title: Edo Castle

text: The stands in the south-eastern corner of the "Honmaru" enceinte and is three storeys high. "Fujimi-yagura" is one of only three remaining keeps of the inner citadel of Edo Castle, from a total number of originally eleven. The other remaining keeps are "Fushimi-yagura" (next to the upper steel bridge of "Nijūbashi") and "Tatsumi-nijyu-yagura" (at the corner of "Kikyō-bori" moat next to "Kikyō-mon" gate). It is also called the "all-front-sided" keep because all sides look the same from all directions. It is believed that once Mount Fuji could be seen from this keep, hence the name. Since the main keep of Edo Castle was destroyed in 1657 and not reconstructed, the "Fujimi-yagura" took on its role and was an important building after being constructed in 1659 during the Edo period. About north of the "Fujimi-yagura" is the former site of the "Matsu no Ōrōka" corridor, scene of dramatic events in 1701 that led to the forty-seven "rōnin" incident.


title: Edo Castle

text: The defense house is about north from the "Matsu no Ōrōka". This defense house sits on top of the large stone walls overlooking to the "Hasuike-bori" (Lotus-growing moat). Weapons and tools were stored here. During the Edo period, double and triple keeps ("yagura") were constructed at strategic points on top of the stone wall surrounding the "Honmaru". In between each keep, a defense house (called "tamon") was erected for defensive purposes. There were once 15 of these houses in the "Honmaru", of which only the "Fujimi-tamon" still exists.


title: Edo Castle

text: North of the "Fujimi-tamon" is the , on a slope. It is about . Its precise purpose is unknown, but since it is close to the former inner palace storage area, it is believed to have been used for storage of supplies and documents for the shogunate.


title: Edo Castle

text: is a slope running alongside today's Imperial Music Department building towards "Ninomaru" enceinte. In old times apparently the sea could be seen from here, therefore its name.


title: Edo Castle

text: At the foot of the "Shiomi-zaka" on the eastern side of the "Honmaru" lies the of Edo Castle. A palace for the heirs of the Tokugawa "shōguns" was constructed in 1639 in the west area (Western Perimeter) and in 1630 it is reported that a garden designed by Kobori Enshū, who was the founder of Japanese landscaping, was to its south-east. Several fires destroyed whatever stood here and it was not reconstructed. Aside from the "Honmaru" palace, the "Ninomaru" was surrounded by 7 keeps, 8 defense houses, approximately 10 gates and other guardhouses. The "Tenjin-bori" separates a part of the "Ninomaru" to the "Sannomaru".


title: Edo Castle

text: Several renovations were carried out over the years until the Meiji era. A completely new garden has been laid out since then around the old pond left from the Edo period. Only the "Hyakunin-bansho" and "Dōshin-bansho" are still standing.


title: Edo Castle

text: The is a guardhouse. A big guardhouse was within the "Ōte-mon" where today's security is. The passageway proceeding west from the guardhouse becomes narrower within the stone walls on both sides. The "dōshin-bansho" is on the right side past this passageway. This is where the samurai guardsmen were posted to watch over the castle grounds.


title: Edo Castle

text: There is a big stone wall in front of the "Dōshin-bansho", which is the foundation of the "Ōte-sanno-mon watari-yagura" keep. The long building to the left on the southern side of this foundation is the . The "Hyakunin-bansho" is so called because it housed a hundred guardsmen closely associated with the Tokugawa clan.


title: Edo Castle

text: The large stone wall in front of the "Hyakunin-bansho" is all that is left of the "Naka-no-mon watari-yagura" (Inner Gate Keep). This building to the inner-right side of the gate is the . As the "Honmaru" enceinte was said to begin right behind the "Naka-no-mon" gate, the "Ō-bansho" probably played a key role in the security of Edo Castle.


title: Edo Castle

text: The is a teahouse that was once in the "Fukiage" garden during the Edo period. After various relocations in the Meiji era, today it is in the modern "Ninomaru" Garden.


title: Edo Castle

text: The is the easternmost enceinte next to the "Ninomaru", separated by the "Tenjin-bori". Ōte-bori is to the north, running then south is "Kikyō-bori".


title: Edo Castle

text: A steep slope, , runs from eastern "Honmaru" toward "Hirakawa-mon" in front of the today's Archives and Mausolea Department building. It is said that Ōta Dōkan planted several hundred plum trees in 1478 in dedication to Sugawara no Michizane. Dōkan is said to have built the Sanno-Gongendō here, where two shrines were when the Tokugawa clan occupied the site. With the erection of the "Honmaru" of Edo Castle, the shrine dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane was moved to Kojimachi Hirakawa-chō and later became known as Hirakawa Shrine. Sanno Shrine was first moved to "Momijiyama" of Edo Castle and became its tutelary shrine but was moved again. Today it is known as Hie Shrine.


title: Edo Castle

text: is said to have been the main gate to the "Sannomaru" of Edo Castle. It is also said to have been the side gate for maidservants and therefore called the "Otsubone-mon". The shape of this gate is in the "masugata", similar to the "Ōte-mon". However a "watari-yagura-mon" is built to an adjacent left angle within the "kōrai-mon", of which it has two. The other "kōrai-mon" is to the west of the "watari-yagura-mon" which was used as the "gates of the unclean" for the deceased and criminals from within the castle. Outside this gate is a wooden bridge with railings crowned with "giboshi"-ornamental tops.


title: Edo Castle

text: was the main gate of the castle. During the reign of the second Tokugawa "shōgun" Hidetada, the castle underwent repairs in the 1620s and the gate is said to have taken its present form at this time, with the help of Date Masamune, lord of Sendai Castle, and Soma Toshitane, lord of Nakamura Castle.


title: Edo Castle

text: A fire in Edo destroyed the "Ōte-mon" in January 1657, but was reconstructed in November 1658. It was severely damaged twice, in 1703 and 1855, by strong earthquakes, and reconstructed to stand until the Meiji era. Several repairs were conducted after the Meiji era, but the damage caused by the September 1923 Great Kantō earthquake lead to the dismantling of the "watari-yagura" (渡り櫓) and rebuilding of the stone walls on each side of the gate in 1925.


title: Edo Castle

text: The "watari-yagura" was burnt down completely during World War II on April 30, 1945. Restoration took place from October 1965 through March 1967, to repair the "kōrai"-mon and its walls, and the "Ōte-mon" was reconstructed.


title: Edo Castle

text: The , also known as , is a two-story high keep at the easternmost corner of the "Sannomaru" and the only keep still remaining in it.


title: Edo Castle

text: One of the few gates left of the "Ninomaru" is the , which is also known as the Inner "Sakurada-mon", as opposed to the (Outer) "Sakurada-mon" in the south. The architecture of the tower is a gate and in the "kōrai" style.


title: Edo Castle

text: The was the location of the palaces and residences of the retired "shōgun" and the heir-apparent for a while. The outer part of the "Nishinomaru" to the east (today's Outer Gardens of the Imperial Palace) was the site of various residences of "daimyōs". The "Nishinomaru" is bordered by moats to the west such as the "Dōkan-bori", "Sakurada-bori" and Gaisen-bori to the south, "Kikyō-bori" and "Hamaguri-bori" to the north. After each fire in the "Honmaru", the "shōgun" normally moved into the "Nishinomaru", although it was also destroyed by fire in 1853. On May 5, 1873, the "Nishinomaru" residence burned down. On its site, the imperial palace was built in the Meiji era.


title: Edo Castle

text: Protecting the "Nishinomaru" from the south is the large Outer . This gate is not to be confused with the Inner "Sakurada-mon", also known as "Kikyo-mon" between "Nishinomaru" and "Sannomaru".


title: Edo Castle

text: Two bridges led over the moats. The bridges that were once wooden and arched, were replaced with modern stone and iron cast structures in the Meiji era. The bridges were once buffered by gates on both ends, of which only the "Nishinomaru"-mon has survived, which is the main gate to today's Imperial Palace.


title: Edo Castle

text: After their replacement in the Meiji era, the bridge is now called ) and , respectively. The iron bridge is also known as , because the original wooden bridge was built on top of an auxiliary bridge due to the deepness of the moat. The stone bridge is also called because of its shape. However, both bridges are often mistakenly collectively called Nijūbashi.


title: Edo Castle

text: is a two-storey keep that still exists at the western corner leading towards the inner "Nishinomaru", flanked by two galleries ("tamon") on each side. It is the only keep that is left in the "Nishinomaru". It comes originally from Fushimi Castle in Kyoto.


title: Edo Castle

text: originally faced the north, but was changed to face the east in the Meiji era. This tower gate overlooks "Hamaguri-bori". The assassination of Andō Nobumasa, a member of the "shōgun"s Council of Elders, occurred outside this gate.


title: Edo Castle

text: is an area in northern "Nishinomaru". The area had shrines dedicated to former "shōguns" in which ceremonies were conducted in memory of them and were held regularly.


title: Edo Castle

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu built a library in 1602 within the Fujimi bower of the castle with many books he obtained from an old library in Kanazawa. In July 1693, a new library was constructed at "Momijiyama" ("Momijiyama Bunko").


title: Edo Castle

text: The so-called "Momijiyama Bunkobon" are the books from that library, which are preserved in the National Archives of Japan today. This group consists chiefly of books published during the Song dynasty, Korean books that were formerly in the possession of the Kanazawa Bunko library, books presented by the Hayashi family as gifts, and fair copies of books compiled by the Tokugawa government.


title: Edo Castle

text: The is the western area that was made into a firebreak after the great Meireki fire of 1657. The "Fukiage" is encircled by the "Dōkan-bori" to the "Nishinomaru" to the east, the "Sakurada-bori" to the south, the "Hanzō-bori" to the west, the "Chidorigafuchi" to the northwest and the "Inui-bori" to the north.


title: Edo Castle

text: The was in the "Nishinomaru" area next to today's headquarters of the Imperial Household Agency and called "Nishinomaru Ura-mon". It was moved to its present location between the "Kitanomaru" and "Fukiage" garden in the Meiji era. It has its name because it was in the northwestern part of the Imperial Palace grounds.


title: Edo Castle

text: The is a gate in the "kōrai" style. The old gate was destroyed by fire during World War II. The Wadakura Gate was moved here in its stead. The "Hanzō-mon" is the only gate to the "Fukiage" area from outside today.


title: Edo Castle

text: The is the northern enceinte next to the "Honmaru". It was used as a medicinal garden ("Ohanabatake") during the "shōgun"s rule. During the 17th century, the Suruga Dainagon residence was there as well, which was used by collateral branches of the Tokugawa clan. Today this site is the location of the public Kitanomaru Park. Not much is left from the times of the Edo Castle except for two gates, "Shimizu-mon" and further north "Tayasu-mon".


title: Edo Castle

text: "Kitanomaru" is surrounded by moats. The "Inui-bori" and "Hirakawa-bori" to the south separate it from the "Honmaru" and "Chidorigafuchi" to the west.


title: Tormato

text: Tormato is the ninth studio album by English progressive rock band Yes. It was released on 22 September 1978 on Atlantic Records, and is their last album with singer Jon Anderson and keyboardist Rick Wakeman before their departure from the group in 1980. After touring their previous album "Going for the One" (1977), the band entered rehearsals in London to record a follow-up. The album was affected by various problems, such as internal disputes over the direction of the music and artwork, and the departure of engineer Eddy Offord early into the sessions, resulting in the group producing the album themselves.


title: Tormato

text: The album received a mixed response from critics yet it became a commercial success. It reached No. 8 in the UK and No. 10 in the US, where it became the band's fastest selling album and reached platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America within two months for selling one million copies. "Don't Kill the Whale" was released as a single that reached No. 36 in the UK. The band's 1978–1979 tour was their first with concerts performed in the round on a central revolving stage. "Tormato" was remastered in 2004 containing previously unreleased tracks from the album's recording sessions.


title: Tormato

text: In December 1977, the Yes line-up of Jon Anderson, Chris Squire, Steve Howe, Alan White and Rick Wakeman wrapped their 1977 tour of North America and Europe in support of their eighth album, "Going for the One" (1977). The album marked a return to commercial success after it went to number one in the UK for two weeks and spawned a UK top-10 single in "Wonderous Stories". The 84-date tour was considerably taxing on the group, and they took a short break at its conclusion.


title: Tormato

text: Yes reconvened at Sound Associates in Bayswater, London in mid-February 1978 to write and rehearse material for a new studio album. The majority of the songs on "Tormato" were written during soundchecks and rehearsals on the 1977 tour, as the group decided to develop fresh ideas rather than using older material. The original plan was for Yes to release "Tormato" in two parts, with the first put out in July 1978 and the second by Christmas time. The second release was to be completed in Barbados, but this never happened and a single album was released instead. The album's original working title was "Eleventh Illusion", a reference to the band's desire to base their live stage sets around illusions.


title: Tormato

text: "Tormato" was recorded from February to June 1978, and is the band's first recorded in two different London studios, Advision Studios in Fitzrovia and RAK Studios in Regent's Park. Initially they were split where the recording should take place; Howe and Squire wished to stay in London and suggested somewhere "warm and comfortable and easy", while others preferred to return to Switzerland where they had recorded "Going for the One". The early studio sessions saw the return of Eddie Offord working with the band as their engineer and producer since "Relayer" (1974), but his involvement came to an end soon after. Left without a producer, the band decided to produce and mix the album themselves and hired Geoff Young and Nigel Luby, who had assisted with the production of "Going for the One", as the engineers. This way of working caused internal issues as Wakeman recalled: "No one was afraid to say, 'Well, Jon, I think you should sing this part.' Or 'Steve, that's a bad guitar part.' Tempers got frayed." Howe agreed with the view, and believed such tensions affected the album's sound quality and tone as a result. By the end of the recording sessions, Yes had recorded enough material to fit on one and a half albums. "Tormato" was released with nine tracks (although "Future Times" and "Rejoice" are linked together), the most on a Yes studio album since "Fragile" (1971).


title: Tormato

text: The album features the band playing new instruments that were not used on previous Yes albums. By the time of recording, Wakeman had changed his keyboard rig to incorporate the Polymoog, a polyphonic analog synthesiser which he said was used mainly for "soloing and filling", and the Birotron, a tape relay keyboard which he had co-funded during its development and manufacturing four years earlier. Wakeman reduced the number of keyboards he typically used so the tracks could relate to each other, thus creating an album that "flowed a bit more". In one incident, the band laid a prank on Wakeman while he was on a break by replacing the Birotron cartridges with a tape of Seals and Crofts. Howe said: "When he pressed the keys he went, 'What the hell is this?'" and "got quite cross", to the point that he walked out of the studio afterwards.


title: Tormato

text: Looking back on the album a year after its release, Wakeman admitted he got it "60 percent right and 40 percent wrong", and wished he played things differently. One of Howe's criticisms of "Tormato" was that the Polymoog and Birotron did not complement his guitar sound and noted they often "cancel each other out". Squire felt as if Wakeman and Howe tried to play more notes than the other in a single bar, which was caused after Anderson would put down basic chords on an acoustic guitar and then take it out of the mix, leaving gaps in the music. Howe picked out "Madrigal", "Release, Release", and "On the Silent Wings of Freedom" as the tracks he liked best.


title: Tormato

text: In 2013, engineer and producer Brian Kehew, who has worked on the remastering of other Yes albums, explained that the album sounds "thin, flat and terrible much like my own mixes." He said that Offord usually incorporated Dolby A, a type of Dolby noise-reduction system, in his production work, but upon examination of the original tapes Kehew could not locate any sign that Dolby A was used. After applying Dolby A to the tapes, Kehew said "everything – except from the overdubs – sounded amazing". Kehew then realised that the engineers who replaced Offord may not have known that the Dolby reduction had in fact been used.


title: Tormato

text: Howe has been quoted as saying that none of the band can possibly remember how to play most of the songs on the album. He confirmed this in his 2021 memoir, "All My Yesterdays", noting that Yes has not performed much from "Tormato" since the ensuing tour, and even then some songs from the album proved unworkable. "'On the Silent Wings of Freedom' was actually often tried at tour rehearsals but it would just fall apart. 'Future Times/Rejoice' was similarly unsuccessful" he recalls. Howe attributes this failure to the songs bringing back memories of the emotions their recording aroused. "The improvised sections didn't jell and the songs somehow didn't sit comfortably enough."


title: Tormato

text: Anderson wrote the music and lyrics to "Future Times/Rejoice" and said his words are more explicit in meaning than his usual style. It features Squire playing bass with a Mu-Tron pedal effect.


title: Tormato

text: "Don't Kill the Whale" originated from a bass line and a passage on an acoustic guitar that Squire had devised which he presented to Anderson, who proceeded to write lyrical ideas off of it using a poem that he had written on the subject as a basis. The acoustic line was worked into the song's chorus. Squire had the idea while the group were in Switzerland working on "Going for the One", and the lyrics were inspired by a television program that Anderson saw about saving tigers, which prompted him to write words for a song about saving whales. The song was also inspired by the band's friendship with Terry Doran, who had invited Yes to perform at a benefit concert for the whale movement, but they were too busy working in the studio. The keyboard solo involved Wakeman adapting a sound that he had configured on his Polymoog which produced "weird sounds" that resembled a whale.


title: Tormato

text: "Madrigal" features Wakeman playing a Thomas Goff harpsichord. Anderson had suggested to Wakeman that they write a madrigal, a form of English evening song.


title: Tormato

text: "Release, Release" was developed by Anderson and White, and features automatic double tracking applied onto White's drum tracks to achieve a bigger sound. Its original title was "The Anti-Campaign", referring to the political and social changes at the time before it was changed in favour of the lyric "Release, release" that is sung multiple times at the end. The instrumental section includes a crowd cheering with the guitar and drum solo, which Wakeman reasoned was added because it "sounded a bit dry" on its own. He claimed the crowd was taken from an English football match. Atlantic Records president Ahmet Ertegun visited Yes in the studio and heard "Release, Release", which he liked and suggested the whole album sound like it. The song was difficult for Anderson to sing on stage as the many high notes in the song strained his voice, and it was dropped early into the tour.


title: Tormato

text: "Arriving UFO" is based on a tune that Anderson had developed, inspired to write a science-fiction song having seen "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977) twice. Wakeman wrote the instrumental section.


title: Tormato

text: "Circus of Heaven" tells the story of a travelling fantasy circus and its visit to a Midwestern town, featuring unicorns, centaurs, elves, and fairies. Its direction came from Anderson's pursuit of writing songs aimed at children, and gained inspiration from a book by Ray Bradbury ten years before which he subsequently told to his son Damion, who speaks at the end of the song. Squire thought the track was an interesting one musically as it features him playing a reggae-style bass riff.


title: Tormato

text: "Onward" is solely credited to Squire, who had produced a demo version of the song on vocals and piano and presented it to the band. It features orchestral arrangements by his friend Andrew Pryce Jackman, who had worked with Squire as members of The Syn and on Squire's solo album "Fish Out of Water" (1975). Squire later considered "Onward" as one of the best songs he ever wrote. "Onward" was performed live in 1996 and features an acoustic guitar introduction from Howe entitled "Unity". This was released on their live/studio album "Keys to Ascension" (1996).


title: Tormato

text: As with "Going for the One", the album's cover was designed by Hipgnosis but retains the band's logo designed by Roger Dean. Howe pitched the album's original title of "Yes Tor", referring to Yes Tor, the second highest hill on Dartmoor, an area of moorland in Devon, England. Wakeman claimed to have thrown a tomato at the pictures taken for the album as he recalled the band were disappointed with the initial artwork which had cost a lot of money. The album's title and cover was changed accordingly. Howe said it was someone at Hipgnosis who threw the tomato and they did so on purpose, which insulted him. According to White, the band was unable to decide on a cover: "I think Po ... put a picture of a guy with divining sticks on the front. He took it home one night and decided it wasn't working. So he threw a tomato at it". Yes manager Brian Lane said the band disliked the pictures that Hipgnosis had taken at Yes Tor, "and we threw the tomatoes. [...] It wasn't Rick". Squire compared the tomato gimmick to the lunacy of the Marx Brothers.


title: Tormato

text: The sleeve includes a photograph of the band that was taken in Regent's Park, London, with each member wearing a bomber jacket and sunglasses and looking in a different direction. Each jacket was labelled with the member's name on the front, but Squire had forgotten his and had to wear one labelled "Jim", belonging to tour manager Jim Halley. The word "Chris" was then drawn onto the final cover.


title: Tormato

text: "Tormato" was released in the UK on 22 September 1978. Upon its release in the US, the album was broadcast in its entirety on WIOQ in Philadelphia at midnight on 29 September. It reached No. 8 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 10 on the US "Billboard" 200. On 25 August 1978, "Don't Kill the Whale" was released as a single in the UK which peaked at No. 36. Yes donated money for every copy of the single that was sold to Greenpeace, a charity helping to end large scale whale slaughter.


title: Tormato

text: The album reached Gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry on 13 September 1978. It became Yes's first album to be certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling one million copies in the US. A reception for the band was held after their gig at the Los Angeles Forum to commemorate the award and their tenth anniversary.


title: Tormato

text: "Record World" summarised that "Tormato" brings "the Yes stamp of intriguing music" and recognised "Don't Kill the Whale" as a potential hit single. "Audio" magazine gave the album's sound an "A" and the performance a "A-" rating. In its review, "Tormato" "shows the most song consciousness of any Yes has done in a long while", with its "song-sized ideas, instead of murals". The result shows Yes more economical in its song arrangements, with "exemplary" production and "excellent" sound quality. "Don't Kill the Whale" was praised for its musical power and message without sounding "heavy-headed", as was "Future Times/Rejoice" and "Release, Release" for their "progressive thrusts with solid beats". The review compared "Circus of Heaven" to the fantasy comedy film "7 Faces of Dr. Lao" (1964). "Cash Box" thought with "Tormato", "Yes reaffirms its strong artistic and popular stature" and, like "Going for the One", "is a welcome away from Yes' extended jamming and massive concept works of the mid '70s". The album has "intricate, sophisticated yet rocking textures" with "first-rate" riffs from Howe and Wakeman.


title: Tormato

text: A more critical review was published by Sheila Prophet in "Record Mirror", who considered summaried it as "The Sunday school of rock" and "maximum pomposity, maximum pretension, maximum elaboration, all covering up minimum inspiration". Steve Pond gave a mixed review in "The Los Angeles Times", noting a lack of distinctive melodies and more experimental and extended instrumental sections similar to that of "Tales from Topographic Oceans" (1973) and "Relayer" (1974), which made them "distant and unappetizing". However, Pond continues to note that "eventually, it emerges as one of Yes' strongest and most important albums" with its balance of songs that display the band's traditional sound along with the contemporary progressive rock approach. He picked up on the album's "raw energy and forcefulness" which made "Going for the One" such a success, with "Future Times/Rejoice" as a good example of the band's new approach and praised White and Squire as a rhythm section. Pond was critical of "Arriving UFO" and "Circus of Heaven", which he considered are overwhelmed by "studio trickery and sound effects". Yes biographer Chris Welch said the weakest thing about the album is the production quality, typified by a compressed and dull sound. Wakeman later called "Tormato" "a tragedy" because of its poor artwork and production, despite the record containing good music.


title: Tormato

text: Yes supported the album with a 101-date tour of North America and the UK, between 28 August 1978 and 30 June 1979. The UK dates comprised just six consecutive nights at London's Wembley Arena in October 1978. The tour featured the band performing in-the-round with a six-ton circular revolving stage placed in the middle of the arena that cost £50,000 to build, with a 360-degree lighting and sound system fitted above it. Anderson stood on a raised platform in the middle of the stage that turned the opposite way to the band to avoid dizziness. The sound crew sat beneath the stage in an area that had a drinks cabinet. The stage revolved at 1 mph four times per hour; the driving motor failed during one early gig, so the band's roadies had to come out and rotate the stage by hand. The idea was conceived by their longtime technician Michael Tait, who worked with their sound company, Clair Brothers, to develop the sound system to go with it.


title: Tormato

text: Yes entered the stage to different pieces, including "The Firebird" by Igor Stravinsky, "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra" by Benjamin Britten, and an excerpt from the soundtrack to "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". The tour marked the group's tenth anniversary, and the band performed a 30-minute medley that included excerpts from as far back as their debut album, "Yes" (1969). The 1978 leg included four consecutive sold out nights at Madison Square Garden in New York City that sold out in three days and earned the group a Gold Ticket Award for selling 100,000 tickets and grossing over $1 million in box office receipts. Yes performed three additional dates there in June 1979.


title: Cressida Cowell

text: Cressida Cowell FRSL (born 15 April 1966) is a British children's author, popularly known for the book series, "How to Train Your Dragon", which has subsequently become an award-winning franchise as adapted for the screen by DreamWorks Animation. As of 2015, the series has sold more than seven million copies around the world.


title: Cressida Cowell

text: In addition to her other publications, Cowell works with illustrator Neal Layton in the ongoing series of Emily Brown stories. The first in the series, "That Rabbit Belongs to Emily Brown", won a Nestlé Children’s Book Award.


title: Cressida Cowell

text: The Hon. Cressida Cowell was born on 15 April 1966 in London. She is the daughter of Michael Hare, 2nd Viscount Blakenham. Her uncle, by marriage, is U.S Supreme Court justice Stephen Breyer.


title: Cressida Cowell

text: As a child, Cowell states she "grew up in London and on a small, uninhabited island off the west coast of Scotland," and that it was during summers spent on the Inner Hebrides, where she first began to develop her writing and drawing skills:


title: Cressida Cowell

text: "From then on, every year we spent four weeks of the summer and two weeks of the spring on the island. The house was lit by candle-light, and there was no telephone or television, so I spent a lot of time drawing and writing stories."


title: Cressida Cowell

text: Cowell attended Keble College, Oxford where she studied English, and she also attended Saint Martin's School of Art and Brighton University where she learned illustration.


title: Cressida Cowell

text: Cressida Cowell presently resides in London with her husband Simon, a former director and interim CEO of the International Save the Children Alliance; daughters Maisie and Clementine; and son Alexander.


title: Cressida Cowell

text: Cowell was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to children's literature.


title: Louis Bacon

text: Louis Moore Bacon (born July 25, 1956) is an American investor, hedge fund manager, and philanthropist. He is the founder and chief executive of Moore Capital Management.


title: Louis Bacon

text: "Forbes Magazine" estimates his net worth to be US$1.81 billion, making him the 374th richest person on the Forbes 400 as of February 2017.


title: Louis Bacon

text: Bacon was born in Raleigh, North Carolina on July 25, 1956. His father, Zachary Bacon Jr., founded real estate company Bacon & Co. and later led Prudential Financial’s and Merrill Lynch’s real estate efforts in North Carolina.


title: Louis Bacon

text: Bacon graduated from Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia. He attended Middlebury College in Vermont where he received his BA in American literature, graduating in 1979. Bacon met Walter Frank while he was working on a fishing boat on Long Island. He was given a job clerking at the specialist firm Walter N. Frank & Co during the summers of his college years. He subsequently received his MBA degree in finance at Columbia Business School in 1981.


title: Louis Bacon

text: While at Columbia, Bacon traded commodities using a low interest loan he had received. During the first three semesters, he lost money and was forced to borrow money from his father to pay for necessities. He turned a profit during his fourth semester.


title: Louis Bacon

text: After receiving his MBA, Bacon joined the sales and trading program at Bankers Trust. Later he left the firm and returned to Walter N. Frank & Co. where he traded currencies. Bacon took a job on the floor of the New York Cotton Exchange, working as a "runner". Bacon later worked as a broker and trader of financial futures at Shearson Lehman Brothers and eventually became the senior vice president for their futures trading division.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In 1987 Bacon founded Remington Trading Partners. His market insights allowed him to profit during the market crash and subsequent rebound. In 1989, Bacon used his middle name when he founded Moore Capital Management LLC; in 1990 he founded Moore Global Investments, using $25,000 inherited from his family.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In 2006, "Forbes" magazine ranked Bacon as the 746th richest person in the world; in 2011 it ranked him as the 736th richest man. In 2010, the "Denver Post" reported that Bacon's net worth of $1.6 billion ranked him as the 238th richest American. In March 2010 "Forbes Magazine" estimated Bacon's net worth to be $1.5 billion, and ranked him as the 655th richest person in the world.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In December 2013, Bacon purchased Taos Ski Valley from the Blake family, who had owned it since 1954.


title: Louis Bacon

text: As of March 2022, Bacon holds a substantial interest in EV startup, Fisker Inc. with Bacon's Moore Capital Management holding 8.45 million Fisker shares.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In May 2011, Bacon obtained a court order in Great Britain, where he owned property, compelling the Wikimedia Foundation, WordPress and the "Denver Post" to reveal the identity of anonymous persons who allegedly defamed him on their websites. The court granted Bacon's application to serve a Norwich Pharmacal Order by email against these websites. Bacon sought the order so that he could launch defamation proceedings against online commenters he alleged to have posted libelous material about him on these websites.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In May 2011, the High Court in London granted Bacon a court order to obtain information from the Wikimedia Foundation, "The Denver Post", and WordPress as to the identities of internet users alleged to have defamed him by their postings. Legal experts suggested compliance with the orders was unlikely, given the US tradition of freedom of speech, and the fact that US courts typically required "actual evidence or sufficient allegations of libel" before granting similar orders.


title: Louis Bacon

text: Legal experts did not believe the order was enforceable in the United States because of its policy related to freedom of speech. Initially, the Foundation agreed to give the information to Bacon's solicitors, but later said it would cooperate only with a court order in the U.S., saying "Please note that we do not comply with foreign subpoenas absent an immediate threat to life or limb." Automattic, which owns WordPress, said Bacon would need a court order but agreed to remove any defamatory material from its websites.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In early 2019, it was reported that Peter Nygård had filed a complaint with the U.S. Federal Court in Manhattan alleging that Bacon had violated sections of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Nygård and Bacon had been previously engaged in a protracted legal dispute over two adjacent properties they own in the Bahamas.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In 1986 Bacon married Cynthia Pigott, a former "Newsweek" magazine staff member. They divorced in 2002, after having four children together.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In November 2007, Bacon purchased the Trinchera Ranch in Costilla County, Colorado from the Forbes family. The property sold for $175 million. In 2010, Bacon purchased the Orton Plantation in North Carolina, which was built in 1735 by an ancestor, Roger Moore, son of James Moore.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In 2002 Bacon obtained Austrian citizenship, due to a special provision for figures who have made notable achievements for Austria. The decision was criticised, as no achievement by Bacon on behalf of Austria was documented.


title: Louis Bacon

text: Bacon contributed £500,000 to Britain's Conservative Party between 2010 and 2016. Bacon also served as a fundraiser for American politician Mitt Romney, who was elected governor of Massachusetts and later ran for president. In 2015, Bacon donated $1 million to a Super PAC supporting the presidential candidacy of Jeb Bush.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In 1992, Bacon created The Moore Charitable Foundation (MCF) to provide financial support to nonprofit organizations that work to preserve and protect wildlife habitat and improve water systems. Bacon has donated more than one million dollars to the environmental non-profit organization Riverkeeper.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In June 2012, United States Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar and United States Fish and Wildlife Service Director Daniel M. Ashe announced Bacon intends to donate a conservation easement totaling approximately 90,000 acres in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains bordering the San Luis Valley in Colorado. This easement will provide the founding tract for the proposed new Sangre de Cristo Conservation Area.


title: Louis Bacon

text: Bacon owns the Trinchera Blanca Ranch located in the San Luis Valley. The Trinchera section of the ranch is currently protected by an easement administered by Colorado Open Lands. The new conservation easement Bacon intends to donate is to protect Blanca – thus protecting all 172,000 acres of land.


title: Louis Bacon

text: In addition to his work in Colorado, Bacon has helped preserve and protect environmentally sensitive land in New York, North Carolina, and the Bahamas. His key conservation projects include:


title: Louis Bacon

text: He is the 2013 recipient of the Audubon Medal, given in recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of conservation and environmental protection. In 2016, Bacon received a Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership's Lifetime Conservation Achievement Award for authorizing conservation easements on more than 210,600 acres in the US.


title: Rennie Davis

text: Rennard Cordon Davis (May 23, 1940 – February 2, 2021) was an American anti-war activist who gained prominence in the 1960s. He was one of the Chicago Seven defendants charged for anti-war demonstrations and large-scale protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. He had a prominent organizational role in the American anti–Vietnam War protest movement of the 1960s.


title: Rennie Davis

text: In the early 1970s, Davis became a follower of Guru Maharaj Ji (Prem Rawat) and his Divine Light Mission. He began to travel as a spiritual lecturer. He also became a venture capitalist, and founded the Foundation for a New Humanity to combine these goals.


title: Rennie Davis

text: Davis was born in Lansing, Michigan, on May 23, 1940. His family moved to Berryville, Virginia, when he was in grade seven. His father, John, worked in nearby Washington, DC, including serving as chief of staff to the Council of Economic Advisers under President Harry S. Truman. His mother, Dorothy, was employed as a schoolteacher. Davis studied at Oberlin College starting in 1958. After graduating, he went on to obtain a master's degree from the University of Illinois.


title: Rennie Davis

text: In the 1960s, Davis became active in the Students for a Democratic Society. He was the National Director of their project of community organizing programs (the Economic Research and Action Project, or ERAP) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He became increasingly allied with anti-war groups, and helped organize protests and related events before and during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago for the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam ("the Mobe").


title: Rennie Davis

text: Davis was one of the principal organizers of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam to plan anti-war protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. He negotiated unsuccessfully to gain a permit with Chicago city counsel David Stahl.


title: Rennie Davis

text: The Chicago Eight (later known as the Chicago Seven) were eight men charged with conspiracy, inciting to riot, and other charges related to the nonviolent and violent protests that took place in Chicago. The original eight protester/defendants, indicted by the grand jury on March 20, 1969, included Davis, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, John Froines, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale, a Black Panther leader.


title: Rennie Davis

text: During the early part of the trial, Seale's case was separated from the others. The Chicago Seven defense attorneys were William Kunstler and Leonard Weinglass of the Center for Constitutional Rights. The judge was Julius Hoffman. The prosecutors were Richard Schultz and Tom Foran. The trial began on September 24, 1969. On October 9, the Illinois National Guard was called in to join the Chicago police for crowd control, as demonstrations grew outside the courtroom. Davis was found guilty of inciting to riot and sentenced to five years imprisonment. His conviction was overturned on appeal.


title: Rennie Davis

text: At his testimony, given January 23, 1970, Davis related, for the Court, a speech he gave at the University of Chicago on November 20, 1967, and, by extension, his reasons for demonstrating at the Democratic National Convention. The suppression of his testimony led the defense to motion for a mistrial. During his speech, Davis held up a small green steel ball, about the size of a tennis ball, and described how 640 of them were dropped by an American F-105 fighter jet over Nam Ding, Vietnam.


title: Rennie Davis

text: Foran objected that the methods and techniques used during the Vietnam war had nothing to do with whether or not people in the United States had a right to travel in interstate commerce to incite a riot. The Court sustained the objection and Kunstler motioned for a mistrial.


title: Rennie Davis

text: In the early 1970s, Davis became a follower of Guru Maharaj Ji (Prem Rawat). He was a spokesperson and speaker at the widely publicized Millennium '73 event organized by Divine Light Mission in the Houston Astrodome. He described the arrival of Guru Maharaj Ji as, "Texas Monthly" quoted Davis as stating: "This city is going to be remembered through all the ages of human civilization." An op-ed in the "San Francisco Sunday Examiner" speculated at the time as to whether Davis had undergone a lobotomy, and suggested, "If not, maybe he should try one."


title: Rennie Davis

text: Davis later became a venture capitalist and lecturer on meditation and self-awareness. He created the Foundation for a New Humanity, a technology development and venture capital company commercializing breakthrough technologies.


title: Rennie Davis

text: He appeared on "Larry King Live", Barbara Walters, CNN, Phil Donahue, VH1, and other network television programs. He consulted and provided advice in business strategies for Fortune 500 companies.


title: Rennie Davis

text: Davis returned to Chicago for the 1996 Democratic National Convention to speak at the "Festival of Life" in Grant Park. He also appeared on a panel with activist Tom Hayden discussing "a progressive counterbalance to the religious right".


title: Rennie Davis

text: Davis died on February 2, 2021, at his home in Berthoud, Colorado. He was 80 and suffered from lymphoma, which was discovered only two weeks prior to his death.


title: Whitstable Pearl

text: Whitstable Pearl is a 2021 British crime drama television serial broadcast and produced by Acorn TV, based on a series of novels by Julie Wassmer.


title: Whitstable Pearl

text: Pearl Nolan, single mother of a grown son, is a private detective who, together with her mum, runs the Whitstable Pearl, a seafood restaurant in the coastal town of Whitstable. When a friend dies under suspicious circumstances, Pearl finds herself in conflict with gruff new-cop-in-town, detective Mike McGuire.


title: Whitstable Pearl

text: "Whitstable Pearl" was filmed in Kent from October 2020 to January 2021. The majority of the filming took place in Whitstable, including at the harbour, the yacht club, and the beach. Various scenes were also shot in Margate, the Port of Ramsgate, Dover, and Hernhill.


title: Rip tide

text: A rip tide, or riptide, is a strong offshore current that is caused by the tide pulling water through an inlet along a barrier beach, at a lagoon or inland marina where tide water flows steadily out to sea during ebb tide. It is a strong tidal flow of water within estuaries and other enclosed tidal areas. The riptides become the strongest where the flow is constricted. When there is a falling or ebbing tide, the outflow water is strongly flowing through an inlet toward the sea, especially once stabilized by jetties. During these falling and ebbing tides, a riptide can carry a person far offshore. For example, the ebbing tide at Shinnecock Inlet in Southampton, New York, extends more than offshore. Because of this, riptides are typically more powerful than rip currents.


title: Rip tide

text: During slack tide, the water is motionless for a short period of time until the flooding or rising tide starts pushing the sea water landward through the inlet. Riptides also occur at constricted areas in bays and lagoons where there are no waves near an inlet.


title: Rip tide

text: These strong, reversing currents can also be termed ebb jets, flood jet, or tidal jets by coastal engineers because they carry large quantities of sand outward that form sandbars far out in the ocean or into the bay outside the inlet channel. The term "ebb jet" would be used for a tidal current leaving an enclosed tidal area, and "flood jet" for the equivalent tidal current entering it.


title: Rip tide

text: The term "rip tide" is often incorrectly used to refer to rip currents, which are not tidal flows. A rip current is a strong, narrow jet of water that moves away from the beach and into the ocean as a result of local wave motion. Rip currents can flow quickly, are unpredictable, and come about from what happens to waves as they interact with the shape of the sea bed. In contrast, a rip tide is caused by tidal movements, as opposed to wave action, and is a predictable rise and fall of the water level.


title: Rip tide

text: Rip currents are not rip tides. A specific type of current associated with tides may include both the ebb and flood tidal currents that are caused by egress and ingress of the tide through inlets and the mouths of estuaries, embayments, and harbors. These currents may cause drowning deaths, but these tidal currents or tidal jets are separate and distinct phenomena from rip currents. Recommended terms for these phenomena include ebb jet, flood jet, or tidal jet.


title: David A. R. White

text: David Andrew Roy White is an American actor, film director, screenwriter, film producer and businessman. He is a co-founder of Pinnacle Peak Pictures, a distribution and production company specializing in Christian faith- and family-themed films. He is best known for his role as Reverend Dave in the "God's Not Dead" film series.


title: David A. R. White

text: White is the son of a Mennonite pastor. He was formerly married to the actress and producer Andrea Logan (born July 29, 1978), who played the role of his wife in the 2009 film "In the Blink of an Eye".


title: David A. R. White

text: After his arrival in Los Angeles, White was given the role of Andrew Phillpot, the best friend of Burt Reynolds' son, in the CBS sitcom "Evening Shade" (1990–1994). White also had guest appearances in television series such as "Coach", "California Dreams", "Sisters" and "Melrose Place". He was a protagonist, Dan Burgess, in "Second Glance" where his closing line "Hey Scotty, Jesus Man" turned into a meme.


title: David A. R. White

text: Some of his early films were 20th Century Fox's "The Visitation", an adaption of the novel by author Frank Peretti, "Bells of Innocence" with actor Chuck Norris, and "Mercy Streets" for which he was nominated for The MovieGuide Awards' Best Actor. In 2003 White starred alongside Jeffrey Dean Morgan in "".


title: David A. R. White

text: In 2005, he founded Pure Flix (Pinnacle Peak Pictures) with Michael Scott, Russell Wolfe and Elizabeth Travis.


title: David A. R. White

text: Over the next several years, he produced and starred in several films including "In the Blink of an Eye, Hidden Secrets," and "The Moment After."


title: David A. R. White

text: In 2011, he played Shane Daughtry in "Jerusalem Countdown". In 2012, he played James in "Brother White", Special Agent Ric Caperna in "The Encounter:Paradise Lost" (sequel to the 2011 film "The Encounter", which he produced and directed) and pastor Rich Chaplin in "Me Again", a film about a pastor unhappy with his life. He was nominated for a TCA best actor award.


title: David A. R. White

text: In 2014, he co-starred as a pastor in the film "God's Not Dead". He starred in and produced both sequels, "God's Not Dead 2" (2016), "" (2018), but only starred in "" (2021).


title: David A. R. White

text: White also starred in the Pure Flix produced "Revelation Road" film series. White played a former government assassin turned Christian who struggles to survive a lawless post-Rapture wasteland.


title: David A. R. White

text: In 2015, he played Wayne in "Faith of Our Fathers", a film about veterans from the Vietnam War and the experiences of their families.


title: David A. R. White

text: On March 27, 2018, a short compilation documentary "Pure Flix and Chill: The David A.R. White Story" about him by Anthony Simon was released on the Filmmaker Magazine website.


title: David A. R. White

text: Although White was an associate producer in the film "End of the Harvest", "The Moment After" was the first film that he produced. White also played the role of Adam Riley in the film. He has produced other films such as "The Visitation", "The Wager", and "Hidden Secrets". In 2012, he produced the historical drama "Apostle Peter and the Last Supper" starring Robert Loggia and Bruce Marchiano.


title: David A. R. White

text: In 2010, White started directing films. His first film was "The Encounter", about five strangers stranded at a diner being served by the owner, who claims to be Jesus, which starred Bruce Marchiano, Jaci Velasquez, and pro wrestler Steve "Sting" Borden.


title: David A. R. White

text: His second film was "Holyman Undercover", which starred David himself and Fred Willard. The last film White directed was "Redeemed", released in 2014.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: ESPN Inc. is an American multinational sports media conglomerate majority-owned by The Walt Disney Company, with Hearst Communications as an equity stakeholder. For management and financial reporting purposes, the company is the main entity within the ESPN and Sports Content segment of Disney.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: Headed by James Pitaro, it owns and operates local and global cable and satellite television variants of ESPN, ESPN Radio, ESPN.com and other related ventures.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: Commonly and colloquially marketed as the "Worldwide Leader in Sports", programming on its television networks include broadcasts of live or tape-delayed sporting events and sports-related programming including talk shows and original documentary series and films.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: ESPN Inc. was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen, initially as an attempt to broadcast Connecticut sports over an "Entertainment and Sports Programming Network" (ESPN) cable channel, and soon became a nationwide cable sports network. Shortly after being terminated as the World Hockey Association's New England Whalers communications director in 1978, Rasmussen conceived of a plan to produce Connecticut sports events for Connecticut cable systems. With his son, Scott, they had moved beyond that, considering a national sports channel doable. RCA had an underused satellite and was pushing for customers. Finding it cheaper by the hour to rent a satellite transponder full-time, instead of 5 hours a day, the Rasmussens changed their plans from creating a Connecticut sports channel to creating a national cable network.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: On February 7, 1979, Bill Rasmussen got the NCAA to agree, in principle, to grant ESPN broadcast rights for NCAA sports. The next day at the Texas Cable Show exposition, he was able to get cable companies on board. An advertising contract with Anheuser-Busch was in talks at that time, and Getty Oil came on board as its major source of capital. In 1979, Rasmussen purchased the first acre of land for ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut. With a reasonable payment plan in July 1979, Rasmussen leased RCA's Satcom 1 transponder using his credit card. Anheuser-Busch became a major sponsor, signing a $1.4 million ad contract, a record at the time. Getty Oil invested $10 million into ESPN getting a controlling stake in 1979.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: On September 7, 1979, the ESPN cable channel went on the air, with 24 hours of programming on the weekends and limited hours during the week. 625 cable system affiliates were signed up at launch and they had one million household subscribed total (out of 20 million households with cable). The channel's first game featured the Milwaukee Schlitz and the Kentucky Bourbons in the deciding game of the championship series of the American Professional Slo-Pitch League.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: In 1980, the company was named in a Texas divorce filing. Groundbreaking for its headquarters took place one year earlier. Full-time broadcasting began in September 1980. Additional programming at the time included weekly boxing matches.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: NBC Sports President Chet Simmons was hired to help run the cable channel. Simmons and Rasmussen were at odds with Getty Oil executives siding with Simmons. At the end of 1980, Rasmussen was removed as company president by Getty Oil executive for ESPN, Stuart Evey, relegating him to a ceremonial role. Rasmussen left in 1981 and sold his remaining stock in 1984.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: Investing another $15 million into the company and no profits expected any time soon, Getty used management consultant McKinsey & Co. to assess ESPN's future. McKinsey's lead consultant was Roger Werner, who figured with another $120 million and five years ESPN would become a profit maker. Werner soon was hired by ESPN as vice-president of finance, administration, and planning and developed a new business plan. Werner developed a new revenue source beyond advertising by initiating revolutionary affiliate fees paid by the cable operators by number of subscribers starting at 6 cents. Between CBS Cable folding in October 1982 and the new CEO, Bill Grimes, they convinced most of the reluctant cable providers to pay. By 1985, the fee was 10 cents.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: ESPN was the largest cable channel by the end of 1983 with 28.5 million households. Also in 1983, the company began distributing programming outside the United States. Getty Oil, Anheuser-Busch and the NCAA all got involved with the new cable channel. In 1984, the U.S. ABC television network purchased a controlling stake in the company. ABC later merged with Capital Cities Communications, and the combined company was purchased by The Walt Disney Company in 1995.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: ESPN started out expanding into other nations and additional channels. The ESPN International unit was formed in 1988 to start channels in other nations beginning with ESPN Latin America in 1989. In 1992, ESPN Asia was launched. ESPN partnered with TF1 and Canal+ for a made over Eurosport to enter Europe.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: RJR Nabisco sold its 20% stake in ESPN to the Hearst Corporation. Werner resigned as CEO and president in October 1990 for another sports CEO job. Steve Bornstein replaced him in the CEO post moving up from the second position of executive vice-president in charge of programming and production.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: With ABC Radio Network, the company started the ESPN Radio Network in 1991 with programming 16 hours per week. Ohlmeyer Communications' sports programming division was purchased in March 1993. ESPN launched ESPN2 on October 1, 1993 at 7:30 PM. The channel at the time was targeting those age 18-34. In 1994, ESPN acquired Creative Sports and from Dow Jones an 80% stake in SportsTicker.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: In 2006, ESPN acquired the North American Sports Network (NASN). It was re-branded as ESPN America on February 1, 2009.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: In February 2016, ESPN and Tencent reached an agreement of collaboration. ESPN's content would be localized and exclusively distributed and promoted by Tencent's digital platforms in China, including college basketball games, the X Games and an ESPN section on QQ.com. In August 2016, Disney purchased a 1/3 stake in BAMTech for $1 billion from MLB Advanced Media with the option to purchase a majority share, which it later exercised, and now owns 85%. Disney purchased the stake to first develop an ESPN-branded subscription streaming service, later named ESPN+.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: Under the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission's rules regarding foreign broadcasters, ESPN has been prohibited from acquiring majority ownership of any channel operating in Canada. Instead, ESPN partnered with several Canadian firms to form a privately held consortium named NetStar Communications in 1995, which then acquired the sports networks TSN and RDS. These Canadian partners then sold their shares in 2001 to CTV Inc. (now Bell Media). ESPN continues to own 20 percent of what is now CTV Specialty Television while Bell Media owns the remaining 80 percent.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: Through CTV Specialty Television, ESPN also has an indirect interest in several channels operated in partnership with Discovery Communications, but ESPN is not believed to be directly involved with these operations.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: In 2006, ESPN acquired the North American Sports Network (NASN), later re-branded as ESPN America in 2008. ESPN launched a domestic channel in the United Kingdom after acquiring a portion of the local rights package to the Premier League alongside Sky Sports, replacing the now-collapsed Setanta Sports. The contract lasted from the 2009–10 season to the 2012–13 season. However, by 2012, the network had begun to lose many of its key sports rights, including the Premier League, to BT Group.


title: ESPN Inc.

text: On January 25, 2013, ESPN reached a deal to sell its television business in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including ESPN America's programming rights, to BT Group. The ESPN channel in the United Kingdom was placed under the control of BT Sport, while ESPN Classic and ESPN America shut down. ESPN continues to operate digital properties targeting the United Kingdom, including its ESPN.co.uk, ESPN FC, ESPNcricinfo, and ESPNscrum websites. Two years later, ESPN reached a long-term deal with BT Sport for the British rights to ESPN original programming and international event rights.


title: Multitude (album)

text: Multitude is the third album by Belgian musician Stromae. It was released through Mosaert on 4 March 2022. It is his first studio album following his hiatus and since "Racine carrée" in 2013. The first single, "Santé", was released on 15 October 2021. "Multitude" also includes various music styles from different cultures, as seen in "Santé" and "L'enfer". During an interview with TF1, he stated that his album was influenced by the frequent travelling he and his mother would do.


title: Multitude (album)

text: "L'enfer" was released as the second single on 9 January 2022 after he performed it live during an interview on TF1.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Commonwealth is a term used by two unincorporated territories of the United States in their full official names, which are the Northern Mariana Islands, whose full name is "Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands", and Puerto Rico, which is named "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" in English and "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" in Spanish, translating to "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico." The term was also used by the Philippines during most of its period under U.S. sovereignty, when it was officially called the "Commonwealth of the Philippines".


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: The definition of "commonwealth" according to 2013 United States Department of State policy, as codified in the department's "Foreign Affairs Manual", reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship. It has, for example, been applied to both states and territories. When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states, the term broadly describes an area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by the U.S. Congress."


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Of the current U.S. insular areas, the term was first used by Puerto Rico in 1952 as its formal name in English ("Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"). The formal name in Spanish for Puerto Rico is "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" ("Free Associated State of Puerto Rico"). The United States acquired the islands of Puerto Rico in 1898 after the Spanish–American War. In 1950, Congress enacted legislation (P.L. 81-600) authorizing Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention, and in 1952, the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a republican form of government for the island. Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. has been a continuing source of debate in Puerto Rico, the United States Congress, and the United Nations. The issue revolves around whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory, become a U.S. state, or become an independent country. The debate has spawned several referendums, presidential executive orders and bills in the U.S. Congress. Ultimately the U.S. Congress is the only body empowered to decide the political status of Puerto Rico, as stated under the Territorial Clause.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Despite the Spanish translation of the term "commonwealth", Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is not a Compact of Free Association (which is the case for the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and the Marshall Islands). As sovereign states, these islands have full right to conduct their own foreign relations, while the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is part of the United States as a territory.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: The territory was organized by the Foraker Act in 1900, which was amended by the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917. The drafting of the Constitution of Puerto Rico by its residents was authorized by Congress in 1951, and the result approved in 1952. The government of Puerto Rico has held several referendums with the options of U.S. statehood, independence, and commonwealth; the commonwealth option won on multiple plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998. In 2012, 54% of the voters did not wish to continue the present territorial status. Of the non-territorial statuses, becoming a U.S. state got 61.16% of the votes, Sovereign Free Associate State got 33.34% and Independence got 5.49%. In 2017, 97.18% voted overwhelmingly for statehood, with 1.5% for independence or free association and 1.32% for maintenance of the territorial status. The unusually high percentage of votes for statehood was attributed to a boycott led by the pro-status quo Popular Democrats, leading to a very low turnout of 22.93%, mainly made up of pro-statehood voters.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: In 2020, there were only two options on the ballot. 52.52% of voters favored Puerto Rico's immediate admission to the Union and 47.48% voted against it, with a 54.72% turnout.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Puerto Ricans have American citizenship and vote for a resident commissioner of Puerto Rico, with voice but without vote, in the United States House of Representatives. With the exception of federal employees (such as employees of the United States Postal Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and servicemen in all branches of the military) and people who earn their income from outside of the U.S. territories, residents of Puerto Rico generally do not pay federal income taxes, but are required to pay all other federal taxes (such as Social Security and Medicare) and Puerto Rico has no representation in the Electoral College that ultimately chooses the U.S. president and vice president.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Puerto Rico has sports sovereignty, with its own national team at the Olympics and . Puerto Rico also participates in different international organizations such as the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) (associate member), the Organization of Ibero-American States (full member), and the Ibero-American Summit (associate member).


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: In 1976, Congress approved the mutually negotiated "Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States". Prior to November 28, 2009, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) did not apply in the CNMI. Rather, a separate immigration system existed in the CNMI. This system was established under the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America ("Covenant"), which was signed in 1975 and codified as 48 U.S.C. § 1801. The covenant was unilaterally amended by the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 (CNRA) approved by the U.S. Congress on May 8, 2008, thus altering the CNMI's immigration system, making the Immigration and Nationality Act the applicable immigration law of CNMI.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Transition to U.S. Immigration Law began November 28, 2009 in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). CNMI's immigration laws have been replaced by the INA and other U.S. immigration laws.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: U.S. insular areas are not afforded direct representation in the federal legislature, either in the Senate or in the House of Representatives.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution apportions seats in the House of Representatives among the U.S. states by population, with each state being entitled to at least one representative, but makes no provision for representation of insular areas in the House. Insular areas are, however, afforded limited representation in the House by a delegate who may vote in committee but not on the House floor.


title: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)

text: The Commonwealth of the Philippines was an insular area that held commonwealth status from November 15, 1935 until July 4, 1946. The United States recognized the then-future independence of the Philippines in 1934 but called for a ten-year transitional period.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: John Nicholas Gray (born 17 April 1948) is an English political philosopher and author with interests in analytic philosophy, the history of ideas, and philosophical pessimism. He retired in 2008 as School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Gray contributes regularly to "The Guardian", "The Times Literary Supplement" and the "New Statesman", where he is the lead book reviewer. He is an atheist.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray has written several influential books, including "" (1998), which argues that free market globalization is an unstable Enlightenment project currently in the process of disintegration; "Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals" (2002), which attacks philosophical humanism, a worldview which Gray sees as originating in religions; and "" (2007), a critique of utopian thinking in the modern world.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray sees volition, and hence morality, as an illusion, and portrays humanity as a ravenous species engaged in wiping out other forms of life. Gray has written that "humans ... cannot destroy the Earth, but they can easily wreck the environment that sustains them."


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray was born into a working-class family, with a docker-turned-carpenter father, in South Shields, County Durham. He attended South Shields Grammar-Technical School for Boys from 1959 until 1967, then studied at Exeter College, Oxford, reading Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE), completing his B.A., M.Phil. and D.Phil.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: He formerly held posts as lecturer in political theory at the University of Essex, fellow and tutor in politics at Jesus College, Oxford, and lecturer and then professor of politics at the University of Oxford. He has served as a visiting professor at Harvard University (1985–86) and Stranahan Fellow at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University (1990–1994), and has also held visiting professorships at Tulane University's Murphy Institute (1991) and Yale University (1994). He was Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science until his retirement from academic life in early 2008.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Among philosophers, he is known for a thoroughgoing rejection of Rawlsianism and for exploration of the uneasy relationship between value pluralism and liberalism in the work of Isaiah Berlin.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray's political thought is noted for its mobility across the political spectrum over the years. As a student, Gray was on the left and continued to vote Labour into the mid-1970s. By 1976 he had shifted towards a right-liberal New Right position, on the basis that the world was changing irrevocably through technological inventions, realigned financial markets and new economic power blocs and that the left failed to comprehend the magnitude and nature of this change. In the 1990s Gray became an advocate for environmentalism and New Labour. Gray considers the conventional (left-wing/right-wing) political spectrum of conservatism and social democracy as no longer viable.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: On liberalism, Gray identified the common strands in liberal thought as being "individualist", "egalitarian", "meliorist", and "universalist". The individualist element avers the ethical primacy of the human being against the pressures of social collectivism, the egalitarian element assigns the same moral worth and status to all individuals, the meliorist element asserts that successive generations can improve their sociopolitical arrangements, and the universalist element affirms the moral unity of the human species and marginalises local cultural differences.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: More recently, he has criticised neoliberalism, the global free market and some of the central currents in Western thinking, such as humanism, while moving towards aspects of green thought, drawing on the Gaia theory of James Lovelock. It is perhaps for this critique of humanism that Gray is best known.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Central to the doctrine of humanism, in Gray's view, is the inherently utopian belief in meliorism; that is, that humans are not limited by their biological natures and that advances in ethics and politics are cumulative and that they can alter or improve the human condition, in the same way that advances in science and technology have altered or improved living standards.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray contends, in opposition to this view, that history is not progressive, but cyclical. Human nature, he argues, is an inherent obstacle to cumulative ethical or political progress. Seeming improvements, if there are any, can very easily be reversed: one example he has cited has been the use of torture by the United States against terrorist suspects. "What's interesting", Gray said in an interview in 032c magazine, "is that torture not only came back, but was embraced by liberals, and defended by liberals. Now there are a lot of people, both liberal and conservative, who say, 'Well, it's a very complicated issue.' But it wasn't complicated until recently. They didn't say that five or ten years ago."


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Furthermore, he argues that this belief in progress, commonly imagined to be secular and liberal, is in fact derived from an erroneous Christian notion of humans as morally autonomous beings categorically different from other animals. This belief, and the corresponding idea that history makes sense, or is progressing towards something, is in Gray's view merely a Christian prejudice.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: In "Straw Dogs" he argues that the idea that humans are self-determining agents does not pass the acid test of experience. Those Darwinist thinkers who believe humans can take charge of their own destiny to prevent environmental degradation are, in this view, not naturalists, but apostles of humanism.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: He identifies the Enlightenment as the point at which the Christian doctrine of salvation was taken over by secular idealism and became a political religion with universal emancipation as its aim. Communism, fascism and "global democratic capitalism" are characterised by Gray as Enlightenment "projects" which have led to needless suffering, in Gray's view, as a result of their ideological allegiance to this religion.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: The term agonistic liberalism appears in Gray's 1995 book "Isaiah Berlin". Gray uses this phrase to describe what he believes is Berlin's theory of politics, namely his support for both value pluralism and liberalism.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: More generally, agonistic liberalism could be used to describe any kind of liberalism that claims its own value commitments do not form a complete vision of politics and society, and that one instead needs to look for what Berlin calls an "uneasy equilibrium" between competing values. In Gray's view, many contemporary liberal theorists would fall into this category, for instance John Rawls and Karl Popper.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Agonistic liberalism is an alternative to Berlin's theory of value pluralism and liberalism. While Berlin claimed equal validity for conflicting liberal views, agonistic liberalism holds that over time solutions may be found that determine which values are correct.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Agonistic liberalism is the theory that conflict rather than discussion is the basis of social change.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray's work has been praised by, amongst others, the novelists J. G. Ballard, Will Self and John Banville, the theologian Don Cupitt, the journalist Bryan Appleyard, the political scientist David Runciman, investor and philanthropist George Soros, the environmental scientist James Lovelock and the author Nassim Nicholas Taleb.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Friedrich Hayek described Gray's 1984 book "Hayek on Liberty" as "The first survey of my work which not only fully understands but is able to carry on my ideas beyond the point at which I left off."


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray has discussed James Lovelock's new ideas on evolution's next step: a species beyond humanity that will be better able to co-exist with other species on this planet in the distant future.


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: His 1998 book "" was praised by George Soros as "a powerful analysis of the deepening instability of global capitalism" which "should be read by all who are concerned about the future of the global economy". John Banville praised "", saying that "Gray's assault on Enlightenment ideas of progress is timelier than ever".


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: His 2002 book "Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals" has received particular praise. J. G. Ballard wrote that the book "challenges most of our assumptions about what it means to be human, and convincingly shows that most of them are delusions" and described it "a powerful and brilliant book", "an essential guide to the new millennium" and "the most exhilarating book I have read since Richard Dawkins's "The Selfish Gene"." Will Self called the book "a contemporary work of philosophy devoid of jargon, wholly accessible, and profoundly relevant to the rapidly evolving world we live in" and wrote "I read it once, I read it twice and took notes. I arranged to meet its author so I could publicise the book – I thought it that good."


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: In 2002 "Straw Dogs" was named a book of the year by J. G. Ballard in "The Daily Telegraph"; by George Walden in "The Sunday Telegraph"; by Will Self, Joan Bakewell, Jason Cowley and David Marquand in the "New Statesman"; by Andrew Marr in "The Observer"; by Jim Crace in "The Times"; by Hugh Lawson Tancred in "The Spectator"; by Richard Holloway in the "Glasgow Herald"; and by Sue Cook in "The Sunday Express".


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Nassim Nicholas Taleb has written that John Gray is the modern thinker for whom he has the most respect, calling him "prophetic".


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Gray's "Straw Dogs" has been criticised by Terry Eagleton, who has written: "mixing nihilism and New Ageism in equal measure, Gray scoffs at the notion of progress for 150 pages before conceding that there is something to be said for anaesthetics. The enemy in his sights is not so much a straw dog as a straw man: the kind of starry-eyed rationalist who passed away with John Stuart Mill, but who he has to pretend still rules the world".


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: The academic and author Danny Postel of the University of Denver also took issue with "Straw Dogs". Postel stated that Gray's claim that environmental destruction was the result of humanity's flawed nature would be "welcome news to the captains of industry and the architects of the global economy; the ecological devastation they leave in their wake, according to Gray, has nothing to do with their exploits." Postel also claimed that too much of "Straw Dogs" rested on "blanket assertion", and criticised Gray's use of the term "plague of people" as an outdated "neo-Malthusian persiflage about overpopulation". Postel strongly condemned Gray for outlining "complete political passivity. There is no point whatsoever in our attempting to make the world a less cruel or more livable place."


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: In his 2004 book, "How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered the World", the British journalist, writer and broadcaster, Francis Wheen, wrote:"Conservatives, Marxists, post-modernists and pre-modernists have queued up to take a kick at the bruised ideas of the eighteenth century. The most vicious of these boot-boys is John Gray, professor of European thought at the London School of Economics, who has published dozens of increasingly apocalyptic books and articles on the need to end the Enlightenment project forthwith. Whereas MacIntyre seeks sanctuary in twelfth-century monasteries, for Gray our only hope of salvation is to embrace Eastern mysticism ... Taoism seems to be his favoured creed but it is hard to interpret Gray's prescriptions with any certainty, partly because of his scattergun style but mostly because he changes his mind so often. A line on the dust-jacket of "Enlightenment's Wake" (1995), which says that the book 'stakes out the elements of John Gray's new position' could just as well be appended to everything he writes."


title: John Gray (philosopher)

text: Asteroid 91199 Johngray, discovered by astronomer Eric Walter Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1998, was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 June 2008 (). Gray is a member of World Minds.


title: Timeline of Jerusalem

text: This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.


title: Timeline of Jerusalem

text: Jerusalem becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah and, according to the Bible, for the first few decades even of a wider united kingdom of Judah and Israel, under kings belonging to the House of David.


title: Timeline of Jerusalem

text: Events from the New Testament (Canonical Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, Epistles -Pauline and Catholic- and the Book of Revelation) offer a narrative regarded by most Christians as Holy Scripture. Much of the narrative lacks historical anchors and Christian apologists have tried to calculate a historical chronology of events without reaching consensual conclusions. All such events and dates listed here are presented under this reservation, and are generally lacking non-sectarian scholarly recognition. They are marked in the list with a cross [†].


title: Timeline of Jerusalem

text: The Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin leads to the end of the First Crusader Kingdom (1099–1187). During the Second Crusader Kingdom (1192–1291), the Crusaders can only gain a foothold in Jerusalem on a limited scale, twice through treaties (access rights in 1192 after the Treaty of Jaffa; partial control 1229–39 after the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul), and again for a last time between 1241 and 1244.


title: Old Master

text: In art history, "Old Master" (or "old master") refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "old master print" is an original print (for example an engraving or etching) made by an artist in the same period. The term "old master drawing" is used in the same way.


title: Old Master

text: In theory, "Old Master" applies only to artists who were fully trained, were Masters of their local artists' guild, and worked independently, but in practice, paintings produced by pupils or workshops are often included in the scope of the term. Therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term.


title: Old Master

text: In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term was often understood as having a starting date of perhaps 1450 or 1470; paintings made before that were "primitives", but this distinction is no longer made. The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines the term as "A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern; esp. a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries." The first quotation given is from 1696, in the diary of John Evelyn: "My L: Pembroke..shewed me divers rare Pictures of very many of the old & best Masters, especially that of M: Angelo..,& a large booke of the best drawings of the old Masters." The term is also used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master, a usage datable to 1824. There are comparable terms in Dutch, French, and German; the Dutch may have been the first to make use of such a term, in the 18th century, when "oude meester" mostly meant painters of the Dutch Golden Age of the previous century. "Les Maitres d'autrefois" of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, although "vieux maitres" is also used in French. The famous collection in Dresden at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister is one of the few museums to include the term in its actual name, although many more use it in the title of departments or sections. The collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the Baroque period.


title: Old Master

text: The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya (1746–1828) is certainly an Old Master, though he was still painting and printmaking at his death in 1828. The term might also be used for John Constable (1776–1837) or Eugène Delacroix (1798–1868), but usually is not. Edward Lucie-Smith gives an end date of 1800, noting "formerly used of paintings earlier than 1700".


title: Old Master

text: The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms "Old Master Prints" and "Old Master drawings" are still used. It remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, "Old Master Paintings", "Nineteenth-century paintings", and "Modern paintings". Christie's defined the term as ranging "from the 14th to the early 19th century".


title: Old Master

text: Artists, most often from early periods, whose hand has been identified by art historians, but to whom no identity can be confidently attached, are often given names by art historians such as "Master E.S." (from his monogram), "Master of Flémalle" (from a previous location of a work), "Master of Mary of Burgundy" (from a patron), "Master of Latin 757" (from the shelf mark of a manuscript he illuminated), "Master of the Brunswick Diptych," or "Master of Schloss Lichtenstein".


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan is a city in Cache County, Utah, United States. The 2020 census recorded the population was 52,778. Logan is the county seat of Cache County and the principal city of the Logan metropolitan area, which includes Cache County and Franklin County, Idaho. The Logan metropolitan area contained 125,442 people as of the 2010 census and was declared by Morgan Quitno in 2005 and 2007 to be the safest in the United States in those years. Logan also is the location of the main campus of Utah State University.


title: Logan, Utah

text: The town of Logan was founded in 1859 by settlers sent by Brigham Young to survey for the site of a fort near the banks of the Logan River. They named their new community "Logan" for Ephraim Logan, an early fur trapper in the area. Logan was incorporated on January 17, 1866. Brigham Young College was founded here on August 6, 1877 (and closed in 1926), and Utah State University – then called the Agricultural College of Utah – was founded in 1888.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan's growth reflects settlement and post-war booms along with other changes incidental to conditions in the West. Logan grew to about 20,000 in the mid-1960s, and according to Census estimates, exceeded 50,000 in 2015.


title: Logan, Utah

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.16%, is water.


title: Logan, Utah

text: The city lies near the eastern edge of Cache Valley on the western slopes of the Bear River Mountains. Mount Logan rises to an elevation of immediately to the east, and south of Logan Canyon. The eastern portions of the city are constructed on top of shelf-like "benches", late Pleistocene sedimentary deposits created by the glacially fed Logan River feeding into the northern stretches of Lake Bonneville, building a "Gilbert-type" river delta over several thousand years. The Logan River later cut down through these sedimentary deposits following the draining of Lake Bonneville approximately 14,500 years ago. This created a low-lying area with very steep slopes that reach into the rest of town and to the Logan River bottomlands. To the west of Logan lie flatlands that contain both farmland and marshes. To the north and south of Logan are rapidly growing residential suburbs.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan has a humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dfa"/"Dfb") with very warm though usually dry summers and cold winters with moderate snowfall. Precipitation tends to be heaviest in the spring months. Like other areas in northern Utah, during mid-winter, high-pressure systems often situate themselves over Cache Valley, leading to strong temperature inversions. These temperature inversions trap cold air and pollutants and allow thick smog to accumulate in the valley about three percent of the time. This reduces the air quality to unhealthy levels and can result in the worst air pollution levels in the U.S.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan's city grid originates from its Main and Center Street block, with Main Street running north and south, and Center east and west. Each block north, east, south, or west of the origin accumulates in increments of 100 (e.g., 100 North, 100 East), though some streets have non-numeric names. This street grid is typical of many towns and cities founded by Latter-day Saints in the Mormon Corridor. Most of Logan's commercial businesses are along Main Street, which spans the entire city.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan's downtown area is in the center of the city and is noted for its many historic buildings and landmarks. Among them are the Logan Tabernacle and Logan Utah Temple, which was constructed on the highest hill in the valley so as to be seen for miles in all directions. Both buildings are owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Along Center Street, which intersects Logan's Historic District, are a number of stately houses on the National Register of Historic Places. The downtown area also houses retail and cultural outlets, as well as the municipal and county buildings and courthouses.


title: Logan, Utah

text: The eastern portion of Logan includes the Cliffside and Island neighborhoods, as well as the university district. Utah State University (USU), with its many educational, cultural, agricultural, and athletic programs, was established in 1888. The campus stands on the eastern side of the city, near to the mountains. USU is the city's largest employer, and has an enrollment of about 24,000 students in Logan. Logan Canyon begins in the foothills close to campus.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan's southern portion is a mixture of commercial and residential, and contains portions of the Logan River as well as the fairgrounds and aquatic center. The northern area of Logan serves partly as a retail district with numerous shops and restaurants, including the Cache Valley Mall. Logan has the region's largest and most comprehensive hospital, Logan Regional Hospital. The western portion of Logan is set aside as a center for light industry, especially along the area of 1000 West Street, and it also contains residential communities.


title: Logan, Utah

text: During the 2020 census, there were 52,778 people. The population was counted at 48,174 in the 2010 census. The racial makeup of the city in 2010 was 83.90% White, 1.0% African American, 1.0% Native American, 3.30% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 8.0% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.9% of the population.


title: Logan, Utah

text: As of the 2000 Census there were 13,902 households counted in Logan, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.20.


title: Logan, Utah

text: The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.


title: Logan, Utah

text: As of the 2000 Census the median income for a household in the city was $30,778, and the median income for a family was $33,784. Males had a median income of $27,304 versus $19,687 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,765. About 12.6% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Alvin Crockett was the city's first mayor. Mayor Craig Petersen took office in 2014 for a four-year term, beating the incumbent mayor, who was running for a third term. Randy Watts took office on January 3, 2006, and was re-elected to another four-year term beginning in 2010. Logan City Council Members include Ernesto Lopez, Amy Z. Anderson, Tom Jensen, Jeannie F. Simmonds and Mark A. Anderson. In November 2017, Holly H. Daines was elected mayor of Logan. Logan does not use districts for voting and election purposes, as the mayor and council members are elected at large.


title: Logan, Utah

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 12.3% of adults 25 years and older have graduate or professional degrees, 22.2% have bachelor's degrees, 8.4% have associate degrees, and 27.7% have some college but no degree. This may be an influence of the high percentage of Utah State University faculty and staff residing in the city.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Average ACT scores in the Logan School District in 2005 were 21.5 for English, 21.3 for math, 22.7 for reading, 22.1 for science and 22 composite score. Average ACT scores in the Cache County School District, which surrounds Logan, in 2005 were 20.9 in English, 20.8 in math, 22.5 in reading, 21.5 in science and 21.5 composite score. 250 Logan High students took the ACT in 2005 and 593 Mountain Crest/Sky View/Cache High students (in Cache County School District) took the test in 2005.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Approximately $4,146 is spent per pupil in the Logan School District. In October 2005, there were 2,600 kindergarten through fifth-grade students, 1,252 sixth- through eighth-grade students and 1,702 high school students. Those numbers report about a 100-student decrease from the previous year. Drop-out rate was 2.3%. 11% of students speak English as a second language.


title: Logan, Utah

text: During the 2004–2005 school year there were 321 professional teachers, resulting in a pupil/teacher ratio of 25.9. The average contract salary for teachers was $38,639.


title: Logan, Utah

text: There are six elementary schools (K–5), one middle school, (6–8), and one high school, Logan High School (9–12), with two campuses, in Logan. There is also a charter high school in Logan and one alternative high school in Logan for the Cache County School District. The Cache District has four regular high schools outside Logan in other cities.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Edith Bowen Laboratory School, on the campus of Utah State University, provides an alternative educational opportunity for children.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Thomas Edison Charter School, which has campuses in North Logan and Nibley, is a public school for grades K-8 offering an academic stimulated curriculum. There are also a number of small private schools in Logan.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan River Academy is an adolescent residential treatment center that operates in the southern end of Logan.


title: Logan, Utah

text: InTech Collegiate High School is a public charter school at the Innovation Campus of Utah State University, just outside Logan. It offers an early college program and a STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)-focused curriculum for grades 9–12.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Bridgerland Technical College provides classes in business, dental technology, design and construction, fashion and hospitality, health science, information technology, manufacturing, nutrition and food, public safety, and transportation.


title: Logan, Utah

text: As the home to Utah State University, a Land-Grant University classified by Carnegie Foundation as a Doctoral/Research University Extensive offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees in several fields.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan was home to the Brigham Young College, a college run by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1878 to 1926. Its library and its papers were given to the Utah State University when it ceased operating.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan is home to the Utah Festival Opera, which hosts a number of performances through the year. The Ellen Eccles Theatre shows concerts, community theater, ballet, and classic movies, and it also hosts national touring companies. Cache Valley Center for the Arts offers a variety of community arts classes and hosts numerous "Gallery Walk" events throughout the year in which participating businesses in historic downtown Logan feature different art, music, and food. The Summerfest Arts Faire, held annually at the Logan Tabernacle grounds on Father's Day Weekend, celebrates the arts through a fine art/fine craft festival with music, food and children's activities.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Utah State University hosts many artistic and cultural events, including traveling art galleries, symphony performances, plays and public lectures.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan Library, founded in 1916, makes more than 200,000 items available for residents to borrow and also hosts hundreds of events each year for all ages.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan hosts a vendor owned farmers' market every Saturday from May through October. Named one of America's best farmers' markets in 2009, the "Cache Valley Gardeners' Market" was at Merlin Olsen Park, and is now in front of City Hall. Over twenty years old, the market is known as a gathering place for the sale of fresh, local produce, coffee, artisan breads, eggs, handcrafted gift items, art, children's activities and also for weekly concerts.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan's Parks and Recreation department runs the Logan River Golf Course, the Logan/Cache County Fairgrounds, and the Logan Aquatic Center.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan Canyon has numerous hiking and camping areas, and its scenic First, Second, and Third Dams provide popular gathering spots for picnics and fishing. Tony Grove Lake is to the east, at an elevation of , with fishing, canoeing, camping and high-elevation hiking. Logan Canyon also offers rock-climbing, snowmobiling, hunting and skiing. Beaver Mountain is a popular ski resort located in Logan Canyon.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Zootah at Willow Park is a small zoo in Logan's Willow Park, with a small collection of wild animals including monkeys, coyotes, bobcats, bald eagles, and land birds and ducks.


title: Logan, Utah

text: Logan is the home of two full-length golf courses, the Logan River Golf Course and the Logan Golf and Country Club. Other golf courses are also found around the Cache Valley Area.


title: Logan, Utah

text: There are numerous events at the Logan/Cache County Fairgrounds including fairs, rodeos, and demolition derbies. Nearby, the city of Logan runs an aquatic center and a skate park. During the winter season, the city operates an outdoor ice skating rink at Merlin Olsen Park (Central Park).