title: Noam Dar

text: On July 3, 2018, Dar made his return to "205 Live", defeating TJP. A week later, Dar had a rematch with TJP in a losing effort via submission. On his return, he began a brief feud with Lio Rush. Dar was supposed to face Rush on the September 19 episode of "205 Live", however Rush postponed the match for next week, which Rush won. On October 17, at the first episode of "NXT UK", Dar unsuccessfully challenged Pete Dunne for the WWE United Kingdom Championship in the main event. Dar began a feud with Tony Nese, with the two exchanging victories and Nese attacking him in the parking lot. The feud ended however on the February 12, 2019 edition of "205 Live" in a well-received No Disqualification match, in which Nese won.


title: Noam Dar

text: On the March 13 episode of "NXT UK", Dar turned heel by hating on the cruiserweights in NXT UK. Dar then offered Mark Andrews a handshake, then tried attacking Andrews who countered and sent Dar out of the ring. The following episode featured a match between Andrews and Dar that resulted in a no-contest. During the match, Dar injured his knee, which kept him out of action for almost two months. On April 19, he returned from injury at the "NXT UK" television tapings. At , Dar defeated Travis Banks in his first TakeOver match of any kind. After NXT UK's return from the Covid-19 pandemic, it was announced that Dar will be a part of the NXT UK Heritage Cup tournament. He defeated Alexander Wolfe in the first round of the tournament, with former NXT UK and NXT Tag Team Champion, Pete Dunne, as the special guest referee. On the November 5, 2020, episode of NXT UK, Dar lost to eventual winner, A-Kid, in the second round of the Heritage Cup.


title: Noam Dar

text: In 2021, Dar started hosting his own talk show called "Supernova Sessions" and begun an on-screen association with real life friend Sha Samuels. On the October 7 episode of "NXT UK", Dar defeated Wolfgang to become the next #1 Contender to the NXT UK Heritage Cup. On the October 28 episode of "NXT UK", Dar defeated Tyler Bate 2-1 to win the NXT UK Heritage Cup Championship, winning his first championship in WWE in the process and becoming the first champion of Israeli descent in company history.


title: Noam Dar

text: On the July 14 episode of NXT UK, Noam Dar lost the NXT Heritage Cup Championship to Mark Coffey with the match ending in the sixth round.


title: Noam Dar

text: Noam Dar would go on to regain the NXT UK Heritage Cup Championship from Mark Coffey on the July 7 tapings of NXT UK.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire. It took place on 3 July 1866, near the Bohemian city of Hradec Králové (German: Königgrätz) and village of Sadová, now in the Czech Republic.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: Prussian forces, totaling around 285,000 troops, used their superior training and tactical doctrine and the Dreyse needle gun to win the battle and the entire war at Königgrätz on their own. Prussian artillery was ineffective and almost all of the fighting on the Prussian side was done by the First Army under Prince Friedrich Karl and one division from the Second Army. The Prussian 7th Infantry Division and 1st Guards Infantry Division attacked and destroyed 38 out of 49 infantry battalions of four Austrian corps at the Swiepwald and Chlum at the center of the battlefield, deciding the outcome of the struggle and forcing an Austrian retreat at 15:00, before any Prussian reinforcements could even seriously engage the Austrian flanks.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: At the outset of the war in June, the Prussian armies were gathered along the Prussian border: the Army of the Elbe under Karl Herwarth von Bittenfeld at Torgau, the First Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia between Senftenberg and Görlitz, and the Second Army under Crown Prince Frederick William in Silesia west of Neiße (Nysa). The Austrian army under Ludwig von Benedek was concentrated at Olmütz (Olomouc). The campaign began with Herwarth von Bittenfeld's advance to Dresden in the Kingdom of Saxony, where he easily defeated the Saxon army of 23,000 and joined with the First Army.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The Austrian commander Benedek had only reluctantly moved his troops out of their staging point at Olmütz on 18 June, moving north in three parallel columns with the I Corps protecting the right flank. The Austrians took up positions at the fortress Josefstadt and the mountain passes from Saxony and Silesia.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: On 22 June, Prussia's Chief of the General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke, ordered both armies under his command to Jitschin (Jičín) near the Austrian positions, a daring maneuver undertaken to limit the war's duration despite the risk of one army being overtaken en route.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: However, Benedek was indecisive and failed to use his superior numbers to eliminate the Prussian armies individually. Initially, the Austrians were pressed back everywhere except at Trautenau (Trutnov), where they bested the Prussians despite great losses to their own forces. By 29 June, Prince Friedrich Karl had reached Jitschin and inflicted a severe defeat on the Austrian I Corps under General Clam-Gallas. The Crown Prince had reached Königinhof (Dvůr Králové) despite stiff resistance.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: On 30 June, Friedrich Karl's First Army advanced to within one day's march of the Second Army. However, for the next two days the Prussian cavalry lost sight of the Austrians entirely, although Moltke's guess as to their actions—a retreat to the Elbe River—proved correct.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: Dismayed by his losses, Benedek had ordered a withdrawal and urgently requested that Emperor Franz Josef make peace as the only way to save the army from a "catastrophe". When this was refused, and an ambiguous last sentence of the imperial telegram was interpreted as ordering a final stand, Benedek drew his Austrians up against the Elbe between Sadowa and Königgrätz.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The Prussians finally sighted the Austrians on the eve of 2 July near Sadowa, and Friedrich Karl planned to attack the next morning. Moltke ordered the Crown Prince Frederick William to join forces with the other two armies at the point where the Austrians were assembled, but the telegraph lines to the Second Army's positions were out, necessitating the dispatch of two mounted officers at midnight to ride the twenty miles' distance in time. They arrived at 4 a.m. The Crown Prince's Chief of Staff, Leonhard von Blumenthal, an able logistician, immediately reorganised Second Army's route plan.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The Austrian army of 215,000 faced the Prussian Army of the Elbe (39,000) and First Army (85,000) on 3 July. The Austrian infantry was partially fortified and supported by cavalry in the rear and artillery units with firing range across hilly, wooded terrain. The battle began at dawn in subsiding rain and mist as Prussia took its position west of the Bystřice River. Shortly before 8 a.m., the Austrian artillery opened fire, pinning down the Prussian right flank under Herwarth von Bittenfeld. The Saxons on the Austrian left fell back in good order, and proceeded to rain down fire on the advancing Prussian right from higher ground. Herwarth von Bittenfeld hesitated to order a full attack, and instead the advance guard of seven battalions, under Brig. General von Schöler pulled back to the river around 10:00 and took a defensive stance.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The Prussian center, with the Prussian 7th Division under General Edward Frederick Charles von Fransecky, having secured the Prussian rear earlier, led the advance into the Swiepwald (Swiep Forest), where it was met by two Austrian corps. The 7th Division had to both clear out the forest, and cover the Prussian left until the Second Army, under the crown prince, arrived. The Prussians methodically cleared the villages of Austrian defenders. King Wilhelm I of Prussia ordered the First Army across the river to support Fransecky. Sadowa was captured, but a fierce battle ensued in a nearby forest. The Austrian artillery held off the Prussians by firing into the smoke of the Prussian advance. The Prussians were slowed, and although the river was easy to wade, transporting artillery across it was extremely difficult. The Prussian attack was halted as the advancing Prussian 8th and 4th Divisions were cut down by the Austrian artillery as soon as they emerged from the smoke. However, the Austrian leader, Benedek, refused to call for a cavalry charge which later commentators have argued might have won the battle. Reserve units were deployed at noon, but the outcome of the battle was still uncertain and Prussian commanders anxiously waited for the crown prince.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: To this point the Austrian superiority in numbers and position had held the day. Their weapons had longer range, which meant that the outnumbered Prussians could neither advance against the artillery barrage, nor effectively engage the Austrian infantry. The Prussians had attempted to bring three armies together for the battle, but problems with sending orders by telegraph and moving men by railroad had meant that only two of the three armies had arrived in time. The Prussian center, in the cover of the forest, was able to hold its position, and discourage a mounted charge by the Austrians, who were thought to have superior cavalry. However the close contact of the fight in the forest began to negate the Austrian advantages, the Austrians could not train their artillery on the close fighting, the damp weather made a cavalry charge risky, and the Austrian IV Corps was committed piecemeal to the fighting. At this point the relative strengths of the two armies were beginning to reverse. The shorter range of the Prussian artillery as compared to the Austrian was moot, while the vastly higher rate of fire from the Prussian breechloading needle gun, compared to the Austrian muzzleloading small arms and cannon, were paramount. In addition the needle gun could be operated while prone in defense, and while moving quickly on the advance, while the Austrians had to stand up after each shot to reload their Lorenz rifles.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: At 11:00 came the deciding moment of the battle; the Austrian center began a maneuver to flank the Prussian 7th Division, which had pushed back and held off nearly a quarter of the Austrian army. Colonel Carl von Pöckh was sent to drive the Prussians back, and with a fierce infantry charge managed to force the 7th Division back to the outskirts of the forest. Benedek's corps commanders pleaded with him to launch a counterattack to destroy the Prussian First and Elbe armies before the Second army arrived, but Benedek declined to act, letting the opportune moment slip by. However, the tide of battle was about to turn, as flanking fire raked Pöckh's battalion, annihilating it as a fighting force and killing its commander. The fire came from the first elements of the crown prince's army as they arrived, and the 8th Division stiffened the Prussian center to hold off the Austrian thrusts. While divisions from the Austrian II and IV Corps were committed to the fighting, there was no decisive infantry charge, nor did the Prussians present a flank that could be attacked with cavalry. The Austrians were caught having moved from their defensive position to attack, and their right flank was exposed to the arriving Prussian infantry.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: However, neither cavalry nor artillery gave direct help to the Prussian Infantry. Prussian Artillery in Lubno hill reinforced the Prussians, making many forces to go there. Around 12:30 two rifled batteries of 2nd Division arrived, and around 13:00, Oberst von Bülow, part of Army of the Elbe, brought the corps artillery, two regiments, to the battlefield. After 1 o'clock, Oberst von Rozynski commanded 66 guns in this area. However they were too far to the rear to be used effectively. This kept Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld from ordering a major attack against the Austrians.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: At 14:30 Crown Prince Frederick William finally arrived with the main bulk of his almost 100,000 men, having marched with all possible haste all morning, and hit the Austrian right flank retiring from the Swiepwald while the Prussian artillery pounded the Austrian center. By 16:00 the last individual counter-attacks by the Austrian I and VI Corps were broken, even as Benedek ordered a withdrawal. Lt. General 1st Prussian Guard reached the Austrian artillery, forcing them to stop reforming an artillery line and pull back. He had attacked because he saw the artillery as holding together the Austrian position, and his attack destroyed the lone cavalry battery that stayed to fight, and forced the others to flee, along with their reserves.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: At this point, having taken severe casualties, lacking artillery and cavalry cover, the high ground in enemy hands and the center being rolled up, the position for the Austrians deteriorated rapidly. The Second Prussian Army completely broke through the Austrian lines and took behind the center. The Army of the Elbe, which had merely held position after the early morning bloodying by the Austrian artillery and the Saxon infantry, attacked and broke through the Austrian left flank. It seized , and proceeded to destroy the Austrian flank. The Prussian king ordered all remaining forces into the attack all along the line, which had been slowed by the final counter-attack from the battalions of Brigadier General Ferdinand Rosenzweig von Dreuwehr's Austrian brigade. The arriving reinforcements joined the fight just as the Austrians had forced the 1st Prussian Guard back to Chlum. The result was a decisive shock of firepower which collapsed the Austrian line. The Prussian advance was so rapid that Benedek ordered a series of cavalry countercharges to back up his artillery and cover the general retreat he ordered at 15:00. These were successful at covering the Austrian rear, keeping the bridges over the Elbe open for retreating Austrian soldiers, and preventing pursuit by the Prussians, but at a terrible cost: 2,000 men and almost as many horses were killed, wounded or captured in the action. Benedek himself crossed the Elbe near 18:00 and several hours later informed the emperor that the catastrophe of which he had warned had indeed occurred.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The battle ended with heavy casualties for the Austrians. The Prussians had some 9,000 men killed, wounded or missing. The Austrians and allies had more than 44,000 men killed, wounded or missing, with 22,170 captured. Compounding the Austrians' losses was Austria's earlier refusal to sign the First Geneva Convention. As a result, Austrian medical personnel were regarded as combatants, and withdrew from the field with the main bulk of the forces, leaving the wounded to die on the field.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: Königgrätz was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War. The Prussians then continued to pursue the defeated Austrian Nord-Armee and fought a series of minor clashes, with the last skirmish being fought at Blumenau on 22 July, just as the Peace of Prague to put a halt to the fighting was being signed. It provided a great opportunity for Prussian statesmen, by clearing a path toward German unification, in particular with the Little Germany (Germany without Austria) solution, with the subsequent foundation of the North German Confederation. The outcome also ensured that Prussia would have a free hand when a war with France came to pass in 1871.


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: After this Prussian victory, France attempted to extract territorial concessions in the Palatinate and Luxembourg. In his speech to the Reichstag on 2 May 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck stated:


title: Battle of Königgrätz

text: The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded "Revanche pour Sadova" or "Revenge for Sadowa", which formed part of the background to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.


title: Nymphaea

text: Nymphaea () is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds. Plants of the genus are known commonly as water lilies, or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, "nymphaia" and the Latin "nymphaea", which mean "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology.


title: Nymphaea

text: Water lilies are aquatic rhizomatous herbaceous perennials, sometimes with stolons as well. The stem is angular and erect.


title: Nymphaea

text: The leaves grow from the rhizome on long petioles (stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem). Floating round leaves of waterlily grow up to across. The disc-shaped leaf blades are notched and split to the stem in a at the centre, and are often purple underneath. Most of them float on the surface of the water. The leaves have smooth or spine-toothed edges, and they can be rounded or pointed.


title: Nymphaea

text: The flowers rise out of the water or float on the surface, opening during the day or at night. Many species of "Nymphaea" display protogynous flowering. The temporal separation of these female and male phases is physically reinforced by flower opening and closing, so the first flower opening displays female pistil and then closes at the end of the female phase, and reopens with male stamens. Each has at least eight petals in shades of white, pink, blue, or yellow. Many stamens are at the center. Water lily flowers are entomophilous, meaning they are pollinated by insects, often beetles. The fruit is berry-like and borne on a curving or coiling peduncle.


title: Nymphaea

text: This is one of several genera of plants known commonly as lotuses. It is not related to the legume genus "Lotus" or the East Asian and South Asian lotuses of genus "Nelumbo". It is closely related to "Nuphar" lotuses, however. In "Nymphaea", the petals are much larger than the sepals, whereas in "Nuphar", the petals are much smaller. The process of fruit maturation also differs, with "Nymphaea" fruit sinking below the water level immediately after the flower closes, and "Nuphar" fruit remaining above the surface.


title: Nymphaea

text: Water lilies are not only decorative, but also provide useful shade which helps reduce the growth of algae in ponds and lakes. Many of the water lilies familiar in water gardening are hybrids and cultivars. These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


title: Nymphaea

text: All water lilies are poisonous and contain an alkaloid called nupharin in almost all of their parts, with the exception of the seeds and in some species, the tubers.


title: Nymphaea

text: The European species contain large amounts of nupharin, and are considered inedible. The amount of nupharin in the leaves and stalks appears to vary seasonally in European species.


title: Nymphaea

text: The tubers of a number of Australian, Asian and African species are completely edible, during the dry season some consist almost entirely of starch.


title: Nymphaea

text: In India, it has mostly been eaten as a famine food or as a medicinal (both cooked), but in one area the dried rhizomes were pounded into a sort of bread, and the tubers are often eaten in the floodplains.


title: Nymphaea

text: In Sri Lanka it was formerly eaten as a type of medicine and its price was too high to serve as a normal meal, but in the 1940s or earlier some villagers began to grow water lilies in the paddy fields left uncultivated during the monsoon season (Yala season), and the price dropped. The tubers are called "manel" here and eaten boiled and in curries.


title: Nymphaea

text: The tubers of all occurring species were eaten in West Africa and Madagascar (where they are called "tantamon" for blue and "laze-laze" for white), usually boiled or roasted.


title: Nymphaea

text: In West Africa, usage varied between cultures, in the Upper Guinea the rhizomes were only considered famine foods - here the tubers were either roasted in ashes, or dried and ground into a flour. The Buduma people ate the seeds and rhizomes. Some tribes ate the rhizomes raw.


title: Nymphaea

text: The Hausa people of Ghana, Nigeria and the people of Southern Sudan used the tubers of "Nymphaea lotus", the seeds (inside the tubers) are locally referred to as ‘gunsi’ in Ghana. They are ground into flour.


title: Nymphaea

text: The plants were also said to be eaten in the Philippines. In the 1950s there were no records of leaves or flowers being eaten.


title: Nymphaea

text: In a North American species, the boiled young leaves and unopened flower buds are said to be edible. The seeds, high in starch, protein, and oil, may be popped, parched, or ground into flour. Potato-like tubers can be collected from the species "N. tuberosa" (="N. odorata").


title: Nymphaea

text: The tubers of "Nymphaea gigantea" of Australia were roasted by certain tribes, these turn the colour blue when boiled, the tubers of other species were also roasted elsewhere on that continent.


title: Nymphaea

text: Water lilies were said to have been a major food source for a certain tribe of indigenous Australians in 1930, with the flowers and stems eaten raw, while the "roots and seedpods" were cooked either on an open fire or in a ground oven.


title: Nymphaea

text: The Ancient Egyptians used the water lilies of the Nile as cultural symbols. Since 1580 it has become popular in the English language to apply the Latin word "lotus", originally used to designate a tree, to the water lilies growing in Egypt, and much later the word was used to translate words in Indian texts. The lotus motif is a frequent feature of temple column architecture.


title: Nymphaea

text: In Egypt, the lotus, rising from the bottom mud to unfold its petals to the sun, suggested the glory of the sun's own emergence from the primaeval slime. It was a metaphor of creation. It was a symbol of the fertility gods and goddesses as well as a symbol of the upper Nile as the giver of life.


title: Nymphaea

text: The flowers of the blue Egyptian water lily ("N. caerulea") open in the morning and close at dusk, while those of the white water lily ("N. lotus") open at night and close in the morning. Egyptians found this symbolic of the separation of deities and of death and the afterlife. Remains of both flowers have been found in the burial tomb of Ramesses II.


title: Nymphaea

text: A Roman belief existed that drinking a liquid of crushed "Nymphaea" in vinegar for 10 consecutive days turned a boy into a eunuch.


title: Nymphaea

text: The Nymphaea, which is also called (Nilufar in Persian), can be seen in many reliefs of the Achaemenid period (552 BC) such as the statue of Anahita in the Persepolis. Lotus flower was included in Kaveh the blacksmith's Derafsh and later as the flag of the Sasanian Empire Derafsh Kaviani. Today, it is known as the symbol of Iranians Solar Hijri Calendar.


title: Nymphaea

text: A Syrian terra-cotta plaque from the 14th–13th centuries BC shows the goddess Asherah holding two lotus blossoms. An ivory panel from the 9th-8th centuries BC shows the god Horus seated on a lotus blossom, flanked by two cherubs.


title: Nymphaea

text: The French Impressionist painter Claude Monet is known for his many paintings of water lilies in the pond in his garden at Giverny.


title: Nymphaea

text: Water lilies are also used as ritual narcotics. According to one source, this topic "was the subject of a lecture by William Emboden given at Nash Hall of the Harvard Botanical Museum on the morning of April 6, 1979".


title: Systems architecture

text: A system architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures and behaviors of the system.


title: Systems architecture

text: A system architecture can consist of system components and the sub-systems developed, that will work together to implement the overall system. There have been efforts to formalize languages to describe system architecture, collectively these are called architecture description languages (ADLs).


title: Systems architecture

text: One can think of system architecture as a set of representations of an existing (or future) system. These representations initially describe a general, high-level functional organization, and are progressively refined to more detailed and concrete descriptions.


title: Systems architecture

text: System architecture conveys the informational content of the elements consisting of a system, the relationships among those elements, and the rules governing those relationships. The architectural components and set of relationships between these components that an architecture description may consist of hardware, software, documentation, facilities, manual procedures, or roles played by organizations or people.


title: Systems architecture

text: A system architecture primarily concentrates on the internal interfaces among the system's components or subsystems, and on the interface(s) between the system and its external environment, especially the user. (In the specific case of computer systems, this latter, special, interface is known as the computer human interface, "AKA" human computer interface, or HCI; formerly called the man-machine interface.)


title: Systems architecture

text: One can contrast a system architecture with system architecture engineering (SAE) - the method and discipline for effectively implementing the architecture of a system:


title: Systems architecture

text: Systems architecture depends heavily on practices and techniques which were developed over thousands of years in many other fields, perhaps the most important being civil architecture.


title: Systems architecture

text: Several types of systems architectures (underlain by the same fundamental principles) have been identified as follows:


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Congress of the Confederation, or the Confederation Congress, formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled, was the governing body of the United States of America during the Confederation period, March 1, 1781 – March 4, 1789. A unicameral body with legislative and executive function, it was composed of delegates appointed by the legislatures of the several states. Each state delegation had one vote. It was preceded by the Second Continental Congress (1775–1781) and was created by the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union in 1781.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Congress continued to refer itself as the Continental Congress throughout its eight-year history, although modern historians separate it from the two earlier congresses, which operated under slightly different rules and procedures until the later part of American Revolutionary War. The membership of the Second Continental Congress automatically carried over to the Congress of the Confederation when the latter was created by the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and had the same secretary as the Second Continental Congress, Charles Thomson.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Congress of the Confederation was succeeded by the Congress of the United States as provided for in the new United States Constitution, proposed September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia and adopted by the United States in 1788.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: On March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by delegates of Maryland at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, which then declared the Articles ratified. As historian Edmund Burnett wrote, "There was no new organization of any kind, not even the election of a new President." The Congress still called itself the Continental Congress. Nevertheless, despite its being generally the same exact governing body, with some changes in membership over the years as delegates came and went individually according to their own personal reasons and upon instructions of their state governments, some modern historians would later refer to the Continental Congress after the ratification of the Articles as the Congress of the Confederation or the Confederation Congress.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Congress of the Confederation opened in the last stages of the American Revolution. Combat ended in October 1781, with the surrender of the British after the Siege and Battle of Yorktown. The British, however, continued to occupy New York City, while the American delegates in Paris, named by the Congress, negotiated the terms of peace with Great Britain. Based on preliminary articles with the British negotiators made on November 30, 1782, and approved by the "Congress of the Confederation" on April 15, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was further signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified by the Confederation Congress then sitting at the Maryland State House in Annapolis on January 14, 1784. This formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the thirteen former colonies, which on July 4, 1776, had declared independence. In December 1783, General George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, journeyed to Annapolis after saying farewell to his officers (at Fraunces Tavern) and men who had just reoccupied New York City after the departing British Army. On December 23, at the Maryland State House, where the Congress met in the Old Senate Chamber, he addressed the civilian leaders and delegates of Congress and returned to them the signed commission they had voted him back in June 1775, at the beginning of the conflict. With that simple gesture of acknowledging the first civilian power over the military, he took his leave and returned by horseback the next day to his home and family at Mount Vernon near the colonial river port city on the Potomac River at Alexandria in Virginia.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: Congress had little power, and without the external threat of a war against the British, it became quite difficult to get enough delegates to meet to form a quorum. Nonetheless, the Congress still managed to pass important laws, most notably the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The country incurred a massive debt as a result of the War of Independence. In 1784, the total Confederation debt was nearly $40 million. Of that sum, $8 million was owed to the French and Dutch. Of the domestic debt, government bonds, known as loan-office certificates, composed $11.5 million, certificates on interest indebtedness $3.1 million, and continental certificates $16.7 million.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The certificates were non-interest bearing notes issued for supplies purchased or impressed, and to pay soldiers and officers. To pay the interest and principal of the debt, Congress had twice proposed an amendment to the Articles granting them the power to lay a 5% duty on imports, but amendments to the Articles required the consent of all thirteen states: the 1781 impost plan had been rejected by Rhode Island and Virginia, while the revised plan, discussed in 1783, was rejected by New York.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: Without revenue, except for meager voluntary state requisitions, Congress could not even pay the interest on its outstanding debt. Meanwhile, the states regularly failed or refused to meet the requisitions requested of them by Congress.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: To that end, in September 1786, after resolving a series of disputes regarding their common border along the Potomac River, delegates of Maryland and Virginia called for a larger assembly to discuss various situations and governing problems to meet at the Maryland state capital on the Chesapeake Bay. The later Annapolis Convention with some additional state representatives joining in the sessions first attempted to look into improving the earlier original Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. There were enough problems to bear further discussion and deliberation that the Convention called for a wider meeting to recommend changes and meet the next year in the late Spring of 1787 in Philadelphia. The Confederation Congress itself endorsed the Call and issued one on its own further inviting the states to send delegates. After meeting in secret all summer in the Old Pennsylvania State House now having acquired the nickname and new title of Independence Hall, from the famous action here eleven years earlier. The Philadelphia Convention, under the presidency of former General George Washington instead of a series of amendments, or altering the old charter, issued a proposed new Constitution for the United States to replace the 1776–1778 Articles. The Confederation Congress received and submitted the new Constitution document to the states, and the Constitution was later ratified by enough states (nine were required) to become operative in June 1788. On September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress set the date for choosing the new Electors in the Electoral College that was set up for choosing a President as January 7, 1789, the date for the Electors to vote for the President as on February 4, 1789, and the date for the Constitution to become operative as March 4, 1789, when the new Congress of the United States should convene, and that they at a later date set the time and place for the Inauguration of the new first President of the United States.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Congress of the Confederation continued to conduct business for another month after setting the various dates. On October 10, 1788, Congress formed a quorum for the last time; afterward, although delegates would occasionally appear, there were never enough to officially conduct business. The last meeting of the Continental Congress was held March 2, 1789, two days before the new Constitutional government took over; only one member was present at said meeting, Philip Pell, an ardent Anti-Federalist and opponent of the Constitution, who was accompanied by the Congressional secretary. Pell oversaw the meeting and adjourned the Congress "sine die".


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Continental Congress was presided over by a president (referred to in many official records as "President of the United States in Congress Assembled"), who was a member of Congress elected by the other delegates to serve as a neutral discussion moderator during meetings. Elected to a non-renewable one-year term, this person also chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress. There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779.


title: Congress of the Confederation

text: The Second Continental Congress was meeting at the Old Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall), in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the time the Articles of Confederation entered into force on March 1, 1781, but left after an anti-government protest by several hundred soldiers of the Continental Army in June 1783. Congress moved its meeting site successively to Princeton, New Jersey; Annapolis, Maryland; Trenton, New Jersey, and then in January 1785 New York City, which remained the seat of government for several years.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: Golden 1 Center is an indoor arena, located in downtown Sacramento, California, United States. It sits partially on the site of the former Downtown Plaza shopping center. The publicly owned arena is part of a business and entertainment district called Downtown Commons (DoCo), which includes a $250 million 16-story mixed-use tower.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The arena, which replaced ARCO Arena as the home of the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association, hosts concerts, conventions and other sporting and entertainment events. Capacity is expandable to about 19,000 to accommodate concert audiences. Thirty-four luxury suites were sold to include all events year-round. Suite partners have access to three exclusive clubs on the premium level including two skyboxes that overlook the concourse and have a direct view of the outside. In addition to the luxury suites, there are also 48 loft-style suites.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: As part of the successful effort to keep the Kings in Sacramento, an ownership group led by Vivek Ranadivé purchased the majority stake in the team from the Maloof family, with the city agreeing to partner with the Kings to build a new arena by 2016. Construction began October 29, 2014. Turner Construction, known in the Sacramento area for having built Terminal B at Sacramento International Airport and other projects, was the construction manager for the new arena.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The Kings' previous owners, led by the Maloof family, first proposed a downtown arena in 2012. The arena's estimated cost was $391 million. The City of Sacramento would have paid $255.5 million, the Kings would have contributed $73.25 million, and AEG was going to contribute $58.75 million.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The Kings decided to name the street leading to the front door of the arena in honor of former NBA Commissioner David Stern, whose persistent, decades-long efforts helped keep the franchise in Sacramento. Officially, the address of the Golden 1 Center is 500 David J. Stern Walk.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The Sacramento City Council voted approval of public financing and other terms on May 20, 2014. The total cost of Golden 1 Center was once estimated to be $507 million. The Sacramento Kings contributed approximately $284 million and the City of Sacramento contributed approximately $223 million. The City of Sacramento financed its contribution through the sale of bonds ($212 million) and parking and economic development funds ($11 million).


title: Golden 1 Center

text: Construction costs of the new Golden 1 Center increased to $534.6 million due to a change in the seating configuration that moved hundreds of seats to the lower bowl and closer to the basketball court and additional features.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: Golden 1 Center reflects the fabric of Northern California by utilizing regionally sourced materials that range from glass to recycled aluminum to potentially precast concrete, composed of sand from San Benito and rocks of Sierra limestone that reflect the colors of the region. Additionally, Golden 1 Center utilizes only FSC-certified wood, an international standard of quality and responsible forest management.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: A rooftop solar array, installed by Solar Power Inc. at a cost of $2.5 million, generates up to 1.2 megawatts, augmented by an 11 megawatt solar field in nearby Rancho Seco operated by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD). Installing solar power is part of the Sacramento Kings ownership's goal to have its new sports and entertainment center be the most technologically advanced arena in the country, and that includes being efficient and using renewable energy. The arena earned LEED Platinum certification in late September 2016.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: Along with the architectural design, a number of artworks were permanently installed, with works from local artists such as Phil America and Gale Hart and internationally recognized artist Jeff Koons.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: A unique fan tradition was born on the arena in 2022. For the season, 4 massive, purple-lit laser beams were installed in the grand entrance of the arena, meant to be lit everytime the Kings garnered a victory, either at home or away. The intense beams can be seen from miles away, and have received significant fan support, with the hashtag #LightTheBeam becoming popular within the Kings' social media presence after every team win.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The main videoboard, to be hung over center court, is long, shorter than the basketball court below. Developed in partnership with Panasonic Corp. of North America, it consumes more than and is currently the second largest screens in the NBA. The main screens are wide by tall, crowned by tall message boards. The screens broadcast in what is known as “4K Ultra HD". In addition to the main scoreboard, two tall video screens welcome fans as they walk through the arena's main entrance facing the public plaza, and another 600 HD displays broadcast the game to fans gathered in concourses, clubs and suites, Over of LED ribbon boards were installed throughout the arena bowl.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: According to a Kings news release, the arena is “the world’s most connected indoor sports and entertainment venue" as the result of a multi-year deal with Comcast to provide “fully redundant transport facilities and two 100-gigabit ethernet dedicated internet circuits” at the facility. Free wi-fi connections at the arena, provided by Ruckus Networks, will be 17,000 times faster than the average home network. The connection will extend into the plaza surrounding the arena. As an example of its bandwidth, the team said the network will be able to handle more than 225,000 posts on Instagram every second.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: A rooftop platform with light pipes can be programmed by local artists and used to convey events in the arena to the public through visually appealing light shows.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: On June 16, 2015, Sacramento-based Golden 1 Credit Union acquired naming rights for the arena at a cost of $120 million over 20 years, with an average annual value at $6 million, making it one of the largest naming rights deals for a single-tenant NBA arena.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: It is estimated that 10–15% of visitors will walk, bike or take public transportation to Golden 1 Center events. More than 13,500 parking spaces exist within ½ mile of the arena. Sacramento Regional Transit (RT) has five light rail stations in the vicinity, with the closest at 8th & K (also known as St. Rose of Lima Park Station). The Sacramento Valley Station, located at 4th and I Streets, offers Amtrak trains, RT trains and buses, and taxi service.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: WWE has held multiple events at Golden 1 Center including No Mercy in 2016 and Hell in a Cell in 2019. The venue also hosts "Raw" and "SmackDown" as well.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: On December 17, 2016 took place at the Golden 1 Center and marked the first MMA event held within the arena.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: Since 2017, the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) have held an annual Built Ford Tough Series event at Golden 1 Center. Prior to 2017 the event was held at the Sleep Train Arena (an event which began in 2005).


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The Sacramento Kings began using the arena for the 2016–2017 NBA season. The Kings' first game at the arena was on October 10, 2016, against the Maccabi Haifa B.C. in a preseason game, winning 135–96. Their first regular season game at the arena was held on October 27, 2016, as the Kings lost to the San Antonio Spurs, 102–94.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) announced Sacramento as a host city for the first and second rounds of the 2017 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament on March 17 and 19, 2017. The arena will host the first and second rounds of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2023.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The arena has been home to the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) High School Basketball State Championships since 2017.


title: Golden 1 Center

text: The winter 2020 legislative session of the California State Legislature was conducted at the Golden 1 Center to facilitate social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: The partial thromboplastin time (PTT), also known as the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or APTT), is a blood test that characterizes coagulation of the blood. A historical name for this measure is the kaolin-cephalin clotting time (KCCT), reflecting kaolin and cephalin as materials historically used in the test. Apart from detecting abnormalities in blood clotting, partial thromboplastin time is also used to monitor the treatment effect of heparin, a widely prescribed drug that reduces blood's tendency to clot.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: The PTT measures the overall speed at which blood clots form by means of two consecutive series of biochemical reactions known as the "intrinsic" pathway and common pathway of coagulation. The PTT indirectly measures action of the following coagulation factors: I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V (proaccelerin), VIII (anti-hemophilic factor), X (Stuart–Prower factor), XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent), and XII (Hageman factor).


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: The PTT is often used in conjunction with another measure of how quickly blood clotting takes place called the prothrombin time (PT). The PT measures the speed of clotting by means of the "extrinsic" pathway and common pathway.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: Partial thromboplastin time is typically analyzed by a medical technologist or a laboratory technician on an automated instrument at 37 °C (as a nominal approximation of normal human body temperature). The test is termed "partial" due to the absence of tissue factor from the reaction mixture.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: The typical reference range is between 30 seconds and 50 s (depending on laboratory). Shortening of the PTT is considered to have little clinical relevance, but some research indicates that it might increase risk of thromboembolism. Normal PTT requires the presence of the following coagulation factors: I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII. Notably, deficiencies in factors VII or XIII will not be detected with the PTT test.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: To distinguish the above causes, mixing tests are performed, in which the patient's plasma is mixed (initially at a 50:50 dilution) with normal plasma. If the abnormality does not disappear, the sample is said to contain an "inhibitor" (either heparin, antiphospholipid antibodies or coagulation factor specific inhibitors), while if it does disappear a factor deficiency is more likely. Deficiencies of factors VIII, IX, XI and XII and rarely von Willebrand factor (if causing a low factor VIII level) may lead to a prolonged aPTT correcting on mixing studies.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: The aPTT-based activated protein C (APC) resistance test is used in the diagnosis of APC resistance (APCR). It involves a modified aPTT test performed in the presence and absence of APC. The ratio of these aPTT values is calculated and is called the APC sensitivity ratio (APCsr) or simply APC ratio (APCr). This ratio is inversely related to the degree of APC resistance. The aPTT-based APC resistance test was developed in 1993.


title: Partial thromboplastin time

text: The aPTT was first described in 1953 by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This is the reason why the color of the Vacutainer tube top is Carolina blue.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: Arrow Electronics is an American "Fortune" 500 company headquartered in Centennial, Colorado. The company specializes in distribution and value added services relating to electronic components and computer products. The company was ranked No. 104 in the 2022 "Fortune" 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: Arrow Electronics was founded in 1935 when a retail store named Arrow Radio opened on Cortlandt Street in the heart of lower Manhattan's "Radio Row," the birthplace of electronics distribution. Arrow Radio, established by Maurice ("Murray") Goldberg, sold used radios and radio parts to retail customers. Other industry pioneers with businesses nearby were Charles Avnet and Seymour Schweber.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: By the 1940s, Arrow was selling new radios—manufactured by RCA, GE, and Philco—and other home entertainment products, as well as surplus radio parts that were retailed over-the-counter in a parts department at the back of the store. Soon the firm started seeking franchises to sell new parts; the first manufacturers to franchise Arrow were RCA and Cornell Dubilier. The business was incorporated as Arrow Electronics, Inc. in 1946.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: In the early 1950s, with additional franchises and a small field sales organization, Arrow began selling electronic parts to industrial customers. A second storefront/sales office was opened in Mineola, Long Island in 1956. By 1961, when the company completed its initial public offering and listed its shares on the American Stock Exchange, total sales amounted to $4 million, over half of which came from the industrial sales division, with the remainder from the traditional retail business. During the 1960s, Arrow moved its headquarters to Farmingdale, New York (Long Island), and opened additional branches in Norwalk, Connecticut and Totowa, New Jersey. The company relocated its headquarters office to Centennial, Colorado in 2011.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: In 1968, Glenn, Green & Waddell, a partnership formed by three recent graduates of the Harvard Business School, B. Duke Glenn, Jr., Roger E. Green, and John C. Waddell, led a private investor group that acquired the controlling interest in Arrow. The investors saw an opportunity to consolidate the fragmented electronics industry. Duke Glenn served as chairman.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: Entering the 1970s with $9 million of annual distribution sales, Arrow ranked no. 12 among U.S. electronics distributors. No. 1-ranked Avnet was 8-times Arrow's size.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: During the ’70s decade, by winning key semiconductor franchises (led by Texas Instruments in 1970) and opening sales offices in over 20 U.S. cities, Arrow grew its electronics distribution business at an average annual rate of 34 percent. By the end of the decade, the company's electronics distribution sales had climbed to $177 million, making Arrow the country's second largest electronics distributor.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: The company took on high levels of debt through frequent public bond offerings, to fund its growth strategy. Additional growth capital was provided through the 1969 acquisition of Schuylkill Metals Corporation, a lead recycling company. (This business, having served its purpose, was sold in 1987 amidst problems associated with being designated an EPA Superfund site contaminated with lead and chromium.)


title: Arrow Electronics

text: In the 1970s, Arrow discontinued its retail operations and inaugurated the electronics distribution's first integrated on-line, real-time computer system to provide up-to-the-minute inventory positions and facilitate remote order entry. In 1979, Arrow was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. That same year, it acquired Cramer Electronics (historically the U.S.’s second-largest distributor), the company's first major industry acquisition, which provided access to many markets in the western United States.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: On December 4, 1980, a fire in a Harrison, New York, hotel conference center killed 13 members of Arrow's senior management, including Glenn and Green. Waddell assumed leadership and, in 1982, recruited Stephen P. Kaufman, formerly a partner of McKinsey & Company, to join Arrow as President of the company's Electronics Distribution Division. Kaufman succeeded Waddell as CEO in 1986 and as chairman in 1994.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: In 1988, Arrow adopted a growth strategy by acquiring Kierulff Electronics. According to Forbes, the company closed down all four Kierulff Electronics warehouses and within a year it experienced "miraculous" growth that went from a bottom line of $16 million loss in 1987 to operating profits of $10 million.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: During his nearly two decades with Arrow, Kaufman led the company's consolidation of the U.S. electronics distribution industry as well as the company's expansion into Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Under Kaufman's leadership, Arrow completed over 50 acquisitions of electronics distributors, including such prominent names as Ducommun (Kierulff), Lex (Schweber), Zeus, Anthem, Bell, and Wyle (all in the U.S.), Spoerle (Germany), Silverstar (Italy), and CAL (Hong Kong and China). Kaufman also led the company into the national distribution of commercial computer products, initially through its acquisition of Gates/FA Distributing. Arrow entered the 21st century with global sales of $9 billion—$6 billion of electronic components and $3 billion of computer products.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: Kaufman stepped down as CEO in 2000, retired as chairman in 2002, and was succeeded by Daniel W. Duval, a 15-year Arrow board veteran. In 2003, William E. Mitchell, former President of the Global Services Division of Solectron Corporation, joined Arrow as chief executive officer and, in 2006, became chairman. During Mitchell's six years at Arrow, sales climbed to $17 billion as the company increased shareholder returns, improved operating efficiencies, and completed 17 acquisitions.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: In 2009, Michael J. Long succeeded Mitchell as CEO, and in 2010 took over as chairman. A long-time Arrow executive, Long joined the company in 1991 through the merger with Schweber Electronics and served in various senior management positions before becoming CEO. During Long's tenure, Arrow completed over 40 strategic acquisitions that further expanded its global components and computer systems businesses. In 2015, Arrow acquired United Technical Publishing from Hearst, adding properties such as "Electronic Products" and Schematics.com. In June 2016, UBM reached agreement to divest its electronics media portfolio to an affiliate of Arrow Electronics Inc. for a cash consideration of $23.5m. The portfolio comprises the US and Asian versions of EE Times, EDN, ESM, Embedded, EBN, TechOnline and Datasheets.com.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: In June 2022, Sean J. Kerins succeeded Long as president and CEO, and Long was appointed executive chairman of the board of directors. Having joined Arrow in 2007 as vice president of North America storage and networking, Kerins went on to serve as president of the company’s North America enterprise computing solutions business before being named global president of the business in 2014 and then chief operating officer in 2020.


title: Arrow Electronics

text: The company was ranked No. 104 in the 2022 "Fortune" 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Syrian Civil War, by opposition activist groups, vary between 499,657 and about 610,000 as of March 2022. On 23 April 2016, the United Nations and Arab League Envoy to Syria put out an estimate of 400,000 that had died in the war. Based on Syria's pre-war population of 20.8 million from 2011, this represented approximately of Syria's pre-war population. In late September 2021, the United Nations stated it had documented the deaths of at least 350,209 people in the conflict between March 2011 and March 2021, but cautioned the figure was "certainly an under-count".


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: By February 2017, Amnesty International estimated between 5,000 and 13,000 people had been executed in government prisons, and thousands more people are reported to have died due to torture by the Syrian government.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: By mid-March 2022, opposition activist group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) reported the number of children killed in the conflict had risen to 25,286, and that 15,237 women had also been killed.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: On 28 June 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Office said that 306,887 civilians had been killed in Syria during the conflict between March 2011 and March 2021, representing about 1.5% of its pre-war population. This figure did not include indirect and non-civilian deaths.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: At the start of the war, Al Jazeera journalist Nir Rosen stated that many of the deaths reported daily by activists were in fact armed insurgents falsely presented as civilian deaths, but said that real civilian deaths do occur on a regular basis. Several Middle East analysts, including Sharmine Narwani from the Lebanese Al Akhbar newspaper and the UAE/Saudi Al Arabiya website, also urged caution.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: This was later confirmed when in late May 2012, Rami Abdulrahman of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, which is one of the opposition-affiliated groups counting the number of those killed in the uprising, stated that civilians who had taken up arms during the earliest days of the conflict were being counted under the category of "civilians" as they were not army nor army defectors.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: In May 2013, SOHR stated that at least 41,000 of those killed during the conflict were Alawites. By April 2015, reportedly a third of the country's 250,000 Alawites that were of fighting age had been killed. In April 2017, a pro-opposition source claimed 150,000 young Alawites had died.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: The following figures were all compiled by the SOHR which is considered an authoritative source on the matter. The figures are only for documented deaths, while the SOHR estimates another 110,600 undocumented deaths had occurred.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the Syrian opposition website "Syrian Martyrs", the conflict's death toll was 151,888 up to 30 April 2016, which was the time of its last update. The number includes 35,859 rebel combatants but does not include members of the government security forces or pro-government foreign combatants who have died.<ref name="Number as a civil / military"></ref> Early in the conflict, the "Syrian Martyrs" number of civilian deaths was significantly higher than the ones presented by other organisations, including the UN; among the reasons are that they recorded deaths even when no name is given for the reportedly killed individual and that they collated reports of deaths from more sources.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the pro-opposition Syrian Network for Human Rights, 227,413 civilians had been killed between March 2011 and June 2022.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the pro-opposition Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 160,681 civilians had been killed between March 2011 and March 2022. This number does not include an estimated 47,000 civilians killed in government prisons.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the Violations Documentation Center in Syria, 131,750 civilians had been killed until June 2020.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the Statista Research Department, almost 207,000 civilians had been killed by November 2020, including about 25,000 children.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: The non-Syrian militiamen fatalities figure includes: over 2,000 Afghans, at least 1,308 Iraqi Shia militiamen, 561–620 Iranians, 158 Pakistanis, one Lebanese member of the SCNP, one member of the Lebanese Amal Movement and a Saudi Shiite fighter. Other sources put the overall number of killed Iranian-lead forces, which also includes the Afghan and Pakistani militias, at between 2,500 and 3,500 by the end of August 2017. Also, 1,858 Palestinian militiamen have been killed, according to the PFLP–GC, and these include: 1,100 Liwa Al-Quds fighters, 400 PFLP–GC members, 285 members of the PLA, 42 who belonged to Fatah al-Intifada, 11 PPSF members, 10 Al Saeka Brigade fighters and 10 Free Palestine Movement members. Additionally, the "Action Group For Palestinians of Syria" reported 21 Galilee Forces fighters had been killed and put the number of dead Free Palestine Movement members higher at 24. 17 PLA soldiers were also missing.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Between October 2015 and December 2017, it was reported that 150–200 Russian security contractors had been killed. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 266 Russian soldiers and mercenaries were killed until mid-March 2022, whom it includes in the death toll of other non-Syrian fighters.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Due to the main opposition monitor SOHR's policy early in the conflict of counting rebel fighters that were not defectors as civilians, a comprehensive number of rebels killed in the conflict, thus far, has not been ascertained. In late November 2012, SOHR estimated that at least 10,000 rebels had been killed, but noted the possibility of the figure being higher because the rebels, like the government, were lying about how many of their forces had died to make it look like they were winning. In March 2013, SOHR stated that the actual number of killed rebels and government forces could be double the number they were already able to document.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: There have been 72,272 foreign rebel, ISIL and SDF fighters, at least 455 anti-government suicide bombers and 246 rebel child soldiers that have been killed in the conflict. 936 of the killed foreigners were in the SDF, mostly Kurds from parts of Kurdistan outside Syrian Kurdistan. More than 3,200 members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) also died while fighting alongside the SDF.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: 9,936 foreign opposition fighters were killed by late December 2013, according to the "Jihadist Salafist Movement in Jordan", with the nationalities being as follows: 1,902 Tunisians, 1,807 Libyans, 1,432 Iraqis, 828 Lebanese, 821 Egyptians, 800 Palestinians, 714 Saudis, 571 Yemenis, 412 Moroccans, 274 Algerians, 202 Jordanians, 91 Omanis, 71 Kuwaitis, 42 Somalis, 30 Albanians and Caucasians, 21 Bahrainis, 9 Emiratis, 8 Qataris, 3 Sudanese and 1 Mauritanian. The London-based "European Centre for Syria Research" put the number of Saudis killed even higher at 729 a month earlier in November 2013, out of 6,113 foreign fighters reported killed by then. The jihadist movement updated the number of Jordanians killed by late May 2014 to 342, although they put the figure in late October at over 250. According to another estimate, the Jordanian toll was at least 500 by July 2016.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to Abu Omar al-Shishani, the Chechen ISIL commander, 500 militants from the Caucasus had been killed by mid-January 2014 since the start of the war. Ramzan Kadyrov, Head of the Chechen Republic, stated in mid-November 2015, that 200 Chechens had died.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to a report by a Syrian military research center, as of September 2014: 3,872 Saudi, 3,691 Chechen and 2,904 Lebanese fighters had been killed. Another 2,689 Saudi fighters were missing.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: In mid-May 2015, at least 70 Lebanese fighters were reported killed in the previous several months. In late December 2015, Tunis stated 800 Tunisian ISIL fighters had been killed since the start of the war.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: The nationalities of some others are as follows: 2,960 Russians, 403–453 Frenchmen, 400 Turks, 300 Azerbaijanis, 300 Tajiks, 220–380 Germans, 183 Britons, 168 Albanians, 150 Belgians, 150 Kyrgyz, 95 Australians, 88 Bosniaks, 84 Indonesians, 75 Danes, 51 Americans, 50 Swedes, 43 Georgians, 39 Dutch, 37 Italians, 36 Malaysians, 31 Norwegians, 23 Austrians, 23 Canadians, 15–20 Finns, 16 Indians, 13 Afghans, 5 Iranians, 4 Irishmen, 4 Israeli-Arabs, 4 Maldivians, 3 Chinese, 3 Pakistanis, 2–3 Filipinos, 2 Eritreans, 2 Mauritanians, 2 South Africans, 2 Spaniards, 2 Uzbeks, 1 Armenian, 1 Bangladeshi, 1 Bulgarian, 1 Chadian, 1 Japanese, 1 Kazakh, 1 Romanian and 1 Slovenian.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: 530–610 foreign soldiers have been killed during the conflict, mostly by military involvement from their countries and in the border areas with Syria.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Following the start of Russia's intervention in Syria against rebel and ISIL forces at the end of September 2015, 116 soldiers had died by 23 February 2019. Among them, was a Russian military co-pilot who was killed when his Su-24 military plane was shot down near the Turkish-Syrian border by the Turkish military on 24 November 2015. His pilot was later recovered alive and well by Russian and Syrian special forces. Additionally, a Russian marine was killed when his military rescue helicopter was shot down by rebels while searching for the downed plane's pilots. Almost half of the deaths were attributed to the crash of an An-26 on approach to Khmeimim air base in Latakia, and the accidental shooting down of a reconnaissance plane by Syrian air-defenses. Between 15 and 18 January 2020, 4 Russian soldiers were killed by jihadist groups in the eastern countryside of Idlib. On 18 August 2020, Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Gladkikh was killed by an improvised explosive device planted on a side road near Deir ez-Zor. Two soldiers were killed in 2021, in improvised explosive device attacks on their patrols.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Two members of the Turkish Air Force were killed when their F-4 Phantom II military jet was shot down near the Turkish-Syrian border by the Syrian Army on 22 June 2012. On 2 May 2013, one Turkish border guard policeman was killed in a clash with smugglers or rebel fighters on the border between Turkey and Syria. According to the opposition, two rebels were killed as well. Throughout 2014, seven soldiers and a policeman were killed along the border with Syria in shootouts with foreign jihadists, Kurdish fighters and other unknown gunmen. On 22 February 2015, a soldier was killed in an accident during a military incursion into Syria to evacuate Turkish troops at the Tomb of Suleyman Shah. Later, in two incidents in July and September, two soldiers were killed and five wounded by cross-border fire from ISIL territory in Syria. On 15 February 2016, a soldier died at the border during clashes against human smugglers that tried to cross the border illegally. Two Turkish soldiers died in a suicide bombing at a Syrian border crossing in mid-August.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Following the start of Turkey's ground incursion into Syria against ISIL and Kurdish forces in late August 2016, 72 soldiers had died by 29 March 2017. 61–96 more died as result of Turkey's second large incursion between 2018 and 2019, and 79–93 were killed in Idlib during the Turkish military operation that began in February 2018. Another 16 Turkish soldiers died during Turkey's third incursion in clashes against the SDF. 24 more soldiers also died in 2019 and 2022, in the areas of Operation Euphrates Shield and Operation Olive Branchhttps://www.syriahr.com/en/276982/ while 27–35 soldiers died in the area of Operation Peace Spring between January 2020 and January 2022. On September 19, 2022, a Turkish soldier was killed on the Turkish-Syrian border eastern of Kobani.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 238 Turkish soldiers died in Syria by 15 March 2022.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: The SOHR considers the following figures on ISIL, al-Nusra and other rebel fatalities to be higher due to the groups' efforts to hide their losses.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the SOHR, U.S.-led Coalition airstrikes have killed 12,865 people across Syria, of which: 9,176 dead were ISIL fighters, 374 Al-Nusra Front militants and other rebels, 169 government soldiers and 2,676 civilians. The air strikes occurred in the period between 23 September 2014 and 15 March 2022.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the SOHR, Russian airstrikes in Syria killed 20,697 people, of whom 5,823 were ISIL fighters, 6,210 militants from the Al-Qaeda affiliate al-Nusra Front and other rebel forces, 8,661 civilians and at least five Turkish soldiers. The air strikes occurred in the period between 30 September 2015 and 30 March 2021. The "New York Times" accused the Russian air force of specifically focusing on attacking civilian hospitals and other medical facilities, including hospitals on so-called "deconfliction list".


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to Airwars, a not-for-profit transparency project aimed both at tracking and archiving international military actions in conflict zones such as Iraq, Syria and Libya, Russian airstrikes have killed 4,309–6,398 civilians


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the Russian Defense Ministry, since the start of Russia's aerial campaign in Syria and by 20 October 2018, the Russian Air Force killed more than 87,500 rebels and ISIL fighters.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the SOHR, more than 500 people were killed during Israeli air attacks in Syria between January 2018 and September 2020, including: 228 Hezbollah and other pro-Iranian militiamen, 171 Iranian soldiers, 98 Syrian government fighters and 13 civilians were killed by Israel Armed Forces.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: According to the SOHR, 119 people were killed during Israeli air attacks in Syria between January and November 3, 2021, including: 38 Syrian soldiers and militiamen, 24 Iraqi militiamen, 17 Afghan militiamen, five Pakistani militiamen, 21 other pro-Iranian foreign militiamen and five civilians.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: A February 2015 joint report by the Center for Public Health and Human Rights of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Syrian American Medical Society asserted that "Syria is the most dangerous place in the world to be a doctor". Roughly half (an estimated 15,000) of Syrian doctors fled the country. The government passed a law in 2012 making it illegal to render medical aid to anyone suspected to be an opposition member and Amnesty International found that doctors and medical staff also took part in torture of patients.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Physicians for Human Rights has been tracking the medical personnel deaths in Syria, though they state that "these numbers are conservative given the difficulties in reporting during a war." As of the end of September 2015, the number of medical workers killed in the Syrian civil war totaled 679. In March 2017, the number of killed medical personnel was updated to more than 800. 723 of these deaths were attributable to the Syrian government, while 72 were killed by ISIL or rebel groups, one by Kurdish forces, and 13 by unidentified forces. Towards the end of May 2020, the SNHR put the death toll at 855 medical personnel, of which 669 were killed by government forces, 68 by the Russian military, 40 by ISIL, and 36 by the rebels.


title: Casualties of the Syrian civil war

text: Médecins Sans Frontières has reported that suppliers in Syria refuse to sell essential medical supplies such as gauze and surgical threads to doctors due to government intimidation, with this being a particular problem for besieged areas.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Caliphate (Swedish: "Kalifat") is a Swedish thriller drama television series. It premiered on 12 January 2020 on Sveriges Television. It became the most-viewed series ever on SVT Play.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: The story is based on the real-life case of the Bethnal Green trio, in which three teenage girls from London met "jihad" recruiters at their school in February 2015. The television adaptation follows multiple characters including Fatima – a Swedish Security Service agent, Pervin – a young Swedish woman lured into Syria, and Sulle – an opinionated teenager groomed by the Islamic State. The plot explores and revolves around themes such as Islamic extremism, terrorism, tensions within Islam and among Muslims, women's rights, and human rights.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: All eight episodes were directed by Goran Kapetanović. "Caliphate" was made available globally on Netflix on 18 March 2020.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: The story starts with Pervin, a young Muslim woman from Sweden who lives under ISIS rule in Raqqa, Syria, with her Islamic State member husband Husam and their newborn daughter Latifa. Disillusioned with life in ISIS-controlled Raqqa, Pervin is looking to return to Sweden. After acquiring a cell phone from her neighbor and friend Tine (who is dragged away from Pervin's home, where she was hiding trying to escape being forced to remarry after her husband's death), she contacts Dolores, an anti-radicalization advocate in Sweden. Dolores puts Pervin in touch with Fatima, who is an agent of the Swedish Security Service. Fatima is at odds with the leadership due to some previous incident with "Lorentz". Fatima starts talking with Pervin over the phone, and tries to work her for intelligence related to a terror attack being planned in Sweden, in exchange for a safe return to Sweden for Pervin and her daughter.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Pervin tells Fatima about "Al Musafir" or the Traveler, who is in Sweden and is planning the attack. Al Musafir is Ibrahim "Ibbe" Haddad, who is working as a teacher's assistant in a high school, while recruiting others into the terror attack. He has already successfully recruited two brothers – Jacob, a former prisoner and alcoholic, and Emil, the younger, sensitive, and mentally disabled sibling. The two have a tense relationship with their mother, who clearly favors Emil and looks down on Jacob not only for his past but for his conversion to Islam. Under a different identity, Ibbe also recruits Miryam, who was raised in Baghdad, and promises her marriage in exchange for her work in his plans.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Ibbe simultaneously tries to radicalize young girls at the high school by sharing ISIS recruitment videos and propaganda. He successfully recruits Sulle, a Palestine activist, and her friend Kerima, both 15-year-old girls who start wearing the "hijab" and taking lessons in following Sharia law. The girls are shown pictures of palaces and told that if they moved to the Islamic Caliphate, they could live in luxury and be part of something special by marrying jihadist fighters. Sulle's parents wise up to their daughter's radicalization, and try to stop her by threatening to marry her off to a relative in Jordan. Sulle inadvertently pulls her 13-year-old sister Lisha into the Islamic extremist ideology, the implications of which are not fully realized until later in the show. At home, Kerima is physically abused by her alcoholic father, who has Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after having fought in the Second Chechen War; stalking her, Ibbe takes Kerima into his home to indoctrinate her further.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Fatima does not reveal her source (Pervin) to her superiors, but does reveal vague details about a terror plot. Her superiors tell her to drop the investigation, and have her suspended for consuming cannabis. She remains in touch with her boyfriend, Calle, who's also in the Security Service, and continues to share information with him. She continues extracting information from Pervin and tries to piece together details of the plot. She gets on Jacob and Emil's trail when she investigates intel from Pervin about an abandoned shooting range. Jacob gets her license plate, and tracks it down.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Dolores and Ibbe are at an anti-radicalization meeting when Ibbe steps out to talk with Jacob. The host shows an ISIS video and points to a tattoo on the forearm of one of the terrorists. Later while at a cafe, Dolores sees the tattoo on Ibbe's arm. After Ibbe drops her off, she calls Fatima to tell her she has important information, who asks her to meet her at Fatima's apartment. When Dolores goes there, she is stabbed by an assailant and dies. When Fatima arrives, an alert has been issued to bring her in, and she plans to escape. She goes to Dolores's house to get some cash and supplies, but two cops also enter. She locks them in a bedroom at gun point, before escaping, and becomes the subject of a manhunt. She finds shelter at the home of her father's colleague.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Pervin becomes the focus of attention of Ahmed, one of Husam's colleagues. He arrives one night at her house and catches her talking to Fatima. He rapes her, and is about to kill her when she stabs him to death. She dumps his body in her neighbors' well. Husam is under the influence of sleeping medicines and happens to walk into the kitchen and see the blood on the floor, but Pervin convinces him that he is dreaming. He never quite forgets this and becomes convinced that he killed Ahmed, until Pervin finally tells him the truth.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Fatima seeks helps to extricate Pervin, and a plan is set to remove her from Raqqa. Meanwhile, Sulle and Kerima have plane tickets to travel to Turkey, and are picked up by Ibbe and the woman who has been teaching them about Islam. At the last minute, Sulle's younger sister Lisha joins them in the car and they set off for the airport. Sulle lied to her parents about going to a basketball game. Her father Suleiman, who voices his disdain of religion, finishes work early and decides to go and watch her game, but sees that the stadium is empty. He calls Calle, who sets off an alert with authorities in Germany and Turkey. They believe they have tracked the girls on their way to Istanbul, only to realize that their passports were switched, and that the girls were in fact in Ankara. They decide to intercept the transport vehicle at the border between Turkey and Syria. They manage to rescue everyone except for Lisha, who is en route to Syria.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Calle convinces Fatima to seek help from Pervin to save Lisha. Pervin and her daughter have reached their transport vehicle when Fatima convinces her to return home and save Lisha. In return, Fatima would personally come to Syria to rescue them all. Pervin convinces Husam to take Lisha on as his second wife.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Before leaving to carry out the attack, Jacob stabs his mother to death in their kitchen. Fatima is trailing Jacob and Emil, but loses their trail after they switch cars at their mother's house. Fatima learns of the three terror targets minutes before the police close in on her location, and she is taken into custody before she can share any information. In return for the information, she promises to extricate Husam along with Pervin and Lisha. All three terror attacks are stopped anyway by the Security Service, who, it turns out, knew about them all along. They kept Fatima in the dark because they did not trust her. In exchange for her silence, she is released from jail. Ibbe sets a bomb off within a garage, and escapes narrowly by disguising himself as a woman.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Fatima travels to Syria to rescue Pervin, Lisha, and Husam. Minutes before she arrives, Husam's colleague Omar arrives to take Husam to perform a suicide bombing. Husam tries to buy time, but Lisha who is completely radicalized (even moreso than her sister was) and unwilling to return to Sweden, reveals their escape plan to Omar. Omar shoots Pervin in the back and is about to shoot Husam, when Fatima arrives and shoots him dead. They quickly move to the car, while an insane Lisha refuses to join them so they leave her behind. They make it outside Raqqa, but Pervin dies just after the border post. A devastated Fatima helps the equally distraught Husam carries his daughter, and they make it back to Sweden.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: Sulle and Kerima are interrogated by the Security Service. A regretful Sulle gives up Ibbe's identity in an effort to save her sister Lisha. Kerima tries to commit suicide, and is taken to a mental health facility where she gets her hands on a cell phone and warns Ibbe that his cover may be blown. Calle goes to the school to bring Ibbe into custody, but Ibbe escapes. Kerima meets up with Ibbe and decides to participate in a new attack on a girls' concert. Kerima is to wear a suicide vest that is locked so that she cannot remove it once she puts it on. Ibbe convinces Kerima that he and Sulle are also part of the attack, and will be wearing similar suicide vests. Once at the concert, after putting on the suicide vest, Kerima texts Sulle; only to learn that Ibbe had lied, and Sulle is not involved at all in the plan. In the concert facility toilets, Kerima briefly attempts to remove the vest, but fails; so instead warns some of the attendees in there, who flee, and waits for the bomb to explode while having a final exchange with a tearful Sulle over the phone. Ibbe triggers the bomb.


title: Caliphate (TV series)

text: The series was produced by Filmlance ("The Bridge") for Swedish broadcaster SVT, and sold by Endemol Shine International. It is based on an idea by Wilhelm Behrman, who created the series together with Nikolas Rockström. It was directed by the Guldbagge-awarded director Goran Kapetanovic. It was shot in Stockholm and Jordan.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger is a first-person shooter developed by Techland and originally published by Ubisoft. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 in May 2013. In March 2018, the publishing rights for the game passed from Ubisoft to Techland. In December 2019, the game was ported to the Nintendo Switch by Techland. It is the fourth game in the "Call of Juarez" series, although narratively, it is unrelated to the three previous titles ("Call of Juarez", "", and "").


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: The game tells the story of Silas Greaves, a bounty hunter in the American West during the second half of the 19th century. Telling his story to a group of saloon patrons in 1910, Silas's increasingly grandiose and difficult to believe tales find him hunting Roscoe "Rustling Bob" Bryant, as he either teams up with or squares off against Wild West legends such as Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, Newman Haynes Clanton, Johnny Ringo, Curly Bill Brocius, Henry Plummer, John Wesley Hardin, a Chiricahua war party, the Dalton Gang, George Curry, Kid Curry, Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, Jesse James, and Frank James.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: After "The Cartel" changed the series' setting from the Wild West to the modern-day, "Gunslinger" returned the series to a western "milieu". In making the game, the designers were very much trying to redeem the reputation of the "Call of Juarez" brand after the critically reviled and commercially unsuccessful "The Cartel". In returning to the Wild West setting of the first two games in the series, the designers decided to focus on the importance of storytelling in myth-making. Basing the narrative structure on "Bastion", they aimed to use the game's unreliable narrator to examine the fine line between fact and fiction in establishing the legends of some of the West's best-known figures.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: "Gunslinger" received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the storytelling, the fast-paced arcade-style shooting mechanics, the graphics, the voice acting, and the humor. Many also felt that the game was good enough to erase the memories of "The Cartel". Criticisms focused on a predictable ending and shallow boss battles. The Switch port also received generally positive reviews and was praised for its fidelity to the original, although some critics took issue with the controls. The game was a commercial success, becoming Ubisoft's second best selling digital-only title of 2013, after "".


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: "Call of Juarez: Gunslinger" is a first-person shooter in which there is, unlike the previous games in the "Call of Juarez" series, only one player character available - the bounty hunter Silas Greaves. Each level in the game features a series of primary objectives, which must be completed sequentially as the player moves through the map. Available weaponry includes six-shooters, quickshooters, rangers, shotguns, sawed-off shotguns, rifles, sawed-off rifles, and dynamite. Unique and more powerful weaponry can also be unlocked as the player proceeds through the game.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: The campaign is in the form of a story told by Silas, who is quickly established as an unreliable narrator. As his audience challenges the inconsistencies in his increasingly grandiose tales, Silas often revises the story, which can result in abrupt changes to the in-game environment. For example, there is a shootout that Silas acknowledges didn't happen, with the story literally "rewinding" in order to allow him to alter his narrative; the appearance and immediate disappearance of an Apache war party; an entire section of a level which Silas reveals to be what "didn't" happen; the appearance of a character without explanation, forcing Silas to go back and create some narrative context; a scene in which Silas finds himself trapped in a cave, until he mentions a way out, which then literally forms in front of the player; a portion of a level which is played through three times, with major differences between each playthrough, as a different character tells the tale each time; a level in which the weather changes several times as Silas alters what time of year it took place; the appearance and immediate disappearance of a group of Pinkertons; a level which


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: begins with Silas on a train with no explanation as to how he got there, until someone points out this omission, with the level restarting before Silas gets on board; a level in which the narrative pauses as Silas goes to the toilet, and we hear the other characters debating the authenticity of his stories, before he returns and resumes his tale.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: As with previous "Call of Juarez" games, "Concentration mode" is an important gameplay element; the difference here is that "Gunslinger" features multiple types of concentration modes. The standard mode is charged by killing enemies, with headshots charging the meter faster than body shots. Once the player activates their concentration meter, the game goes into slow motion and all enemies are automatically highlighted in red. Other forms of concentration mode include falls, door breaches, Quick Time Events (QTEs), and "Sense of Death". Falls and door breaches work the same way as normal concentration mode, except they automatically happen at certain locations irrespective of whether the player's concentration meter is charged. Falls happen when Silas is falling and there are enemies below him. Breaches happen when Silas bursts through a door.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: QTEs also happen automatically. Silas will automatically target an enemy and the player is required to press a specific button to shoot and kill that enemy. If done correctly, the reticle will automatically jump to the next enemy, and so on, up to five enemies. If the player fails at any point, the game exits concentration mode and continues normally. For Sense of Death, as the player avoids game over, by having their health dip low before increasing it again, they fill their Sense of Death meter. When this meter is full, it will automatically activate when Silas is one shot away from death. When that shot is taken, the game will go into slow motion and the player will be granted the ability to dodge left or right to avoid the fatal bullet.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Every kill in the game is rewarded with experience points. A basic kill, a long shot, a headshot, and shooting a running enemy all earn 50 points, with the point total being cumulative - so, for example, a long range head shot will earn 150 points. Other point values include killing an enemy with an exploding barrel (100), a ricochet kill (100), killing two enemies with a single shot (150), or killing an enemy with falling environmental objects (200). The player can increase their experience points haul by achieving combos; multiple kills in quick succession which increase the combo score by one for each kill (so a 150 point kill might earn 300 or 450 points, and so on). The meter will reset after a few seconds if no kills are made. These experience points allow the player to level up their skills via three skill trees; Gunslinger (focuses on handguns), Ranger (rifles), and Trapper (shotguns). After beating the game, the player can start a New Game+, carrying over their unlocked skills, which allows them to eventually fully master all three categories.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: The game also features numerous duels, usually at the end of a level. In these shootouts, the game switches to third-person and the character and enemy face off against one another. There are two gauges on-screen - focus and hand speed. The player must use the dual analog sticks (or mouse and keyboard) and attempt to control both gauges so as to achieve as high a percentage as possible. The focus gauge must be kept over the enemy and the higher the focus percentage, the smaller the gauge gets and the more precise the shot will be when taken. The speed gauge keeps the player's hand as close to their gun as possible without touching it, and the higher the speed percentage, the quicker the gun will be drawn. The player has two options in every duel - they can draw before their opponent and get a lower-scoring dishonourable kill or wait until the opponent has drawn and get a higher-scoring honourable kill.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Aside from the campaign, there is also an Arcade mode and a Duel mode. In Arcade mode, the player can pick from three different character classes, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. They must then face waves of enemies in locations taken from the campaign but modified specifically for Arcade play. In Duel mode, the player duels sequentially with all the end-of-level enemies from the campaign, with five lives to defeat all 15 opponents.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: The game begins in Abilene, Kansas in 1910, as legendary bounty hunter Silas Greaves enters a saloon and begins regaling those present (a sarcastic man named Jack, an old-timer called Steve, bartender Molly, a teenager named Dwight, and the barman, Ben) with tales of his adventures.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: He begins in New Mexico Territory in December 1880. In the midst of the Lincoln County War, Silas is with the Regulators, an outfit led by Billy the Kid. He is hunting a man named Roscoe 'Bob' Bryant who is riding with the John Kinney Gang, sworn enemies of the Regulators. After their hideout is attacked by a posse led by Pat Garrett, Billy and Silas are arrested, placed in a Lincoln jail, and sentenced to hang. However, four months later, Billy engineers a jailbreak and both he and Silas escape. Heading to Mexico, Silas is hired by the Rurales to track down the Cochise County Cowboys. Silas is especially keen to get his hands on cowboy Johnny Ringo, a past acquaintance of Bob's. He tracks the gang to Guadalupe Canyon, killing many of them, including their leader, Newman Haynes Clanton. Shortly thereafter, he tracks the remaining Cowboys, now led by Curly Bill Brocius, to Iron Springs, Arizona. Silas kills Bill, and several months later, he tracks down Ringo, also killing him.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: After being well-paid for the deaths of Curly Bill and Ringo, Silas realises how much money is to be made in bounty hunting. He subsequently tracks and kills Henry Plummer, former sheriff of Bannack, Montana, who was accused of leading a gang of murderers and thieves called the Innocents. Next he tracks John Wesley Hardin, who he arrests. He is then employed to hunt down a Chiricahua medicine man known as Grey Wolf who led a war party against the US Army in retaliation for an unprovoked massacre at his daughter's wedding. Grey Wolf, however, manages to elude Silas - the only outlaw to do so. He next tracks and defeats the Dalton Gang after their disastrous attempt to rob two banks at the same time in Coffeyville, Kansas.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Silas then explains that he wants Bob dead because in 1868 in Juarez, Bob, Ringo, and Jim Reed were responsible for the deaths of Silas's two older brothers, and almost killed Silas himself. Returning to his story, in June 1899, Silas hears that Bob is riding with the Wild Bunch. However, after confronting and killing George Curry, Silas finds no trace of Bob. Five years later, he hears that the gang are back together, under the leadership of Kid Curry. He tracks them to Parachute, Colorado, eliminating most of them before confronting Curry, who taunts him by saying that Bob is in Bolivia with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Frustrated, he kills Curry.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Silas then backtracks to November 1881, when Jim Reed was riding with the James–Younger Gang. After interrupting an attempt to rob the Rock Island Railroad near Winston, Missouri, Silas confronts and wounds Jesse James. Jim and Frank James escape into the Ozarks, but Silas quickly finds Frank, who points him towards Jim. Eventually, Silas finds and kills Jim.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Six months prior to Silas visiting Abilene, he hears that Butch and Sundance, who are thought dead, have returned to the United States. Hoping Bob may be with them, Silas tracks them down to a ghost town in the Wind River Range. Questioning his own morality, he notes, "by this point in my storied career, I'd killed more men than Bob Bryant ever had." He is then confronted by the ghosts of the men he's encountered. Eventually, he confronts Butch and Sundance, killing them both. But again, there's no sign of Bob.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: At this point, Jack loses his temper with Silas, accusing him of making the whole thing up. Silas then reveals that Ben is actually Bob. The player is presented with the choice of either killing Bob or letting him live. If the player chooses to kill him, everyone's attitude towards Silas changes. Molly goes to get the sheriff, as Steve ushers a shaken Dwight, to whom he refers as "Young Eisenhower", out of the saloon. As Silas leaves, Steve asks him where he's going, to which he replies, "Doesn't really matter does it? I've sold my soul for revenge." If the player chooses not to kill Bob, Silas acknowledges that he's become a cold blooded killer, and he can't remember what life was like before he began chasing revenge. He asks Dwight his name, and is told it's Dwight Eisenhower and when he learns that Dwight is on his way to West Point, Silas tells him, "don't tear down the world out of anger and spite like I did. You build it up. You do something decent with your life." The game ends as he leaves the saloon.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: The first hint of the game came on November 23, 2011, when Ubisoft sent an email through UPlay to registered owners of "" asking them which "Call of Juarez" game was their favourite and how would they rate "The Cartel" itself. The email also included a series of gameplay set-pieces, asking players which they'd most like to see in an "as yet unannounced" game, with options including "hunting an outlaw in the Rocky Mountains", "rescuing an innocent man about to be hanged", "guarding a fort against a group of outlaws", "defending a train", and "preventing outlaws from pillaging a gold mine".


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Nothing more was heard about the game until September 5, 2012, when the official "Call of Juarez" Facebook page was updated with an image of a cowboy seated at a bar and the date "09.06.12" written above. "Gunslinger" was announced the following day, with Ubisoft revealing that Techland were once again developing, and that the game would be a digital-only budget title for Microsoft Windows (via UPlay and Steam), PlayStation 3 (via the PlayStation Store), and Xbox 360 (via Xbox Live Arcade). They emphasised that the game would feature legendary Wild West figures such as Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, Wyatt Earp, Butch Cassidy, and Jesse James, and that for the first time in the series, an experience point-based skill progression system would be utilised, allowing players to customise their fighting style as the game progresses.


title: Call of Juarez: Gunslinger

text: Addressing why the team had returned to the Wild West after setting "The Cartel" in the modern-day, Techland's international brand manager, Błażej Krakowiak, stated, "we did so for a number of reasons, but basically because of what we've heard from fans and the fact that we're ready to believe that this is where the series belongs." Similarly, Ubisoft associate producer Nicolas Joye said that the failure and negative fan reaction to "The Cartel" had been instructive, admitting they had tried things with the game which simply didn't work; "we learned a lot of lessons, in terms of production organisation, production value that we should put into the game, what to focus on." At PAX 2013, Ubisoft brand manager Aymeric Evennou echoed both Krakowiak and Joye in acknowledging that the franchise should remain in the Wild West, and that "The Cartel" had been a failure; "this is where the brand belongs. We tried something else, but now we're fully dedicated to please the fans."