title: Mineko Iwasaki

text: Iwasaki felt betrayed by Golden's use of information she considered confidential, and denounced the novel as being an inaccurate depiction of geisha life, criticising in particular the novel's portrayal of geisha engaging in (a deflowering ritual undergone by some apprentices) as a matter of fact when graduating to geisha status. Iwasaki stated that she herself had not undergone , and that no such custom ever existed in Gion.


title: Mineko Iwasaki

text: Iwasaki also took displeasure with Golden's use of a number of her life experiences, with the main character of Sayuri having a number of direct parallels to Iwasaki's career as a geisha. These experiences were at times portrayed negatively within the novel, despite their real-life counterparts having been positive experiences for Iwasaki.


title: Mineko Iwasaki

text: Iwasaki later gave public interviews stating that many established geisha had criticised her actions and decision to be interviewed by Golden, the result of which ruptured the unwritten traditions of secrecy within the geisha community. Furthermore, Iwasaki stated that she had lost friends and relationships due to the scandal of being associated with the book, along with certain inconsistencies and fallacies about Gion.


title: Mineko Iwasaki

text: Iwasaki sued Golden for breach of contract and defamation of character in 2001, which was settled out of court in 2003.


title: Mineko Iwasaki

text: After the publication of "Memoirs of a Geisha", Iwasaki decided to write an autobiography in contrast with Golden's novel. Her book, co-authored by Rande Gail Brown, was published as "Geisha: A Life" in the US and "Geisha of Gion" in the UK. The book detailed her experiences before, during and after her time as a geisha, and became a bestseller.


title: Philippa of England

text: Philippa of England (mid-1394 – 5 January 1430), also known as Philippa of Lancaster, was Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1406 to 1430 by marriage to King Eric of the Kalmar Union. She was the daughter of King Henry IV of England by his first spouse Mary de Bohun and the younger sister of King Henry V. Queen Philippa participated significantly in state affairs during the reign of her spouse, and served as regent of Denmark from 1423 to 1425.


title: Philippa of England

text: Philippa was born to Henry Bolingbroke and Mary de Bohun, at Peterborough Castle, Peterborough. Her father became king in 1399. She is mentioned a couple of times during her childhood: in 1403, she was present at her widowed father's wedding to Joan of Navarre, and the same year, she made a pilgrimage to Canterbury. She mainly lived at Berkhamsted Castle and Windsor Castle.


title: Philippa of England

text: In 1400 or 1401, King Henry suggested to Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden that an alliance be formed between England and the Kalmar Union through a double wedding between Henry's daughter Philippa to the heir to the Nordic thrones, Eric of Pomerania, and Henry's son Henry to Eric's sister Catherine.


title: Philippa of England

text: Queen Margaret could not agree to the terms and the marriage between Henry and Catherine never occurred. In 1405, however, a Scandinavian embassy composed of two envoys from each of the three Nordic kingdoms arrived in England, and the marriage between Philippa and Eric was proclaimed.


title: Philippa of England

text: On 26 November 1405, Philippa was married to Eric by proxy in Westminster, with the Swedish nobleman Ture Bengtsson Bielke as the stand-in for the groom, and on 8 December, she was formally proclaimed Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the presence of the Nordic ambassadors.


title: Philippa of England

text: Philippa left England from Lynn in August 1406 with an entourage of male and female English nobles and arrived in Helsingborg in September, where she was greeted by Eric and Queen Margaret.


title: Philippa of England

text: The wedding between Philippa and Eric of Pomerania took place on 26 October 1406 in Lund Cathedral. Philippa was the first documented princess in history to wear a white wedding dress during a royal wedding ceremony: she wore a tunic with a cloak in white silk bordered with grey squirrel and ermine. The wedding ceremony was followed by her coronation. The festivities lasted until November, during which several men were knighted and Philippa's dowry was officially received by the court chamberlain and clerics from the three kingdoms. Philippa was in turn granted dower lands in all three kingdoms: Närke and Örebro in Sweden, Fyn with Odense and Nasbyhoved in Denmark, and Romerike in Norway.


title: Philippa of England

text: Queen Philippa and King Eric lived in Kalmar Castle in Sweden with their court the first three years of their marriage. Philippa was given her own court, supervised by her chief lady in waiting, Lady Katarina Knutsdotter, a granddaughter of Saint Bridget of Sweden through Lady Märta Ulfsdotter, who had been the chief lady in waiting of Queen Margaret herself.


title: Philippa of England

text: From 1409 onward, and particularly after the death of Queen Margaret in 1412, when Eric became King "de facto", the royal couple mainly resided in Denmark. However, Philippa frequently returned to Sweden, and as she had lived there during her first years in Scandinavia, she was given a close relationship to Sweden, of the three Kingdoms, from the beginning.


title: Philippa of England

text: Her particular interest in Sweden was Vadstena Abbey, which came to be a refuge for her and a base whenever she was in Sweden. Her English entourage had included Henry Fitzhugh, who had visited the Abbey with an English delegation for members in order to establish a Bridgettine monastery in England, and in 1415, four nuns, three female novices, one monk and one priest left the abbey under great celebrations for the foundation of what became the famed Syon Abbey. Philippa herself likely saw Vadstena for the first time in 1408, when she would have accompanied Eric there.


title: Philippa of England

text: During her second visit to Vadstena Abbey in January 1415, she followed the example of Queen Margaret and was accepted as a "soror ab extra". In 1421, she made a donation to the Abbey in exchange for prayers for her, her spouse and her parents; in 1422, she delivered the relic of an arm from Canute the Holy to the Abbey, and in 1425, she donated the Choir of Saint Anne, whose inauguration she attended the following year.


title: Philippa of England

text: When Pope Martin V banned double monasteries in 1422, Queen Philippa and her spouse sent an embassy to Rome to ask for a retraction of the ban, and she also asked her brothers in England to intervene: the result was that an exception from the ban was made for the Bridgettine Order.


title: Philippa of England

text: Queen Philippa was actively involved in state affairs. By the Pomeranian Act of Succession of 1416, Eric named his cousin Bogusław IX of Pomerania as heir to the three Kingdoms if his marriage to Philippa remained childless. When Eric left to participate in warfare in Femern in 1420, the Act was amended and Philippa was given an active role. The revised Act stated that upon the death of Eric, Queen Philippa should be appointed Regent of the realm until Bogusław could be instated as King; and should Bogusław inherit the three Kingdoms while still a minor, Philippa would serve as Regent during his minority.


title: Philippa of England

text: In connection to this, Philippa's dower lands were also altered: instead of having dower lands in all three Kingdoms, she was given an immense dower land in Sweden consisting of Närke, Uppland, Stockholm, the fief of Köping, fief of Tälje, fief of Västerås, Arboga as well as Snävringe, essentially making her ruler of Central Sweden, with Själland as security.


title: Philippa of England

text: Eric evidently had great trust in Philippa. Both ancient and modern authors give a favourable account of her rule. It is said that in certain matters she was more efficient than Eric. However, scholars have largely accepted this judgment of the Queen without going into detail.


title: Philippa of England

text: Her great dower lands in Sweden increased Philippa's interest in this Kingdom, and while Eric preferred to reside in Denmark, Philippa made such frequent and long visits in Sweden, where she acted as Eric's proxy while present, that she was the "de facto" Regent of Sweden for the most part of the 1420s, though not formally made such. In March 1422, she formally summoned and presided over a Council of the Estates in Vadstena, where she mediated in a dispute between noble factions. She was often given power of attorney by Eric to handle Swedish affairs, such as the taxes of Öland in August 1425.


title: Philippa of England

text: During the pilgrimage of King Eric from 1423 until May 1425, Queen Philippa served as regent of the three kingdoms from Copenhagen. During which, in the autumn of 1424, she solved a dispute with the Hanseatic League by establishing a new convention concerning the validity of the coin system, which they had wished for. During her regency, she also summoned the Swedish Council of the Estates in Stockholm in the spring of 1425.


title: Philippa of England

text: In the spring of 1426, Philippa was sent to Sweden by Eric where she summoned the Swedish council in Vadstena and managed to secure support and funds for the Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35) despite the Swedish opposition to this war. In January 1427, when the war was going the wrong way for Eric, she summoned the Swedish council to Nyköping, where she again managed to secure Swedish support for Eric in his war. At this visit, she also acquired additional Swedish estates to support her future in Sweden, where she evidently planned to retire as a widow.


title: Philippa of England

text: In March 1427 she returned to Denmark, where she stayed for three years during the war. In 1428, Philippa successfully organized the defense of the Danish capital against the attack of the Hanseatic League during the 1428 bombardment of Copenhagen. She was hailed as a heroine by the people of Copenhagen for rallying the citizens to fight the Hanseatic fleet in Copenhagen Harbor.


title: Philippa of England

text: In late 1429, Philippa left for Sweden, officially on a mission from Eric to secure support for his war in Sweden, where the war had been opposed from the start. In Sweden, she traveled to Vadstena Abbey as usual, where she was welcomed by a delegation of Swedish "riksråd". Not long after her arrival, however, she fell ill. This was an attack of some kind of a recurring illness which had been noted to affect her at times for at least the previous five years.


title: Philippa of England

text: The queen bore a stillborn boy and her health deteriorated after the stillbirth. She died on 5 January 1430 at the age of 35 and was buried in the Cloister Church at Vadstena, close to Linköping in Östergötland, Sweden. She made several donations to Vadstena Abbey in her will. After her death Eric formed a relationship with a former lady-in-waiting of Philippa's, Cecilia.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Aandavan Kattalai () is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language satirical film co-written and directed by M. Manikandan. The film stars Vijay Sethupathi and Ritika Singh, with Pooja Devariya, Nassar and Yogi Babu amongst others in supporting roles. Produced by G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan and featuring music by K, the film began production in March 2016 and was released on 23 September 2016.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Narrating the story of how two men from interior Tamil Nadu struggle to acquire travel documents to fly to London, "Aandavan Kattalai" opened to widespread critical acclaim and became a huge commercial success. The film has been remade in Telugu as "London Babulu" (2017). It was dubbed in Hindi as "Pappu Passport" by Goldmines Telefilms on 10 February 2020. In 2022, Vignesh Shivan and Nayanthara announced the Gujarati remake titled "Shubh Yatra" starring Malhar Thakar and Monal Gajjar under their production house "Rowdy Pictures".


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Faced with several debts, a village accountant Gandhi Arumugam leaves his village near Madurai to head to Chennai with his best friend Muthupandi Selvam alias Pandi to get all the documents necessary for going to London, where they plan to make money to pay off their debts. They approach two middlemen to help them get the passport and British tourist visa necessary for them to go to London. The middlemen claim that the British Deputy High Commission would prefer to give tourist visas to those who are already married, so the duo are forced to add their "wife's" name while applying for the passport, with Gandhi adding his "wife's" name as Karmeghakuzhali, following a suggestion from their real estate broker, Murugesan. However, Gandhi's visa application is rejected, forcing him to remain in Chennai and take up a job as an accountant with a drama troupe Stray Factory, run by Master, while Pandi passes his visa interview and leaves for London with the help of a passport officer, Kumar.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: With his hard work and sincerity, Gandhi soon becomes the favorite employee of Master and is made to act in his plays. Eventually, Stray Factory are invited to perform in London, leaving Gandhi in a bind as he now needs to get his "wife's" name removed from his passport. He finds out that the only way to do so is to divorce his "wife", but for that he needs to find a woman who has the name Karmeghakuzhali. He successfully manages to track down a woman with the name Karmeghakuzhali, who is a television journalist, and tries to convince her to act as his wife and "divorce" him. He also feigns muteness. Initially she refuses, but she soon gives Gandhi the necessary documents to "divorce" her, pitying him. However, since both husband and wife need to be present at court at the time of divorce, Gandhi convinces Aarthi, an actress who works in Stray Factory, to act as Karmeghakuzhali at the court. But at the time of the divorce hearing, Aarthi disappears to the toilet, forcing a reluctant Karmeghakuzhali, who is present at the court, to take part in the divorce hearing. The subsequent events at the divorce hearing prove humiliating for Karmeghakuzhali, also she learns that Gandhi's muteness is feigned. Hence she leaves the court in tears with no "divorce" granted.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Later, Gandhi finds out that Pandi was deported upon arrival in London by immigration officials for giving false information and address verification while obtaining his passport, and he too finds himself in the dock for doing the same. However, he shows his and Pandi's original Voter ID cards to the immigration officials, getting them released, while the middlemen are arrested. Pandi reveals that he was sent to Sri Lanka and tortured by prison officials after he had tried to seek asylum in London as a Sri Lankan refugee, and humiliated by the recent events, he returns to his village.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Gandhi goes to the Regional Passport Office in Chennai and admits his crime to the Regional Passport Officer. The passport officer asks him to pay a fine of to get Karmeghakuzhali's name removed from his passport. But in a last-minute decision, Gandhi chooses not to remove Karmeghakuzhali's name from his passport and instead proposes marriage to Karmeghakuzhali, who is initially taken aback, but agrees. He soon obtains a British visa and leaves for London with the rest of the Stray Factory troupe.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Following the release of "Kaaka Muttai" (2015), Manikandan revealed in July 2015 that he would direct Vijay Sethupathi in a film to be produced by G. N. Anbu Chazhiyan of Gopuram Films. Manikandan and Vijay Sethupathi had known each other before they entered the Tamil film industry and had regularly collaborated for independent short films. The start of the shoot was delayed to allow Vijay Sethupathi to complete his ongoing projects, while Manikandan moved on to finish work on "Kuttrame Thandanai" (2016). Before the end of 2015, the makers announced that the film would be titled as "Aandavan Kattalai" and that composer K would work on the film's score and soundtrack. Manikandan stated it would be based in Chennai and would be a "realistic dark comedy" with a "quirky" subject. Prior to release, it was revealed that the film would narrate the people's craze of trying to get settled in foreign country and taking bureaucratic shortcuts to achieve their goal. Actress Ritika Singh was signed on to portray the leading female role of a journalist, only a month after the release of her first film "Irudhi Suttru" (2016). An ensemble cast of actors including Pooja Devariya, Nassar, Singampuli and Yogi Babu also joined the team, before production began.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: The film began production in early March 2016 at Kilpauk, Chennai and progressed swiftly throughout the city. The final schedule was shot in a studio resembling an embassy in Chennai during May 2016. The shoot of the film and dubbing work was completed by July 2016.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: The music of "Aandavan Kattalai"'s was composed by K. The soundtrack album features nine tracks, sung by Benny Dayal, Anthony Daasan, Janani S. V. and K himself; while all lyrics were written by Gnanakaravel, Vivek Velmurugan, Darwin Guna. The album was released on 12 September 2016. Behindwoods.com gave the album a rating of 2.75/5 stating ""Aandavan Kattalai" is a brilliant album from K who gives the best of various genres in a perfect package".


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: The film was theatrically released on 23 September 2016 by distributors, Sri Green Productions. The film had a lower profile release that Prabhu Solomon's Dhanush-starrer "Thodari" (2016), which released on the same day, but by the first weekend, it had overtaken it in collections and also replaced its shows in several cinema halls. The film subsequently went on to become a profitable venture for the producers. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV.


title: Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)

text: Upon release, the film received critically acclaimed reviews from film critics and audiences. Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu gave ""Aandavan Kattalai" a positive reviews and noted that it was "yet another marvellous comedy of desperation from Manikandan". He added that "Manikandan and his writing team (Arul Chezhiyan, Anucharan) should hold classes for other Tamil filmmakers who want the story-screenplay-dialogue credit but reveal little understanding of these elements" as "everything in "Aandavan Kattalai" is there for a reason". Times of India wrote "Just like how Manikandan's "Kaaka Muttai" and "Kutramme Thandanai" refrained from finger-pointing and sermonising, "Aandavan Kattalai", too, is far from being preachy, despite involving a subject that offer plenty of targets to take pot-shots at" and gave the film a high rating of three-and-a-half out of five stars. Firstpost wrote ""Aandavan Kattalai" works largely due to its script and the situational comedy in the narration" and "the way the story unfolds and the difficult situations the hero faces is so well brought out, without taking any cinematic liberties". Similarly, Deccan Chronicle called it "a film that's not to be missed", while Indiaglitz.com called it a "gem". Likewise, Sify.com stated ""Aandavan Kattalai" is a must watch for all the ardent movie buffs" and Rediff.com added "the director once again delivers big time with a refreshing screenplay loaded with reality and fun, some great music, delightful characters and brilliant all-round performances". Rediff gave it 4 out of 5 stating that "it is not to be missed".


title: Norwegian Wood (film)

text: Toru Watanabe is a quiet and serious young man in 1960s Tokyo whose personal life is in tumult, having lost his best friend Kizuki after he inexplicably commits suicide. Seeking an escape, Toru enters a university in Tokyo. By chance, during a walk in a park, Toru meets Kizuki's ex-girlfriend Naoko, and they grow close. Naoko continues to be devastated by the loss of Kizuki and spirals into a deep depression.


title: Norwegian Wood (film)

text: Toru sleeps with Naoko on her 20th birthday. Shortly afterwards, Naoko withdraws from the world and leaves for a sanitarium in a remote forest setting near Kyoto. Toru is anguished by the situation, as he still has deep feelings for Naoko, but she is unable to reciprocate. He also lives with the influence of death everywhere, while Naoko feels as if some integral part of her has been permanently lost. He continues with his studies, and during the spring semester meets an attractive girl and fellow student Midori, who is everything that Naoko is not—outgoing, vivacious, and supremely self-confident. The story then follows Toru as he is torn between the two women in his life, and choosing between his past and his future.


title: Norwegian Wood (film)

text: This film debuted in the 67th Venice International Film Festival where it competed for the Golden Lion. It was then subsequently released in Japanese cinemas on 11 December 2010.


title: Norwegian Wood (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, it was released on 11 March 2011. In the United States, the film had a limited release on 6 January 2012 in New York City and Washington D.C. In Canada, the film was released on 2 March 2012.


title: Norwegian Wood (film)

text: "The Daily Telegraph" said that director Tran Anh Hung was "brave" to attempt to bring Haruki Murakami's 1987 novel to the big screen but mentioned that "the film comes across as a mere summary of Murakami's book". Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" wrote that the film "registers less as a coherent narrative than as a tortuous reverie steeped in mournful yearning".


title: Norwegian Wood (film)

text: The score for the film's soundtracks was composed by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood. An original soundtrack album for the film was released on 10 November 2010, containing pieces from Greenwood's score, along with three songs used in the film by German Krautrock band Can, all originally released between 1969 and 1971.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Ultra Music Festival (UMF) is an annual outdoor electronic music festival that takes place during March in Miami, Florida, United States. The festival was founded in 1999 by Russell Faibisch and Alex Omes.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: It was first held on Miami Beach, but besides a tenure at Bicentennial Park, and briefly being held at Virginia Key in 2019, it has primarily been held at Bayfront Park in downtown Miami. It was a two-day festival from 1998 to 2006.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Since 2011, Ultra has taken place across three days (Friday through Sunday) during the month of March. In 2012, it had a record attendance, of 155,000 people. In 2013, the festival took place across two consecutive weekends to celebrate its 15th anniversary, with a combined attendance of 330,000 people. In 2014, the festival returned to its original single-weekend format, selling out pre-sale tickets in under five minutes. The city of Miami has estimated that since 2012, Ultra has "generated approximately $995 million of economic impact", with $168 million in 2018 alone. The festival had been suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic but resumed in 2022.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The festival is held alongside the Winter Music Conference—an event focusing on the electronic music industry (which was acquired by Ultra outright in 2018), and Miami Music Week—a larger program of electronic music concerts and parties held across the region, with both events usually leading into Ultra.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Although they share names, Ultra Music Festival was not directly tied to Ultra Records, an electronic music record label. However, the two entities did announce a "global alliance" in August 2012, which would allow them to collaborate on marketing and cross-promotion.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Alongside the flagship event in Miami, Ultra has spawned a larger series of international franchises under the blanket branding Ultra Worldwide, which have included locations such as Croatia, South Africa, South Korea, Singapore, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and others.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: "Ultra Music Festival" was inaugurated and produced in 1999 by business partners Russell Faibisch, Ray Navarro and Alex Omes. The first festival was held as a one-day event on March 13, 1999. Artists at Ultra's first festival included Paul van Dyk, Rabbit in the Moon, Josh Wink, and DJ Baby Anne. The first Ultra Beach Music Festival, which was held at Collins Park in Miami Beach proved popular, with an estimated ten thousand concertgoers in attendance. However, Faibisch and Omes still saw a financial loss of between $10,000 to $20,000 during the festival's inaugural year.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: However, in March 2000 the festival returned to South Beach's Collins Park and was met with even more success. The festival was immediately renewed for a third year.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Due to the massive rise in attendance between 1999 and 2000, festival organizers decided to relocate to Bayfront Park in Downtown Miami for Ultra's third annual event in 2001. Ultra Music Festival continued to bring the biggest names in electronic dance music to Miami with performances by Robin Fox, Tiësto, EC Twins, Paul van Dyk, Paul Oakenfold, Sander Kleinenberg, Photek, Josh Wink, DJ Craze, Pete Tong, Erick Morillo, and Rabbit in the Moon from 2001 to 2005. In 2005, Fabisch met with Adam Russakoff, who has since been the executive producer, director of business affairs, and talent buyer for Ultra Music Festival and Ultra Worldwide. 2005 was also the year that Carl Cox and Ultra worked together to curate the Carl Cox and Friends Arena, formerly known as the Carl Cox Global Arena, which has been a mainstay at Ultra Music Festival ever since. With the record-breaking attendance of the seventh annual Ultra Music Festival in 2005, the festival was again relocated to another venue, Bicentennial Park, for 2006. In 2007, the festival held its first two-day event at Bicentennial Park with more than 50,000 concert goers in attendance, which was another record at the time for Ultra. The festival celebrated its 10th anniversary during March 28–29, 2008 with performances by Tiësto, Underworld, Justice, Paul van Dyk, Carl Cox, Armin van Buuren, MSTRKRFT, deadmau5, Annie Mac, Eric Prydz, Ferry Corsten, Calvin Harris, Moby, The Crystal Method, Boys Noize, Benny Benassi, Armand van Helden, The Bravery, David Guetta, and many more.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: With an estimated attendance of over 70,000 people, Ultra Music Festival set a new record for the City of Miami for number of tickets sold at a single event. The eleventh annual edition of the festival occurred during March 27–28, 2009—the lineup included more crossover acts and live bands featuring the likes of The Black Eyed Peas, The Prodigy, The Ting Tings, Santigold, Crystal Castles, The Whip, and Perry Farrell. Ultra's twelfth edition took place during March 26–27, 2010, featuring exclusive performances from Tiësto, deadmau5, Groove Armada, Orbital, Little Boots, Sasha & Digweed, Above & Beyond, Armin van Buuren, Carl Cox, Swedish House Mafia and The Bloody Beetroots. Each stage was accompanied with visual arts provided by VJs Vello Virkhaus, Psyberpixie, and Cozer.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The festival sold out for the first time with over 100,000 attendees, where it was also announced that the thirteenth annual edition would take place over the course of three days during March 2011. Ultra Music Festival expanded to a three-day festival in 2011, spanning the weekend of March 25–27, 2011. Also at Ultra's 2011 edition, Armin van Buuren debuted a stage dedicated to his radio show, "A State of Trance", celebrating 500 episodes. Like the Carl Cox & Friends Arena, the A State of Trance stage continues to be a mainstay at Ultra Music Festival, taking place on the third day of the festival each year. The A State of Trance 500 stage featured artists like Ferry Corsten, Markus Schulz, ATB, Cosmic Gate, Gareth Emery, Sander van Doorn, Alex M.O.R.P.H., and more.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The fourteenth edition of Ultra Music Festival was held from March 23–25, 2012. Due to the construction of the Miami Art Museum at Bicentennial Park, the event was moved back to Bayfront Park for the first time since 2005. Beginning this year, the festival also began to produce an official live streaming broadcast.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Early bird pre-sale tickets for Ultra Music Festival 2012 sold out within seconds. Shortly after, pre sale ticket prices increased from $149 to $229. The lineup was headlined by acts such as Kraftwerk, Bassnectar, Justice, Avicii, Fatboy Slim, Wolfgang Gartner, Richie Hawtin, Skrillex, Pretty Lights, M83, Duck Sauce, Kaskade, and others. Madonna made a surprise guest appearance to introduce Avicii, in support of his remix of "Girl Gone Wild" — the second single from her recently released album "MDNA".


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In honor of its fifteenth anniversary, the 2013 edition was held over two weekends, March 15–17, 2013, and March 22–24, 2013. Phase one of the festival's lineup was officially revealed in January 2013, confirming appearances from David Guetta, deadmau5, and Tiësto on both weekends, along with Swedish House Mafia (serving as the final two performances of their farewell tour One Last Tour). Other notable headliners included Afrojack, Calvin Harris, Richie Hawtin, Boys Noize, Carl Cox, Armin van Buuren, Alesso, Dog Blood (a project between Skrillex and Boys Noize), Luciano, Snoop Dogg, The Weeknd, Martin Solveig, and Zedd.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: On January 7, 2013, after organizers requested additional road closures for the event, Miami Commissioner Marc Sarnoff proposed a resolution calling for disapproval of the second weekend. Sarnoff believed that allowing the event to be held across two weekends would be "disruptive to the local business community and area residents due to noise, nuisance behavior of festival goers, and grid lock traffic," regardless of the fact that Ultra generated $79 million during its previous year. The city council voted in favor of continuing with the second weekend on January 10, 2013, charging the organizers for police and fire services.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: For 2014, the festival returned to a single weekend, which took place March 28–30. Phase one of the festival lineup was unveiled in December 2013, confirming headline appearances by major acts including Armin van Buuren, Afrojack, Carl Cox, David Guetta, Hardwell, Fedde Le Grand, Krewella, Martin Garrix, New World Punx, Nicky Romero, Tiësto, and Zedd. After being diagnosed with a blocked gallbladder and going back to Sweden for surgery, deadmau5 replaced Avicii as the final act on the main stage for Saturday.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Notable performances during the festival included the premiere of Eric Prydz's new live show "Holo", the debut of Diplo and Skrillex's new side project Jack Ü, Above & Beyond's set being interrupted by a rainstorm (requiring them and their equipment to be moved backstage and facing away from the audience; the duo considered it to be one of their "more unusual gigs"), the debut performance of Armin van Buuren and Benno de Goeij's duo Gaia, and deadmau5 "trolling" the audience during his set by playing a remix of Martin Garrix's "Animals" set to "Old McDonald Had a Farm".


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: On March 28, a security guard was left in "extremely critical" condition after being trampled by a crowd of people attempting to gate crash the festival by breaking down a chain-link fence.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: After the gatecrashing incident in 2014, some uncertainties arose as to whether Ultra would take place; however, organizers proceeded to announce the 2015 event would run March 27–29. Organizers also announced plans for a comprehensive review of the festival's security arrangements with the involvement of the Miami Police Department, which assessed how security could be improved to "prevent a criminal incident of this nature from happening again." Following the incident, Miami mayor Tomás Pedro Regalado suggested that the gatecrashing incident could be deemed a breach of the organizers' contract with the city, which would block Ultra from being held in Miami.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In a meeting on April 24, 2014, Miami commissioners voted 4 to 1 against banning the festival, allowing Ultra to remain in downtown Miami for 2015. Marc Sarnoff, the lone commissioner to vote in favor of banning Ultra, presented footage of lewd behavior by attendees at previous editions, and contended that the event affected the quality of life for downtown residents because they were being harassed by visitors. The remaining commissioners supported the festival's presence because of the exposure and positive economic effects it brings to Miami, and Keon Hardemon disputed the argument that it affected downtown residents, as they, in his opinion, chose to live in the city so they could participate in local events. However, the approval was made on the condition that organizers introduce facilities for addressing security, drug usage and lewd behavior by attendees. In a related move, organizers announced in September 2014 that Ultra would no longer admit minors, in order to improve the overall safety and experience of attendees. Additionally organizers hired the retiring Miami Beach Police Chief Ray Martinez to oversee security for future events.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: On January 12, 2015, Ultra co-founder Alex Omes, who had left the organization in 2010, was found dead at the age of 43 from a drug overdose.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The 2015 lineup included Andrew Bayer, Avicii, Andy C, Axwell, Dash Berlin, Dirty South, Eric Prydz, Galantis, Hardwell, Hot Since 82, Martin Garrix, Sebastian Ingrosso, Steve Angello, Zeds Dead, and others. The event was formally closed by Skrillex, later joined by Diplo as Jack Ü, and featuring guest vocalists such as CL ("Dirty Vibe", "MTBD"), Kiesza ("Take Ü There"), Sean Combs (who joined CL with a rendition of "It's All About the Benjamins"), and Justin Bieber for Jack Ü's new single "Where Are Ü Now". Video game streaming website Twitch took over as the host of the festival's official webcast.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: A new stage area known as "Resistance" was also introduced for 2015, which focused upon lesser-known "underground" electronic musicians in genres such as deep house and techno, and featured a 360-degree stage installation known as "Afterburner", designed by the British collective Arcadia Spectacular.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The initial lineup of the 2016 edition, held March 18–20, 2016 was announced on December 16, 2015; among others, it was revealed that the festival would feature the reunions of Rabbit in the Moon and Pendulum, along with other headliners such as Afrojack, Avicii, Carl Cox, Die Antwoord, Dubfire, Eric Prydz, Hardwell, Kaskade, Kygo, Miike Snow, Nero, Purity Ring, Tycho, and others. Phase two of the lineup was announced in February 2016, including AlunaGeorge, Andrew Rayel, The Chainsmokers, Crystal Castles, deadmau5, Galantis, Laidback Luke, Marshmello, Richie Hawtin, Sam Feldt, DJ Snake, Steve Angello, and Tchami. General admission tickets sold out on January 21, 2016.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: As band member Maxim was unable to attend due to medical issues, The Prodigy cancelled their Saturday night performance. Deadmau5 took their place, alongside his previously-scheduled "A State of Trance" performance on Sunday. Pendulum formally closed the festival on Sunday night, briefly playing as their offshoot Knife Party, and featuring guest appearances by Tom Morello, and Deadmau5, who joined for a performance of "Ghosts 'n' Stuff"—which features the vocals of the band's singer Rob Swire. The Resistance stage also returned, which featured Arcadia Spectacular's "Spider".


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Immediately upon the conclusion of the 2016 edition, it was announced that the 2017 edition would be held from March 24–26. Tickets officially went on sale on October 4, 2016. General admission tickets sold out on January 24, 2017.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Phase 1 of the 2017 lineup was announced on November 17, 2016, listing live headliners including Ice Cube, Justice, Major Lazer, The Prodigy, Underworld, and headlining DJ acts Above & Beyond, Afrojack,Sosabrale, Armin van Buuren, Axwell & Ingrosso, Carl Cox, Dash Berlin, David Guetta, DJ Snake, Dubfire, Hardwell, Jamie Jones, Joseph Capriati, Maceo Plex, Marco Carola, Martin Garrix, Sasha & John Digweed, Steve Aoki, Tale of Us, and Tiesto. The first phase of artists for Resistance was released on December 3, 2017, including Black Coffee, Chris Liebing, Eats Everything, Kolsch, The Martinez Brothers, Technasia, and others. It was also announced that Carl Cox had been named the "global ambassador" of Resistance—overseeing production and DJ booking for future endeavors under the Resistance brand. As a result, the Megastructure's "Carl Cox & Friends" lineup was also rebranded under the Resistance title, alongside its existing presence on the Arcadia Spider stage.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Phase 2 of the lineup was unveiled on February 9, 2017, and included the additions of Adventure Club, Alan Walker, Barclay Crenshaw, Cedric Gervais, Don Diablo, Ferry Corsten presents Gouryella, Jai Wolf, Laidback Luke, Rezz, Sam Feldt, Showtek, Slushii, Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano, Tchami, Vini Vici, and others. Phase 3 and the final schedule were unveiled on March 9, 2017, including among others DJ Cosmo DJ Snake served as the final main stage act on Sunday, featuring a guest appearance by Future.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Phase 1 of the lineup for the festival's 20th edition, held March 23–25 was unveiled December 18, 2017, including Afrojack, Axwell & Ingrosso, Azealia Banks, The Chainsmokers, David Guetta, DJ Snake, Empire of the Sun, Hardwell, and Steve Aoki among others. This was followed by the unveiling of the lineup for Resistance on January 28, 2018, including Adam Beyer, Carl Cox, Dubfire, Nicole Moudaber, as well as Jackmaster, Eats Everything, Seth Troxler and Skream's supergroup J.E.S.u.S. among others. On February 25, 2018, phase 2 of the lineup was unveiled, including Benny Benassi, Cedric Gervais, DubVision, Fischerspooner, Jauz, Modestep, Oliver Heldens, Djsky, and others. The full schedule was unveiled on March 15, featuring Dash Berlin, G-Eazy, KSHMR, and others. It was also revealed that both the main and A State of Trance stages would feature unannounced headliners as closing acts on the final night.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Swedish House Mafia closed the festival in their first live appearance as a group since 2013; rumors suggesting Daft Punk would appear were dispelled by Steve Angello having cancelled tour dates in Asia that coincided with the festival, as well as SHM-related signs and imagery having appeared in the city. Other notable special guests throughout the festival included K-pop singer and Girls' Generation member Yuri (who performed alongside Raiden), Daddy Yankee, Elvis Crespo and Play-N-Skillz (who joined Steve Aoki on their new song "Azukita", with Daddy Yankee also performing his own "Gasolina"), Example, Adventure Club, and Crankdat (who all joined Jauz on the Main Stage), as well as G-Eazy ("No Limit"), Lil Uzi Vert, Slushii, Yo Gotti ("Rake It Up"), and Will Smith ("Miami") who were all brought on as guests during Marshmello's set.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Security officials stated that the 2018 edition of Ultra was the "safest" in recent years, reporting only 27 arrests in total during the festival (related particularly to narcotics, ticket counterfeiting, and an attendee physically attacking a police officer) and no "major" incidents.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The 2019 edition was held from March 29–31, 2019. On September 27, 2018, the commissioners of Miami voted unanimously against allowing the festival to be hosted at Bayfront Park, citing noise complaints and other concerns among downtown residents.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In November 2018, festival organizers proposed moving Ultra to the barrier island of Virginia Key, using the Historic Virginia Key Beach Park and the Miami Marine Stadium as venues. Virginia Key is accessible from mainland Miami via the Rickenbacker Causeway, which also provides access to the island and community of Key Biscayne. The proposal was met with resistance from officials in Key Biscayne, citing the possibility of safety, noise, and environmental concerns, as well as increased traffic on the Rickenbacker Causeway.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Prior to a meeting and vote on the matter, the village began campaigning against the festival. It published a video on Facebook narrated by mayor Michael Davey, warning that hosting Ultra would result in "environmental destruction, noise and an increase in alcohol and drug-related violence". Organizers dismissed the video as disparaging and being "potentially criminaliz[ing]" to its attendees, and stated that they would be interested in an "open-minded and good-faith dialogue" with the community. On November 15, 2018, the Miami commissioners successfully voted in favor of allowing Ultra to be held at the Miami Marine Stadium and Historic Virginia Key Beach Park.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Concerns were presented over the festival's effects on local wildlife; the island features a number of sensitive wildlife areas and hosts various endangered species, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science displayed concerns that the loud music produced by the event could disrupt marine habitats, and in turn, research projects being undertaken by the school. Organizers stated that they expected to place more of the stages in the parking lots surrounding the Miami Marine Stadium than the beach. Ultra planned to employ environmental strategies such as not using confetti, banning single-use plastic cups and straws (requiring vendors to use paper or otherwise compostable cups and packaging), using "close proximity pyrotechnic alternatives" to traditional fireworks to reduce pollution and debris, increasing the number of water stations, and discouraging attendees from leaving trash behind.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: A competing techno festival known as Rapture had been held at the Historic Virginia Key Beach Park on the same weekend as Ultra since 2017. In February 2019, the organizers of Rapture attempted to sue Ultra and the city of Miami under antitrust grounds, claiming that they had already booked the site for two of the same dates as Ultra. The suit was dismissed by a judge, who argued that both Rapture and Ultra had submitted applications, but that only Ultra's was actually accepted. Rapture submitted a revised complaint, but the suit was rejected once again, with the judge ruling that Rapture's claims of violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act were "baseless". The following month, the city of Miami was sued again by the Brickell Homeowners Association, who alleged that the city violated its charter by misrepresenting its agreement with the festival as being a "license" but appearing to be a lease, which requires competitive bidding under Florida law. Judge Rodolfo Ruiz denied a motion requesting an emergency injunction.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Phase 1 of the lineup was unveiled December 20, 2018, featuring returning acts such as Carl Cox, The Chainsmokers, Deadmau5 (including a set that featured the debut of his new "Cube 3.0" stage setup, and a techno set as testpilot), Marshmello, Martin Garrix, and others. A January 17, 2019 announcement detailed the three-stage "Resistance Island" programming which spanned across the Historic Virginia Key Beach Park, including the traditional Megastructure, and two additional stages (including "Arrival", a setup from the Carl Cox-backed Burning Man sound camp Playground and "Reflector"). The remainder of the lineup was released March 12, 2019.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Concerns over transportation were realized on the first night of the festival: as it approached its closure at 2:00 a.m., an influx of leaving attendees resulted in disorderly lines for shuttles back to the mainland. Attendees reported that staff members were also unhelpful in guiding them towards the correct pickup points, while many elected to instead take a roughly walk down the causeway's William Powell Bridge (plus additional travel time needed to make it back to their hotels, or transport hubs awaiting taxi or ride sharing service, as they were not allowed to perform pickups directly on the island). This, in turn, prompted the shuttles to eventually suspend operations due to the influx of pedestrian traffic on the causeway.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The following morning, Ultra's organizers apologized for the issues, stating that they had been working with the city to address shortcomings in its transit plans (including clearer signage, and a dedicated bus lane on the bridge), and that it would keep concessions, vendors, and additional programming open past 2:00 a.m. (including "secret" performances) for the remainder of the festival. While lines were still reported, the transit situation was considered to have been improved on subsequent nights.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Mayor of Key Biscayne Michael Davey stated that Ultra "did the best they could, but it's just not the right place". Miami mayor Carlos A. Giménez admitted that Virginia Key may not have been the best location for the event, due to the lack of transportation options and the sheer number of attendees. Despite the move intending to reduce disruption to them, downtown residents still reported excessive noise, vibrations, and lights coming from the site.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Following the festival, Ultra pulled out of its contract with Key Biscayne, deeming that the event was "simply not good enough" at its new location, and stating that it planned to move to a new location in South Florida for 2020 (with the possibility of it being held outside of Miami proper). On May 19, 2019, the Miami City Commission proposed a resolution to allow Ultra to return to Bayfront Park, citing its cultural and economic impact on the city.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The terms required a minimum $2 million payment annually, granted the city revenue of ticket surcharges if they exceed $2 million (this minimum will begin to increase annually on the third year of the license), included restrictions on how long Ultra would be able to occupy and restrict access to Bayfront Park (up to a month, with the park only closed for 14 days), and capped capacity of the event site to 55,000 (although that number could increase with the city's approval). After receiving a deferral at the June 27, 2019 commission meeting, the item returned to the meeting agenda on July 25, 2019 with additional stipulations, including volume limits and further clarifications of park closure dates and restrictions.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: The resolution was met with intense debate from both sides, but the Commission ultimately voted 3–2 in favor. On July 31, 2019, Ultra officially announced that the 2020 edition was tentatively scheduled for March 20–22, 2020 at Bayfront Park, with ticket sales beginning August 6, 2019.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: On March 4, 2020, Mayor Francis Suarez and commissioner Joe Carollo called for Ultra to be rescheduled due to concerns surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. A public health emergency was declared in Florida after two cases were confirmed in Manatee County and Hillsborough County. Later that day, commissioner Manolo Reyes told the "Miami Herald" that following a meeting between organizers and local officials, Ultra and the city had agreed to cancel the 2020 edition. Suarez said that if Ultra had not agreed to this decision, the city would have the power to cancel the event under the existing contract.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Ultra was one of the first major U.S. music festivals to be cancelled due to the pandemic. The festival was expected to bring in about 165,000 people from around the world to the 2020 event. It had generated approximately $1 billion in overall economic impacts, and in 2019, it produced a total of $168 million and generated 1,834 jobs. Since the announcement to cancel the event, ticket purchasers were notified that they will not receive full refunds. Instead, purchasers were informed to claim their benefits as part of a value package which included the following—access to an extra hour performance at the 2021 festival, one free ticket to any Ultra Worldwide or Resistance 2021 event, discount code for 50% off up to $250 in Ultra's merchandise, exclusive access to a Premium GA ticket sale at $99.95 each, exclusive access to purchase 2 additional GA tickets to the 2021 festival priced at $249.95 each and a chance at one of 10 Ultra golden tickets where each admits you plus one guest entrance to any Ultra Worldwide events for life. Purchasers were also notified that they would be able to choose whether they'd like to attend Ultra Miami 2021 or 2022 in place of their 2020 ticket. The decision not to refund tickets is following the official refund policy, as the organizers have the option to issue partial or full refunds, postpone the event to a future date, or offer the purchasers a comparable good or service.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: On 21 January 2021, it was reported by "Billboard" that Ultra 2021 will likely be canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Obtaining a letter from an attorney stating that Ultra "anticipate[s] that the City will again invoke the Force Majeure clause", and requesting approval from the City of Miami for the event to be moved to March 25–27, 2022. A month later, on 21 February, the cancellation was confirmed.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: After the move to Virginia Key in 2019 and cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, Ultra Music Festival returned to the Bayfront Park location for the 2022 edition on March 25, 26 and 27, 2022. The Phase 1 lineup for the festival was revealed on October 26, 2021, featuring Kygo, Martin Garrix, Nina Kraviz, and Gareth Emery among others. Phase 2 of the lineup was revealed on November 17, adding Afrojack (ft. MC Ambush), Armin van Buuren, Tiesto and others, with the final lineup revealed on February 1, 2022. Hardwell performed as the closing act of the festival after being announced as an "exclusive" guest "present[ing] a highly anticipated performance by one of the most iconic artists in electronic music history".


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: Public transportation is generally used by attendees—including the Miami Metrorail, Metromover (which provides free service through Downtown Miami and Brickell), and Metrobus services—to reach the festival grounds due to the cost and scarcity of downtown parking. In 2016, the city began to extend Metrorail and Metromover service to 2:00 a.m. during the festival for the benefit of attendees. Due to their proximity to Bayfront (with some within walking distance), hotels within Greater Downtown Miami such as the Arts & Entertainment District, Brickell, and Edgewater neighborhoods are frequently booked by attendees. South Beach has also been used as an alternative location by some attendees, but traffic congestion is common in and around Miami during the festival.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: During the 2019 festival at Virginia Key, concerns were voiced by another community connected via the causeway, Key Biscayne, Florida, over the possibility that the festival could cause traffic congestion on the Rickenbacker Causeway—the sole vehicular link between it and the mainland. There was no public parking at the festival site, and the festival announced plans to offer shuttle service to and from Virginia Key.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In 2008, Ultra began Ultra Worldwide — starting with Ultra Brasil, which took place in São Paulo, Brasil, now moving to Rio de Janeiro in 2016. Since then, Ultra has debuted worldwide festivals in Buenos Aires, Argentina ("Ultra Buenos Aires"); Santiago, Chile ("Ultra Chile"); Seoul, Korea ("Ultra Korea"); Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa ("Ultra South Africa"); Tokyo, Japan ("Ultra Japan"); Bali, Indonesia "(Ultra Bali"); Singapore ("Ultra Singapore"); and Ibiza, Spain ("Ultra Ibiza"). In July 2013, Ultra Worldwide debuted "Ultra Europe", also known as Destination Ultra, which takes place across the span of a week throughout different venues across Croatia.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: 2012 began the event concept entitled "Road to Ultra," which are single-day, single-stage events. Road to Ultra events have taken place in , , , Taiwan, , , , Macau, , , and . In 2016, Road to Ultra took place in Hong Kong for the first time, at the West Kowloon Cultural District.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: During the 2017 edition of Ultra Miami, it was announced that India and Australia would host Road to Ultra events starting in 2017. Also included in the announcement was an expansion to Shanghai with Ultra China, a two-day festival taking place at Shanghai, China, taking place September 9–10, 2017. In late May, it was announced that Ultra Mexico would take place in Mexico City at the Foro Pegaso from October 6–7, 2017.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In 2017, Ultra also began to expand the Resistance brand into its own event series, beginning with an 11-date international tour headlined by Sasha and John Digweed in 2017, along with an eight-week, Tuesday residence at Privilege Ibiza. In February 2018, it was announced that a three-day Resistance Mexico City festival would be held from May 25–27, 2018.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In India, first took take place in New Delhi and Mumbai during September 2017. As for Australia, took place in Melbourne in February 2018. It was later announced that a second event in Sydney would be added for 2019. In March 2020, Road To Ultra: India returned, but was held days before the pandemic began.


title: Ultra Music Festival

text: In November 2020, Road to Ultra: Taiwan marked Ultra's first large-scale event since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic.


The Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company (Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co., The Walker Company) was a cosmetics manufacturer incorporated in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1910 by Madam C. J. Walker. It was best known for its African-American cosmetics and hair care products, and considered the most widely known and financially successful African-American owned business of the early twentieth century. The Walker Company ceased operations in July 1981.


title: Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company

text: Madam C.J. Walker, born Sarah Breedlove was born on December 23, 1867, in Delta, LA. Born to formerly enslaved parents, she was an orphan by the time she was seven years old. In 1881 she married Moses McWilliams at the age of 14. The couple welcomed a baby girl in 1885, named Lelia. Two years after the birth of their daughter, her husband passed away.


text: Madam C. J. Walker, then Sarah Breedlove, first formed the idea of her company in Denver, Colorado, in the early twentieth century. Like many women of her era, she suffered from scalp infections and hair loss because of hygiene practices, diet and products that damaged her hair. Walker had initially learned about hair and scalp care from her brothers, who owned a barber shop in St. Louis during the 1880s and 1890s. Around 1904, Walker—still known as Sarah Breedlove McWilliams Davis (after marriages to Moses McWilliams and John Davis) became a sales agent for Annie Malone, an African-American businesswoman, who founded a company in 1900 manufacturing a "Wonderful Hair Grower." Before 1900, there were several other black women who called themselves "hair growers" and who advertised in black newspapers including the "Baltimore Afro-American" and the "St. Louis Palladium." In 1900 Gilbert Harris spoke about "Work in Hair" at the National Negro Business League convention in Boston.


text: After moving to St. Louis, Missouri in 1889, she worked as a cook at a cool house. Edmund L. Scholtz, a wholesale druggist in Denver, assisted her in developing her own ointment to heal scalp disease.


text: In January 1906, she married Charles Joseph Walker and changed her name to Madam C. J. Walker. Together they marketed and sold "Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower." in Denver and surrounding Colorado communities. The first advertisements for Walker's haircare products appeared in 1906 in "The Statesman" and featured a front and back image of her shoulder-length hair which boasted the growth was from only two years' treatment.


text: In July 1906, Walker and her new husband left Denver to begin traveling throughout Texas, Oklahoma and several southern states to market their product line. In September 1906, her daughter Lelia took over the business operations in Denver. By May 1907, tensions between Malone and Walker came to a head, and "The Statesman" reported that Walker would discontinue business in Denver altogether and planned to travel throughout the southern United States and eventually to northern states.


text: As she gained popularity, it became clear that Walker would need a temporary headquarters for her business--Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was chosen for its convenient and accessible shipping arrangements. In the midst of Pittsburgh's 1908 economic crisis, Walker opened a hair parlor at 2518 Wylie Avenue among a number of other black businesses. Walker also began training her own sales agents and founded Lelia College, a school named after her daughter. She placed Lelia in charge of these agents, while traveling west to Ohio. At twenty-three, Lelia was sent to Bluefield, West Virginia to survey untapped markets.


text: In January 1910, Walker and her husband traveled to Louisville, Kentucky where she offered stock to Reverend Charles H. Parrish and Alice Kelly. The pair suggested that Walker write to Booker T. Washington for support of her company. She wrote to Washington, requesting his aid in raising $50,000 to form a stock company. Washington replied, "I hope very much you may be successful in organizing the stock company and that you may be successful in placing upon the market you preparation," but did not offer his assistance.


text: Walker and her husband arrived in Indianapolis, Indiana on 10 February 1910. Seeking residence with Dr. Joseph Ward on Indiana Avenue, Indianapolis's African-American thoroughfare, Walker opened a salon in his home where she hosted sales agents and clients. Between February and April 1910, Walker grew her customer base. Multi-level marketing was Walker's most successful strategy.


text: With her client base growing, Walker sought out two Indianapolis lawyers, Freeman Ransom, and Robert Lee Brokenburr.


text: In the summer of 1910, Walker asked Brokenburr to draft articles of incorporation for the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana. The mission of the company was to, "sell a hairgrowing, beautifying, and scalp disease-curing preparation and clean scalps the same." Walker, her husband, and daughter were named the sole members of the board of directors.


text: In November, with funds from her mail order business and Ward residence salon, Walker purchased a brick home at 640 North West Street. By December Walker had added two more rooms and a bath with plans for the addition of a factory, laboratory, and salon. According to Brokenburr's incorporation papers, the North West Street building was to be named the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana. In 1911 Madam C.J. Walker was listed as the sole stakeholder of the company.


text: Marjorie Joyner (1896-1994) became an agent for Walker. By 1919 Joyner was the national supervisor over Walker's 200 beauty schools. A major role was sending their hair stylists door-to-door, dressed in black skirts and white blouses with black satchels containing a range of beauty products that were applied in the customer's house. Joyner taught some 15,000 stylists over her fifty-year career. She was also a leader in developing new products, such as her permanent wave machine. She helped write the first cosmetology laws for the state of Illinois, and founded both a sorority and a national association for black beauticians. In 1987 the Smithsonian Institution in Washington opened an exhibit featuring Joyner's permanent wave machine and a replica of her original salon.


text: After Walker's death in 1919 her daughter A'Lelia became president of the company. During her tenure the company built a new headquarters and manufacturing plant in 1927 in Indianapolis. However the Great Depression hurt sales and forced her to sell personal art and antiques to keep the company operating. When A'Lelia died in 1931 her adopted daughter Mae Walker succeeded her until her death in 1945. In turn Mae's daughter A'Lelia Mae Perry Bundles became the fourth company president. The company closed in 1981 but the 1927 building later became the Madam Walker Legacy Center.


text: In March 2020, Sundial Brands revived the brand name as "Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Culture" that is sold by Sephora.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Oliver Jasen Burke (born 7 April 1997) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Werder Bremen and the Scotland national team.


title: Oliver Burke

text: He came through the academy at Nottingham Forest, signing a professional contract in September 2014 and making his debut the following February. In August 2016, Burke signed for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig for a reported fee of £13 million, a record fee for a Scottish player. A year later, having helped Leipzig to runners-up position in the league, he returned to England by signing for West Bromwich Albion for a fee of £15 million. Following an unsuccessful few years at West Bromwich Albion, in September 2020, Burke joined Sheffield United in a swap deal involving Callum Robinson.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, but grew up in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England where he joined local club Mowbray Rangers aged eight. After one season at the club, he was scouted to join Nottingham Forest's Academy where he progressed for the next nine years. Burke signed his first professional contract with Nottingham Forest on 19 September 2014, before making his professional debut as an 87th-minute substitute during a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 September. He made his league debut on 14 February 2015 as a 64th-minute substitute in a 4–4 draw away to Blackpool.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke was sent on a month-long loan to League One club Bradford City on 24 February. He made his debut for them on the same day, playing for 75 minutes in a 2–1 loss away to Swindon Town. Burke made another start on 28 February in a 2–0 loss against Peterborough United and appeared twice as an unused substitute before returning to his parent club. After his loan spell at Bradford City came to an end, Burke signed a three-year contract with Forest.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Burke signed another three-year contract with the club on 29 July. Burke played for the club's reserves until December when he was called up to the first team by manager Dougie Freedman, who Burke considered his mentor. On 29 December, Burke scored his first goal for Forest from a curling shot hit with the outside of his right foot against Cardiff City. His goal opened the scoring at the Cardiff City Stadium nine minutes into the game, which ended 1–1. Burke scored his second goal for the club on 16 January 2016 in a 3–0 win over Bolton Wanderers. His performance once again earned a contract extension on a four-year deal on 29 February. Burke ended the 2015–16 season having made twenty-one appearances in all competitions and scoring twice.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Ahead of the 2016–17 season Burke made an impression in the pre-season friendlies, scoring three times in six matches. Under the new management of Philippe Montanier, Burke scored in the opening game of the season, a 4–3 win over Burton Albion, and scored a brace two weeks later against Wigan Athletic. Burke scored on his final appearance for Forest on 27 August, a 3–1 defeat of Leeds United. Burke's early season form and performances attracted the interest of leading European and Premier League clubs, such as Bayern Munich, Manchester United, Sunderland and Liverpool. However, Montanier dismissed suggestions of Burke leaving Forest.


title: Oliver Burke

text: On 28 August 2016, in a move that caused outrage among Forest supporters, who criticised the club's owner Fawaz Al-Hasawi, Burke joined newly promoted Bundesliga club RB Leipzig on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee. The deal was reported by BBC Sport to be worth around £13 million, which set a new record for a transfer involving a Scottish player.


title: Oliver Burke

text: On his debut for Leipzig, a home Bundesliga game against Borussia Dortmund on 10 September, Burke came on after 69 minutes in place of Yussuf Poulsen and provided an assist for Naby Keïta to score the only goal. Fifteen days later he opened the scoring in a 1–1 draw at 1. FC Köln, becoming the first Scot to score in Germany's top flight since Brian O'Neil for VfL Wolfsburg in November 1999.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Despite this early impact, Burke was regularly used as a substitute by Leipzig. Their coaching staff praised his physical attributes, but questioned his tactical awareness.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke returned to English football on 25 August 2017, moving to Premier League side West Bromwich Albion for a reported fee of £15 million, breaking his own record as the most expensive Scottish footballer. He signed a five-year contract at the West Midlands club. Burke said that he chose West Bromwich Albion as a way to have more game time, even though with Leipzig he could play in the Champions League.


title: Oliver Burke

text: He made his debut two days later, replacing goalscorer Jay Rodriguez for the final two minutes of a 1–1 home draw against Stoke City. Owing to hamstring injury, he made only one other substitute appearance by mid-November and took part with the under-21 team in the EFL Trophy, scoring in a 2–1 group stage defeat at Coventry City on 7 November.


title: Oliver Burke

text: On 14 August 2018, Burke scored his first goal for the Baggies, the game's only in a home win over Luton Town in the first round of the EFL Cup. He made only six total appearances in the first half of the season, of which three were in the Championship, all from the bench.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke moved on loan to Celtic on 5 January 2019 until the end of the season. He made his debut two weeks later, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–0 home win over Airdrieonians in the Scottish Cup. On 23 January, his Scottish Premiership debut, he played as a striker in the absence of Leigh Griffiths and Odsonne Édouard and netted twice in a 4–0 win against St Mirren at Celtic Park, his first league goals since September 2016.


title: Oliver Burke

text: On 30 August 2019, Burke was loaned to La Liga club Alavés for the season. Burke made his debut for his new club in their 1–0 defeat to Sevilla on 15 September. He scored his first goal for Alavés in a 2–1 La Liga win over Eibar on 7 February 2020.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Sheffield United signed Burke from West Brom in September 2020, with Callum Robinson moving in the opposite direction. Burke signed a three-year contract with the "Blades". He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 away league win over Manchester United on 27 January 2021, clinching the Blades' first league win over the Red Devils since 1992 and their first win at Old Trafford in Premier League history, as their last victory there took place in 1973.


title: Oliver Burke

text: On 21 January 2022, Burke joined Championship rivals Millwall on loan until the end of the 2021–22 season.


title: Oliver Burke

text: In June 2022 Burke returned to the Bundesliga, joining newly promoted Werder Bremen from Sheffield United. He reportedly moved on a free transfer.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke scored his first goal for Bremen on 13 August 2022, netting late to secure a 2–2 draw with VfB Stuttgart. A week later, he scored the decisive goal in a dramatic, come-from-behind 3–2 win at Borussia Dortmund.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke was eligible to play for England in addition to Scotland, having been brought up south of the border from a young age, but he opted to play for his country of birth. He was first called up by Scotland U19 and scored on his debut for the team, a 3–1 win against Mexico U18, on 6 October 2015. He went on to make six appearances for the side.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke received his first call-up to the senior Scotland squad on 10 March 2016 for their friendly match against Denmark. He made his debut as an 82nd-minute substitute for goalscorer Matt Ritchie in the 1–0 win at Hampden Park 19 days later.


title: Oliver Burke

text: He was left out of the full squad in June 2017 and was instead selected for an under-20 squad in the 2017 Toulon Tournament. Burke scored both goals in a 3–2 defeat against the Czech Republic. As captain, Scotland claimed a historic first ever victory against Brazil at any level, in the second match. The team would win the bronze medal. It was the nations first ever medal at the competition.


title: Oliver Burke

text: During the 2017–18 season, Burke was selected in the under-21 squad. He made his debut at that level on 5 September, and he scored the first goal in a 2–0 win against the Netherlands. In the 2018 Toulon Tournament, Burke scored goals against France and South Korea as Scotland finished in fourth place. In the third-place play-off against Turkey, he was the only player to miss in the penalty shootout defeat, with Altay Bayındır saving his attempt.


title: Oliver Burke

text: Burke was recalled to the full international squad in March 2019 and scored his first senior goal in Scotland's 2–1 victory over Cyprus on 8 June the same year.


title: Troy E. Black

text: Troy E. Black (born 1968/1969) is a United States Marine and the 19th and current Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps as of July 26, 2019.


title: Troy E. Black

text: Black entered U.S. Marine recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in April 1988, graduating in July 1988. In October 1988, he graduated from the United States Marine Corps School of Infantry at Camp Geiger in North Carolina and received the military occupational specialty of 0331-Machine Gunner.


title: Troy E. Black

text: In December 1988, Black graduated the Marine Security Force School and was posted to the Marine Detachment aboard the USS Forrestal (CV-59) that deployed in 1989 in support of Operation Just Cause and to the Mediterranean. From September 1990 to 1993 he was posted to the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, serving in successive capacities of gunner, team leader, section leader, platoon sergeant, and platoon commander. In December 1990, Black deployed with the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines to Kuwait in support of Operation Desert Shield and later Operation Desert Storm. In 1993, he completed the U.S. Army Basic Airborne Course at the U.S. Army Airborne School.


title: Troy E. Black

text: Between 1994 and 1997, Black served at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island as a drill instructor and then a senior drill instructor. From 1997 to 2000, he was assigned to a Fleet Anti-Terrorism Security Team, serving as a platoon sergeant, operations chief, and then a platoon commander. In 2000, Black returned to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, where over the next three years he served as a senior drill instructor, Drill Instructor School instructor, and Recruit Training Regiment drill master.


title: Troy E. Black

text: Between 2003 and 2006, he served in the 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines as a company gunnery sergeant and then as a first sergeant, deploying twice to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Between 2006 and 2007, Black served as a company first sergeant in the 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion. From 2007 to 2009, he served as a sergeant major at Officer Candidates School. Black served as the sergeant major of the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines from 2009 to 2011, deploying twice to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.


title: Troy E. Black

text: In 2010, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for running through uncleared territory to rescue a fallen comrade hit by an improvised explosive device. From 2011 to 2013, Black served as the sergeant major of Combat Logistics Battalion 5. He served as the sergeant major of the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit from 2013 to 2015. Following that, Black served as the sergeant major of the 1st Marine Logistics Group from 2015 to 2017. He was named Sergeant Major of Manpower and Reserve Affairs in 2017. On April 25, 2019, Black was named the 19th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps and assumed the post on July 26, 2019.


title: Stranded Deep

text: Stranded Deep is a survival video game developed and published by Australian studio Beam Team Games for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Linux.


title: Stranded Deep

text: "Stranded Deep" takes place in the Pacific Ocean, where a plane crash survivor finds themselves faced with some of the most life-threatening scenarios in a procedurally generated world. Players are able to explore Pacific islands, reefs, and bottomless ocean trenches filled with detailed biomes, and need to search for and develop the means to survive.


title: Stranded Deep

text: The game features a dynamic weather and day-night cycle. Also featured is a building system, whereby players are able to settle on an island and construct a shelter or a raft with which to explore the ocean, and a crafting system, whereby resources can be harvested and combined in order to create equipment. Resources are limited, and therefore need to be managed. As supplies that players are able to carry are limited, items need to be prioritized for the task at hand.


title: Stranded Deep

text: Players need to manage their vitals of health, hunger, thirst, and sleep, against the elements they face. Thirst is in particular an important component of survival. Hydration sources are scarce, with coconut water being the most common and easiest to obtain water substitute, but can cause diarrhea if the player drinks too much at once, leading to hydration rapidly going down completely. The player can eventually craft a water still, which will produce water over time from the evaporation of palm leaves or gathering water from rainstorms. Hunger is another challenge. Food can be obtained from many sources, including coconuts, fishing, and rations. Players are also able to search sunken shipwrecks and islands for interesting and rare equipment.


title: Stranded Deep

text: The tropical ocean in the game is full of different life forms. This ranges from small fish, sea turtles, rays, lionfish, sea snakes, crown-of-thorns starfish, swordfish, whales, as well as the most dangerous enemies in the game - sharks. There are different types of sharks, some being harmless, while others are life threatening, like the great whites, hammerhead shark, and goblin shark. Sharks can directly attack the player, or they can also bump into the player's raft, potentially flipping it over. There are also three mythical sea creatures found in specific places in the world - a megalodon shark, a giant squid named Lusca, and a giant eel named Abaia. Each one, when killed, gives the player a trophy as a reward for killing it. They are considered the most challenging enemies in the game.


title: Stranded Deep

text: As the player's plane crashes into the ocean, they are saved via an inflatable lifeboat found nearby. The lifeboat is equipped with a pouch containing a compass, as well as rations that the player can use. The lifeboat can also be used as a raft to travel between different islands. A key feature of rafts is anchoring them. This is because rafts can be carried into the open ocean by currents or storms if not anchored or dragged onto land. The player can collect components and materials later to craft their own raft by scavenging shipwrecks and the coastline of islands. The player-made rafts can differ in base, floor, and propeller used, which changes certain aspects of the raft like weight, speed, and sturdiness. Apart from rafts, the only other form of transportation is a gyrocopter, which can be created when the necessary components are found first.


title: Stranded Deep

text: The game also features an official ending. The player can find an abandoned aircraft carrier stranded on a small island. On the ship there is a plane, which when repaired can serve as an escape from the Pacific. When the player repairs and boards the plane, a cutscene triggers, showing the player’s plane crashing into another plane, revealing how you came to be stranded at the start of the game, thus presenting the ending as a loop.


title: Stranded Deep

text: In the game, the player can also find easter eggs. Some are associated with the 2000 movie "Cast Away": on one of the islands, there is a volleyball with a bloody handprint on it, called "Wollie", similar to "Wilson" from the movie; there is also a mail box washed on an island, loosely resembling the FedEx box from "Cast Away". Also discoverable is a remote standalone structure resembling the Maunsell Sea Forts, originally built by the United Kingdom to defend British estuaries, which the player can explore inside.


title: Stranded Deep

text: Since the world of the game is procedurally generated, the initial island that the player lands on, as well as all the other islands, are randomly generated for each save file played. The game also features a "cartographer" mode, where the player can manipulate their world, as well as add and customize existing and new islands.


title: Stranded Deep

text: Telltale Games announced that it was to release the game on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2018, through its Telltale Publishing label. When Telltale Games announced its majority studio closure in September 2018, Beam Team Games stated that it was doing "everything it could" to launch the console versions on time. On 29 January 2020, Beam Team Games announced on their Twitter page that "Stranded Deep" console release was scheduled to the end of March, but could be delayed until early April instead. On 21 April 2020, the game was officially released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.


title: Stranded Deep

text: "Stranded Deep" was released as a full game for consoles only on 21 April 2020. The PC version was fully released 11 August, 2022.


title: Stranded Deep

text: On 29 April 2020, the console versions received update 1.02. The update fixed bugs and glitches, as well as refining some game play functions.


title: Stranded Deep

text: "Stranded Deep" formed part of the offering for the May 2021 PlayStation Plus free game titles with "Battlefield V".


title: Kadiff Kirwan

text: Kadiff Kirwan (born 3 February 1989) is a British-Montserratian actor. He is known for his roles in several British television series, particularly "Timewasters", "Chewing Gum", "Fleabag", and "The Stranger".


title: Kadiff Kirwan

text: Born and raised in Plymouth, Montserrat, Kirwan moved with his family to Antigua after the 1995 Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption destroyed the family home, and thereafter to Preston, England. There he developed a love of drama; he first acted in school, in a production of Bugsy Malone, when he was 14. On his desire to act, Kirwan said "I was bad at school [...] really bad. And I had a drama teacher who from Year 9 onwards hounded me and told me that my behaviour issues would calm down if I went to drama classes after school. She kept pestering and eventually I went. Suddenly, everything started making sense: I was acting out because I was dealing with being gay and not telling my peers or my family because they’re quite religious [...] I was going through a lot at the time, and acting was the thing that saved me. It gave me my voice."


The Presidential Emergency Operations Center (PEOC, ) is a bunker-like structure underneath the East Wing of the White House. It serves as a secure shelter and communications center for the president of the United States and others in case of an emergency.


title: Presidential Emergency Operations Center

text: The first White House bunker was built during World War II to protect President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the event of an aerial attack on Washington. The modern PEOC space has modern communications equipment including televisions and phones to coordinate with outside government entities. During a breach of White House security, including violations of the Washington, D.C. Air Defense Identification Zone (P-56 airspace), the President and other protectees are relocated to the executive briefing room, next to the PEOC. Day to day, the PEOC is staffed around the clock by specialized picked joint-service military officers and non-commissioned officers.


text: During the September 11 attacks, a number of key personnel were evacuated from their offices in the White House to the PEOC. These included Vice President Dick Cheney, First Lady Laura Bush, Lynne Cheney, Condoleezza Rice, Mary Matalin, "Scooter" Libby, Joshua Bolten, Karen Hughes, Stephen Hadley, David Addington, Secret Service agents, U.S. Army major Mike Fenzel serving on a White House Fellowship, and other staff including Norman Mineta. President George W. Bush was visiting a school in Florida at the time of the attacks. Australian Prime Minister


text: John Howard was incorrectly reported as being bundled into the PEOC but was actually in a bunker at the Australian Embassy


text: President Donald Trump retreated to the PEOC during the night of May 29, 2020, at the beginning of the George Floyd protests. After his trip to the bunker was reported in the news, Trump demanded that officials find and prosecute those responsible for the information getting to the press. Trump's Secretary of Defense, Mark Esper, described in his 2022 book that Trump stated the person who leaked his whereabouts "should be executed".


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: In econometrics, endogeneity broadly refers to situations in which an explanatory variable is correlated with the error term. The distinction between endogenous and exogenous variables originated in simultaneous equations models, where one separates variables whose values are determined by the model from variables which are predetermined; ignoring simultaneity in the estimation leads to biased estimates as it violates the exogeneity assumption of the Gauss–Markov theorem. The problem of endogeneity is often ignored by researchers conducting non-experimental research and doing so precludes making policy recommendations. Instrumental variable techniques are commonly used to address this problem.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Besides simultaneity, correlation between explanatory variables and the error term can arise when an unobserved or omitted variable is confounding both independent and dependent variables, or when independent variables are measured with error.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: In a stochastic model, the notion of the "usual exogeneity", "sequential exogeneity", "strong/strict exogeneity" can be defined. Exogeneity is articulated in such a way that a variable or variables is exogenous for parameter formula_1. Even if a variable is exogenous for parameter formula_1, it might be endogenous for parameter formula_3.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: When the explanatory variables are not stochastic, then they are strong exogenous for all the parameters.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: If the independent variable is correlated with the error term in a regression model then the estimate of the regression coefficient in an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is biased; however if the correlation is not contemporaneous, then the coefficient estimate may still be consistent. There are many methods of correcting the bias, including instrumental variable regression and Heckman selection correction.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: In this case, the endogeneity comes from an uncontrolled confounding variable, a variable that is correlated with both the independent variable in the model and with the error term. (Equivalently, the omitted variable affects the independent variable and separately affects the dependent variable.)


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: but formula_5 is omitted from the regression model (perhaps because there is no way to measure it directly).


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: If the correlation of formula_9 and formula_10 is not 0 and formula_10 separately affects formula_12 (meaning formula_13), then formula_9 is correlated with the error term formula_15.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Here, formula_9 is not exogenous for formula_1 and formula_3, since, given formula_9, the distribution of formula_12 depends not only on formula_1 and formula_3, but also on formula_10 and formula_24.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Suppose that a perfect measure of an independent variable is impossible. That is, instead of observing formula_25, what is actually observed is formula_26 where formula_27 is the measurement error or "noise". In this case, a model given by


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Since both formula_30 and formula_31 depend on formula_27, they are correlated, so the OLS estimation of formula_3 will be biased downward.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Measurement error in the dependent variable, formula_34, does not cause endogeneity, though it does increase the variance of the error term.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Suppose that two variables are codetermined, with each affecting the other according to the following "structural" equations:


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Estimating either equation by itself results in endogeneity. In the case of the first structural equation, formula_37. Solving for formula_5 while assuming that formula_39 results in


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: The endogeneity problem is particularly relevant in the context of time series analysis of causal processes. It is common for some factors within a causal system to be dependent for their value in period "t" on the values of other factors in the causal system in period "t" − 1. Suppose that the level of pest infestation is independent of all other factors within a given period, but is influenced by the level of rainfall and fertilizer in the preceding period. In this instance it would be correct to say that infestation is exogenous within the period, but endogenous over time.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Let the model be "y" = "f"("x", "z") + "u". If the variable "x" is sequential exogenous for parameter formula_1, and "y" does not cause "x" in the Granger sense, then the variable "x" is strongly/strictly exogenous for the parameter formula_1.


title: Endogeneity (econometrics)

text: Generally speaking, simultaneity occurs in the dynamic model just like in the example of static simultaneity above.


title: Sunshine pop

text: Sunshine pop (originally known as soft pop) is a subgenre of pop music that originated in Southern California in the mid-1960s. Rooted in easy listening and advertising jingles, sunshine pop acts combined nostalgic or anxious moods with "an appreciation for the beauty of the world". It largely consisted of lesser-known artists who imitated more popular groups such as the Mamas & the Papas and the 5th Dimension. While the Beach Boys are noted as prominent influences, the band's own music was rarely representative of the genre.


title: Sunshine pop

text: Sunshine pop enjoyed mainstream success in the latter half of the decade, with many of its top 40 hits peaking in the spring and summer of 1967, especially just before the Summer of Love. Popular acts include the Turtles, and the Association. Other groups, like the Millennium, Sagittarius, and the Yellow Balloon were less successful but gained a cult following years later with albums like "Begin" (Millennium, 1968) and "Present Tense" (Sagittarius, 1968) being sought after on the collectors’ market.


title: Sunshine pop

text: Sunshine pop originated in California in the mid to late-1960s, beginning as an outgrowth of the California Sound and folk rock movements. Rooted in easy-listening, advertising jingles, and the growing drug culture, the music was characterized by lush vocals and light arrangements similar to samba music. Most of the acts were lesser-known bands named after fruits, colors, or cosmic concepts that imitated popular groups like the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, and the 5th Dimension. In some ways, the genre is similar to baroque pop through being elaborate and melancholic, but it crossed into folk-pop and Brill Building styles. It may be seen as a form of escapism from the turmoil of the times. "The A.V. Club"s Noel Murray writes: "sunshine pop acts expressed an appreciation for the beauty of the world mixed with a sense of anxiety that the good ol' days were gone for good."


title: Sunshine pop

text: Some of the artists who influenced the style include Curt Boettcher, the Mamas & the Papas' John Phillips, and the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson. Concerning the Beach Boys' involvement with sunshine pop, the orchestral style of "Pet Sounds" (1966) was imitated by many Los Angeles record producers, but "The A.V. Club" notes: "Though [the Beach Boys] ... were hugely influential on the sunshine pop acts that followed, [their] music was rarely in step with the genre." "The Suburban"s Joel Goldenburg believes the closest the group ever came to the genre was the lightly produced album "Friends" (1968): "the vocals of sunshine pop songs are a little more anonymous and not as lushly featured as that of The Beach Boys. And I don't see the [Phil] Spector connection. The light touch applied to the songs reminds me more of soft samba music." Murray says that "John Phillips, on the other hand, practically created the blueprint for sunshine pop, with little of Wilson's uncommercial weirdness." Brian Wilson commented that "you can turn the Beach Boys upside down ... just the track or whatever, and I think they [the Mamas & the Papas] have as much vocal as we do track ... whereas, I think, we emphasize a little more track than vocal."


title: Sunshine pop

text: Sunshine pop and the California Sound's influence expanded to other countries. In Spain, it initially was pioneered by groups like Pic-Nic, Granada Los Ángeles and Los Iberos in 1968. Between 1969 and the 1970s there was a boom of "soft pop" acts in the country, among them Los Yetis, Solera, Módulos, Nuevos Horizontes and Vainica Doble.


title: Sunshine pop

text: After its peak in the 1960s, the genre lingered in near-obscurity, although it enjoyed some interest among collectors of rare vinyl singles and LPs. Select albums would occasionally fetch hefty prices at online auctions or in record stores. A name was eventually given to the music, "sunshine pop", although it was rarely deployed outside of record collecting circles. In the early 1990s, a renewed interest began in Japan, where record companies started publishing compilations of long-forgotten, obscure 1960s music. This revival subsequently spread to Europe and the United States.


title: Sunshine pop

text: Compilations and box-sets by groups such as Spanky and Our Gang, The Association, The Arbors and The Love Generation have been released on CD. Among the record labels which issue sunshine pop re-releases are Revola Records in Britain and the US label Sundazed.


title: Non-ferrous metal

text: In metallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts.


title: Non-ferrous metal

text: Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic properties or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite, and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.


title: Non-ferrous metal

text: Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, lead, tin, titanium, and zinc, and alloys such as brass. Precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum and exotic or rare metals such as mercury, tungsten, beryllium, bismuth, cerium, cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium, germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium are also non-ferrous. They are usually obtained through minerals such as sulfides, carbonates, and silicates. Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through electrolysis.


title: Non-ferrous metal

text: Due to their extensive use, non-ferrous scrap metals are usually recycled. The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry, as the production of new metals often needs them. Some recycling facilities re-smelt and recast non-ferrous materials; the dross is collected and stored onsite while the metal fumes are filtered and collected. Non-ferrous scrap metals are sourced from industrial scrap materials, particle emissions and obsolete technology (for example, copper cables) scrap.


title: Non-ferrous metal

text: Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native crystalline yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be found even in weathered outcroppings. Copper was the first metal to be forged; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by cold forging and could be melted in a crucible. Gold, silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources, such as wood and stone, owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses. Due to their rarity, these gold, silver and copper artifacts were treated as luxury items and handled with great care. The use of copper also heralded the transition from the Stone Age to the Copper Age. The Bronze Age, which succeeded the Copper Age, was again heralded by the invention of bronze, an alloy of copper with the non-ferrous metal tin.


title: Non-ferrous metal

text: commercial and industrial applications. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe. Consequently, properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy.


title: Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos

text: Funimation has licensed the film and released it in the United States in 2012. The film was distributed by Eleven Arts for North America, showing at more than 100 theaters. In the UK, Manga Entertainment screened the film at BFI South Bank on June 8, 2012, followed by a home video release on September 3, 2012.


text: The movie begins with a young girl, Julia Crichton, waking up from a dream about the day her family was forcibly taken from her home by soldiers beside her older brother Ashleigh, who is currently studying their parents' alchemy books. Ashleigh then shows his sister some pages and explains that with the alchemy in the book, he hopes to make a world that no one's seen before. Soon after discovering two strange rubbed-out pages, the siblings hear some strange noises and Ashleigh goes ahead to investigate, but a worried Julia follows to a room where she finds the bodies of her parents hung up and dripping blood. She watches in horror as her brother is attacked and presumably murdered to which she faints.


text: Years later, a criminal breaks free from prison in Amestris, and the Elric brothers, Edward and Alphonse, join the effort to recapture him. The duo confronts the escapee who proves himself a dangerous opponent able to create ice and lightning from the alchemy circles drawn in blood on the palms of his hands. Despite the Elrics' efforts to capture the criminal, he ends up escaping, and after some investigation with Edward's superior [Roy Mustang] and his lieutenant Riza Hawkeye, they learn that the fugitive, Melvin Voyager, escaped with only six months remaining of his five-year sentence. Among his belongings, they find a newspaper page with a piece cut off, and comparing with an intact copy of the same page, they find that the missing piece is a photo of a young woman named Julia Crichton who was arrested while entering illegally in the remote Table City, set in the border between Amestris and Creta.