title: Battle of Carentan

text: On 9 June the 101st finished consolidating, with the 502nd PIR guarding the right flank along the upper Douve River, the 506th PIR deployed across the Carentan highway, and the 327th GIR on the left in positions along the Douve River opposite Brévands. The 501st PIR was the division's reserve and guarding the left flank east of the 327.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Patrols and aerial reconnaissance of Carentan indicated that the town might be lightly defended, and a plan to capture the city by a double envelopment was contrived, using the 502nd PIR on the right and the 327th GIR on the left, scheduled to jump off just after midnight 10 June. The 502nd's mission was to force the bridges and capture high ground southwest of the town along the Périers highway (Hill 30) to block withdrawal. The 327th was to cross the Douve at Brévands, circle a mile to the east, and come in on the road west from Isigny to take the town.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Leading the attack of the 502nd, the 3rd Battalion (3rd/502nd PIR) under Lt Col. Robert G. Cole found Bridge No. 2 (the Douve bridge) unrepaired and the engineers assigned to the task pinned down by fire from an 88mm gun. Cole sent his S-2, 1st Lt. Ralph B. Gehauf, with a patrol across the river in a small boat. They made their way to the last bridge, which they found blocked by a Belgian gate. The patrol was able to push the obstacle aside only 18 inches, just enough for one soldier at a time to negotiate. The patrol soon came under flare illumination, mortar, and machine gun fire and eventually returned at 05:30, when the attack was postponed. Most of the fire appeared to be coming from a large farmhouse () and a hedgerow on higher ground 250 yards to the right of the highway beyond Bridge No. 4.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: The 327th GIR's 1st and 2nd Battalions crossed the Douve River during the early morning hours of 10 June. 1st Battalion received friendly fire casualties from US mortars during the crossing by rubber boat. Some units waded across the river. After reaching the east bank in the early daylight hours the 327th GIR swung south towards Catz. 1st Battalion attacked on the south side of the Isigny highway and 2nd Battalion was on the north side. With Company G in the 2nd Battalion lead, heavy casualties were received as they approached Carentan. G Company was placed in reserve and was attached to the 3d Battalion of the 327th (401). In the early daylight hours of the 11th, Company A of the 401st (3Bn) and Co G of the 327th attacked southward along the Bassin a Flot, again taking heavy casualties.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: At 01:45 1st/327th GIR began crossing the footbridges over the lower Douve, and by 06:00, under cover of artillery fire, the entire regiment was across. It captured Brévands and began the three-mile (5 km) movement south and west. Company A of the 401st GIR, accompanied by the Division Assistant G-3, left the column and marched east toward Auville-sur-le-Vey to link up with the U.S. 29th Infantry Division. The 327th did not encounter serious opposition until it approached the bridges spanning the Vire-Taute Canal east of Carentan at 18:00. It went into the attack with two battalions on line and by midnight held the east bank.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: The Douve bridge was still not repaired when 3rd/502d PIR returned at noon. The paratroopers used engineer materials at hand to improvise a footbridge and began their attack shortly after 13:00. Moving single file down the causeway and advancing by crouching and crawling, the point of the 400-man battalion reached Bridge No. 4 at about 16:00, with most of the unit past Bridge No. 3. Under artillery and mortar fire, and then sniper and machine gun fire as they got within range, casualties among the 3rd/502nd PIR became heavy. Nightfall ended the advance but not the casualties, when an attack at 23:30 by two low-flying German Ju 87 Stukas strafing the causeway killed 30 men and knocked I Company completely out of the battle. The severe casualties suffered by the 3rd/502d PIR, estimated at 67% of the original force, resulted in the nickname "Purple Heart Lane" applied to that portion of the Carentan-Sainte-Mère-Église highway.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: During the night German fire subsided. Company H crept through the opening in the obstacle, and when it did not suffer any casualties, at 0400 Company G and the Headquarters Company followed, taking cover on both sides of the highway. Scouts in the point nearly reached the main farmhouse in the morning twilight when they were cut down by German fire. Lt. Col. Cole immediately called for artillery support, but the German fire did not cease. At 06:15, using a smoke screen for concealment, Lt Col. Cole ordered his executive officer, Major John P. Stopka, to pass word to the battalion that it would have to charge the German positions to eliminate them.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Using a whistle to signal the attack, Cole led a bayonet charge that overwhelmed the defenders in savage close combat, for which Cole was later awarded the Medal of Honor. At first only a small portion of the battalion, approximately 20 men, charged, but Stopka quickly followed with 50 more. The attack picked up impetus as the other paratroopers observed it in progress and joined it, crossing a ditch. Overrunning the empty farmhouse, men of Company H found many German paratroopers dug in along the hedgerow behind it. Companies H and G killed them with hand grenades and bayonets but at severe cost to themselves.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: The survivors of 3rd/502nd PIR set up defensive positions and requested 1st Battalion 502nd PIR continue the attack. Lt Col. Patrick F. Cassidy's battalion, however, also took serious casualties from mortar fire and could only strengthen Lt Col. Cole's defensive line, taking up positions from the 3rd Battalion command post in the farmhouse to the highway. During a 2-hour truce at mid-day in which U.S. forces attempted to negotiate for removal of casualties, Company C 502nd moved forward from Bridge No. 4 into a cabbage patch between the second and third hedgerows. Company A 502nd moved up just behind Company C and extended its line across the highway. Fighting at the cabbage patch during the afternoon often took place at extremely close range with the contending forces on opposite sides of the same hedgerow.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Except for the noon truce, which FJR6 also used to resupply and reorganize, the American forces repelled repeated attacks. The final one nearly succeeded in overwhelming the 3rd/502nd PIR at 1830, gaining all but the final hedgerow between it and the Douve River. However, Lt Col. Cole's artillery officer, able to overcome jamming of his radio, called down a concentration of VII Corps Artillery so close that several Americans were also killed. The overwhelming violence of the 5-minute barrage rolled back the last German counterattack.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Patrols from the 327th had discovered a partially destroyed footbridge over the Vire-Taute Canal at the point where it connected with the Douve, northeast of the city. The bridge was repaired by 10:00, and a company each of the 2nd (Company G) and 3rd battalions (Company A 401) crossed and attacked down the forested banks of the boat basin (Bassin à Flot), but like the 502nd, were stopped a half-mile (1 km) short of Carentan by machine gun and mortar fires that artillery could not suppress.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: FJR6, nearly out of ammunition, withdrew during the night, leaving only a small rear guard. A Luftwaffe parachute resupply drop that night seven miles (11 km) to the southwest arrived too late to help. The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division (Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Werner Ostendorff), on the road toward Carentan since D-Day, had been delayed by air attack and lack of fuel. By nightfall on 11 June only a few advanced elements had reached the division's assembly areas.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: To complete the capture of Carentan, Gen. Courtney Hodges of First Army created a task force under Gen. Anthony McAuliffe to coordinate the final assault. The mission to take Hill 30 was reassigned to the 506th PIR, the attack along the Bassin à Flot was renewed, and the 501st PIR was relieved of its defensive positions to circle behind the 327th GIR and approach Hill 30 from the east. The movements were covered by an all-night artillery bombardment of Carentan using naval gunfire, Corps artillery, 4.2-inch mortars, and tank destroyers that had joined the 327th GIR along the eastern canal.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Two battalions of the 506th moved down the Carentan causeway after dark, passed through the 2nd/502nd PIR at 02:00 on 12 June, and marched cross country to Hill 30 (the village of la Billonnerie), which they captured by 05:00. The 1st Battalion took up defensive positions facing south across the highway, while the 2nd Battalion was ordered north to attack the city. The 501st PIR during the night moved into position behind the 327th Glider Infantry, crossed the canal, and reached Hill 30 by 06:30.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: At 06:00 Carentan was attacked from the north by 1st/401st GIR and the south by 2nd/506th PIR. Both units encountered machine gun fire from the rear guard, but the 2nd/506th was also sporadically shelled by artillery to the south of Carentan. Despite this, both units swiftly cleaned out the rear guard in a short fight near the railway station and advanced on the streets ending with the enemies' forces, then the US paratroopers met at 07:30 in the center of town after brief combat. The 1st/506th PIR engaged in more serious combat south of town when it had to rescue Col. Sink's command post, surrounded because it had pushed too far towards the German lines in the dark.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: In the afternoon both the 506th and 501st advanced southwest but after a mile were stopped by heavy contacts with new German units including a few tanks. The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division had intended to counterattack to retake Carentan, but its assault guns were held up in the assembly areas by Allied air attacks. Instead infantry units dug in on higher ground below the city and battled the paratroopers until dark.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: At dawn on 13 June, the 101st Airborne was about to attack the German line when it was attacked by tanks and assault guns. Two battalions of the 37th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment, supported by the 17th SS Panzer Battalion and III./FJR6, struck hard at the 501st PIR on the American left, which fell back under heavy pressure. The left flank companies (Dog and Fox Companies) of the 506th then gave way, and by noon the spearheads of the German attack were within 500 yards of Carentan. However, Company E (Easy) of the 506th, commanded by 1st Lt. Richard D. Winters, anchored its right flank against a railroad embankment and held its position. Reinforced by the 2nd/502nd PIR taking position on its right, Easy Company slowed the German attack until American tanks could be brought up.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: Reacting to an Ultra warning of the size and threat of the counterattack, Lieutenant General Bradley diverted CCA U.S. 2nd Armored Division (commanded by Brig. Gen. Maurice Rose and near Isigny sur mer) to Carentan at 10:30. At 14:00 CCA attacked, supported by the self-propelled howitzers of the 14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion. One task force of tanks and mechanized infantry surged down the road to Baupte in the 2nd/506th's area and shattered the main German thrust. A second task force drove back German forces along the Périers highway, inflicting heavy losses in men and equipment. CCA, followed by the 502nd PIR, then pushed west a mile beyond the original lines.


title: Battle of Carentan

text: The counterattack became known anecdotally among the surviving paratroopers as the "Battle of Bloody Gulch".


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: "The Whole of the Moon" is a song by Scottish band the Waterboys, released as a single from their album "This Is the Sea" in October 1985. It is a classic of the band's repertoire and has been consistently played at live shows ever since its release. Written and produced by Mike Scott, the subject of the song has inspired some speculation.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: The single was not a big success when initially released in 1985, only making the lower ends of the chart, although it reached 12 on the Australian chart. Subsequently, it became one of the Waterboys' best-known songs and their most commercially successful. It was the Ivor Novello Award winner "Best Song Musically and Lyrically" in 1991. Upon its re-release in March 1991, it reached No. 3 in the United Kingdom.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: The subject of the lyrics has inspired speculation, some of which has been rebutted by the writer. The song began as a "scribble on the back of an envelope on a wintry New York street", after Scott's girlfriend asked him if it was difficult to write a song. Scott added further lyrics to the song upon returning to his hotel and after his return to London.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Like the Waterboys' first single "A Girl Called Johnny", the song is a tribute to an inspirational figure or figures. In each line, the singer describes his own perspective and immediately contrasts it with that of the song's subject, summarizing the difference with the line "I saw the crescent / You saw the whole of the moon".


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: AllMusic instead suggests that its subject is a number of people who inspired Scott, including writer C. S. Lewis and the musician Prince. Scott himself says that he "couldn't have written" the song without having read Mark Helprin's novel "Winter's Tale", but goes on to state that the song is not about Helprin. The official Waterboys website's Frequently Asked Questions clarifies that Scott has said that the song's subject is "a composite of many people", including C. S. Lewis, but explicitly states that it is not about Prince. Musician Nikki Sudden, with whom Scott had collaborated before forming the Waterboys, has claimed that the song was written about himself. In a 2020 interview, Scott specifically rejected claims that it was about Sudden or Prince: he said that he wrote a message "on the record's label saying, 'For Prince, U saw the whole of the moon'" as a reference to discussions between himself and Karl Wallinger about creating a Prince-inspired sound when they were recording the song. He explained:


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: The band members at the time were Mike Scott, Anthony Thistlethwaite, Karl Wallinger, and Roddy Lorimer. Drummer Kevin Wilkinson had left the band by the time "The Whole of the Moon" was recorded and drums were played by session player, Chris Whitten. Demoed but not finished at the beginning of the recording sessions, the song was eventually completed in May 1985.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Scott composed the song's piano part, which he described as "a self-taught rhythm with one finger doing one pattern and three fingers doing another", upon returning to the UK from New York.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: A feature of "The Whole of the Moon" is the trumpet work on the recording, courtesy of the classically trained Lorimer. Scott has said that he wanted the trumpets to have a similar impact to the flugelhorns on the Beatles' "Penny Lane": "like sunlight bursting through clouds". Lorimer spent three days with Scott working on the song's arrangement and "went home with a tape of the song and thought about a more classical approach. After a while sitting at the piano I came up with the idea of antiphonal trumpets. A piccolo trumpet on the left answered a piccolo on the right and then the same again, growing by adding a B trumpet below each side of the stereo picture. Mike loved it, except the slightly jazzy chords I had used on the run down at the very end, which he simplified. I used the same classical approach later in the song, mixing two classical-type trumpets behind a later verse."


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Lorimer also contributes falsetto background vocals to the song, while Thistlethwaite, another brass section member, performs a saxophone solo near the end, commencing after an explosion-like sound achieved by adding echo to a sound effect of a firework. Percussion was added by Martin Ditcham, who played what Scott described as "a bag of weird stuff that he rubbed together or shook". Wallinger provided synthesizer, synth bass and backing vocals: Scott has said that he asked Wallinger to play a synth line like the one on the Prince song "1999", and that another four-note melody used was inspired by another Prince song, "Paisley Park". Scott told "Number One" in 1985, "When we wrote and recorded the song, we wanted it to sound just like Prince. His records are really positive and that's something I like very much." Additional backing vocals were provided by Max Edie.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: "The Whole of the Moon" was first released on 14 October 1985 as a 7-inch and 12-inch single, which reached No. 26 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was re-released as a single (7-inch, 12-inch, cassette and CD) on 25 March 1991, and it was included on the band's compilation album "The Best of the Waterboys 81–90", issued on 29 April 1991. The re-release was a big hit, peaking at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and receiving an Ivor Novello Award as "Best Song Musically and Lyrically" in 1991.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: The 1991 releases of "The Whole of the Moon" and "The Best of the Waterboys 81–90" was an attempt to boost the band's record sales to match their reputation. A survey of album buyers carried out by Chrysalis found that 11% considered themselves fans of the Waterboys and only 1% actually owned any of their singles or albums. "The Whole of the Moon" was partly chosen for re-release as a single because it had become popular on the dance and club scene since the late 1980s. Chrysalis chose to focus the single's promotion through retailers rather than radio as the label felt stations would be "wary of a reissue". Deals were made with music retailers and the marketing strategy included the use of press adverts, posters and counter cards. Nevertheless, the song was successful in gaining heavy airplay in the UK and across Europe. In the UK, it reached No. 3 on the "Music & Media" chart for most played records on BBC stations and major independents. It also reached No. 22 on the "Music & Media" European Airplay Top 50 chart.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Including the 2004 remastered album, the song has been officially released four times and appears on the following Waterboys albums:


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: "The Whole of the Moon" remains one of the Waterboys' most famous and most financially successful songs. Scott said of the song's durability, "I guess it has timelessness in its sound and I know the lyrics mean a lot to people. If a lyric was true when it was written, it'll be true today. 'The Whole of the Moon' still means a lot to me and it's one of my old songs that I never tire of hearing or performing."


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: The song's music video was directed by Meiert Avis for Midnight Films. It was shot at the Lyceum Theatre, London in November 1985. Scott sings live over an amended version of the record, on which fiddle and acoustic guitar were added at Wessex Studios, London. Lu Edmonds of Public Image Ltd. mimes the bass in the video. Steve Wickham, who joined the Waterboys shortly after the release of "This Is the Sea", recorded his fiddle part in order to have a "genuine part" in the music video. The video achieved heavy action on Music Box and breakout rotation on MTV.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: On its release in 1985, Roger Morton of "Record Mirror" noted how the four tracks on the 12-inch single "draw out the drama in Scott's barnstorming pop poetry to raging effect" and "should bring water to both your eyes and your mouth". He considered Scott to sound "like a cross between" Bob Dylan and Cat Stevens. Jerry Smith of "Music Week" praised "The Whole of the Moon" as a "memorable number" which "should give them their first big hit". Richard Bryson of the "Suffolk & Essex Free Press" described the song as "curiously appealing". He noted its commercial potential, but added "there is also something a little elusive at the core of this record". In a review of the 1991 re-issue, Paul Lester, writing for "Melody Maker", praised it as "the greatest single of October 1985".


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: "The Whole of the Moon" was covered by Jennifer Warnes on her 1992 album "The Hunter", by Mandy Moore on her 2003 album "Coverage", by Human Drama on the compilation "New Wave Goes to Hell", by folk singer-songwriter Peter Mulvey on his 1995 album "Rapture", by Terry Reid on his album "The Driver" and by Susan McFadden on the Celtic Woman album "". Steve Hogarth of Marillion has included it in his solo "h natural" shows. It was also a hit on the Balearic dance scene in the 1980s and has appeared on numerous other compilations.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Prince covered the song at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club during his 2014 "Hit & Run" tour, and again at the Paisley Park Studios during a Dance Rally for Peace in May 2015. "He's so strict about people filming gigs on their phones, no one's posted it on YouTube," rued Mike Scott. "However, I understand it was a piano-and-vocal solo version. Boy, would I love to hear that."


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: U2 used it as their walk-up song during much of The Joshua Tree Tours 2017 and 2019. Scott said of U2's version "They performed it in a medley with 'Where the Streets Have No Name' on one of their tours, maybe 10 years ago, which was a very cool acknowledgement that the two songs have the same chorus melody. People keep telling me it plays just before they take the stage on their Joshua Tree tours, and that's supercool too. They must feel it sets the scene, and I can dig that."


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Kirin J. Callinan released a cover of the song and an accompanying video clip in 2019. The track marked the first single from Callinan's third record, Return To Center.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: The electronic-house group Little Caesar released an indie dance version in the UK in 1990. It reached No. 68 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: Bryan Ewald (of Starbelly, Jarflys...) released a version in 2021. Performing all of the instruments himself.


title: The Whole of the Moon

text: In the Father Ted episode "Hell", Father Noel Furlong (Graham Norton) sings a very aggressive version with his youth group members in a caravan.


The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida was held on November 3, 2020, to elect the 27 U.S. representatives from Florida, one from each of the state's 27 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the U.S. Senate, and various state and local elections.


title: 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida

text: In what was considered an upset, the Republican Party retook the two seats that it lost to the Democrats in 2018, expanding its 14–13 majority to 16–11.


text: The 1st district encompasses the western Panhandle, and includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties, as well as part of Holmes County. The district includes the cities of Pensacola, Fort Walton Beach, and Navarre. Republican Matt Gaetz, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 67% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 2nd district is located in northern Florida taking in portions of the Panhandle and the Big Bend, including all or parts of 19 counties. The district includes the cities of Panama City, Marianna, and Lake City. Republican Neal Dunn, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 67% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 3rd district is located in North Central Florida, and includes Alachua, Clay, Putnam, Bradford, and Union counties, as well as most of Marion County. The district includes the cities of Gainesville, Palatka, and Ocala. Republican Ted Yoho, who has represented the district since 2013, was re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2018. On December 10, 2019, Yoho announced he would not run for re-election, honoring his pledge that he would only serve 4 terms.


text: The 4th district is located in the First Coast region, and includes all of Nassau County, as well as parts of Duval and St. Johns counties. The district includes the cities of Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Fernandina Beach. Republican John Rutherford, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 5th district stretches along the northern border of Florida, and includes all of Baker, Gadsden, Hamilton and Madison counties, as well as parts of Columbia, Duval, Jefferson, and Leon counties. The district includes the city of Quincy, as well as parts of Tallahassee and Jacksonville. The district is majority-minority. Democrat Al Lawson, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 66% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 6th district encompasses the Halifax area, including all of Flagler and Volusia counties, as well as parts of St. Johns and Lake counties. The district includes the cities of Daytona Beach, Palm Coast, and DeLand. Republican Michael Waltz, who has represented the district since 2019, was elected with 56% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 7th district is located in Central Florida, and includes all of Seminole County and part of Orange County. The district includes the cities of Orlando, Sanford, and Winter Park. Democrat Stephanie Murphy, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2018.


text: This district was included on the list of Democratic-held seats the National Republican Congressional Committee targeted in 2020.


text: The 8th district encompasses the Space Coast, and includes all of Indian River and Brevard counties, as well as part of Orange County. The district includes the cities of Melbourne, Palm Bay, and Titusville. Republican Bill Posey, who has represented the district since 2009, was re-elected with 60% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 9th district is located in Central Florida, and encompasses all of Osceola County, as well as parts of Orange and Polk counties. The district includes the cities of Kissimmee and St. Cloud, as well as eastern Orlando. Democrat Darren Soto, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 58% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 10th district is located in Central Florida, and includes part of Orange County. The district includes western Orlando and its surrounding suburbs, including Apopka, Ocoee, and Winter Garden. Democrat Val Demings, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected unopposed in 2018.


text: The 11th district is located in North Central Florida, and includes all of Sumter, Citrus, and Hernando counties, as well as parts of Marion and Lake counties. The district includes the cities of Spring Hill, Inverness, and Leesburg, as well as the large retirement community of The Villages. Republican Daniel Webster, who has represented the district since 2011, was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 12th district encompasses the northern Tampa Bay area, including all of Pasco County, as well as parts of Hillsborough and Pinellas counties. The district includes the cities of Palm Harbor, New Port Richey, and Zephyrhills. Republican Gus Bilirakis, who has represented the district since 2007, was re-elected with 58% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 13th district is located in the western Tampa Bay area and encompasses the northern Florida Suncoast, and includes part of Pinellas County. The district includes the cities of St. Petersburg, Clearwater, and Largo. Democrat Charlie Crist, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 14th district is located in the northern Tampa Bay area, and includes part of Hillsborough County. The district includes the cities of Tampa, Carrollwood, and Northdale. Democrat Kathy Castor, who has represented the district since 2007, was re-elected unopposed in 2018.


text: The 15th district is located in the northeastern Tampa Bay area and extends along the I-4 corridor into Central Florida, and includes parts of Hillsborough, Polk, and Lake counties. The district includes the cities of Lakeland, Brandon, and Bartow. Republican Ross Spano, who has represented the district since 2019, was elected with 53% of the vote in 2018. Spano lost renomination in the Republican primary.


text: This district was included on the list of Republican-held seats the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee targeted in 2020.


text: The 16th district encompasses the southern Tampa Bay area and southern Florida Suncoast, and includes all of Manatee County, as well as parts of Hillsborough and Sarasota counties. The district includes the cities of Sarasota, Bradenton, and Sun City Center. Republican Vern Buchanan, who has represented the district since 2007, was reelected with 54% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 17th district encompasses part of Southwest Florida and most of the Florida Heartland, and includes all or part of 10 counties. The district includes the cities of North Port, Port Charlotte, and Sebring. Republican Greg Steube, who has represented the district since 2019, was elected with 62% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 18th district encompasses the Treasure Coast region, and includes all of St. Lucie and Martin counties, as well as part of Palm Beach County. The district includes the cities of Port St. Lucie, Fort Pierce, and Jupiter. Republican Brian Mast, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 54% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 19th district includes most of Southwest Florida, and includes parts of Lee and Collier counties. The district includes the cities of Cape Coral, Fort Myers, Estero, Bonita Springs and Naples. Republican Francis Rooney, who has represented the district since 2017, was reelected with 62% of the vote in 2018. On October 19, 2019, Rooney announced he would not seek re-election.


text: The 20th district is located in South Florida, and includes parts of Broward and Palm Beach counties. The district includes the cities of Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, and Belle Glade. Democrat Alcee Hastings, who has represented the district since 1993, was re-elected unopposed in 2018.


text: The 21st district is located in South Florida, and includes part of Palm Beach County. The district includes the cities of West Palm Beach, Boynton Beach, and Wellington. Democrat Lois Frankel, who has represented the district since 2013, was re-elected unopposed in 2018.


text: The 22nd district is located in South Florida, and includes parts of Broward and Palm Beach counties. The district includes the cities of Boca Raton, Deerfield Beach, and Coral Springs. Democrat Ted Deutch, who has represented the district since 2010, was re-elected with 62% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 23rd district is located in South Florida, and includes parts of Broward and Miami-Dade counties. The district includes the cities of Pembroke Pines, Davie, and Aventura. Democrat Debbie Wasserman Schultz, who has represented the district since 2005, was re-elected with 58% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 24th district is located in South Florida, and includes parts of Broward and Miami-Dade counties. The district includes the cities of Miami, Miami Gardens, and Hollywood. Democrat Frederica Wilson, who has represented the district since 2011, was re-elected unopposed in 2018.


text: The 25th district is located in South Florida and stretches into parts of Southwest Florida and the Florida Heartland, and includes all of Hendry County, as well as parts of Miami-Dade and Collier counties. The district includes the cities of Hialeah, Doral, and Clewiston. Republican Mario Díaz-Balart, who has represented the district since 2003, was re-elected with 60% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 26th district is located in South Florida and the Florida Keys, and includes all of Monroe County and part of Miami-Dade County. The district includes the cities of Homestead, Kendale Lakes, and Key West. Democrat Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, who has represented the district since 2019, flipped the district and was elected with 50% of the vote in 2018.


text: This district was included on the list of Democratic-held seats the National Republican Congressional Committee targeted in 2020.


text: The 27th district is located in South Florida, and includes part of Miami-Dade County. The district includes the cities of Coral Gables, Kendall, and Miami Beach, as well as the neighborhood of Little Havana in Miami. Democrat Donna Shalala, who had represented the district since 2019, flipped the district and was elected with 51% of the vote in 2018.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: Anthony Yeboah (born 6 June 1966) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as a striker.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: He is considered one of the most prominent and prolific goal scorers in Ghanaian and African football history and gained a reputation for scoring spectacular goals which often featured in Goal of the Month or Goal of the Season competitions, often celebrated by wagging his index finger towards the crowd.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: Yeboah is most noted for his time at European clubs 1. FC Saarbrücken, Eintracht Frankfurt, Leeds United and Hamburger SV during the 1990s. He also played for Asante Kotoko, Cornerstones Kumasi, Okwawu United and Al-Ittihad Doha. He was capped 59 times by Ghana, scoring 29 goals. He now runs an international sports agency and a chain of hotels in Ghana. He won the Bundesliga golden boot on two occasions in 1992–93, 1993–94 playing for Eintracht Frankfurt.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: Yeboah was born in Kumasi, Ghana. After spending his youth in Kumasi, Yeboah joined German club 1. FC Saarbrücken in 1988. This move was of some historical significance, because Yeboah became one of the first black players to appear in the Bundesliga. Yeboah had a slow first year, but then scored 17 league goals in his second Saarbrücken year.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: He was transferred to Eintracht Frankfurt in 1990, where he was at first booed by a section of fans and—being the first black player the team had ever signed—subjected to monkey-noises and other racist insults. In the Hesse metropolis, Yeboah quickly established himself as a deadly striker, silencing all critics, and became the first African Bundesliga club captain. He was the top Bundesliga scorer twice with Eintracht, in 1993 and 1994.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: Yeboah joined English club Leeds United from Eintracht Frankfurt for £3.4 million in January 1995. In his second season at Elland Road he was voted Player of the Year. Yeboah scored a total of 32 goals for Leeds United in 66 appearances, and is still revered as a cult hero for the Yorkshire club due to a series of memorable goals he scored. His volley against Liverpool and his strike versus Wimbledon in the 1995–96 season were among his most notable goals, and he was a regular feature in Goal of the Month in the Premier League. He told Newstalk's Team 33 in 2014 that his favourite goal was the one he scored against Liverpool. The goal against Wimbledon was awarded Goal of the Season in 1995–96. Until Gareth Bale equalled the feat in 2013, Yeboah was the only player ever to win successive BBC Match of the Day Goal of the Month competitions, doing so in September and October 1995.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: He also scored three hat-tricks for Leeds; the first against Ipswich Town in the Premier League at Elland Road on 5 April 1995, which made him the third foreign player to score a league hat-trick for Leeds (Cantona v Tottenham in August 1992 was the first, and Phil Masinga three months earlier in an FA Cup tie). Yeboah's second hat-trick came against Monaco in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup on 12 September 1995, and the third 11 days later in the Premier League match against Wimbledon at Selhurst Park which included the aforementioned Goal of the Season. A video was released named ‘Yeboah – Shoot to Kill’ while he was at Leeds. Injuries (several picked up while on international duty) restricted his game when he played and kept him out of the Leeds side on several occasions. When George Graham took over as manager, there was a clash of personalities and Yeboah was sold to Hamburger SV in September 1997, having played just six times under Graham.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: Yeboah joined German club Hamburger SV and remained there until 2001, scoring 28 goals. He left in order to join Al Ittihad, where he played under Austrian coach Josef Hickersberger.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: He was a member of Ghana's national team for over ten years, and represented his country at three Africa Cup of Nations during the 1990s. Yeboah scored 29 goals in 59 appearances for Ghana, the fourth highest goalscoring total in the nation's history behind Asamoah Gyan, Edward Acquah and Kwasi Owusu.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: On 3 November 2008, he was appointed as the new chairman of the newly promoted Ghana Premier League club Berekum Chelsea.


title: Tony Yeboah

text: Yeboah along with his cousin former Mainz player Michael Osei runs an international sports agency called "Anthony Yeboah Sportpromotion" and owns a chain of hotels in Ghana (Accra, Kumasi) called "Yegoala". He is married and has two children.


title: Neofolk

text: Neofolk, also known as apocalyptic folk, is a form of experimental music blending elements of folk and industrial music, which emerged in punk rock circles in the 1980s. Neofolk may either be solely acoustic or combine acoustic folk instrumentation with various other sounds.


title: Neofolk

text: The term "neofolk" originates from esoteric music circles who started using the term in the late 20th century to describe music influenced by musicians such as Douglas Pearce (Death In June), Tony Wakeford (Sol Invictus) and David Tibet (Current 93).


title: Neofolk

text: Anglo-American folk music with similar sounds and themes to neofolk existed as far back as the 1960s. Folk musicians such as Vulcan's Hammer, Changes, Leonard Cohen, and Comus could be considered harbingers of the sound that later influenced the neofolk artists. Also the later explorations of Velvet Underground's band members, specifically those of Nico, have been called a major influence on what later became neofolk.


title: Neofolk

text: A majority of artists within the neofolk genre use archaic, cultural and literary references. Local traditions and indigenous beliefs tend to be portrayed heavily as well as esoteric and historical topics. Various forms of neopaganism and occultism play a part in the themes touched upon by many modern and original neofolk artists. Runic alphabets, heathen European sites and other means of expressing an interest in the ancient and ancestral occur often in neofolk music. The sociologist Peter Webb describes this as a legacy from romantic poetry and a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Webb writes that for bands like Sol Invictus, this leads to "a type of esoteric spirituality where paganism comes to the fore because of its respect for nature, its openness about sexuality, and its rituals and ceremonies guided by the seasons". Aesthetically, references to this subject occur within band names, album artwork, clothing and various other means of artistic expression. This has led to some forefathers of the genre and current artists within the genre attributing it to being an aspect of a broader neopagan revival. David Tibet of Current 93, one of the most influential neofolk bands, regards himself as a Christian, but believes that truth always is hidden and is more interested in apocalyptic and apocryphal literature than any Christian canon. During a period of heavy amphetamine and LSD use in the 1980s, he began to revere the children's character Noddy as a Gnostic deity.


title: Neofolk

text: Many bands use metaphors, sometimes borrowing terms such as Ernst Jünger's "Waldgänger" and using fascist symbols and slogans, which has led to an association of the genre with the far-right, though this is contested by fans. References to occult, pagan and politically far-right figures and movement are often intentionally ambiguous. Stefanie von Schnurbein has described the genre's approach to these types of material as an "elitist Nietzschean masquerade" which expresses a "(neo-)romantic art-religious attitude". Some bands have stated opposition to the perceived fascist apologia and themes in the genre and the related genre of martial industrial.


title: Neofolk

text: As a descriptor, apocalyptic folk predates neofolk and was used by David Tibet to describe the music of his band Current 93 during a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Initially, Tibet did not intend to imply connection with the folk music genre; rather, that Current 93 was made by "apocalyptic folk[s]": in other words, apocalyptic people. Tibet and Current 93 produced some covers of traditional English folk songs, and Tibet himself was a great advocate for reclusive English folk singer Shirley Collins.


title: Neofolk

text: Other vague terms sometimes used to describe artists of this genre include "dark folk" and "pagan folk". These terms are umbrella terms that also describe various other forms of unrelated music.


title: Neofolk

text: Martial industrial or military pop is a genre that shares a lot in common with neofolk and developed very close to it.


title: South Delhi

text: South Delhi is an administrative district of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India with its headquarters in Saket. Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, Saket, Hauz Khas, and Mehrauli. It is bounded by the Yamuna River to the east, the districts of New Delhi to the north, Faridabad District of Haryana state to the southeast, Gurgaon District of Haryana to the southwest, and South West Delhi to the west.


title: South Delhi

text: South Delhi has a population of 2,731,929 (2011 census), and an area of , with a population density of 9,034 persons per km (23,397 persons per mi).


title: South Delhi

text: The South Delhi neighborhood of Hauz Khas is witnessing the growth of trendy shops and lodgings. It is now becoming the center for domestic and international tourists and backpackers. The area also is home to historical monuments and has easy access to the Delhi Metro, making it a preferred location for many visitors to India and domestic middle-class visitors from other Indian states. The area attracts young tourists with numerous hip hostels and cafes.


title: South Delhi

text: The division shown on the map bears only administrative significance, as to the common citizen, broadly speaking Delhi is vaguely ring-like, having five regions, namely North, West, South, East and Central. The usage of the term South Delhi in day-to-day life expands from Delhi's IGI Airport in the New Delhi district to the river Yamuna in the South East, a region protruding into administrative South West Delhi district.


title: South Delhi

text: South Delhi is a vast area in the city of Delhi and contains many significant locations. Of the eleven 'historical cities' of Delhi, three, viz. Qila Rai Pithora (1st), Mehrauli (2nd) and Siri (including Hauz Khas) (3rd) fall in the South Delhi district.


title: South Delhi

text: Jahaz Mahal, Zafar Mahal, Hauz Khas Complex, Bijay Mandal, Qutub Minar, Mehrauli Archaeological Park, and the Safdarjung's Tomb comprise some of South Delhi's most scenic heritage sites.


title: South Delhi

text: The administrative district had 20% Green Cover, as of 2009. It has several spacious green parks, wildlife sanctuary, biodiversity parks, and green belts. Deer Park and Rose Garden in Hauz Khas, Asola Wildlife Sanctuary close to Delhi's southern border on the Aravallis foothills are few examples. It has a good mix of concrete and greens.


title: South Delhi

text: According to the 2011 census South Delhi has a population of 2,731,929, roughly equal to the nation of Jamaica or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 144th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 20.59%.


title: South Delhi

text: Many renowned markets of Delhi such as Sarojini Nagar Market, Green Park Market etc. and malls such as DLF, MGF Metropolitan, Select Citywalk, Malviya Nagar, etc. are located in South Delhi.


title: South Delhi

text: South district is considered to be the most affluent of all residential districts of Delhi, other than the districts falling under Lutyen's Delhi, viz. New Delhi and Central Delhi. With upscale areas like Saket, Sainik Farm, Malviya Nagar, Hauz Khas, Green Park, Rama Krishna Puram, Gulmohar Park, Gulmohar enclave, Vasant Vihar and Vasant Kunj, it has one of the highest land prices in Delhi. Urban villages in South Delhi, like Hauz Khas Village, and Shahpur Jat have become hub for designer boutiques, restaurants and art galleries and design studios.


title: South Delhi

text: The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Fashion Technology, three of the country's premier institutes in the field of technology, medicine and fashion respectively lie in the Hauz Khas locality of South Delhi. The Indian Institute of Foreign Trade of Delhi is located in the Qutub Institutional Area of South Delhi. Sangam Vihar is also located in South Delhi, which has the highest population in the State. The top Central University Jamia Millia Islamia is situated at Jamia Nagar area of South Delhi.


title: South Delhi

text: This district has thriving medieval era colonies or sarais, which now are severely congested and under neglect. These include Chirag Delhi, Kalu Sarai, Jia Sarai, Ber Sarai, Lado Sarai, Katwaria Sarai, Yusuf Sarai, Hauz Khas Village, Munirka, Kotla Mubarakpur, Begumpur, Saidulajaib, Mohammadpur, Khirki Village, Adhchini, Chhattarpur Village, Aayaa Nagar, Maandi Village, and Dera Village.


title: South Delhi

text: Many important city roads such as Mehrauli-Gurgaon Road, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Aurobindo Marg, August Kranti Marg, Press Enclave Road, etc. fall in this district, while arterial roads like Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road pass through it.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba (; ) is a city and municipality in central Bolivia in a valley in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cochabamba Department and the fourth largest city in Bolivia, with a population of 630,587 according to the 2012 Bolivian census. Its name is from a compound of the Quechua words "qucha" "lake" and "pampa", "open plain." Residents of the city and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as "cochalas" or, more formally, "cochabambinos".


title: Cochabamba

text: It is known as the "City of Eternal Spring" or "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year round. It is also known as "La Llajta," which means "town" in Quechua. It is the largest urban center between the higher capital of La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the tropical plains of the east. It sits south-west of the Tunari mountains, and north of the foothills of the Valle Alto. In antiquity, the area featured numerous lakes, which gave the city its name. Many of these lakes have since disappeared to urban development, but Coña Coña and Alalay lakes are extant examples. It has been a populated settlement since the Pre-Inca period, and is today an important cultural, educational, political, and commercial centre.


title: Cochabamba

text: The Cochabamba valley has been inhabited for thousands of years due to its fertile productive soils and mild climate. Archaeological evidence suggests that the initial inhabitants were of indigenous ethnic groups: Tiwanaku, Tupuraya, Mojocoya, Omereque, and Inca inhabited the valley at times before the Spanish arrived.


title: Cochabamba

text: The area got its name from Quechua Kochaj-pampa, as part of the Inca civilization. The area was conquered by Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493). His son Huayna Capac turned Cochabamba into a large production enclave or state farm to serve the Incas. The local population was possibly depleted during the Inca conquest and Huayna Capac imported 14,000 people, called mitimas, to work the land. The principal crop was maize which could not be grown in much of the high and cold heartland of the Inca Empire. The maize was stored in 2,400 storehouses (qollqas) in the hills overlooking the valley or transported by llama caravan to storage sites in Paria, Cusco, of other Inca administrative centres. Most of the maize was probably used to sustain the Inca army during its campaigns.


title: Cochabamba

text: The first Spanish inhabitant of the valley was Garci Ruiz de Orellana in 1542. He purchased the majority of the land from local tribal chiefs Achata and Consavana through a title registered in 1552 at the Imperial City of Potosí. The price paid was 130 pesos. His residence, known as the House of Mayorazgo, stands in the Cala Cala neighbourhood.


title: Cochabamba

text: The city, called Villa de Oropesa, was founded on 2 August 1571 by order of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa. It was to be an agricultural production centre to provide food and wood for the mining towns of the relatively nearby Altiplano region, particularly Potosí which became one of the largest and richest cities in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries — funding the vast wealth that ultimately made Spain a world power. In fact, anthropologist Jack Weatherford and others have cited the city of Potosí as the birth of capitalism because of the money and materialism it provided Spain. Thus, with the silver mining industry in Potosí at its height, Cochabamba thrived during its first centuries. However, the city entered a period of decline during the 18th century as mining began to wane.


title: Cochabamba

text: In 1786, King Charles III of Spain renamed the city the 'loyal and valiant' Villa of Cochabamba. This was done to commend the city's pivotal role in suppressing the indigenous rebellions of 1781 in Oruro by sending armed forces to Oruro to quell the uprisings. Since the late 19th century it has again been generally successful as an agricultural centre for Bolivia.


title: Cochabamba

text: The 1793 census shows that the city had a population of 22,305 persons. There were 12,980 mestizos, 6,368 Spaniards, 1,182 indigenous natives, 1,600 mulattos and 175 African slaves.


title: Cochabamba

text: In 1812, Cochabamba was the site of a riot against the Spanish Army. On May 27, thousands of women took up arms against the Spanish. According to historian Nathaniel Aguirre: "From Cochabamba, many men have fled. Not one woman. On the hillside, a great clamour. Cochabamba's plebeian women, at bay, fight from the centre of a circle of fire. Surrounded by five thousand Spaniards, they resist with battered tin guns and a few arquebuses; and they fight to the last yell, whose echoes will resound throughout the long war for independence. Whenever his army weakens, General Manuel Belgrano will shout those words which never fail to restore courage and spark anger. The general will ask his vacillating soldiers: "'Are the women of Cochabamba present?""


title: Cochabamba

text: Besides a number of schools and charitable institutions, the Catholic diocese has 55 parishes, 80 churches and chapels, and 160 priests.


title: Cochabamba

text: In 1998, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to give Bolivia a loan of $138 million to control inflation and promote economic growth. However, it only agreed to do so on the condition that Bolivia sell "all remaining public enterprises," including its national oil refineries and the local water company, SEMAPA. In 1999, a group of private investors, specifically the Bechtel Corporation with headquarters in San Francisco, California, United States of America, came together under the name of Aguas del Tunari and bought the rights for the privatization of the city's water. In that same year, the World Bank (WB) refused to subsidize the water to help lower the cost for the people. Then in 2000, the people of Cochabamba began to protest as water priced hiked to a 50% increase that the majority could not afford. The Coalition for the Defense of Water and Life, and its leader Oscar Olivera, started a demonstration in "La Plaza 14 de Septiembre" also known as "La Plaza Principal." The march was meant to be peaceful, but after two days the police used tear gas against the protestors and injured about 175 people and killed 1 and blinded two. Soon after, news reports were made about the protests and the violence. The Defense of Water and Life held an unofficial referendum and 96% of 50,000 people wanted Aguas del Tunari's contract to terminate, but the government refused. The protests only grew and the entire world began to watch forcing Bechtel to leave its contract and return SEMAPA to the public. Bechtel as well tried to sue the Bolivian government for $50 million but it withdrew its claim shortly after. This event was soon labelled as the Water Wars and became a driving force for anti-globalization projects such as the UN's decision to make water sanitation a human right and the privatisation of water as unethical in 2010. Additionally, the Water Wars would help spark the next revolt against the privatisation of natural gases from 2003 to 2005 which would lead to the removal of two presidents, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada and Carlos Mesa, and the rise of President Evo Morales in 2006.


title: Cochabamba

text: In January 2007, city dwellers clashed with mostly rural protestors, leaving four dead and over 130 injured. The first democratically elected Prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, had allied himself with the leaders of Bolivia's Eastern Departments in a dispute with President Evo Morales over regional autonomy and other political issues. The protestors blockaded the highways, bridges, and main roads, having days earlier set fire to the departmental seat of government, trying to force the resignation of Reyes Villa. Citizens attacked the protestors, breaking the blockade and routing them, while the police did little to stop the violence. Further attempts by the protestors to reinstate the blockade and threaten the government were unsuccessful, but the underlying tensions had not been resolved.


title: Cochabamba

text: In July 2007, a monument erected by veterans of January's protest movement in honour of those killed and injured by government supporters was destroyed in the middle of the night, reigniting racial conflicts in the city.


title: Cochabamba

text: In August 2008, a nationwide referendum was held. The prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, was not confirmed by the voters of the department. The mayor of Cochabamba in 2018 is José María Leyes.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba is known for its "Eternal Spring". Neither experiencing the humid heat of Santa Cruz nor the frigid winds of La Paz, Cochabamba experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen: "BSk"), bordering on a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: "Cwb"). The characteristic of the climate is an extended dry season that runs from May until October with a wet season that generally begins in November with the principal rains ending in March.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba is known as the heart of Bolivia and the gastronomic capital. Traditional cuisine includes: salteñas, chuño, tucumanas, pique macho, silpancho, anticucho, sopa de mani, chicharrón, charke, fricasé, rellenos de papa and many more dishes.


title: Cochabamba

text: The international street art festival known as the BAU (Bienal de Arte Urbano) has been hosted in Cochabamba every two years since 2011. The festival is organized by proyecto mARTadero, a local cultural centre. In 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 the painting was done in the Villa Coronilla, and Geronimo de Osorio neighbourhoods. In 2019 the festival focused on the neighbourhood Esperanza, on the edge of the Alalay Lake. The festival has featured internationally renowned artists such as Blu (Italy) and Inti (Chile).


title: Cochabamba

text: Commensurate with other large cities in the Andean highlands of South America, Cochabamba is a city of contrasts. Its central commercial districts, Zona Norte, is bounded by Plaza Colón and Plaza 14 de Septiembre, are generally equipped with modern urban amenities and are where the majority of the city's formal business and commercial industries are based. La Cancha, the largest open-air market in South America, is also an active place where locals can buy a range of items. An active nightlife is centered around Calle España and along the broad, tree-lined boulevard, El Prado. In contrast, the Zona Sur, a remote area adjacent to the Wilstermann International Airport is visibly impoverished, with adobe homes and unpaved roads, which is often the first impression visitors acquire while commuting into the city.


title: Cochabamba

text: In 2009, the government under President Evo Morales created a new constitution that declared Spanish and 36 other indigenous languages as the official languages of the country. However, the most widely spoken languages in Cochabamba are Spanish and Quechua. Although the Spanish that is spoken in the Cochabamba region is generally regarded as rather conservative in its phonetics and vocabulary, the use of Quechua terminology ("wawa" [child] and "wistupiku" [mouth or twist lips]) has been widely incorporated into its standardized form.


title: Cochabamba

text: As with most cities around the globe, English is increasingly spoken and understood, particularly among business-minded indigenous and repatriated Cochabambinos. English-language instruction has become incorporated into some private schools and universities but is not taught universally, therefore a vast majority of the population does not speak English.


title: Cochabamba

text: Like other cities that share the same ethnic group quadrants like Salta or Cuenca, Cochabamba's demographics consist of the following visible groups in order of prevalence: Indigenous (mostly of Quechua and Aymara ethnicity) people, Mestizo, or mixed Indigenous and Spanish European, and people of Spanish (Criollos) and other European descent. As well as a fairly significant population of Afro-Bolivians.


title: Cochabamba

text: By 2013, the human development index of the Metropolitan region of Cochabamba was 0.801 as a result of a 35% growth in the last 20 years.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba, formally the municipality of Cercado, is the capital of Cochabamba department. The city government is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor of Cochabamba is the head of the city government, elected by general election for a term of five years. The mayor heads an executive branch, which includes six sub-mayors and a variety of departments comprising 950 functionaries. The 11-member municipal council is the legislative branch.


title: Cochabamba

text: The current mayor is José María Leyes of the Social Democrat Movement (MDS for its initials in Spanish).


title: Cochabamba

text: The area where Cochabamba is situated is commonly referred to as the granary of Bolivia. Its climate is milder than that of the Altiplano region to the west and thus permits extensive agriculture, including grains, potatoes, and coffee in the highlands and sugar cane, cocoa beans, tobacco, and fruit in the Chapare tropical lowlands of the South American Amazon region, an area that had been one of the country's main coca-leaf-producing regions.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba is also the industrial hub of Bolivia, producing cars, cleaning products, cosmetics, chemicals, and other items like cement. The economy of Cochabamba is characterized by producing goods and services. Recently, the software industry is becoming increasingly important. International companies like GOJA and Assuresoft also have subsidiaries in Cochabamba. Due to this industry growth, Cochabamba is called the "Silicon Valley of Bolivia", with a high demand for professionals immersed in technological careers such as Systems Engineering, Telecommunications and Information Technology.


title: Cochabamba

text: The airline Boliviana de Aviación has its headquarters in Cochabamba. The defunct airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (LAB Airlines) had its management offices on the grounds of Jorge Wilstermann Airport in Cochabamba. In Cochabamba construction has been rapidly increasing in the last couple of years with more than 750 construction sites per year.


title: Cochabamba

text: Narcotrafic is now controlled in Cochabamba, which used to be related to cocaine dealers several years ago.


title: Cochabamba

text: The metropolitan area of Cochabamba (Vinto, Tiquipaya, Quillacollo, Colcapirhua, Cochabamba and Sacaba) has an extensive transportation system, which cover all the districts.


title: Cochabamba

text: There are almost 70 bus and minibus lines, from A to Z, and dozens of minibuses and fixed-route trufis (T.RU.FI, or "taxi con ruta fija") taxi lines. Most lines have GPS system for monitoring and regulation of hour (line 1, line 16, line L, Line 3V, line 20, line 30, etc.). The T.RU.FI service has at least 60 lines; they are identified by signs on the roof of the vehicle showing the route from the initial stop until the final stop, which is also indicated by the line number to which it belongs. The busiest bus lines are:


title: Cochabamba

text: Construction on an interurban light rail network known as Mi Tren linking Cochabamba with Suticollo, El Castillo and San Simon University began in 2017. Opening of the Red Line and first phase of the Green Line took place September 13, 2022.


title: Cochabamba

text: In the capital and throughout the department there are many television channels that broadcast on local, provincial, national or international all day or part of it. The transmission towers that transmit channels nationally and internationally are in the high Cala Cala, Villa Moscu or Villa Taquiña.


title: Cochabamba

text: The city is the home of the University of San Simón (UMSS, for "Universidad Mayor de San Simón"), one of the largest and most prominent public universities in Bolivia. UMSS is the second best university in Bolivia according to QS World University Rankings in 2013 but measured by the web metric scores as the first one during 2013–2017. Among the private universities in Bolivia ranking in the top ten are the Universidad Privada Boliviana (a prestigious business university), Universidad del Valle (a strong university in medicine with a large enrollment of international students) and Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo". Other well-ranked universities include Escuela Militar de Ingenieria "Antonio Jose de Sucre", Universidad Simón I. Patiño, Universidad de Aquino Bolivia, Universidad Adventista de Bolivia, Universidad Privada Domingo Savio and Universidad Privada Abierta Latinoamericana (UPAL). Cochabamba became the second recipient city of Brazilian students in Bolivia after the city of Santa Cruz, due to the affordable and good living conditions of the city. Also, Cochabamba is the home of one of the best schools of Bolivia, Colegio San Agustín.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba is served by the modern Jorge Wilstermann International Airport (IATA code CBB), which handles domestic and international flights. It houses the headquarters of Boliviana de Aviación (BOA) Bolivia's national airline and, in the past, of Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, Bolivia's former national airline. Other domestic airlines that serve the airport include Línea Aérea Amaszonas, Ecojet and Transporte Aéreo Militar.


title: Cochabamba

text: Cochabamba is a steadily emerging market within the Bolivian real estate industry. Since 2010, it became the city with the most surface area in construction in Bolivia overpassing Santa Cruz and La Paz. There are many middle and large buildings under construction by 2012. An annual mild climate, abundant greenery, mountain vistas, and a progressive local economy are factors that have contributed to the city's appeal to Bolivian nationals, expatriates and foreigners alike. Historic and affluent neighbourhoods such as Cala Cala, El Mirador, and Lomas de Aranjuez showcase some of the city's most distinguished residences.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (, "Nāyif ibn ‘Abd al ‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd"; 1934 – 16 June 2012) was the crown prince of Saudi Arabia and deputy prime minister from October 2011 and the minister of interior from October 1975 until his death in June 2012.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Nayef bin Abdulaziz was born in Ta'if in 1934 to King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, making him one of the Sudairi Seven. His full brothers included Fahd and Salman, who would both become kings of Saudi Arabia, and Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz (later crown prince of Saudi Arabia). Nayef was the twenty-third son of King Abdulaziz. Prince Nayef received education at Princes' School and from senior ulema (Muslim legal scholars). Additionally, he was educated in diplomacy and security affairs.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: From 1952 to 1953 Prince Nayef served as vice governor of Riyadh Province. In 1953, he was appointed as the governor of Riyadh province and stayed in this post for one year. He then served as governor of the Medina Region. In 1970 King Faisal appointed him as both deputy interior minister and minister of state for internal affairs.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: On 30 March 1975 following King Faisal's assassination, then Minister of Interior Prince Fahd became the crown prince, and Prince Nayef was appointed to the post by King Khalid.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: In March 1980 King Khalid established a constitutional committee with eight members under the presidency of Prince Nayef. However, the committee could not manage to produce the basic law that had been promised. From 1992 Prince Nayef's influence increased over provincial governors through the Law of Provinces. In December 1994, he ordered hundreds of terrorism-related arrests with the support of Prince Turki, head of Saudi intelligence services.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef established the General Directorate of Prisons in 2000 as a separate unit within the ministry. In April 2001, he, not foreign minister Saud bin Faisal, went to Iran as Saudi envoy in an unprecedented move. He issued all women in Saudi Arabia identity cards. Women were previously registered under their husband's or father's name in November 2001. After the September 11 attacks, as the man in charge of the Saudi investigation he received US criticism for his continuing to insist that the Saudi hijackers were dupes in a Zionist plot for over a year after 9/11, and for not undertaking sufficient action against extremists.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: In 2003 Prince Nayef, who was in charge of foreign labor, decreed that foreign workers and their family members should not exceed 20 percent of the Saudi population in 2013. Senator Charles Schumer lobbied through Prince Bandar to remove Prince Nayef as minister of interior in July 2003.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Between 2003 and 2006 he led Saudi Arabia's confrontation against Al Qaeda, which sponsored a series of domestic attacks on expatriate housing compounds, oil infrastructure, and industrial facilities. His political stance was strengthened because of increased media exposure and the successful end to terrorist attacks.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: In March 2011 during the 2011 Saudi Arabian protests 200 people who called for more information on their imprisoned relatives were denied a meeting with Nayef.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Since Crown Prince Sultan could not deal with demanding duties due to his extended absences for treatment and King Abdullah was about to travel to Doha to attend the League of Arab States Summit before going to London for the G20 summit, it was imperative to leave a senior official in charge, which added burdens to the leukemia-suffering 76-year-old Nayef. Therefore, on 27 March 2009 Prince Nayef was made second deputy prime minister. His appointment caused a public split in the royal family. Prince Talal asked the King to clarify that the appointment did not necessarily mean that Nayef would become crown prince.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: His appointment as second deputy prime minister expanded Prince Nayef's influence into all corners of Saudi domestic policy and allowed him to participate in the development of foreign policy. He was not expected to interfere in economic matters, but to influence the judiciary.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef chaired many cabinet meetings when King Abdullah and Crown Prince Sultan were away for health reasons. Critics said he was behind the cancellation of the nation's only film festival in the summer of 2009. In November 2010 he undertook all Hajj-related responsibilities. In some government offices, his picture was added next to King Abdulaziz, King Abdullah, and Crown Prince Sultan.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef was appointed crown prince and first deputy prime minister by King Abdullah on 27 October 2011, five days after the death of Crown Prince Sultan. Shortly thereafter he vowed that Saudi Arabia would "never sway from and never compromise on" its adherence to Wahhabi doctrine which he stated was "the source of the kingdom's pride, success and progress."


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: During his time as crown prince, Nayef brought about modernizations such as "removing religious authorities who objected to the mingling of men and women in public spaces."


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef's career was propelled by his full-brother King Fahd. Under Fahd, the ministry of interior became one of the most influential bureaucracies in Saudi Arabia. Prince Nayef served as a mediator in disputes between King Fahd and Prince Sultan. As King Fahd's health deteriorated, his power gradually diminished as well. In 2003 he "threatened to cancel certain business deals with the French government" if the narcotics investigation of Nayef bin Fawwaz Al Sha'lan continued.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: When meeting with US diplomats in 2009 Prince Nayef voiced support for aggressive activity against Iran after what he believed was a breach of the 2001 security agreement. He urged European nations to turn in suspected terrorists and asked for US intercession. He said the most effective way to combat extremism was through Friday sermons.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: As crown prince Nayef was the most influential of the Sudairi Seven. He delegated the day-to-day responsibilities of his ministry to his son, Prince Muhammad and then-deputy minister Prince Ahmed. Prince Nayef had members of the ministry of interior placed in all overseas embassies.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef served for a time as the supervisor general of the Saudi committee for the Al Quds intifada, which provided aid to Palestinian refugees. He headed the supreme council on information which oversaw the media and regulated the internet in the country. He also chaired the supreme committee on the Hajj and headed the ministerial committee on morality and the ministerial oversight committee on the World Trade Organization.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef was considered to be one of the more conservative, but also pragmatic, members of the Al Saud family. He viewed the potential erosion of the official Wahhabi-Salafi doctrine as a diminishing of the core legitimacy of the state itself and resisted such moves, not from a pronounced sense of religious devotion, but rather a desire to maintain a firm grip on the levers of state power.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: In November 2002 Prince Nayef said, "It is impossible that 19 youths carried out the operation of September 11, or that bin Laden or al Qaeda did that alone. ... I think [the Zionists] are behind these events." He later proposed that Americans visiting the Kingdom should be fingerprinted like visitors to the United States.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: According to leaked cables, Prince Nayef argued for a tougher approach than King Abdullah towards the then Yemeni president Saleh in 2009. Leaked cables also argued that his views on Iran were more sophisticated and comprehensive than those of King Abdullah.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: His motto was "no to change, yes to development". He believed that no change is necessary in Saudi Arabia: “Change means changing something that already exists. Whatever exists in the Kingdom is already well-established; however, there is a scope for development – development that does not clash with the principles of the nation”. In a similar vein, in March 2009, he publicly stated that he saw no need for either elections or women in government.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: After visiting Cleveland for planned health-tests in March 2012, Prince Nayef addressed the controversy over the participation of Saudi women athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London from his residence in Algeria. "Al Hayat" reported that for him women can represent Saudi Arabia at the Olympics as long as they do not break Islamic laws. His approval was conditioned on women competing in sports that "meet the standards of women's decency and don't contradict Islamic laws", though even this concession seemed surprising. However, only a few days later, his statement led to other statements by Saudi officials. At a press conference in Jeddah, the head of the Saudi Olympic Committee, Nawwaf bin Faisal, explicitly stated that Saudi women athletes would not be sent to the Olympics: "We are not endorsing any Saudi female participation at the moment in the Olympics or other international championships." He further added that Saudi women taking part on their own are free to do so, and the Kingdom's Olympic authority would "help in ensuring that their participation does not violate the Islamic shari'a law." Though he did emphasize that this was in accordance with a previously stated position, it did seem a rebuff to Crown Prince Nayef.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef, before being appointed second deputy prime minister in 2009, was generally described as elusive, ambiguous, pragmatic, unimaginative, shrewd, and outspoken. According to leaked cables, he had a reputation of being anti-Western, but tended to do business if there were shared interests. It is further stated that his conservative approach did not reflect his personal religious personality (indeed, he was rumored to be a heavy drinker in his younger days). However, his conservative views allowed him to gain support from social and religious conservatives. He seemed to be reserved and even a bit shy. He was described as neither well-spoken nor articulate, and had a tendency to repeat platitudes in private as well as in public. He did appear to understand and speak at least some English. On the other hand, Prince Naif was considered by other princes to be one of the kinder members of his royal generation in his approach towards nephews and nieces.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef and his full brother and then-deputy interior minister, Prince Ahmed, were reported to pay massive bonuses to successful security officers. They both also had a reputation for honesty and using the security budget only for the stated purposes, not enriching themselves.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: His first wife was Noura Alfarraj Alsubaie who died in August 1994. His child from this marriage is Jawahir, wife of King Fahd's son, Mohammed bin Fahd, who is former governor of Eastern Province. Jawahir bint Nayef was raised by her aunt Princess Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaid Al Jiluwi was his second spouse. His children from this marriage are Mohammed, Noura, Saud and Sara.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: His third wife was Maha bint Mohammed Al Sudairi. They later divorced. They had five children: Nouf, Nawwaf, Mishail (born 1986), Hayfa and Fahd. His daughter, Nouf bint Nayef (born 1984), is the wife of Mohammed bin Abdullah, one of King Abdullah's sons. Nawwaf bin Nayef was arrested in March 2020 along with his half-brother Muhammad bin Nayef and his uncle Ahmed bin Abdulaziz.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: In the early 1960s Prince Nayef lived in Loxwood House in the north London suburb of Totteridge. He donated £1,000 () to his local member for parliament, Margaret Thatcher, when she was canvassing during the 1964 United Kingdom general election.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef was said to be suffering from diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis as well as leukemia. In March 2012, he went to Morocco for a "private vacation", then to Cleveland for pre-planned medical tests. This news raised some speculation about his health and Saudi succession. He returned to Saudi Arabia after staying in Algeria in April 2012.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef again left Saudi Arabia for medical tests on 26 May 2012. Although it was unknown where Prince Nayef went, Prince Ahmed stated in "Al Watan" on 3 June 2012 that he was "well and in good health ... and he will soon return to Saudi Arabia". After his death in June 2012, it was reported that Prince Nayef had gone to Geneva on 26 May 2012 for treatment for a knee ailment.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: On 16 June 2012 at about 1 pm (UTC+3), Saudi state television reported that Crown Prince Nayef had died. According to Reuters, he died in Geneva, Switzerland. A medical source in Geneva said that Nayef died of "cardiac problems" while staying at his brother's residence there. His body was kept at the Geneva Mosque before being taken to Jeddah.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: The royal court stated that his funeral would be held on 17 June 2012. It was reported that Crown Prince Nayef's body was brought from Geneva to Jeddah. Funeral prayers were held in the Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Grand Mosque, in Mecca after sunset prayer, led by Sheikh Saud Ash Shuraim. His body was buried in an unmarked grave in Al Adl cemetery in Mecca as per his wish on 17 June 2012.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Major political figures sent their condolences to King Abdullah, including US President Barack Obama, French President François Hollande, UK Foreign Minister William Hague, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Turkish President Abdullah Gul, and other leaders of Arab and Persian Gulf States.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: On 6 July 2012 King Abdullah renamed the Qassim Regional Airport in Buraidah as the Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Regional Airport.


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Prince Nayef was the recipient of several honours, including the military Order of the Cloud and Banner by Taiwan (1977), the Legion of Honor by France (1977), the Al Kawkab Decoration by Jordan (1977), the Order of National Security by Republic of Korea (1980), and the National Order of the Cedar by Lebanon (2009). In addition, he was awarded the followings;


title: Nayef bin Abdulaziz

text: Posthumously Prince Nayef was honoured by the United Nations with the Outstanding Donor Award for the Special Human Settlements Programme for the Palestinian People on 28 June 2013.


title: Alexander Palace

text: The Alexander Palace (, "Alexandrovskiy dvorets") is a former imperial residence near the town of Tsarskoye Selo in Russia, on a plateau about south of Saint Petersburg. The Palace was commissioned by Empress/Tsarina Catherine II (Catherine the Great) in 1792.


title: Alexander Palace

text: Due to the privacy it offered, when officially resident in St Petersburg, the Alexander Palace was the preferred residence of the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II and his family. Its safety and seclusion compared favourably to the Winter Palace during the years immediately prior to the Russian Revolution. In 1917, the palace became the family's initial place of imprisonment after the first of two Russian Revolutions in February which overthrew the House of Romanov during World War I. The Alexander Palace is situated in Alexander Park, not far from Catherine Park and the larger, more elaborate Catherine Palace. After undergoing years of renovation, the Alexander Palace opened in Summer 2021 as a state museum housing relics of the former imperial dynasty.


title: Alexander Palace

text: The Alexander Palace was constructed in the Imperial retreat, near the town of Tsarskoe Selo, 30 miles south of the imperial capital city of St. Petersburg. The palace was commissioned by Empress/Tsarina Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (1729–1796, reigned 1762–1796), built near the earlier Catherine Palace for her favourite grandson, Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, the future emperor (tsar) Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825, reigned 1801–1825), on the occasion of his 1793 marriage to Grand Duchess Elizaveta Alexeievna, born Princess Luise Marie Augusta of Baden.


title: Alexander Palace

text: The Neoclassical edifice was planned by Giacomo Quarenghi and built between 1792 and 1796. It was agreed that the architect had excelled himself in creating a masterpiece. In 1821, a quarter of a century later, the architect's son wrote:


title: Alexander Palace

text: Alexander used the palace as a summer residence through the remainder of his grandmother's and his father, Paul's, reign. When he became emperor, however, he chose to reside in the much larger Catherine Palace nearby.


title: Alexander Palace

text: Alexander I gave the palace to his brother, the future Nicholas I, for summer usage. From that time on, it was the summer residence of the heir to the throne. From 1830 to 1850, extensive redecoration was carried out according to designs by D.Cerfolio, A.Thon, D.Yefimov, A.Stakenschneider and others in keeping with rapidly changing tastes. The appearance of the formal and private rooms of the palace during Nicholas' reign can be seen in exquisite watercolours by E. Hau, L. Premazzi and from 1840 to 1860. The famous Mountain Hall which had a large slide built-in for the children of Nicholas I was built during this time. Nicholas I and his family lived in the palace from the early spring till the end of May and after a short period at Krasnoye Selo during manoeuvres returned to the palace to spend their time there until the late autumn. In 1842, the Imperial couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary with a series of galas including a medieval jousting tournament. Two years later, the family mourned the death of Nicholas's daughter Grand Duchess Alexandra (1825–1844), who was born at the palace and lived the last few months of her life there. On 19 October 1860, the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna also died at the palace.


title: Alexander Palace

text: Alexander III and his Danish-born wife Maria Feodorovna had their apartments in the right-hand or western wing of the palace near the gardens. Before their accession to the imperial throne, Maria gave birth to their eldest child, the future Nicholas II, at Alexander Palace. In his diary, the then Tsarevich Alexander recorded the momentous event of the birth of his first child,


title: Alexander Palace

text: The entire imperial family was present at the birth of Alexander and Maria's first child. In a letter to her mother, Queen Louise, the Tsarevna wrote,


title: Alexander Palace

text: After Alexander III's death, Maria Feodorovna would stay at the palace in their rooms while visiting her son (Tsar Nicholas II) and daughter-in-law (Alexandra Feodorovna). As the estrangement with Alexandra Feodorovna became more apparent, the visits of the Dowager Empress became fewer.


title: Alexander Palace

text: The palace is most famous though for the role it played in the reign of the last tsar, Nicholas II. He and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna always loved the palace and decided to make it their permanent residence after the events of Bloody Sunday, which made the Winter Palace dangerous for them. They remodeled the former two-story ballroom into the Maple Room and the New Study and added rooms for their children on the floor above. To the horror of the court, Alexandra, and her architect Meltzer, chose a then-modern style of decoration, Jugendstil or Art Nouveau, considered by the aristocracy to be "middle class" and less than "Imperial". One of these most famous rooms is Alexandra's Mauve Room.


title: Alexander Palace

text: During the reign of Nicholas II, the palace was wired for electricity and equipped with a telephone system. In 1899, a hydraulic lift was installed connecting the Empress' suite with the children's rooms on the second floor. Furthermore, with the advent of motion pictures, a screening booth was built in the Semicircular Hall to show films.


title: Alexander Palace

text: During the stormy years of war and revolution, the monumental walls of the Alexander Palace sheltered the Imperial Family from the outside world. Pierre Gilliard, tutor to Nicholas II's son, had free access to this inner sanctum. In his memoirs, the tutor later described that the family life at Tsarskoe Selo was less formal than at other residences. Apart from a few exceptions, the court did not reside at the palace. The Imperial Family would gather informally around the table at mealtimes without attendants, unless relatives were visiting.


title: Alexander Palace

text: Nicholas II abdicated the throne of Russia on 2 March 1917. Thirteen days later, he returned to Alexander Palace not as Emperor of Russia, but as Colonel Romanov. The Imperial Family were now held under house arrest and confined to a few rooms of the palace and watched over by a guard with fixed bayonets. The regime of their captivity, worked out by Alexander Kerensky himself, envisaged strict limitations in the life of the Imperial Family: isolation from the outer world, a guard during their promenades in the park, prohibition of any contacts and correspondence apart from approved letters. Gillard noted,


title: Alexander Palace

text: Due to an increasingly precarious situation in St. Petersburg, the leader of the provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, made the decision to move the Romanov family out of the palace into internal exile in Tobolsk in faraway Siberia. There had been calls for the prisoners to be housed in the prison at the notorious Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul in St. Petersburg. To avoid this on the morning of 1 August 1917, a train took the family away. They were never to return.


title: Alexander Palace

text: Not long after the departure of the Romanovs for Siberia, a museum was established within the Alexander Palace. It operated until the beginning of the Second World War. At the beginning of the war, the most valuable furnishings were evacuated to the interior of the country. The remaining parts of the collection were hidden in the basement.


title: Alexander Palace

text: During the Nazi German occupation, the palace was used as headquarters for the German military command. The area in front of the palace was turned into a cemetery for SS soldiers. Artistically and historically unique collections were partially destroyed. As the German forces were leaving the Soviet Union, many of the former imperial palaces were set ablaze. The Alexander Palace was spared.


title: Alexander Palace

text: After the expulsion of the German forces, the palace was used as a depot for artworks coming back into the area. The neighbouring Catherine Palace had been looted and mostly destroyed. For a time it was planned to restore the interiors of the Alexander Palace, but this decision was reversed. As interest in Nicholas II and his family was discouraged by the Soviet regime, so too was interest in the palace that had been their residence. The new plan was to create a museum to Pushkin. With the exception of the heavily damaged Reception and New Study, the private rooms of the imperial family were altered to plain exhibition halls. The museum plan was then shelved, and the palace was handed over to the Soviet Navy. Many of the palace's former collections still existed, but were relocated to other museums such as the Pavlovsk Palace. Alexander Palace was seen as little more than an enhancement to the beautiful Alexander Park.


title: Alexander Palace

text: When it appeared that the Soviet Navy intended to vacate the complex, the Alexander Palace was included in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund (WMF). With funding from American Express in the same year, WMF helped with emergency renovations to the roof over the Nicholas II left wing of the palace, comprising approximately one-third of the building's total roof structure.


title: Alexander Palace

text: In the summer of 1997, a permanent exhibition was opened dedicated to the imperial family. Certain elements of the Reception Room, Nicholas II's New Study and Alexandra Feodorovna's Drawing Room were recreated to provide a backdrop for exhibitions of historical costumes, weapons and objects of applied art. A portrait of Alexandra Feodorovna by Friedrich von Kaulbach was returned to its original position. Clothing worn by the last imperial family and uniforms related to the court of Tsar Nicholas II were also placed on display. Much of this clothing only survived because it had been used as packing case wadding for more precious objects when the palace was evacuated in World War II.


title: Alexander Palace

text: In 2010 the three largest public rooms in the middle wing were reopened, following partial restoration: the Semi-Circular Hall, the Portrait Hall and the Marble Drawing Room. However, despite the best efforts of curators, limited restoration funds, dispersed collections, and the absence of the palms and flowers – from now-vanished imperial hothouses – that had once lushly decorated several of the rooms, meant that the presentations were somewhat sparse and of varying quality.


title: Alexander Palace

text: In 2014 the Russian government finally allocated significant funds to enable a more complete and authentic restoration of the quarters of the imperial family. This will include the Art Nouveau Maple Room and the celebrated Mauve Room of Alexandra. In September 2015 the palace closed to the public for this major multi-year project.


title: Alexander Palace

text: In August 2021, the east wing of the palace was reopened to visitors following the completion of restorations to the private apartments of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna. The rooms recreated are: the New Study, the Moorish Bathroom, the Working Study, Nicholas' Reception Room, the Valet's Room, the Maple Drawing Room, the Pallisander Drawing Room, the Mauve Boudoir, Alexandra's Reception Room, the Imperial Bedroom, the Small and Large Libraries, and the Mountain Hall. The first floor of this wing, once containing the rooms of Nicholas II's children, is now home to an exhibition of items belonging to the children of various emperors.


title: Alexander Palace

text: Plans are currently underway for the renovation of the west wing; largely guest apartments at the time of Nicholas II. These are expected to be finished no earlier than 2024.


title: The Feast

text: The Feast (Welsh: Gwledd) is a 2021 Welsh fantasy horror film directed by Lee Haven Jones and written and produced by Roger Williams. The film stars Annes Elwy, Nia Roberts and Julian Lewis Jones. It premiered at the Official Selection of the 2021 South by Southwest and the same year was screened at the Fantasia International Film Festival.


title: The Feast

text: A wealthy family — politician Gwyn, his wife Glenda, and their two adult sons, Guto and Gweirydd — host a dinner party at Glenda's inherited estate in the Welsh mountains. Their guests are to be Mair, a neighbouring farmer who grew up with Glenda, and Euros, a businessman who has been drilling for minerals on the family's land.


title: The Feast

text: To help cater the party, Glenda has hired a girl named Cadi from the nearby village. Cadi arrives on foot at their remote estate, her hair is wet, and she rarely speaks. Cadi observes the family in silence as she helps Glenda prepare. One son, Guto, has a drug addiction. Early in the film, he accidentally drops an axe and cuts his foot. The other son, Gweirydd, is training for a triathlon and has an obsessive diet and regimen.


title: The Feast

text: Elements of the family's lifestyle appear to upset Cadi. She becomes upset when Gwyn shoots a pair of rabbits and arrives with the dead rabbits to prepare them for supper. Cadi's emotional distress has physical consequences, for example a muddy stain appears on a clean tablecloth when she hears the gunshots. Gwyn experiences sudden pain and noise whenever he confronts Cadi. A bottle of wine explodes in Euros's hand when he arrives and accuses her of slacking off on the job. Afterwards, Cadi picks up a piece of broken glass and appears to insert it into her vagina.


title: The Feast

text: When Guto asks Cadi if she has any drugs to help him get through the party, she takes him into the forest and helps him pick psychoactive mushrooms. He eats some of them before coming to dinner.


title: The Feast

text: Mair arrives, signalling the start of the party. She explains that her husband, Iori, has been delayed by an emergency: an unknown person drove into a nearby lake, and he is helping to retrieve the car.


title: The Feast

text: The atmosphere at the party is awkward. Mair is polite but put off by Glenda's behaviour. Gweirydd casts doubt on his father's recent health scare, embarrassing him in front of the guests. Guto expresses disgust at Gweirydd's raw-meat diet and his parents order him to leave the table. He goes back to his room, mixes and injects the remaining mushrooms.


title: The Feast

text: Cadi, no longer needed, walks back into the forest and lays down in the grass, smiling as vines and flowers come alive and encircle her body, suggesting that her connection with nature is a magical one.


title: The Feast

text: The party's true purpose is revealed. Gwyn, Glenda and Euros all hope to convince Mair to allow exploratory drilling and mining on her land. The most promising spot is "the Rise," but Mair points out this is the reputed resting place of a goddess in local folklore. Children are warned to avoid it; even adults refuse to disturb it for fear of waking her. Mair is horrified by the suggestion of mining the Rise and turns them down. Glenda accuses her of believing in superstition.


title: The Feast

text: Meanwhile, Guto's entire leg has become necrotic and infested with maggots. Cadi leads Gweirydd to the Rise, where Guto lies helplessly on the ground, and pressures him into cutting off the leg and killing his brother with an axe.


title: The Feast

text: In his last moments, Guto shares the real reason Gweirydd no longer works at the hospital: he raped a number of comatose female patients. Cadi has sex with Gweirydd immediately after Guto's death, and he is killed by the sharp piece of glass still hidden in her vagina.


title: The Feast

text: Back at the house, Mair receives a call from her husband and learns the car found in the pond was Cadi's. She and Glenda realize the woman who has been in Glenda's house all day is not the real Cadi — it is the goddess of the Rise possessing Cadi's drowned corpse. Mair flees, leaving Glenda to her fate.


title: The Feast

text: Soon after, in an apparent trance, Glenda butchers Guto's body and serves it to the similarly entranced Euros, who is eating leftovers from the feast like a dog. Glenda puts the barrel of a shotgun in his mouth and asks him: "After you've taken everything, what will be left?" Glenda pulls the trigger and then slits her own throat.


title: The Feast

text: On 30 October 2019, Great Point Media joined American Film Market to sell world rights for "The Feast". The UK distribution for theatrical release was acquired by Picturehouse Entertainment on 1 October 2020. On 29 April 2021, it was announced by IFC Midnight, a division of IFC Films, that it had acquired the rights to release "The Feast" in North America.


title: The Feast

text: The film had its world premiere in the US at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2021. It was shown in the UK at the London Film Festival and opened the Abertoir Horror Festival in Aberystwyth, Wales, in the first week of November 2021. It went on general release in the US in November 2021, then in the UK in June 2022.


title: The Feast

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 81% approval rating based on 69 reviews, with an average ranking of 6.9/10. The site's consensus reads: "Traditional horror may not be on the menu, but for fans of the gruesomely disquieting, "The Feast" more than lives up to its name". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Feast

text: David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" had praised the film's visuals, calling them "elegantly creepy". He also praised the acting, which he called "solid", in addition to which, he added that "splashes of gore and the novelty of Welsh-language horror should hold the attention of genre lovers".


title: The Feast

text: Jessica Kiang of "Variety" had enjoyed "the chilly control of Jones' filmmaking", which, according to her, was "enhanced by the pristine, deadened soundscape". She also found "Samuel Sim's atmospheric score, keeps our attention squirming on the hook.


title: The Feast

text: Abby Olcese of "RogerEbert.com" cautioned that "Not everyone may have the patience for "The Feast", but those who do will be rewarded with intelligence and grand guignol in equal measure".


title: The Feast

text: According to Trace Thurman of "Bloody Disgusting", "[the film] spends a bit too much time dawdling before the big climax (and it is a big climax), but it's well worth your time".


title: The Feast

text: Matthew Monagle was of the same opinion, he wrote: "For as enjoyable as it is to watch the walls close in around Glenda and her family, it is the payoff itself that falls flat for "The Feast"".