title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: United States Notes, also known as Legal Tender Notes, succeeded Demand Notes as the main currency form of the United States. They were not redeemable but were receivable for all taxes and debts, which is what persuaded people to circulate them. They had a red seal and were originally issued in denominations of , , , , , , , and . and notes were issued in 1878 and have not been issued anytime after. United States Notes switched to small size in 1928 and were introduced in denominations of only , and . In 1934, when Federal Reserve Notes stopped being redeemable in gold, the only difference between them and Legal Tender Notes was that the first were liabilities of the Federal Reserve while the latter were direct liabilities of the United States Treasury Department. The and were issued through 1966, and the note was only available as a United States Note. In 1966 the United States Note was discontinued and the denomination was discontinued altogether. In 1966 a US note was issued to meet legal requirements about the amount of notes in circulation. In 1971 the production of US notes was halted and they were officially discontinued in 1994.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: During the American Civil War silver and gold coins were hoarded by the public because of uncertainty about the outcome of the war. People began to use postage stamps instead, encasing them in metal for better protection. The U.S. government decided to substitute paper currency of denominations under a dollar for coins in order to solve the problem. The denominations issued were 3¢, 5¢, 10¢, 15¢, 25¢ and 50¢. There were five issues of fractional currency.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Interest bearing notes were issued from 1863-1865 and bore a 5% or 7.3% interest per annum. The 5% notes matured at one year while the 7.3% interest notes (also known as seven-thirties) matured at three years. Their denominations were , , , , and .


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: In 1863 and 1864, compound interest treasury notes were issued. They paid out 6% annual interest compounded semi-annually 3 years after their issue. Their denominations were , , , , and .


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Gold certificates were issued from 1865 through 1934 and were redeemable in gold coin. Following the 1933 ban on gold ownership in the United States, they were recalled to be redeemed for United States Notes. They were issued in large size through 1929 and in small size thereafter. They were originally issued in denominations of , , , , and . A note was added in 1882, followed by a note in 1907. A note which was used only for inter-bank transactions was also issued in 1934 but never made available to the general public. It is still illegal to own.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: National Bank Notes were issued by banks chartered or authorized to do so by the Federal Government. The charter expired after 20 years, but could be renewed. They were of uniform appearance except for the name of the bank and were issued as three series or charter periods: 1869-1882, 1882-1902, and 1902-1922. In 1929 the Great Depression motivated an emergency reissue, but they were discontinued in 1933. The denominations issued were , , , , , , , and . The , , and notes were only issued in large size until 1882. The and notes are common from most issuing banks. Only three remaining examples of the note are known, with one held privately; the note is unknown to exist.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: National Gold Bank Notes were issued by private banks, mostly from California. The concept is similar to that of the National Bank Notes, the difference being that National Gold Bank Notes were redeemable in gold. They were issued from 1870-1875 in denominations of , , , , and . They are all rare with the being by far the most common, with 427 examples known, and the the rarest, with only 7 examples known. The note is not known to exist.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Silver certificates were issued from 1878 through 1964 and were redeemable in silver coin through 1967 and thereafter in raw silver bullion. Since 1968 they are not redeemable in anything but Federal Reserve Notes. They were removed from circulation in 1964, at the same time as silver coins. They were issued in large size through 1929 and in small size thereafter. They were originally issued in denominations of , , , , and . , and notes were added in 1882. Small size notes were only made in denominations of , and . The small notes were made with a blue seal, except for notes made as an emergency issue for American soldiers in North Africa during World War II, which were made with a yellow seal, as well as a note made for use only in Hawaii during World War II, which had a brown seal.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: Refunding Certificates, issued only in 1879 and only in the denomination, were special in that their interest (4% per annum) did accrue indefinitely, which was meant as a way to persuade people into buying them. However, as very few of these notes were redeemed, in 1907 Congress passed an act stopping the accrual of interest, fixing the value of the notes at .


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: The US postal note was a note which could be sent by mail. The sender wrote the amount of money they wanted to send, which could be any amount not exceeding , and sent them via mail. The fee for sending the note was face value + 3 cents and the notes required no stamp. They then could be redeemed by the receiver at the Post Office named by the sender. Starting 1887 the notes could be redeemed in coin at any post office. They were discontinued in 1894. There were five distinct types issued.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: These notes were issued in 1890 and 1891 and were redeemable in coin. It was the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury whether the coin would be silver or gold. They were originally issued in denominations of , , , , , and . and notes were introduced in 1891.


title: Banknotes of the United States dollar

text: After the Federal Reserve System was created in 1914, alongside Federal Reserve Notes, which are liabilities of the Federal Reserve System as a whole, Federal Reserve Bank Notes were issued. They were liabilities of only the Federal Reserve Bank which issued them. In 1929, like other kinds of notes they switched to small size. They were discontinued in 1934 and no longer available from banks since 1945.


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: Jim Buckmaster (born August 14, 1962) is an American computer programmer who has been the CEO of Craigslist since 2000.


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: Buckmaster was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He graduated with a bachelor's from Virginia Tech and attended medical school at the University of Michigan. However, he dropped out in 1986, citing a lack of interest. He remained a student for the next ten years by taking at least one class for credit, therefore maintaining certain student privileges like gym access. During this time, he audited classics courses, did data entry, and eventually taught himself how to code.


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: In the early 1990s, he worked as a programmer for the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, where he designed the organization's web interface. Buckmaster later got a job in San Jose, California and moved to San Francisco, where he commuted 5 hours roundtrip to work. During the Dot-com bubble, he worked as a webmaster for a short lived tech company, Creditland, in San Francisco.


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: In late 1999, Buckmaster posted his resume onto Craigslist, where he was recruited by Craig Newmark, the founder of the website. As lead programmer, he contributed to the site's multi-city architecture, search engine, discussion forums, flagging system, self-posting process, homepage design, personals categories, and best-of-craigslist. In November 2000, he was promoted to the post of CEO.


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: ""The little poems he has written appear on the screen at times when users might expect a helpful message from the staff. They function as a gnomic clue that what you are seeing is intentional, while discouraging further conversation or inquiry. For instance, start too many conversations in the forums and your new threads may fail to show up. Instead, you will see this:"


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: Buckmaster also manages the Craigslist Charitable Fund and serves as executive producer for craigslist TV.


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: A fan of Noam Chomsky, Buckmaster has been accused of being "anti-capitalistic", which Buckmaster claims is an inaccurate characterization:


title: Jim Buckmaster

text: "Companies looking to maximize revenue need to throw as many revenue-generating opportunities at users as they will tolerate," Buckmaster says. "We have absolutely no interest in doing that, which I think has been instrumental to the success of craigslist."


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions

text: Part of the AFI 100 Years… series, AFI's 100 Years…100 Passions is a list of the top 100 greatest love stories in American cinema. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 11, 2002, in a CBS television special hosted by Candice Bergen.


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions

text: Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn are tied for the most films in the list, with six each. They co-starred in two of them - "Bringing Up Baby" and "The Philadelphia Story". Audrey Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart each have five movies on the list. They co-starred in "Sabrina".


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Jolie Gabor, Countess de Szigethy (born Janka Tilleman; September 30, 1896 – April 1, 1997) was a Hungarian-born American jeweler and socialite, known as the mother of actresses and fellow socialites Magda, Zsa Zsa and Eva Gabor.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Gabor was born Janka Tilleman on September 30, 1896, in Budapest, Austria-Hungary. Her parents were Jona (or Jónás) Hersch Tilleman (son of Schie Tilleman and Scheindel Grossman) and Chawe Feige (later Franceska) Tilleman (née Reinharz, Reinharcz, or Reinhartz; daughter of Eiseg Reinharz and Dorottya Stein); both of Jolie's parents were of Galician Jewish ancestry (Galicia was then part of the Austrian Empire, present-day in Poland and in Ukraine). The Tillemans were jewelers who owned a jewellery shop known as "The Diamond House". Her father changed his forenames to József. The Tilleman family's Jewish descent was also cited by a surgeon, Dr. Laszlo Tauber, also Jewish and a friend and neighbor of the Gabors in Budapest.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: The Reinharz family of Gabor's mother had established jewelry shops in Vienna; her mother's uncle helped the Tillemans open their jewelry business, "The Diamond House", located at Rákóczi utca 54. in Budapest. Franceska (Josef Tilleman's widow), briefly married a medical doctor and general physician, Dr. Miksa Kende (né Kohn), son of Mór Lipót Kohn and Resi Kohn.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Gabor was the aunt of Annette Tilleman (b. 1931), daughter of Jolie's brother Sebestyén Tilleman, and wife of Hungarian-American U.S. Representative Tom Lantos (né Lantos Tamás Péter, in Budapest), the first, and to date only, Holocaust survivor to serve in either house of the United States Congress. Szebasztian Tilleman (or Tillemann as his branch of the family style themselves) and his mother, the Tilleman matriarch Franceska, were killed during an apparent Allied bombing raid on Budapest in 1944.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Addressing her birth forename, usually reserved for Hungarian males, Gabor stated, "My parents were so eager to have a son they named me Jancsi, which translated comes out Little John or Johnny". Her birth certificate, however, indicates her birth name was "Janka". The third of five surviving children, Gabor's siblings comprised three sisters and one brother: Dóra, Eugénia ("Zseni" or "Janette"), Rozália ("Rosalie" or "Rozalie"), and Sebestyén (or Szebasztian; nicknamed "Seb"). A sister, Sydonia, died shortly after birth in 1895. Jolie's other sisters are all believed to have survived the war. Rozália emigrated to Australia with her first husband, Emmanuel Reiss. Dóra returned to Hungary, where she and her husband, Hugo Klein, died. Eugénia married Armin Arvay; the surname later anglicized to "Harvey".


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Although born in 1896, Gabor claimed to have been born in 1900, once jokingly stating that she had lied so much about her age she did not remember her actual birth date. Her obituary in "The New York Times" gave a birth year of 1900. On a ship's passenger manifest dated December 30, 1945, Gabor gave her age as 45 years and two months, which would make her year of birth 1900. Her birth certificate, however, confirms her birth year to be 1896. Author Dominick Dunne stated, in 1995, that Gabor was believed to be 109, which would mean a birth year of approximately 1886. A 1900 year of birth, however, would have made her 13 at the time of her first marriage.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: The 1987 edition of "Biographical Dictionary", cites Jolie Gabor's complete birthdate to be September 29, 1896, as does the 1959 "International Celebrity Register".


title: Jolie Gabor

text: In the 1930s, Gabor opened "Crystello", a shop selling crystal and porcelain in Budapest, as well as "Jolie's", a handmade-costume-jewelry shop at 4 Kígyó utca in Budapest; she also established another branch of her eponymous shop in Győr. Eventually there were five such shops in the Budapest area. The firm's jewels also incorporated semiprecious stones and were admired for their old-fashioned settings and workmanship.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: "Just like Bulgari is known in Rome, that's how well-known I was in Budapest", Jolie once stated. "Jolie's did so well that at holiday time they were standing outside in line waiting until somebody goes out from the inside." The rise of Nazism in Germany forced her to curtail her retail business, Gabor recalled, "Everybody told, 'Jolie is crazy to go now to Berlin and Leipzig for jewelry.' I never went again."


title: Jolie Gabor

text: She was forced to close the stores when Hungary was occupied by the Germans, at which time she and other family members fled to Portugal. They were assisted by Carlos Sampaio Garrido, Portuguese ambassador to Hungary — Gabor's daughter Magda reportedly was either his aide or his mistress — who provided safe passage to many Hungarian Jews in 1944. An article in "Vanity Fair" stated in 2001 that it was under Sampaio's guidance that the family "... had been spirited out of the country ..." Her brother, Sebestyén (or Sebastian), also a jeweler, spent part of the war in labor camps, beginning in 1942, until he and their widowed mother, Franceska, were later killed in a Budapest bombing raid.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Gabor arrived in the United States on December 30, 1945, aged 49. She opened a successful costume jewelry business (called simply "Jolie Gabor") in New York City in 1946, with $7,200 borrowed from her daughters. It later moved to 699 Madison Avenue. Gabor also established a branch of the firm in Palm Springs, California. Among the company's designers were Elsa Beck and Stephen Kelen d'Oxylion, as well as her own daughter, Magda. One of the saleswomen was Evangelia Callas, mother of future opera diva Maria Callas. In 1953 the store introduced ornamental metal fingernails studded with rhinestones.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: In 1975, almost 80 years old, Jolie signed with the Keene Lecture Bureau as an inspirational speaker. She toured the country speaking about the relationship between beauty and female empowerment.


title: Jolie Gabor

text: She is also described, in league with her three very famous daughters and her influence upon them, by Darwin Porter in his award-winning biography, "Those Glamorous Gabors, Bombshells from Budapest" (Blood Moon Productions, 2013).


title: Jolie Gabor

text: In 1957, Jolie Gabor appeared as a mystery guest on the show "What's My Line?" In 1950, Gabor made a cameo as a jeweler in "Black Jack". In 1955, Gabor appeared in "The Colgate Comedy Hour". In 1960, Gabor appeared in "The Mike Wallace Interview".


title: Jolie Gabor

text: Gabor was preceded in death by her youngest daughter, Eva, although she apparently was never told of Eva's death. She died less than two years later, in Palm Springs, California of natural causes on April 1, 1997, at age 100. Two months after Jolie's death, her eldest daughter, Magda, died. Zsa Zsa died on December 18, 2016, aged 99. Jolie had one grandchild, Francesca Hilton (Zsa Zsa's daughter), who died in 2015. Zsa Zsa was reportedly never told about Hilton's death.


title: Atari video game burial

text: The Atari video game burial was a mass burial of unsold video game cartridges, consoles, and computers in a New Mexico landfill site, undertaken by the American video game and home computer company Atari, Inc. in 1983. Before 2014, the goods buried were rumored to be unsold copies of "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" (1982), one of the biggest video game commercial failures and often cited as one of the worst video games ever released, and the 1982 Atari 2600 port of "Pac-Man", which was commercially successful but critically maligned.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Since the burial was first reported, there had been doubts as to its veracity and scope, and it was frequently dismissed as an urban legend. The event became a cultural icon and a reminder of the video game crash of 1983; it was the end result of a disastrous fiscal year which saw Atari, Inc. sold off by its parent company Warner Communications. Though it was believed that millions of copies of "E.T." were buried, Atari officials later verified the numbers to be around 700,000 cartridges of various games, including "E.T."


title: Atari video game burial

text: In 2014, Fuel Industries, Microsoft, and others worked with the New Mexico government to excavate the site as part of a documentary, "". On April 26, 2014, the excavation revealed discarded games and hardware. Only a small fraction, about 1,300 cartridges, were recovered, with a portion given for curation and the rest auctioned to raise money for a museum to commemorate the burial.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Atari, Inc. had been purchased by Warner Communications in 1976 for , and had seen its net worth grow to by 1982. By this time, the company accounted for 80% of the video gaming market and was responsible for over half of its parent company's revenues, earning some 65–70% of their operating profits. By the last quarter of 1982, its growth in the following year was expected to be in the region of 50%. However, on December 7, 1982, the company reported that its earnings had only increased by 10–15%, rather than the predicted figure. The next day saw Warner Communications' share prices fall by a third, and the quarter ended with Warner's profits falling by 56%. In addition, Atari's CEO, Ray Kassar, was later investigated for possible insider trading charges as a result of selling some five thousand shares in Warner less than half an hour before reporting Atari's lower-than-expected earnings. Kassar was later cleared of any wrongdoing, although he was forced to resign his position the following July. Atari, Inc. would go on to lose in 1983, and was sold off by Warner Communications the following year.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Atari's tendency to port arcade games for its home console had led to some of its most commercially successful games, including the port of its own coin-op "Asteroids", as well as the licensed versions of Taito's "Space Invaders" and Namco's "Pac-Man". When the latter game received its official port to the Atari 2600, Atari was confident that sales figures would be high, and manufactured cartridges—despite having sold only around Atari 2600 consoles. It was believed that the game would be successful enough not only to earn an estimated , but also to boost sales of the console itself by several million as gamers sought to play the home conversion. However, the finished product, released in March 1982, was critically panned for its poor gameplay, and although it became the console's best-selling game after shipping units, it left Atari with over unsold cartridges—a problem compounded by the high rate of customers returning the game for refunds.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Further to the problems caused by "Pac-Man"s underwhelming sales, Atari also faced great difficulty as a result of its video game adaptation of the film "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". The game was a result of a deal between Warner Communications and the film's director Steven Spielberg, and was an attempt to follow the success of Atari's "Raiders of the Lost Ark", another film-based game. It was later reported that Warner had paid for the rights, which was at the time a high figure for video game licensing. The task of developing the game fell on Howard Scott Warshaw, the programmer for "Raiders", but due to lengthy delays in the licensing rights, Warshaw had only five weeks to make a full game to make sure Atari could sell it during the upcoming holiday period. The rushed development resulted in lackluster gameplay; the game was critically panned, and is now seen as one of the worst ever made. Atari manufactured cartridges for the game; however, upon its release in December 1982, only copies were sold, leaving Atari with half of the cartridges. "Billboard" writer Earl Paige reported that the large number of unsold "E.T" games, along with an increase in competition, prompted retailers to demand official return programs from video game manufacturers.


title: Atari video game burial

text: The failures of these games were further compounded by Atari's business dealings from 1981. Confident in strong sales, the company had told its distributors to place their 1982 orders all at once. However, video game sales in 1982 had slowed, and distributors who had ordered en masse in expectation of high turnover were left to simply return large quantities of unsold stock to Atari. As a result, the company soon found itself in possession of several million essentially useless video game cartridges, which it would be entirely unable to sell.


title: Atari video game burial

text: In September 1983, the "Alamogordo Daily News" of Alamogordo, New Mexico reported in a series of articles, that between 10 and 20 semi-trailer truckloads of Atari boxes, cartridges, and systems from an Atari storehouse in El Paso, Texas, were crushed and buried at the landfill within the city. It was Atari's first dealings with the landfill, which was chosen because no scavenging was allowed and its garbage was crushed and buried nightly. Atari's stated reason for the burial was that it was changing from Atari 2600 to Atari 5200 games, but this was later contradicted by a worker who claimed that this was not the case. Atari official Bruce Enten stated that Atari was mostly sending broken and returned material to the Alamogordo dump and that it was "by-and-large inoperable stuff."


title: Atari video game burial

text: On September 27, 1983, the news service UPI reported that "people watching the operation said it included cassettes of the popular video games "E.T.", "Pac-Man", "Ms. Pac-Man", the consoles used to convey the games to television screens and high-priced personal computers." The news service Knight Ridder further reported on the looting of the dump on September 28 by local kids, stating "kids in this town of 25,000 began robbing the Atari grave, coming up with cartridges of such games as "E.T.", "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Defender", and "Berzerk"."


title: Atari video game burial

text: On September 28, 1983, "The New York Times" reported on the story of Atari's dumping in New Mexico. An Atari representative confirmed the story for the newspaper, stating that the discarded inventory came from Atari's plant in El Paso, which was being closed and converted to a recycling facility. The reports noted that the site was guarded to prevent reporters and the public from affirming the contents. The "Times" article did not specify the games being destroyed, but subsequent reports generally linked the story of the dumping to the well-known failure of "E.T." Additionally, the headline "City to Atari: 'E.T.' trash go home" in one edition of the "Alamogordo News" seems to imply some of the cartridges were "E.T.," but then follows with a humorous interpretation of E.T. meaning "Extra-territorial" and never specifically mentions the game.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Starting on September 29, 1983, a layer of concrete was poured on top of the crushed materials, a rare occurrence in waste disposal. An anonymous workman's stated reason for the concrete was: "There are dead animals down there. We wouldn't want any children to get hurt digging in the dump." Eventually, the city began to protest the large amount of dumping Atari was doing, with one commissioner stating that the area did not want to become "an industrial waste dump for El Paso." The local manager ordered the dumping to be ended shortly afterwards. Due to Atari's unpopular dumping, Alamogordo later passed an Emergency Management Act and created the Emergency Management Task Force to limit the future flexibility of the garbage contractor to secure outside business for the landfill for monetary purposes. Alamogordo's then-mayor, Henry Pacelli, commented that, "We do not want to see something like this happen again."


title: Atari video game burial

text: All of these factors led to wide speculation that most of the 3.5 million unsold copies of "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" ultimately wound up in this landfill, crushed and encased in concrete. It had also been reported that prototypes for the proposed Atari Mindlink controller system were disposed of at the site, which only further fueled speculation, since Atari Museum owner Curt Vendel actually currently owns the Mindlink prototypes. Writing for the "Pacific Historical Review", John Wills speculated that location's place in the public psyche—its proximity to the sites of both the Trinity nuclear test and Roswell UFO incident—aided the popularity of the story.


title: Atari video game burial

text: The conflicting information surrounding the burial led to the claim of it being an "E.T. Dump" being referred to as an urban legend, which in turn led to a degree of skepticism and doubt over the veracity of the dumping story itself, and the relevance of conflating the event with the later industry downturn. In October 2004, Howard Scott Warshaw, the programmer responsible for the "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" game, expressed doubts at the time that the destruction of millions of copies of the game ever took place. Warshaw also believes that Atari's downfall was more a result of their business practices—including alleged block booking of poorly selling games with successful ones when dealing with distributors—than any specific failed games. This latter view has been echoed by Travis Fahs of IGN, who believes that Atari's problems, including their huge surplus of unsold stock, arose from the company's overestimation of the sustainability of Atari 2600 sales, rather than being due to the individual quality of games being released.


title: Atari video game burial

text: The incident has also become something of a cultural symbol representative of the video game crash of 1983, often cited as a cautionary tale about the hubris of poor business practices, despite suggestions that the burial allowed the company to write off the disposed-of material for tax relief purposes.


title: Atari video game burial

text: The legacy of the burial has led it to be referenced in popular culture. The music video for the song "When I Wake Up" by Wintergreen depicts the band traveling to the landfill site and proceeding to dig up the abandoned cartridges; the video's director Keith Schofield had worked with video game-based music videos before. The novel "Lucky Wander Boy" by D.B. Weiss features a scene which takes place outside of Alamogordo, in which two of the characters discuss a parking lot which has been built over the site of the burial. The 2014 film "" features a plot centered on the burial. The episode "The Games Underfoot" of the procedural drama "Elementary" featured a fictional version of the Atari (renamed "Emeryvision") video game burial.


title: Atari video game burial

text: On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission granted Fuel Industries, a Canadian entertainment company, six months of access to the landfill to film a documentary, "," about the burial and to excavate the dump site. Xbox Entertainment Studios planned to air this documentary series as an exclusive to the Xbox One and Xbox 360 in 2014 as part of a multi-part documentary series being produced by Lightbox, a US/UK production company. Though the excavation was momentarily stalled due to a complaint by the New Mexico Environmental Protection Division Solid Waste Bureau citing potential hazards, the issues were resolved in early April 2014 to allow the excavation to proceed.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Excavation started on April 26, 2014 as an open event to the public. "E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial" designer Howard Scott Warshaw, "Ready Player One" author Ernest Cline and film director Zak Penn attended the event as part of a documentary about the burial, as did local residents such as Armando Ortega, a city official who was reportedly one of the original children to raid the dump in 1983. Ortega stated that although he and his friends found dozens of quality games, they gave the "E.T." cartridges away because the "game sucked ... you couldn't finish it". James Heller, the former Atari manager in charge of the original burial, was also on hand at the excavation. Heller revealed that he had originally ordered the site to be covered in concrete. Contrary to the urban legend that claims millions of cartridges were buried there, Heller stated that only 728,000 cartridges were buried.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Remnants of "E.T." and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation, as reported by Microsoft's Larry Hyrb. A team of archaeologists was present to examine and document the Atari material unearthed by excavation machinery: Andrew Reinhard (American School of Classical Studies at Athens), Richard Rothaus (Trefoil Cultural and Environmental), Bill Caraher (University of North Dakota), with support from video game historian Raiford Guins (Stony Brook University) and historian Bret Weber (University of North Dakota).


title: Atari video game burial

text: Only about 1178 cartridges of the estimated 700,000 were removed from the burial, as the remaining materials were deeper than expected, which made them more difficult to access, according to Alamogordo mayor Susie Galea. The burial was refilled following this event. Joseph Lewandowski, who had worked to arrange the unearthing with the city, said that this was a one-time shot to recover materials from the site, as they do not expect the city to agree to a similar event again.


title: Atari video game burial

text: The documentary "", which features the burial site and its excavation, was released on November 20, 2014.


title: Atari video game burial

text: Of the recovered materials, a fraction has been given to the New Mexico Museum of Space History for display, and another 100 to the documentary producers Lightbox and Fuel Entertainment. The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, England also received some artifacts from the desert, which are on permanent display in the museum gallery. Galea believes the remaining cartridges can be sold by the city of Alamogordo through the Museum of Space History. She hopes that the sale of these games can help fund recognition of the burial site as a tourist attraction in the future. The City of Alamogordo approved the auction of the games in September 2014, to be sold through eBay and the Alamogordo Council website. , over $107,000 has been raised through the sales of about 880 unearthed cartridges, with one "E.T." copy selling for more than $1,500. About 300 cartridges remain to be sold at a later date given the historical value of the cartridges.


title: Atari video game burial

text: One of the "E.T." cartridges that had been dug up was taken by the Smithsonian Institution for its records, calling the cartridge both representative of the burial site but also in terms of video games, how the cartridge represents "the ongoing challenge of making a good film to a video game adaptation, the decline of Atari, the end of an era for video game manufacturing, and the video game cartridge life cycle".


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: Nicholas Pooran (; born 2 October 1995) is a Trinidadian cricketer who currently plays for the West Indies cricket team in limited overs cricket and a former captain of the limited-overs formats. He also plays for the Trinidad and Tobago in West Indian domestic matches. He made his international debut for the West Indies in September 2016. In May 2022, Pooran was named as the captain of the West Indies team for limited overs cricket. On 21 November 2022, Pooran stepped down as the limited-overs captain of the West Indies team.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: From McBean, Couva, Pooran attended Naparima College in San Fernando, and played for the school's cricket team. A left-handed wicket-keeper/batsman, he represented Trinidad and Tobago at various underage and schoolboys tournaments, and made his national under-19 debut at the 2012 regional tournament, aged only 16.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: Pooran debuted for the West Indies under-19s in October 2013, in a bilateral series against the Bangladesh under-19s, and went on to play at the 2014 Under-19 World Cup. The team's vice-captain and primary wicket-keeper, he scored 303 runs from six matches, ranking fourth for total runs and leading the West Indies' averages.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: This included half-centuries against Canada and India, and an innings of 143 runs against Australia (from a team total of 208 all out), which was the highest score of the tournament and was subsequently described as "one of the most memorable innings under pressure in the tournament's history". Pooran's innings was the highest ever under-19 ODI score against Australia, and his 136-run ninth-wicket partnership with Barbadian Jerome Jones was a record for all under-19 matches.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: Before playing at international under-19 level, Pooran had played four matches for Trinidad and Tobago in the domestic one-day Regional Super50 competition, in February and March 2013.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: Prior to the inaugural 2013 CPL season, he was selected in the Red Steel squad, Trinidad's CPL franchise, at age 17 was the youngest player in the competition. On debut against the Guyana Amazon Warriors, he scored 54 from 24 balls, an innings which included six sixes and was noted for its "clean, calm stroke play" and "uninhibited aggression". Pooran's batting was less successful for the remainder of the tournament, and also at the 2013 Champions League, where he represented the Trinidad and Tobago national side rather than the Red Steel franchise.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: He again played for the Red Steel during the 2014 CPL season, but is yet to score any further half-centuries. Pooran made his first-class debut for Trinidad and Tobago against the Leeward Islands in November 2014, during the 2014–15 season of the Regional Four Day Competition.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In his second match, against Jamaica, he top-scored with 55 runs in T&T's second innings, before being one of Nikita Miller's seven victims. At club level, Pooran plays for Clarke Road in the Trinidadian leagues.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: He also played part of the 2014 season in Ontario, representing the Redemption Sports Club in the Etobicoke & District Cricket League.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In January 2015, Pooran was involved in a road accident in St. Mary's, Trinidad, sustaining ankle and knee injuries. He was ruled out for both the remainder of Trinidad and Tobago's domestic season and the 2015 Caribbean Premier League.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In June 2018, he was named in the Cricket West Indies B Team for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the Guyana Amazon Warriors squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League (CPL). On 30 August 2020, in the CPL fixture against the St Kitts & Nevis Patriots, Pooran scored his first century in a T20 match.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In February 2017, he was bought by the Mumbai Indians team for the 2017 Indian Premier League for INR 30 lakhs but didn't play any match in the whole season.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: Pooran Played for Islamabad United in 2017 Pakistan Super League as he was drafted in as a replacement of England's Ben Duckett in United's squad. He joined the team ahead of play-offs. He made his debut against Karachi Kings.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In October 2018, he was named in the Sylhet Sixers team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League. He was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 379 runs in eleven matches.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In December 2018, he was bought by the Kings XI Punjab in the player auction for the 2019 Indian Premier League for 4.2 crore ($). Pooran had an excellent IPL 2020 season as he scored a total of 353 runs in the 14 matches he played in the season. He was also the fourth highest six hitter in the 2020 IPL season as he hit 25 sixes altogether in the season. He however scored only 85 runs in IPL 2021.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut for the West Indies against Pakistan on 23 September 2016. In November 2018, he was named in the West Indies' squad for their tour to India. In the third T20I match, he scored an unbeaten 53 runs off just 25 balls to claim his maiden half-century in T20I cricket.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In February 2019, he was named in the West Indies' One Day International (ODI) for their series against England. He made his ODI debut for the West Indies against England on 20 February 2019. In April 2019, he was named in the West Indies' squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 1 July 2019, in the match against Sri Lanka, Pooran scored his first century in ODIs. He finished the tournament as the leading run-scorer for the West Indies, with 367 runs in nine matches. Following the World Cup, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named Pooran the rising star of the squad. In July 2019, Cricket West Indies awarded him with a central contract for the first time, ahead of the 2019–20 season.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: He later became vice-captain for the West Indies in T20I cricket. He even captained the West Indies cricket team in the 5-match 20 20 international series against the Australia cricket team which the Caribbean side won 4 games to 1 in place of the original 2020 international captain Kieron Pollard who injured his hamstring during training.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In November 2019, during the third ODI against Afghanistan, Pooran was found guilty of ball tampering. Pooran admitted the charge, and was banned for four T20I matches.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: In July 2021, he was named in the West Indies' squad as the vice captain for their home series against Australia. As Kieron Pollard was ruled out of the first T20I, Pooran captained the West Indies for the first time in T20Is. He led the West Indies to a remarkable 18-run win over Australia in the first match of the T20I series. In September 2021, Pooran was named as the vice-captain of the West Indies' squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: During series against India, Pooran was the highest run scorer in T20I series. He scored 184 runs including three half centuries, highest score of 62. Despite his performance, West Indies lost all three matches.


title: Nicholas Pooran

text: On 3 May 2022, he was appointed as a captain of West Indies national cricket team for the limited overs format. During the third match of the ODI series against Pakistan, Pooran took his first wicket in international and ODI cricket, with his final figures being 4 for 48. He was named the captain for the West Indies squad for the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, however, the team suffered an early exit in the first round, after losing 2 out of 3 matches and failed to qualify for the Super 12 round. Post-World Cup, on 21 November 2022, Pooran stepped down as the limited-overs captain of the West Indies team.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein (Spanish: "Ángela", "née" Angela Gisela Brown; February 3, 1958) is a Panamanian-American fashion designer and member of the Liechtenstein princely family. Born in Panama and raised in the United States, Angela became the first woman of primarily African descent to marry into a reigning European dynasty. She married Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein in January 2000 and the couple have a son, Prince Alfons, who is sixth in the line of succession to the Liechtensteiner throne.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: Angela Gisela Brown was born on February 3, 1958, in Bocas Town, Bocas del Toro, Panama, to businessman Javier Francisco Brown and homemaker Silvia Maritza Burke. The family moved to New York City, United States, when Angela was five years old.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: After finishing high school, Angela studied fashion at Parsons School of Design, where she received the Oscar de la Renta Gold Thimble Award and graduated in 1980. She was a stylist for three years before partnered with a firm in Hong Kong to create her own fashion label named "A. Brown". She became a creative director for the fashion brand Adrienne Vittadini, an American fashion house with a flagship in Beverly Hills at the time, until September 1999.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: Angela met Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein, the second son of Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein, at a private party in New York in 1997. In 1999, the Principality of Liechtenstein's Information Bureau announced the forthcoming nuptials of Prince Maximilian to Angela Brown. Angela married Prince Maximilian civilly on January 21, 2000, in Vaduz, Liechtenstein, and religiously on January 29, 2000, at 11:00 am, at the Church of St. Vincent Ferrer in New York City, wearing a dress that she designed herself and Kinsky tiara, an heirloom kept in the House of Liechtenstein since 1870.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: The marriage brought a person of Afro-Panamanian ancestry into one of the remaining reigning families of Europe. The groom obtained prior consent and full support of the sovereign, who also attended the wedding. She is the first African descent woman to ever marry into a reigning European dynasty. While some members of the princely house were said to be shocked and to consider the interracial marriage and the eleven years age gap (with Angela being older than Prince Maximilian) "the end of an era", others were said to have expressed support.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: Since her marriage, Princess Angela participates, sometimes with her son, in ceremonial events in the principality. In 2006, Angela and her husband attended the wedding of Countess Elisabeth d'Udekem d'Acoz (sister of Queen Mathilde of Belgium) and Margrave Alfonso Pallavicini. In 2015, Princess Angela gave an interview about Panama tourism. She and her family also spent time in Pedasí, Panama.


title: Princess Angela of Liechtenstein

text: Angela became a princess of Liechtenstein and Countess of Rietberg upon her marriage to Prince Maximilian, entitled to the style of Serene Highness. She also bears the coat of arms of the princely house.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar () is a professional football club, based in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and has been one of the top teams in the country over the last few years. With seven championships won in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zrinjski is one of the most decorated football clubs in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<br>The club plays its home matches at Stadion pod Bijelim Brijegom in Mostar. Zrinjski's fans are called Ultras Mostar and the fan club was founded in 1994.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Zrinjski Mostar was founded by Croatian youth in 1905 and is the oldest football club in Bosnia and Herzegovina. After World War II, all clubs that had participated in the wartime Croatian league were banned in Yugoslavia, Zrinjski being one of them. The ban lasted from 1945 to 1992. The club was reformed after the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It played in the First League of Herzeg-Bosnia until 2000 when it joined the Premier League. In 2005, Zrinjski celebrated its first championship crown in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In 1896, several distinguished Herzegovinians from Mostar had an idea to form a youth sports society named "Hrvatski sokol" (Croatian Falcon). At the time, this was not allowed, but in 1905, Croat youth led by Professor Kuštreb succeeded. With the help of the cultural society "Hrvoje" they formed "Đački športski klub" (Student Sports Club). In 1912, it evolved into "Gimnazijski nogometni klub Zrinjski" (Gymnasium Football Club Zrinjski). It was named after the historic Croatian noble family Zrinski. Some of the first games they played were against the sports team "Osman" from Sarajevo: the games ended 0–3 and 2–1. Club activist and player Ivo Ćorić wrote first reports about the club at that time. He named some of the players: Rudolf Brozović, Bruno and Edo Novak, Marko Suton, Željko and Ante Merdžo, Abid Pehlivanović, Slavko Jukić, Ivan Bošnjak and Karlo Šmit. In 1914, at the outset of World War I, the club was banned. This ban lasted until 1917 when Zrinjski, along with another Croatian sports club from Mostar, "Hrvatski radnički omladinski športski klub" (HROŠK), formed a new club called “Hercegovac”. Some of the HROŠK players were: Jure Zelenika, Nikola Paladžić, Miroslav Prpić, Mirko Vlaho, Ante Pavković and Kažimir Zubac.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In 1922, the original name "Zrinjski" was brought back and at that time, the team started to compete more seriously. They played against other Mostar teams, like "Yugoslavian Sports Club" (JŠK), Velež and Vardar, and also teams from all over Herzegovina, Bosnia and Dalmatia. In 1923, Zrinjski won the Mostar Championship with a 1–0 victory over JŠK. The players that played in that game were: Vjekoslav Vrančić, Kazimir Vlaho, Živo Bebek, Rudi Janjušić, Husein H. Omerović, Milivoj Smoljan, Pero Golić, Mijo Miličević, Muhamed Omeragić, August Kučinović and Franjo Štimac. In the 1930s Zrinjski played games in Zagreb, Sarajevo, Banja Luka and even Montenegro. In 1936, Yugoslav authorities did not allow Zrinjski to play at a tournament in Dubrovnik because they had Croatian colors on their jersey. In 1938, Zrinjski won a tournament against Velež, ŠK Sloga and ŠK Makabi. At that time they also played three night games, with the lights they borrowed from the local mine. Some of the club presidents from 1905 to 1945 were Miško Mikulić, Drago Turkelj, Jakša Miljković and Blaž Slišković.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In 1941, following the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia, a fascist puppet state was proclaimed under the name Independent State of Croatia. A football league was also formed, and Zrinjski joined it when it was admitted to FIFA. In the league Zrinjski played some historic games against Građanski Zagreb.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In 1943, Zrinjski played against Jedinstvo, winning that match 2–1, which was probably the last before the club was banned. By the end of the Second World War, the Independent State of Croatia had been defeated by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement. Zrinjski was among the clubs banned in 1945 for being nationalist propaganda tools.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: After Bosnia and Herzegovina became an independent state in 1992, Zrinjski was reestablished in Međugorje. Because of the ongoing war, for the first two years Zrinjski played only friendly games, mostly in Herzegovina and Croatia, but also in Canada and Germany. In 1994, Zrinjski, along with other Croat clubs from Bosnia and Herzegovina helped create the Herzeg-Bosnia Football Federation. The club participated in its league for seven seasons, and was one best teams over the years. Some of the notable players at that time were Blaž Slišković and Slaven Musa, both FK Velež Mostar players before that. In 1998, Zrinjski participated in the first playoffs with teams from Bosniak-ruled parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2000, the Premier League included both clubs from Bosniak-ruled and Croat-ruled parts of the country for the first time, and Zrinjski was one of the clubs competing in the league and still is today. Clubs from Serb-ruled parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In the summer of 2000, Zrinjski also participated in a UEFA competition for the first time. They played in the Intertoto Cup against Swedish team Västra Frölunda IF. Zrinjski lost the first game in Sweden 1–0 and in Mostar led 1–0 after 90 minutes. At the beginning of overtime, Zrinjski scored another goal and had the result that would send them to the next round, but the game ultimately ended with 3–2 Zrinjski victory and Vastra Frolunda went through because of away goals.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Before the 2003–04 season, some new board members entered the club, bringing better sponsors. Their primary goal was to make Zrinjski one of the top clubs in the country by its 100th anniversary in 2005. Zrinjski then took four players on loan from Dinamo Zagreb: Luka Modrić, Marko Janjetović, Ivica Džidić and Davor Landeka. After the season Džidić and Landeka stayed permanently. Although Zrinjski was nowhere near the top, the base for the next season was created. In summer of 2004, the club signed some of the best players in the league, such as Zoran Rajović, Dušan Kerkez, Velimir Vidić, and Sulejman Smajić. The team, led by manager Franjo Džidić, won the title easily, with a significant point advantage over runner up Željezničar. Zoran Rajović was the league's leading scorer.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Many of Zrinjski's star players were on one year contracts and left the team after the season. As a result, the team did not play well at the beginning of the season and was surprisingly knocked out of the UEFA Champions League first qualifying round by Luxembourg team F91 Dudelange. Zrinjski won the first game away 1–0, but lost at home after overtime 4–0. Not long after the beginning of the season, Blaž Slišković was appointed as manager.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Zrinjski finished the 2005–06 season in third place, earning a place in the Intertoto Cup, where Zrinjski knocked out Maltese team Marsaxlokk (3–0 home, 1–1 away) in the first round and lost to Israel team Maccabi Petah Tikva (1–1 away, 1–3 home) in the second round.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In the 2006–07 season, Zrinjski finished in second place, earning a UEFA Europa League berth. During the winter break, Zrinjski lost one of its best players Lamine Diarra, who transferred to Beira-Mar, but it signed former star player Zoran Rajović on a free transfer. Zrinjski also signed another former player, an experienced midfielder Mario Ivanković from Brotnjo.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In 2007–08, Zrinjski lost in the first qualifying round to FK Partizan of Serbia, 11–1 on aggregate. However, Partizan was expelled from the competition due to crowd trouble, so Zrinjski progressed to the second round where they lost 2–1 on aggregate to FK Rabotnički of Macedonia. The domestic campaign saw them finish fourth, but a victory in the Cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina earned them a place in the UEFA Cup once again.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: In the 2008–09 season, Zrinjski managed a 5–1 aggregate with over FC Vaduz in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Cup, but lost 3–0 to SC Braga the next round. They also won the Premier League for the second time, led by talismanic striker Krešimir Kordić, who top scored with 13 league goals.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: The league title meant that Zrinjski went into the second round of qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, just their second time in the competition. Unfortunately, the side lost 1–4 on aggregate to ŠK Slovan Bratislava despite a 1–0 home leg win. A disappointing 2009–10 season in the league left Zrinjski in fourth place.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Zrinjski's participation in European football lasted longer in the 2010–11 season than in others, with the side beating both FC Tobol and Tre Penne before losing to Odense Boldklub in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League. Zrinjski fell further down the league table and once again managed just a seventh-place finish, meaning the side would not play European football next season. In the 2011–12 season, Zrinjski improved only slightly: a sixth-place finish again meant that the side would not participate in continental football the following season. The 2012–13 season was the worst in almost ten years with the club slumping to a ninth-place finished, but managed to qualify for European football through a strong cup performance, where they reached the semi-final.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: The 2013–14 season was one that will long stay in the memories and hearts of Zrinjski supporters. After a season long three-way battle for the title between themselves, NK Široki Brijeg and FK Sarajevo, Zrinjski came out victorious to win their third ever Premier League title, their first since 2004–05. The title win in the previous season once again sent Zrinjski to the UEFA Champions League second qualifying stage where they drew NK Maribor.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: During the period from 2015 until 2018, Zrinjski dominated the Premier League, winning three league titles in a row, two of them won by manager Blaž Slišković and one by Vinko Marinović. The club also got better in European competitions, participating in the third qualifying rounds of the UEFA Europa League in the 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons. In 2018, Zrinjski got eliminated in the third round by Bulgarian club Ludogorets Razgrad, in 2019 by Swedish club Malmö and in 2020 nearly by Cypriot club APOEL. Interestingly enough, in the first two European "campaigns", the club was led by Croatian managers Ante Miše and Hari Vukas respectively. In the third one, Zrinjski was managed by Bosnian manager Mladen Žižović.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Following a lackluster 2020–21 season, in the following 2021–22 season, the club was crowned league champions for a record seventh time, under manager Sergej Jakirović.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Zrinjski Mostar's main rival is Velež Mostar, the other main football team in Mostar. The highly contested game between both teams is called the Mostar derby. Zrinjski first played against Velež Mostar in the 1920s and 1930s, but when Zrinjski was banned (1945–92) for playing in the fascist league, no games between the rival teams were played. During that period, Velež became a successful club in former Yugoslavia, and it was supported by a majority of Mostarian inhabitants. After Zrinjski's league ban was lifted, the team became one of the important symbols of the Croatian entity in Mostar, and it was mainly supported by Croats. The rival team, Velež, is mostly supported by local Bosniaks. The Mostar derby is highly contested, just as the Sarajevo-Željezničar derby. On 1 March 2000, Zrinjski and Velež played a friendly game for the first time in over 55 years. The game took place in Sarajevo, and ended in a 2–2 draw. The first official game between both teams was played in Premier League of BiH at the Bijeli Brijeg Stadium on 13 August 2000, and was won by Zrinjski with 2–0.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Both fanbases still represent a division among ethnic lines, as the Ultras are almost exclusively Croats and the Red Army are mostly Bosniaks. The ethnic connection of both fanbases leads to vigorous clashes at the Mostar derby. Furthermore, some extreme groups of the Red Army are left-wing-inspired, while extreme Ultras are right-wing-inspired, which further exacerbates their rivalry.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Other notable rivals of Zrinjski are Sarajevo clubs Sarajevo and Željezničar. These clubs with a famous history, along with Zrinjski, are favorites for the top of the table almost every season. One of the other reasons for this rivalry is that Mostar is the center of Herzegovina, while Sarajevo is the center of Bosnia, and the capital of the entire country. There is a rivalry with Široki Brijeg as well, the other top team from Herzegovina. This rivalry started during the Herzeg-Bosnia league (1994–2000), and continued in the Premier League. The matches between Široki Brijeg and Zrinjski are mostly called the "Herzegovina derby".


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Zrinjski's main supporter group are called Ultras Mostar. <br>Officially, the Ultras-Zrinjski Fan Club was founded in March 1998, when the Citizens' Associations Act entered into the Registry of Citizens' Associations in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, and exists as an unregistered support group since 1994. They promote all sections of the sports club Zrinjski, but they mostly follow its football department. They got their name in 1998, 6 years after Zrinjski's work was restored. They took the name of the fan-based Ultras Movement in European football. The official song of Ultras, fans of HŠK Zrinjski Mostar, is "Gori brate", and they support their club from the grandstand - Stajanje. Colours used by Ultras on transparencies and boards are black, white and red.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: Zrinjski plays its games on Stadion pod Bijelim Brijegom (). The stadium was built in 1971 and was used by city rivals Velež until 1991. The stadium capacity today is 9,000 seats (former 25,000 standings), but in the 1970s and 1980s some games attracted over 35,000 spectators. It was the second largest stadium in Bosnia and Herzegovina (before plastic seats were added) after Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium in Sarajevo.


title: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar

text: UEFA expelled Partizan from the 2007–08 UEFA Cup due to crowd trouble at their away tie in Mostar, which forced the match to be interrupted for 10 minutes. UEFA adjudged travelling Partizan fans to have been the culprits of the trouble, but Partizan were allowed to play the return leg while the appeal was being processed. However, Partizan's appeal was rejected so Zrinjski Mostar qualified.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s.


title: Photonics

text: The word 'Photonics' is derived from the Greek word "phos" meaning light (which has genitive case "photos" and in compound words the root "photo-" is used); it appeared in the late 1960s to describe a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics as a field began with the invention of the laser in 1960. Other developments followed: the laser diode in the 1970s, optical fibers for transmitting information, and the erbium-doped fiber amplifier. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and provided the infrastructure for the Internet.


title: Photonics

text: Though coined earlier, the term photonics came into common use in the 1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications network operators. At that time, the term was used widely at Bell Laboratories. Its use was confirmed when the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society established an archival journal named Photonics Technology Letters at the end of the 1980s.


title: Photonics

text: During the period leading up to the dot-com crash circa 2001, photonics as a field focused largely on optical telecommunications. However, photonics covers a huge range of science and technology applications, including laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology, and optical computing. Further growth of photonics is likely if current silicon photonics developments are successful.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics is closely related to optics. Classical optics long preceded the discovery that light is quantized, when Albert Einstein famously explained the photoelectric effect in 1905. Optics tools include the refracting lens, the reflecting mirror, and various optical components and instruments developed throughout the 15th to 19th centuries. Key tenets of classical optics, such as Huygens Principle, developed in the 17th century, Maxwell's Equations and the wave equations, developed in the 19th, do not depend on quantum properties of light.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics is related to quantum optics, optomechanics, electro-optics, optoelectronics and quantum electronics. However, each area has slightly different connotations by scientific and government communities and in the marketplace. Quantum optics often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research and development.


title: Photonics

text: The term optoelectronics connotes devices or circuits that comprise both electrical and optical functions, i.e., a thin-film semiconductor device. The term electro-optics came into earlier use and specifically encompasses nonlinear electrical-optical interactions applied, e.g., as bulk crystal modulators such as the Pockels cell, but also includes advanced imaging sensors.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics also relates to the emerging science of quantum information and quantum optics. Other emerging fields include:


title: Photonics

text: Applications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g. light detection, telecommunications, information processing, photovoltaics, photonic computing, lighting, metrology, spectroscopy, holography, medicine (surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, health monitoring), biophotonics, military technology, laser material processing, art diagnostics (involving InfraRed Reflectography, Xrays, UltraViolet fluorescence, XRF), agriculture, and robotics.


title: Photonics

text: Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first transistor was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. Economically important applications for semiconductor photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications, laser printing (based on xerography), displays, and optical pumping of high-power lasers. The potential applications of photonics are virtually unlimited and include chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication, sensors, laser defense, and fusion energy, to name several interesting additional examples.


title: Photonics

text: The science of photonics includes investigation of the emission, transmission, amplification, detection, and modulation of light.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics commonly uses semiconductor-based light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), superluminescent diodes, and lasers. Other light sources include single photon sources, fluorescent lamps, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and plasma screens. Note that while CRTs, plasma screens, and organic light-emitting diode displays generate their own light, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) like TFT screens require a backlight of either cold cathode fluorescent lamps or, more often today, LEDs.


title: Photonics

text: Characteristic for research on semiconductor light sources is the frequent use of III-V semiconductors instead of the classical semiconductors like silicon and germanium. This is due to the special properties of III-V semiconductors that allow for the implementation of light emitting devices. Examples for material systems used are gallium arsenide (GaAs) and aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) or other compound semiconductors. They are also used in conjunction with silicon to produce hybrid silicon lasers.


title: Photonics

text: Light can be transmitted through any transparent medium. Glass fiber or plastic optical fiber can be used to guide the light along a desired path. In optical communications optical fibers allow for transmission distances of more than 100 km without amplification depending on the bit rate and modulation format used for transmission. A very advanced research topic within photonics is the investigation and fabrication of special structures and "materials" with engineered optical properties. These include photonic crystals, photonic crystal fibers and metamaterials.


title: Photonics

text: Optical amplifiers are used to amplify an optical signal. Optical amplifiers used in optical communications are erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers, Raman amplifiers and optical parametric amplifiers. A very advanced research topic on optical amplifiers is the research on quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers.


title: Photonics

text: Photodetectors detect light. Photodetectors range from very fast photodiodes for communications applications over medium speed charge coupled devices (CCDs) for digital cameras to very slow solar cells that are used for energy harvesting from sunlight. There are also many other photodetectors based on thermal, chemical, quantum, photoelectric and other effects.


title: Photonics

text: Modulation of a light source is used to encode information on a light source. Modulation can be achieved by the light source directly. One of the simplest examples is to use a flashlight to send Morse code. Another method is to take the light from a light source and modulate it in an external optical modulator.


title: Photonics

text: An additional topic covered by modulation research is the modulation format. On-off keying has been the commonly used modulation format in optical communications. In the last years more advanced modulation formats like phase-shift keying or even orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing have been investigated to counteract effects like dispersion that degrade the quality of the transmitted signal.


title: Photonics

text: Photonics also includes research on photonic systems. This term is often used for optical communication systems. This area of research focuses on the implementation of photonic systems like high speed photonic networks. This also includes research on optical regenerators, which improve optical signal quality.


title: Photonics

text: Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are optically active integrated semiconductor photonic devices. The leading commercial application of PICs are optical transceivers for data center optical networks. PICs were fabricated on III-V indium phosphide semiconductor wafer substrates were the first to achieve commercial success; PICs based on silicon wafer substrates are now also a commercialized technology.


title: Photonics

text: Biophotonics employs tools from the field of photonics to the study of biology. Biophotonics mainly focuses on improving medical diagnostic abilities (for example for cancer or infectious diseases) but can also be used for environmental or other applications. The main advantages of this approach are speed of analysis, non-invasive diagnostics, and the ability to work in-situ.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: The Prime Minister of Belgium (; ; ) or the Premier of Belgium is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: Although Leaders of Government (French: ) had been appointed since the independence of the country, until 1918 the King of the Belgians often presided over the Council of Ministers, so the modern era of the "Premiership" started after World War I with Léon Delacroix. The political importance of the Crown has decreased over time, whereas the position of Prime Minister has gradually become more important.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: Alexander De Croo, a member of the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats and son of prominent politician, Herman, was appointed as new prime minister on 1 October 2020. He succeeded Sophie Wilmès.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: Since the independence of Belgium in 1830, governments have been designated with the name of the minister who formed the government as formateur, but that position did not have a specific status. Originally, from 1831 the King of the Belgians presided over the Council of Ministers, but when he was absent, the presidency was taken by the "chef de cabinet" (Head of Cabinet), usually the oldest or most influential minister. This position gradually became more prominent, and the minister with this title then soon acquired the competency to present the King with the proposed allocation of the various ministerial departments among the ministers.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: With the expansion of voting rights after World War I, more political parties started to win seats in parliament—especially the Belgian Socialist Party—and this made it impossible to achieve an absolute majority in parliament. Since then, coalition governments have been necessary, which has made the task of forming a government by the appointed formateur more difficult. Consequently, the formateur increasingly gained greater respect, and much prestige. Thus the formateur became prominent as a position of leadership. As the ministers of the government now represented various political parties, there was a need for someone to coordinate the proceedings of the various ministers. The Prime Minister was now asserted as the actual head of government, and this is how the office of Prime Minister came into existence.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: Gradually, the Head of Cabinet replaced the King more often during the first half of the twentieth century, and as such gained importance within government. As the Constitution requires the King to exercise his powers through the ministers, the Prime Minister became reckoned as the country's most important political figure and "de facto" chief executive. Nevertheless, given his newly acquired prominence, as a member of the cabinet the Head of Cabinet continued to lead a ministerial department.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: The title of "Prime Minister" or "Premier" was used for the first time in 1918 in official documents and it is at this time that the position was assigned to its own cabinet. Only in 1970 the title was incorporated in the Belgian Constitution with the first state reform.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: Besides coordinating government policies, the Prime Minister is responsible for the proper execution of the coalition agreement. The Prime Minister also presides at meetings of the Council of Ministers and manages conflicts of competencies between the ministers. In addition, the Prime Minister represents the government coalition in public, both at home and abroad. It is the Prime Minister who maintains contact with the King and presents the government policy statement in the Parliament. The Prime Minister can also ask Parliament for a vote of confidence, which can even lead to the government's resignation in the case of a constructive vote of no confidence. Unless the Prime Minister resigns because of a personal matter, the whole government resigns with the prime minister's resignation. The Prime Minister also represents Belgium in the various international organisations, alongside the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Due to the state reform, the Prime Minister acquired a number of additional tasks, such as keeping in check the relations between the different regions and communities of the country, and presiding at the deliberative committee that consists of the governmental representatives of all the federal entities.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: The day after the federal elections, the incumbent Prime Minister offers the resignation of his government to the King. The King then asks the resigning government to continue as a caretaker government until a new government is formed. The King then consults a number of prominent politicians in order to ascertain the different possibilities of forming a government. He usually consults the presidents of the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate, the most important political parties, and other people of political and socio-economic importance. After the consultations, the King appoints an "informateur" who is in charge of collecting information from the different political parties about their demands for formation of a new government. After these consultations, the "informateur" reports to the King so that the King can find a suitable "formateur", who is responsible for forming the government. Usually, it is the "formateur" of the federal government who then becomes Prime Minister.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: It usually takes several months of negotiations before the "formateur" is ready to accept a formal royal invitation to form a government. Per the Constitution, the King's acts are only valid with the countersignature of a minister. For this reason, the outgoing Prime Minister countersigns the Act of Appointment of the new Prime Minister, and the new Prime Minister countersigns the Act of Resignation of the resigning Prime Minister. The king then appoints the other ministers and secretaries of state of the federal government, and their Acts of Appointment are countersigned by the Prime Minister.


title: Prime Minister of Belgium

text: The official office of the Prime Minister is located at 16 Rue de la Loi (Wetstraat in Dutch, or "Law Street" in translation) among many notable Belgian government and European Union buildings in the centre of Brussels and around Brussels Park. The residence includes the Belgian Federal Cabinet, the Chancellery and the Council of Ministers. It functions as the nerve center of Belgian politics. The building was originally erected as the so-called "Refuge House" by the Saint Gertrude Abbey of Leuven. It was designed by the Belgian-Austrian architect Louis Joseph Montoyer. At the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830), the building was planned to be used as the location for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1830 it was purchased by Prince Eugène of Ligne, and from 1944, the building became state property, after which it was furnished to function as a meeting place for the prime minister and his cabinet.


title: Abe Cunningham

text: Abraham Benjamin Cunningham (born July 27, 1973) is an American musician, best known as the drummer of the alternative metal band Deftones.


title: Abe Cunningham

text: Abe Cunningham was born in Long Beach, California. When he was young, his family moved to Sacramento. He first started drumming in his early teens playing the drums for the band Phallucy in the early 90s. During this time, he also drummed for Deftones on the side, when the band was having problems landing a permanent and dedicated drummer. At the time when he started learning drums, he also learned how to play guitar, but growing up with a stepfather (Neil) who played the drums, he took a deeper passion with the drums. Abe's father, Sid, was also a musician and an early influence for Abe before his untimely passing. His influences include Stewart Copeland, Ginger Baker and Mitch Mitchell.


title: Abe Cunningham

text: Cunningham is known for his frantic, pounding rhythms on such songs as "Knife Prty" and clever usage of tempo ("Mein"), while at the same time refusing to indulge in the double bass drum setup of many metal traditionalists. However, he does use a double bass pedal as part of his kit, as seen in various drum magazines. A BBC reviewer has praised his style for displaying "the assured expressiveness of a musician whose abilities stretch further than most metal-scene sticksmen".


title: Abe Cunningham

text: Cunningham has been a long time endorser of Tama Drums and Zildjian Cymbals, and for most of his career, has played the same setup. He has been featured in various ads for Tama and Zildjian. He is an endorser of Vater drumsticks. NAMM 2017 revealed his new signature Vater drumsticks, the model is called "Cool Breeze" (which is Abe's nickname of sorts).


title: Abe Cunningham

text: Abe lives in Sacramento, California, with his family. He has two sons, Sidney and Daniel, with his ex-wife, Annalynn Seal. Annalynn made a guest appearance on "MX" singing along with Chino Moreno.


title: Cultural genocide

text: Cultural genocide or cultural cleansing is a concept which was proposed by lawyer Raphael Lemkin in 1944 as a component of genocide. Though the precise definition of "cultural genocide" remains contested, the Armenian Genocide Museum defines it as "acts and measures undertaken to destroy nations' or ethnic groups' culture through spiritual, national, and cultural destruction."


title: Cultural genocide

text: Some ethnologists, such as Robert Jaulin, use the term "ethnocide" as a substitute for "cultural genocide", although this usage has been criticized as risking the confusion between ethnicity and culture. Juxtaposed next to "ethnocide", "cultural genocide" was considered in the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; however, it was removed in the final document and simply replaced with "genocide".


title: Cultural genocide

text: The legal definition of "genocide" is unspecific about the exact way in which genocide is committed, only stating that it is destruction with the intent to destroy a racial, religious, ethnic or national group.


title: Cultural genocide

text: Among many other potential reasons, cultural genocide may be committed for religious motives (e.g., iconoclasm); as part of a campaign of ethnic cleansing in order to remove the evidence of a people from a specific locale or history; as part of an effort to implement a Year Zero, in which the past and its associated culture is deleted and history is "reset".


title: Cultural genocide

text: Cultural genocide involves the eradication and destruction of cultural artifacts, such as books, artworks, and structures.


title: Cultural genocide

text: Cultural genocide may also involve forced assimilation, as well as the suppression of a language or cultural activities that do not conform to the destroyer's notion of what is appropriate.


title: Cultural genocide

text: The notion of 'cultural genocide' has been acknowledged as early as 1944, when lawyer Raphael Lemkin distinguished a cultural component of genocide. The term itself would not emerge until later. In 1989, Robert Badinter, a French criminal lawyer known for his stance against the death penalty, used the term "cultural genocide" on a television show to describe what he said was the disappearance of Tibetan culture in the presence of the 14th Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama would later use the term in 1993 and he would use it again in 2008.


title: Cultural genocide

text: Those who drafted the 1948 Genocide Convention initially considered using of the term, but later dropped it from inclusion.


title: Cultural genocide

text: Article 7 of a 1994 draft of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (DRIP) uses the phrase "cultural genocide" but does not define what it means. The complete article in the draft read as follows:


title: Cultural genocide

text: This wording only ever appeared in a draft. The DRIP—which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during its 62nd session at UN Headquarters in New York City on 13 September 2007—only makes reference to genocide once, when it mentions "genocide, or any other act of violence" in Article 7. Though the concept of "ethnocide" and "cultural genocide" was removed in the version adopted by the General Assembly, the sub-points from the draft noted above were retained (with slightly expanded wording) in Article 8 that speaks to "the right not to be subject to forced assimilation."


title: Cultural genocide

text: The term has been used to describe the destruction of cultural heritage in connection with various events listed mainly from the 20th century:


title: Cultural genocide

text: When at the mid-19th century, primary school is made compulsory all across the State, it is also made clear that only French will be taught, and the teachers will severely punish any pupil speaking in "patois". The aim of the French educational system will consequently not be to dignify the pupils' natural humanity, developing their culture and teaching them to write their language, but rather to humiliate them and morally degrade them for the simple fact of being what tradition and their nature made them. The self-proclaimed country of the "human rights" will then ignore one of man's most fundamental rights, the right to be himself and speak the language of his nation. And with that attitude France, the "grande France" that calls itself the champion of liberty, will pass the 20th century, indifferent to the timid protest movements of the various linguistic communities it submitted and the literary prestige they may have given birth to.


title: Cultural genocide

text: France, that under Franco's reign was seen here [in Catalonia] as the safe haven of freedom, has the miserable honour of being the [only] State of Europe—and probably the world — that succeeded best in the diabolical task of destroying its own ethnic and linguistic patrimony and moreover, of destroying human family bonds: many parents and children, or grandparents and grandchildren, have different languages, and the latter feel ashamed of the first because they speak a despicable "patois", and no element of the grandparents' culture has been transmitted to the younger generation, as if they were born out of a completely new world. This is the French State that has just entered the 21st century, a country where stone monuments and natural landscapes are preserved and respected, but where many centuries of popular creation expressed in different tongues are on the brink of extinction. The "gloire" and the "grandeur" built on a genocide. No liberty, no equality, no fraternity: just cultural extermination, this is the real motto of the French Republic.


title: Zendaya discography

text: American singer Zendaya has released one studio album, 10 singles, three promotional singles, 15 music videos and some album appearances. Her first appearance was as part of Kidz Bop Kids on the album "Kidz Bop Dance Party", in 2010. In 2011, Zendaya released her debut independent single, "Swag It Out". Her next single, "Watch Me", peaked at number 86 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Zendaya discography

text: On August 8, 2012, Zendaya signed to Hollywood Records and begun writing songs for her debut album. Her debut single, "Replay", was released on July 16, 2013, produced by Mick Schultz and written by Tiffany Fred and Paul "Phamous" Shelton. Her debut album, "Zendaya", was released on September 17, 2013, and reached number 51 on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: Zendaya discography

text: On March 6, 2015, Timbaland confirmed that he would be working with Zendaya on her second album. Speaking on the album, Zendaya told MTV News that the music is a "new wave of R&B. It's where I think it should be going, or it should be headed; it's very old-school vibe, but it's a new age version." In July 2015, Zendaya posted a snippet of a song produced by Timbaland on Instagram. Following this, she appeared on a radio station in Dubai and premiered a longer snippet of the song entitled "Close Up". On November 8, 2015, she posted another video of her lip-syncing to an R&B song which would be included on her then-upcoming album. A promotional music video for the song was released by Hunger TV on November 12, 2015. On January 1, 2016, it was reported that Zendaya's second album would be released in February, and be preceded by the single "Something New", featuring Chris Brown; the single was released on February 5 via Hollywood Records and Republic Records. The song also marks it as her first official release since signing to Republic Records.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Timothy John Piazza (September 25, 1997 February 4, 2017) died as the result of hazing at the Beta Theta Pi fraternity at Pennsylvania State University at University Park, Pennsylvania. The incident led to closure of the fraternity's chapter at the university and, , at least 26 members of the fraternity face charges including involuntary manslaughter. The initial investigation was led by Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller and Special Investigator Bruce Castor.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The death of Tim Piazza led to the largest criminal indictment against a fraternity and its members in American history. More than 1,000 counts were levied against 18 members of Beta Theta Pi, including eight who were charged with involuntary manslaughter and aggravated assault. Additional charges were added later. Piazza's death became a 'turning point' for America's fraternities.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In 2005, Penn State alumnus Donald G. Abbey, a member of Joe Paterno's first ever Penn State Nittany Lions football scholarship class and Beta Theta Pi alumnus, donated $1.2 million to renovate the Beta Theta Pi house. In 2006, Abbey raised another $3.5 million in renovation funds. This would go on to become the most expensive fraternity house renovation in American history. The renovation was lauded by Paterno and his wife, Sue Paterno. Throughout the renovation process, fraternity brothers smashed holes in the walls with baseball bats, leading Abbey to predict future damage to the property. He was a staunch critic of hazing, and due to the toxic culture he found in Beta Theta Pi, he installed an extensive video surveillance system to ensure he would be notified if an emergency situation ever occurred on the property.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The Penn State chapter of Beta Theta Pi was known to have a deep history of hazing. Brothers once held a party on their front porch, yelling racial slurs at an African American Penn State student as he walked past the house. The house was once banned for having a front yard littered with used condoms along with hot sauce covering the entire Great Hall.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In September 2016, a pledge named Kordel Davis was driven to a clinic after a night of hazing that left a gash on his head. A fraternity brother nicknamed "Pajamas" saw Davis in a desperate state, and Davis asked "Pajamas" to drive him back to his dorm room. "Pajamas" texted Pledge Master Brendan Young this information, in which Young replied, "Who? Cordell . Not worth it."


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Piazza was a 19-year-old sophomore engineering student at Pennsylvania State University. He was a pledge of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity at the university. On the night of February 2, 2017, while undergoing hazing activities for the fraternity, Piazza, on an essentially empty stomach, drank large amounts of alcohol in a short time as part of an obstacle course called "The Gauntlet", which required each pledge to drink from a bottle of vodka, drink a beer, and finally drink from a bag of wine. It later was revealed that Piazza took prescription anti-depressants, which contributed to his inebriation. The fraternity was supposed to be alcohol-free after a suspension in 2009.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In this state of intoxication, he fell on the basement stairs of the house and was knocked unconscious. He was carried to a couch, where surveillance cameras captured a conspicuous bruise that bloomed on his left abdomen; however, this was shown to have originated from another one of the alcohol-fueled rush events for fraternities that Piazza had attended a week earlier. Jonah Neuman, Lars Kenyon, and Edward Gilmartin colluded in prohibiting witnesses from calling 9-1-1. Neuman threw someone against a wall, Gilmartin labeled witnesses crazy and insane, whilst Kenyon downplayed the concerns of witnesses in group chats.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Some time later, Piazza regained consciousness and rolled off the couch. Three brothers picked him up and placed him back on the couch. Security footage shows them poking Piazza in the face, to determine if he was okay, but he remained unconscious and unresponsive. Kordel Davis, a newly initiated fraternity chapter member, attempted to render aid to Piazza, encouraging fraternity members to dial 9-1-1 and get an ambulance to the house. He was shoved up against a wall and his attempts were ignored.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: At around 3:30 am on February 3, 2017, Piazza tried to get up, but once he reached a standing position, fell backward. He continued to stand up only to repeatedly fall back down. Once he was finally able to maintain balance, he staggered toward the lobby area of the house, but fell again headfirst into an iron railing and landed on a stone floor, likely incurring serious head trauma. He got up and tried to reach the front door but fell headfirst into it, knocking himself unconscious again. He later tried once more to ascend the basement stairs and was missing until several of the fraternity brothers discovered him several hours later behind the bar in the basement, cold and breathing rapidly.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: It was at this point that he was carried upstairs. After several minutes of debating on what the next step should be, the conclusion was made that Piazza's injuries were indeed serious and that he would require medical attention. Before emergency assistance arrived, the brothers wiped blood from his face and attempted to dress him in an effort to warm him. Soon emergency services arrived and Piazza was brought to Mount Nittany Medical Center, but was quickly transported to Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center because of the severity of his injuries.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Upon arrival, Piazza was rushed into surgery, where he was discovered to have a ruptured spleen and class IV hemorrhagic shock. His brain had swollen to the point that roughly half of his skull had to be removed to relieve the pressure. The surgeons attempting to save his life deemed the injuries to likely be nonrecoverable, and Piazza was pronounced dead in the early morning of February 4, 2017. He is estimated to have had a blood alcohol content of nearly 0.40 on the night of the hazing incident.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The Piazza case resulted in one of the largest hazing prosecutions in US history. On May 5, 2017, following a comprehensive grand jury investigation conducted by Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller, eighteen members of the fraternity were charged in connection with Piazza's death: eight were charged with involuntary manslaughter and the rest with other offenses, including hazing.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In addition to the fraternity brothers, the Beta Theta Pi fraternity itself was also charged. Its Penn State fraternity branch was closed after its president ordered it banned from campus indefinitely. , the fraternity and its eighteen members faced a combined total of more than 850 criminal charges.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: In October 2018, Michael Angelo Schiavone pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit furnishing alcohol to minors. Investigators discovered texts in which Schiavone admitted to operating the fraternity's “Slush Fund.” Schiavone states the “Slush Fund” was utilized to purchase alcohol for the fraternity's parties.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Tampering with evidence and endangerment charges have also been dismissed against three other students, Joseph Ems (ghost brother and leader of dangerous hazing events in the Fall of 2016), Ryan McCann, and Lucas Rockwell.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On November 14, 2017, ten more members were charged in connection with Piazza's death. The new charges were filed after the Centre County District Attorney announced that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had recovered video showing that Piazza had been given at least 18 drinks in an 82-minute span, and that the video had been intentionally deleted. The additional defendants are:


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: Ems (age 19) now has additional charges against him—hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor stemming all the way back to forcing a pledge to drink mass amounts of alcohol in September 2016, sending him to a clinic with blood gushing out of his forehead. Braxton Becker (age 20), who had the charge of tampering with evidence dropped against him, was charged with it again (and later acquitted) after new footage suggested he deleted the footage that led to these new charges. Becker was also charged with (and acquitted of) obstructing administration of law and charged with (and convicted of) hindering apprehension. On November 1, 2017, Lars Kenyon claimed "the judge got it right" and Kenyon has to "[figure] some stuff out". , at least 26 members face charges.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On August 11, 2017, on the fifth day of the preliminary hearing, it was announced by lead investigators that basement footage from the bid acceptance on February 2, 2017, had in fact been deleted by a defendant already charged in the case. Lead prosecutor Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller noted that additional charges would be filed as a result of this finding.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: That same day, defense attorneys for a number of the defendants started to put blame on Tim Bream, the Penn State Nittany Lions football head athletic trainer and Beta Theta Pi live-in advisor. He was present during the night of Tim Piazza's bid acceptance, although he has never been charged in the case. After unsuccessful attempts by attorneys to have Bream subpoenaed, the judge in the case ordered that Bream have his own hearing on possible contempt of court and avoiding his subpoena.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On February 8, 2019, Parks Miller received a law license suspension of one year and one day for communicating improperly with judges and defense attorneys. Parks Miller was defended by Bruce Castor throughout the trial. Former DA Parks Miller was reinstated to practice law in September 2021. She is currently a practicing attorney in Centre County, Pennsylvania.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The case attracted a significant amount of national media attention, and was regularly the main topic of many TV talk shows; including "Good Morning America", "The Today Show", "CBS This Morning" and on CNN.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On May 16, 2017, Mehmet Oz appeared on "The Today Show" to discuss warning signs of dangerous binge drinking. Mr. Oz (Dr. Oz) became the (unsuccessful) Republican candidate for the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: The case was the headline of a number of magazine articles. On November 15, 2017, Caitlin Flanagan published the article "Death at a Penn State Fraternity" in "The Atlantic". "The Atlantic" article pointed out the ties between Beta Theta Pi and Joe Paterno. "Vanity Fair" published the article "How a Fatal Frat Hazing Became Penn State's Latest Campus Crisis" on October 3, 2017. "Time" magazine published the article "'Those Families Are Changed Forever.' A Deadly Year in Fraternity Hazing Comes to a Close"


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: "The New York Times" extensively covered the case including articles "18 Penn State Students Charged in Fraternity Death", "Prosecutors Taking Tougher Stance in Fraternity Hazing Deaths", and "Penn State Student's Dying Hours Play Out in Courtroom Video".


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On February 2, 2018, Vice News published the documentary "Penn State is Still Keeping Secrets on Frat Row".


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On October 10, 2022, it was reported that Robert Greenblatt is developing a Hulu miniseries entitled “Death at Penn State” based off the Caitlin Flanagan article in "The Atlantic" magazine based off the events surrounding the Piazza case.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: One of the fraternity brothers charged in the death of Piazza pleaded guilty on June 13, 2018, to nine charges, making him the first in the case to enter a guilty plea. Ryan Burke, age 21, pleaded guilty to four counts of hazing and five counts relating to unlawful acts involving liquor in the deadly injuries Piazza sustained following a night of heavy drinking and hazing. Burke was accused of giving Piazza a bottle of vodka at the Beta Theta Pi party. Burke admitted his role in the hazing of Piazza, which included being present for and actively encouraging a gauntlet of drinking games and an obstacle course involving Piazza and other pledges.


title: Death of Tim Piazza

text: On July 31, 2018, Burke was sentenced to three months of house arrest for his role in the hazing death of Piazza. He pleaded guilty to nine misdemeanor charges, including four counts of hazing and five counts involving unlawful acts related to alcoholic beverages. In addition to the house arrest, Burke was sentenced to 27 months of probation and was ordered to pay fines, costs, and restitution.