easily have been lifted from "Off the Wall" or "Thriller"."


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: "Love Never Felt So Good" also got praised by musician DJ Cassidy, who told the song had a positive impact on him.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: I haven't been a huge fan of albums that come out after an artist dies. You know, it just doesn't have their stamp on it, so it's never going to be what it would have been if the person was alive. But "Love Never Felt So Good" was a great record. It was definitely one of my top five songs from the last five years.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: The single debuted on the UK Singles Chart at No. 27 in the issue dated May 4, 2014 after just 24 hours on sale. It reached number one in South Korea, Denmark, Israel, South Africa, and Germany and Belgium's respective urban charts.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: In the United States, the single sold more than 90,000 downloads from the debut date of May 2, 2014 to May 4, 2014, and drew 52 million all-format radio audience impressions since its first plays that Friday. With the Clear Channel's promotional synergy after the premiere of the song on the iHeartRadio Music Awards, the song received hourly plays on May 2, 2014 on the company's pop, adult and R&B/hip-hop stations, greatly contributing to its airplay, which made the song debut on the following "Billboard" radio charts: Adult R&B Songs (No. 1), Adult Contemporary (No. 2), R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (No. 4) and Adult Pop Songs (No. 21). The song made splashy debuts at No. 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 6 on "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs from 80,000 downloads sold, 34 million audience impressions from 358 radio stations, and 1.9 million U.S. streams, which made it Jackson's highest-charting entry since the 2002 single "Butterflies".


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: After its first full week on sale, the song reached No. 6 on "Billboard"'s Digital Songs chart with sales of 101,000 copies, but the whole week radio audience impressions reduced 36% to 22 million which caused the song to drop to No. 38 on Radio Songs, and lowered the song's Hot 100 position to #22 in its second week on the chart. In its third week, the song rose to No. 9, becoming Jackson's first top-ten hit since 2001's "You Rock My World". Jackson also became the first act in the Hot 100's history to score top ten hits in five different decades, as he has done for each decade from the 1970s to the 2010s. The single then topped the US "Billboard" Top Adult R&B Songs chart for 8 weeks. "Love Never Felt So Good" has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). As of 2018, the song has sold 1.11 million copies in the country.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: Counting Jackson's entire chart career in addition to his solo career, the 2010s is actually his sixth decade with a single charted (not peaking) in the US Top 10, as The Jackson 5 single "I Want You Back" first reached the Top 10 the week of December 27, 1969, on its way to a number one peak in late January 1970; however, Jackson was not credited on that single as an individual artist.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: In 2014, "Love Never Felt So Good" was ranked as the 78th most popular song of the year (2014) on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: The music video for the duet debuted in the morning on May 14, 2014, which was regarded as "a careful visual tribute of the late pop singer's lasting legacy on future generations." It was directed by Rich Lee and Justin Timberlake. A crowd of young dancers lip-synced and Justin Timberlake sang along and made some memorable moves from Michael Jackson's classic music videos or live shows. Clips from the following music videos appeared in the "Love Never Felt So Good" music video (in order of appearance):


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: A month later, a music video for the solo version was uploaded to the official Michael Jackson YouTube channel. The audio track, although very similar, is not the same as the album version of the track. It features a different bass track, a different guitar track, an electric piano, a flute, reworked snaps and claps, and slight changes in mixing in regards to audio panning. Minor changes to the song's form were also done including the harmony to the second verse being altered. The music video featured clips from the duet version, as well as clips from other Michael Jackson music videos, such as "Dirty Diana" and "You Rock My World", along with some of Jackson's live performances, such as "Billie Jean".


title: Love Never Felt So Good

text: The song was performed live at the 2014 iHeart Radio Music Awards on May 1, 2014. American R&B singer Usher danced across the stage, moonwalked, and hopped on a table to spin during the play of the song. Other dancers dressed in Jackson's style performed his signature moves in front of digital backdrops flashing graffiti and brick walls.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: "The British Grenadiers" is a traditional marching song of British, Australian and Canadian military units whose badge of identification features a grenade, the tune of which dates from the 17th century. It is the Regimental Quick March of the Royal Artillery (since 1716), Corps of Royal Engineers (since 1787), the Honourable Artillery Company (since 1716), Grenadier Guards 'The First (later 'Grenadier') Regiment of Foot Guards' (since 1763), and the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (since 1763). It is also an authorised march of the Royal Australian Artillery, The Royal Gibraltar Regiment, The Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, The Royal Regiment of Canada, The Princess Louise Fusiliers, and The 5th Canadian Mounted Rifles. The standard orchestration for the military band was approved in 1762, when the Royal Artillery Band (initiated in 1557) became recognised officially, and for all other 'grenade' regiments in 1763, when the remaining unofficial bands gained official status.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: The exact origins of the tune are disputed but generally date to the early 17th century. It appears in John Playford's 1728 collection of dance tunes as "The New Bath", while Victorian musicologist William Chappell also suggested links to a 1622 work called "Sir Edward Nowell's Delight". The debate is best summarised by the composer Ernest Walker in 1907 who described the melody as "three centuries' evolution of an Elizabethan tune".


title: The British Grenadiers

text: The melody was introduced into Britain as a military march during the 1689–1702 reign of William III and has similarities with one written for Prince John William of Friesland (1687–1711). Henry Grattan Flood suggested as another candidate the 1672 Dutch march "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe", which in turn was a reworking of a French version from 1568.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: "The British Grenadiers" refers to grenadiers in general, not the Grenadier Guards Regiment, and all Fusilier units were entitled to use it. It allegedly commemorates an assault in August 1695 by 700 British grenadiers on the French-held fortress of Namur during the Nine Years War. A tune known as 'The Granadeer's March' was mentioned in a London publication in 1706, although it is not clear that it was the same melody known today. Francis Grose in his 1786 work "Military Antiquities" quoted two lines of the lyrics ('Come let us fill a bumper, and drink a health to those,/Who wear the caps and pouches, and eke the looped clothes') as part of a 'grenadier song' he already considered to be 'old'.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: It was a popular tune in both Britain and North America throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and remains so. It is most commonly heard today in the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony when the Colour Escort marches into position on Horse Guards Parade.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: The following text may date back to the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1713), since it refers to the grenadiers throwing grenades and the men wearing "caps and pouches" (i.e. the tall grenadier caps, worn by these elite troops, and the heavy satchel in which grenades were carried) and "loupèd clothes"- coats with broad bands of 'lace' across the chest that distinguished early grenadiers.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: Before the American Revolution, Joseph Warren wrote a parody song called "Free America" and has the same tune.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: Like "Rule, Britannia!", the song is frequently used in film and television to introduce a British setting or character, or indicate stereotypical Britishness.


title: The British Grenadiers

text: Alongside "Remove Kebab" and Arthur Brown's "Fire", this song was played on Christchurch mosque shooter Brenton Tarrant's loudspeakers as he parked his car near Al Noor Mosque and walks outside before starting the massacre which killed 51 and injured 40.


title: Tequila (The Champs song)

text: "Tequila" is a 1958 Latin-flavored surf instrumental written by Chuck Rio and recorded by the Champs. "Tequila" became a No. 1 hit on both the pop and R&B charts at the time of its release and continues to be strongly referenced in pop culture to this day.


title: Tequila (The Champs song)

text: In 1957, Gene Autry's record label, Challenge Records, signed Dave Burgess (born 1934), a rockabilly singer-songwriter from California who often recorded under the name "Dave Dupree". At the end of 1957, having produced no hits, Challenge Records looked to Burgess, who organized a recording session on December 23 in Hollywood. In the studio that day were Burgess on rhythm guitar, Cliff Hils on bass, the Flores Trio (Danny Flores saxophone and piano, Gene Alden on drums, and lead guitarist Buddy Bruce), and Huelyn Duvall contributing backing vocals. They gathered primarily to record "Train to Nowhere", a song by Burgess, as well as "Night Beat" and "All Night Rock" (a song that has never been released).


title: Tequila (The Champs song)

text: The last tune recorded was "Tequila", essentially just a jam by the Flores Trio. It is based on a Cuban mambo song "Como Mi Ritmo No Hay Dos" by Cachao. The word "Tequila" is spoken three times throughout the tune. There were three takes, and Danny Flores, who wrote the song, was also the man who spoke the word "Tequila!" solo. The song served as the B-side for "Train to Nowhere", which was released by Challenge Records (No. 1016) on January 15, 1958. Duvall recalls that the record initially found little success, but, after a DJ in Cleveland played the B-side, "Tequila" reached No. 1 on the Billboard chart on March 28, 1958.


title: Tequila (The Champs song)

text: Daniel Flores had written "Tequila", but, because he was signed to another label, the tune was credited to "Chuck Rio", a name he adopted for the stage. Those present for the December 23 session began recording together again on January 20, 1958, under the name the Champs; the group technically formed "after" recording "Tequila". The tune has been noted to have a similar rhythm structure to Bo Diddley's 1958 release "Dearest Darling".


title: Tequila (The Champs song)

text: The Champs recorded a sequel to "Tequila" entitled "Too Much Tequila". Released as a maroon-label Challenge single, it reached No. 30 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In 2020, group leader Dave Burgess resurrected The Champs and recorded 12 new tracks for an LP entitled "Tequila Party". The album contains a "party" version of "Tequila".


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: The Smith's Snackfood Company is a British-Australian snack food company owned by American multinational corporation PepsiCo. It is best known for its brand of potato crisps. The company was founded by Frank Smith and Jim Viney in the United Kingdom in 1920 as Smiths Potato Crisps Ltd, originally packaging a twist of salt with its crisps in greaseproof paper bags which were sold around London. The dominant brand in the UK until the 1960s when Edinburgh's Golden Wonder took over with Cheese & Onion, Smith’s countered by creating Salt & Vinegar flavour (first tested by their north-east England subsidiary Tudor) which was launched nationally in 1967.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: After establishing the product in the UK, Smith set up the company in Australia in 1932. PepsiCo acquired a controlling stake in 1998. Smith's Snackvend Stand is the branch of the company that operates vending machines.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: Smith's Potato Crisps Ltd. was formed by Frank Smith and Jim Viney in the United Kingdom after World War I. Smith had been a manager for a Smithfield wholesale grocery business which sold potato crisps from 1913. Deciding to make his own, Smith converted garages in Cricklewood, London into a crisp factory, selling to local businesses. By 1920 he had 12 full-time employees. Smith conceived the idea of selling unseasoned potato crisps with a small blue sachet of salt that could be sprinkled over them. In 1927, after buying Jim Viney's share of the business, the company expanded into a factory in Brentford, London. In 1929, Smiths had 7 factories in the UK and the company went public. By 1934, 200 million packets of crisps were sold in Britain each year, 95 percent of which were manufactured by Smith's.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: By 1956, the company was making 10 million packets every week. Following the creation of Cheese & Onion flavour by Tayto in Ireland, Golden Wonder (Smiths’ main competitor in Britain) produced their Cheese & Onion version, and Smith’s countered with Salt & Vinegar (tested first by their north-east England subsidiary Tudor) which launched nationally in 1967, starting a two-decade-long flavour war.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: Smith's launched a ‘Do The Crunch’ advertising campaign; in 1967 a young Phil Collins toured the UK teaching people the crunch dance. Aimed at children, Monster Munch were launched by Smiths in Britain in 1977. Originally called "The Prime Monster" (a play on "The Prime Minister", and as part of a wider campaign), they were renamed "Monster Munch" in 1978.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: Smiths was later owned by biscuit company Nabisco, BSN and finally sold to American company PepsiCo in the 1990s. Subsequently, Pepsico withdrew the brand, in favour of popular British brand Walkers, which had been heavily marketed in a campaign using former England international footballer turned television presenter Gary Lineker. Many of the products previously owned by Smith's became labelled as Walkers, such as Quavers.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: Current Smiths brands include Smiths Crisps, Frazzles, Chipsticks, Snaps and Savoury Selection (Bacon Fries and Scampi Fries).


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: After establishing the product and name in the UK, Frank Smith moved to set up a subsidiary in Australia. Smith's Crisps were first manufactured in Australia in 1931 with an associate, George Ensor, in leased premises in Sydney's Surry Hills. They were originally made in 20 gas fired cooking pots, then packed by hand and distributed by Nestle confectionery vans.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: Smith's Potato Crisps sold its early crisps in three penny packets, 24 to a tin. "Twist of salt" sachets were included before pre-salting had been introduced. In March 1932, Smith's Potato Crisps Ltd. went into voluntary liquidation as a result of the Great Depression. However, three months later, George Ensor tendered for the business put up for sale by the liquidators, and on 13 May 1932, Smith's Potato Crisps (Australia) was formed with the UK Smith's Company holding a majority interest over minor shareholders. Growth after World War II was rapid, so a continuous cooker process was introduced to replace the individual cooking pots and in 1960 the production of a one shilling pack for cinemas and a box pack for four shillings was initiated.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: In 1961, Smith's introduced its first flavoured chip - chicken. It was a very popular flavour, influencing most competitors at the time to adopt a Chicken variation. Other flavours released were Original (Pre-Salted) and Salt & Vinegar. Later, in the 1970s, Barbecue was added as a flavour for Smiths crinkle cut chips, and in the 1980s Cheese & Onion was added. These five flavours - Original Salted (blue packet), Salt & Vinegar (magenta packet), Chicken (green packet), Barbecue (orange packet) and Cheese & Onion (yellow packet) have remained the mainstay flavours of the brand since the 1980s. Many other 'limited edition' variants have also been tried over the years. During the late 1980s, the company introduced the famous advertising mascot Gobbledok, a chip obsessed alien character similar to the popular characters E.T. and ALF.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: In 1968, Associated Products and Distribution Pty Ltd (APD), the food group holding company in British Tobacco Co. (Aust), bought a 41.5% share of Smith's Potato Crisps (Australia)'s parent company, including all Australian shareholders. Over the next 20 years, other takeovers and new products (including Twisties and Burger Rings brands) drove growth. PepsiCo took over the company in 1998. In 1990, the APD name was replaced by CCA Snackfoods.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: In 1998, the Smiths Snackfood company was Australia's largest producer of salty snack foods. It was acquired in August of that year, by Frito-Lay the second largest producer of salt snack foods in Australia, which is owned by PepsiCo. To prevent the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission from intervening for unfair trading practices Frito-Lay divested a range of brands, manufacturing facilities, including plants in Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The package was named Snack Brands Australia and was sold to Dollar Sweets Holdings. In that package included the brands sold were CC's, Cheezels, Thins and Samboy.


title: The Smith's Snackfood Company

text: Despite Australians using the term "chips" for crisps, Smith's called their product crisps until as late as 2003. They are now labelled as Smith's Chips. As of 2010–2011, portions contained in "large" bags of Smith's Snackfood products have diminished, down from 200g to 175g (approximately equal to the previous 1975 large size of 6½oz).


title: History of Colombia

text: The history of Colombia includes the settlements and society by indigenous peoples, most notably, the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms; the Spanish arrived in 1492 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, most noteworthy being Spanish conquest; ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886; as well as constant political violence in the country. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s, but then decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of Colombia's history has resulted in a rich cultural heritage; while varied geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities.