title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan is home to "The Herald Journal", a daily newspaper, and the "Cache Valley Daily", a news site operated by KVNU 610 AM / 102.1 FM and the Cache Valley Media Group. Both news outlets cover the Logan and Cache Valley area. Many Logan residents also subscribe to the Salt Lake City-based Salt Lake Tribune and Deseret News, both of which cover Cache Valley happenings to some degree.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Northern Utah Media Group and KUTA-TV 8 own and operate multiple news television stations and the largest information website chain within the area. KUTA-TV 8 has coverage on digital 8.1, USU cable channel 61, and Comcast channel 118. Northern Utah Media Group owns and operates over 150 websites covering the Cache Valley and Northern Utah area. Each website contains many years' worth of video archives of local miscellaneous community events, government meetings, USU athletics, high school sports events, performances and news broadcasts.


title: Logan, Utah

text: The Valley Channel is a local television station which provides community-oriented programs, news talk shows, and coverage of local high school sporting events and Utah State University hockey. For primary television network affiliates, Logan is considered part of the Salt Lake City media market.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Utah Public Radio (UPR) is a National Public Radio affiliate on the Logan campus of Utah State University and a part of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences. It broadcasts in Logan at 89.5 FM and 91.5 FM.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Utah State University hosts a freelance college radio station called Aggie Radio. As of 2016 they are live over 92.3 FM. The station sponsors one large music festival each year called Logan City Limits. They also host a campus centered concert series The Big Agg Show. Their Motto is "Alternative radio for an alternative audience."


title: Logan, Utah

text: The Cache Valley Media Group includes several radio stations, such as KVNU 610 AM / 102.1 FM with local news and talk programs, Utah State Aggies and Logan High School sports, 92.9 FM KBLQ with soft rock, 94.5 FM KVFX with Top 40, 95.9 FM KLZX with classic rock, 96.7 FM KKEX with country, 103.9 KGNT with oldies, and 1390 AM / 103.3 FM KLGN.


title: Logan, Utah

text: The "Utah Statesman", a student-run newspaper based on the Utah State Campus covers the majority of campus news as well as the connections between USU and the community.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan has a wide diversity of economic sectors with a focus on education, manufacturing and processing, medical services, agriculture, and retail businesses. The city's largest employer is Utah State University, with other major employers including Icon Health & Fitness, Cache County School District, Logan Regional Hospital, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gossner Foods, and Schreiber Foods.


title: Logan, Utah

text: In 2009, the Logan metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the eighth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (3.3 percent).


title: Logan, Utah

text: U.S. Highways US-89 and US-91 enter Logan from the southwest as a combined highway, and then separate in downtown Logan. US-91 goes north into Idaho, and US-89 goes east into Logan Canyon, and thence to Bear Lake. The Logan Utah–Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area is one of the few metropolitan statistical areas in Utah not connected via an interstate highway (Interstate 15), and one of the few its size not connected to any interstate anywhere.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan is served by a local sales-tax-funded zero-fare bus system called the Cache Valley Transit District (CVTD), which incorporated the Logan Transit District (LTD) in 2007. The LTD system began in 1992 with six routes in Logan. Service outside of Logan began with the formation of CVTD in 2001. The system has 16 routes that serve Logan and the adjacent cities of North Logan and River Heights. These include a northern route that reaches north to Richmond, and a southern route that serves the southern suburbs and Hyrum. There is also a five-time daily connection to Lewiston and Preston, Idaho. Despite a shorter distance to, and a larger resident population, there remains no connection with Brigham City within the CVTD; some have speculated this is due to pressure from the For-Profit shuttle, Salt Lake Express, operating within Cache Valley.


title: Logan, Utah

text: There is a public general aviation airport at Logan, the Logan-Cache Airport (with IATA code LGU), but has no scheduled airline services. However, Logan is within ready driving distance or shuttle ride of Salt Lake City International Airport. The Logan-Cache Airport also offers flight instruction and classes to USU students, along with some scheduled services of private carriers or arrangements.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan hosts the annual "Cache Valley Cruise-In", Utah's largest automotive event, with a three-day exhibit of special cars and vehicles, concerts, and other activities. Events conclude with a car parade on Main Street.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan is also home to the annual "Small Satellite Conference", a week long conference attended by industry and academia from around the world, hosted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Utah State University.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Each June, Logan showcases local artwork, food, and performers at its annual "Summerfest Arts Faire" on the lawn of the historic Logan Tabernacle.


title: Logan, Utah

text: In Autumn season, Smile Events Productions and Beaver Mountain host a large music festival dubbed the "Beaver Mountain Music Festival." This is an outdoor concert with many activities and stages.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The College Scholastic Ability Test or CSAT (, ), also abbreviated Suneung (, ), is a standardized test which is recognized by South Korean universities. The Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) administers the annual test on the third Thursday in November. In 2020, however, it was postponed to the first Thursday in December (December 3), due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Although the CSAT was originally designed to assess the scholastic ability required for college, it is currently a national graduation test for high-school students. By determining the university a student can enter, it plays an important role in South Korean education. The test has been cited for its efficiency, emphasis on merit, and good international results. Of the students taking the test, 20 percent are high-school graduates who did not achieve their desired score the previous year.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: On test day, the KRX stock market opens late, and bus and metro service is increased to avoid traffic jams and allow students to get to the testing sites more easily. Planes are grounded during the listening portion of the English section so their noise does not disturb the students. In some cases, students running late for the test may be escorted to their testing site by police officers via motorcycle. Younger students and members of the students' families gather outside testing sites to cheer them on.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The CSAT is designed to test a candidate's ability to study in college, with questions based on Korea's high-school curriculum. It standardizes high-school education and provides accurate, objective data for university admission.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: All questions are multiple-choice, except for the 9 questions in the Mathematics section, which are short answer.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The CSAT consists of six sections: national language (Korean), mathematics, English, Korean history, subordinate subjects (social studies, sciences, and vocational education), and second foreign language/Chinese characters and classics. All sections are optional except Korean history, but most candidates take all the other sections except second foreign language/Classical Chinese.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: In the mathematics section, candidates are made to take Math I (which consists of Logarithm, Sequences and Trigonometry) and Math II (which consists of Limits and Calculus on polynomials), and allowed to select one among Probability and Statistics, Geometry and Calculus.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The subordinate subjects is divided into three sections: social studies, science, and vocational education. Candidates may choose up to two subjects, but may not select from different sections at the same time; Physics II and Biology I may be chosen for the subordinate section since both are sciences, but World history and Principles of Accounting may notthe former is in the social studies section, and the latter in vocational education. Only vocational high-school graduates can choose the vocational education section.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Most high-ranked universities require applicants to take two science subordinate subjects and Geometry or Calculus in the mathematics section if they apply for a STEM major, and do not accept subordinate subjects in the same field (such as Physics I and Physics II).


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: In the National Language section, candidates are assessed on their ability to read, understand and analyse Korean texts rapidly and accurately. Its 45 questions of the subject are classified into four categories:


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: This category consists of three articles, each with 3~6 questions. The long articles are about abstract, complicated topics such as physics, engineering, economics, law, philosophy, or aesthetics. Topics may be related. Candidates need to answer questions such as, "Of the five statements below, which one does NOT agree with the passage above?" or "According to the passage, which one is the correct analysis of the following example?"


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: This category consists of four texts, each with three to six questions. The first text is a comparison of a modern Korean novel and scenario or play. The second is a comparison of two modern Korean poems. The third is part of a Korean novel or "pansori" and the last is a Korean poem, both of which were written between the Silla and Joseon eras (the Western Middle Ages). Candidates must determine which answer is the most accurate impression of the given text.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: This category consists of three written passages with 11 questions. The first passage is the script of a lecture or radio program (speech), the second is the script of a debate about an article (speech and writing), and the last one is an argumentative essay (writing). Although the category name contains the word "speech", candidates only read the written scripts.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: This category consists of 11 questions, two of which relate to a given passage. Candidates are assessed on their ability to apply their knowledge of Korean grammar, Hangul, and Korean history from the 15th century to the present.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: All mathematics candidates take the Maths I and II and select one elective topic from three choices: Calculus, Geometry or Probability and Statistics. Calculus is most preferred by students applying for natural science majors, while Probability and Statistics are preferred by students applying for the humanities. Geometry is the least popular, with only 4.1% of students selecting it as their elective.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The Ga and Na type system was abolished from 2022 onwards, which means that students applying for the natural-sciences majors no longer have to study all three topics.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The test is written in September each year by about 500 South Korean teachers through a secretive process in an undisclosed location in Gangwon. The test writers are prohibited from communicating with the outside world.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: High-school graduates and students about to graduate high school may take the test. After the KICE prints test papers and OMR cards, they are distributed three days before the test to each test area. In 2018, there were 85 test areas.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Test monitors are middle- or high-school teachers. Superintendents of each education office decide who will monitor and where they will go. There are two test monitors for each period, except for the fourth period (which has three, because of test-paper collection). Most testing rooms are high-school classrooms, and there is a 28-candidate limit in each room.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Except for the English and Korean-history sections, grades are based on a stanine curve. Grade, percentile, and a standard score for each section and subject are added to the transcript. The standard score is calculated by the following formula:


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: formula_2 and formula_3 are standard scores. formula_4 is the standard deviation of the standard score, and formula_5 is its average. In the national-language and mathematics sections, formula_4 is 20 and formula_5 is 100. For the rest, formula_4 is 10 and formula_5 is 50. formula_3 is calculated by the following formula:


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: formula_12 is the candidate's original score. formula_13 is the average of the original formula_14 candidate scores. formula_15 is the candidate's standard deviation.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Since CSAT problems are designed for all high school students, its overall difficulty is not too high. But some of them can be very tricky, which are so-called 'killer problems'. Here are some killer problems that were on the test.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The 30th problem in type Ga of the 2016 CSAT was:A function formula_16 defined for formula_17, where formula_14 is a constant, and a quartic function formula_19 whose leading coefficient is formula_20 satisfy the three conditions below:


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: B) For two different real numbers formula_24 and formula_25, formula_16 has the same local maximum formula_27 at formula_28 and formula_29. (formula_30)


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: formula_33. Find the minimum of formula_27.The 29th mathematics problem in the 1997 CSAT had an all-time low correct-response rate of 0.08 percent: If two equations formula_35 and formula_36 have 7 and 9 solutions respectively and a set formula_37 is an infinite set, formula_38, the number of elements in formula_39's subsetformula_40, varies according to the values of formula_41 and formula_42. Find the maximum of formula_38.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The 29th problem in mathematics subject type B (the former Ga) of the 2013 CSAT follows:formula_44 and formula_45 are points on the sphere formula_46. formula_47 and formula_48 are the foots of two perpendiculars from formula_44 and formula_45 to the plane formula_51 respectively. formula_52 and formula_53 are the foots of two perpendiculars from formula_44 and formula_45 to the plane formula_56 respectively. Find the maximum of formula_57.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The following question appeared on 2010 CSAT, and had a correct-response rate of 9.77 percent. The paragraph is excerpted from John Leofric Stocks' "The Limits of Purpose":


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: So far as you are wholly concentrated on bringing about a certain result, clearly, the quicker and easier it is brought about the better. Your resolve to secure a sufficiency of food for yourself and your family will induce you to spend weary days in tilling the ground and tending livestock; but if Nature provided food and meat in abundance ready for the table, you would thank Nature for sparing you much labor and consider yourself so much the better off. An executed purpose, in short, is a transaction in which the time and energy spent on the execution are balanced against the resulting assets, and the ideal case is one in which__________________. Purpose, then, justifies the efforts it exacts only conditionally, by their fruits.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The Preliminary College Scholastic Ability Test (PCSAT) is administered nationally. The relationship between PCSAT and CSAT is comparable to that between the PSAT and the SAT in the United States. The PCSAT is divided into two categories: the National United Achievement Tests (NUAT) and the College Scholastic Ability Test Simulation (CSAT Simulation). These tests are more similar to the CSAT than privately-administered mock tests, since the PCSAT's examiner committee is similar to that of the CSAT. The CSAT Simulation is hosted by the same institution as the CSAT, and is used to predict the level of difficulty or types of questions which might appear on that year's CSAT.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Although the NUAT and the CSAT Simulation are similar to the CSAT in their number of candidates, types of questions and relative difficulty, the NUAT is hosted by the Ministry of Education for high-school students. The CSAT Simulation is run by KICE and may be taken by anyone who is eligible for the CSAT. Both exams are reliable, official mock tests for the CSAT, and both are graded by the KICE.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The National United Achievement Test (NUAT, ) is administered in the same way as the CSAT, and was introduced in 2002 to relieve dependence on private mock tests. High-school students may apply to take the test, and local education offices decide whether it will be administered in their districts. Every office of education in South Korea normally participates in the NUAT to prepare students for the CSAT, and the number of applicants parallels the CSAT. The Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, Busan Metropolitan Office of Education (freshmen and sophomores), Gyeonggi-do Office of Education, and Incheon Office of Education take turns creating the questions, and the KICE grades the test and issues report cards.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The basic structure of the exam is identical to the CSAT. For mathematics, social studies, science and second language, its range is determined by when it is conducted. In the Korean and English sections, the questions are not directly from textbooks but are constructed in accordance with the curriculum.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: As of 2014, there are four NUATs per year; it is not the same for every district,however, and some have only two exams per year for freshmen and sophomores. The NUAT for freshmen and sophomores is held in March, June, September and November; seniors are tested in March, April, July and October to avoid conflict with June and September, when the CSAT Simulation is given.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The College Scholastic Ability Test Simulation (CSAT Simulation, ) is given by KICE. Unlike the NUAT, anyone who is eligible for the CSAT may also take this test. The CSAT Simulation was introduced after the CSAT failed to set the proper difficulty level in 2001 and 2002. First implemented in 2002, it was held only in September during its early years. The test has been given twice a year, in June and September, since 2004. It covers everything in the curriculum for the Korean- and second-language sections, and two-thirds of what the CSAT covers for the other sections. The September exam covers everything in every section, like the CSAT. The number of questions and test time per section is identical to the CSAT.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Since the liberation of Korea, South Korea has changed its methods of university and college admission from twelve to sixteen times. The policies ranged from allowing colleges to choose students to outlawing hagwons. Parents and students have had difficulty adjusting to the changes. The changes have been cited as evidence of systemic instability and the sensitivity of the admission process to public opinion.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: University and college admissions were first left to the universities, and the first CSAT incarnation appeared at the beginning of 1960. The Supreme Council for National Reconstruction established an early CSAT from 1962 to 1963 as a qualification test for students. Due to the small number of students passing the test, colleges soon had a student shortage. The admissions process was criticized as inefficient, and the government scrapped the policy from 1964 to 1968. A similar policy was adopted in 1969 by the Third Republic of Korea, and the new test was the Preliminary College Entrance Examination (대학입학예비고사); it continued, mostly unchanged, until 1981. That year, the policy was significantly changed. The test name was changed to Preliminary College Preparations Examination (대학예비고사), and hagwons (cram schools) were outlawed. In 1982, the test name was changed again to College Entrance Strength Test (대입학력고사).


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The current CSAT system was established in 1993, and has undergone several revisions since then. In 2004, the government of South Korea introduced a 2008 College Admissions Change Proposal; however, it failed to bring about significant changes.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The test, based on national-standard textbooks, is designed to encourage cognitive skills. The Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation creates the problems, prints and corrects the tests, supervises the test-making, and sets the test fee. The problems are created by KICE members who are university professors and high-school teachers. Two groups make the problems: one creates them, and the other checks them. The creators are primarily professors, although high-school teachers have been included since 2000. The problem-checkers are high-school teachers. Both groups sign non-disclosure agreements with the KICE. In 2012, there was a total of 696 staff members involved in creating the problems. A member of the group earns about $300 per day.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The 2016 subjects were national language, mathematics, English, Korean history, social studies/science/vocational education, and foreign language/Hanja. Although students may choose all (or some) of the subjects, Korean history is required.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Social studies is divided into life and ethics, ethics and ideologies, Korean geography, world geography, East Asian history, world history, law and politics, society and culture, and economics; students may choose two subjects. In the science section, students can choose two subjects from Physics 1 and 2, Chemistry 1 and 2, Biology 1 and 2, and Earth Science 1 and 2. Vocational education is divided into agricultural science, industry, commerce, oceanography, and home economics; students must choose one subject. However, vocational education may only be taken if the student has completed 80 percent of the expert studies. Foreign language is divided into German 1, French 1, Spanish 1, Chinese 1, Japanese 1, Russian 1, Arabic 1, basic Vietnamese, and Hanja 1. Students can choose one subject.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: After the test, the administrators collect, scan and correct them. The test correction (confirming the documentation and grades) and printing the results take about one month. However, test takers sometimes use unofficial websites to figure out how well they performed soon after taking the test.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: The test is taken seriously and day-to-day operations are halted or delayed on test day. Many shops, flights, military training, construction projects, banks, and other activities and establishments are closed or canceled. The KRX stock market opens late. Neither students nor administrators may bring in cell phones, books, newspapers, food, or any other material which could distract other test-takers. Most complaints after the test involve administrator actions such as talking, opening windows, standing in front of a desk, sniffling, clicking a computer mouse, eating candy, and walking. Administrators are warned against doing anything which could distract students in any way.


title: College Scholastic Ability Test

text: Pressure to perform well on the CSAT has been linked to psychological stress, depression and suicide. The highly competitive exam is also cited as a contributing factor to South Korea's declining birth rate, as parents feel pressure to pay for expensive "hagwon" cram schools to help their children study. Critics also say that students from wealthier families have an advantage due to the prevalence of cram schools, and that the test detracts from students' education with its emphasis on rote memorization and topics that are distinct from the curriculum followed in schools.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade is a tactical role-playing game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance (GBA) handheld video game console. It is the sixth entry in the "Fire Emblem" series, the first title produced for the system, and the first title to appear on a handheld console. It was released in Japan in March 2002.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "The Binding Blade" is set on the fictional continent of Elibe, which has been dominated by humans for centuries following an ancient war between humanity and dragons. The story follows Roy, a young nobleman from the small independent nation of Pherae as he leads a growing army against the forces of King Zephiel of the kingdom of Bern, who is gradually taking over Elibe with the aid of a mysterious power. As with other "Fire Emblem" games, battles take place on a grid-based map, with player units assigned character classes taking part in single combat with enemies and being subject to permanent death if defeated.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "The Binding Blade" began development as a Nintendo 64 title called "Fire Emblem: Maiden of Darkness", but internal changes caused the project to change its platform to the GBA, scrapping nearly all of its original content in the process. One of Intelligent Systems' main goals was to make the game more forgiving to newcomers than the notoriously difficult "". Upon release, it was praised by critics and sold over 345,000 units. Despite never releasing overseas, Roy's appearance in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" contributed to the localization of its 2003 prequel, "The Blazing Blade", released overseas as "".


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade" is a tactical role-playing game in which players control main protagonist Roy and his growing army as they take part in battle across the land of Elibe. Gameplay is broken up into maps bookended by story sequences, with the completion of each map advancing the storyline. When the game is completed for the first time, a new difficulty level is unlocked.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Battles take place on grid-based self-contained maps and are governed by a turn-based system where units on both sides are given their chance to move and act. Once a unit has moved, depending on their position relative to allied units and enemies, they may perform actions such as attacking or supporting allied characters through statistic-enhancing abilities, or they can wait until the next turn. When attacking, the game transitions from the top-down view of the map to a side-view battlefield, where a cinematic battle plays between the player and enemy units. Each unit has access to different weapons and items, but these will break after a number of uses and must be repaired in between missions. The effectiveness of melee weapons is dictated with the series' recurring Weapons Triangle mechanic: axes are strong against lances, lances strong against swords, and swords strong against axes. Villages found during map battles will be attacked; if defended by the player, non-player characters within the village will give hints about future objectives. A map is cleared when the boss is defeated and Roy seizes the boss's location. If characters fall in battle, they are subjected to permanent death, removing them from the rest of the game. If Roy dies, the game ends and the map must be restarted.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Each unit has their own character class, with that class determining a unit's range of movement, weapon, and strengths and weaknesses. Classes range from on-foot units like swordsmen and knights, mounted units such as the series' recurring Pegasus Knights, and magic-wielding units such as Mages. Each class also has its own battle animation. Upon performing an action in battle, characters are awarded experience points (EXP). Upon gathering enough EXP, the character levels up, and their statistics such as defense and maximum hit points are raised randomly. Using special items, a unit can be promoted into an Advanced Class, changing their class and increasing their statistics. A Support system exists where characters who remain next to each other for a number of turns talk to each other, gaining Support Points and earning stat boosts. A limit is placed on the number of Support Points that can be earned when completing a single map.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "The Binding Blade" is set on the continent of Elibe, a setting shared with its prequel "Fire Emblem". Elibe was engulfed a thousand years before in a conflict between humanity and dragons called the Scouring: begun by humanity, the dragons were defeated and banished from the world. Victory was achieved using the eight Divine Weapons, which were subsequently scattered across Elibe. The story begins when King Zephiel, ruler of the kingdom of Bern, finishes the brutal conquest of Ilia and Sacae and sets his sights on Lycia. In a small region called Pherae, Roy, the son of Pherae's ruling marquess Eliwood, is forced to return home when Bern begins its invasion. As Eliwood is unable to battle due to illness, Roy is assigned command of Lycia's army. Roy leads his forces to Ostia, another region of Lycia ruled by Eliwood's friend Hector and his daughter Lilina. He is unable to save Hector from death, but rescues Lilina from Bern's occupation and sees to the protection of Guinivere, Zephiel's sister who opposes his war and has fled Bern with its royal treasure, the Fire Emblem. They also discover a small cave on the outskirts of Ostia where they obtain a Divine Weapon Durandal. Over the course of the journey, Roy and the Lycian Army locate the other Divine Weapons.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: The kingdom of Etruria contacts Roy and assigns his army to travel to the Western Isles, where heavy bandit activity is being reported. Though the Lycian Army repels the bandits, they discover from either a royal-in-hiding named Elffin or a dancer Larum that Etruria's nobility have allied with Bern and are enslaving the people on the Western Isles to work the mines. They also learn that Bern has recruited Manaketes, powerful dragons who hide their might in human forms. To learn more about them, the Lycian Army travels to Arcadia, a hidden city in the vast desert where humans and dragons live in peace, and gain stronger insight from the elders. A child Manakete named Fae also befriends Roy during his stay and tags along with him. Roy and his forces later returns to Etruria and removes the corrupt nobility, allowing the kingdom's rightful rulers to restore order and the Lycian Army to merge with Etruria's.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Depending on the player's actions, the newly reformed Etrurian Army then continues through either the snowy tundras of Ilia and its many mercenary groups on Bern's contract, or through the plains of Sacae where nomad tribes have allied with Bern. Both paths ultimately take the Etrurian Army to Bern's borders, where Roy discovers a shrine housing the Binding Blade, a powerful weapon that rules over the other eight Divine Weapons. Combined with the Fire Emblem, Roy is granted its incredible power and wields the Binding Blade in the final assault on Bern's capital. Zephiel is eventually killed by the Etrurian Army and his Divine Weapon is taken from him. If the player has not collected the eight Divine Weapons, the game ends prematurely at this point. If the player has collected them and they are unbroken, Roy learns that Zephiel ordered his remaining forces to gather elsewhere in Elibe and continue his plans. The Divine Weapons suddenly emit a light that leads the Etrurian Army to this location: an ancient temple that had long ago been built by the dragons.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Once inside, Roy is shown the true history of the Scouring. The dragons, despite their power, were unable to maintain their numbers due to how slowly they reproduced compared to humans. As the war came to a close, the surviving Fire Dragons captured a Divine Dragon named Idunn and sealed away her soul. Enslaved to their will, Idunn reproduced dragons at an incredible rate and became known as the Demon Dragon, but she was defeated by a warrior wielding the Binding Blade. Her power was locked away until Zephiel, disgusted at humanity's failings, released her out of his insane desire to return Elibe to the dragons. As she has no emotion or free will, Idunn continues to follow Zephiel's orders even after his death and threatens to raise a dragon army that will destroy everything on the continent. On the topmost floor of the temple, the Etrurian Army battles and defeats Idunn and her endlessly spawning dragons. In the war's wake, Elibe begins to rebuild itself. Guinivere is named the new ruler of Bern, while Elffin returns to Etruria after his long absence. Roy and Lilina become the new marquesses of Pherae and Ostia. If Roy delivered the final blow on Idunn with the Binding Blade and if Fae is still alive, Idunn survives and is taken to Arcadia to live with Fae while her soul slowly returns to her.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "The Binding Blade" was developed by Intelligent Systems. It was directed by Tōru Narihiro, and produced by Takehiro Izushi. The designer was Masayuki Horikawa, while programming was handled by Takafumi Kaneko. The scenario was written by Masayuki Horikawa and series newcomer Kouhei Maeda. The character designs were handled by Eiji Kaneda. The music was composed by Yuka Tsujiyoko, who had worked on every title in the series up to that point. "The Binding Blade" began development as "Fire Emblem: Maiden of Darkness", a "Fire Emblem" title intended for the Nintendo 64 and its peripheral 64DD. This version was revealed in 1997 by Shigeru Miyamoto under the working title "Fire Emblem 64". When they were well into the development of "Maiden of Darkness", the internal development structure at Intelligent Systems was changed, which combined with the poor sales of the 64DD resulted in the game's development being restarted in 2000 for the Game Boy Advance (GBA). Very little of the original Nintendo 64 game concept survived the transition. Aside from the characters Roy and Karel, most of the original game's characters were scrapped. The subtitle "Maiden of Darkness" remained in use as a working title up until 2001, when it became "The Binding Blade". Production on the final version of "The Binding Blade" took approximately one year.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: The game was the first title in the "Fire Emblem" series on a portable console. While development of a handheld "Fire Emblem" title had been considered for earlier games, the team felt available hardware lacked the expression to realize their vision. The GBA offered technical capacities superior to the Super Famicom, the release platform of the last "Fire Emblem" title "", while also offering portability, making it more appealing to players. The platform was also chosen due to estimated development time and budget considerations. Developing for the new hardware proved challenging in some respects, and easy in others such as creating basic software. During development, two different versions were developed while the team were getting used to the new hardware. One of the main issues they faced was the limited resolution and screen size of the GBA. The game's combat animations were intended to evoke scenes from high fantasy, such as "Record of Lodoss War" and "Slayers", contrasting with the equivalent styles of fantasy fighting in Japanese stories.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Compared to earlier titles in the series, the story for "The Binding Blade" was made deliberately simple, with clear heroes and villains, and an obvious objective for the player to complete. It was the first time the "Fire Emblem" series employed a branching narrative, with different characters opening up different story routes. The titular "Fire Emblem" is represented as a family crest. The character of Roy was designed to appeal to younger players, and was also given a strong character in contrast to earlier recent titles. He was also made to be a free-spirited and emphatic character so he appealed to as wide an audience as possible. Also in contrast to earlier entries, particularly the notoriously difficult "Thracia 776", the difficulty of "The Binding Blade" was intentionally lowered: the game was initially planned with three difficulties, with the final "Normal" mode being intended as "Easy" mode. Another new element included was counters for elements such as turn numbers.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "The Binding Blade" was officially announced at Space World 2000 under its original title "Maiden of Darkness", as one of the early titles for the GBA. According to later comments from the staff, the game's official title was already under consideration at the time. The game was announced under its official title at the 2001 Space World event. To promote the game in Japan, a live action television commercial was created: standard 30 second versions mixed gameplay footage with the live action sequence, while the 40 second director's cut featured the full commercial without gameplay. The latter version was only available through the game's official website. The commercial was based upon the operatic commercial created for the first "Fire Emblem" title "". The game released in Japan on March 29, 2002. The game's Japanese title, "Fūin no Tsurugi", has been alternately translated as "The Binding Blade" and "The Sword of Seals". "The Binding Blade" became the more common modern translation, and in 2017 it was used by Nintendo when detailing Roy's series origins for his character profile on the website for "Fire Emblem Heroes". The game was later re-released in Japan on Virtual Console for Wii U on September 2, 2015.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: During its debut week in Japan, "The Binding Blade" reached #4 in the sales charts, with over 101,000 units. It was still in the charts in May, having dropped to #17 and reached total sales of over 220,000 units. By the end of 2002 the game sold over 345,000 units, ranking at #29 in the 300 best-selling video games of the year.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "Famitsu" was positive about the game. One reviewer noted the slight alterations to the series formula with the shift onto the GBA, but said that it was still unmistakably a "Fire Emblem" title. A second reviewer praised the game's pacing and the eased difficulty of missions allowed by the "rescue" function. A third reviewer praised the drop in difficulty from "Thracia 776" despite preserving some challenge, and positively noted the fast reactions of the game AI, enabling a low-stress experience for players.


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: RPGFan's Woojin Lee praised the game's animation as some of the best on the system, positively noted the added features when compared to earlier entries in the series, and actively praised the game's ability to attach players to characters and the resultant impact when those characters were felled in battle. In concluding his review, he said: "While I'm not sure if the average American gamer is up to the challenge that playing an unforgiving game like ["The Binding Blade"], I think everyone who tries the game will be pleasantly surprised by how deep and engrossing it is".


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: Mike Moehnke of RPGamer, writing a retrospective review for the site, praised the game's tactical gameplay and the difficulty being noticeable without being overwhelming. He also positively noted the links to its 2003 prequel "Rekka no Ken". His main criticisms of the title were intuitive item management between battles, an underdeveloped and restrictive Support system, and the fact that Roy was a very weak character for the majority of the game. He also negatively noted its continued exclusivity to Japan, although he noted that fan translations were readily available. He concluded by saying that "The Binding Blade" was "not the best game in the series, but neither [was] it the worst".


title: Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade

text: "The Binding Blade" would have a profound effect upon subsequent entries in the series. Main protagonist Roy, together with Marth from "Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light" and its sequels, was included in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" for the GameCube: the characters were not removed for the Western release, giving audiences their first wider look at the "Fire Emblem" series through the characters. Combined with the positive reception and sales of "Advance Wars", which altered Nintendo's view that tactical role-playing games would be unsuccessful in the West, this resulted in the next "Fire Emblem" title being localized. This game, titled "Fire Emblem: Rekka no Ken" in Japan and released in the West as "Fire Emblem", is a prequel to "The Binding Blade" set twenty years prior and following Roy's father Eliwood. While Nintendo of America was willing to localize "The Binding Blade", the workload of localizing "" meant that the idea needed to be scrapped, leaving "The Binding Blade" exclusive to Japan. All future "Fire Emblem" titles to date, barring "" for the Nintendo DS in 2010, have been released overseas.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Yáng Kāihuì (; courtesy name: Yúnjǐn (); 6 November 1901 – 14 November 1930) was the second wife of Mao Zedong, whom he married in 1920. She had three children with Mao Zedong: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing, and Mao Anlong. Her father was Yang Changji, the head of the Hunan First Normal School and one of Mao's favorite teachers.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Yang Kaihui was born in the small village of Bancang in Changsha, Hunan Province, on 6 November 1901. Her name meant "Opening Wisdom", although she came to be nicknamed "Xia", meaning "Little Dawn." Her father was Yang Changji, a teacher and leftist intellectual, her mother was Xiang Zhenxi, while she had a brother three years older than her, Yang Kaizhi. Through his teaching of ethics at the First Normal School of Changsha, Changji had become a father figure to a pupil named Mao Zedong, later writing in his journal that "it is truly difficult to imagine someone so intelligent and handsome" as him. A friendship developing, in summer 1916, Mao was invited to spend several days at Yang's Bancang home, walking twenty miles in straw sandals in order to get there. On this occasion, he did not talk to either Zhenxi or Kaizhi, instead bowing his head to them as a mark of respect.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Yang Changji gained a professorship at Peking University and had moved his family to the city when Mao came to Peking in September 1918 with several like-minded friends from Hunan. Upon arrival, they stayed in the Yangs' small house in the north of the city. Here, Mao met Kaihui again, and the two discovered a mutual attraction. A friend who knew Kaihui at the time described her as "small in stature and round-faced, with deep-set eyes and pale white skin", and her appearance impressed both Mao and his friends. Kaihui later related that she had "fallen madly in love with him already when I heard about his numerous accomplishments" but did not make her feelings immediately known. She kept "hoping and dreaming" that he shared her feelings and decided that she would never marry anyone but him.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Their relationship did not develop swiftly, as Mao was shy and lacked sufficient funds to court her, living in cramped rented accommodation with other Hunanese students in Peking's Three-Eyed Well district. Changji secured Mao a job at the university library as assistant to the librarian Li Dazhao, an early Chinese communist.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: In January 1920, Yang Changji died. Mao was in Peking ostensibly on business, though biographer Stuart Schram suspected his presence was partly due to his desire to comfort Kaihui. Yang Kaihui and her mother returned to Changsha with her father's remains, and she soon entered the Fusiang Girls’ School. At the missionary school, her exposure to revolutionary ideas got her labeled a 'rebel', who refused to pray and cut her hair short in defiance of convention.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Mao had gone from Peking to Shanghai, where he worked in a laundry and joined a Communist group for the first time. Following the overthrow of Hunanese warlord Zhang Jingyao by generals favourable to Mao, he returned to Changsha in July 1920. Mao opened a bookstore and publishing house. Now possessing social status and financial security, Mao was able to marry Kaihui.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Yang joined the Chinese Socialism Youth League in the second half of 1920 as one of the first members in Hunan. She married Mao Zedong that winter, without any wedding ceremony or other celebrations. Yang joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the beginning of 1922.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: By the 1920s, the Communist movement in China used a labor and peasant organizing strategy that combined workplace advocacy with women's rights advocacy. The Communists would lead union organizing efforts among male workers while simultaneously working in nearby peasant communities on women's rights issues, including literacy for women. Yang and Mao were among the most effective Communist political organizers using this method, using it in the Anyuan mines and nearby peasant communities.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: In April 1923, Mao went to the CPC's Central Committee in Shanghai to work as the Organization Department Minister. In the following year, Yang, together with her two children, Mao Anying and Mao Anqing, joined her husband in Shanghai and organized an evening school at a cotton mill. In 1925, accompanied by Mao, Yang Kaihui went to Shaoshan to organize peasant movements, while caring for her husband and educating their children. At the same time, she continued to teach peasant evening schools and contracted with other comrades. In the beginning of 1927, Mao inspected the peasant movement in Hunan. Yang Kaihui sorted through the large amount of investigation materials and neatly copied them down. Mao's "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan" including Yang's contributions, was published in March of that year. During this period Yang organized many movements among peasants, labor, women, and students.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: After the National Revolution failed, Yang returned alone to Bancang to organize underground revolutions and lead fights against the Kuomintang (KMT) in Changsha, Pingjiang, and the borders of Xiangyin. Amid the great difficulties and dangers, Yang wrote many letters to her cousin Yang Kaiming, asking him to take good care of her children and mother if she met a sudden death. Because of the great distance and spare communication with Mao over the next three years, Yang often only saw news about her husband in the KMT's newspapers and worried greatly about his safety.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: In October 1930, the local KMT warlord He Jian captured Yang Kaihui and her son Mao Anying. Her captors wanted her to publicly renounce Mao Zedong and the CPC, but she refused to do so. Even under torture, she is reputed to have told her captors, "You could kill me as you like, you would never get anything from my mouth... Chopping off the head is like the passing of wind, death could frighten cowards, rather than our Communists... Even if the seas run dry and the rocks crumble, I would never break off relations with Mao Zedong"... "I prefer to die for the success of Mao's revolutionary career".


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Yang was executed in Changsha on 14 November 1930 at the age of 29. Her children with Mao Zedong were effectively orphaned, and were rediscovered years later. Mao Anying later died early in the Korean War, and Mao Anqing became a translator for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: In summer 1937, he conversed with the American reporter Agnes Smedley, reciting to her a poem that he had written in memory of Kaihui.


title: Yang Kaihui

text: In spring 1957, Li Shuyi, a friend and comrade of Mao and Yang's, wrote a poem in memory of her own husband, Liu Chih-hsün, a member of the Red Army who had been killed in 1933. Sending her poem to Mao, he responded by composing his own poem commemorating both Liu and Kaihui, titled "The Immortals", which he would subsequently publish:


title: Yang Kaihui

text: The allusion to poplar trees is a reference to Yang, whose surname meant "poplar", while that to willows alludes to Liu's surname, which meant "willow".


title: Yang Kaihui

text: Yang wrote poems to express her loneliness and her longing for Mao. One of them, "偶感 [Ǒu Gǎn]" ("Occasional Feeling"), was written in October 1928, two years before her death, and discovered when her former residence was being repaired about 50 years later:


title: Ikem Ekwonu

text: Ikemefuna Patrick "Ickey" Ekwonu (born October 31, 2000) is an American football offensive tackle for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). Of Nigerian descent, he played college football at N.C. State where he was named a unanimous All-American and was awarded the Jacobs Blocking Trophy as the best blocker in the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2021. Ekwonu was selected sixth overall by the Carolina Panthers in the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Ikem Ekwonu

text: Ekwonu grew up around Matthews, North Carolina, and attended Providence Day School. Ekwonu committed to play college football at North Carolina State over offers from Georgia Tech, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia.


title: Ikem Ekwonu

text: Ekwonu started the final seven games of his freshman season at left tackle and led the team with 37 pancake blocks and was named to the FWAA Freshman All-America team. He began his sophomore season as the Wolfpack's starting left guard. Ekwonu was moved back to left tackle during the season and again led the Wolfpack with 50 pancake blocks and 22 knockdowns and was named second-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) at both guard and tackle by the Associated Press.


title: Ikem Ekwonu

text: Ekwonu was named preseason All-ACC as well as a preseason All-American by Pro Football Focus and "Sporting News" going into the 2021 season. He was awarded the Jacobs Blocking Trophy as the best blocker in the ACC and was also a unanimous All-American selection.


title: Ikem Ekwonu

text: Following the end of the 2021 season, Ekwonu announced that he would forgo his remaining college eligibility to enter the 2022 NFL Draft, where he was selected sixth overall by the Carolina Panthers. On May 11, 2022, Ekwonu signed a four-year deal with the Panthers worth $27.6 million featuring a signing bonus of $17.2 million and a fifth year-option.


title: Ikem Ekwonu

text: Ekwonu majored in business administration at NC State. His father was a basketball player from Nigeria, while a twin brother, Osita, plays linebacker for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. His nickname, Ickey, was given to him by a former coach who noted his resemblance to running back Ickey Woods.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Willie Lee Wilson (born June 16, 1948) is an American businessman, politician, and perennial candidate from Chicago, Illinois. He ran in the 2015 and 2019 Chicago mayoral elections, the 2016 United States presidential election, and for the United States Senate in 2020. He is running to become Mayor of Chicago in the upcoming 2023 Chicago mayoral election.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: He has owned and operated several different McDonald's restaurant franchises and owns Omar Medical Supplies, which imports and distributes latex gloves and other medical and safety supplies and equipment. He also produces the nationally syndicated gospel music television program "Singsation", which won a Chicago/Midwest Emmy Award in 2012.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson later received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Mt. Carmel Theological Seminary and a Doctor of Humane Letters from Chicago Baptist Institute International.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson left home at age thirteen, and began his working life earning twenty cents per hour working in cotton and sugar cane fields.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson worked various jobs once he moved to Chicago, before being hired to mop floors and flip burgers at a McDonald's. He worked his way up, being eventually promoted to manager, and later receiving a loan to become a McDonald's franchisee, thus starting his business career.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: In his career as a businessman, Wilson owned five McDonald's franchises (which he subsequently sold) and started a medical-supply company. He also produced the nationally syndicated gospel music television program "Singsation"


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson served as the Chairman of the Governor's Task Force on Fair Practices in Contracting. In 2014, Illinois Governor-elect Bruce Rauner appointed Wilson to his transition team. Wilson has contended in 5 elections in the United States.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson ran for Mayor of Chicago in 2015, being one of several challengers to incumbent mayor Rahm Emanuel.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson collected 43,000 signatures for his candidature petition within five days. Emanuel issued a challenge to the validity of signatures collected. Emanuel ultimately dropped his challenge to Wilson's petition.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson staked out a number of positions, including advocating for bringing a casino to Chicago and restoring Meigs Field (on Northerly Island) as an airport. Wilson was critical of Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy, and pledged to fire him if elected mayor. Wilson was also critical of Chicago Public Schools school closures which had taken place under Emanuel.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson's endorsement in the runoff was actively sought by both candidates Rahm Emanuel and Jesús "Chuy" García. Wilson endorsed García.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: After setting up an exploratory committee on May 11, 2015, Wilson officially announced on June 1, 2015, that he would be running as a candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 election. He ran as a Democrat.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: The Wilson campaign was the first presidential campaign, Democratic or Republican, to buy advertisements in the state of Iowa.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson was on the ballot in several states during the 2016 Democratic primaries. He was the only minor candidate to appear on the ballot in South Carolina's "First in the South" primaries, perhaps due to the comparatively higher cost of the state's ballot entry fee. Wilson received 1,314 votes, or 0.35% of the total, in South Carolina, placing ahead of Former Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley. Wilson dropped out on April 12, 2016.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: In March 2018, Wilson formally announced that he would run a second time for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 mayoral election.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: During his campaign, Wilson generated controversy for handing out money to churchgoers. This practice of his was challenged before the Illinois State Board of Elections, which found that it did not violate any campaign finance laws since the money came from his non-profit foundation. Wilson defended his actions, declaring that his church appearances were not campaign-related, and that he was not buying votes. He continued this practice after the decision by the Board of Elections.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: During the campaign, in late November 2018, Wilson declared that he believed that other black candidates needed, "to get out of the way."


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson launched challenges to the candidature petitions of several black candidates, including Roger Washington, Ja'Mal Green, Neal Sales-Griffin, and Dorothy Brown. At the last minute, Wilson moved to drop his challenge to Sales-Griffin's and Brown's petitions. Brown was still removed from the ballot due to Toni Preckwinkle maintaining her challenge to Brown's petition, but Sales-Griffin was allowed to be included on the ballot. Chicago Electoral Board Chair Marisel Hernandez chastised the Wilson campaign for its political maneuvers regarding ballot challenges.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson failed to make it to the runoff, placing fourth with 59,072 votes, equal 10.61% of vote cast. Wilson performed very well on the West and South sides of the city. Despite placing fourth, Wilson had a plurality of the vote in more wards than any other candidate (he came first in thirteen wards). The thirteen wards that Wilson carried a plurality of the vote in were all predominately black (these being thirteen out of the total of eighteen wards in the city that are predominately black).


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Again, Wilson's endorsement was actively sought by both candidates in the runoff. Wilson endorsed Lori Lightfoot.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: In August 2019, Wilson expressed his intention to challenge incumbent United States Senator from Illinois Dick Durbin in 2020, running in the general election as an independent challenger to Durbin. Rather than run as an independent, he ultimately opted to run under the ballot line of his newly created "Willie Wilson Party".


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson received the support of three current and former Chicago aldermen, as well as that of the Fraternal Order of Police.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson received 4% of the vote statewide, finishing in a distant third place. His highest support came from the majority-black wards of Chicago where he had done well in both his mayoral campaigns. Totaling up all 18 of Chicago's majority-black wards, Wilson garnered 18.5% of the vote, well ahead of Republican Mark Curran, who received only 4%, but still far behind Durbin who received 75.9%.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson launched his campaign to become the Mayor of Chicago in 2022. Wilson is running as an independent, as Chicago host non-partisan elections. In the winter, Wilson donated various resources to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, many experienced high inflation; to help mitigate the affects, Wilson organized various gas giveaways and food donations.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson’s campaign has mainly focused on revitalizing small businesses, increasing safety, and ‘rebuilding’ Chicago. Wilson has advocated for increased safety on public transport, crime reduction, tax reduction, and opposing corruption. He also supports the abolishment of red-light traffic cameras, parking meter reform, and other issues.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson has accused incumbent mayor Lori Lightfoot of mismanagement, especially relating to gas prices and economic reinvigoration. He also called out corruption in the city, and said some officials were “out of touch” with the public.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: In the 2016 United States Presidential general election, Wilson personally voted for Republican nominee Donald Trump. When asked in 2019 about his possible vote in the 2020 election, Wilson declared, "I am not going to vote, nor will I ever vote again, for President Trump."


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois, Wilson advocated that churches should be allowed to hold in-person services despite the state's stay-at-home order.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson stated in 2019 that he believes the spending of tax money has "not proportionately benefited all races of citizens," in Illinois.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: Wilson tweeted in response to the Obergefell v. Hodges decision, “I disagree with what I consider the Supreme Court’s reinterpretation of what constitutes marriage. Marriage has and should always be that sacred union between a man and a woman. Period." However, in 2018, Wilson declared that he had changed his mind on the issue of same-sex marriage, declaring that he now believes that, "everybody is entitled to do whatever they want to do and be with whoever they want to be."


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: In a 2018 interview with the "Chicago Sun-Times", Wilson stated that his upbringing in the Deep South had made it difficult for him to understand the LGBTQ community, but that he was "reaching out" and seeking to "learn".


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: In May 2022, Willie Wilson announced a $1 million donation in food and gas throughout Illinois. Wilson aimed to achieve this though donating though partnerships with senior buildings, Cermak Fresh Markets, and Pete’s Markets. This announcement followed a $1 million donation in gas in April of the same year and $1.3 million in free gas over two events at several city and suburban gas stations prior to April.


title: Willie Wilson (businessman)

text: For decades, Wilson has been known for his generous financial support to churches, community organizations, and to needy individuals, long before his foray into politics. He assisted many whose delinquent taxes would have forced them from their homes. He also assisted many meet bail requirements, and has championed the ongoing call for reparations for descendants of enslaved Africans.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: The Libyan presidential election is scheduled to be held in 2022. The presidential election had originally been planned for 10 December 2018, but was delayed due to Khalifa Haftar's Western Libya campaign. The election was thereafter scheduled to be held on 24 December 2021 but was postponed after the head of High National Election Commission (HNEC) ordered the dissolution of the electoral committees nationwide.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: In a surprise offensive on 3 March 2017, the Islamist-dominated Benghazi Defense Brigades seized a number of oil ports from the Libyan National Army-backed House of Representatives. On 7 March 2017, the ports were handed over to the Government of National Accord, prompting the House of Representatives to abandon the UN-brokered peace deal it had previously agreed to with that government, denouncing the BDB capture of the ports as "terrorist attacks". The House then called for Libya's electoral commission to make "all the necessary arrangements to prepare for presidential and parliamentary elections before February 2018".


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: In May 2018, talks occurred in Paris, France, where leaders of the Government of National Accord and representatives of Haftar's Libyan National Army agreed on establishing a legal framework by 16 September to hold parliamentary and presidential elections on 10 December. The four people who agreed to deal were: Fayez al-Sarraj (head of the Government of National Accord), Khalifa Haftar (head of the Libyan National Army), Aguila Saleh Issa (head of the House of Representatives), and Khalid al-Mishri (head of the High Council of State). This was supported by the final report of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue for the preparatory phase of the Libyan National Conference, which stated that Libyans participating in the consultative process "expressed fatigue and frustration with the current political situation and called for an election or other major change to usher in a new system".


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: In July, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian visited Libya to speak with GNA Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj on making sure the elections went forward, and announcing that France donated US$1 million for the election. The Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte stated in early August 2018 that he doubted that elections would be held at the end of the year, despite France's push, and Italian ambassador to Libya Giuseppe Perrone echoed this view. The Italian embassy in Tripoli later denied that Perrone was trying to delay the election after his statements were criticized by the Libyan House of Representatives. Ghassan Salamé, the United Nations representative in Libya, stated that an election in December 2018 would be unlikely due to the ongoing fighting.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: In November 2018, major Libyan political figures attended the two-day Palermo Conference in an attempt to resolve the Libyan Conflict, but without a breakthrough.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: One of the major aims of the Libyan National Conference, which was initially scheduled for 14–16 April 2019, but postponed by the start of Haftar's military operation to take control of Tripoli from the GNA, was to recommend methods and dates of the 2019 elections to the Libyan House of Representatives and High Council of State.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: According to resolution 8/2013 of the General National Congress (GNC), the body responsible for the practical aspects of organising the elections is the High National Elections Commission (HNEC). HNEC is expected to follow the procedures outlined in resolution 17/2013 of the GNC. , the HNEC Board consisted of Emad Alshadly al-Sayah, Rabab Mohammed Halab, Abdelhakim Alshaab Belkhair and Abubakr Ali Marda.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: The 2019 Libyan local elections took place in 20 localities, prior to the parliamentary and presidential elections, in March and April 2019, with further planned elections in other towns during 2019. The local elections are coordinated by the Central Commission of Municipal Council Elections in close cooperation with HNEC.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 16 September 2020, Fayez al-Sarraj stated that he would step down from his position by the end of October 2020. This took place after the first month of the start of the 2020 Libyan protests in Tripoli, Benghazi and other cities across Libya.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 23 September 2021, Haftar temporarily withdrew his post from the command of the LNA for a potential run in the election. Under Libyan law, officials must suspend their current work three months before participating in the election.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: Various postponements have resulted from disputes about fundamental rules governing the election, including the voting timetable, the eligibility of the main candidates and the eventual powers of the next president and parliament.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: Days before the first round was scheduled to take place, the election was already up in the air, with no official list of candidates presented to the public and no formal campaigning under way. On 22 December the parliament of Libya confirmed the postponement. The chairman of the election committee said, ”After consulting the technical, judicial and security reports, we inform you of the impossibility of holding the elections on the date of 24 December 2021, provided for by the electoral law,” without giving a new date. "Foreign Policy" summarized that the causes for the delay were that "the process was beleaguered by two interrelated issues: differences over the idea of holding a presidential election in the current context, and the resulting failure to reach the required consensus on a framework for elections".


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and the United States urged Libya to set a new date for delayed presidential election quickly. The HNEC insisted that the House of Representatives is responsible for setting the new date. Speaker of the House of Representatives Aguila Saleh said the election committee responsible for overseeing elections must set a "definitive" date for postponed presidential and legislative polls by the end of January.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: The U.N.'s special adviser on Libya, Stephanie Williams, who has pursued a new election date, told the Associated Press that it was still "very reasonable and possible" for the country's 2.8 million voters to cast their ballots by June 2022 in line with the U.N.-brokered roadmap.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 23 January 2022, interim Prime Minister Abdulhamid Dbeibeh called for a constitution to be established before holding the delayed presidential and parliamentary elections. A month later, on 22 February, Dbeibeh announced a plan to hold the elections in June 2022. He later proposed holding elections at the end of 2022.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: Since then, the voting has not taken place and the plans have unraveled and left the country in crisis, although Dbeibeh is reported by his allies to be working on these issues. One reason given is the inability to agree on banning military personnel as well as dual citizens from running in the elections.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: Registration for presidential candidates opened on 7 November and lasted until 22 November. Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, registered his candidacy on 14 November 2021. Khalifa Haftar, commander of the Libyan National Army, registered his candidacy on 16 November. Aref Nayed, Chairman of the Ihya Libya Party, submitted his candidacy on 17 November 2021. Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh registered his candidacy on 21 November. In total, 96 men and two women registered as candidates.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: A preliminary list of 73 presidential candidates was released by the HNEC on 24 November. Twenty-five candidates were disqualified from the election, including Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Nouri Abusahmain, Bashir Saleh Bashir, and Ali Zeidan. Gaddafi, Abusahmain, and Saleh were disqualified under Article 10/7 of the electoral law for having been convicted of a crime. Gaddafi was also disqualified under Article 17/5 for not providing a certificate showing a clean criminal record. Zeidan was disqualified under Article 10/2 for having more than one nationality and under Article 11 for not having 5000 supporters. According to the electoral law, any appeals against the disqualifications are to be decided by the judiciary.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 28 November, the Tripoli Appeals Court rejected the candidacy of current prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh after accepting two appeals against his bid. The first appeal was filed by presidential candidates Aref Ali Nayed, Othman Abdeljalil, Mohammed Al-Muntasser, and Libyan Political Dialogue Forum members Ahmed Al-Sharkasi and Al-Saida Al-Yakoubi, while the second appeal was filed by presidential candidate Fathi Bashagha.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 30 November, Libyan Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar was disqualified from the presidential election after the Zawiya Court of First Instance accepted an appeal against his candidacy.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 1 December, four candidates disqualified by the HNEC, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, Nouri Abusahmain, Salama Al-Ghweil, and Fathi Benshatwan were placed back on the ballot by the Tripoli Court of Appeal.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 2 December, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was placed back on the ballot after the Sabha Court of Appeal accepted his appeal against his disqualification from the list of presidential candidates.


title: 2022 Libyan presidential election

text: On 6 December, Khalifa Haftar returned to the presidential election after the Tripoli Court of Appeal rejected a 30 November ruling by the lower Zawiya court.


title: Evan Williams (actor)

text: Evan Martin Williams is a Canadian actor, best known for his roles on "", "Awkward" and "Versailles".


title: Evan Williams (actor)

text: Williams was born in Swan Hills, Alberta, but raised in Calgary, Alberta. He is a graduate of Henry Wise Wood Senior High School, and studied theatre at Ryerson University.


title: Evan Williams (actor)

text: Williams first major role was Kelly Ashoona in "". His other notable television roles are Baxter McNab in "Baxter", Luke in "Awkward" and Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine in "Versailles", a role that gained him a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series.


title: Charpy impact test

text: In materials science, the Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is that some results are only comparative. The test was pivotal in understanding the fracture problems of ships during World War II.


title: Charpy impact test

text: The test was developed around 1900 by S. B. Russell (1898, American) and Georges Charpy (1901, French). The test became known as the Charpy test in the early 1900s due to the technical contributions and standardization efforts by Charpy.


title: Charpy impact test

text: In 1896, S. B. Russell introduced the idea of "residual fracture energy" and devised a pendulum fracture test. Russell's initial tests measured un-notched samples. In 1897, Frémont introduced a test to measure the same phenomenon using a spring-loaded machine. In 1901, Georges Charpy proposed a standardized method improving Russell's by introducing a redesigned pendulum and notched sample, giving precise specifications.


title: Charpy impact test

text: The apparatus consists of a pendulum of known mass and length that is dropped from a known height to impact a notched specimen of material. The energy transferred to the material can be inferred by comparing the difference in the height of the hammer before and after the fracture (energy absorbed by the fracture event).


title: Charpy impact test

text: The notch in the sample affects the results of the impact test, thus it is necessary for the notch to be of regular dimensions and geometry. The size of the sample can also affect results, since the dimensions determine whether or not the material is in plane strain. This difference can greatly affect the conclusions made.


title: Charpy impact test

text: The "Standard methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials" can be found in ASTM E23, ISO 148-1 or EN 10045-1 (retired and replaced with ISO 148-1), where all the aspects of the test and equipment used are described in detail.


title: Charpy impact test

text: The quantitative result of the impact tests the energy needed to fracture a material and can be used to measure the toughness of the material. There is a connection to the yield strength but it cannot be expressed by a standard formula. Also, the strain rate may be studied and analyzed for its effect on fracture.


title: Charpy impact test

text: The ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) may be derived from the temperature where the energy needed to fracture the material drastically changes. However, in practice there is no sharp transition and it is difficult to obtain a precise transition temperature (it is really a transition region). An exact DBTT may be empirically derived in many ways: a specific absorbed energy, change in aspect of fracture (such as 50% of the area is cleavage), etc.


title: Charpy impact test

text: The qualitative results of the impact test can be used to determine the ductility of a material. If the material breaks on a flat plane, the fracture was brittle, and if the material breaks with jagged edges or shear lips, then the fracture was ductile. Usually, a material does not break in just one way or the other and thus comparing the jagged to flat surface areas of the fracture will give an estimate of the percentage of ductile and brittle fracture.


title: Charpy impact test

text: According to ASTM A370, the standard specimen size for Charpy impact testing is 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm. Subsize specimen sizes are: 10 mm × 7.5 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 6.7 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 3.3 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 2.5 mm × 55 mm. Details of specimens as per ASTM A370 (Standard Test Method and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products).


title: Charpy impact test

text: According to EN 10045-1 (retired and replaced with ISO 148), standard specimen sizes are 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm. Subsize specimens are: 10 mm × 7.5 mm × 55 mm and 10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm.


title: Charpy impact test

text: According to ISO 148, standard specimen sizes are 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm. Subsize specimens are: 10 mm × 7.5 mm × 55 mm, 10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm and 10 mm × 2.5 mm × 55 mm.


title: Charpy impact test

text: According to MPIF Standard 40, the standard unnotched specimen size is 10 mm (±0.125 mm) x 10 mm (±0.125 mm) x 55 mm (±2.5 mm).


title: Charpy impact test

text: The impact energy of low-strength metals that do not show a change of fracture mode with temperature, is usually high and insensitive to temperature. For these reasons, impact tests are not widely used for assessing the fracture-resistance of low-strength materials whose fracture modes remain unchanged with temperature. Impact tests typically show a ductile-brittle transition for low-strength materials that do exhibit change in fracture mode with temperature such as body-centered cubic (BCC) transition metals.


title: Charpy impact test

text: Generally, high-strength materials have low impact energies which attest to the fact that fractures easily initiate and propagate in high-strength materials. The impact energies of high-strength materials other than steels or BCC transition metals are usually insensitive to temperature. High-strength BCC steels display a wider variation of impact energy than high-strength metal that do not have a BCC structure because steels undergo microscopic ductile-brittle transition. Regardless, the maximum impact energy of high-strength steels is still low due to their brittleness.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: USS "Arleigh Burke" (DDG-51), named for Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, USN (1901–1996), is the lead ship of the guided missile destroyers. She was laid down by the Bath Iron Works company at Bath, Maine, on 6 December 1988, launched on 16 September 1989 and commissioned on 4 July 1991.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: "Arleigh Burke"s designers incorporated many lessons learned by the Royal Navy during the Falklands campaign and from the guided-missile cruisers. The "Ticonderoga"-class cruisers were becoming too expensive to continue building, and were too difficult to upgrade. "Arleigh Burke" was the first modern destroyer designed with features meant to lower its radar cross section, which improves a ship's ability to evade radar detection. She also uses a slightly downgraded version of the Aegis combat system, which allows for launching, tracking, and evading missiles simultaneously. Her all-steel construction provides good protection for her superstructure, while her Collective Protection System allows her to operate in environments contaminated by chemical, biological, or radiological materials.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: Even before "Arleigh Burke" was commissioned, the Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force, was involved in the initial phases of testing. New systems, operated by fleet sailors ashore, were examined at land-based test facilities. The combat systems testing took place at the Combat System Engineering Development Site in Moorestown, New Jersey. The propulsion plant testing occurred at the Gas Turbine Ship Land-Based Engineering Site in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These test results supported the acquisition decision to begin limited production of the ship class.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: The ship was launched on 16 September 1989 by Mrs. Roberta (Gorsuch) Burke. Admiral Burke was present in person at her commissioning ceremony on 4 July, which was held on the waterfront in downtown Norfolk, Virginia.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: After being commissioned, and throughout 1992, "Arleigh Burke" conducted extensive testing at sea. As is often the case with new ship classes, U.S. Navy officers and shipyard engineers encountered a number of problems with some shipboard systems that required the attention of this warship's design and production agencies. An additional phase of testing was added to verify the effectiveness of the modifications made to these systems – modifications incorporated into later destroyers of the "Arleigh Burke" class.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: Following her initial operational testing, "Arleigh Burke" was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea in 1993, serving as the "Green Crown" during Operation Provide Promise. During her second deployment in 1995, "Arleigh Burke" steamed in the Mediterranean Sea as the "Red Crown" in support of the No-Fly Zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. During her third cruise, in 1998, she steamed in the Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Red Sea, and Black Sea, as a participant in numerous American and Allied exercises. During her fourth cruise in 2000–2001, "Arleigh Burke" saw service in the Mediterranean and Red Seas and in the Persian Gulf, enforcing United Nations sanctions against Iraq and conducting exercises with allied naval partners.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: On her fifth deployment in 2003, "Arleigh Burke" and the other units of the -led carrier battle group participated in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. During this wartime cruise, "Arleigh Burke" fired Tomahawk missile strikes against targets in Iraq, escorted merchant ships and naval auxiliaries through geographic choke-points, and carried out "leadership interdiction" operations in the northern Arabian Sea. She also undertook counter-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden. This cruise, which lasted from January through June 2003, saw "Arleigh Burke" at sea over 92 percent of the time.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: "Arleigh Burke" has earned one Navy Unit Commendation, three Meritorious Unit Commendations, three Battle Efficiency E Awards, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Kuwait Liberation Medal, and five Sea Service Deployment Ribbons.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: As a member of Destroyer Squadron 22, "Arleigh Burke" operated with the Carrier Strike Group under the direction of the Commander, Carrier Group 2.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In May 2007, "Arleigh Burke" ran what the Navy called a "soft aground" off Cape Henry Light at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. Her captain, Commander Esther J. McClure, was relieved of her command shortly thereafter as a result of "loss of confidence in her ability to command".


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In 2009, "Arleigh Burke" was deployed to the eastern coast of Africa in support of AFRICOM's Africa Partnership Station. The ship represented the United States during a port visit on the island nation of Seychelles where they played a role in securing a status of forces agreement between the two countries.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In August 2010, "Arleigh Burke" entered the BAE Systems Ship Repair shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia for DDG Modernization, a program to upgrade the ship's systems and to extend the service life to 40 years.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: On 23 September 2014 "Arleigh Burke" took part in the 2014 military intervention against ISIS, firing Tomahawk missiles on targets in Syria while the ship was in the Red Sea.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In 2018, the ship made two three-month overseas deployments, returning to Norfolk, Virginia, between cruises.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In 2019, she entered General Dynamics NASSCO’s shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia, for continued work towards modernization for ballistic missile defense.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In March 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, "Arleigh Burke" transited the Atlantic Ocean and conducted a home port shift to Rota, Spain, joining the Forward Deployed Naval Forces in Europe as part of Destroyer Squadron 60. Prior to the port shift, she received extensive upgrades, including Aegis Baseline 9 for BMD capability, as well as replacing her aft Phalanx CIWS with a SeaRAM CIWS. The ship crossed the Arctic Circle in May 2021.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: The crew began their first forward-deployed patrol in August 2021, returning in December 2021. During 2021, "Arleigh Burke" sailed more than 44,000miles, circumnavigated Europe, and executed operations in the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Barents Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. Port calls included Tallinn, Estonia; Helsinki, Finland; Gdynia, Poland; Varna, Bulgaria; Constanta, Romania; and Golcuk, Turkey.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In March 2022, "USS Arleigh Burke" was selected as the 2021 Battle E Winner for Destroyer Squadron 60. The Battle “E” recognizes the top ship in each squadron and is awarded for demonstrating sustained superior performance, operational effectiveness, and continuous readiness.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: In April 2022, "Arleigh Burke" completed the largest maintenance availability ever conducted in Rota, Spain, and then commenced her second forward deployed patrol in May 2022.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: The Shield outlined in blue and gold stands for the achievements in battle of Admiral Burke against the naval power of Japan. The fist and mace symbolize the offensive and defensive power of the new destroyer. The mace, also a symbol of authority, represents Admiral Burke's service as Chief of Naval Operations. It also refers to Admiral Marc Mitscher, an influential figure and mentor for whom Admiral Burke served as Chief of Staff. Admiral Burke's Destroyer Squadron 23, represented by the border of 23 ovals, was the only United States Destroyer Squadron awarded a Presidential Unit Citation, signified by the canton of blue, yellow, and red. The ovals also refer to the year 1923 in which Midshipman Burke graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Twenty-three also reflects Admiral Burke's distinguished service on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations as (OP-23).


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: The mounted figure of Saint George recalls Admiral Burke's celebrated victory in the Battle of Cape St. George over Japanese naval forces. His mantle bears a gold cross for the Navy Cross awarded to the Admiral. The birch branch on the helmet represents Admiral Burke himself, a reference to his name derived from his Scandinavian heritage.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: The red sea dragon symbolizes Japanese naval power assaulted by forces under Captain Burke's command. It is gorged with the two gold stars he was awarded for outstanding service. The lance impaling the dragon signifies ordnance on target. The capabilities of the new destroyer, the most powerful and survivable ever built, are signified by the full armor and equipment of the warrior Saint George. The Admiral's nickname "31-Knot Burke" is recalled by the number "31" on the horse.


title: USS Arleigh Burke

text: The motto of the ship is "Fast and Feared". The ship's crest was designed by Mr. John Sproston of the Institute of Heraldry following a personal interview with Admiral Burke. The crest can also be found on a USPS postage stamp honoring Admiral Burke that was issued in 2010.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Ordeal by Innocence is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 3 November 1958 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company the following year. The UK edition retailed at twelve shillings and sixpence (12/6) and the US edition at $2.95.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: A crucial witness is unaware of his role as such until two years after a man is found guilty of a murder. When he realizes the information he holds, he re-opens the pain of loss in a family, and re-opens the question of who was the murderer two years ago.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: This novel received mixed reviews at the time of publication, as reviewers were not generally comfortable with the psychological aspects of the story. The plot had her "customary ingenuity" but lacked "blitheness" and was "much too like an attempt at psychological fiction". Sympathy is evoked for too many characters, "but the unravelling is sound and the story well told." Another said there is ingenuity and a good ending, but the plot "lacks a central focus" and it appears that the "serious socio-psychological approach doesn't suit" Christie's writing. A later review considered it one of the better Christie novels of the 1950s, and noted that the author sometimes called it her own favourite.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Geologist Arthur Calgary appears at the Argyle home Sunny Point two years after Rachel Argyle, wife and mother of five adopted children, was bludgeoned to death. Her son Jacko was tried and imprisoned, and he died after 6 months in prison. Calgary explains that Jacko is innocent of murder, because his alibi was true. Calgary is the man who gave Jacko a ride to town and talked with him, when the murder was known to happen. Calgary is confused by the family’s reaction to his news. It had been difficult to face them with his failure to appear by the time of the trial, yet no one is pleased at his effort for justice. Brother Mickey Argyle realises immediately that there is a murderer among them still, and visits Calgary in his hotel room to tell him. As the new police investigations proceed, they suspect in turn his father Leo, his brother Mickey, his sisters Mary, Tina and Hester, his father’s secretary Gwenda, and the long-time housekeeper Kirsten. Calgary visits the defense lawyer, who gives him more details of the event and some insights into the family, and the position in which the news puts them. Calgary feels he must now assist the family in the new situation.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Dr Calgary was unaware of the trial because he was hit by a truck within hours after meeting Jacko, and a concussion blocked Calgary's recent memory. He left the country on a lengthy polar expedition when police were seeking the driver of the car. Jacko’s photo jogs his memory upon Calgary’s return to England; he recalls conversing with Jacko. Calgary feels his duty to justice to come forward late, and the police accept his reasons for not appearing earlier.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Calgary next visits retired local doctor, Dr MacMaster, to ask him about Jacko. MacMaster was surprised when Jacko was convicted for killing Rachel, not because murder was outside Jacko's 'moral range'. He sees Jacko as one too cowardly to kill another; instead, he would direct an accomplice. Calgary speaks to Maureen, who reveals Jacko's persuasive ways with older women: initiating affairs and then taking money from them. Hester visits Calgary in London, as she cannot take the tension at home. Each returns to Sunny Point. Calgary meets with one older woman who had fallen for Jacko’s compliments and given him money. The police gather new information from family members as they seek the murderer. Mickey plans to meet with Tina, to learn what she did the night of the murder and tell her of his new job out of England. Mary Argyle and her husband Philip Durrant stay at Sunny Point during this period of upset. Philip tries to find the guilty one among them and his efforts spur the killer to strike again.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: At Philip’s request, Tina comes to Sunny Point. As she reaches his room, Kirsten is at the door with a tray, and they see that Philip is dead at his desk. Tina walks away until she collapses outdoors, where Mickey sees her fall and he carries her inside. Doctor Craig arrives and says that Tina has been stabbed in the back and must go to hospital.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Hester tells Calgary about Philip and Tina. Calgary heads to Superintendent Huish, who repeats the words Tina spoke in hospital, that the cup was empty, Philip's cup, meaning Kirsten was leaving not entering the room. At Sunny Point, Calgary reveals to all, in the library, that the killer is the housekeeper, Kirsten. Jacko had persuaded the plain Kirsten that he was in love with her, and persuaded her to murder Mrs Argyle to steal some money he wants, money his mother would not give him. Kirsten learns that Jacko was secretly married, by meeting his wife the day after the murder. Kirsten realises what a fool she has been and sees the evil in Jacko.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Once accused, Kirsten runs away from Sunny Point. The family expect the police will nab her. While Mary mourns her beloved husband, her sister Hester professes her love for Arthur Calgary. She suspects that Tina and Mickey will get together once Tina recovers. Leo feels free to remarry.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Philip John Stead concluded his review in the "Times Literary Supplement" of 12 December 1958, with, "The solution of "Ordeal By Innocence" is certainly not below the level of Mrs Christie's customary ingenuity, but the book lacks other qualities which her readers have come to expect. What has become of the blitheness, the invigorating good spirits with which the game of detection is played in so many of her stories? "Ordeal By Innocence" slips out of that cheerful arena into something much too like an attempt at psychological fiction. It is too much of a conversation piece and too many people are talking – people in whom it is hard to take the necessary amount of interest because there is not enough space to establish them. The kind of workmanship which has been lavished on this tale is not a kind in which the author excels and the reader feels that Miss Marple and Poirot would thoroughly disapprove of the whole business."


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Sarah Russell of "The Guardian" gave a short review to the novel in the 9 December 1958 issue when she said, "In this solving of a two-year-old family murder sympathy is, unusually with Miss Christie, evoked for too many people to leave enough suspects; but the unravelling is sound and the story well told."


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Maurice Richardson said of this novel that "The veteran Norn has nodded over this one. There is ingenuity, of course, but it lacks a central focus. The characters are stodgy and there is little of that so readable, almost crunchable dialogue, like burnt sugar." He concluded, "The serious socio-psychological approach doesn't suit A C somehow. Only at the end with the big surprise do you feel home and dry."


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Robert Barnard considered this novel as "One of the best of 'fifties Christies, and one of her own favourites (though she named different titles at different times). The "Five Little Pigs" pattern of murder-in-the-past, the convicted murderer having died in prison, innocent. [sic]” His evaluation was that it was “Short on detection, but fairly dense in social observation. Understanding in treatment of adopted children, but not altogether tactful on the colour question: 'Tina's always the dark horse…Perhaps it's the half of her that isn't white.'"


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: A film adaptation was released in 1985, directed by Desmond Davis. It starred Donald Sutherland as Arthur Calgary, Sarah Miles as Mary Durrant, Christopher Plummer as Leo Argyle, Ian McShane as Philip Durrant, Diana Quick as Gwenda Vaughan, and Faye Dunaway as Rachel Argyle.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: The film's musical score by Dave Brubeck was criticised as inappropriate for its style of mystery. Brubeck had taken over from Pino Donaggio, who had already composed many pieces for the project, but was too busy to work on the project when various film edits needed re-scoring. His original score had swirling strings, lush melodies, and tension-filled passages.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: The novel was adapted for the third season of the ITV television series "Agatha Christie's Marple" featuring Geraldine McEwan as the eponymous Miss Marple in 2007, although the character was not in the original novel. The episode guest starred Denis Lawson as Leo, Stephanie Leonidas as Hester, Lisa Stansfield as Mary, and Jane Seymour as Rachel. This version made noticeable differences from the novel, such as having Jacko (Burn Gorman) executed by hanging instead of dying in prison of pneumonia.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Gwenda Vaughan (Juliet Stevenson) takes Philip Durrant's (Richard Armitage) place as the household member who is murdered by Kirsten (Alison Steadman) for coming too close to the truth. Omitted completely is Kirsten's attempt to silence Tina (Gugu Mbatha-Raw) and Micky (Bryan Dick) by stabbing Tina. There is also the addition of another adopted child, Bobby (Tom Riley), the twin brother of Jacko, who commits suicide after financial ruin. Kirsten is shown being arrested at the end, unlike in the original novel in which her arrest was not explicitly included in the actual text.


title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: The novel was adapted as the second episode of the French television series "Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie", airing in 2009.