title: Saaremaa

text: The island forms the main barrier between the Gulf of Riga and the Baltic Sea. To the south of it is the main passage out of the gulf, the Irbe Strait, next to Sõrve Peninsula, the southernmost portion of the island. In medieval times islanders crossed the strait to form fishing villages on the Livonian coast, notably Pitrags. In those days it was easier and quicker to cross the strait towards nearby Kolka, Saunags or Mazirbe, than travel by horse large distances inland. The highest point on the island is 54 m above sea level. The Kaali crater is on the island. The island has much forested terrain. One of the symbols of the island is the juniper.


title: Saaremaa

text: More than 10,000 years ago the first parts of Saaremaa arose from the Baltic Ice Lake. The uplift of the Earth's crust is continuing even today at a rate of per year. The West Estonian islands are low-lying plains resting on limestone; their average elevation is roughly above sea level. Limestone has become denuded in a great number of places, resulting in cliffs, limestone pits and quarries at Mustjala, Ninase, Pulli, Üügu and Kaugatuma.


title: Saaremaa

text: Because of its mild maritime climate and a variety of soils, Saaremaa has a rich flora, illustrated by the fact that 80% of the plant species found in Estonia are represented here. Altogether 1200 species of vascular plants can be found in Saaremaa. About 120 of the local plant species are rare ones that have received special protection status. The most famous endemic species is Rhinanthus osiliensis, a rare little flower growing mostly in spring fens. Rare and beautiful flowers are widespread; out of the 36 species found in Estonia, 35 of them are found on Saaremaa and its adjacent islands.


title: Saaremaa

text: Over 40% of Saaremaa is covered with forests, most of which are mixed forests, but in some areas, one can find broad-leaved (deciduous) trees, which are relicts of plant communities of former milder climatic periods. Wooded meadows were common in Saaremaa before World War II, but many of these unique natural complexes have gradually become overgrown and thus converted into the ordinary forest. The same is true for alvars (limestone areas covered with thin soil and stunted vegetation). Once a typical and exclusive landscape element in Saaremaa alvars are now in decline. Nature conservation planning for Saaremaa now includes protection of the largest and most unusual alvar areas.


title: Saaremaa

text: Saaremaa has a wide variety of rare wildlife species, ranging from insects to seals. The smallest protected wildlife species in terms of size include the clouded apollo butterflies and Roman snails.


title: Saaremaa

text: The coastal areas of Saaremaa are well-known seal habitats; in fact, the indigenous gray seal can be found in three large permanent resting areas on the islets off the coast in the western and southern parts of Saaremaa. Nowadays, the local population of said seals is slightly increasing. Ringed seals can be encountered everywhere in the coastal waters of Saaremaa but, because of their timidity, it has not been possible to make an estimation of their number.


title: Saaremaa

text: The islands lie in the East Atlantic Flyway, a migration path of waterfowl. This "bird road" connects northeastern Europe with Arctic regions. Each year hundreds of thousands of migratory birds visit Saaremaa in spring and autumn. The barnacle goose, mute swan, whooper swan, eider, shelduck and a great many other bird species have been given protection status. But on the whole, the islands are somewhat poorer in wildlife species than the mainland. Neither mole, mink, nor otter can be found here, whilst the Eurasian lynx and the brown bear are infrequent guests.


title: Saaremaa

text: Kaali is a small group of nine unique meteorite craters on Saaremaa. The largest of the craters measures in diameter and contains a small lake, known as "Kaali järv" ("Lake Kaali"). The meteor cluster had an impact velocity of and a mass of . At the altitude of the meteor broke into pieces. The largest fragment produced the main crater with a depth of .


title: Saaremaa

text: Eight smaller craters with diameters ranging from and depths varying from are all within of the main crater. The age estimates of the crater vary, with 4000 ± 1000 BCE being a commonly accepted estimate, though other estimates suggest the explosion was as recent as 660 ± 85 BCE. The energy of the impact—about 80 TJ (20 kilotons of TNT), comparable with the Hiroshima bomb)—burned forests within a radius of of the impact site. There are numerous legends related to the crater; these are summarized by Lennart Meri in his book "Hõbevalge".


title: Saaremaa

text: Dolomite, limestone, curative mud, mineral water, ceramic clay, sand, and gravel are the major local resources. Of these local resources, dolomite is perhaps the most famous above all.


title: Saaremaa

text: The majority of the island's population is Estonian (97%). The two most numerous ethnic minorities, Russians and Finns, together comprise less than 3% of the inhabitants. Compared to the Republic of Estonia on the whole, the population of Saare County and particularly of Kuressaare town is younger, whereas the number of the retired people is considerably smaller. Saaremaa is located in the heart of the Baltic region, which is one of the most rapidly growing markets in Europe, with 70 million consumers. The island's "Gates to the West" include the reconstructed Kuressaare Airport and Roomassaare Harbour, the operation of modern ferries between Saaremaa and the Estonian mainland, and the rapid development of the telecommunications. Saaremaa is also a significant tourist destination, revisited by 35% of foreign and 95% of domestic tourists.


title: Saaremaa

text: Saaremaa is reached by TS Laevad's ferries from Virtsu on the Estonian mainland to Kuivastu on Muhu island, which is itself connected to Saaremaa by a causeway, the Väinatamm. Saaremaa can also be reached by ferry from Sõru on the island of Hiiumaa to Triigi. There are also passenger services from Roomassaare to the smaller island of Abruka. During many winters it is possible to drive to Saaremaa by an ice road between the mainland and Muhu or between Saaremaa and the island of Hiiumaa.


title: Saaremaa

text: There are regular bus services from Tallinn, Pärnu and Tartu on the mainland, which use the ferry from Virtsu to Muhu.


title: Saaremaa

text: There is an airport at Kuressaare with regular flights to Tallinn operated by Transaviabaltika. In the summer season there are regular service to Ruhnu and Pärnu operated by Luftverkehr Friesland Harle, and a twice weekly service to Stockholm operated by Estonian Air.


title: Saaremaa

text: Historically there was a Soviet air base at Aste during the Cold War. Plans to connect Saaremaa to the mainland either by the Saaremaa Bridge or Saaremaa Tunnel are being studied.


title: Saaremaa

text: FC Kuressaare competes in the first tier of Estonian football, the Meistriliiga. Saaremaa competes in the biannual Island Games.


title: Private label

text: A private label, also called a private brand or private-label brand, is a brand owned by a company, offered by that company alongside and competing with brands from other businesses. A private-label brand is almost always offered exclusively by the firm that owns it, although in rare instances the brand is licensed to another company. The brand usually consists of products, but can also encompass services.


title: Private label

text: Private labels typically involve outsourcing, in which company A hires company B to provide them with a product or service, which is then offered under a brand name of company A. This is how the term "private label" is usually defined. However, it is also possible that company A owns company B. For example, in 2018, The Kroger Company had 60% of its private brands produced by third parties; the remaining 40% was manufactured internally by plants owned by Kroger. Private-label producers are usually anonymous, sometimes by contract. In other cases, they are allowed to mention their role publicly.


title: Private label

text: The term "private label" originated in retail, but has since been used in other industries as well. Probably the best known private-label brands are store brands, which are managed by supermarket and grocery store chains. Examples are Simple Truth by Kroger and Great Value by Wal-Mart. Store brands compete with national brands or name brands, like Coca-Cola or Lay's.


title: Private label

text: The term "private-label product" overlaps with the term "white-label product". They are sometimes used interchangeably, but they don't mean the same thing. A private-label product is created exclusively for a client, who sets specific demands on what the product or service must contain. A white-label product is not created exclusively for one company, and although white-label manufacturers might offer customizations to their products, these are usually limited. The specifications of a private-label product are set out by the client, whereas a white-label product is more generic and already designed.


title: Private label

text: In the supermarket and grocery store industry, the term "private label/brand" is almost always used, even if the same product is sold non-exclusively to multiple retailers with different packaging ("white label/brand").


title: Private label

text: A store brand, also called a house brand or, in British English, an own brand, is a private-label brand trademarked and managed by a retailer. This brand is almost always offered exclusively at the chain store that owns it, although in rare instances the brand is licensed to another company. Examples of store brands are Simple Truth by Kroger, Great Value by Wal-Mart, and Specially Selected by Aldi. Store brands can also be eponymous, or named after the store, such as Joe's O's cereal by Trader Joe's. Store brands compete with national brands, also called premium brands or name brands, with its items sometimes being called brand-name products. Examples are Coca-Cola, Lay's, and Kellogg's. The general appeal of store-brand products is that they are usually offered at a lower price than their name-brand counterparts.


title: Private label

text: Most private-label store brand products are manufactured by third parties, but some are made by companies owned by the retailer. For instance, a vice-president of The Kroger Company stated in 2018 that approximately 60% of their private-label products are outsourced. The remaining 40% is manufactured internally: in 2018, Kroger owned 38 plants, including 19 dairy farms, 10 bakeries, and 2 butcheries, strategically spread across the US. Similarly, Safeway Inc. owned 32 plants as of 2012. Most retailers prefer to keep the identity of their suppliers private, and accordingly have non-disclosure clauses in their contracts, making it difficult to determine the producer of a private-label product. In a few cases though, the manufacturer is allowed to mention it publicly, is revealed through a product recall, or in rare instances, is stated on the product itself. For example, the bags of Kirkland Signature coffee by Costco feature the text "Custom roasted by Starbucks".


title: Private label

text: Private-label brands emerged in the 19th century. Until the early 20th century, their general focus was on delivering quality at a price below that of the national brands. In the first half of the 20th century, the quality of private brands diluted and their standards dropped. In their competitive struggle against national brands, low prices were considered more important than quality. In the second half of the century, this trend gradually reversed. As quality and visual appearance improved, private labels rose to prominence in the 1970s and 80s. By the 1990s, they were increasingly seen as a threat to the established brands. Also, from the 90s onwards, a premiumization of store brands began to occur, giving rise to more expensive premium private labels.


title: Private label

text: Generic brands are often associated with store brands. Generic products were first introduced in the United States in 1977, quickly winning market share from national and private-label brands. A 1981 academic article described them as products "without brand names, in very plain packages with simple labels and usually sold at prices below both the national and private brands with which they compete". Packages of generic products often feature only the name of the type of product it contains, e.g. "Cola" or "Batteries". Nowadays, the terms "generic brand" and "store brand" are sometimes used interchangeably. The term "generic" can be used as a pejorative toward store brand items that are perceived as bland or cheap.


title: Private label

text: A private-label brand is often produced by the same company that manufactures the national brand of that product. Different brands target different consumers. For instance, Kimberly-Clark makes Huggies diapers, but also produces a Walmart budget version. Allegedly, some store-brand items are identical to their name-brand counterparts: they are said to be literally the same product, except for the packaging and price. In other cases, a manufacturer can have multiple formulas for one product, creating a private-label version using one method and the national-label version using another. In 2007, a mass-recall of contaminated pet food products brought to light that more than 100 different brands of pet food, both premium- and private-label, were in fact produced by a single company: Menu Foods Inc. in Ontario, Canada. The ingredients and recipes they used differed substantially among brands, depending on what their clients specified.


title: Private label

text: Fast food restaurant chains sell their products under their private-label brands. Their core items are usually fries and meat-based items, but they might also offer brownies, muffins, cookies, and salads. These private-brand products are offered alongside national-brand products, such as soft drinks by Coca-Cola or Pepsi, and ice creams co-branded with Oreo or M&M's.


title: Private label

text: A private-label credit card (PLCC) is a type of credit card that can only be used at a specific company or chain of companies. Since this is virtually always a retail business, they are also called store cards. The retailer partners with a bank that issues the cards, funds the credits, and collects payments from customers. The cards themselves are branded with the logo of the store, but not the bank. Examples are the Target Debit RedCard (issued by TD Bank, N.A.), the Walmart Reward Card (issued by Capital One), and the Amazon Store Card (issued by Synchrony Bank). PLCCs also do not carry the logo of the payment network (e.g. Visa or Mastercard), but they do use that network for transactions.


title: Private label

text: Private-label store credit cards are sometimes compared to but not the same as co-branded credit cards. These cards usually feature the logo of the payment network, and sometimes the logo of the bank. Unlike PLCCs, co-branded cards work like 'normal' credit cards, usable at any place where that type of card is accepted. For instance, warehouse chain Nordstrom offers a Nordstrom Store Card (private-label) and a Nordstrom Credit Card (co-branded), both issued by TD Bank, N.A. and using Visa's network.


title: Private label

text: In video games, a ghost developer is a company that co-developed a game, but is not credited for it. They are hired by publishers, other developers, or companies outside the gaming industry. These businesses prefer to keep this outsourcing hidden from the public to protect their brand equity, not wanting consumers or investors to know that they rely on external help. A 2015 "Polygon" article stated that the practice has existed since the early days of the gaming industry, and that it was sometimes referred to as "white-label development". In almost all cases, this is probably wrong: the correct term would be "private-label development". The amount of ghost development that game companies do varies greatly. For some, it is a vital part of their business. Other, mostly bigger studios, might only take on small private-label jobs to fill in gaps between projects. An example of a well-known ghost developer is Tose.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State University (BSU) is a public research university in Boise, Idaho. Founded in 1932 by the Episcopal Church, it became an independent junior college in 1934 and has been awarding baccalaureate and master's degrees It became a public institution in 1969.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State offers more than 100 graduate programs, including the MBA and MAcc programs in the College of Business and Economics; master's and PhD programs in the Colleges of Engineering, Arts & Sciences, and Education; MPA program in the School of Public Service; and the MPH program in the College of Health Sciences. In the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, it is among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: Boise State University

text: The university's intercollegiate athletic teams, the Broncos, compete in the Mountain West Conference (MWC) in NCAA Division I.


title: Boise State University

text: The school became Idaho's third state university in 1974, after the University of Idaho (1889) and Idaho State University (1963). Boise State awards associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, and is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. , it has over 75,000 living alumni.


title: Boise State University

text: The campus is located near downtown Boise, on the south bank of the Boise River, opposite Julia Davis Park. With more than 170 buildings, the campus is at an elevation of above sea level, bounded by Capitol Boulevard on the west and Broadway Avenue to the east. Boise State has spent over $300 million since 2003 on academic, residential, and athletics facilities across campus. Through the 1930s, the site was the city's airport.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State broke ground in May 2017 on a $42 million Center for the Fine Arts, which will house sculpture, metalwork, painting, graphic design and other visual arts, as well as gallery space and a digital "World Museum" devoted to high-tech arts experiences.


title: Boise State University

text: The school's library is named for grocery pioneer and longtime Boise resident Joe Albertson. It houses more than 650,000 books, over 100,000 periodicals, 107 public terminals for student use, and access to over 300 online databases. The physical structure features a public lounge area, and houses the College of Innovation and Design, including the fast growing degree program in Gaming, Interactive Mobile and Media.


title: Boise State University

text: The "Velma V. Morrison Center for the Performing Arts" has 2,000 seats in its primary performance hall, and hosts a wide variety of fine arts performances, including the Broadway in Boise series, concerts and other events. The venue opened its doors in April 1984.


title: Boise State University

text: The computer science department moved away from the main campus to a new building in downtown Boise. The CS department occupies 53,549 gross square feet, the full second and third floors of the building. The university's CS program is now located in the same building as Clearwater Analytics and within short walking distance of about 20 more of Boise's top technology companies.


title: Boise State University

text: The Micron Center for Materials Research was established with a $25 million gift from Micron Technology, which is headquartered in Boise. Scheduled for completion in 2020, the building was designed by Hummel Architects and Anderson Mason Dale Architects, with Hoffman Construction as lead contractor. The building is designed with one research wing, planned to house sensitive equipment, and state of the art research laboratories and a second wing, to hold classrooms, and office space. This latest donation by Micron marks a total of $40 million invested in materials science and engineering programs and associated research at BSU, resulting in a full complement of degrees in materials science and engineering including bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs.


title: Boise State University

text: Extended Studies at Boise State offers regional programming at the College of Western Idaho in Nampa, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Gowen Field, Twin Falls, Lewiston, and Coeur d'Alene. BSU also offers 29 degrees and certificates fully online. Beginning in 2016, Boise State began partnering with the Harvard Business School to offer the Harvard Business School Online business fundamentals program to Idaho students and the business community. This collaboration is the only such Harvard collaboration with a public U.S. university.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State's fall enrollment in 2016 was 23,886 students, and approximately 76 percent of these students were Idaho residents. More than 90 percent of Boise State's first-year students come directly from high school.


title: Boise State University

text: In the 2015–2016 school year, Boise State awarded diplomas to 3,916 distinct graduates, including 18 doctorates, 10 education specialists, 670 master's and 2,998 bachelor's degrees. The university has "High Research Activity" as scored by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.


title: Boise State University

text: Since 1971 the university has published the "Western Writers Series", monographs focusing on authors of the American Frontier and American West. The university also maintains an on-line library of publications and documents related to Idaho history through the Albertsons Library.


title: Boise State University

text: A not-for-profit literary publisher, Ahsahta was founded in 1974 at Boise State University to preserve the best works by early poets of the American West. Its name, ahsahta, is the Mandan word meaning "Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep," and was first recorded by members of the Lewis and Clark expedition; the founding editors chose the word to honor the press's original mission to publish Western poetry.


title: Boise State University

text: The Center for Idaho History and Politics offers a nine-credit place-based field school called "Investigate Boise" which focuses on heritage, government, and urban affairs. Each series of classes results in a student written and faculty edited publication.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State's athletic nickname is the Broncos, and the official mascot is Buster Bronco. Men's teams include football, basketball, cross country, track and field, golf, tennis, and baseball (to resume play in 2020 after a forty-year hiatus). The baseball program was then cut in July 2020. Its women's teams include volleyball, basketball, cross country, swimming and diving, soccer, track and field, gymnastics, golf, softball and tennis. Most of these teams compete in the Mountain West Conference (MWC).


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State College joined the NCAA in 1970 in the university division (Division I), except for football, which was in the college division (later Division II) for the first eight seasons. Big Sky Conference football moved up to the new Division I-AA (now FCS) in 1978, and the Broncos won the national championship two years later. BSU moved up to Division I-A (now FBS) in 1996 in the Big West Conference, joined the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in 2001, and the Mountain West in 2011. The last two moves came after the conferences dropped sponsorship of football.


title: Boise State University

text: Albertsons Stadium is home to the Boise State football program. It hosted to the NCAA Division I Track and Field Championships in 1994 and 1999, and has been the home to the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl since 1997.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State Football has a long history of success starting with the junior college days and the national championship team of 1958, coached by the father of Bronco football, Lyle Smith. Now named Lyle Smith Field in Albertsons Stadium, the synthetic turf field was standard green before 1986. "The Blue" was the idea of athletic director Gene Bleymaier and was the first non-green football field in the country. Through 2019, Boise State's home record was in 34 seasons on The Blue, with fifteen conference championships.


title: Boise State University

text: Ground was broken after the 1969 season, and it opened in September 1970 with a capacity of 14,500. Subsequent expansions were completed in 1975 and 1997, and current capacity sits at around 37,000. In August 2010, the university unveiled a $100 million expansion plan for Bronco Stadium. The first stage will include: adding a new facility to the north endzone to house the football offices, weight room, training room, equipment room and locker room; removing the track; and adding a 13,200-seat grandstand behind the north endzone. Later stages include: lowering the field to add 3,300 seats; completing the south endzone horseshoe; building an east side skybox; and renovating the east concourse. Seating capacity for the fully expanded Bronco Stadium will exceed 55,000.


title: Boise State University

text: Known as the "Boise State University Pavilion" until June 2004, and "Taco Bell Arena" between 2004 and 2019, ExtraMile Arena is home to BSU basketball, wrestling, women's gymnastics, community events, and several concerts each year. Opened in May 1982, the arena seats 12,380 on three levels. It has hosted rounds one and two of the NCAA basketball tournament on eight occasions from 1983 to 2009, and the third and fourth rounds of the NCAA women's tournament in 2002.


title: Boise State University

text: The construction of the pavilion began in February 1980 on the site of the tennis courts and a portion of the BSU baseball field. The Bronco baseball team played their home games in 1980 at Borah Field (now Bill Wigle Field) at Borah High School, and the program was discontinued that May. The tennis courts were rebuilt immediately west of the arena, on the former baseball field (infield & right field).


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State's enrollment for the 2020-21 year was 24,103 students, with approximately 66 percent Idaho residents. Boise State University has the largest graduate enrollment in Idaho. More than 90 percent of Boise State's first-year students come directly from high school.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State is considered a commuter school, due to more than 86% of its students living off campus. The dominant form of school-supported housing are co-ed residence halls.


title: Boise State University

text: Boise State has seen a growing in Greek community on campus, from less than a couple hundred in 2010 to over 1,400 today. There are nine fraternities: Alpha Kappa Lambda, Alpha Tau Omega, Delta Sigma Phi, Delta Upsilon, Kappa Sigma, Lambda Theta Phi, Phi Gamma Delta, Pi Kappa Phi, Sigma Chi, Sigma Lambda Beta, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Pi Kappa Alpha, and nine sororities: Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Pi Sigma, Lambda Theta Alpha, Phi Mu, Sigma Lambda Gamma, Zeta Tau Alpha.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: Trevor Jacob (born August 6, 1993) is an American snowboard cross competitor, extreme sports athlete, YouTuber, and former aircraft pilot. He represented the United States in snowboarding in the 2014 Winter Olympics. In December 2021, he posted a YouTube video in which he parachutes out of a light aircraft claiming engine failure. The Federal Aviation Administration revoked his pilot certificate after determining that he had crashed the plane for the sole purpose of filming it.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: A native of Mammoth Lakes, California, Jacob competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. He made it to the semifinal of the men's snowboard cross, where he failed to qualify for the final. He lost by inches to fellow American Alex Deibold, who went on to earn the bronze medal. Jacob ultimately finished 9th.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: Jacob competed in snowboard cross at the Winter X Games in 2014, 2015, and 2016, with a best finish of 5th place in the 2016 competition.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: In addition to snowboarding, Jacob has participated in skateboarding, surfing, BMX riding, motocross and mixed martial arts, and was part of Travis Pastrana's Nitro Circus collective.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: Jacob produces videos for YouTube and has become known for skydiving, aviation and snowboarding content. By January 2022, his YouTube channel had over 100,000 subscribers.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: Jacob owned a Taylorcraft BL-65, a 1940 vintage single-engine light aircraft, registration "N29508". On November 24, 2021, he took off from Lompoc Airport alone, claiming that he was flying to Mammoth Mountain to spread ashes of his friend Johnny Strange. The aircraft was described by sources at Lompoc Airport as "in need of major maintenance". Unusually for him when piloting, indeed for pilots of most civil aircraft, Jacob wore a bulky skydiving parachute, a style that is awkward to wear in a small Taylorcraft with standard seats. The aircraft was outfitted with several digital cameras to film the flight and Jacob carried a selfie stick.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: During the flight, the engine stopped running and Jacob parachuted to the ground, suffering minor injuries on landing. He subsequently hiked out and claimed that the engine had failed. The unoccupied aircraft crashed into unpopulated scrubland in Los Padres National Forest near New Cuyama, California, and was substantially damaged.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: A month later, Jacob released an edited video depicting many of these events on his YouTube channel. However it does not show the aircraft controls nor engine instruments when the engine stops running. Jacob is also not seen carrying out basic aviation emergency procedures such as trying to restart the engine, contacting air traffic control, or initiating a forced landing despite potential landing sites being visible. These and other unusual behaviors led to skepticism from the aviation community, who suspected that the crash was a deliberate publicity stunt. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) both launched investigations although the NTSB does not normally investigate off-airport general aviation crashes that do not involve serious injuries to persons, flight control problems, or substantial damage to property other than the aircraft itself.


title: Trevor Jacob

text: Jacob denied having purposefully left the aircraft to crash, saying that "People can believe whatever they choose".


title: Trevor Jacob

text: In April 2022, the FAA determined that he had indeed abandoned the aircraft solely to film the crash. The FAA cited his opening of the cabin door prior to the purported engine failure; the lack of any attempt to execute an emergency landing, contact air traffic control, or restart the engine; and his personal unsupervised recovery of the onboard cameras and the aircraft wreckage, which he allegedly disposed of. The FAA revoked his private pilot certificate and ruled that he will not be permitted to apply for a new certificate for one year, stating that "your flight … [was] careless or reckless so as to endanger life or property of another".


title: Man of the Hole

text: The Man of the Hole (; – ), or the Tanaru Indian (), was an indigenous person who lived alone in the Amazon rainforest in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. He was the sole inhabitant of the Tanaru Indigenous Territory, a protected indigenous territory demarcated by the Brazilian government in 2007.


title: Man of the Hole

text: It is not known what language the Man of the Hole spoke, what his people called themselves, or what his name was. He was the last surviving member of his people following their genocide by Brazilian settlers in the 1970s–1990s and chose to remain isolated until his death in 2022. Living primarily by hunting and gathering and moving frequently, he left behind a deep hole of unknown purpose in each of his former homes, giving rise to his nickname. After surviving a further attack by armed ranchers in 2009, he was found dead in his home in August 2022.


title: Man of the Hole

text: The Man of the Hole was not a voluntary recluse; he was forced to live alone after his people were destroyed in the ongoing genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil. The majority of his people are believed to have been killed by settlers in the 1970s, around the same time that nearby peoples such as the Akuntsu and Kanoê experienced similar massacres. The remaining survivors, apart from the Man of the Hole, were killed in an attack by illegal miners in 1995. The Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI), Brazil's government agency for indigenous interests, later discovered the remains of their village, which had been bulldozed in 1996. They had remained isolated up until this point, so it is not known what they were called, what language they spoke, or what the Man of the Hole's name was.


title: Man of the Hole

text: FUNAI first became aware of the Man of the Hole's isolated existence in 1996. They observed that he periodically moved his home, building straw huts for shelter. He hunted wild game, collected fruits and honey, and also planted maize and manioc. Over the years, more than 50 huts built by him were identified by FUNAI. His nickname derives from the deep hole found in each home that he abandoned. It was originally believed that these holes were used to trap animals or to hide in, but some observers have also speculated that they might have been of spiritual significance. The holes were narrow and more than deep. 14 similar holes were found in the ruined village discovered by FUNAI in 1996.


title: Man of the Hole

text: Under Brazil's constitution, indigenous peoples have the right to lands they "traditionally occupy". In 2007, FUNAI officially demarcated of his land as a protected indigenous territory, the Tanaru Indigenous Territory. After its establishment, FUNAI monitored him and tried to prevent intrusions into the area. Despite this, the Man of the Hole was attacked by gunmen in November 2009 but managed to survive.


title: Man of the Hole

text: Although he avoided further direct contact with others, the Man of the Hole was aware that he was monitored by outsiders. FUNAI occasionally left gifts of tools and seeds for him, and thus "engendered a certain level of trust". He sometimes signaled to observing teams to avoid pitfalls he had dug either as defense or to trap animals. In 2018, FUNAI released a video of him in order to raise global awareness of the threats to the uncontacted peoples in Brazil. In the video, the man, who was presumed to be in his 50s at the time, appeared to be in good health.


title: Man of the Hole

text: On 24 August 2022, the Man of the Hole was found dead in his last home by FUNAI agent Altair José Algayer. He was found "lying down in the hammock, and ornamented [with macaw feathers] as if waiting for death". There were no signs of violence or any other disturbance before his corpse had been discovered by FUNAI. It was estimated that he had died in July and was about 60 years old at the time of his death. The body was transferred to the state capital Porto Velho for autopsy, in an attempt to establish the cause of death. On 27 August, Marcelo dos Santos, an expert on indigenous peoples, said the man should be buried in the same place he lived and died, in a memorial constructed by the state, and the territory should be immediately protected as it risks being invaded and degraded.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: "Can't Hold Us" is a song written and performed by American hip hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring American singer Ray Dalton, originally released on August 16, 2011 as the second single from the duo's debut studio album "The Heist" (2012).


title: Can't Hold Us

text: The song was a sleeper hit, gaining more attention in 2012 and 2013. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it their second number-one hit in the United States. It is also their third consecutive number-one single in Australia. The music video was nominated for Best Music Video at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in 2014. The song was also listed as "The Most-Streamed Song of 2013" by Spotify.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: "Can't Hold Us" received critical acclaim. Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song four stars out of five, praising its "infectious, soul-soaked piano line and beats more vibrant than Rio de Janeiro's finest carnival floats". Writing for "The Edge", Hannah Mylrea rated the song 9/10 and complimented the duo's dynamism, deeming it "another massive summer hit". AllMusic's David Jeffries also gave it four stars on five and wrote: "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis combine the handclapping, foot-stomping, and propulsive rhythms of old-fashioned gospel music with an infectious, uplifting chorus that could have been ripped straight out of will.i.am's playbook...this motivational, "this is the moment" number is identifiably and lovably Macklemore."


title: Can't Hold Us

text: Due to the major international success of the duo's "Thrift Shop", there was a resurgence in sales of their previous singles and their album "The Heist".


title: Can't Hold Us

text: In the United Kingdom, the song debuted in the UK Singles Chart at number 187 on March 17, 2013, climbing up to number 53 the following week. It eventually peaked at number three on the chart. In Australia, "Can't Hold Us" became Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' third consecutive number-one single after "Thrift Shop" and "Same Love", reaching the top of the chart on March 25, 2013. In the United States, the song became a sleeper hit, and following a performance of the song on "Saturday Night Live", the song cracked the top 10 at number 7, becoming the duo's second top 10 hit, following the number-one single "Thrift Shop". "Can't Hold Us" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 during the chart issue May 18, 2013. They became the first duo to place their two debut singles atop the chart. They also became the fifth act to place their two debut singles atop the "Billboard" Hot 100, following Mariah Carey with "Vision of Love" and "Love Takes Time", Christina Aguilera with "Genie in a Bottle" and "What a Girl Wants", Lady Gaga with "Just Dance" and "Poker Face" and Bruno Mars with "Just the Way You Are" and "Grenade". The song stayed at number one for five consecutive weeks before being surpassed by Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines". As of January 2014, the song has sold 4,383,000 downloads in the United States with 4,260,000 sold in 2013, making it the eighth best-selling song of the year.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: With the helpful release and advertisement of DJ crue and several other artists/producers, remixes were made. One of the most successful one's was Eminem, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis – Just Can't Hold Us. This was hosted by Ryan Lewis himself and produced by many artists such as OfficialDJLithium who is current day Dj Crue, and Sparks Hopes who is currently known as Jimmy Kang.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: Sparks Hopes also helped with the dated release/production working closely with Ryan Lewis, going as far as helping with the 2013 YouTube rewind in order to remix the background track in it. Going as far as helping with the film production, as you can see him in the background of the filming. Overall contributing to the monumental success of the launch.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: Macklemore premiered the music video for "Can't Hold Us" on April 17, 2013. The video was directed by Ryan Lewis, Jason Koenig and Jon Jon Augustavo, and shooting took place for 17 days, on 2 continents and 16 different shoots, ranging from the Pacific Northwest to Southern California to New Zealand at Cathedral Cove where scenes for "" were also shot. Several prominent parts were filmed on the tall ship "Lady Washington".


title: Can't Hold Us

text: The video won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Hip-Hop Video and Director of Photography Jason Koenig, and Mego Lin won Best Cinematography, the video was nominated for Best Direction and Best Editing Nomination to Jason Koenig and Ryan Lewis. It also was placed at No. 12 on BET Notarized Top 100 in 2013. It was nominated for Best Music Video at the 2014 Grammy Awards.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: In May 2012, the song was re-released and featured in an International TV commercial for Miller Genuine Draft, created by the advertising agency me&lewis ideas. In early 2013, the song was used in a U.S. television commercial for Microsoft's Outlook.com webmail service. The song was also used in the background of ESPN College GameDay commercials, the March 2013 premiere episode of MTV's "", in commercials for the movie "R.I.P.D." and in the trailer for the film "Grudge Match". It is featured on the soundtrack for the 2013 film on Steve Jobs titled "Jobs" and the American basketball video game "NBA 2K14". The song is featured on the Ubisoft dance game "Just Dance 2014" as downloadable content. On July 2, 2013, mash-up artist DJ Earworm released a summer mash-up, incorporating "Can't Hold Us" with 10 other songs that became popular in summer 2013. In late 2013, the chorus from the song was used in an ad campaign for the opening of the Graton Resort & Casino in Northern California. The song was also used in YouTube's "Rewind" video for 2013. The song's segment in the video featured YouTube personalities including The Slow Mo Guys, Smosh, KassemG, CorridorDigital, Jimmy Kimmel, Freddie Wong, and Macklemore himself accompanied by Grover from Sesame Street.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: During the 2012 Seattle Seahawks season, the song became the official touchdown song for the team thanks to big fan coach Pete Carroll. Macklemore and Ryan Lewis, also big supporters of the Seahawks, performed "Can't Hold Us" along with "Thrift Shop" during the NFC Championship game halftime show at CenturyLink Field on January 19, 2014.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: On March 17, 2014 Season 2 Episode 3 of the A&E TV show "Bates Motel", "Can't Hold Us" was featured in a scene as music in the background.


title: Can't Hold Us

text: Macklemore himself performed the song with the Detroit Youth Choir on the season 14 finale of America's Got Talent (The Detroit Youth Choir also performed the song in the audition and the finals. This came after performing with the Ndlovu Youth Choir and Kygo performing his version of the Steve Winwood song "Higher Love" with posthumous vocals from Whitney Houston)


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Oswald Cobblepot, also known as the Penguin, is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1992 film "Batman Returns", directed by Tim Burton. Portrayed by Danny DeVito, the character is adapted from the comic book supervillain of the same name. To match the darker tone of the film, this depiction of the Penguin is as a "freak of nature", with webbed, flipper-like fingers, a hooked, beak-like nose, and a penguin-like body, and was raised by penguins in Gotham City's condemned zoo after being abandoned by his wealthy parents as a baby. When he resurfaces years later as an adult, he tries to become a hero in the public's eyes and run for mayor, while secretly plotting to kill all of Gotham's firstborn sons.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: The drastic shift in the Penguin's characterization from an elegant crime boss to a psychopathic politician with an animal-like appearance was met with mixed reactions from fans and critics, but DeVito's portrayal was largely praised. This version of the Penguin inspired the character's depiction in other works, such as "" and "The Batman", mostly in the terms of appearance.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: When Oswald is born, his wealthy parents Tucker and Esther Cobblepot (Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger) are horrified at his deformity, as are the doctor and nurse supervising the birth. Even though they keep him locked in a cage, he is still able to pull the family cat in through the bars and kill it. Tucker and Esther place Oswald in a baby carriage, strap it shut, and throw it into a river in the hope of drowning him. The carriage drifts into the city sewers and comes to rest beneath an abandoned zoo; Oswald survives and is raised by a flock of penguins who have made their home there. As a boy, he becomes a traveling performer in the freak show of the Red Triangle Circus Gang.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Over 33 years after his abandonment, he resurfaces to run for mayor of Gotham City with the help of corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Christopher Walken) and the Red Triangle Gang, of which he is now the leader. He also attempts to discredit Batman (Michael Keaton) in two different ways, first by teaming up with Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer) to frame him for murder, then later by taking control of his Batmobile to make him appear to be a menace to the population.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: When the mayoral campaign and frame-ups fall apart, Oswald puts a secret plan into action to kidnap and kill the first-born sons of Gotham's elite as a means of revenge against his parents. After Batman foils this plan, Oswald equips his army of penguins with rockets and sends them into the city, intent on killing as many people as possible. Batman and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth, divert the penguins to attack Oswald's lair instead; he falls into an underground lake of toxic sewage, sustaining fatal injuries. The penguins give him a makeshift funeral, pushing his body back into the water.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: After the success of "Batman", Tim Burton agreed to direct the sequel for Warner Bros. on the condition that he would be granted total control. The result was "Batman Returns", which featured Michael Keaton returning as Batman, and a new triad of villains: Danny DeVito (as the Penguin), Michelle Pfeiffer (as Catwoman) and Christopher Walken (as Max Shreck, an evil corporate tycoon and original character created for the film).


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Danny DeVito was suggested for the role by his friend Jack Nicholson after the financial success of the first film, in which Nicholson played the Joker. According to DeVito, "It was four-and-a-half hours of makeup and getting into the costume. We got it down to three hours by the end of the shoot". Dustin Hoffman was originally the first choice to play the Penguin, but he declined. Apart from Hoffman, Marlon Brando, John Candy, Bob Hoskins, Rowan Atkinson, Ralph Waite, Dean Martin, Dudley Moore, Alan Rickman, John Goodman, Phil Collins, Charles Grodin, Christopher Lee, Joe Pesci, Ray Liotta, Gabriel Byrne, Alex Rocco and Christopher Lloyd were all considered for the part before DeVito got it.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Sam Hamm originally wrote a sequel script to the original "Batman", which had Catwoman teaming up with the Penguin to go after hidden treasure, but screenwriter Daniel Waters reworked her characterization after Burton brought him in to pen a new screenplay for the film.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Director Tim Burton hired Wesley Strick to do an uncredited rewrite. Strick recalled, "When I was hired to write "Batman Returns" ("Batman II" at the time), the big problem of the script was the Penguin's lack of a 'master plan'." Warner Bros. presented Strick with warming, or freezing Gotham City, a plot point they would later use in "Batman & Robin". Strick gained inspiration from a Moses parallel that had the Penguin killing the firstborn sons of Gotham. A similar notion was used when the Penguin's parents threw him into a river as a baby.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: While this Penguin retained many trademarks, such as a variety of trick umbrellas and the use of a monocle, he was given a dramatic visual makeover. Where the comic version varies between a balding head of short cropped hair and varying degrees of thinning, this Penguin is still bald at the top but with his remaining length of hair long and stringy. His hands are flippers with a thumb and index finger, and the remaining three fingers fused together. An unidentified thick, dark green bile-like liquid sometimes trickles from his nose and mouth. Instead of a tuxedo, he wears a more gothic, Victorian-style outfit with a jabot as opposed to a bow tie. In certain scenes, he also wears black boots, a dickey, and a union suit. However, Burton's design maintained the top hat seen in the comics along with a monocle and a cigarette in some scenes. He also has penguin-like appetites, as shown in a scene where he devours a raw fish, and uses a vehicle shaped like a giant rubber duck to move around the sewers and the city.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Tim Burton, inspired by the film "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari", re-imagined the character not as an eloquent gentleman of crime, but a deformed, psychopathic, crude and infanticidal killer who holds a homicidal grudge against the aristocrats of Gotham City.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: For the Japanese-dubbed versions of the film, the Penguin was respectively voiced by Ben Hiura, Tarō Ishida, and Takayuki Sugō in the home media, TV Asahi, and WOWOW editions, while Giorgio Lopez provided the Italian language voice of the Penguin and Uday Sabnis provided the Hindi voice.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Darker and considerably more personal than its predecessor, concerns were raised that the film was too scary for children. Audiences were more uncomfortable at the film's overt sexuality, personified by the sleek, fetish-inspired styling of Catwoman's costume. Burton made many changes to the Penguin which would subsequently be applied to the character in both comics and television. While in the comics, he was an ordinary man, Burton created a freak of nature resembling a penguin with webbed, flipper-like fingers, a hooked, beak-like nose, and a penguin-like body (resulting in a rotund, obese man). Released in 1992, "Batman Returns" grossed $282.8 million worldwide, making it a financial success, though not to the extent of its predecessor.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Janet Maslin in "The New York Times" described Danny DeVito as "conveying verve". Peter Travers in "Rolling Stone" wrote that Danny DeVito's mutant Penguin—a balloon-bellied "Richard III" with a kingdom of sewer freaks—is as hilariously warped as Jack Nicholson's Joker and even quicker with the quips." Desson Howe in "The Washington Post" wrote that The Penguin holds court in a penguin-crowded, "Phantom of the Opera"-like sewer home. He also described DeVito as "exquisite".


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" compared the Penguin negatively with the Joker of the first film, writing that "the Penguin is a curiously meager and depressing creature; I pitied him, but did not fear him or find him funny. The genius of Danny DeVito is all but swallowed up in the paraphernalia of the role." Jonathan Rosenbaum called DeVito "a pale substitute for Jack Nicholson from the first film" and felt that "there's no suspense in "Batman Returns" whatsoever".


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: The Penguin appears as a recurring foe in "", voiced by Academy Award-winner Paul Williams. This version of the character features the "Batman Returns" version's physical deformities, such as flippers, a beak-like nose and an obvious hunch, and is shown to possess a rubber duck boat in two episodes, but he retains the traditional refined mannerisms and personality of his comics counterpart, although he still refers to himself as a "bird". His most prominent appearances include the episodes "I've Got Batman in My Basement", "The Strange Secret of Bruce Wayne", "Almost Got 'Im", "The Mechanic", "Birds of a Feather", "Blind as a Bat", and "Second Chance". He is the only villain in the series, other than the Joker, not to be given an origin story. In the sequel series, "The New Batman Adventures", his design is revamped to resemble his comics counterpart.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: When "Batman Returns" hit theaters in 1992, Kenner renamed their movie line from "Batman II" to "Batman Returns". This new line included several versions of the same Batman figure sculpt as seen in the previous Dark Knight Collection line. Catwoman and Penguin, received their own figures. Catwoman received a new sculpt, but the Penguin figure was a repainted sculpt from Kenner's Super Powers line.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: The character appeared in "The Batman", voiced by Tom Kenny. In this continuity, the Penguin is primarily concerned with re-establishing the Cobblepot family name in society by stealing from the citizens of Gotham to rebuild his wealth. While he shares the comic incarnation's love for birds and aristocratic look, this Penguin retained a deformed appearance more similar to the "Batman Returns" incarnation, but with orange hair (similar to the crests on a rockhopper penguin) instead of black and balding, and sharp, pointy teeth, and fused fingers.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: The "Batman Returns" incarnation of the Penguin makes a cameo appearance in "" alongside the "Batman" version of the Joker and the "Batman & Robin" version of Mr. Freeze as spectators in the basketball match between the Tune Squad and the Goon Squad. Penguin was seen in the same section as his counterpart from the 1960s TV series and The Mask.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Batman Returns)

text: In 2022, The Penguin was portrayed by Colin Farrell in "The Batman", released nearly 30 years after the release of "Returns". DeVito gave Farrell his blessing for his role.


title: Jared S. Gilmore

text: Jared Scott Gilmore (born May 30, 2000) is an American actor, voice actor and Twitch streamer. He is best known for his role in the series "Once Upon a Time" as Henry Mills.


title: Jared S. Gilmore

text: Jared Scott Gilmore was born on May 30, 2000, in San Diego, California. For two years, he attended John Robert Powers San Diego, a training school for actors, models, and singers. According to "Variety", Gilmore unintentionally began his acting career after running into talent representatives who were interested in his twin sister, Taylor. After many auditions, he acquired his first jobs through modeling T-shirts and acting in commercials. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Gilmore said, “Entering the film industry at a young age gave me a chance to mature and get a level of professionalism that is extremely helpful in our world. It’s an amazing experience being in the entertainment industry. I’m given a chance to influence people and help people in any way, shape, or form and it’s incredible.”


title: Jared S. Gilmore

text: Before being cast as Henry Mills in "Once Upon a Time", Gilmore held minor roles in "Roommates", "Wilfred", "Without a Trace", Eleventh Hour, "The Back-up Plan", and"Hawthorne". In 2009, he was cast as Bobby Draper in "Mad Men". He was the third actor to play the character, after Maxwell Huckabee and Aaron Hart.


title: Jared S. Gilmore

text: In 2011, Jared left "Mad Men" and was cast in "Once Upon a Time" as Henry Mills, the adopted son of Regina Mills and biological son of Emma Swan. Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, "One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time." Kitsis believed that Gilmore "naturally brought [these characteristics] out... We just knew he had to be our Henry!" Gilmore commented, "I relate to Henry, because I'm 11 and also have a very good imagination. I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself."


title: Jared S. Gilmore

text: At the 33rd Young Artist Awards, he won the Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor. The following year, at the 34th Young Artist Awards, he was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor. He was also included among the cast of "Mad Men" when it won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2010 for season 3. Since his appearance in the series finale of" Once Upon a Time", which aired in May 2018, Gilmore has retreated from the acting scene. His last known role was in 2019 as the character Shalio in the English dub of "Code Geass Lelouch of the Re;surrection", which is his debut into voiceover. Gilmore is stepping away from on-camera acting to pursue a voice acting career.


title: Jared S. Gilmore

text: In March 2019, Gilmore was signed to the Overwatch League team Atlanta Reign as a streamer, under the handle "CowboyBeBAMF". After leaving Atlanta Reign, Gilmore was signed to the Overwatch Contenders team Skyfoxes. Since then, he has streamed on the platform Twitch under the revised handle "Nightingale_Styx". Gilmore currently lives with his girlfriend Jessica, and their three pets Lily, Midnight, and Sylvie.


title: Brace Belden

text: Brace Robert Belden is an American podcaster and union activist who volunteered to serve with the People's Protection Units (YPG), a Kurdish militia, in the Syrian Civil War. Belden is also widely known by his former Twitter handle, PissPigGranddad. He is currently the co-host of the podcast TrueAnon with Liz Franczak.


title: Brace Belden

text: Belden was born to Jewish parents in San Francisco and grew up in Corte Madera, California. His father is a journalist at a local TV station, and his brother works in tech. His mother died by suicide when he was six years old. Belden has said he was "a troubled teen" and went to five different high schools, including Monarch School, a boot camp which he ran away from before being arrested for public intoxication in Mission Dolores Park. Belden has identified as a Marxist since his teenage years and protested the Iraq War when he was thirteen. In 2005, when he was fifteen, he and his friends started a satirical right-wing, pro-war punk band called Warkrime. His stage name in the band was President Chaos. They released their first album, "Give War A Chance", in 2006, and the band broke up in 2008. After Warkrime, Belden played bass in Wild Thing, another punk band based in San Francisco where he adopted the "'Bad Boy' Brace Belden" nickname.


title: Brace Belden

text: Belden has said that he "always worked shitty jobs" and that he supposed he "should have gone to college", affixed with the caveat "but a lot of good that did other guys." After graduating from high school, he worked as a florist at Brothers Papadopoulos flower shop in the San Francisco Bay Area. In 2015, he launched a petition to cancel "A Prairie Home Companion", a radio show by American Public Media. The petition said it "is a dumb boring show that forces millions of radio listeners under 60 to turn off their radios whenever that stupid old guy starts his rambling crap. All people under like 100 years old should sign this." "Willamette Week" talked to Belden about his campaign before deciding to hire him as a freelance music writer. In September 2016, "Willamette Week" received a resignation email from Belden, saying that he had "accepted a position out of the country."


title: Brace Belden

text: Belden arrived in Syria in October 2016. He underwent training at the YPG's Academy, where he met other Western volunteers including Lucas Chapman and Tommy Mørck. Shortly after graduating from the Academy, Belden was assigned as a machine gunner on a makeshift tank for the Raqqa campaign. His unit helped to capture Tal Saman in mid-November. Brace commented that "We pushed up to Tal Saman till we had it surrounded on a half circle. Then we just bombarded the shit out of it." Many refugees fled the town and sought protection behind the YPG front line, with Belden describing "hundreds of civilians coming across for days in a row." At night, his unit stayed in whatever building they had just captured and camped out on rooftops in the cold. "The first week we were out it was awful", Belden told "Rolling Stone". After capturing Tal Saman, Belden's unit was withdrawn to Ayn Issa.


title: Brace Belden

text: Belden was among seven Western leftist volunteers profiled in "Rolling Stone" in March 2017. He later described it as "pretty fucking ridiculous, man. They just kind of made up my biography. Which is tight, because I've literally done nothing in my life but jack off before I came here." It was later announced that the "Rolling Stone" article was to become a film starring Jake Gyllenhaal and directed by Daniel Espinosa, something Belden was opposed to.


title: Brace Belden

text: In August 2020, it was revealed that the Department of Homeland Security investigated Belden and other “anarchist fighters” for “suspected or confirmed ANTIFA links.” In response, Belden stated “I am not now nor have I ever been a member of any antifa organization” and quipped that “The US government has been spying on and smearing communists for 100 years but they usually have the decency not to call a Red an anarchist!”


title: Brace Belden

text: Using the handle @PissPigGranddad, Belden generated a significant following on Twitter. By the time he returned from Syria, @PissPigGranddad had amassed around 30,000 followers. The account was permanently suspended shortly after Belden's return to the United States for accusations of violating Twitter's policies on "targeted abuse or harassment." Although Twitter has not commented on the suspension, the account was locked shortly after Belden mocked white nationalist Nathan Damigo’s short stature on the site; according to Belden, "alt-right"-affiliated accounts (or, in Belden's words, "a bunch of Nazis/4chan dudes who were mad at me for making fun of that guy for being short") had tweeted about plans to report @PissPigGranddad en masse. Belden reemerged on Twitter under the new handle @PissPigGrandma, which was also suspended.


title: Brace Belden

text: Because of his widespread following and familiarity to Twitter users by that name, "PissPigGranddad" has been widely used to refer to Belden both in the press and real life encounters with Belden. Commenting on the "pseudo-celebrity" he had acquired under that name, Belden said "I kind of wish I hadn't made my name PissPigGranddad. I picked it before I ever thought anyone would say it to me out loud."


title: Brace Belden

text: In February 2018, Belden began working in San Francisco at Anchor Brewing Company, which had recently been purchased by Sapporo. As a member of the Democratic Socialists of America, specifically the local Marxist caucus Red Star, he became part of an eight-person organizing committee to form an employee's union at his factory. By early 2019, the unionization effort had gone public and was profiled in "Jacobin" magazine and an episode of "Chapo Trap House". Workers at the brewery voted 31 to 16 in favor of unionizing, and they joined the International Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 6. In August 2019, Senator Bernie Sanders spoke with Belden and other union activists about workplace democracy and labor issues.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: The Paleo-Balkan languages or Palaeo-Balkan languages is a grouping of various extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans and surrounding areas in ancient times.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: Paleo-Balkan studies are obscured by the scarce attestation of these languages outside of Ancient Greek and, to a lesser extent, Messapic and Phrygian. Although linguists consider each of them to be a member of the Indo-European family of languages, the internal relationships are still debated.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: Due to the processes of Hellenization, Romanization and Slavicization in the region, the only modern descendants of Paleo-Balkan languages are Modern Greek—which is descended from Ancient Greek—and Albanian—which evolved from either Illyrian, Thracian, Dacian or another related tongue.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: Illyrian is a group of reputedly Indo-European languages whose relationship to other Indo-European languages as well as to the languages of the Paleo-Balkan group, many of which might be offshoots of Illyrian, is poorly understood due to the paucity of data and is still being examined. The Illyrian languages are often considered to be centum dialects but this is not confirmed as there are hints of satemization. Today, the main source of authoritative information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: A grouping of Illyrian with Messapian has been proposed for about a century, but remains an unproven hypothesis. The theory is based on classical sources, archaeology, as well as onomastic considerations. Messapian material culture bears a number of similarities to Illyrian material culture. Some Messapian anthroponyms have close Illyrian equivalents.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: A grouping of Illyrian with Venetic and Liburnian, once spoken in northeastern Italy and Liburnia respectively, is also proposed. The consensus now is that Illyrian was quite distinct from Venetic and Liburnian, but a close linguistic relation has not been ruled out and is still being investigated.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: Another hypothesis would group Illyrian with Dacian and Thracian into a Thraco-Illyrian branch, and a competing hypothesis would exclude Illyrian from a Daco-Thracian grouping in favor of Mysian. The classification of Thracian itself is a matter of contention and uncertainty.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: The place of Paeonian remains unclear. Not much has been determined in the study of Paeonian, and some linguists do not recognize a Paeonian area separate from Illyrian or Thracian. Phrygian, on the other hand, is considered to have been most likely a close relative of Greek.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: The classification of Ancient Macedonian and its relationship to Greek are also under investigation. Sources suggest that Macedonian is in fact a variation of Doric Greek, but also the possibility of their being related only through the local sprachbund.


title: Paleo-Balkan languages

text: The Albanian language is considered by current linguistic consensus to have developed from one of the non-Greek, ancient Indo-European languages of the region. For more historical and geographical reasons than specifically linguistic ones, the widespread claim is that Albanian is the modern descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region in classical times. Alternative hypotheses hold that Albanian may have descended from Thracian or Daco-Moesian, other ancient languages spoken farther east than Illyrian. Not enough is known of these languages to completely prove or disprove the various hypotheses.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Aircraft flight control surfaces are aerodynamic devices allowing a pilot to adjust and control the aircraft's flight attitude.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Development of an effective set of flight control surfaces was a critical advance in the development of aircraft. Early efforts at fixed-wing aircraft design succeeded in generating sufficient lift to get the aircraft off the ground, but once aloft, the aircraft proved uncontrollable, often with disastrous results. The development of effective flight controls is what allowed stable flight.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: This article describes the control surfaces used on a fixed-wing aircraft of conventional design. Other fixed-wing aircraft configurations may use different control surfaces but the basic principles remain. The controls (stick and rudder) for rotary wing aircraft (helicopter or autogyro) accomplish the same motions about the three axes of rotation, but manipulate the rotating flight controls (main rotor disk and tail rotor disk) in a completely different manner.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The Wright brothers are credited with developing the first practical control surfaces. It is a main part of their patent on flying. Unlike modern control surfaces, they used wing warping. In an attempt to circumvent the Wright patent, Glenn Curtiss made hinged control surfaces, the same type of concept . Hinged control surfaces have the advantage of not causing stresses that are a problem of wing warping and are easier to build into structures.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: An aircraft is free to rotate around three axes that are perpendicular to each other and intersect at its center of gravity (CG). To control position and direction a pilot must be able to control rotation about each of them.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The "transverse axis", also known as "lateral axis", passes through an aircraft from wingtip to wingtip. Rotation about this axis is called "pitch". Pitch changes the vertical direction that the aircraft's nose is pointing. The elevators are the primary control surfaces for pitch.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The longitudinal axis passes through the aircraft from nose to tail. Rotation about this axis is called "roll". The angular displacement about this axis is called bank. The pilot changes bank angle by increasing the lift on one wing and decreasing it on the other. This differential lift causes rotation around the longitudinal axis. The ailerons are the primary control of bank. The rudder also has a secondary effect on bank.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The vertical axis passes through an aircraft from top to bottom. Rotation about this axis is called "yaw". Yaw changes the direction the aircraft's nose is pointing, left or right. The primary control of yaw is with the rudder. Ailerons also have a secondary effect on yaw.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: It is important to note that these axes move with the aircraft, and change relative to the earth as the aircraft moves. For example, for an aircraft whose left wing is pointing straight down, its "vertical" axis is parallel with the ground, while its "transverse" axis is perpendicular to the ground.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The main control surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft are attached to the airframe on hinges or tracks so they may move and thus deflect the air stream passing over them. This redirection of the air stream generates an unbalanced force to rotate the plane about the associated axis.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Ailerons are mounted on the trailing edge of each wing near the wingtips and move in opposite directions. When the pilot moves the stick left, or turns the wheel counter-clockwise, the left aileron goes up and the right aileron goes down. A raised aileron reduces lift on that wing and a lowered one increases lift, so moving the stick left causes the left wing to drop and the right wing to rise. This causes the aircraft to roll to the left and begin to turn to the left. Centering the stick returns the ailerons to neutral maintaining the bank angle. The aircraft will continue to turn until opposite aileron motion returns the bank angle to zero to fly straight.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The elevator is a moveable part of the horizontal stabilizer, hinged to the back of the fixed part of the horizontal tail. The elevators move up and down together. When the pilot pulls the stick backward, the elevators go up. Pushing the stick forward causes the elevators to go down. Raised elevators push down on the tail and cause the nose to pitch up. This makes the wings fly at a higher angle of attack, which generates more lift and more drag. Centering the stick returns the elevators to neutral and stops the change of pitch. Some aircraft, such as an MD-80, use a servo tab within the elevator surface to aerodynamically move the main surface into position. The direction of travel of the control tab will thus be in a direction opposite to the main control surface. It is for this reason that an MD-80 tail looks like it has a 'split' elevator system.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: In the canard arrangement, the elevators are hinged to the rear of a foreplane and move in the opposite sense, for example when the pilot pulls the stick back the elevators go down to increase the lift at the front and lift the nose up.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The rudder is typically mounted on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer, part of the empennage. When the pilot pushes the left pedal, the rudder deflects left. Pushing the right pedal causes the rudder to deflect right. Deflecting the rudder right pushes the tail left and causes the nose to yaw to the right. Centering the rudder pedals returns the rudder to neutral and stops the yaw.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The ailerons primarily control roll. Whenever lift is increased, induced drag is also increased. When the stick is moved left to roll the aircraft to the left, the right aileron is lowered which increases lift on the right wing and therefore increases induced drag on the right wing. Using ailerons causes adverse yaw, meaning the nose of the aircraft yaws in a direction opposite to the aileron application. When moving the stick to the left to bank the wings, adverse yaw moves the nose of the aircraft to the "right". Adverse yaw is more pronounced for light aircraft with long wings, such as gliders. It is counteracted by the pilot with the rudder. Differential ailerons are ailerons which have been rigged such that the downgoing aileron deflects less than the upward-moving one, reducing adverse yaw.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: The rudder is a fundamental control surface which is typically controlled by pedals rather than at the stick. It is the primary means of controlling yaw—the rotation of an airplane about its vertical axis. The rudder may also be called upon to counter-act the adverse yaw produced by the roll-control surfaces.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: If rudder is continuously applied in level flight the aircraft will yaw initially in the direction of the applied rudder – the primary effect of rudder. After a few seconds the aircraft will tend to bank in the direction of yaw. This arises initially from the increased speed of the wing opposite to the direction of yaw and the reduced speed of the other wing. The faster wing generates more lift and so rises, while the other wing tends to go down because of generating less lift. Continued application of rudder sustains rolling tendency because the aircraft flying at an angle to the airflow - skidding towards the forward wing. When applying right rudder in an aircraft with dihedral the left hand wing will have increased angle of attack and the right hand wing will have decreased angle of attack which will result in a roll to the right. An aircraft with anhedral will show the opposite effect.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: This effect of the rudder is commonly used in model aircraft where if sufficient dihedral or polyhedral is included in the wing design, primary roll control such as ailerons may be omitted altogether.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Unlike turning a boat, changing the direction of an aircraft normally must be done with the ailerons rather than the rudder. The rudder turns (yaws) the aircraft but has little effect on its direction of travel. With aircraft, the change in direction is caused by the horizontal component of lift, acting on the wings. The pilot tilts the lift force, which is perpendicular to the wings, in the direction of the intended turn by rolling the aircraft into the turn. As the bank angle is increased, the lifting force can be split into two components: one acting vertically and one acting horizontally.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: If the total lift is kept constant, the vertical component of lift will decrease. As the weight of the aircraft is unchanged, this would result in the aircraft descending if not countered. To maintain level flight requires increased positive (up) elevator to increase the angle of attack, increase the total lift generated and keep the vertical component of lift equal with the weight of the aircraft. This cannot continue indefinitely. The total load factor required to maintain level flight is directly related to the bank angle. This means that for a given airspeed, level flight can only be maintained up to a certain given angle of bank. Beyond this angle of bank, the aircraft will suffer an accelerated stall if the pilot attempts to generate enough lift to maintain level flight.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Some aircraft configurations have non-standard primary controls. For example, instead of elevators at the back of the stabilizers, the entire tailplane may change angle. Some aircraft have a tail in the shape of a V, and the moving parts at the back of those combine the functions of elevators and rudder. Delta wing aircraft may have "elevons" at the back of the wing, which combine the functions of elevators and ailerons.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: On low drag aircraft such as sailplanes, spoilers are used to disrupt airflow over the wing and greatly reduce lift. This allows a glider pilot to lose altitude without gaining excessive airspeed. Spoilers are sometimes called "lift dumpers". Spoilers that can be used asymmetrically are called spoilerons and can affect an aircraft's roll.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Flaps are mounted on the trailing edge on the inboard section of each wing (near the wing roots). They are deflected down to increase the effective curvature of the wing. Flaps raise the maximum lift coefficient of the aircraft and therefore reduce its stalling speed. They are used during low speed, high angle of attack flight including take-off and descent for landing. Some aircraft are equipped with "flaperons", which are more commonly called "inboard ailerons". These devices function primarily as ailerons, but on some aircraft, will "droop" when the flaps are deployed, thus acting as both a flap and a roll-control inboard aileron.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Slats, also known as "leading edge devices", are extensions to the front of a wing for lift augmentation, and are intended to reduce the stalling speed by altering the airflow over the wing. Slats may be fixed or retractable - fixed slats (e.g. as on the Fieseler Fi 156 Storch) give excellent slow speed and STOL capabilities, but compromise higher speed performance. Retractable slats, as seen on most airliners, provide reduced stalling speed for take-off and landing, but are retracted for cruising.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Air brakes are used to increase drag. Spoilers might act as air brakes, but are not pure air brakes as they also function as lift-dumpers or in some cases as roll control surfaces. Air brakes are usually surfaces that deflect outwards from the fuselage (in most cases symmetrically on opposing sides) into the airstream in order to increase form-drag. As they are in most cases located elsewhere on the aircraft, they do not directly affect the lift generated by the wing. Their purpose is to slow down the aircraft. They are particularly useful when a high rate of descent is required. They are common on high performance military aircraft as well as civilian aircraft, especially those lacking reverse thrust capability.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Trimming controls allow a pilot to balance the lift and drag being produced by the wings and control surfaces over a wide range of load and airspeed. This reduces the effort required to adjust or maintain a desired flight attitude.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Elevator trim balances the control force necessary to maintain the correct aerodynamic force on the tail to balance the aircraft. Whilst carrying out certain flight exercises, a lot of trim could be required to maintain the desired angle of attack. This mainly applies to slow flight, where a nose-up attitude is required, in turn requiring a lot of trim causing the tailplane to exert a strong downforce. Elevator trim is correlated with the speed of the airflow over the tail, thus airspeed changes to the aircraft require re-trimming. An important design parameter for aircraft is the stability of the aircraft when trimmed for level flight. Any disturbances such as gusts or turbulence will be damped over a short period of time and the aircraft will return to its level flight trimmed airspeed.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Except for very light aircraft, trim tabs on the elevators are unable to provide the force and range of motion desired. To provide the appropriate trim force the entire horizontal tail plane is made adjustable in pitch. This allows the pilot to select exactly the right amount of positive or negative lift from the tail plane while reducing drag from the elevators.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: A control horn is a section of control surface which projects ahead of the pivot point. It generates a force which tends to increase the surface's deflection thus reducing the control pressure experienced by the pilot. Control horns may also incorporate a counterweight which helps to balance the control and prevent it from fluttering in the airstream. Some designs feature separate anti-flutter weights.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: In the simplest arrangement, trimming is done by a mechanical spring (or bungee) which adds appropriate force to augment the pilot's control input. The spring is usually connected to an elevator trim lever to allow the pilot to set the spring force applied.


title: Flight control surfaces

text: Most fixed-wing aircraft have a trimming control surface on the elevator, but larger aircraft also have a trim control for the rudder, and another for the ailerons. The rudder trim is to counter any asymmetric thrust from the engines. Aileron trim is to counter the effects of the centre of gravity being displaced from the aircraft centerline. This can be caused by fuel or an item of payload being loaded more on one side of the aircraft compared to the other, such as when one fuel tank has more fuel than the other.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: Bloody Kisses is the third studio album by the American gothic metal band Type O Negative and the last recording with their original lineup, as drummer Sal Abruscato left the group in late 1993 to join labelmates, Life Of Agony. The album includes two of their best known songs, "Christian Woman" and "Black No. 1 (Little Miss Scare-All)", both of which earned the band a considerable cult following. The album further established recurring motifs of the band's music, such as including cover songs recorded in their own unique style, sample-heavy soundscape interludes and lyrics replete with dry, satirical humor.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: "Bloody Kisses" is notable for being the first album released on Roadrunner Records to achieve gold and later, platinum record sales certification.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: Considered a classic in the gothic metal genre, "Bloody Kisses" is "saturated with complex patterns of sound" layered with Peter Steele's trademark baritone vocals and lyrics relating to topics such as sex, religion, image, racism and death.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: According to "Decibel", "Bloody Kisses" "featured infectious doom-pop epics ("Black No. 1 (Little Miss Scare-All)", "Christian Woman"), sarcastic hardcore screeds ("Kill All the White People", "We Hate Everyone")" and bizarre noise interludes ("Fay Wray Come Out and Play", "Dark Side of the Womb", "3.0.I.F.")".


title: Bloody Kisses

text: "Black No. 1 (Little Mis Scare-All)" is "a sarcastic ode to goth girls (and their trademark, black hair dye) based on a narcissistic ex-girlfriend of singer/songwriter Peter Steele".


title: Bloody Kisses

text: "Bloody Kisses" includes a cover of the classic Seals & Crofts' track, "Summer Breeze". Type O Negative's original recording of the song included alternate lyrics, written by Peter Steele, and was retitled "Summer Girl". However, original songwriters Seals & Crofts, found Steele's "Summer Girl" lyrics distasteful and the band was forced to re-record the vocals and remix the track with the song's original lyrics and title intact.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: When played in it's entirety, top to bottom, the album's songs and noise interludes constitute one seamless composition. The band would continue this tradition on the "World Coming Down" LP released in 1999.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: The album features additional vocal performances from close friends of the band, including Mina Caputo, Joey Zampella & Alan Robert of fellow Brooklyn based alt-metal band, Life Of Agony, who are credited as "Erasmus High School Boys Special Ed." in the album's liner notes.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: Founding member, drummer Sal Abruscato, would leave the band shortly after the album's completion due to Peter Steele's reluctance to commit to touring. Abruscato would join Life Of Agony, full-time, after performing on LOA's debut album, "River Runs Red", recorded later that same year. "River Runs Red" was produced and mixed by Type O Negative keyboardist/producer Josh Silver, and was also released on Roadrunner Records in 1993. Both albums became very successful releases for the record label and Life Of Agony, with Abruscato, would open for Type O Negative during the initial "Bloody Kisses" tour of '93-'94


title: Bloody Kisses

text: "Bloody Kisses" received mostly positive reviews. Steve Huey of AllMusic gave the album a 4.5 out of 5 and wrote that "though it sounds like a funeral, Bloody Kisses' airy melodicism and '90s-style irony actually breathed new life into the flagging goth metal genre". "Rock Hard" gave the album a 10 out of 10 rating.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: In 2005, "Bloody Kisses" was ranked number 365 in "Rock Hard"s book of "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time". "Loudwire" called "Bloody Kisses" the best album of 1993, in addition to ranking it at number 42 on its Top 90 Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Albums of the 90s. "Rolling Stone" placed "Bloody Kisses" at number 53 on its Top 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time list, citing memorable songs such as "Christian Woman", "Bloody Kisses (A Death in the Family)", their cover version of "Summer Breeze", and "Black No. 1". The latter was cited by the author J. D. Considine as the band's signature song.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: Roadrunner Records issued an alternate version of the album in a digipak later in 1993. The digipak reissue featured alternate artwork and an alternate track listing. The running order was changed and two tracks, the intro and all of the soundscape interludes were removed and were replaced with a previously unreleased track from the recording sessions. This reissue and the associated changes were made at the request of songwriter Peter Steele.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: Shortly after the initial release of "Bloody Kisses" in 1993"," Roadrunner Records reissued the album in a tri-fold digipak. This reissue featured an alternate track listing. The new track listing revised the running order and removed all of the soundscape interludes and the two "hardcore" songs ("Kill All The White People" and "We Hate Everyone") and replaced them with a previously unreleased, over eight minute long, slow and very "gothic" sounding track titled, "Suspended In Dusk". This reissue and the changes to the album were made at the request of Peter Steele.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: In an interview for the liner notes of the remastered, "Top Shelf Edition" reissue of "Bloody Kisses" in 2009, Steele said that although he hated ripping off the public, he felt it was his opportunity to fix what he believed was a musical mistake. Guitarist Kenny Hickey, who was not a fan of "Suspended In Dusk", noted that the digipak version of the album was Steele trying to move into the vision of the band fully realized on 1996's "October Rust".


title: Bloody Kisses

text: Producer and keyboardist, Josh Silver had stronger feelings on the digipak version of "Bloody Kisses", stating, "the digipak sucks". Silver went on to say that part of what makes Type O Negative great is the, "eclectic insanity" - going from songs like 'Black No. 1' to 'Kill All The White People' and that brilliance was a "happy accident". Silver noted that Peter, "didn't have to understand where it came from, he just had to play it. But Peter wanted continuity, so the digipak was released."


title: Bloody Kisses

text: "Summer Breeze" was initially recorded by the band as "Summer Girl" with lyrics parodying the original, but "Summer Breeze" songwriters Seals and Croft objected to the lyrical changes and the song was re-recorded with the original lyrics before the album's official release date. "Summer Girl" remains unreleased but it did appear on a pre-release, promotional version of "Bloody Kisses", simply titled, "?". "Summer Girl" has since circulated online.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: The digipak version contains alternate artwork and an amended booklet that reflects the re-ordering and changing of the tracks. Another change is found in the album's liner notes which contain the title of and lyrics for "Summer Girl" instead of "Summer Breeze". The parody lyrics of "Summer Girl" are included such as, "Kenny Hickey lying on the sidewalk, Devil music from the house next door". Josh Silver said the misprint was a mistake by Roadrunner Records. The recorded song is unchanged. The standard release of the album was pressed with the original "Summer Breeze" lyrics and title in the liner notes.


title: Bloody Kisses

text: On May 5, 2009, Roadrunner Records re-issued a newly remastered version of "Bloody Kisses" known as "Bloody Kisses - The Top Shelf Edition". This reissue included the original album remastered for the first time, along with a bonus CD of rarities and B-sides. The package also included expanded liner notes featuring additional photos and a brand new, exclusive interview with the band on the "making of" and the "legacy of" "Bloody Kisses".


title: Dhammika Perera

text: Kulappu Arachchige Don Dhammika Perera, commonly known as Dhammika Perera (born December 28, 1967), is a Sri Lankan businessman, philanthropist, and politician. He is one of the wealthiest people in Sri Lanka. Perera is known as a specialist in corporate re-engineering and revival. As of 2013 he controlled 23 listed companies, and has made significant investments in healthcare technology. He is also known for frequently addressing policy for the country.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In June 22, Perera was sworn in as a National list member of Parliament, after being proposed to the Election Commission by the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna, to fill the seat vacated by the resignation of former Finance Minister Basil Rajapaksa. On June 24, he was sworn in as the Minister of Investment Promotion. Days later on 10 July, he resigned from his ministerial position.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: He began a business venture in 1986 at the age of 19 after completing his primary and secondary Education at Taxila Central College, Horana. He studied electronics at the University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, but dropped out to follow his business interests.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In 1987, Perera moved to Taiwan to follow his career in technical training for three months and returned to Sri Lanka to start his business making slot machines.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: Perera started a machine manufacturing business in 1987 close to his residence in Payagala and continued the business until 1991. He then had to move to car sales in Paiyagala following a ban imposed on the jackpot and other machinery businesses by then-President Ranasinghe Premadasa.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: He also ran Tito Electronics, an electronic shop repairing electronic circuit boards in Colpetty. He then started a casino business in 1993, which is now owned and managed by his two brothers. He started a business producing and selling neon bulbs in 1995, at a time when none of the manufacturers was keen on selling those bulbs. He met then International Monetary Fund resident representative in Sri Lanka Nadeem Ul Haque in 1998.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: He acquired a majority stake in Pan Asia Bank in 2000, at a time when the bank was regarded as a loss-making financial institution. He met investor Nimal Perera after acquiring the Pan Asia Bank stake. In 2003, he ventured into large-scale businesses and took over the ownership of Royal Ceramics, at a time when the company was making losses. He has been the executive director of Vallibel Finance since 2014.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In 2013, Perera became Sri Lanka's wealthiest individual, with a net worth estimated by "Forbes Asia" at 72.6 billion LKR (approx. 550 million US dollars).


title: Dhammika Perera

text: He holds majority stakes in Vallibel Finance, Vallibel Power Erathna, The Fortress Resorts, The Queensbury Leisure Ltd and Delmege Limited. He is the current Co-Chairman of Hayleys, Royal Ceramics Lanka, Horana Plantations and LB Finance. He is a member of the board of directors of Amaya Leisure, Haycarb, Hayleys Fabric PLC, The Kingsbury, Dipped Products, and Lanka Floortiles.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: Perera became the chairman of Lanka Tiles in 2017 and was appointed as the co-chairman of Singer (Sri Lanka) in October 2017 after Hayleys agreed to buy Singer. Perera was appointed as the chairman of Director Board of Lanka Ceramic PLC in 2017 but he resigned from the position on 31 August 2018. He was also appointed as chairman of Board of Directors of Lanka Walltiles in 2017.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In July 2019, Perera and his company Hayleys were accused by MP Kanaka Herath of earning income through the illegal import of garbage from the United Kingdom. Hayleys has since denied any wrongdoing in the matter and highlighted the fact that the Group's logistics arm was merely providing logistics services including storage, value addition and re-exportation for its client Ceylon Metal Processing Corporation for a resource recovery operation. Calling for a press conference on 22 July 2019, the managing director of Hayleys Advantis Limited, Ruwan Waidyaratne, categorically denied the allegations levelled against the company. In relation to 130 container loads of used mattresses that were stored at their Free Zone yard premises, the company clarified that the mattresses were imported by Ceylon Metal Processing Corporation (Pvt) Limited, the actual owner of the cargo.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: As per the CSE filing, on 10 June 2022 Perera resigned from the boards of directors of Hayleys PLC, Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC, Hayleys Fabric PLC, Hayleys Leisure PLC, Haycarb PLC, and The Kingsbury PLC. Hayleys and subsidiaries separately announced his resignation from the Board of Directors. Companies which announced the move on 10 June 2022 included Hayleys PLC and its subsidiaries, Vallibel One PLC and its subsidiaries, Singer Sri Lanka PLC and its subsidiaries, Royal Ceramics Group, Lanka Walltiles Group and LB Finance PLC. In most of these entities, he was either the Chairman or Executive Director.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In October 2019, Perera and his wife Priscilla founded a private charity, Dhammika and Priscilla Perera Foundation (DP Foundation) with the aim of improving education and healthcare standards in Sri Lanka. The foundation is organized into two impact areas: education and healthcare.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka, Perera introduced a philanthropic initiative titled DP Education for students to study online free of charge. He collaborated with the University of Moratuwa to offer a diploma to students aged 18 and above bundling mathematics, IT and English through the platform.


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In September 2019, Perera published a document "Sri Lanka 2030: A Developed Nation", with policy recommendations for 21 ministries with the aim of increasing Sri Lanka's per capita income to $12,000 by 2030. Following is the list of recommendations given for individual ministries:


title: Dhammika Perera

text: In May 2022, he outlined 12 strategies that aimed to generate an additional inflow of USD 8 billion per annum.


title: Oviparity

text: Oviparous animals are animals that lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, most reptiles, and all pterosaurs, dinosaurs (including birds), and monotremes.


title: Oviparity

text: In traditional usage, most insects (one being "Culex pipiens", or the common house mosquito), molluscs, and arachnids are also described as oviparous.


title: Oviparity

text: The traditional modes of reproduction include oviparity, taken to be the ancestral condition, traditionally where either unfertilised oocytes or fertilised eggs are spawned, and viviparity traditionally including any mechanism where young are born live, or where the development of the young is supported by either parent in or on any part of their body.


title: Oviparity

text: However, the biologist Thierry Lodé recently divided the traditional category of oviparous reproduction into two modes that he named ovuliparity and (true) oviparity respectively. He distinguished the two on the basis of the relationship between the zygote (fertilised egg) and the parents :


title: Oviparity

text: In all but special cases of both ovuliparity and oviparity the overwhelming source of nourishment for the embryo is the yolk material deposited in the egg by the reproductive system of the mother (the vitellogenesis); offspring that depend on yolk in this manner are said to be lecithotrophic, which literally means "feeding on yolk" (opposed to matrotrophic).


title: Oviparity

text: Distinguishing between the definitions of oviparity and ovuliparity necessarily reduces the number of species whose modes of reproduction are classified as oviparous, as they no longer include the ovuliparous species such as most fish, most frogs and many invertebrates. Such classifications are largely for convenience and as such can be important in practice, but speaking loosely in contexts in which the distinction is not relevant, it is common to lump both categories together as "oviparous".