title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Following the initial missile tests of which was held for Hisar-A in 2013 and Hisar-O in 2014 the system got into production phase. The final contract was eventually awarded to Aselsan as the prime contractor on 20 June 2015. Other sub-contractors include Tübitak Sage for warhead and battery and Meteksan Savunma for data link. The award consist of a low-altitude system for 314,9 million euros and a medium-altitude system (T-MALADMIS) for 241,4 million euros.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: In a test on 7 December 2017, a steep-trajectory firing was carried out for the first time from the HİSAR systems, while their 360-degrees protection was also tested successfully. Flight and ballistic tests were also carried out. For the first time in the campaign, within which control and guidance capabilities of the HİSAR missiles met expectations, radar, command-control and fire control, electro-optic and communications elements of the HİSAR systems were also included for the first time. Target aircraft, target detection and follow-up, command and fire control and mid-range bombsight tests were successfully performed.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: In September 2020, Ismail Demir announced that improved versions of Hisar A and O as A+ and O+ were developed after feedback regarding the missiles' performance. He also stated that a variant would be developed to fill the gap between Hisar O and Hisar U. Demir also revealed that Hisar-A will enter the inventory in 2020, in a press conference in Ankara.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: On 3 March 2020, Turkey said the system would be deployed in Syria's Idlib province as part of Operation Spring Shield. Turkey has deployed a battery of HISAR-A+ to protect its troop stationed in Libya.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Hisar-A (Turkish: "Alçak İrtifa Hava Savunma Füze Sistemi") is based on an FNSS ACV-30 tracked vehicle chassis armed with four vertical launched Hisar-A short-range missiles supplied by Roketsan. The tracked Hisar-A system mounts its own mast-mounted Aselsan MAR radar


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: and an electro-optic/infrared (EO/IR) system, allowing it to operate as an independent standalone system without the need to operate as a battery with a separate FCS. Hisar-A has dual pulse solid propellant rocket motor, and so will be effective and highly maneuverable air targets, but 5 km altitude. However, Roketsan recently improved the missile and called it Hisar A+, although its range is still 15 km, the altitude has changed from 5 km to 8 km, and proximity fuse was changed from laser to RF by TÜBİTAK SAGE, and seeker is not changed and made by Aselsan with IIR, highly resistant to counter measure systems. Test video has shown that missile hit the target with second fire rocket motor and speed up of missile and detonated at proximity of the target, not a direct hit. Hisar-A have midcourse guidance with INS and RF data link, terminal guidance with IIR. Some platforms will be continue with Hisar-A, the others will use Hisar-A+, additionally some platforms will use both Hisar-A+ and Hisar-O missiles so will gain more flexibility.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: It was announced in 2020 that some orders on HİSAR-A would be replaced in favour of HİSAR-O which has a slightly longer effective engagement range and higher maximum altitude despite the size staying the same.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Hisar-O (Turkish: "Orta İrtifa Hava Savunma Füze Sistemi") is a vertical launched medium-range SAM system mounted on a Mercedes-Benz Zetros chassis.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Hisar-O missile system is very similar to Hisar-A family, and use same systems-III seeker, RF link, fuse, dual pulse rocket motor-but dimensions of the missile are bigger and the range is improved. Another difference is Hisar-O system used Aselsan Kalkan phased array 3D search and track radar. There will be a variant of Hisar-O, which is called Hisar-O+.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: The Hisar-O has the capability to detect targets, track, identify and perform command and control, and fire control functions autonomously. The missile system is effective against fighter aircraft, attack helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: The system’s general features also include management and distribution of command and control information, air defense mission planning at the battery and battalion levels, multiple engagement and successive firing, data links for midcourse guidance, integrated air picture generation, operational capabilities in the day, at night and in adverse weather conditions, a global positioning system (GPS) and navigation, remote control, wired or wireless communication between systems, 360° effective area with the capability of vertical launch, Multi-Target Multi-Radar fusion and embedded simulation, identification friend or foe (IFF), modular structure, hybrid control system.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Hisar-U (Turkish: "Uzun Menzilli Hava Savunma Füze Sistemi") is a long-range SAM system being developed at National Technology Development Infrastructures. It is mounted on 8x8 MAN Türkiye trucks.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Siper (meaning "trench") is a 150+ km long-range SAM being developed at National Technology Development Infrastructures. Ismail Demir announced that the 100 km range HISAR-U would enter service before SIPER. It is planned to enter service in 2023. The system will have the capacity to fight aircraft, cruise missiles, air-to-ground missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Probably a new missile called Hisar-RF is under development. According to one source, Hisar-RF is the radar seeker variant of Hisar-O which first tested in August 2020.


title: Hisar (missile family)

text: Indonesia has signed a contract for the purchase of the Hisar-O and Hisar-U surface-to-air missile system from Turkish defense company Roketsan at Indo Defence 2022, the system is known as Trisula-O and Trisula-U.


title: Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Team event

text: The team event in figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 4, 6, and 7 February, at the Capital Indoor Stadium in Haidian District of Beijing.


text: The 2018 team event gold was won by Canada, with the Russian Olympic Committee placing second, and the United States placing third. Canadian 2018 Olympic champion Eric Radford returned, but this time he competed with a new partner Vanessa James.


text: In 2022, the Russian Olympic Committee entered the team event as the favorite, with the United States, Canada, and Japan also expected to be in medal contention. The Russian Olympic Committee decided to enter their top skaters for both the short program and free skating and won the event nine points ahead of the United States, who took silver. Japan won the bronze medal.


text: The medal ceremony originally scheduled for Tuesday, 8 February, was delayed over what International Olympic Committee (IOC) spokesperson Mark Adams described as a situation that required "legal consultation" with the International Skating Union. Several media outlets reported on Wednesday that the issue was over a positive test, held in December 2021, for trimetazidine by the ROC's Kamila Valieva, which was officially confirmed on February 11. The results are pending investigation. The Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA), under suspension from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2015 for its years of serving solely to hide the positive doping results of Russian athletes, cleared Valieva on February 9, a day after the December test results were released, two months after the test. The IOC, WADA, and International Skating Union (ISU) are appealing RUSADA's decision.


text: On February 14, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ruled that Valieva should be allowed to compete in the women’s single event, deciding that preventing her from competing "would cause her irreparable harm in the circumstances", though her gold medal in the team event was still under consideration. The favorable decision from the court was made in part due to her age, as minor athletes are subject to different rules than adult athletes. The IOC announced that the medal ceremony would not take place until the investigation is over and there is a concrete decision whether to strip Russia of their medals. As of November 2022, the medals of the team event have not been awarded.


text: In mid-November, WADA requested that CAS take up the review of the Valieva case with an eye towards a 4-year suspension of Valieva, which would exclude her from competition at the next Winter Olympics, and to rescind her first place performance at the previous Beijing Olympics because, "the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) did not meet a WADA-imposed Nov. 4 deadline to deliver a verdict on Valiyeva's case."


text: On the issue of the disqualification of participating athletes at the Winter Olympics, the ISU has issued a statement regarding its policy regarding doping violations which may be alleged for the duration of the events of the Games stating that the “International Skating Union cannot disclose any information about a possible anti-doping rule violation. This is regulated by the ISU anti-doping rules and the IOC anti-doping rules for the Beijing 2022 Olympics.”


text: All events involving the ROC are subject to review pending the outcome of an investigation left as on-going at the time of the close of the Beijing Olympics which resulted after one of the Russian skaters testing positive as reported after the start of the Olympic Games. The results of the on-going investigation could lead to vindication of the results, or, to general disqualification if the results of the women's competition need to be removed from the cumulative team scores used to decide the order in the awards standings.


title: Invasion stripes

text: Invasion stripes were alternating black and white bands painted on the fuselages and wings of Allied aircraft during World War II to reduce the chance that they would be attacked by friendly forces during and after the Normandy Landings. Three white and two black bands were wrapped around the rear of a fuselage just in front of the empennage (tail) and from front to back around the upper and lower wing surfaces.


title: Invasion stripes

text: After a study concluded that the thousands of aircraft involved in the invasion would saturate and break down the IFF system, the marking scheme was approved on May 17, 1944, by Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, commanding the Allied Expeditionary Air Force. A small-scale test exercise was flown over the OVERLORD invasion fleet on June 1, to familiarise the ships' crews with the markings, but for security reasons, orders to paint the stripes were not issued to the troop carrier units until June 3 and to the fighter and bomber units until June 4.


title: Invasion stripes

text: Stripes were applied to fighters, photo-reconnaissance aircraft, troop carriers, twin-engined medium and light bombers, and some special duty aircraft. They were not painted on four-engined heavy bombers of the U.S. Eighth Air Force or RAF Bomber Command, as there was little chance of mistaken identity, the Luftwaffe having few such bombers (the Heinkel He 177 and Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor being the exceptions). The order affected all aircraft of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, the Air Defence of Great Britain, gliders, and support aircraft such as Coastal Command air-sea rescue aircraft whose duties might entail their overflying Allied anti-aircraft defenses.


title: Invasion stripes

text: One month after D-Day, the stripes were ordered removed from planes' upper surfaces to make them more difficult to spot on the ground at forward bases in France. They were completely removed by the end of 1944 after the Allies achieved total air supremacy over France.


title: Invasion stripes

text: During Operation Dragoon, two wings of IX Troop Carrier Command were sent to Italy to reinforce troop carrier forces in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. Invasion stripes were painted on the aircraft of the 51st Troop Carrier Wing, already stationed there, to provide uniform markings during the operation.


title: Invasion stripes

text: The stripes were five alternating black and white stripes. On single-engine aircraft each stripe was to be wide, placed inboard of the roundels on the wings and forward of the leading edge of the tailplane on the fuselage. National markings and serial number were not to be obliterated. On twin-engine aircraft the stripes were wide, placed outboard of the engine nacelles on the wings, and forward of the leading edge of the tailplane around the fuselage. However, American aircraft using the invasion stripes very commonly had some part of the added "bar" section of their post-1942 roundels overlapping the invasion strips on the wings.


title: Invasion stripes

text: In most cases the stripes were painted on by the ground crews; with only a few hours' notice, few of the stripes were "masked". As a result, depending on the abilities of the "erks" (RAF nickname for ground crew), the stripes were often far from neat and tidy.


title: Invasion stripes

text: The stripes for this two-day deception operation in 1943 were black from the wing tip to a position on the wing where the chord is 5 feet, then four bands of alternating white and black. This was the same for the upper and lower surfaces. These were applied to all aircraft operating at low level. For single engine aircraft the stripes were 18 inches in width. For twin engine aircraft, including the Westland Whirlwind, the stripes were 24 inches in width.


title: Invasion stripes

text: An earlier use of black and white bands was on the Hawker Typhoon and early production Hawker Tempest Mark Vs. The aircraft had a similar outline when seen from above and below to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the bands were added to aid identification in combat. The order was promulgated on 5 December 1942. At first they were applied by unit ground crews, but they were soon being painted on at the factory. Four black stripes separated by three white, underwing from the wingroots. From early 1943 the Typhoons also had a yellow, stripe on each of the upper wings, centred on the inner cannon. All of these markings were officially abandoned 7 February 1944.


title: Invasion stripes

text: The late-war specialized all-jet Luftwaffe fighter squadron, Jagdverband 44, possessed a number of Fw 190 D piston-engined fighters to protect their units' Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters during the jets' takeoff and landing operations, as the jets were most vulnerable to Allied piston-engined fighter attack at those times. The Fw 190D aircraft of this so-called "Platzschutzstaffel" (airfield protection squadron) used a color scheme featuring solid red-painted areas under the wings and around the rear fuselage areas, within which narrow white stripes running fore-to-aft under the wings and "vertically" around the fuselage areas were painted, to identify them as "friendly" Luftwaffe fighters.


title: Invasion stripes

text: This was done for similar reasons as the "invasion stripes" had been used in Operation Overlord ten months earlier over Normandy. The "Staffel "was nicknamed "Die Papagei-Staffel" ("The Parrot squad") - it is not known, however, if the earlier use of "Würger" (which translates as "shrike" in English) by the Focke-Wulf aircraft firm itself for its original Fw 190A radial-engined initial subtype had any bearing on the JV 44 unit's "Platzschutzstaffel" nickname.


title: Invasion stripes

text: Invasion stripes were re-introduced on British and Australian Fleet Air Arm aircraft operating during the Korean War in 1950.


title: Invasion stripes

text: Similar stripes were also used early in the war on F-86 Sabres of the 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing as a deviation from the standard yellow stripes.


title: Invasion stripes

text: The stripes were used again by the Royal Air Force, the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, the French Naval Aviation and the French Air Force during the Suez operation of 1956, mostly to distinguish UK and French aircraft from Egypt's British-made planes. Single-engined aircraft had yellow/black/yellow/black/yellow stripes one foot wide; multi-engined aircraft had the same pattern with stripes. Israel, who was a co-belligerent with Britain and France, did not paint Suez Stripes on their aircraft.


title: Karanvir Sharma

text: Karanvir Sharma (born 18 September 1985) is a Hindi film, web and television actor. He is widely known for portraying Shaurya Sabherwal in "Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani."


title: Karanvir Sharma

text: He debuted with the film "Sadda Adda". Other film roles include "Zid" (2014), "Azhar" (2016), and "Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana" (2017). He made his television debut with Colors TV's "24". He later featured in "Siyaasat", "Girl in the City Chapter 2" and "Haq Se". In 2018, he played the role of Nagarjuna Kutty in the SAB TV's "Mangalam Dangalam". He came into prominence through his portrayal of Shaurya Sabherwal in StarPlus's "Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani". He will next be seen playing a lawyer in the upcoming Bollywood movie "A Thursday" opposite " Yami Gautam".


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: The Left Alliance was founded in 1990 as the chief successor of the left-wing Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL). Although not as electorally successful as the SKDL, it has achieved some success, typically receiving around eight to ten percent of the vote in parliamentary elections. It has participated in five cabinets, most recently the Marin Cabinet formed in 2019. It is socialist, and democratic-socialist, and it supports the principles of eco-socialism.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: A member of the Party of the European Left and Nordic Green Left Alliance, the party organ is the weekly "Kansan Uutiset". It provides the Government of the Sanna Marin with two ministers, Li Andersson as the Education Minister and Hanna Sarkkinen as the Minister of Social Affairs and Health.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: The party was founded by the Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL), the majority of members of the waning Communist Party of Finland (SKP) and the Finnish Women's Democratic League (SNDL). It was later joined by the communist Democratic Alternative. The founding meeting was held in April 1990 in Helsinki, following the publishing of the "April Declaration", which stated the party's ideals.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: The party's history has been characterised by internal disputes and bickering, as it was formed via people with very different views on society. There have been several defections from the Left Alliance to the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the newly formed Communist Party of Finland. In 2005, the party's former secretary and Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions's assistant head Matti Viialainen formed a group to promote a merger between the two largest Finnish left-wing political parties, the Left Alliance and the SDP. This caused an outrage within the Left Alliance, and Viialainen was condemned for wanting to break up the party. Viialainen subsequently left the party and ran for parliament on the SDP ticket in 2007.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: In 2006, the party's leader Suvi-Anne Siimes announced her resignation from the post and the party as a result of long-standing feuds with the leftist section of the party. On 13 May 2006 Martti Korhonen was elected as the new party leader. He was followed by Paavo Arhinmäki in June 2009, following the party's bad performance in the 2009 EU parliamentary election, in which the party lost its only seat.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: In the 2011 election, the party won 14 seats and became a partner in the six-party grand coalition cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen. The decision to join the government created a split in the party, leading to the expulsion of two MPs from the parliamentary group. In 2014 the Left Alliance left the cabinet over a dispute on a package of spending cuts and tax hikes. In 2014 European Parliament election, the party regained their seat.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: In the 2015 parliamentary election, the party received 211,615 votes, 7.1% of the total, and won 12 seats in the parliament. In April 2016, Arhinmäki announced that he wouldn't seek another term as the party leader. On 11 June 2016, Arhinmäki was succeeded by Li Andersson. Under the leadership of Andersson, the party gained support in the 2017 municipal elections and the 2019 parliamentary election; in the latter, the party increased its representation in the parliament for the first time since 1995.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: According to the Left Alliance's party programme, adopted by the 5th Party Congress 16 June 2007, the fundamental values of the Left Alliance are equality, freedom, sustainable development, and democracy. The party believes democracy must be strengthened, stronger than the power of capital and challenge global capitalism. Important values also include global solidarity, stopping political polarisation in Finland, freedom and the right to work and income for all people, and environmental consciousness. The party is for equality in all its forms and identifies strongly as feminist and anti-racist as well as supporting economic equality. The party supports introducing a universal basic income and prioritizes supporting the weakest members of society.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: The Left Alliance wants to improve the European Union to be more socially just. The party endorses a European Green New Deal via changing the European Central Bank's finance-sector quantitative easing stimulus into green stimulus investments to mitigate global warming and to provide green collar jobs.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: The Party has traditionally been one of the staunch opposers of a NATO membership. After Finland considered an accession bid to the NATO in May 2022, the party was in doubt whether to officially support an eventual NATO membership but assured it would stay in the Finnish Government in the case it would make one. During its annual party congress in June 2022, the alliance adapted its party program and now only demands an eventual NATO membership to remain defensive, with no permanent NATO military bases in the country. It also demanded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) to be taken off the terror list from the European Union.


title: Left Alliance (Finland)

text: The following politicians were elected to the Finnish Parliament in the April 2019 parliamentary election.


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: Trine Dyrholm (; born 15 April 1972) is a Danish actress, singer and songwriter. Dyrholm received national recognition when she placed third in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix as a 14-year-old singer. Four years later, she again achieved national recognition when she won the Bodil Award for Best Actress in her debut film: the teenage romance "Springflod". Dyrholm has won the Bodil Award for Best Actress five times and a Bodil award for Best Supporting Actress twice as well as six Robert Awards in her acting career.


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: When Dyrholm was eight years old, she began performing with the Odense orchestra. At the age of 10, she performed in "Et juleeventyr" ("A Christmas Carol") at the Odense Teater and in summer stock in Den Fynske Landsby. In 1987, at 14 years old, Dyrholm made her breakthrough as the lead singer in Trine & The Moonlighters when the group placed third in the Danish Melodi Grand Prix with the song "Danse i måneskin" ("Dancing in Moonlight"). After her Grand Prix success, Dyrholm recorded a CD of her own songs.


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: Dyrholm attended the Statens Teaterskole (Danish National School of Theatre) from 1991 to 1995. In 1995, she debuted in "En skærsommernatsdrøm" at Grønnegårds Teatret. Dyrholm earned national recognition with her screen debut in the 1990 teenage romance "Springflod" for which she received the 1991 Bodil Award for Best Actress. That same year, she earned glowing reviews for her role in the TV production of "Hosekrammeren". Thereafter she appeared in Morten Lorentzen's films "Casanova" (1990) and "Cecilie" (1991), and then Thomas Vinterberg's "De største helte" ("The Greatest Heroes") in 1996. In 1998, Dyrholm played the role of the hotel maid in the first Dogme 95 film, "Festen" ("The Celebration").


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: In 2004, Dyrholm played the role of Kate in Kim Fupz Aakeson's drama "Forbrydelser" (International title: "In Your Hands") for which she won both the Bodil Award and the Robert Award. In 2005, Dyrholm again received the Bodil for her leading role in the thriller "Fluerne på væggen" ("Flies on the Wall"). The following year, Dyrholm again won both the Bodil and Robert awards for the quirky satire "En Soap". In 2007, Trine Dyrholm was again nominated for both the Bodil and Robert awards for her supporting role in Simon Staho's film "Daisy Diamond".


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: She sang songs for the comedy show "Mr. Nice Guy". Three songs from "Mr. Nice Guy" with lyrics by Peter Lund Madsen and Anders Lund Madsen and music by Kim Larsen were released as an EP entitled "Mr. Nice Guy". The songs were sung by the leading actress for the comedy play, Trine Dylholm, and musical accompaniment by Emil de Waal's band. The EP has been number one on the Danish music charts for a total of 62 weeks. It stayed in the Top 20 from 17 December 2004 until 2 November 2007, more than 136 weeks on the charts.


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: In 2011, Dyrholm won the Bodil Award for Best Actress for her performance in the thriller "Hævnen" which received the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards.


title: Trine Dyrholm

text: She has appeared in both series of "Arvingerne" ("The Legacy"), in which she plays the character of Gro Grønnegaard. In 2015, Dyrholm won the Robert Award for Best Actress in a Leading Television Role for her performance in that series.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of consent for sexual activity refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is of the same age or older. This age varies by jurisdiction across South America, codified in laws which may also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or the gender of participants for different ages. Other variables may exist, such as close-in-age exemptions.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In South America, the only country where male same-sex sexual conduct is illegal is Guyana. The only countries with a higher age of consent for same-sex sexual relations than opposite-sex ones are Paraguay and Suriname.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Scope: all jurisdictions per list of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America, with discussion of applicable laws.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In South America, countries have varying levels of restriction of sexual activities with minors. The age above which there are no restrictions confers full sexual autonomy with respect to the law. The minimum age of consent is the age at which someone can legally give consent, which may include certain restrictions. Sexual acts with someone under the minimum age are legally classified as sexual abuse.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In Argentina, the age at which there are no restrictions for sexual activities is 18., regardless of gender or sexual orientation


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sexual acts with children younger than 13 are illegal. Sexual relations with teens 13–18 are addressed by several laws. None of these laws explicitly outlaw such relations, but makes them open to prosecution under certain circumstances (such as if the relationship is considered exploitative or if the minor was "corrupted").


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Restrictions apply for sex with adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 (Argentine Penal Code, Article 120). Charges can be brought only after a complaint by the minor, their parent or guardian – (Argentine Penal Code Article 72) (however, the State prosecutes when the minor has no parent or legal guardian, or when the offender is one of them).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The restrictions mentioned above (for ages between 13 and 16) apply whenever someone over 18, taking advantage of the sexual immaturity of the minor or of his/her superiority ("preeminencia") with respect to the minor, practices one of the following acts:


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: There is also a further Argentine law, 'Corruption of minors', which can bring charges to those manipulating minors below the age of 18 into having sexual relations – (Argentine Penal Code Article 125 – in Spanish).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: ARTICULO 125. – El que promoviere o facilitare "la corrupción de menores de dieciocho años", "aunque mediare el consentimiento de la víctima" será reprimido con reclusión o prisión de tres a diez años.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Approximate translation: ARTICLE 125. – Anyone who promotes or facilitates the "corruption of persons under eighteen", "even with the consent of the victim" shall be punished with seclusion or imprisonment of three to ten years.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of consent in Bolivia is set at 14, as per Art.  308 Bis, "Violación de Niño, Niña o Adolecente" (Rape of Boys, Girls and Adolescents), which punishes rape (Spanish: "violación") of children under 14, "even without the use of force or intimidation and when consent is alleged" ("así no haya uso de la fuerza o intimidación y se alegue consentimiento"). There is a close-in-age exemption of three years for adolescents of ages 12 and older.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: There is also the crime of "estupro", which is carnal access using seduction or deceit, with adolescents aged 14–18 (Art. 09).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: "Corruption of minors" (Article 318) brings charges to those that "through libidinous acts or by any other means, corrupts or contributes to corrupt" minors below the age of 18, with penalty of loss of liberty of 1–5 years.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The Bolivian Family Code (Art. 44 and 53) allows marriage if the male is 16 years or older and if the female is 14 years or older with parental approval, with judicial discretion in the case of a dispute.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In Brazil, the age of consent is 14, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Although not legally formalized, there is judicial precedent allowing a close-in-age exception for those aged 12–13 to engage in sexual activity with partners who are as much as 5 years older. The age at which there are no restrictions for sexual activities is 14.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sex with minors below the age of 14 (for all those older than 18), is equivalent to statutory rape and is legally defined by Art. 217-A of the Brazilian Penal Code as the "rape of a vulnerable person" (Portuguese: "Estupro de vulnerável"), with a penalty of 8–15 years imprisonment.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The prostitution of minors (all ages under 18) is punished by law and is prosecuted by the state as a crime against family care, Art. 244–247, as well as Art. 218-B, 227, 230, 231 and 231-A. The law makes no distinctions between sexual orientation cases.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Only individuals aged 18 or older can be criminally charged, since this is the Brazilian age of criminal responsibility codified in Art. 228 of the Constitution of Brazil.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The Brazilian Imperial Code, in Art. 219, added by Notice 512 of 1862, established the age of 17 for legal presumption of violence in sexual relations. Later, the Republican Penal Code of 1890, in Art. 272, lowered this age to 16.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The Penal Code of 1940 further lowered the presumption of violence in sexual acts (equivalent of statutory rape) to 14 (Art. 224-A), but consensual sex with adolescents aged 14–17 could still be prosecuted under "corruption of minors" (Art. 218) or "seduction of minors" (Art. 217) while, in both cases, only parents could file charges to form a lawsuit (Art. 225).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sex with young adolescents aged 12–13, although under the age of statutory rape, were then also prosecutable only by parents (Art. 225), while sex with those younger than 12 was prosecuted by the state based on the legal definition of a child in the Code of Minors.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: As an exception, the state could prosecute the offender when the minor was at any age below 18 but only when the family of the minor was so poor that they couldn't afford a lawsuit, or when the offender was the father, mother, stepfather, stepmother or legal guardian of the minor (Penal Code, ).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In March 2005, the crime of seduction of minors (Art. 217) was abolished by the Brazilian Congress. It had been applicable only when the victim was a virgin female aged 14–18.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In August 2009, the crime of corruption of minors (Art. 218) referring to consensual acts with adolescents aged 14–17 without parental consent, was abolished by Law 12.015/2009. The crime was replaced with a new one under the same name but now applicable to sexual acts with minors below 14 and prosecutable by the state (Art. 225).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The crime of sexual harassment (Art. 216-A) practiced in situations of hierarchical superiority or ascendency in a job, position or occupation is now punishable with a higher penalty if the victim is less than 18 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In Chile, the age at which there are no restrictions for sexual activities is 18, while the minimum age of consent is 14. Limitations exist for minors aged 14–17 (Chilean Penal Code, Art. 362). Homosexual activity was illegal with anyone under 18 years of age (Art. 365) until 2022. The age of consent for homosexual activity is now set at 14, just like heterosexual sex.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Having sex with a person under 14 years of age is considered statutory rape (Art. 362) and is punishable by "imprisonment of any degree" (Spanish: "presidio mayor en cualquiera de sus grados").


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sexual contact with those aged 14–17 is limited under "estupro" legislation (Art. 363), which defines such contact as illegal under certain conditions in which the offender is taking advantage:


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The sexual acts regulated by Art. 361–363 and 365 are defined as "carnal access" ("acceso carnal"), which means either oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. Other articles within the penal code regulate other sexual interactions. Art. 365 bis. regulates the "introduction of objects" either in the anus, vagina, or mouth. Art. 366 bis, defines "sexual act" as any relevant act with sexual significance accomplished by physical contact with the victim, or affecting the victim's genitals, anus, or mouth, even when no physical contact occurred.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Art. 369 states that charges relating to these offenses (Art. 361–365) can be brought only after a complaint by the minor or the minor's parent, guardian, or legal representative. Nevertheless, if the offended party cannot freely file the complaint and lacks a legal representative, parent, or guardian, or if the legal representative, parent, or guardian is involved in the crime, the Public Ministry may proceed on its own.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: In 1810, the age of consent for opposite-sex activity was 12. In 1999, the age of consent was set at 14 for both girls and boys in relation to heterosexual sex. Homosexual acts were decriminalized in 1999, with an age of consent of 18. In 2011, the Constitutional Court of Chile confirmed that the age of consent is 14 for heterosexual relations (for both girls and boys) and lesbian relations (woman–girl), but 18 for male homosexual relations. In August 2018, the Constitutional Court again rejected that Article 365 of the Criminal Code was unconstitutional, in a 5-5 vote, validating for the second time in its history that the age of consent for gay men is 18, while for heterosexuals and lesbians is 14 years old.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: On August 17, 2022, the Chamber of Deputies approved a bill repealing Article 365 that, if enacted, would establish a universal age of consent set at 14, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. The Senate passed the bill on August 02, 2022. The law was published in the "Diario Oficial de la República de Chile" on August 24, 2022, and entered into force from the date of its publication.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The Criminal Code of Colombia (Act 599 of 2000), as modified by Art. 4 of law 1236 of 2008, sets the age of consent at 14, regardless of gender or sexual orientation.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sexual intercourse with a person under 14 years of age is punishable by imprisonment of 12–20 years (Art. Reserched by Jerry Dusky and Mario 208). Engaging in sexual acts other than intercourse, or inducing the engagement of sexual practices, with a person under 14 is punishable by imprisonment of 9–13 years (Art. 209).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The Colombian Civil Code (Art. 117 and 140) allows female and male adolescents aged 14–17 to marry if written permission is obtained from their parents or guardians.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Statutory rape ("estupro") law existed in the Criminal Code of 1980 (Art. 301–302 of Decree 100 of 1980) and has since been repealed by Act 599 of 2000.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Under the new Criminal Code, which came into force in 2014, the minimum age of consent in Ecuador is 14, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Sex with a child under 14 is statutory rape (Art. 171).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sexual acts with teens aged 14–17 can be prosecuted under the "Estupro" law (Art. 167) under certain circumstances, such as when an adult uses deceit (Spanish: "engaño") to gain consent.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: When consent is obtained through exploitative means, the offender can be prosecuted under the "Childhood and Adolescence Code" of 2003. Art. 68 of this code broadened the definition of sexual abuse of minors to include any physical contact or suggestion of sexual nature obtained through seduction, blackmail, harassment, deceit, threat, or similar means.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Art. 173 of the criminal code relates to internet grooming, and criminalizes anyone who, through electronic means, proposes to arrange an encounter with a person under 18 years of age for sexual or erotic purposes.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of sexual consent in the Falkland Islands is 16, regardless of sexual orientation or gender, since 2006.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of consent in Guyana is 16. This was raised from 13 on 31 October 2005, by a unanimous resolution of the Guyanese parliament.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Anal sex is punishable with life imprisonment, while male homosexual "indecency" and all attempted anal sex carry a 10-year sentence. Female homosexual activity is not mentioned in the 1860 buggery laws.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The general age of consent in Paraguay is 14 for heterosexual relations and 16 for homosexual relations.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sexual acts with a child under 14 are punished with up to 3 years imprisonment or a fine. The same penalties apply to performing sexual acts in the presence of a child or enticing a child to practice sexual acts with a third person. In the case of sexual penetration (Spanish: "coito"), the punishment is 3–12 years imprisonment (Paraguayan Penal Code, Art. 135). If the victim is under 10, sentences may carry up to 15 extra years.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Homosexual acts with minors aged 14–16 are punishable by a fine or up to 2 years in prison (Art. 138).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: There is also the crime of "estupro", defined as "extramarital sex", practiced by a married person with female adolescents aged 14–16. It is punished with a fine (Art. 137).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: When the offender is under 18, accusations may be lifted for heterosexual acts (Art. 135, clause 6) and "estrupro" (Art. 137, clause 2), but there is no such provision for homosexual acts.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of consent in Peru has changed several times during recent years, and has been subject to political debates. As of December 2012, it was fixed at 14, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, in accordance with a decision of the Constitutional Court of Peru. Art. 173 and 176-A of the Criminal Code prohibit sexual conduct with children under 14. Consensual sexual acts with youth aged 14–17 are not illegal, although there is a prohibition against using deceit to gain sexual access to a minor under 18 (Art. 175).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of consent in Uruguay is 15 regardless of gender or sexual orientation (Penal Code, Art. 272 & 267).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: For sexual relations with children aged 12–15, violence is legally presumed until otherwise proven (Art. 272–1). In such cases, the accused has the "onus probandi" (burden of proof) to demonstrate that consent was given. Below the age of 12, proof of consent is not a defense.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Uruguay also has a corruption of minors law, which can bring charges to those manipulating minors below the age of 18 into having sexual relations (Art. 274). For ages over 15, however, a lawsuit can be initiated only by a minor or the minor's parents, except when the minor has no parents or legal guardian, or where the accusation is brought against a parent or legal guardian (Art. 279).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Although the legal age of sexual consent is 16 years old, it is not enforced effectively. The marriage law sets the age of marital consent at 15 years for girls and 17 years for boys, provided that parents of the parties agree to the marriage. Parental permission to marry is required up to the age of 21. The law also mandates the presence of a civil registry official to register all marriages.


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: The age of consent in Venezuela is 16, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Sexual acts with children are punished under Art. 375–379 of the penal code. Furthermore, consensual sex with a woman aged 16–21 can be punished if the woman was "seduced" under the promise of marriage, and she was "known to be honest" (Art. 379).


title: Ages of consent in South America

text: Sex with a child under age 12 is punished with 5–10 years' imprisonment, the same as that for non-consensual sex with an adult through violence or threats. The threshold is raised to children under 16 years if the offender is a parent, guardian, teacher, or other person in a position of authority over the victim (Art. 375). The penalty is raised to 6–12 years for an abuse of trust (Art. 376). Lewd acts can bring 6–30 months imprisonment if the child is under 12,(Art. 377) or 6–18 months for a child aged 13–15 (Art. 379), with greater punishments under an abuse of trust.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Aaron Pryor (October 20, 1955 – October 9, 2016) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 1990. He was a two-time light welterweight world champion, having held the WBA title from 1980 to 1983, and the IBF title from 1984 to 1985. Additionally, he held the " Ring" magazine title from 1980 to 1983, and the lineal title from 1983 to 1986.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: In 1982, the Boxing Writers Association of America named Pryor as their Fighter of the Year. Pryor was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1996, and in 1999 was voted by the Associated Press as the world's best light welterweight of the 20th century. In 2002, he was ranked as the 35th greatest boxer of the past 80 years by "The Ring".


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor, nicknamed "The Hawk", had a record of 204 wins and 16 losses as an amateur. He won the National Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) Lightweight Championship in 1973. In 1975, Pryor again won the National AAU Lightweight Championship and a silver medal at the Pan American Games, losing in the final to Canadian Chris Clarke.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor beat future champion Thomas Hearns in the lightweight finals of the 1976 National Golden Gloves, but lost to Howard Davis Jr. controversially at the 1976 Olympic Trials. Pryor participated as an alternate in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: As an amateur Pryor holds also a unique achievement: at the 1974 USSR vs USA boxing duals he defeated three future world campions: Vassily Solomin, Valery Lvov and Valery Rachkov.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor finished his amateur career having 220 fights under his belt, with a record of 204 wins, 16 losses.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor turned professional on November 11, 1976, with a second-round knockout of Larry Smith, for which he made $400. A few days later, Pryor signed a managerial contract with Buddy LaRosa, owner of LaRosa's Pizzeria. He was also trained by Raymond Cartier.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor fought eight times in 1977, winning all but two by knockout. The only two fighters who lasted the entire fight with Pryor that year were Jose Resto and Johnny Summerhayes, each losing by an eight-round unanimous decision. After the fight with Summerhayes, Pryor won 26 fights in a row by knockout. It was one of the longest knockout streaks in the history of boxing.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: In his last fight of 1979, Pryor was pitted for the first time ever in his professional career against a former or future world champion when he faced former WBA light welterweight champion Alfonso "Peppermint" Frazer of Panama. Pryor knocked out Frazer in the fifth round, advancing his fight record to 20-0 with 18 knockouts. After defeating Fraser, Pryor entered the World Boxing Association rankings.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: On August 2, 1980, Pryor faced two-time world champion Antonio Cervantes of Colombia for the WBA light-welterweight championship. His purse was $50,000. The fight took place in Pryor's hometown of Cincinnati and was nationally televised by the CBS network. Pryor was knocked down in round one, but he rose and knocked out Cervantes in round four to become champion. He made his first title defense on November 22, 1980, knocking out Gaetan Hart in the sixth round. Pryor made $100,000 for the fight.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: In December 1980, Pryor rejected an offer of $500,000 to fight Sugar Ray Leonard for the WBC welterweight championship because he wanted more money. When the WBC raised the offer to $750,000, he rejected that as well.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor signed to fight WBC light-welterweight champion Saoul Mamby in a unification bout for $1 million. The bout was tentatively scheduled for February 7, 1981. However, the fight fell apart when the promoter, Harold Smith, disappeared amid allegations that he was involved in a $21.3 million fraud against Wells Fargo National Bank. Smith, whose real name was Ross Fields, was later sentenced to ten years in prison after he was convicted of 29 counts of fraud and embezzlement.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor was then offered $750,000 to fight Roberto Durán in April 1981, but Pryor turned it down because his new attorney told him not to sign anything until he worked out a new contract with manager Buddy LaRosa. By the time they worked out a new agreement, the chance to fight Durán was gone.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: On June 27, 1981, Pryor knocked out Lennox Blackmore in the second round. He then defended the title against undefeated Dujuan Johnson on November 14, 1981. Johnson knocked down Pryor in round one, but Pryor came back to stop Johnson in the seventh round.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor knocked out Miguel Montilla in the twelfth round on March 21, 1982. His next title defense was against the undefeated Akio Kameda of Japan. The fight took place on July 4, 1982. Once again, Pryor was knocked down in the first round but came back to score a sixth-round knockout.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor signed to face Sugar Ray Leonard for the undisputed welterweight championship in the fall of 1982 for $750,000. But before fighting Pryor, Leonard first had to defend his title against Roger Stafford in Buffalo, New York, on May 14, 1982. The Sunday before that bout, Pryor was driving to Buffalo from his Cincinnati home to taunt Leonard and hype their planned bout. Pryor heard on his car radio the news that Leonard had suffered a detached retina in his left eye and the fight was off. "I pulled off to the side of the road and I cried," Pryor said. Leonard retired six months later.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: On November 12, 1982, Pryor defended his title with a fourteenth-round TKO of Alexis Arguello before a crowd of 23,800 at Miami's Orange Bowl and a live HBO audience. The fight dubbed The Battle of The Champions by promoter Bob Arum, was eventually named the "Fight of the Decade" by "The Ring".


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor made $1.6 million while Arguello was paid $1.5 million. Arguello, a 12-5 favorite, was attempting to become the first boxer to win world titles in four weight divisions.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: The end of the fight was controversial. Arguello landed a punch in the thirteenth round that seemed to stun Pryor, and despite trailing on two of three scorecards, Arguello had things tilting in his direction. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth rounds, HBO's microphones caught Pryor's trainer, Panama Lewis, telling cutman Artie Curley, "Give me the other bottle, the one I mixed."


title: Aaron Pryor

text: It seemed to revive Pryor. Coming out quickly for the fourteenth round, Pryor landed a barrage of unanswered blows before referee Stanley Christodoulou stopped it. Arguello collapsed to the canvas near the ropes, where he lay for several minutes.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: On April 2, 1983, Pryor knocked out former WBC super lightweight champion Sang-Hyun Kim in the third round.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor had a rematch with Arguello at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, on September 9, 1983. Pryor made a career-high $2.25 million and Arguello made $1.75 million.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Panama Lewis had his license revoked after he removed the padding from the gloves of Luis Resto before his fight with Billy Collins Jr. on June 16, 1983. Pryor hired Richie Giachetti to train him, but they had a falling-out. Two weeks before the Arguello rematch, Pryor brought in Emanuel Steward as his trainer.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: The rematch was not as competitive as their first one. Pryor was badly staggered towards the end of round two by an Arguello uppercut, but he dropped Arguello with a right cross in the first round and again with a left hook in the fourth. Pryor put Arguello down for the count in the tenth round.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor's retirement didn't last very long. In March 1984, he announced that he was going to fight again. "I never really retired. I just rested," Pryor said. "I vacated the title because the WBA insisted I defend it every six months." The newly formed IBF immediately recognized him as their world champion.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Shortly before Pryor made his comeback, his proposed multimillion-dollar fight with WBA lightweight champion Ray Mancini fell through when Mancini was knocked out by Livingstone Bramble on June 1, 1984. "Aaron Pryor actually cried," Said Bob Arum. "I saw the tears."


title: Aaron Pryor

text: On June 22, 1984, Pryor defended his IBF title against Nick Furlano in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Pryor knocked down Furlano twice in the first round but was unable to finish him. Pryor won by a lopsided fifteen-round unanimous decision. Furlano became the first boxer in 27 fights to last the entire fight with Pryor.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor defended his title against future IBF light-welterweight champion Gary Hinton on March 2, 1985. Pryor won by a fifteen-round split decision. He got off to a sluggish start but came on strong in the second half, winning five of the last seven rounds on the cards of judges Frank Cairo (who voted for Hinton) and Phil Newman and all seven on the card of judge Lawrence Wallace. Pryor dropped Hinton early in the 14th round with a right to the chin.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: By the mid-1980s, Pryor's life had become consumed by drugs. In December 1985, Pryor was stripped of the IBF title for failure to defend. "


title: Aaron Pryor

text: After 29 months out of the ring, Pryor, insisting he was now clean from drugs, attempted a comeback. He fought welterweight journeyman Bobby Joe Young in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on August 8, 1987. Pryor was a shell of his former self and was knocked out in the seventh round.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: On December 15, 1988, Pryor scored a third-round knockout of club fighter Hermino Morales in Rochester, New York.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: In April 1990, Pryor was ordered to undergo two years of treatment for drug abuse. Pryor entered a no-contest plea to a charge of possessing illegal drug paraphernalia, a pipe used for smoking cocaine, which was found in his car after he was stopped by the police in Cincinnati in September 1989.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor next fought Darryl Jones on May 16, 1990, in Madison, Wisconsin. Jones, who had a record of 13-13, was knocked out in the third round.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Before the Jones fight, Pryor had surgery to remove a cataract and repair a detached retina. After the surgery, Pryor was denied a license to fight by the states of California, New York and Nevada. The Nevada state medical report declared Pryor to be legally blind in his left eye. His vision in his left eye was 20/400. With corrective lenses, the vision improved to 20/70. The State of Wisconsin gave him a license after he agreed to sign a waiver releasing the state from liability for any damage he may suffer in the fight.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Pryor's last fight was on December 4, 1990, in Norman, Oklahoma. He knocked out unheralded Roger Choate in the seventh round. Pryor's career ended with a record of 39–1 with 35 knockouts.


title: Aaron Pryor

text: Aaron "The Hawk" Pryor was voted as the Greatest Light Welterweight in boxing history by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame in 2014. The HBHOF is a voting body composed entirely of current and former fighters.


title: Fastener

text: A fastener (US English) or fastening (UK English) is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can be removed or dismantled without damaging the joining components. Welding is an example of creating permanent joints. Steel fasteners are usually made of stainless steel, carbon steel, or alloy steel.


title: Fastener

text: Other alternative methods of joining materials include: crimping, welding, soldering, brazing, taping, gluing, cement, or the use of other adhesives. Force may also be used, such as with magnets, vacuum (like suction cups), or even friction (like sticky pads). Some types of woodworking joints make use of separate internal reinforcements, such as dowels or biscuits, which in a sense can be considered fasteners within the scope of the joint system, although on their own they are not general purpose fasteners.


title: Fastener

text: Furniture supplied in flat-pack form often uses cam dowels locked by cam locks, also known as conformat fasteners. Fasteners can also be used to close a container such as a bag, a box, or an envelope; or they may involve keeping together the sides of an opening of flexible material, attaching a lid to a container, etc. There are also special-purpose closing devices, e.g. a bread clip.


title: Fastener

text: Items like a rope, string, wire, cable, chain, or plastic wrap may be used to mechanically join objects; but are not generally categorized as fasteners because they have additional common uses. Likewise, hinges and springs may join objects together, but are ordinarily not considered fasteners because their primary purpose is to allow articulation rather than rigid affixment.


title: Fastener

text: In 2005, it was estimated that the United States fastener industry runs 350 manufacturing plants and employs 40,000 workers. The industry is strongly tied to the production of automobiles, aircraft, appliances, agricultural machinery, commercial construction, and infrastructure. More than 200 billion fasteners are used per year in the U.S., 26 billion of these by the automotive industry. The largest distributor of fasteners in North America is the Fastenal Company.


title: Fastener

text: There are three major steel fasteners used in industries: stainless steel, carbon steel, and alloy steel. The major grade used in stainless steel fasteners: 200 series, 300 series, and 400 series. Titanium, aluminium, and various alloys are also common materials of construction for metal fasteners. In many cases, special coatings or plating may be applied to metal fasteners to improve their performance characteristics by, for example, enhancing corrosion resistance. Common coatings/platings include zinc, chrome, and hot dip galvanizing.


title: Fastener

text: When selecting a fastener for industrial applications, it is important to consider a variety of factors. The threading, the applied load on the fastener, the stiffness of the fastener, and the number of fasteners needed should all be taken into account.


title: Fastener

text: When choosing a fastener for a given application, it is important to know the specifics of that application to help select the proper material for the intended use. Factors that should be considered include:


title: Fastener

text: Other more specialized types of threaded fasteners include captive threaded fasteners, stud, threaded inserts, and threaded rods.


title: Fastener

text: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) publishes several Standards on fasteners. Some are:


title: Fastener

text: American screws, bolts, and nuts were historically not fully interchangeable with their British counterparts, and therefore would not fit British equipment properly. This, in part, helped lead to the development of numerous United States Military Standards and specifications for the manufacturing of essentially any piece of equipment that is used for military or defense purposes, including fasteners. World War II was a significant factor in this change.


title: Fastener

text: A key component of most military standards is traceability. Put simply, hardware manufacturers must be able to trace their materials to their source, and provide traceability for their parts going into the supply chain, usually via bar codes or similar methods. This traceability is intended to help ensure that the right parts are used and that quality standards are met in each step of the manufacturing process; additionally, substandard parts can traced back to their source.


title: Jamboard

text: Jamboard is a digital interactive whiteboard developed by Google to work with Google Workspace, formerly known as G Suite. It was officially announced on 25 October 2016. It has a 55" 4K touchscreen display and can be used for online collaboration using Google Workspace. The display can also be mounted onto a wall or be configured into a stand.


title: Jamboard

text: After Google Apps for Work was launched in 2006, the subscription-based service was announced to be re-branded as G Suite on 29 September 2016, alongside announcements of machine learning integration into Drive's programs, a redesign of Hangouts and the announcement of Team Drive.


title: Jamboard

text: On 25 October, Product Manager of G Suite TJ Varghese announced Jamboard on Google's official blog. The announcement trailer for the product was released the same day onto YouTube. The website was also launched on the same day simultaneously, as well as a rumored version of an "Early Adopter Program" for the device. Jamboard was officially released in May 2017.


title: Jamboard

text: Jamboard has an operating system that coincides with the Google Workspace ecosystem. Any service compatible with Google Workspace can also be performed on the device.


title: Jamboard

text: Jamboard, more commonly known as Google Jamboard in this use case, is also available as a service to anyone with a Google account.


title: Jamboard

text: Once on the landing page, a user is able to create a 'Jam' where they are able to draw, create shapes, lines, and add text. The user can also choose between four pen types and six colors. There are also tools provided to erase and move objects, as well as create digital sticky notes, and turn their touchpoint into a digital laser pointer.


title: Butcher Babies

text: Butcher Babies is an American groove metal band from Los Angeles, consisting of frontwomen Heidi Shepherd and Carla Harvey, guitarist Henry Flury (Amen), bassist Ricky Bonazza, and drummer Chase Brickenden. Their debut album, "Goliath", was released on July 9, 2013, via Century Media Records. It sold 3,300 copies in the US during its first week of release and charted at No. 3 on the Billboard Heatseeker chart and No. 112 on the Billboard 200.


title: Butcher Babies

text: The Butcher Babies were formed by vocalists Heidi Shepherd and Carla Harvey in 2010. The band self-released their first EP in 2011. In July 2011, they released a comic book at the Comic-Con in San Diego on July 23 and 24. The comic book was written by Harvey and illustrated by Anthony Winn. Rock journalist Keith Valcourt stated in his review of one of the band's shows: "The Butcher Babies deliver a loud crashing blend of heavy metal, punk and thrash that recalls Pantera, adding their stage show embodies the horror antics of Alice Cooper and Rob Zombie. Carla and Heidi don't merely sing: they assault the crowd with a blinding flash of aggression and abuse. And the crowd loves them for it." They gained a lot of attention from their YouTube video of them performing "Fucking Hostile" by Pantera.


title: Butcher Babies

text: On January 6, 2012, the Butcher Babies premiered a new song, "Mr. Slowdeath". On May 24, they released their first music video for "Mr. Slowdeath", which was produced by Mudrock (Avenged Sevenfold, Godsmack), which is from the band's self-released EP.


title: Butcher Babies

text: The band signed a worldwide deal with Century Media Records in November 2012, and a month later embarked on a North American tour from January to February with Marilyn Manson. Only days after wrapping the tour in the City Of Sin, the band was in an L.A. studio with producer Josh Wilbur (Gojira, Lamb of God, Hatebreed) recording their debut album, "Goliath".


title: Butcher Babies

text: On June 6, the band released the street single off their debut album "I Smell A Massacre". On June 20, the band streamed another song titled "The Deathsurround". On July 9, the band released their debut album "Goliath" via Century Media Records. During the first week of sales, the album sold 3,300 copies in the United States which landed it at No. 112 on The Billboard 200 chart.


title: Butcher Babies

text: The Butcher Babies toured on the Rockstar Energy Drink Mayhem Festival 2013 on the Jägermeister Stage and then toured with Danzig along with Texas Hippie Coalition, and A Pale Horse Named Death.


title: Butcher Babies

text: On July 26, In an interview with Artisan News, Shepherd and Harvey spoke about their decision to ditch the nipple-tape look during their live performances. Their appearance over the course of the last six years consisted of this look as an ode to the late Wendy O. Williams. However, they claimed that the message of creativity and individualism had been received and it was time to evolve to another look.


title: Butcher Babies

text: In early 2014, the band took part in The Hell Pop Tour II headlined by In This Moment with additional support from Devour the Day, West Hollywood heavy metal ensemble All Hail the Yeti and Los Angeles melodic metal quartet Before the Mourning.


title: Butcher Babies

text: On November 5, 2014, the band announced that they had begun work on their upcoming second studio album. The band completed work on the album on April 3, 2015. The band revealed that the album was a return to their thrash metal roots whereas "Goliath" was more melodic. The band also revealed the new album will feature a rerecorded version of their first single from 2010, "Blonde Girls All Look the Same".


title: Butcher Babies

text: On June 10, 2015, the band revealed the title of their upcoming album to be "Take It Like a Man", and also released the first single of the album, "Monsters Ball", despite original plans to release 'Never Go Back" as the lead single. The band revealed that the record label and management expressed dislike for the album title and artwork, and that the band had to fight to keep them. Regarding the album title, vocalist Carla Harvey said: On June 26, the band released a music video for the lead single, "Monsters Ball". On July 11, the band released the song "Never Go Back" as the second single of the album.


title: Butcher Babies

text: Butcher Babies introduced their new drummer Chase Brickenden after he filled in on the band's tour with Megadeth. The band's third studio album "Lilith" was released on October 27, 2017. The album cover art and insert pannel was designed by NY artist Justin Paul.


title: Butcher Babies

text: On January 22, 2019, Butcher Babies posted a black and white slogan and pictures with possible titles of songs in the upcoming fourth album on their instagram page @butcherbabies. The album title and its date of release have yet to be announced.


title: Butcher Babies

text: Butcher Babies' music has been described as heavy metal, groove metal, and thrash metal. The band has cited artists and bands such as Pantera, Guns N' Roses, Marilyn Manson, Slayer, and Slipknot as their influences. However, the band Plasmatics had the biggest influence on the band. In an interview, they stated "We are big fans of Wendy O. Williams. We took the name from the Plasmatics Song "Butcher Baby". Wendy was a bad ass… she didn't give a fuck what anyone thought… we share that spirit". In an interview with Revolver Magazine, Harvey said: "As a biracial kid growing up in the Detroit area, I got a lot of shit for loving hard rock and metal, and seeing musicians that were also African American playing the music I loved made me strong enough to say, "Fuck you, I'm going to like what I want."


title: Butcher Babies

text: While Shepherd had said "My heroes are Slipknot, Wendy O. Williams, Gwen Stefani, and Joan Jett. Most of them being females that defy the male dominance in music!" They also stated in an interview, they are heavily influenced by horror films such as "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre", "House of 1000 Corpses", and "The Devil's Rejects".


title: Butcher Babies

text: In an interview from the Rockstar Mayhem Festival, Shepherd stated that she is very influenced by Slipknot, while Harvey stated that she is heavily into old school metal such as Slayer and Iron Maiden, Klein's favorite band is Cannibal Corpse, and Flury's favorite is Meshuggah. Butcher Babies are influenced by the nu metal genre.


title: Butcher Babies

text: The Butcher Babies are known for their aggressive stage appeal, such as wearing nipple tape in the earlier years of their career. This attire is heavily influenced by Wendy O. Williams of the Plasmatics. Shepherd stated in an interview that "Wendy O. Williams was the first female in heavy metal. She had that single, 'Butcher Baby', hence the name BUTCHER BABIES, and she was the first female to just really go all out. She didn't care what anyone told her. She was going to be the performer she wanted to be without anyone telling her 'No'. We were both hugely influenced by her, and that's where the attire came from."


title: Jeremy Saulnier

text: Jeremy Saulnier (; born June 10, 1976) is an American film director, cinematographer and screenwriter.


title: Jeremy Saulnier

text: In 2007, he released his first feature film, "Murder Party" which he wrote and directed starring his childhood friend, Macon Blair.


title: Jeremy Saulnier

text: In 2013, he released "Blue Ruin" which was met with critical acclaim. It holds a 96% on Rotten Tomatoes and 77/100 in Metacritic. He was nominated for the John Cassavetes Award at the 2015 Film Independent Spirit Awards and made a run at Cannes.


title: Jeremy Saulnier

text: In 2015, Saulnier directed his third feature film, the horror-thriller "Green Room", which stars Patrick Stewart, Anton Yelchin, and Imogen Poots. The movie was distributed by A24 and was certified fresh with a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Jeremy Saulnier

text: Saulnier's latest film is an adaptation of William Giraldi's 2014 thriller novel "Hold the Dark" for Netflix, from a screenplay by Macon Blair.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: The ampulla of Vater, also known as the or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: The ampulla of Vater is an important landmark halfway along the second part of the duodenum that marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut, and hence the point where the celiac trunk stops supplying the gut and the superior mesenteric artery takes over.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: The cystic duct leaves the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. This duct subsequently joins with the pancreatic duct; this junction is known as the ampulla of Vater. The pancreatic duct delivers substances such as bicarbonate and digestive enzymes to the duodenum. The bile from the gallbladder contains salts which emulsify large fat droplets into much smaller units. This provides a large surface area for the lipase enzymes to act on. The bicarbonate neutralises the acidic chyme, creating alkaline conditions for enzymes such as chymotrypsin and amylase to function optimally.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: Various smooth muscle sphincters regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla: the sphincter of the pancreatic duct, the sphincter of the bile duct, and the sphincter of Oddi.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: The sphincter of Oddi controls the introduction of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, as well as preventing the entry of duodenal contents into the ampulla.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly. One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the sphincter of Oddi. A common cause of blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: Thomas' sign is the production of silver stools and can be indicative of cancer of the Ampulla of Vater. The silver-colored stool is a combination of the white stool of obstructive jaundice combined with black stool of melena or bleeding. It was first described in the "British Medical Journal" by Dr. H. Ogilvie in 1955.


title: Ampulla of Vater

text: The eponymic term "ampulla of Vater" is named after Abraham Vater (1684–1751), a German anatomist who first published a description of it in 1720.


title: Jo Kwon

text: Jo Kwon ( born on August 28, 1989) is a South Korean singer, television host, actor, entertainer and the leader of South Korean boy band 2AM. He has starred in multiple musicals such as "Jesus Christ Superstar" playing the role of King Herod and "Everybody's Talking About Jamie" playing as Jamie New.


title: Jo Kwon

text: Jo trained at JYP Entertainment for seven years after joining the company. He was chosen as the last member of Park Jin-young's "99% Challenge Project" along with Sunye of Wonder Girls.


title: Jo Kwon

text: In 2008, he appeared on Mnet's "Hot Blood". The program showed the intense physical training that thirteen male trainees go through to acquire the opportunity to debut in either a four-member ballad group or a seven-member dance group. After several elimination steps, Jo was chosen for a position in the four-member ballad group 2AM. He became the group's leader.


title: Jo Kwon

text: 2AM's first single "This Song" was released on July 21, 2008. In March 2015, Jo renewed his contract with JYP Entertainment, while three other members of 2AM signed with other agencies. JYP Entertainment assured that the departures did not mean 2AM was disbanding, however 2AM is currently on temporarily break from any group activities.


title: Jo Kwon

text: He left JYP Entertainment on September 22, 2017. On November 3, 2017, he signed with Cube Entertainment.


title: Jo Kwon

text: Jo has appeared as a regular panel member on variety shows such as "Star King". He was part of "Dirty Eyed Girls" in an episode of 2PM's variety show "Wild Bunny", performing a parody of popular Brown Eyed Girls song "Abracadabra". The music video became popular. In September, 2009, he was one of the main MCs for SBS' environmental variety show "Find it! Green Gold" with Super Junior member Shindong, SS501 member Kim Hyung-jun, and Fly To The Sky member Brian Joo. He also replaced Jay Park on historical culture variety show "Nodaji".


title: Jo Kwon

text: He joined the cast of "We Got Married" on October 3, 2009, coupled with Brown Eyed Girls member Ga-In. Although he was initially only supposed to be featured in the Chuseok special, his appearance brought in the highest ratings yet for Season 2, so he was announced as a permanent couple. Jo was diagnosed with H1N1 on October 28, 2009, causing them to postpone filming "We Got Married". He recovered quickly after treatment.


title: Jo Kwon

text: During his appearance in "We Got Married", Jo and Ga-in were donned the nickname “Adam Couple” by fans. Together he released the digital single, "우리 사랑하게 됐어요 (We Fell in Love)," on December 16, 2009, which topped variety online music charts and won two awards on "Music Bank's" K-Charts and the "Most Popular Background Phone Music" on the Gaon Charts. 50 million won from the profits of the song were donated for rebuilding after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.


title: Jo Kwon

text: In 2010, he became a permanent cast member of "Family Outing 2". He made his fifth appearance on the TV show "Happy Together" in June 2012. He made several appearances on Star King, Invincible Youth S2, Come To Play, Radio Star, Star Dance Battle, and many other shows. He is known for his "kkab" dance and often danced on variety shows. "Kkab" can be translated as hyperactive.


title: Jo Kwon

text: On June 30, 2010, Jo released his first solo digital single titled, "고백하던 날 (The Day I Confessed)", a song he partially composed during the "We Got Married" broadcast for Ga-in. The song came first on Cyworld real-time charts the day after release.


title: Jo Kwon

text: The same year, he was cast in the sitcom All My Love with co-stars Park Mi-sun, Kim Kap-soo and fellow idol and former 'wife' from "We Got Married" Ga-in.


title: Jo Kwon

text: In 2013, Jo joined the cast of a Korean "Jesus Christ Superstar" musical production, where he played the role of King Herod.


title: Jo Kwon

text: In the same year, on February 27, 2013, he was confirmed as one of the cast for the KBS2 drama "Queen of the Office". The drama is about a talented contract worker, and the work and relationships that surround her.


title: Jo Kwon

text: Jo's new album "Crosswalk" included three tracks, two of which he wrote ― the lead single, “Crosswalk,” and the third track, “Flutter.” The second track, “It's Okay,” was written by Ryan S. Jhun and Denzil "DR" Remedios, the music producers of SM Entertainment's Shinee and f(x). Popular songwriters Esna and Aev produced the title song.


title: Jo Kwon

text: On March 17, 2016, it was announced by JYP Entertainment that Jo would be participating in the musical "On The Starry Night" as the role "Choi Sung-keun. The musical Ran from May 7 to May 15, 2016.


title: Jo Kwon

text: On November 10, 2016, it was announced that Jo Kwon would be co-starring on "Golden Tambourine", a karaoke variety program broadcast by Mnet, which ran from December 15, 2016, until February 23, 2017.


title: Jo Kwon

text: On September 21, 2017, it was announced that Jo had officially left JYP Entertainment after 16 years. However, 2AM never did announce that they were disbanding and it is presumed that the group is on hiatus.


title: Jo Kwon

text: On January 10, 2018, Jo released the digital single "새벽 (Lonely)", his first release after joining Cube Entertainment. Jo was set to enlist in the Korean Army in August 2018, for his mandatory military service. On July 24, 2019, it was confirmed that he would release a special single new theme song for the ROK Army with collaboration of Shinee's Onew and Key, Exo's Xiumin, Infinite's Kim Sung-kyu, BtoB's Lee Chang-sub, 2AM's Jinwoon, Yoon Ji-sung and actors Kim Minseok, and Lee Jae-kyoon in mid-August.


title: Jo Kwon

text: As part of South Korea's effort to combat COVID-19, Jo officially discharged from the military early on March 24, 2020. He also made his first variety show appearance after being discharged on JTBC's Knowing Bros alongside 2PM's Wooyoung, Block B's P.O & WINNER's Mino on April 4, 2020. In July 2020, Jo Kwon starred in the musical Everybody's Talking About Jamie, playing the role of Jamie New, a 16-year-old high school student, who dreams to be a drag queen, and deals with prejudice and bullies.


title: Jo Kwon

text: On August 25, 2022, it was announced that Jo Kwon will be releasing "My Regards", a remake of the Ribbon Project in collaboration with Sunye, It will be released on August 28.


title: Jo Kwon

text: As of 2013, Jo was attending Kyung Hee University. He entered Kyung Hee University without taking the entrance examination, with rumors alleging favouritism, because he was an entertainer. The rumors were refuted by his performance at the top of his class in his major.


title: Jo Kwon

text: Jo is the president of the cereal cafe franchise 'Midnight in Seoul', which was founded and owned by actor-singer Yoon Kye-sang and three friends. The cafe-cereal-bar was the first of its kind in Seoul and gained popularity amongst K-pop idol singers through word-of-mouth. In May 2017, it was announced that the venture would become a franchise and that Jo would be named its president, while Yoon and others would remain official owners.


title: Sarah Good

text: Sarah Good (, 1653 – , 1692) was one of the first three women to be accused of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials, which occurred in 1692 in colonial Massachusetts.


title: Sarah Good

text: Sarah Good was born in 1653, the daughter of a well-to-do tavern owner in Wenham, Massachusetts named John Solart. In 1669, when she was 16 years old, her father committed suicide. His 70-acre estate was valued around 500 pounds and he didn't leave a will. At the time of his death, the Solarts were one of many families involved in land disputes around Salem. The estate was divided mostly between his widow and two sons, with only a small allotment to be shared among seven daughters, however, even this was denied to the girls by their mother's new husband. Sarah was left with no dowry and no prospects beyond marriage to an indentured servant named Daniel Poole who left her heavily in debt when he died soon after.


title: Sarah Good

text: The small portion of land that Sarah had received from her father's estate was lost in a suit filed by Poole's creditors. She and her new husband sold the remainder leaving them impoverished and homeless, and were forced to beg from the households of Salem. It was rumored that she walked off "muttering" after Samuel Parris gave her charity, and she developed a reputation for being unpleasant whether she received charity or not. When Samuel and Mary Abbey gave her lodgings for a time they said she was "so turbulent a spirit, spiteful and so maliciously bent" that they put her out. Her husband told the examiners that she was "an enemy to all good". When accused of never attending church she said it was because she hadn't any proper attire for the services.


title: Sarah Good

text: Good was accused of witchcraft on , when Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Parris, related to the Reverend Samuel Parris, claimed to be bewitched under her hand. The young girls asserted they had been bitten, pinched, and otherwise abused. They would have fits in which their bodies would appear to involuntarily convulse, their eyes rolling into the back of their heads and their mouths hanging open. When the Rev. Samuel Parris asked "Who torments you?" the girls eventually shouted out the names of three townspeople: Tituba, Sarah Osborne, and Sarah Good.


title: Sarah Good

text: Good was of a lower economic status, reduced to poverty due to the inheritance customs which cut out daughters and the debt of her first husband, Daniel Poole. Accusers at the trials, especially in the trial of Sarah Good, often cited jealousy and envy as explanations for witches' discontent and anger. Her dependency on neighbors and others perpetuated suspicions of Good, and that other dependent women like her were practicing witchcraft. Another theory behind the accusations was explained by her relationship with her husband and her neighbors. William Good claimed he feared that his wife was a witch due to "her bad carriage to him", indicating he disliked her demeanor or how well she met his expectations for a wife. She was accused by her neighbors because she challenged Puritan values, and she was accused of possessing two women; the afflictions were often sporadic and inexplicable.


title: Sarah Good

text: On , Good was tried for witchcraft. She was accused of rejecting the puritanical expectations of self-control and discipline when she chose to torment and "scorn [children] instead of leading them towards the path of salvation". When she was brought in, the accusers immediately began to rock back and forth and moan, seemingly in response to Good's presence. Later in the trial, one of the accusers fell into a fit. When it had stopped, she claimed Good had attacked her with a knife; she even produced a portion of it, stating the weapon had been broken during the alleged assault. However, upon hearing this statement, a young townsman stood and told the court the piece had broken off his own knife the day before, and that the girl had witnessed it. He then revealed the other half, proving his story. After hearing this, Judge William Stoughton simply scolded the girl for exaggerating what he believed to be the truth.


title: Sarah Good

text: Although both Good and Sarah Osborne denied the allegations against them, Tituba admitted to being the "Devil's servant". She stated that a tall man dressed all in black came to them, demanding they sign their names in a great book. Although initially refusing, Tituba said, she eventually wrote her name, after Good and Osborne forced her to. There were six other names in the book as well but were not visible to her. She also said that Good had ordered her cat to attack Elizabeth Hubbard, causing the scratches and bite marks on the girl's body. She spoke of seeing Good with black and yellow birds surrounding her, and that Good had also sent these animals to harm the girls. When the girls began to have another fit, Tituba claimed she could see a yellow bird in Good's right hand. The young accusers agreed.


title: Sarah Good

text: When Good was allowed the chance to defend herself in front of the twelve jurors in the Salem Village meeting house, she argued her innocence, proclaiming Tituba and Osborne as the real witches. In the end, however, Good was convicted of witchcraft and sentenced to death. On , 1692, Sarah Good was hanged along with four other women convicted of witchcraft. While the other four quietly awaited execution, Good firmly proclaimed her innocence. The Rev. Nicholas Noyes was persistent, but unsuccessful, in his attempts to force Good to confess. When she was found guilty by the judges, including Noyes, according to legend she yelled to him: "I'm no more a witch than you are a wizard, and if you take away my life God will give you blood to drink", although this sentence does not appear in any of contemporary reports of the execution. There is also a legend that, twenty-five years later, Noyes died from choking on his own blood.


title: Sarah Good

text: Good was pregnant at the time of her arrest and gave birth to an infant in her cell in the jail in Ipswich. The infant died before her mother was hanged.


title: Sarah Good

text: In 1710, William Good successfully sued the Great and General Court for health and mental damages done to Sarah and Dorcas, ultimately receiving thirty pounds sterling, one of the largest sums granted to the families of the witchcraft victims.


title: Christopher Cousins

text: Christopher Maher Cousins (born September 27, 1960) is an American actor who has been acting in television since 1986. He is best known for playing conman Cain Rogan in forty-one episodes of the soap opera "One Life to Live". Between 2009 and 2012, he played Ted Beneke in thirteen episodes of the AMC series "Breaking Bad". In 2013 and 2014, he played Victor Doyle in seven episodes of the NBC series "Revolution".


title: Christopher Cousins

text: Cousins was born in New York City and raised in Oklahoma, where he attended Norman High School. He graduated from Boston University and relocated to New York City to act in theatre productions.


title: Christopher Cousins

text: Notable film roles include David Williams in "Untraceable" (2008), the villain Daniel in "Wicker Park" (2004), Bill in "The Grudge 2" (2006), and the father of the main characters in "Legally Blondes". He also made an appearance on "Glee" on the episode "Puppet Master" He has also appeared in an episode of "House, M.D." as a victim's father on an episode called "Distractions" in season 2 episode 12. In season 3 of "Supernatural" he played a doctor whose comatose daughter is the spirit in "Bedtime Stories". He also appeared on "Criminal Minds" as a trauma surgeon on an episode called "Nameless, Faceless" in season 5, episode 1. He also appeared on "Designated Survivor" as Senator Rouse. In 2016, he had a recurring role in "Bosch" as Martin Weiss, an attorney for an Armenian mobster.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub ( ; born 16 November 1935), is an Egyptian retired professor of cardiothoracic surgery at Imperial College London, best known for his early work in repairing heart valves with surgeon Donald Ross, adapting the Ross procedure, where the diseased aortic valve is replaced with the person's own pulmonary valve, devising the arterial switch operation (ASO) in transposition of the great arteries, and establishing the heart transplantation centre at Harefield Hospital in 1980 with a heart transplant for Derrick Morris, who at the time of his death was Europe's longest-surviving heart transplant recipient. Yacoub subsequently performed the UK's first combined heart and lung transplant in 1983.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: From 1986 to 2006, he held the position of British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine. He is the founding editor of the journal "Disease Models & Mechanisms".


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: His honours and awards include the Bradshaw Lecture from the Royal College of Physicians in 1988, a knighthood in the 1992 New Year Honours, the Texas Heart Institute's Ray C. Fish Award for Scientific Achievement in Cardiovascular Disease in 1998, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004, the European Society of Cardiology's gold medal in 2006, the Order of Merit in 2014, the Lister Medal from the Royal College of Surgeons in 2015 and the Khalaf Ahmad Al Habtoor Achievement Award (KAHAA) in 2019.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: Following retirement from the National Health Service (NHS), he continued to operate on children through his charity, Chain of Hope. In 2008, he co-founded the Magdi Yacoub heart foundation, which launched the Aswan Heart project.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: Magdi Habib Yacoub was born on the 16th of November in 1935 in Bilbeis, El Sharqia, Egypt to Coptic Christian family, and spent his childhood moving around a number of different small towns. His father was a surgeon, who later worked in public health. He died in 1958. Yacoub later recalled that both his father and the death of his youngest aunt at age 22 years from an uncorrected mitral stenosis during childbirth inspired him to study medicine and cardiology, saying that “this young woman would not have died if we had had access to facilities which were then available in a few centres around the world”.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In 1957, Yacoub graduated in medicine from Cairo University and completed two years of residencies in surgery. In 1961 or 1962 he moved to Britain to study for his fellowship while working under Sir Russell Brock, consultant surgeon at Guy's Hospital.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In 1964, he was appointed rotating surgical senior registrar to the National Heart and Chest Hospitals, where he worked with cardiothoracic surgeon Donald Ross. Here, they worked on repairing heart valves in people with severe valvular heart disease and heart failure. Four of their cases, operated on between December 1965 and October 1967, were reported on in the "British Medical Journal" (1968) in an article titled "Too ill for cardiac surgery?". Three had severe aortic valve disease and one had rheumatic heart disease with multiple affected valves. All four had a poor prognosis with death expected within a few days and all four survived surgery. He carried out a number of Ross procedures, where the diseased aortic valve is replaced with the person's own pulmonary valve, particularly in growing children. It became a popular alternative to the surgical treatment of aortic valve disease in young adults and avoided the need for anticoagulation and repeated operations. Yacoub modified the operation by planning remodelling of the autograft root, the Ross-Yacoub procedure, performed in carefully selected people. At a time when cardiologists may have been reluctant to refer for surgery, Yacoub's search for operable people earned him the name "Magdi's midnight stars".


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: Later, his application for a job at the Royal Brompton Hospital was turned down. In 1968, he moved to the United States and the following year he became Instructor and then Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In 1973, he became a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon at Harefield Hospital, West London, opened in 1921 as a TB sanatorium of single storey pavilions typical for such a hospital. He later recalled that "I was tempted to stay in Chicago, as I was interested in the research they were doing there, but I had already accepted the position at Harefield before going to the US, so I was honour bound to return". At Harefield, he worked closely with Rosemary Radley-Smith, consultant in paediatric cardiology.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: As a visiting professor to the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Yacoub, Fabian Udekwu, C. H Anyanwu, and others formed part of the team that performed the first open heart surgery in Nigeria in 1974.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In 1977, he devised a two-stage approach for an arterial switch operation (ASO) in older people with transposition of the great arteries with an intact ventricular septum (IVS).


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: Yacoub began the transplant programme at Harefield Hospital in 1980 with a heart transplant for Derrick Morris, who became Europe's longest surviving heart transplant recipient until his death in July 2005. Two years later, he performed a heart transplant on John McCafferty, who survived for more than 33 years, until 10 February 2016 and became recognised as the world's longest surviving heart transplant patient by the Guinness World Records in 2013, surpassing the previous Guinness World Record of 30 years, 11 months and 10 days set by an American man who died in 2009.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: From 1986 to 2006, he held the position of British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine. In 1988, he became a member of the Royal Colleges of Physicians, twenty years after qualifying in surgery.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: He treated a number of politicians and celebrities throughout his surgical career, including comedian Eric Morecambe in 1979, Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou in 1988, and actor Omar Sharif in 1993.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In 2006 he led a complex operation which required removing a transplant heart from a person whose own heart had recovered. The original heart had not been removed during transplant surgery nearly a decade earlier, in the hope it might recover.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In April 2007, it was reported that a British medical research team led by Yacoub had grown part of a human heart valve from stem cells.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: In 1995, Yacoub founded the charity Of Ahmed Sherif "Chain of Hope", through which he continued to operate on children, and through which the provision of heart surgery for correctable heart defects are made possible in areas without specialist cardiac surgery units.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: He is also the head of the Magdi Yacoub Global Heart Foundation, co-founded with Ahmed Zewail and Ambassador Mohamed Shaker in 2008, which launched the Aswan Heart project and founded the Aswan Heart Centre the following year.


title: Magdi Yacoub

text: Yacoub was knighted in the 1992 New Year Honours and awarded the Order of Merit in the 2014 New Year Honours.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Previous banknote versions that have been issued include: Silver Certificates (1878–1964), Gold certificates (1865–1934) and United States Notes (1862–1971).


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Federal Reserve Notes were first issued in 1914, and differ from their predecessor Federal Reserve Bank Notes in that they were liabilities of the whole Federal Reserve System. They were redeemable in gold until 1933. After that date they stopped to be redeemable in anything, much like United States Notes (which later led to the halting of the production of United States Notes). They switched to small size in 1929 and are the only type of currency in circulation today in the United States. They were originally printed in denominations of , , , , , , , and . The , , and denominations were last printed in 1945 and discontinued in 1969, making the bill the largest denomination banknote in circulation. A note was added in 1963 to replace the Silver Certificate after that type of currency had been discontinued. Since United States Notes were discontinued in 1971, Federal Reserve Notes are the only type of currency circulating in the US. In 1976, a note was added, 10 years after the denomination of United States Note was officially discontinued. The denomination proved to be unpopular and is now treated as a curiosity, although it is still being printed. Starting 1996, all notes except and were redesigned to have a larger portrait of the people depicted on them. Since 2004, all notes (except and ) were progressively changed to have different colors to make them more easily distinguishable from each other, until the last such note was introduced in 2013 (the ).


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Before the American Revolution, every one of the Thirteen Colonies had issued its own paper money, most often denominated in British pounds, shillings and pence. In 1776, the newly created United States issued currency which was bought by people who wanted to support the war (it was promised that the currency could be redeemed for Spanish milled dollars once the war would end). At first, the banknotes circulated at par with the stated value, however after a few months they started depreciating until they became almost worthless. The United States agreed to redeem the notes for treasury bonds at 1% of the face value. The issued denominations ranged from /6 to .


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Treasury Notes were issued from 1812 to 1913, and were interest-bearing notes issued by the United States in times of war or financial unrest. Various notes of various denominations were issued during the War of 1812 (large and small size notes), the Panic of 1837, the Mexican–American War, the Panic of 1857, the Civil War and the Panic of 1907. From the Civil War through the Panic of 1907 they were known as "Certificates of Indebtedness".


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Demand Notes are considered the first paper money issued by the United States whose main purpose was to circulate. They were made because of a coin shortage as people hoarded their coins during the American Civil War and were issued in denominations of , and . They were redeemable in coin. They were replaced by United States Notes in 1862. After the war ended paper money continued to circulate until present day.