title: American Idol (season 10)

text: This is the first season in which there were 12 weeks of the finals and the for the first season since season eight, there were 13 finalists as contrast to 12 (with 11 weeks of finals) as seen in the previous seasons; unlike the former, the first week is a single elimination, rather than double elimination (which resulted in that season having only 11 weeks). The top 13 performance show was pre-recorded, but subsequent shows were broadcast live. Seventh season winner David Cook recorded "Don't You (Forget About Me)" as the song played during the contestant's montage. The finals venue was same stage as used in the Semi-Finals.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: Marc Anthony served as the guest mentor this week, though was not explicitly announced during the show.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: Each contestant sang one solo song composed by Carole King, and one duet with a fellow contestant. Babyface served as the guest mentor for this week. Unlike the previous result shows, Seacrest forego revealing the contestants in bottom three and insisted that the results are announced in "random order" (i.e. not in particular order of rank or results). The callout order of the first three contestants declaring safe were Reinhart, Durbin, Alaina, leaving Abrams, Lusk and McCreery the last three contestants remaining. After Seacrest reminded again that the callout order are random, he announced that Abrams got the fewest votes was eliminated, and claimed that the other two were not necessarily among the bottom three vote-getters that week. The claim was later confirmed on next week's result show via his Twitter revealing that McCreery had never been in the bottom two.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: The Top 5 performed two songs, one from the new millennium and a second song from the 1960s. Sheryl Crow served as the guest mentor this week.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: The Top 3 contestants performed three songs, each chosen by themselves, one from their mentor Iovine, and one from the judges. Beyoncé served as the guest mentor for this week.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: Alaina damaged her vocal cords while rehearsing for the finale, but she was treated and cleared to continue in the competition.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: Breaking the tradition from the past seasons, the judges did not offer their critiques of the performances until after both contestants had sung both of their opening songs, and then the critiques were delivered to both contestants at the same time. Also, the schedule for the two-part finale was moved back to its previous schedule of Tuesday and Wednesday.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: The first five contestants eliminated from the finals were all female contestants, and this early elimination of female contestants led to criticism of bias against women. "Idol" producer Ken Warwick said, "It's no secret that most reality shows are female driven, either by moms or by young girls. It does mean we're going to get a heftier amount of female votes and it's always bent towards the boys, obviously, we are very much aware that the voting can be skewed towards the boys." The voting also provoked considerable criticism after the last of these five female contestants, Pia Toscano, a presumed front-runner, was surprisingly eliminated in ninth place. In response to criticism, the producers considered tweaking the voting format for the next season.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: Online critics from major news sources like Brian Mansfield of "USA Today", Dalton Ross of "Entertainment Weekly", Andrea Reiher of Zap2it, and Tom Gliatto of "People" criticized the judges for being too nice, not being honest enough, offering hardly any constructive criticism towards the contestants, and for not giving any guidance and direction for the viewers/voters in terms of why they should or should not be voting for someone. Executive producer Ken Warwick responded to these criticisms and said, "The truth of the matter is these kids are very good and I wouldn't influence the judges to say anything they don't absolutely believe ... They are trying to keep things on the straight and narrow. What they feel are genuine feelings, that's all I can ask them to do." Nigel Lythgoe, another executive producer, also responded to these criticisms on his Twitter and answered, "IT IS NOT ABOUT THE JUDGES OPINION IT'S ABOUT YOURS!! U R NOT SHEEP!" In October 2011, however, judge Jennifer Lopez revealed that all three judges would be tougher on the contestants in the eleventh season.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: Many fans of the ninth season winner, Lee DeWyze, were upset that he did not take part in the season ten finale like he was rumored to. Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe responded on his Twitter that he asked DeWyze to take part in the finale, but he declined, "I was so upset Lee DeWyze wouldn't present the winners trophy to Scotty," he wrote. "Especially as he'd been on the show this Season. I guess he was shy." However, DeWyze said that he was actually not asked to take part in the finale, "Just for the record… I was not asked to be involved in the Finale. It wasn't until about 2 minutes before they announced that Nigel had approached me and asked if he could "borrow" me for a second. I didn't feel a last second jump on stage was appropriate. It was Scotty's moment. I appreciate American Idol, and the opportunity it has given me. And the people who have made that show possible. I am not angry, or bitter etc. It was an amazing Finale, and I would have loved to be a part of it. I just wasn't asked." DeWyze was seen in the audience towards the end of the show.


title: American Idol (season 10)

text: "American Idol" ended the 2010–2011 television season as the number one and number two show in Total Viewers, and the number one and number three show in Adults 18–49. The Wednesday performance shows earned an average of 25.864 million viewers and an 8.8/24 rating in the Adults 18–49 demographic, while the Thursday results show earned an average of 23.798 million viewers and a 7.7/22 rating in the Adults 18–49 demographic. The show's success helped Fox network achieve the longest winning streak in broadcast history of seven consecutive season in the Adult 18–49 demo.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The Angels are an Australian rock band which formed in Adelaide in 1974 as The Keystone Angels by Bernard "Doc" Neeson on lead vocals and bass guitar, John Brewster on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, his brother Rick Brewster on lead guitar and backing vocals, Peter "Charlie" King on drums. In 1976, King was replaced by Graham "Buzz" Bidstrup on drums, Chris Bailey took over bass duties so Neeson could focus solely on vocals, and they changed their name to just 'The Angels'. Their studio albums peaking within the Australian top 10 are "No Exit" (1979), "Dark Room" (1980), "Night Attack" (1981), "Two Minute Warning" (1984), "Howling" (1986) and "Beyond Salvation" (1990). Their top 20 singles are "No Secrets" (1980), "Into the Heat" (1981), "We Gotta Get out of This Place" (1987), "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again" (live, 1988), "Let the Night Roll On" and "Dogs Are Talking" (both 1990).


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In the international market, to avoid legal problems with similarly named acts, their records have been released under the names, Angel City and later The Angels from Angel City, yet the band has said numerous times that they dislike these names. The Angels have been cited by Guns N' Roses and Cheap Trick who became friends and touring buddies, Great White who have covered two of their songs, and Seattle grunge band Pearl Jam among many others, as having influenced their music. Neeson left the group in 1999 due to spinal injuries sustained in a car accident and they disbanded in the following year. Subsequently, competing versions of the group performed using the Angels name, until April 2008 when the original 1970s line-up reformed for a series of tours until 2011, when Neeson and Bidstrup left again. Alternative versions continued with new members, the current line up featuring the founding Brewster Brothers on lead and rhythm guitar and Screaming Jets vocalist Dave Gleeson.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The Angels were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in October 1998 with the line-up of Bailey, John and Rick Brewster, Eccles and Neeson. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, declared that "The Angels had a profound effect on the Australian live music scene of the late 1970s/early 1980s. [They] helped redefine the Australian pub rock tradition... [their] brand of no-frills, hard-driving boogie rock attracted pub goers in unprecedented numbers. In turn, The Angels' shows raised the standard expected of live music. After 20 years on the road, the band showed little sign of easing up on the hard rock fever." Chris Bailey died on 4 April 2013, aged 62, after being diagnosed with throat cancer. Doc Neeson died on 4 June 2014, aged 67, of a brain tumour.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In November 1970, future member of the Angels, John Brewster on guitar, banjo, harp, backing vocals and washboard, and his brother Rick on violin, washboard, jug, backing vocals and percussion formed the Moonshine Jug and String Band, an acoustic ensemble, in Adelaide. Fellow members were Craig Holden on guitar, Bob Petchell on banjo and harp, and Pete Thorpe on tea chest bass, bass guitar, wash tub and backing vocals. In 1971 they were joined by Belfast-born immigrant, Bernard "Doc" Neeson, on guitar and lead vocals (ex-the Innocents), an arts student and former army sergeant, who already performed locally as Doc Talbot. The folk band gigged at local university campuses and cafes. Holden left in 1972.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In 1973, Spencer Tregloan joined Moonshine Jug and String Band on banjo, kazoo, jug, tuba and backing vocals. They released their debut four-track extended play, "Keep You on the Move", which made the top 5 in Adelaide. It contained a cover version of Canned Heat's "On the Road Again" and three original tracks: one written by John, one by John and Rick, and one by Neeson. It was followed in 1974 by a single, "That's All Right with Me". Both releases were on the Sphere Organisation label owned by John Woodruff, who later became the Angels' talent manager for two decades. In 2015 the group were inducted into the Adelaide Music Collective Hall of Fame.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In mid-1974, Moonshine Jug and String Band changed their name to the Keystone Angels, with the line up of John Brewster on lead vocals and bass guitar, Rick on guitar, Neeson on bass guitar and vocals, Peter Christopolous (a.k.a. Charlie King) on drums and Laurie Lever on keyboards. They had switched to electric instruments and began playing 1950s rock and roll on the pub circuit. Rick later recalled "There was a cult following with The Jug Band but if we wanted any real success we had to start an electric band. So we threw ourselves in the deep end. I went from playing washboard to playing lead guitar. I hadn't even played an electric guitar before then!"


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: During July and August 1974, they ran a series of ads in "Go-Set", the national teen pop music magazine, announcing that "The Keystone Angels are coming". Lever left during that year. In January 1975, the remaining members performed, as a four-piece, at the Sunbury Pop Festival, then they supported AC/DC during a South Australian tour, and later that year they were the backing band for Chuck Berry. The Keystone Angels issued a sole single, "Keep on Dancin'", on Sphere during that year.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In 1976, the Angels signed a recording deal with the Albert Productions label, upon the recommendation of Bon Scott and Malcolm Young (from AC/DC). The group dropped "Keystone" from their name and became simply, the Angels, and relocated to Sydney with the line-up of Neeson on lead vocals and bass guitar, King on drums, Rick on lead guitar and John Brewster on lead vocals and rhythm guitar. According to Ian McFarlane, an Australian musicologist, the group "had toughened its sound into a unique brand of beefy hard rock."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The Angels' first single, "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again", was released in March 1976, which was produced by Vanda & Young. It was co-written by the Brewsters and Neeson; which is the first of three versions of that they released as singles during their career. They made their TV debut on national pop music show, "Countdown". Later that year, King was replaced by Graham "Buzz Throckman" Bidstrup on drums and Chris Bailey (ex-Red Angel Panic, Headband) joined on bass guitar, which allowed Neeson to concentrate on lead vocals. Bailey had also been a member of Mount Lofty Rangers, with Bon Scott, in 1974.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The band's second single, "You're a Lady Now", was released in July 1977, which was followed a month later by their self-titled debut album, "The Angels" – also produced and recorded by Vanda & Young at Albert Studios, Sydney. It included a re-recorded version of "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again". Most of its ten tracks were co-written by Neeson and the Brewster brothers. Neeson's work as front man allowed the band to develop an energetic and theatrical live presence; he typically appeared on stage as a wild extrovert, dressed in a dinner suit, and sometimes a bow tie, and shaking maracas. As a foil Rick remained motionless and wore sunglasses; he has stated that Beethoven convinced him not to move on stage.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Their second album, "Face to Face", was released in June 1978, which reached No. 16 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart in November and stayed on the charts for 79 weeks. It was accredited as 4× platinum for shipment of 280,000 units. The album was co-produced by the group and Mark Opitz, their sound engineer. All tracks were co-credited to the Brewsters and Neeson. McFarlane described it as a "watershed" release for both the group and Opitz. At the 1978 "TV Week" King of Pop awards Peter Ledger won Best Australian Album Cover Design Award for his artwork. In October 2010 "Face to Face" was listed in the book, "100 Best Australian Albums".


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: By 1978, they "were Australia's highest paid band, attracting record crowds wherever they played. As the consummate frontman, the charismatic Doc Neeson injected a strong theatrical edge into the band's on-stage antics. The Angels were often seen as a punk/new wave outfit, yet the high energy sound, powerful guitar riffing and muscular yet supple rhythm section took the band beyond such easy categorisations." Ed Nimmervoll of Howlspace website opined that the album "delivered a tough blend of punk and metal. The band brought it home on stage behind their theatrical lead singer, jumping and gesturing maniacally, highlighting the drama in the lyrics. In every way they were one of the most exciting bands in the country, and exhaustive touring brought the band a generation of loyal fans."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: "Face to Face" provided the band's first top 50 appearance on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart with "Take a Long Line", which peaked at No. 29. David Crofts of "The Canberra Times" caught their local gig in October 1978, where they were supported by Midnight Oil, "The Angels have a more limited repertoire than Midnight Oil. What the band does might not be as creative but it is good. Very good... The band's raw rhythm is magnetic... one number that is vaguely reminiscent of Lou Reed, 'Coming Down' was my pick of their best act." In November they supported David Bowie on his first Australian tour, however Crofts felt that at their Canberra gig they "played disappointingly. They played for only 35 minutes, apparently without feeling what-so-ever... they weren't a patch on their performance at the ANU a month ago." According to Neeson, "Bowie was fantastic. He treated us as his guests. He came down to our very first sound check and he offered us everything on stage in terms of lighting except for one special one that he wanted to keep." To coincide with the support slot, the Angels issued their first extended play, "After the Rain – The Tour", with three tracks.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In June 1979, "No Exit", their third studio album was released, which peaked at No. 8. It was co-produced by the band and Opitz, again. George Young (of Vanda & Young) contributed as a backing vocalist on the track, "Out of the Blue". "The Canberra Times" Greg Falk reviewed their live performance in June, where they were supported by Flowers, "The Angels play to a set formula in their music. It's fast rock with no empty spaces. Rhythm guitarist John Brewster gives backing vocals to Doc Neeson while brother Rick Brewster fills in any gaps that have been left. The band's new material sounds very similar to their brilliant [second] album... [They] have worked themselves into a tight unit giving out as much energy as the audience on Tuesday gave back to them." "No Exit" provided the single, "Shadow Boxer", which peaked at No. 25.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: On 29 September of that year, Alberts released the "Out of the Blue" four-track EP, which provided the third studio version of "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again" in three years. The EP reached No. 29 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart. On New Year's Eve 1979, the band performed in front of almost 60,000 people on the steps of the Sydney Opera House. Their set, however, was cut short when a riot broke out in the audience. Neeson was cut by a broken bottle thrown by an audience member, and Bailey was knocked unconscious by another bottle: both were taken to hospital to receive stitches.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The Angels signed an international contract with CBS Records and, in March 1980, released a new version of "Face to Face" on the Epic Records subsidiary. It is a compilation of tracks from the Australian forms of "Face to Face" and "No Exit", plus an edited variety of the 1979 studio version of "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again" from "Out of the Blue". The Australian band billed itself as Angel City to avoid legal problems with the Casablanca Records' glam rockers, Angel. They stated that they hated the international name, Angel City. Nevertheless, they spent over half of that year touring the United States and Canada in support of the album. AllMusic's John Floyd described them, "This roaring Australian combo displays their AC/DC-cum-punk hearts on a powerful US debut."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The group undertook an international tour with six weeks in the US and a month in Europe. Karen Hughes of the "Canberra Times" described the group's performance in New York, where the "relentless, hard edged, machine gun-like attack won from an extremely difficult audience dotted with rock luminaries Mick Ronson, Ian Hunter and Karla Devito, if nothing else, respect." Their Los Angeles show was "a subtler version of the 'Angel City' phenomenon, so familiar to Australian rock audiences. That night the five-piece band elevated the capacity crowd, members of new wave bands UFO and Pretenders included, to a truly feverish climax that begged three encores."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In June 1980, "Dark Room", their fourth studio album was released, which was produced by the Brewster brothers. The album peaked at No. 5 in Australia and No. 37 on the New Zealand Albums Chart. Its overseas version had re-recorded versions of "Ivory Stairs" and "Straight Jacket" in place of "Alexander" and "I'm Scared". The American band, Great White, later covered "Face the Day" (from this LP), as well as "Can't Shake It" from "No Exit". "Dark Room" provided the single, "No Secrets", in May, which peaked at No. 8 on the Australian charts. It was co-written by Bidstrup and Neeson.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Two further singles, "Poor Baby" and "Face the Day" followed, both reached the top 100. Their performance of "No Secrets" on "Countdown" in August was described by "The Australian Women's Weekly"s Greg Flynn, "A towering and courteous gentleman named Doc Neeson, nattily dressed in white dinner jacket and sneakers, was given the nod by a floor manager and loped onto a black-and-white chequered set. Music erupted from amplifiers dotted around the studio and Doc launched himself into a song about an actress who 'lives in a tower armed with defences she learnt from her mother and friends'. Doc, for those of you still faithfully dusting your Glenn Miller records, is lead singer for The Angels – Australia's top drawing live band."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: During October 1980, they supported the Kinks on a US tour, which was a "dynamic double bill of rock music" according to Susan Moore of "The Australian Women's Weekly". John Brewster had described their earlier Australian tour to Moore, "We've really enjoyed the last year. The national tour for our album "Dark Room" was a very interesting tour, with lots of high spots."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In March 1981, Bidstrup left the band, reportedly due to non-musical differences, and was replaced by New Zealander, Brent Eccles (ex-Space Waltz, Citizen Band), on drums and percussion. Bidstrup was a touring member of the Swingers in that year, he joined the Party Boys in 1983 and formed GANGgajang in the following year. In May 1981 they issued a non-album single, "Into the Heat", which peaked at No. 14. It was followed on 24 October by a four-track live EP, "Never So Live", recorded by the new line-up, which reached No. 17. On the strength of a new track, "Fashion and Fame", it shipped 80,000 copies.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In November 1981, the group's fifth studio album, "Night Attack", which was produced by Ed Thacker and the Brewsters, was released. McFarlane felt it "saw the songs moving into heavy metal territory", which peaked at No. 11 in Australia and No. 14 in New Zealand. As their third international album, "Night Attack", included a remixed version of "Back on You", previously available on the flip-side of the "Into the Heat" single. Early in 1982 Bailey left the group due to "visa issues that prevented his joining the band in the US." Los Angeles-based session musician, Jim Hilbun (Holly Penfield, see Ian Ritchie), was recruited as his replacement on bass guitar, vocals, saxophone and organ. Bailey joined Adelaide-based rock group, Gotham City, in late 1982 alongside Bidstrup; two years later the pair were founders of GANGgajang in Sydney.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In January 1983, the Angels headlined the inaugural Narara Music Festival. Neeson arranged for the performance to be filmed, as he intended it to be his last with the band, he had initially planned to leave the group and pursue an acting career. "Live at Narara", with 11 tracks, was released on VHS in 1988 via Mushroom Video. The film crew were Greg Hunter, Andy Capp and Garry Maunder on cameras; Matt Butler as editor; directed by Bernie Cannon; Neeson as executive producer and produced in association with radio station, Triple M. McFarlane felt it "featured the band delivering an absolutely blistering performance." After the festival Neeson continued with the group.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In May 1983, they released their sixth studio album, "Watch the Red", which was produced by the Angels, and engineered by Andrew Scott and Al Wright. It peaked at No. 6 on the Australian chart and reached the top 50 in New Zealand. It fulfilled their obligations to CBS and Epic Records and they signed with Mushroom Records with overseas distribution by Music Corporation of America (MCA). Shane Pinnegar of "100% Rock Magazine" revisited the album in May 2014 and felt it "wasn't so much a left turn for The Angels as a widening of their sound palette... [Hilbun was] to surprise the band as much as the fans when he proved to be a very capable sax player... a fascinating album, a collision of intellectual observational lyricism, a manic confrontational mix of personalities in the band, and a need to evolve slightly beyond the straight pub rock they had made a name for themselves playing for the previous ten years."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The lead single, "Stand Up", written by Hilbun, reached No. 21 in Australia. The album, critically acclaimed for its musical inventiveness, featured saxophone leads from Hilbun, John Brewster on lead vocals for a track ("No Sleep in Hell"), and even a piano accordion. Material was derived from a 40-minute jam-session, later released in Australia as "The Blow", including an instrumental track and some improvised lyrics from Neeson. Recording sessions were interrupted by a fire, which gutted the studio, almost destroying the master tapes. Its second single, "Eat City", peaked at No. 22. During 1983 they toured the US again, they were the support act for the Kinks. In April 2010 Neeson appeared on ABC-TV's pop music quiz, "Spicks and Specks", series 6, episode 12, where he claimed that Ray Davies (lead singer of the Kinks) was "scared about the applause we got as a support act." During the tour Davies directed that the Angels' stage lights be halved and finally he took them off the tour prior to the last show at Madison Square Gardens.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The Angels' seventh studio album, "Two Minute Warning", was released in January 1985, following a three-month recording stint in Los Angeles with Ashley Howe producing. It peaked at No. 5 in Australia and the top 40 in New Zealand. The album's fourth Australian single, "Underground", was released in mid-1985 and reached the top 60 in Australia, In the US it had been released earlier and peaked at No. 35, in February, on "Billboard"s Mainstream Rock Songs. The US album, on MCA, included a re-recording of their 1978 song, "Be with You", which became the group's last commercially available single in that market. Metal Blade Records re-issued the album in 1990.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Unfortunately for the band, a personnel purge at MCA meant that "Two Minute Warning" received little support from the label. MCA rejected the group's next album. As Angel City, they performed four songs for the July 1985 Oz for Africa concert, part of the global Live Aid program: "Small Price", "Eat City", "Underground", and "Take a Long Line". They were broadcast in Australia, (on both the Seven Network and Nine Network), and on MTV in the US.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: John Brewster left the band in February 1986, his last concerts were on 27 January – a double in Melbourne at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl and then the Palace Theatre. In his place they hired ex-Skyhooks guitarist Bob Spencer in March. John Brewster joined a new version of the Party Boys in that year and remained until 1989. In October 1986, "Howling", their eighth studio album, which was recorded at Sydney's Rhinoceros Studios with Steve Brown producing (US, Cult, Wham), was released on Mushroom Records. It reached No. 6 in Australia and No. 10 in New Zealand.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Eccles explained to Pollyanna Sutton of "The Canberra Times" how the group's sound had developed: "The change started when John Brewster left. He virtually ran the band and there were a lot of things we would have liked to have done with "Two Minute Warning". "Howling" is the follow up. We experimented with stuff then and different instruments and with this album we sealed it with new instruments and backing singers right up there. It really represents what the band is capable of." It provided a cover version of the Animals' hit, "We Gotta Get out of This Place" in January 1987 which, at No. 7, became the band's highest charting single in Australia. It peaked at No. 13 in New Zealand.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In December 1987, a double live album, "Live Line", was released, which peaked at No. 3 in Australia and No. 13 in New Zealand. The collection spanned ten years of their career. Most of its tracks were recorded at the Bankstown RSL Club, Sydney, with some taken from earlier tours with John Brewster. The CD version included four songs not included on the vinyl release. A live version of "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again" was issued in January 1988 as a single, which reached No. 11 in Australia and included the first recording of the audience response chant, "No Way, Get Fucked, Fuck Off". Another single was a medley of "Love Takes Care" and "Be with You" in May.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In May 1988, Spencer broke his wrist as the result of an "unfortunate collision" on stage with Neeson. He was substituted, on a national tour, by Jimi "The Human" Hocking on guitar and backing vocals. Hocking later recalled "I was called up as the result of some session work I had recently done. It was originally to fill in for one night and the tour would be cancelled. The gig went so well, that the band offered me the guitar spot for the rest of the tour, so overnight I found myself on a major rock tour at 24 years of age." For each gig they provided a lengthy three-hour set which covered their musical history. After the tour Spencer resumed his duties on guitar and Hocking formed a new band, Jimi the Human and Spectre 7.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Chrysalis Records in the US and Japan issued the group's ninth studio album, "Beyond Salvation", using the band name, the Angels from Angel City, in November 1989. It was recorded in Memphis with Terry Manning (ZZ Top, Led Zeppelin) producing. While working on the album the group and Manning "on guitar, played fun gigs billed as Dancing Dick and the Richards and The Cow Demons." During recording sessions Hilbun was replaced by James Morley (ex-Strawberry Blonde) on bass guitar and backing vocals. Hilbun became a member of Richard Clapton's backing band in 1989 and then Angry Anderson's band in the following year.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The international version had new re-recordings of previously released tracks, "I Ain't the One", "Can't Shake It", "Who Rings the Bell", "City out of Control" and "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again", none of which were available in Australia. Alan Niven was signed on as their US manager; he also handled Great White and Guns N' Roses. However, Niven soon left the Angels management.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The international version of "Beyond Salvation" had only included four new tracks, three of these appeared on the Australian form of the album, which was released in February 1990 via Mushroom Records. It also had eight new tracks, all produced by Manning, not available on the international format. In June of that year "Beyond Salvation" became the Angels' first and only No. 1 album in Australia, where it remained in the top 100 for 38 weeks and was certified platinum for shipment of 70,000 units. In New Zealand, in September, it reached No. 3 – their highest charting album there.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: McFarlane opined that "It was one of The Angels' best albums, Manning having stripped the band's sound back to basics and brought the guitars to the fore." "The Canberra Times" summarised an article from US-based, "Musician", as "a glowing review... [which] recounted the long history of bum deals and legal problems which have kept The Angels off the American market" with the album showing a "wonderfully off-hand confidence." Nimmervoll observed that "Internationally it was the last throw of the dice. For whatever reason, despite their reputation, the Angels had never established a sustainable international following."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In Australia it provided five singles, starting with "Let the Night Roll On" which peaked at No. 17 in Australia. "The Canberra Times" reviewer described it as "hard rock, basic as a scream and powerful as a punch. A taste of things to come... Get your head ready for a bit of banging." "Dogs are Talking", reached No. 11 in Australia and was certified gold for shipment of 35,000 copies. It was co-written by Rick, Eccles, Hilbun, Neeson and Spencer and charted in New Zealand at No. 12.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Their Beyond Salvation Tour had Cheap Trick as a support act. The flip-side of the Australian version of "Dogs are Talking" featured demo tracks by three new Australian acts, which supported the Angels on that tour: the Desert Cats, the Hurricanes and the John Woodruff-managed group, Baby Animals. In New Zealand the B-side of "Dogs Are Talking" featured songs from two local support acts; both were the first releases: Nine Livez' "Live It Up" and Shihad's "Down Dance".


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: "Back Street Pickup" peaked in the top 30 in both Australia and New Zealand. Its music video was filmed the day the band were told of the album reaching number one on the charts and shows a buoyant and enthusiastic band performing.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: "Red Back Fever", their tenth studio album, had partly been recorded in Memphis with Terry Manning producing the basic tracks during the "Beyond Salvation" sessions, and was released in November 1991. It was co-produced by the group with Steve James, which reached No. 14 in Australia and the top 50 in New Zealand. The band toured for two years, and the album's third single, "Tear Me Apart" (July 1992), was included in a multimillion-dollar government campaign highlighting alcohol-related violence. It reached the top 40. Also in that month Mushroom re-issued the album as a two-CD set: "Red Back Fever" / "Left Hand Drive"; the latter contained unreleased and rare tracks. Then they undertook the Alcohol and Violence Tears You Apart tour.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In 1992, Spencer left and Morley followed soon after, they were subsequently replaced by returning members John Brewster and Hilbun. Spencer joined Black Cat Moan and then was a member of the Choirboys from 1992 to 2004. Morley joined a string of cover bands. In 1993 the Angels performed a one-off gig at the University of Western Sydney, co-headlining with the Screaming Jets. Other artists on the bill were Mental as Anything, Peter Wells (formerly of Rose Tattoo) and Wickud Skunk, a band from Tasmania.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In 1994, the New Zealand chapter of Hells Angels asked the band to perform. They issued a compilation album, "Evidence" in December of that year, which included two new tracks: "Don't Need Mercy" and "Turn It On". "The Hard Evidence Tour E.P." followed in April of the next year which included those two tracks from "Evidence" and two more new ones, "Spinning My Wheels" and "Blue Light".


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In April 1995, they head-lined the Barbed Wire Ball tour, a national tour that also featured the Screaming Jets, The Poor and Who's Guilty. The band took a hiatus from recording and touring, to reconvene in mid-1996 at Darling Harbour studios for the start of sessions for their eleventh studio album, "Skin & Bone" (1998).


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In July 1997, the Angels hit the road with the Lounge Lizard Tour, with guest vocalists Angry Anderson (from Rose Tattoo) and Ross Wilson (from Daddy Cool, Mondo Rock). The band provided acoustic backing for each singer's performance, which included works from their respective bands. On 13 August of that year the Angels signed a recording deal with Shock Records in Australia.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: A new single, "Caught in the Night", written by Jim Hilbun with Doc changing the chorus lyrics and Rick contributing a chord change, was released in October 1997. It was followed by "Skin & Bone", which peaked at No. 29 on the ARIA Albums Chart. On 20 October 1998 the Angels, line-up of Chris Bailey, Jim Hilbun. John and Rick Brewster, Brent Eccles and Doc Neeson, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame by Angry Anderson. In November 1998 the band performed a brief set at the Concert of the Century in Melbourne to celebrate Mushroom Records' 25th anniversary. On New Year's Eve 1999 they performed their last concert at the MGM Grand Darwin Millennium Concert. Shortly afterwards, Doc Neeson announced his hiatus from the band following a major car accident that had left him with neck and spinal injuries.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: With Neeson's departure, the Angels effectively ceased, although Rick and John Brewster considered recruiting another singer. In November 2000 Shock Records reissued "Left Hand Drive". The Australian Broadcasting Corporation featured the group in its music series, "Long Way to the Top", in "Episode 4: Berserk Warriors", broadcast on 5 September 2001. It, and two subsequent episodes, was issued as a video recording, "Long Way to the Top: Stories of Australian and New Zealand Rock and Roll: Episodes 4-6: Disc 2", in that year. In the episode Neeson described pub venues, "The stench would just hit you and the atmosphere was overwhelming, like a real energy built out of the claustrophobia... We looked forward to playing at the Lifesaver 'cause it was the sort of thing where you could go in and try anything. Once, during the solo, I started throwing fish at the audience."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: During the 2000s, competing versions of the group under different names were formed either by the Brewster brothers or by Neeson. In March 2001 a new version, Members of the Angels, with the line-up of Bailey, Bidstrup, John and Rick Brewster and Hilbun on lead vocals. They provided a one-off performance at one of the Ted Mulry Benefit Concerts, which were released on video as "Gimme Ted". On 24 June 2002 Shock Records issued "The Complete Sessions 1980–1983", a 4-CD box set of the band's recorded output from "Dark Room" to the "Watch the Red" albums. Around that time, Bailey, Bidstrup and the Brewsters toured as the Original Angels Band. Neeson later recalled, "When I had my car accident I was told I was going to end up in a wheelchair for the rest of my life. We made an agreement about the use of the name The Angels because they wanted to continue."


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In the meantime, Neeson, Hilbun and Westfield chief executive David Lowy formed Red Phoenix, releasing an album produced by Terry Manning and touring briefly during 2005. In July 2006 Liberation reissued much of the Angels' catalogue including "Dark Room", "Night Attack", "Watch the Red", "Two Minute Warning", "Howling", "Beyond Salvation", "Red Back Fever" and "Wasted Sleepless Night – The Definitive Greatest Hits".


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: On 4 December 2006 "Live at the Basement" was released, which was recorded by the Bailey, Bidstrup and Brewsters: once again using the name, the Angels. In September 2007 Neeson won a legal injunction to stop them from using that name. As a part of the "Countdown" Spectacular 2, he toured Australian capitals as Doc Neeson's Angels from 18 August to 5 September 2007. He used the line-up of Hilbun, Lowy, Dave Leslie (ex-Baby Animals) on guitar and Paul Wheeler (ex-Icehouse), who was later replaced by Mick Skelton, on drums. The Neeson version released an album, "Acoustic Sessions" (1 September 2007), using Hilbun, Leslie and Tim Powles on percussion, via Liberation Blue. The Brewster-led band meanwhile released an EP, "Ivory Stairs".


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In October 2007, Neeson's band joined the Tour de Force, which performed in the Middle East for 13 shows in 16 days for Australian service personnel in Afghanistan, Iraq and Kuwait. His line-up for the tour was Leslie, Skelton, Sarah Graye (ex-Nitocris) on bass guitar and Mitch Hutchinson on guitar. While in the field Neeson was presented with two medals, National Service Medal and the Australian Defence Medal, by Major General Mark Evans in Baghdad. "Wasted Sleepless Nights: The Definitive Greatest Hits" was released as a DVD on 11 July 2007. It included live footage never before released, and tracks recorded live from ABC's Studio 22.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Paul Cashmere of Undercover.com.au announced the reunion of Neeson with Bailey, Bidstrup and the Brewster brothers, as the Angels in April 2008. The re-formed band played a string of dates from June to August 2008, which included celebration of the 30th anniversary of their album, "Face to Face". The "uneasy reconciliation" between the members was shown in a documentary, "No Way, Get F*#ked, F*#k Off!" (11 October 2008) screened on SBS-TV. It was directed by Ben Ulm, produced by Stu McCarney, edited by Francine Thomson, audio mixed by Mark Tanner and original score by Rick Brewster. It was released on DVD, under the same name, via Beyond Home Entertainment, later that year.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In late 2010, Neeson announced that he would resume his solo career. He went on to form the Angels 100% with Bidstrup, Hilbun, Morley, and Spencer. They performed a sole private show to 1,000 people at a mining installation in Western Australia in late 2012.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In May 2011, Bailey and the Brewsters recruited drummer Nick Norton, and Screaming Jets singer (and MMM FM radio DJ), Dave Gleeson to front the Angels. Bidstrup and Neeson claim "the remaining three members of the band have contravened an agreement by bringing in two new members to tour Australian pubs as The Angels." Nevertheless, this line-up recorded new tracks for the first time since the late 1990s. In June 2011 they released an EP, "Waiting for the Sun", and toured Australia in support through to 2012. In January 2012 they recorded a live album, the Angels first in two decades, at the QPAC theatre in Brisbane.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: On 31 August 2012, the Angels, with Gleeson aboard, released their first new studio album in 14 years, "Take It to the Streets", which peaked at No. 24 on the ARIA albums chart. On the same day they also released "Live at QPAC", the band's first live album since 1988's "Liveline". It was briefly available as a 2× CD album.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In November and December 2012, the Angels with Dave Gleeson joined the Baby Animals and the Hoodoo Gurus for the national A Day on the Green tour, resulting in a headlining show in front of 8,500 in Perth. Also in November the Angels with Gleeson began recording songs for a new studio album, and announced their Take It to the Streets national tour, from 22 February to 20 April 2013. However, in January 2013, Bailey was diagnosed with throat cancer, and John Brewster's son, Sam Brewster, would step in for him playing bass on tour. Sam would become the official bass player for the band after Bailey's death from the cancer on 4 April 2013 at age 62. In February 2014 they released a second album with Gleeson, "Talk the Talk", which reached the top 50.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: From November 2019, The Angels co-headlined the "They Who Rock 2019" tour with Baby Animals. The promote the tour, The Angels released a cover of The Baby Animals' "One Word" and the Baby Animals covered The Angels' "Marseilles", both released on 1 October 2019.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In June 2020, the Angels released the EP "Under the Stone", the first new material in 6 years. In 2020, The Angels were listed at number 45 in "Rolling Stone Australia"s "50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time" issue.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: Unusually for a rock band, they performed with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra in December 2021 in a special concert named "Symphony of Angels".


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: In January 2013, it was announced that Chris Bailey had been diagnosed with a throat cancer, and his place on bass guitar with the Angels was filled by John Brewster's son, Sam. Bailey died on 4 April 2013, aged 62. A tribute concert for him was held at Thebarton Theatre on 17 April. Gary Bradshaw of "Amnplify" described how "the planned benefit gig turned into a night to celebrate Chris' life and his contribution to Australian music over many years." The Angels and other fellow Australians performed.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: On 10 January 2013, Neeson revealed that he had been diagnosed with a brain tumour and would undergo immediate treatment. At a benefit concert, Rock for Doc, in April Neeson told the audience, "The news is grim. But some people can actually get right through and that's the way I'm trying to think about things. So I'm looking forward optimistically to the future... And I've been sick with a brain tumour, and my doctors told me not to come out tonight. But the show goes on!" He performed two songs; other artists at the Enmore Theatre were members of Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo, Noiseworks, Cold Chisel, Dragon and Mi-Sex. On 4 June 2014, Bernard "Doc" Neeson died of his brain tumour, aged 67.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: A full-length documentary film, "The Angels: Kickin’ Down The Door", written and directed by Madeleine Parry, premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2022. It was well-reviewed, and is released in Australian cinemas on 1 December 2022.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. The Angels were inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1998.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: The South Australian Music Awards are annual awards that exist to recognise, promote and celebrate excellence in the South Australian contemporary music industry. They commenced in 2012. The South Australian Music Hall of Fame celebrates the careers of successful music industry personalities.


title: The Angels (Australian band)

text: "Countdown" was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine "TV Week". The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Pablo Cruise is an American pop/rock band from San Francisco currently composed of David Jenkins (guitar and vocals), Cory Lerios (keyboards and vocals), Sergio Gonzalez (drums), Larry Antonino (bass and vocals) and Robbie Wyckoff (vocals and percussion). Formed in 1973, the band released eight studio albums over the next decade, during which time five singles reached the top 25 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The group underwent several personnel changes and split up in 1986. The original lineup—Jenkins, Lerios, Price and Bud Cockrell—reunited briefly in 2004, and the group continues to tour today with two out of the original four members present.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Pablo Cruise began in San Francisco, in 1973, with former members of Stoneground (Cory Lerios on keyboards and vocals, David Jenkins as vocalist and on guitar and Steve Price on drums) and It's a Beautiful Day (Bud Cockrell on bass and vocals). Lerios had formed a band while at Palo Alto High School. His classmate, Steve Price, signed on as a roadie (because he owned a van), then joined the group on drums when their drummer left. They were eventually to find their way into Stoneground, where they were joined by Jenkins (originally from Ypsilanti, Michigan).


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Initially, many fans assumed that Pablo Cruise was the name of one of the members of the band. When asked the question, the band, which is a quartet, would answer, "He's the guy in the middle." When asked what Pablo Cruise meant, the band would say that "Pablo represents an honest, real, down- to-earth individual; and Cruise depicts his fun-loving and easygoing attitude towards life."


title: Pablo Cruise

text: The band signed to A&M Records and released its first album in August 1975, a minor success self-titled "Pablo Cruise", and their second album in April 1976, titled "Lifeline". Their second album achieved slightly greater success than their first, but still only managed to chart at No. 139 in the United States. The instrumental "Zero to Sixty in Five" from "Lifeline" was used as theme music for various sports television shows. That success encouraged the band to try their hand at more film and TV scoring.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: 1977's "A Place in the Sun" was the turning point in the band's career, as they finally entered the mainstream music scene with hit singles "Whatcha Gonna Do?" (No. 6) and the title track "A Place in the Sun" (No. 42), the album peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard 200.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In the middle of 1977, Bud Cockrell left to form a duo with his wife and former It's a Beautiful Day bandmate, Pattie Santos, and was replaced by Bruce Day (who had played in a band with Carlos Santana before his Santana days).


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Day's first album with the band was the RIAA platinum-selling 1978 album "Worlds Away", which spawned the hits "Love Will Find a Way" and "Don't Want to Live Without It". It also featured a cover of Australian singer-songwriter Peter Allen's hit single "I Go to Rio" and the follow-up album was 1979's "Part of the Game" that spawned the hit "I Want You Tonight". Also that year, Pablo Cruise contributed the song "Reach For The Top" to the movie "Dreamer" and the following year, they placed "What've You Got To Lose" with the film "Inside Moves".


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Day's tenure was short-lived and after he left the band in 1980, he was replaced by the session bassist John Pierce who, alongside newly added second guitarist Angelo Rossi, debuted on the 1981 album "Reflector", and it spawned the band's last Top 40 hit "Cool Love".


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In mid-1981, Price left suddenly and was initially succeeded by Donny Baldwin, who had played with Elvin Bishop and would move on to Jefferson Starship by the summer of 1982. David Perper was next to take over the drum throne and Angelo Rossi was replaced by Stef Birnbaum (aka Stef Burns) after just one album.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In 1983 the group released "Out of Our Hands", which featured a change of sound to a more "'80s pop keyboard direction", with Lerios bringing in more synthesizers and downplaying the piano, which had until then been a characteristic of the group's sound, and Price played drums on two songs. The band then toured again that year with another new member, Jorge Bermudez, on vocals and percussion. Mostly due to the rising popularity of new wave, the album struggled with sales. By the end of 1984, Pierce, Birnbaum and Bermudez had left and the group's contract with A&M had come to end.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In 1985 the four original members, Jenkins, Lerios, Price and Cockrell, reunited hoping to score a new record deal. It was not to be, however, and the group called it quits in 1986.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Jenkins moved on to join country rockers Southern Pacific in 1987, alongside former Doobie Brothers members Keith Knudsen and John McFee and Creedence Clearwater Revival bass player Stu Cook. After leaving Southern Pacific in 1989, Jenkins relocated to Hawaii where he was introduced to Hawaiian artist Kapono Beamer and began writing music with him. This eventually led to their album "Cruisin' On Hawaiian Time" (2006), a collection of songs dedicated to the Hawaiian Islands.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In the meantime, Cory Lerios worked on movie and TV scores, providing the music for the popular '90s series "Baywatch", among many others.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Around 1996, Jenkins and Cockrell reunited once again as Pablo Cruise, but Lerios and Price were unable to rejoin at the time. Keyboardist Kincaid Miller and drummer Kevin Wells were brought in to replace them, and percussionist James Henry also appeared with the band as an occasional special guest from 1999 to 2008. Additionally, second guitarist Ken Emerson and two additional backup singers, Caroline and Renita, were also recruited (briefly in 2002) for added stage attraction. Drummer Billy Johnson (ex-Santana) temporarily sat in for Wells in 2002.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: Former bassist Bruce Day died on June 30, 1999 in Windsor, California from unknown causes at the age of 48.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In June 2004 all four original Pablo members were back together playing again at Steve Price's wedding. This led to three of the four—Jenkins, Lerios and Price—deciding to reconvene permanently. Cockrell was not involved this time and George Gabriel joined on bass and vocals. During his time away from Pablo Cruise, Price went on to become a leading figure in providing E-learning and also formed his own aerial photography company. Gabriel left Pablo Cruise in November 2009 and was replaced by veteran bassist Larry Antonino (who has worked with Air Supply, Jeff Beck, Ronnie Laws and many others) in 2010.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: On November 8, 2011, Pablo Cruise released their first live album, "It's Good to Be Live", on the Red Recording label. The package included both a live CD and DVD. The live performances were taken from concerts performed at the Blue Goose in Loomis, CA on July 9 and 10, 2010. The CD also featured new versions of their songs "A Place in the Sun" (featuring fellow Red Recording artist Katrina) and "Love Will Find a Way" (with Ty Taylor of Vintage Trouble).


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In 2015, Cory Lerios released an EP, "If I Could Change Anything It Would Be You!", under the name Cory Charles.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In 2017, the band was joined by singer/percussionist Robbie Wyckoff who had appeared with Pink Floyd's Roger Waters on his The Wall Live tour.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: In February 2020, the band finished the Rock and Romance Cruise, which turned out to be their final shows for 2020. During the COVID-19 lockdown, the band worked on a new single, "Breathe", via Skype, with new drummer Sergio Gonzalez in place of Steve Price, who had retired from the group due to health issues.


title: Pablo Cruise

text: The band resumed playing shows in the summer of 2021 and continues to tour, mainly in and around California.


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: "Boys Don't Cry" is a song by English rock band the Cure. It was released in the UK as a stand-alone single in June 1979, and was included as the title track on "Boys Don't Cry", the American equivalent to "Three Imaginary Boys".


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: Written by band members Michael Dempsey, Robert Smith and Lol Tolhurst, the lyrics tell the story of a man who has given up trying to regain the love that he has lost, and tries to disguise his true emotional state. In an interview with the "NME", Smith stated:


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: In April 1986, it was re-released on under the title "New Voice · New Mix", in which the original track was remixed and the vocals re-recorded. The 7" mix of the new version has not appeared on any subsequent release by the Cure, but can be heard in the music video for "Boys Don't Cry". It was released to promote "Standing on a Beach"; however, the original version of the song appears on the album. The 12" version "New Voice · Club Mix" was included on the 2018 remastered Deluxe Edition of "Mixed Up".


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: The video, released in 1986 to promote the "New Voice New Mix" re-recording, features three children, including voice actor Mark Heatley who mimes the song. Behind a curtain, Smith, Tolhurst and Dempsey (in his only appearance with the band since his 1979 departure), appear as the children's shadows, with red eyes. This effect was attained by painting their eyelids with fluorescent paint.


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: The 1999 film "Boys Don't Cry" took its title from the song; a cover version, performed by Nathan Larson, was used as the title song for the film. The song has appeared in numerous other films, including "The Wedding Singer", "50 First Dates", "Starter for Ten", "I Do", "Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist", "Friends with Benefits" (a cover version, performed by Grant-Lee Phillips, is used in the soundtrack of the film) and "Me and You". The song also featured in the second season of the TV sitcom "How I Met Your Mother". The post-grunge band Oleander covered the song on their 1999 album "February Son".


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: In 2018, the song was the subject of an episode of the BBC Radio 4 series "Soul Music". The programme featured an interview with Tolhurst about the history of the song.


title: Boys Don't Cry (The Cure song)

text: American band I Dont Know How But They Found Me released a cover of the song in November 2021 as part of the deluxe version of their album "Razzmatazz".


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: Blanche Kiser Taylor Moore (born February 17, 1933) is an American convicted murderer and possible serial killer from Alamance County, North Carolina. Moore is awaiting execution in North Carolina for her boyfriend's 1986 arsenic poisoning. She is also suspected of the death of her father, mother-in-law, and first husband and the attempted murder of her second husband in 1989.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: Blanche Taylor Moore was born Blanche Kiser to Flonnie Blanche (née Honeycutt) and Parker Davis Kiser, a mill-worker, ordained Baptist minister, and womanizer. Her father was an alcoholic, who she said later forced her into prostitution to pay his gambling debts. She was known to switch from quoting Scripture to sexually explicit topics in the same breath. Her father died, reportedly of a heart attack, in 1966.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: On May 29, 1952, she married James Napoleon Taylor, a veteran and furniture restorer; they had two children, one in 1953 and another in 1959. In 1954, she began working as a cashier at Kroger. By 1959, she had been promoted to head cashier (roughly the equivalent of a customer service manager today), the highest job available to a female employee at Kroger. In 1962, she began an affair with Raymond Reid, the store manager. James Taylor died on October 2, 1973; as with her father seven years earlier (1966), the cause of death was initially reported as a heart attack.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: After Taylor's death on October 2, 1973, Moore and Reid began dating publicly. By 1985, however, the relationship had soured. There are indications that she began to date Robert J. Hutton, Kroger's regional manager for the Piedmont Triad area; however, that relationship ended, and she filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Hutton and Kroger in October 1985. Hutton was forced to resign, and Kroger settled the case out of court two years later for $275,000. In 1985, she also accused an unknown "pervert" of starting two fires that damaged her mobile home.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: On Easter Sunday, she met Rev. Dwight Moore, the divorced pastor of the Carolina United Church of Christ in rural Alamance County. Eventually, the two began meeting for meals. Blanche had to hide her budding relationship with Moore because her lawsuit against Kroger maintained that she was "completely alienated and antagonistic towards men and has not been able to maintain any meaningful social contacts with the opposite sex." While she was dating Moore, she asked him to procure some arsenic-based ant killer for her.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: In 1986, Reid developed what was initially diagnosed as a case of shingles. He was hospitalized in April of that year and died on October 7, 1986. Doctors indicated the cause of death was Guillain–Barré syndrome. The Kroger lawsuit was settled one year later. Blanche and Moore began seeing each other publicly shortly after Reid's death. They planned to marry, but Blanche was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1987. The wedding date was pushed back to November 1988, but Moore developed a mysterious intestinal ailment that required two surgeries to correct. On April 19, 1989, the couple were married and honeymooned over a long weekend in New Jersey. Within days of their return, Moore became severely ill and collapsed after eating a fast-food chicken sandwich that Blanche had given him.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: After several days of extreme nausea and vomiting, Moore was admitted to Alamance County Hospital on April 28. For the next two days, he was transferred between Alamance County and North Carolina Baptist Hospital in Winston-Salem. Moore was then admitted to North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. Despite hospitalization, his condition deteriorated further, threatening multiple organ failures and death. Moore had told doctors he had been working with herbicide in their yard soon after their honeymoon. Doctors Lucas Wong, Jonathan Serody, Mark Murphy, and George Sanders, after discussions with the hospital toxicologist, ordered a toxicology screen to check for herbicide poisoning. The results came back on March 13, showing Moore had 20 times the lethal dose of arsenic in his system – the most arsenic found in a living patient in the hospital's history. Moore had a particularly robust constitution and survived. However, he never regained full sensation in his hands and feet. In a 2010 television interview, Moore said he still suffers tremors in his hands and weakness in his legs.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: The North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (SBI) and the hospital notified the police of Moore's toxicology results. When interviewed by police from his hospital bed, he mentioned that a former boyfriend of Blanche's died from Guillain–Barré syndrome, which presents similar symptoms to arsenic poisoning. Investigators also discovered Blanche had attempted to change Moore's pension to make herself the principal beneficiary. In light of these revelations, exhumations of her first husband James Taylor, her lover Raymond Reid, and her father Parker Kiser was ordered by investigators. Subsequent autopsies showed elevated levels of arsenic in all three bodies. The levels found in Reid and Taylor were determined to be fatal, therefore reclassifying their deaths as the result of arsenic poisoning. It also emerged that doctors at Baptist Hospital, where Reid was admitted in 1986, had ordered a toxicology screen for him. However, on the day the test came back, the resident responsible for caring for Reid rotated to another hospital, and the new resident never passed the results up the chain of command. Those results had shown an extremely high level of arsenic in Reid's system.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: During interviews, Moore stated that both her husband and Reid felt depressed and suggested they had probably been taking arsenic themselves—something investigators found highly improbable. Additionally, it emerged she had still been sleeping with Reid around the same time she began dating Moore, raising further questions about her possible involvement with Reid's illness and death. Blanche also had Moore's hair cut to prevent hair samples from being obtained by the SBI. Pubic hair samples were used instead. On July 18, 1989, Moore was arrested and charged with first-degree murder in the deaths of Reid and Taylor. She was also charged with assault with a deadly weapon for the poisoning of Moore. Prosecutors later dropped the charges in the cases of Taylor and Moore, after she was sentenced to death for Reid's murder.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: The trial opened in Winston-Salem on October 21, 1990. Moore adamantly denied ever giving Reid any food. However, the state introduced 53 witnesses who testified about her daily trips to the hospital, bearing food. The state had an easier time making such a complex case because Reid's ex-wife and sons sued Baptist Hospital for malpractice. They were able to get the normal statute of limitations for wrongful death thrown out because they were able to prove that Blanche, as executor of Reid's estate, should have been the person to find out about the toxicology screen. The Reid family argued that Moore fraudulently prevented them from finding out about the test; longstanding precedent in U.S. courts holds that statute limitations do not apply when the defendant engages in fraudulent concealment.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: Under the terms of a deal between the Forsyth County district attorney's office and the Reid family's lawyers, most of the evidence against Moore was gathered by the latter party. Although the courts have interpreted the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination very broadly for criminal cases, such protections usually don't apply in civil cases. Civil law also allows much more latitude for searches and subpoenas.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: Moore was convicted on November 14, 1990. On November 17, the jury recommended the death penalty. On January 18, 1991, the presiding judge concurred with the jury and sentenced Moore to die by lethal injection. She currently resides at the North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women as prisoner #0288088. She wrote music in the past and spends her time writing poetry. Health issues in prison have required Moore to undergo both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Because of the automatic appeals in progress, Moore has been able to avoid execution for over 31 years. She maintains her innocence to this day.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: One of Moore's attorneys, David Tamer, misappropriated client funds, including hers, and was convicted of embezzlement. He also had a history of psychological problems. In 2010, Moore and the 11 other death row inmates from Forsyth County filed a motion to convert their sentences to life imprisonment based on the state's Racial Justice Act. Essentially, the issue was the racial composition of the juries. Dwight Moore told Winston-Salem station WXII-TV that he has no objections to his ex-wife seeking to have her death sentence overturned.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: In 1993, author Jim Schutze wrote a book about the murders, entitled "Preacher's Girl". Schutze found evidence that seemed to indicate that Moore set up Hutton in the sexual harassment suit, and she may have intentionally set the two fires. Later that year, Elizabeth Montgomery played Moore in the television film based on the book entitled "".


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: Episode 66 (Case 66: The Black Widow) of the "Casefile True Crime" podcast covers the case of Blanche Taylor Moore, including her crimes, the investigation of them, and her trial.


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: In 1999, the Discovery Channel's "The New Detectives" series, Season 4, Episode 6, "Women Who Kill", featured Blanche Taylor Moore's crimes. Her crimes were also portrayed in the "Evil Lives Here" episode "The Black Widow", and the "Snapped" episode "Blanche Taylor Moore".


title: Blanche Taylor Moore

text: In the reenactment segment of the last episode of Season 1 of "Deadly Women", Blanche Taylor Moore was portrayed by Maja Meschitschek.


title: Ratio test

text: where each term is a real or complex number and is nonzero when is large. The test was first published by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and is sometimes known as d'Alembert's ratio test or as the Cauchy ratio test.


title: Ratio test

text: It is possible to make the ratio test applicable to certain cases where the limit "L" fails to exist, if limit superior and limit inferior are used. The test criteria can also be refined so that the test is sometimes conclusive even when "L" = 1. More specifically, let


title: Ratio test

text: If the limit "L" in () exists, we must have "L" = "R" = "r". So the original ratio test is a weaker version of the refined one.


title: Ratio test

text: The first series (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯) diverges, the second one (the one central to the Basel problem) converges absolutely and the third one (the alternating harmonic series) converges conditionally. However, the term-by-term magnitude ratios formula_13 of the three series are respectively formula_14   formula_15    and   formula_16. So, in all three cases, one has that the limit formula_17 is equal to 1. This illustrates that when "L" = 1, the series may converge or diverge, and hence the original ratio test is inconclusive. In such cases, more refined tests are required to determine convergence or divergence.


title: Ratio test

text: Suppose that formula_18. We can then show that the series converges absolutely by showing that its terms will eventually become less than those of a certain convergent geometric series. To do this, consider a real number "r such that" formula_19. This implies that formula_20 for sufficiently large "n"; say, for all "n" greater than "N". Hence formula_21 for each "n" > "N" and "i" > 0, and so


title: Ratio test

text: On the other hand, if "L" > 1, then formula_23 for sufficiently large "n", so that the limit of the summands is non-zero. Hence the series diverges.


title: Ratio test

text: As seen in the previous example, the ratio test may be inconclusive when the limit of the ratio is 1. Extensions to the ratio test, however, sometimes allows one to deal with this case.


title: Ratio test

text: In all the tests below one assumes that Σ"a" is a sum with positive "a". These tests also may be applied to any series with a finite number of negative terms. Any such series may be written as:


title: Ratio test

text: where "a" is the highest-indexed negative term. The first expression on the right is a partial sum which will be finite, and so the convergence of the entire series will be determined by the convergence properties of the second expression on the right, which may be re-indexed to form a series of all positive terms beginning at "n"=1.


title: Ratio test

text: Each test defines a test parameter (ρ) which specifies the behavior of that parameter needed to establish convergence or divergence. For each test, a weaker form of the test exists which will instead place restrictions upon limρ.


title: Ratio test

text: All of the tests have regions in which they fail to describe the convergence properties of Σa. In fact, no convergence test can fully describe the convergence properties of the series. This is because if Σa is convergent, a second convergent series Σb can be found which converges more slowly: i.e., it has the property that lim (b/a) = ∞. Furthermore, if Σa is divergent, a second divergent series Σb can be found which diverges more slowly: i.e., it has the property that lim (b/a) = 0. Convergence tests essentially use the comparison test on some particular family of a, and fail for sequences which converge or diverge more slowly.


title: Ratio test

text: The ratio test parameters (formula_25) below all generally involve terms of the form formula_26. This term may be multiplied by formula_27 to yield formula_28. This term can replace the former term in the definition of the test parameters and the conclusions drawn will remain the same. Accordingly, there will be no distinction drawn between references which use one or the other form of the test parameter.


title: Ratio test

text: When the above limit does not exist, it may be possible to use limits superior and inferior. The series will:


title: Ratio test

text: Defining formula_29, we need not assume the limit exists; if formula_37, then formula_38 diverges, while if formula_39 the sum converges.


title: Ratio test

text: The proof proceeds essentially by comparison with formula_40. Suppose first that formula_37. Of course


title: Ratio test

text: if formula_42 then formula_43 for large formula_44, so the sum diverges; assume then that formula_45. There exists formula_46 such that formula_47 for all formula_48, which is to say that formula_49. Thus formula_50, which implies that


title: Ratio test

text: The proof of the other half is entirely analogous, with most of the inequalities simply reversed. We need a preliminary inequality to use


title: Ratio test

text: Suppose now that formula_61. Arguing as in the first paragraph, using the inequality established in the previous paragraph, we see that there exists formula_62 such that formula_63 for formula_48; since formula_62 this shows that formula_38 converges.


title: Ratio test

text: This extension probably appeared at the first time by Margaret Martin in 1941. A short proof based on Kummer's test and without technical assumptions (such as existence of the limits, for example) was provided by Vyacheslav Abramov in 2019.


title: Ratio test

text: Let formula_74 be an integer, and let formula_75 denote the formula_76th iterate of natural logarithm, i.e. formula_77 and for any formula_78,


title: Ratio test

text: When the above limit does not exist, it may be possible to use limits superior and inferior. The series


title: Ratio test

text: When the above limit does not exist, it may be possible to use limits superior and inferior. The series will


title: Ratio test

text: All of the tests in De Morgan's hierarchy except Gauss's test can easily be seen as special cases of Kummer's test:


title: Ratio test

text: Note that for these four tests, the higher they are in the De Morgan hierarchy, the more slowly the formula_124 series diverges.


title: Ratio test

text: On the other hand, if formula_142, then there is an "N" such that formula_143 is increasing for formula_88. In particular, there exists an formula_145 for which formula_146 for all formula_88, and so formula_148 diverges by comparison with formula_149.


title: Ratio test

text: all positive series, and the convergence or divergence can be formulated in the form of two necessary and sufficient conditions, one for convergence and another for divergence.


title: Ratio test

text: However, it becomes useless, since the condition formula_168 in this case reduces to the original claim formula_169


title: Ratio test

text: If the above limits do not exist, it may be possible to use the limits superior and inferior. Define:


title: Ratio test

text: This test is a direct extension of the second ratio test. For formula_177 and positive formula_178 define:


title: Ratio test

text: If the above limits do not exist, it may be possible to use the limits superior and inferior. For formula_183 define:


title: Teriyaki Boyz

text: The group consists of Ilmari and Ryo-Z from Rip Slyme, Verbal from M-Flo, rapper Wise and Nigo, the DJ and founder of the popular Japanese streetwear brand A Bathing Ape. Hence the group members are prominently seen sporting Bathing Ape wear for live concerts and in music videos.


title: Teriyaki Boyz

text: Their debut album from Def Jam Recordings and (B)APE Sounds, titled "Beef or Chicken" was produced by an array of rap and electronica producers including Adrock of the Beastie Boys, Cornelius, Cut Chemist, Daft Punk, Dan the Automator, DJ Premier, DJ Shadow, Just Blaze, Jermaine Dupri, Mark Ronson, and The Neptunes. Their first single "HeartBreaker", was produced by Daft Punk and contains elements of the Daft Punk song "Human After All". The group has gone on to collaborate with renowned rap artists Kanye West, Jay-Z, Pharrell, Busta Rhymes, and Big Sean for their subsequent singles.


title: Teriyaki Boyz

text: Two tracks by the Teriyaki Boyz were featured on "" , the title track "Tokyo Drift (Fast & Furious)", and "Cho L A R G E", featuring Pharrell which had previously been released on their debut album.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Explosions in the Sky is an American post-rock band from Texas. The quartet originally played under the name Breaker Morant, then changed to the current name in 1999. The band has garnered popularity beyond the post-rock scene for their elaborately developed guitar work, narratively styled instrumentals—what they refer to as "cathartic mini-symphonies"—and their enthusiastic and emotional live shows. They primarily play with three electric guitars and a drum kit, although band member Michael James will at times exchange his electric guitar for a bass guitar. The band has later added a fifth member to their live performances. The band's music is almost purely instrumental.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Originally called Breaker Morant, Explosions in the Sky was formed in Austin, Texas, in 1999. Drummer Chris Hrasky is from Rockford, Illinois, and the rest of the band hails from Midland, Texas. The new name of "Explosions in the Sky" came from a comment Hrasky made in reference to the noise or sight of fireworks when they left KVRX on the night they played their first set and recorded their first track, "Remember Me as a Time of Day", that would be released on a compilation. Their 2000 debut album, "How Strange, Innocence", was locally distributed in the form of CD-Rs. Rehearsal footage is featured on the feature film "Cicadas", which won an Austin Film Festival award.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Explosions in the Sky quickly gained a reputation for themselves among other established bands such as Lift to Experience. Temporary Residence Limited signed the band on the strength of their demo after only half a listen; the demo was submitted by fellow Austin band The American Analog Set with a brief note saying, "This totally fucking destroys."


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: They garnered a small amount of media attention with their second album, "Those Who Tell the Truth Shall Die, Those Who Tell the Truth Shall Live Forever", due to rumors linking it to the September 11, 2001 attacks. The band denied any connection in interviews. The album art shows an airplane with the caption "This plane will crash tomorrow." There were false reports that the last track was called "This Plane Will Crash Tomorrow" and that the album was released on September 10, 2001; the concept had actually originated in 2000, and the album was officially released on September 4, 2001. Bassist Michael James was detained in an airport as a threat to security, and had to explain why his guitar contained the words "this plane will crash tomorrow".


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: The band also received a considerable amount of attention playing before large audiences as the opening act of Fugazi's spring 2002 US tour in support of "The Argument".


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: The band released "The Earth Is Not A Cold Dead Place" in 2003 and this is generally considered their most famous album. The album has been described as a "concept album" and was stated by guitarist Munaf Rayani as the band's attempt at love songs.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: After being contacted by Brian Reitzell, Explosions in the Sky wrote the soundtrack for the 2004 film "Friday Night Lights". Despite having access to rare equipment in the studio for that project, the band kept to their songwriting style in creating original material.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Their album "The Rescue" was written and recorded in eight days as part of the TRL "Travels in Constants" series. As such, the album was originally only available at the band's live shows.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Explosions in the Sky's fifth studio album, "All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone", which debuted February 20, 2007, exists as both a one-disc version and a two-disc special edition featuring remixes by multiple artists.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: They were one of the support acts for Nine Inch Nails on their North American leg of the Twenty Thirteen Tour in late 2013, alternating dates with Godspeed You! Black Emperor.


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Although the band's music deviates from pop, Hrasky said that they have similar goals "like immediately grabbing your attention and getting to your emotions." Rayani said, "We don't consider ourselves post-rock at all; we consider ourselves a rock band."


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: In a post-show interview clip on Austin City Limits, guitarist Munaf Rayani said about their status as instrumentalists, "I mean, I think we discussed singing for half a second, and then it just kinda, we just dropped it. We just didn't go back to it because we were comfortable enough." Drummer Chris Hrasky added, "I think we just liked the idea of a band that there was not a leader or main songwriter, everyone sort of collaborating and has their own say. I don't think any of us want the sort of 'leader role', so a leaderless band is kind of the best option for us."


title: Explosions in the Sky

text: Most notably, Explosions in the Sky's music is heavily featured in the "Friday Night Lights" movie and television show. It is a common misconception that the band wrote and recorded the television show's theme song. Instead, it is an original composition by W. G. Snuffy Walden. Music by Explosions in the Sky has been used in several television programs and commercials: "The Birth and Death of the Day" for the BBC documentary "Lost Land of the Jaguar", "All the Real Girls", "Shopgirl", "One Tree Hill", "Love the Beast" and "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly", as well as various songs for the PBS documentary "The Street Stops Here". A number of "One Tree Hill episodes" are named after the band's songs.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Italian irredentism () was a nationalist movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Italy with irredentist goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous peoples considered to be ethnic Italians and/or Italian-speaking individuals formed a majority, or substantial minority, of the population.


title: Italian irredentism

text: At the beginning, the movement promoted the annexation to Italy of territories inhabited by Italian indigenous population, but retained by the Austrian Empire after the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. These included Trentino, but also multilingual and multiethnic areas within the northern Italian region encompassed by the Alps, with German, Italian, Slovene, Croatian, Ladin and Istro-Romanian population, such as South Tyrol, Trieste, a part of Istria, Gorizia and Gradisca and part of Dalmatia. The claims were extended also to the city of Fiume, Corsica, the island of Malta, the County of Nice and Italian Switzerland.


title: Italian irredentism

text: During the "Risorgimento" in 1860, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, who was leading the unification effort, faced the view of French Emperor Napoleon III who indicated that France would support militarily the Italian unification provided that France was given Nice and Savoy that were held by Sardinia, as France did not want a powerful state having control of the passages of the Alps. As a result, Sardinia was pressured to cede Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for France accepting the sending of troops to help the unification of Italy.


title: Italian irredentism

text: To avoid confusion and in line with , this article uses modern English place names throughout. However, most places have alternative names in Italian. See List of Italian place names in Dalmatia.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Italian irredentism was not a formal organization but rather an opinion movement, advocated by several different groups, claiming that Italy had to reach its "natural borders" or unify territories inhabited by Italians. Similar nationalistic ideas were common in Europe in the late 19th century. The term "irredentism", coined from the Italian word, came into use in many countries (see List of irredentist claims or disputes). This idea of "Italia irredenta" is not to be confused with the Risorgimento, the historical events that led to irredentism, nor with nationalism or Imperial Italy, the political philosophy that took the idea further under fascism.


title: Italian irredentism

text: During the 19th century, Italian irredentism fully developed the characteristic of defending the Italian language from other people's languages like, for example, German in Switzerland and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire or French in Nice and Corsica.


title: Italian irredentism

text: The liberation of "Italia irredenta" was perhaps the strongest motive for Italy's entry into World War I and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied many irredentist claims.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Italian irredentism has the characteristic of being originally moderate, requesting only the return to Italy of the areas with Italian majority of population, but after World War I it became aggressive – under fascist influence – and claimed to the Kingdom of Italy even areas where Italians were a minority or had been present only in the past. In the first case there were the Risorgimento claims on Trento, while in the second there were the fascist claims on the Ionian Islands, Savoy and Malta.


title: Italian irredentism

text: The Corsican revolutionary Pasquale Paoli was called "the precursor of Italian irredentism" by Niccolò Tommaseo because he was the first to promote the Italian language and socio-culture (the main characteristics of Italian irredentism) in his island; Paoli wanted the Italian language to be the official language of the newly founded Corsican Republic.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Paoli's Corsican Constitution of 1755 was written in Italian and the short-lived university he founded in the city of Corte in 1765 used Italian as the official language.


title: Italian irredentism

text: After the Italian unification and Third Italian War of Independence in 1866, there were areas with Italian-speaking communities within the borders of several countries around the newly created Kingdom of Italy. The irredentists sought to annex all those areas to the newly unified Italy. The areas targeted were Corsica, Dalmatia, Gorizia, Istria, Malta, County of Nice, Ticino, small parts of Grisons and of Valais, Trentino, Trieste and Fiume.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Different movements or groups founded in this period: in 1877 the Italian politician Matteo Renato Imbriani invented the new term "terre irredente" ("unredeemed lands"); in the same year the movement "Associazione in pro dell'Italia Irredenta" ("Association for the Unredeemed Italy") was founded; in 1885 was founded the "Pro Patria" movement ("For Fatherland") and in 1891 the "Lega Nazionale Italiana" ("Italian National League") was founded in Trento and Trieste (in the Austrian Empire).


title: Italian irredentism

text: Initially, the movement can be described as part of the more general nation-building process in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries when the multi-national Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman Empires were being replaced by nation-states. The Italian nation-building process can be compared to similar movements in Germany ("Großdeutschland"), Hungary, Serbia and in pre-1914 Poland. Simultaneously, in many parts of 19th-century Europe liberalism and nationalism were ideologies which were coming to the forefront of political culture. In Eastern Europe, where the Habsburg Empire had long asserted control over a variety of ethnic and cultural groups, nationalism appeared in a standard format. The beginning of the 19th century "was the period when the smaller, mostly indigenous nationalities of the empire – Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Ukrainians, Romanians – remembered their historical traditions, revived their native tongues as literary languages, reappropriated their traditions and folklore, in short, reasserted their existence as nations".


title: Italian irredentism

text: In the early 19th century the ideals of unification in a single Nation of all the territories populated by Italian-speaking people created the Italian irredentism. Many Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy.


title: Italian irredentism

text: The current Italian Switzerland belonged to the Duchy of Milan until the 16th century, when it became part of Switzerland. These territories have maintained their native Italian population speaking the Italian language and the Lombard language, specifically the Ticinese dialect. Italian irredentism in Switzerland was based on moderate Risorgimento ideals, and was promoted by Italian-Ticinese such as Adolfo Carmine.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Following a brief French occupation (1798–1800) the British established control over Malta while it was still formally part of the Kingdom of Sicily. During both the French and British periods, Malta officially remained part of the Sicilian Kingdom, although the French refused to recognise the island as such in contrast to the British. Malta became a British Crown Colony in 1813, which was confirmed a year later through the Treaty of Paris (1814). Cultural changes were few even after 1814. In 1842, all literate Maltese learned Italian while only 4.5% could read, write and/or speak English. However, there was a huge increase in the number of Maltese magazines and newspapers in the Italian language during the 1800s and early 1900s, so as a consequence the Italian was understood (but not spoken fluently) by more than half the Maltese people before WW1.


title: Italian irredentism

text: The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy. On the basis of the Plombières Agreement, the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus, that was the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy. Giuseppe Garibaldi was elected in 1871 in Nice at the National Assembly where he tried to promote the annexation of his hometown to the newborn Italian unitary state, but he was prevented from speaking. Because of this denial, between 1871 and 1872 there were riots in Nice, promoted by the Garibaldini and called "Niçard Vespers", which demanded the annexation of the city and its area to Italy. Fifteen Nice people who participated in the rebellion were tried and sentenced.


title: Italian irredentism

text: In the spring of 1860 Savoy was annexed to France after a referendum and the administrative boundaries changed, but a segment of the Savoyard population demonstrated against the annexation. Indeed, the final vote count on the referendum announced by the Court of Appeals was 130,839 in favour of annexation to France, 235 opposed and 71 void, showing questionable complete support for French nationalism (that motivated criticisms about rigged results). At the beginning of 1860, more than 3000 people demonstrated in Chambéry against the annexation to France rumours. On 16 March 1860, the provinces of Northern Savoy (Chablais, Faucigny and Genevois) sent to Victor Emmanuel II, to Napoleon III, and to the Swiss Federal Council a declaration - sent under the presentation of a manifesto together with petitions - where they were saying that they did not wish to become French and shown their preference to remain united to the Kingdom of Sardinia (or be annexed to Switzerland in the case a separation with Sardinia was unavoidable).


title: Italian irredentism

text: In 1861, with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, the modern Italian state was born. On 21 July 1878, a noisy public meeting was held at Rome with Menotti Garibaldi, the son of Giuseppe Garibaldi, as chairman of the forum and a clamour was raised for the formation of volunteer battalions to conquer the Trentino. Benedetto Cairoli, then Prime Minister of Italy, treated the agitation with tolerance. However, it was mainly superficial, as most Italians did not wish a dangerous policy against Austria or against Britain for Malta.


title: Italian irredentism

text: One consequence of irredentist ideas outside of Italy was an assassination plot organized against the Emperor Francis Joseph in Trieste in 1882, which was detected and foiled. Guglielmo Oberdan, a Triestine and thus Austrian citizen, was executed. When the irredentist movement became troublesome to Italy through the activity of Republicans and Socialists, it was subject to effective police control by Agostino Depretis.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Irredentism faced a setback when the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881 started a crisis in French–Italian relations. The government entered into relations with Austria and Germany, which took shape with the formation of the Triple Alliance in 1882. The irredentists' dream of absorbing the targeted areas into Italy made no further progress in the 19th century, as the borders of the Kingdom of Italy remained unchanged and the Rome government began to set up colonies in Eritrea and Somalia in Africa.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Italy entered the First World War in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the First World War is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence, in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Italy signed the London Pact and entered World War I with the intention of gaining those territories perceived by irredentists as being Italian under foreign rule. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Entente Powers. Furthermore, Italy was to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month. The declaration of war was duly published on 23 May 1915. In exchange, Italy was to obtain various territorial gains at the end of the war. In April 1918, in what he described as an open letter "to the American Nation" Paolo Thaon di Revel, Commander in Chief of the Italian navy, appealed to the people of the United States to support Italian territorial claims over Trento, Trieste, Istria, Dalmatia and the Adriatic, writing that "we are fighting to expel an intruder from our home".


title: Italian irredentism

text: The outcome of the First World War and the consequent settlement of the Treaty of Saint-Germain met some Italian claims, including many (but not all) of the aims of the "Italia irredenta" party. Italy gained Trieste, Gorizia, Istria and the Dalmatian city of Zara. In Dalmatia, despite the London Pact, only territories with Italian majority as Zadar (Zara) with some Dalmatian islands, such as Cres (Cherso), Lošinj (Lussino) and Lastovo (Lagosta) were annexed by Italy because Woodrow Wilson, supporting Yugoslav claims and not recognizing the treaty, rejected Italian requests on other Dalmatian territories, so this outcome was denounced as a "Mutilated victory". The rhetoric of "Mutilated victory" was adopted by Benito Mussolini and led to the rise of Italian fascism, becoming a key point in the propaganda of Fascist Italy. Historians regard "Mutilated victory" as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel Italian imperialism and obscure the successes of liberal Italy in the aftermath of World War I.


title: Italian irredentism

text: The city of Rijeka (Fiume) in the Kvarner was the subject of claim and counter-claim because it had an Italian majority, but Fiume had not been promised to Italy in the London Pact, though it was to become Italian by 1924 (see Italian Regency of Carnaro, Treaty of Rapallo, 1920 and Treaty of Rome, 1924). The stand taken by the irredentist Gabriele D'Annunzio, which briefly led him to become an enemy of the Italian state, was meant to provoke a nationalist revival through corporatism (first instituted during his rule over Fiume), in front of what was widely perceived as state corruption engineered by governments such as Giovanni Giolitti's. D'Annunzio briefly annexed to this "Regency of Carnaro" even the Dalmatian islands of Krk (Veglia) and Rab (Arbe), where there was a numerous Italian community.


title: Italian irredentism

text: Fascist Italy strove to be seen as the natural result of war heroism against a "betrayed Italy" that had not been awarded all it "deserved", as well as appropriating the image of Arditi soldiers. In this vein, irredentist claims were expanded and often used in Fascist Italy's desire to control the Mediterranean basin.


title: Italian irredentism

text: To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that Dalmatia was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice. The Fascists especially focused their claims based on the Venetian cultural heritage of Dalmatia, claiming that Venetian rule had been beneficial for all Dalmatians and had been accepted by the Dalmatian population. The Fascists were outraged after World War I, when the agreement between Italy and the Entente Allies in the Treaty of London of 1915 to have Dalmatia join Italy was revoked in 1919.


title: Italian irredentism

text: To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of Corsica, Nice and Savoy held by France were Italian lands. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the island's "italianità". The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic and linguistic grounds. The Fascists quoted Medieval Italian scholar Petrarch who said: "The border of Italy is the Var; consequently Nice is a part of Italy". The Fascists quoted Italian national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi, a native of Nizza (Nice) himself, who said: "Corsica and Nice must not belong to France; there will come the day when an Italy mindful of its true worth will reclaim its provinces now so shamefully languishing under foreign domination". Mussolini initially pursued promoting annexation of Corsica through political and diplomatic means, believing that Corsica could be annexed to Italy through Italy first encouraging the existing autonomist tendencies in Corsica and then the independence of Corsica from France, that would be followed by the annexation of Corsica into Italy.


title: Italian irredentism

text: In 1923, Mussolini temporarily occupied Corfu, using irredentist claims based on minorities of Italians in the island, the Corfiot Italians. Similar tactics may have been used towards the islands around the Kingdom of Italy – through the pro-Italian Maltese, Corfiot Italians and Corsican Italians "–" in order to control the Mediterranean sea (his "Mare Nostrum", from the Latin "Our Sea").