title: Central Java

text: Much of Central Java is a fertile agricultural region. The primary food crop is wet rice. An elaborate irrigation network of canals, dams, aqueducts, and reservoirs has greatly contributed to Central Java's the rice-growing capacity over the centuries. In 2001, productivity of rice was 5,022 kilograms/ha, mostly provided from irrigated paddy field (± 98%). Klaten Regency had the highest productivity with 5525 kilograms/ha.


title: Central Java

text: Other crops, also mostly grown in lowland areas on small peasant landholdings, are corn (maize), cassava, peanuts (groundnuts), soybeans, and sweet potatoes. Terraced hillslopes and irrigated paddy fields are familiar features of the landscape. Kapok, sesame, vegetables, bananas, mangoes, durian fruits, citrus fruits, and vegetable oils are produced for local consumption. Tea, coffee, tobacco, rubber, sugarcane and kapok; and coconuts are exported. Several of these cash crops at a time are usually grown on large family estates. Livestock, especially water buffalo, is raised primarily for use as draft animals. Salted and dried fish are imported.


title: Central Java

text: Central Java is home to such notable state universities, as Diponegoro University, Semarang State University, and Walisongo Islamic University ("Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo") in Semarang; Sebelas Maret University in Surakarta; and Jenderal Soedirman University in Purwokerto.


title: Central Java

text: The Military Academy ("Akademi Militer") is located in Magelang Regency while the Police Academy ("Akademi Kepolisian") is located in Semarang. Furthermore, in Surakarta the Surakarta Institute of Indonesian Arts (ISI Surakarta) is located. In addition to these, Central Java has hundreds of other private higher educations, including religious institutions.


title: Central Java

text: For foreign students requiring language training Salatiga has been a location for generations of students attending courses.


title: Central Java

text: There are several tourism sites in Central Java. Semarang itself has many old buildings: Puri Maerokoco and the Indonesian Record Museum are located in this city.


title: Central Java

text: Borobudur, which is one of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites of Indonesia, is also located in this province, in the Magelang Regency. Candi Mendut and Candi Pawon can also be found near the Borobudur temple complex.


title: Central Java

text: Candi Prambanan, on the border of Klaten regency and Yogyakarta is the biggest complex of Hindu temples. It is also a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. There are several temples in the region around the Dieng Plateau. These date from before the era of the ancient Mataram.


title: Central Java

text: The Palace of the Sunan ("Keraton Kasunanan") and Pura Mangkunegaran, are located in Surakarta, while the Grojogan Sewu waterfall is located in Karanganyar Regency. Several Majapahit temples and Sangiran museum are also located in Central Java.


title: Central Java

text: The motto of Central Java is "Prasetya Ulah Sakti Bhakti Praja". This is a Javanese phrase meaning "A vow of devotion with all might to the country". The coat of arms of Central Java depicts a legendary flask, "Kundi Amerta" or "Cupu Manik", formed in a pentagon representing Pancasila. In the centre of the emblem stands a sharp bamboo spike (representing the fight for independence, and it has 8 sections which represent Indonesia's month of Independence) with a golden five-pointed star (representing faith in God), superimposed on the black profile of a "candi" (temple) with seven "stupas", while the middle stupa is the biggest. This "candi" is reminiscent of the Borobudur. Under the "candi" wavy outlines of waters are visible. Behind the "candi" two golden mountain tops are visible.


title: Central Java

text: These twin mountains represents the unity between the people and their government. The emblem shows a green sky above the "candi". Above, the shield is adorned with a red and white ribbon, the colours of the Indonesian flag. Lining the left and right sides of the shield are respectively stalk of rice (17 of them, representing Indonesia's day of Independence) and cotton flowers (5 of them, each one is 4-petaled, representing Indonesia's year of Independence). At the bottom, the shield is adorned with a golden red ribbon. On the ribbon the name "Central Java" ("Jawa Tengah") is inscribed in black. The floral symbol of the province is the "Michelia alba", while the provincial fauna is "Oriolus chinensis".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" is a pop song by Canadian singer-songwriter Daniel Powter from his self-titled second studio album (2005). It was written by Powter and produced by Jeff Dawson and Mitchell Froom. Powter and Dawson recorded the song in 2002, but were initially unable to find a record label to release it. The song was first used in a French Coca-Cola television advertisement in Christmas 2004 before its official release. Tom Whalley, Warner Bros. Records' chairman and CEO, offered Powter a contract after hearing a demo tape of it. This track ended up being released as the aforementioned album's lead single in Europe in early 2005.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The song was received with a generally mixed reception from critics. While some praised its lyrics for their "universal appeal", others felt they were too broad. Despite this, it was a commercial success. In 2005, the single charted in the top five in more than ten countries worldwide and became the most played song on European radio. After its European success, it was released in the United States where it topped the "Billboard" Hot 100, Pop 100, Adult Top 40, and Adult Contemporary charts. In 2006, it became the first song ever to sell two million digital copies in the United States, as well as being measured by Billboard as the most popular song of the year inside of the United States, and the first under its new system. After another million were sold, it was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2009. It was certified platinum in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, gold in Denmark and Germany, and also received a certification in France and Japan.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Bad Day" was directed by Marc Webb and became the eighth most-watched music video on the Internet in 2006, reaching 9.8 million views one year after its release. The video depicts two downcast people sharing a similar routine until they meet each other at the end of the video. The song was used for advertisements and television programs, most prominently as "American Idol"s elimination song. Different shows and artists covered and parodied "Bad Day", including "Saturday Night Live" and Alvin and the Chipmunks. Powter has also performed the song on television shows including "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", and during his concert tours in North America and Europe. The song's success made it Powter's "anthem" and would be included on his later compilation albums "B-Sides" (2007) and "Best of Me" (2010).


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: After leaving MacEwan University in Edmonton at 20, Powter moved to Vancouver, British Columbia where he played keyboards before he started composing songs. In 1997, he partnered with music producer Jeff Dawson; they recorded "Bad Day" in 2002. For two weeks, Powter had a melody that "wouldn't go away" from his mind. Thinking of a lyric that would fit the melody, he thought an "up and poppy" lyric would make it "the cheesiest song of all time". He then thought "bad day" would be a good choice for the chorus, and wrote the lyrics partly based on his life as "a struggling musician". It was the last song to be composed for his album, with Powter writing it in an hour during a ferry journey between Victoria and Vancouver. Powter said it was not a lyrically elaborate song, but that: "mostly it's about phonics. It's about words that sing great. I was mumbling something, and those words came out."


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: Dawson and Powter included the song on a disc that was offered to record labels that asked Powter to audition in New York, but his lack of stage presence led to the labels turning him down. Disappointed, he returned to Vancouver to move on because: "once a record company says no, it's difficult to come around again". After this failure, his new representative, Gary Stamler, played a demo tape for Tom Whalley, chairman and CEO of Warner Bros. Records. Whalley offered Powter a contract but he was reluctant to sign it because he considered himself primarily a songwriter. He accepted the offer in April 2003 and, along with Dawson and producer Mitchell Froom, worked on his album and the song in Los Angeles, California. The album was originally recorded in Powter's Vancouver apartment but Warner Bros. asked that it be rerecorded. However, because Froom wanted to keep its "original feel[ing]", in Powter's words it was just "touch[ed] up".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" was first released to three French radio stations—RTL, NRJ, and Europe 2—in early 2005. On February 8, Barnes & Noble released it on an exclusive extended play (EP), which also contained "Free Loop", "Lie to Me", and "Song 6". In the United States it was digitally released on February 22, 2005. In 2005, Warner Bros. Records released it as a CD single in Switzerland on March 4, in France on March 22, in Italy on May 18, in Germany on May 30, in Australia on June 27, in the United Kingdom on July 25, and in Canada on July 28. The Swiss and Canadian release also included "Stupid Like This", a non-album track, while the Italian, German, and Australian versions included "Stupid Like This" and "Lost on The Stoop". In France and the United Kingdom, both versions were released, and the British release also contained the music video for "Bad Day". A live-recorded version for Austrian radio station Hitradio Ö3 was included on the 2005 EP "Free Loop". On August 6, 2008, an EP live from Tokyo was released exclusively on iTunes and it included "Song 6", "Free Loop", "Best of Me", "Love You Lately" and "Bad Day". "Bad Day" was also included on Powter's compilation albums "B-Sides" (2007) and "Best of Me" (2010).


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" is a midtempo pop power ballad, performed in a moderate groove and accompanied by a piano. The song is composed in the key E♭ major, and uses syncopated 16th-note rhythms. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Warner Bros., Powter's vocals range from the note of E♭ and D♭. Its instrumentation differs from "the scores of adolescent thrust-rockers" and includes, as Powter referred to it, "aggressive" drums. David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" said it is: "addressed to anyone who's feeling depressed ... but [in contrast] its grand, panoramic arrangement wants to pump you up". Simon Donohue of the "Manchester Evening News" commented its sound " from boy band banality to Foo Fighters-style raucous rock". According to Winston Kung of "PopMatters", it is "in tune with the zeitgeist".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The lyrics of "Bad Day" were said to have a universal appeal by Alan Connor of "BBC News Magazine" as they have an "everyman breeziness" because the song's subject can be any person going through a bad daytime. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic described it as: "a loping, sunny tune that pretty much has the opposite sentiment of its title". Although About.com's Bill Lamb described its lyrics as having a "reassuring, comforting" tone, Powter said the song "mak[es] fun of self-absorbed and narcissistic people who bitch and gripe". He also affirmed: "It's not literally about having a bad day, it's more about not taking yourself too seriously and complaining about trivial things".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The song received mixed reviews by commentators; some reviewers praised it for its composition, while other critics felt that the lyrics were not profound. "Billboard" Chuck Taylor called the song "instantly memorable" and praised its instrumentation for being different "from the scores of adolescent thrust-rockers currently dominating the scene." Dubbing it "elegant, timeless pop/rock", Taylor qualified it as "one of the great discoveries of the year", while Pete Waterman, writing for "The Guardian" in 2007, stated it was "one of [his] favourite songs of recent years". Eric R. Danton from the "Hartford Courant" classified it as the best track on the album, while Erlewine called it "the template for the rest of his debut". In contrast, Wilson Kung said the song "pales in comparison to some of the truly strong songs" on the album "Daniel Powter". Alan Connor of "BBC News Magazine" said it is a typical sentimental song but that in "Bad Day"'s case "there's even less detail". He said the song "is so low on the specifics, there are some couplets that feel like they've been translated from a foreign language, possibly by a computer". A writer for "The Daily Edge" called it "a song so sweet it gave you a toothache", while a reviewer from "The Scotsman" called it a "horrible song". Bill Lamb said it "feels genuine" but "if you are looking for depth, this is not your song", Chris Lee of the "Los Angeles Times" said the song is "baleful but soulful", and "People" commented: "'Bad Day' may be catchy enough to overcome its trite lyrics".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" won an award from the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada as one of six Canadian pop songs with the most radio airplay in 2005. In 2006, it won the Tokio Hot 100 Award for Best Song, and guaranteed Powter the Canadian Radio Music Award for Best New Group or Solo Artist—Mainstream AC. In the following year, the song won a BMI Pop Award, and shared the 2007 Japan Gold Disc Award for the most-downloaded international song with "You Raise Me Up" by Celtic Woman and "Dani California" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. The song was nominated for Pop 100 Single of the Year at the 2006 "Billboard" Music Awards losing to Nelly Furtado's "Promiscuous". At the APRA Music Awards of 2006, it was nominated for Most Performed Foreign Work but lost to Rob Thomas's "Lonely No More". In 2007, it was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards but John Mayer's performance on "Waiting on the World to Change" won him the award. It received a nomination for Best Song at the 2007 Kids' Choice Awards but lost to Beyoncé's "Irreplaceable".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" topped Nielsen Music Control's Pan European Airplay 100 as the most played song on European radio stations in 2005. It was also the third most downloaded song that year in Europe. On "Billboard"s European Hot 100 Singles it peaked at number two on the weekly chart, while it placed seventh on its year-end chart. The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart issue dated August 6, 2005, at number two, its peak position, spending 38 weeks on the chart. "Bad Day" was the eleventh best-selling single and the third most downloaded song in the UK in 2005. It was the most played song on UK radio during the period 2003–08. In October 2016 it was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. The song debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number 13 on July 28, 2005, and topped it for three weeks, spending 19 weeks on the chart. The song peaked at number three on the French Singles Chart, and was the most played song on French radio in 2005. It was the most played song on the German Airplay Chart in 2005. It sold 143,600 copies and was certified silver in France, and in Germany it was certified gold for the shipment of over 150,000 copies. It peaked at number one in the Czech Republic, at number three in Italy, at number 5 in Denmark, and reached the top 10 on the singles chart in eight other European territories.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" debuted at number 55 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart issue dated February 25, 2006. On March 30, 2006, it reached the top spot on the chart. A week before, the song had reached the top of the Hot Digital Songs chart. In the following weeks, it reached number one on the Pop 100 and the Adult Top 40. It topped the Adult Top 40 for 12 weeks, the longest period a song by a lead male artist had spent on the chart. It remained at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart for 19 weeks, making it the song that spent the most time on the Adult Contemporary chart that year, tying Phil Collins' "You'll Be in My Heart" as the longest-running number-one song by a solo male artist to that date. "Bad Day" became the first song to sell two million digital copies in the United States in December 2006, and was the best-selling "digital track" and "digital song" for 2006. "Bad Day" received a three-times platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for digital sales of over 3 million in September 2009. It was the seventh most played song on the American radio in 2006, and was the number one song of 2006 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It also performed well on other year-end charts, ranking second on Hot Adult Pop Songs, and third on Hot Adult Contemporary Songs. Media considered its exposure on "American Idol" as a major factor in its success in the United States.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: In Canada, the song was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for the sale 20,000 downloads. "Bad Day" peaked at number seven on the Canadian Singles Chart and at number six on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles chart. In Japan, a ringtone version was certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipment of over one million copies. Its full-length ringtone version was certified platinum for shipment of over 250,000 copies, while its single track version was certified double platinum for shipment of over 500,000 copies. "Bad Day" was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of over 70,000 copies. The song debuted at number 21 on the ARIA Charts issue dated July 4, 2005, peaked at number three on the issue dated August 15, 2005, and spent 20 weeks on the chart. It was the 18th top single of 2005 in the year-end ARIA Charts, and was the second most-played song in the country in 2006. It peaked at number 7 in New Zealand appearing for 23 weeks, and was on Venezuela's Pop Rock chart for 19.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The music video was directed by Marc Webb and premiered on Yahoo!'s website in early 2005. , it had been streamed over a million times. It was released on VH1.com on April 28, 2005, and at the iTunes Store for digital download on December 13, 2005. It debuted on television channel VH1 on January 23 of the following year, reaching the Top 20 Countdown for two weeks in March. It was subsequently put on heavy rotation in April 2006, when it was played more than 50 times a week, reduced to 30 weekly airings in May. The video was the eighth most-watched music video on the Internet, with over 9.8 million views in 2006. Warner Bros. Records released the video on YouTube on October 26, 2009. As of January 2022, the video has over 204 million views.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The music video accompanying "Bad Day" features a man (Jason Adelman) and a woman (Samaire Armstrong) going about their daily routines over a three-day period. Parts of the video are shown in split screen as they do exactly the same thing at different times, sometimes in the same location. The central point of the video occurs when they paint separately on the same billboard. Armstrong's character shows her negativeness by adding rain and a car running through a puddle of water while Adelman adds an umbrella and a man with a coat to protect the woman in the billboard. At some point, he draws a question mark and she completes it with a heart. At the end of the video, they finally meet when the man offers the woman an umbrella during a rain shower as a taxi cab stops for them. Throughout the video, Powter is shown playing piano on Pershing Square in downtown Los Angeles while wearing a tuque—a type of knitted hat.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: Chuck Taylor said the video is "strikingly good" and "brings emotion and clarity to an artist that we are meeting for the first time". "The Daily Edge" disagreed calling the video "drippy". VH1 ranked it 17th on its "Top 40 Videos of the Year" in 2006. It was nominated for the MuchMoreMusic Award at the 2006 MuchMusic Video Awards, but lost to Michael Bublé's "Save the Last Dance for Me". It was nominated for Best Male Video at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, but "Age Age Every Knight" by DJ Ozma was the winner.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Bad Day" was much-used in the media to the point where Powter declared he felt "quite detached from th[e] song. It's more like it's everybody's song." According to Alan Connor: "...turning off the radio isn't enough to escape the tune. It can be heard everywhere from in shops, on mobiles and especially on TV." During Christmas 2004, the song was used in a Coca-Cola advertisement which played in France for two weeks. It was also featured in a television advertisement for Right Guard deodorant in the United Kingdom and the long-running NFL.com Fantasy Football Playoff Challenge ads in the United States, starting in 2008.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The fifth season of "American Idol" used "Bad Day" to underscore a montage of each contestant shown when they were eliminated. Although it was not his decision to have it on the show, Powter said: "I need every opportunity that I can to get the music out there". "Bad Day" was subsequently used in other shows, including the Brazilian series "Malhação" in 2005, and TV Asahi's 2006 Japanese drama "Regatta: Kimi to Ita Eien". It was featured in "Veronica Mars" episode "The Bitch Is Back" in 2007, and in a 2012 episode of the German show "Danni Lowinski". In 2014, the song was used as Lestrade's ringtone for Sherlock Holmes and Joan Watson in an episode of "Elementary" titled "The One Percent Solution". An FX promotional trailer for "Fargo" featured a muzak version of "Bad Day".


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic wanted to record a parody of the song in 2006, but Powter refused his proposal. Later, however, Powter decided to give him permission to record the parody, which was to have been called "You Had a Bad Date", but was told by Yankovic that "the train had left the station", as he recorded "White & Nerdy" the day after instead. In April 2006, "Bad Day" was parodied on an episode of the television series "Saturday Night Live", featuring a montage of former member of the United States House of Representatives Tom DeLay. "The Daily Show" used the song for an "American Idol"-based montage satirizing the June 2006 death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. It was parodied by comedy group Moron Life titled "Overplayed" and was released on MySpace in August 2006. "Bad Day" was also covered by the fictional music group Alvin and the Chipmunks for their 2007 film "Alvin and the Chipmunks". Their version made the charts in January 2008, peaking at number 67 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: Powter performed "Bad Day" during the Live 8 concert in Berlin on July 2, 2005, at the Siegessäule. He also performed the song at the MTV Asia Awards 2006 on May 6 at the Siam Paragon in Bangkok. During the penultimate episode of "American Idol" on May 23, 2006, Powter performed "Bad Day" at the Kodak Theatre. On May 26, 2007, he performed the song at the Saitama Super Arena during the MTV Video Music Awards Japan. Powter performed it in a duo with Japanese singer Ayaka on November 26, 2008, at Astro Hall in Harajuku, Japan.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: Powter has performed the song on several television shows, including "CD USA" in February 2006, and "Total Request Live" on April 6, 2006. On April 14, he sang it during the "Today Show" at the Rockfeller Center in the morning, and, at night, on the "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". He sang it on "Live with Regis and Kelly" on April 18, on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on April 24 and, on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on April 27. He performed again on Leno's and DeGeneres's shows on June 1 and on July 7 respectively, and appeared on "The CBS Early Show" to sing it on August 9.


title: Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)

text: The song was included on the set lists for Powter's European tour, in the United Kingdom, and in the United States to promote its parent album. In a performance in Chicago's Park West venue during the American tour, Andy Downing of the "Chicago Tribune" called the song "a high point" of the show, and said the slower version was prettier than the original record but that it was "the spartan arrangement" that saved it from "montage hell.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Leon Battista Alberti (; 14 February 1404 – 25 April 1472) was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. He is considered the founder of Western cryptography, a claim he shares with Johannes Trithemius.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Although he often is characterized exclusively as an architect, as James Beck has observed, "to single out one of Leon Battista's 'fields' over others as somehow functionally independent and self-sufficient is of no help at all to any effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts". Although Alberti is known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of many sorts and made great advances to this field during the fifteenth century. The two most important buildings he designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) and Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects".


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Leon Battista Alberti was born in 1404 in Genoa. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Florentine who had been exiled from his own city, but allowed to return in 1428. Alberti was sent to boarding school in Padua, then studied law at Bologna. He lived for a time in Florence, then in 1431 travelled to Rome, where he took holy orders and entered the service of the papal court. During this time he studied the ancient ruins, which excited his interest in architecture and strongly influenced the form of the buildings that he designed.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti was gifted in many ways. He was tall, strong, and a fine athlete who could ride the wildest horse and jump over a person's head. He distinguished himself as a writer while still a child at school, and by the age of twenty had written a play that was successfully passed off as a genuine piece of Classical literature. In 1435 he began his first major written work, "Della pittura", which was inspired by the burgeoning pictorial art in Florence in the early fifteenth century. In this work he analysed the nature of painting and explored the elements of perspective, composition, and colour.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: In 1438 he began to focus more on architecture and was encouraged by the Marchese Leonello d'Este of Ferrara, for whom he built a small triumphal arch to support an equestrian statue of Leonello's father. In 1447 Alberti became architectural advisor to Pope Nicholas V and was involved in several projects at the Vatican.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: His first major architectural commission was in 1446 for the facade of the Rucellai Palace in Florence. This was followed in 1450 by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic church of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, the Tempio Malatestiano. In Florence, he designed the upper parts of the facade for the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, famously bridging the nave and lower aisles with two ornately inlaid scrolls, solving a visual problem and setting a precedent to be followed by architects of churches for four hundred years. In 1452, he completed "De re aedificatoria", a treatise on architecture, using as its basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the archaeological remains of Rome. The work was not published until 1485. It was followed in 1464 by his less influential work, "De statua", in which he examines sculpture. Alberti's only known sculpture is a self-portrait medallion, sometimes attributed to Pisanello.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti was employed to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and for which Alberti's intention can only be speculated upon, and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The design for the latter church was completed in 1471, a year before Alberti's death, but was brought to completion and is his most significant work.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: As an artist, Alberti distinguished himself from the ordinary craftsman educated in workshops. He was a humanist who followed Aristotle and Plotinus, and part of the rapidly expanding entourage of intellectuals and artisans supported by the courts of the princes and lords of the time. As a member of noble family and as part of the Roman curia, Alberti had special status. He was a welcomed guest at the Este court in Ferrara, and in Urbino he spent part of the hot-weather season with the soldier-prince Federico III da Montefeltro. The Duke of Urbino was a shrewd military commander, who generously spent money on the patronage of art. Alberti planned to dedicate his treatise on architecture to his friend.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Among Alberti's smaller studies, pioneering in their field, were a treatise in cryptography, "De componendis cifris", and the first Italian grammar. With the Florentine cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli he collaborated in astronomy, a close science to geography at that time, and he produced a small Latin work on geography, "Descriptio urbis Romae" ("The Panorama of the City of Rome"). Just a few years before his death, Alberti completed "De iciarchia" ("On Ruling the Household"), a dialogue about Florence during the Medici rule.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Having taken holy orders, Alberti never married. He loved animals and had a pet dog, a mongrel, for whom he wrote a panegyric ("Canis"). Vasari describes Alberti as "an admirable citizen, a man of culture... a friend of talented men, open and courteous with everyone. He always lived honourably and like the gentleman he was." Alberti died in Rome on 25 April 1472 at the age of 66.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti regarded mathematics as a starting point for the discussion of art and the sciences. "To make clear my exposition in writing this brief commentary on painting," Alberti began his treatise, "Della Pittura" (On Painting) that he dedicated to Brunelleschi, "I will take first from the mathematicians those things with which my subject is concerned."


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: "Della pittura" (also known in Latin as "De Pictura") relied on its scientific content on classical optics in determining perspective as a geometric instrument of artistic and architectural representation. Alberti was well-versed in the sciences of his age. His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the "Kitab al-manazir" ("The Optics"; "De aspectibus") of the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century "Perspectivae" traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, "Commentario terzo").


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: In both "Della pittura" and "De statua", Alberti stressed that "all steps of learning should be sought from nature". The ultimate aim of an artist is to imitate nature. Painters and sculptors strive "through by different skills, at the same goal, namely that as nearly as possible the work they have undertaken shall appear to the observer to be similar to the real objects of nature". However, Alberti did not mean that artists should imitate nature objectively, as it is, but the artist should be especially attentive to beauty, "for in painting beauty is as pleasing as it is necessary". The work of art is, according to Alberti, so constructed that it is impossible to take anything away from it or to add anything to it, without impairing the beauty of the whole. Beauty was for Alberti "the harmony of all parts in relation to one another," and subsequently "this concord is realized in a particular number, proportion, and arrangement demanded by harmony". Alberti's thoughts on harmony were not new—they could be traced back to Pythagoras—but he set them in a fresh context, which fit in well with the contemporary aesthetic discourse.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: In Rome, Alberti had plenty of time to study its ancient sites, ruins, and objects. His detailed observations, included in his "De re aedificatoria" (1452, "On the Art of Building"), were patterned after the "De architectura" by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC). The work was the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance. It covered a wide range of subjects, from history to town planning, and engineering to the philosophy of beauty. "De re aedificatoria," a large and expensive book, was not fully published until 1485, after which it became a major reference for architects. However, the book was written "not only for craftsmen but also for anyone interested in the noble arts", as Alberti put it. Originally published in Latin, the first Italian edition came out in 1546. and the standard Italian edition by Cosimo Bartoli was published in 1550. Pope Nicholas V, to whom Alberti dedicated the whole work, dreamed of rebuilding the city of Rome, but he managed to realize only a fragment of his visionary plans. Through his book, Alberti opened up his theories and ideals of the Florentine Renaissance to architects, scholars, and others.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti wrote "I Libri della famiglia"—which discussed education, marriage, household management, and money—in the Tuscan dialect. The work was not printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the need for a reform in education. He noted that "the care of very young children is women's work, for nurses or the mother", and that at the earliest possible age children should be taught the alphabet. With great hopes, he gave the work to his family to read, but in his autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rage, moreover, when he saw some of his relatives openly ridiculing both the whole work and the author's futile enterprise along it". "Momus", written between 1443 and 1450, was a notable comedy about the Olympian deities. It has been considered as a roman à clef—Jupiter has been identified in some sources as Pope Eugenius IV and Pope Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed many of its characters from Lucian, one of his favorite Greek writers. The name of its hero, Momus, refers to the Greek word for blame or criticism. After being expelled from heaven, Momus, the god of mockery, is eventually castrated. Jupiter and the other deities come down to earth also, but they return to heaven after Jupiter breaks his nose in a great storm.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti did not concern himself with the practicalities of building, and very few of his major works were brought to completion. As a designer and a student of Vitruvius and of ancient Roman remains, he grasped the nature of column and lintel architecture, from the visual rather than structural viewpoint, and correctly employed the Classical orders, unlike his contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used the Classical column and pilaster in a free interpretation. Among Alberti's concerns was the social effect of architecture, and to this end he was very well aware of the cityscape. This is demonstrated by his inclusion, at the Rucellai Palace, of a continuous bench for seating at the level of the basement. Alberti anticipated the principle of street hierarchy, with wide main streets connected to secondary streets, and buildings of equal height.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: In Rome he was employed by Pope Nicholas V for the restoration of the Roman aqueduct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin designed by Alberti, which was swept away later by the Baroque Trevi Fountain.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: In some studies, the authors propose that the Villa Medici in Fiesole might owe its design to Alberti, not to Michelozzo, and that it then became the prototype of the Renaissance villa. This hilltop dwelling, commissioned by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's second son, with its view over the city, may be the very first example of a Renaissance villa: that is to say it follows the Albertian criteria for rendering a country dwelling a "villa suburbana". Under this perspective the Villa Medici in Fiesole could therefore be considered the "muse" for numerous other buildings, not only in the Florence area, which from the end of the fifteenth century onward find inspiration and creative innovation from it.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60) is the rebuilding of a Gothic church. The facade, with its dynamic play of forms, was left incomplete.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: The design of the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one of several commissions for the Rucellai family. The design overlays a grid of shallow pilasters and cornices in the Classical manner onto rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by a heavy cornice. The inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace set a standard in the use of Classical elements that is original in civic buildings in Florence, and greatly influenced later palazzi. The work was executed by Bernardo Rosselino.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: At Santa Maria Novella, Florence, between (1448–70) the upper facade was constructed to the design of Alberti. It was a challenging task, as the lower level already had three doorways and six Gothic niches containing tombs and employing the polychrome marble typical of Florentine churches, such as San Miniato al Monte and the Baptistery of Florence. The design also incorporates an ocular window that was already in place. Alberti introduced Classical features around the portico and spread the polychromy over the entire facade in a manner that includes Classical proportions and elements such as pilasters, cornices, and a pediment in the Classical style, ornamented with a sunburst in tesserae, rather than sculpture. The best known feature of this typically aisled church is the manner in which Alberti has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels of the central nave and much lower side aisles. He employed two large scrolls, which were to become a standard feature of church facades in the later Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical Revival buildings.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti is considered to have been the consultant for the design of the Piazza Pio II, Pienza. The village, previously called Corsignano, was redesigned beginning around 1459. It was the birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, in whose employ Alberti served. Pius II wanted to use the village as a retreat, but needed for it to reflect the dignity of his position.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: The piazza is a trapezoid shape defined by four buildings, with a focus on Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a landscape view. The principal residence, "Palazzo Piccolomini", is on the western side. It has three stories, articulated by pilasters and entablature courses, with a twin-lighted cross window set within each bay. This structure is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and other later palaces. Noteworthy is the internal court of the palazzo. The back of the palace, to the south, is defined by loggia on all three floors that overlook an enclosed Italian Renaissance garden with "Giardino all'italiana" era modifications, and spectacular views into the distant landscape of the Val d'Orcia and Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond. Below this garden is a vaulted stable that had stalls for a hundred horses. The design, which radically transformed the center of the town, included a palace for the pope, a church, a town hall, and a building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope on his trips. Pienza is considered an early example of Renaissance urban planning.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471, the year before Alberti's death. It was brought to completion and is his most significant work employing the triumphal arch motif, both for its facade and interior, and influencing many works that were to follow. Alberti perceived the role of architect as designer. Unlike Brunelleschi, he had no interest in the construction, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight to others.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Giorgio Vasari, who argued that historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's scholarly achievements, not his artistic talents: "He spent his time finding out about the world and studying the proportions of antiquities; but above all, following his natural genius, he concentrated on writing rather than on applied work." Leonardo, who ironically called himself "an uneducated person" ("omo senza lettere"), followed Alberti in the view that painting is science. However, as a scientist, Leonardo was more empirical than Alberti, who was a theorist and did not have similar interest in practice. Alberti believed in ideal beauty, but Leonardo filled his notebooks with observations on human proportions, page after page, ending with his famous drawing of the Vitruvian man, a human figure related to a square and a circle.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: In "On Painting", Alberti uses the expression "We Painters", but as a painter, or sculptor, he was a dilettante. "In painting Alberti achieved nothing of any great importance or beauty", wrote Vasari. "The very few paintings of his that are extant are far from perfect, but this is not surprising since he devoted himself more to his studies than to draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt portrayed Alberti in "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" as a truly universal genius. "And Leonardo Da Vinci was to Alberti as the finisher to the beginner, as the master to the dilettante. Would only that Vasari's work were here supplemented by a description like that of Alberti! The colossal outlines of Leonardo's nature can never be more than dimly and distantly conceived."


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Alberti is said to appear in Mantegna's great frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi, as the older man dressed in dark red clothes, who whispers in the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua. In Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, he is clothed as a Roman. To the left of his profile is a winged eye. On the reverse side is the question, "Quid tum?" (what then), taken from Virgil's "Eclogues": "So what, if Amyntas is dark? ("quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?") Violets are black, and hyacinths are black."


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Borsi states that Alberti's writings on architecture continue to influence modern and contemporary architecture stating: "The organicism and nature-worship of Wright, the neat classicism of van der Mies, the regulatory outlines and anthropomorphic, harmonic, modular systems of Le Corbusier, and Kahn's revival of the 'antique' are all elements that tempt one to trace Alberti's influence on modern architecture."


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De re aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M. Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Luca Boschetto, Leon Battista Alberti e Firenze: Biografia, storia, letteratura, Olschki, Firenze 2000;


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: D. Mazzini, S. Martini. Villa Medici a Fiesole. Leon Battista Alberti e il prototipo di villa rinascimentale, Centro Di, Firenze 2004;


title: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Leon Battista Alberti architetto, a cura di Giorgio Grassi e Luciano Patetta, testi di Giorgio Grassi et alii, Banca CR, Firenze 2005;


title: Khushbu filmography

text: Khushbu is an Indian actress who has predominantly worked in Tamil language films, in addition to Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada language films. She has appeared in more than 200 films and in that, over a 100+ movies are directly credited to Tamil only.


title: Khushbu filmography

text: She is known for the TV game show "Jackpot" and the serials "Kalki", "Janani" "Kungumam", "Nandini" and "Lakshmi Stores". Khushbu has also appeared as a judge on the reality shows, "Maanada Mayilada, Azhagiya Thamizh Maghan" and "Junior Super Stars."


title: NOS4A2

text: NOS4A2 (pronounced "Nosferatu") is the third novel by American author Joe Hill, son of authors Stephen and Tabitha King. The book was published on April 30, 2013 through William Morrow and Company, and has since been adapted to a television series. "NOS4A2" is a horror novel, about a woman trying to save her son from a vicious, supernatural killer.


title: NOS4A2

text: A limited edition version of the book was released through Subterranean Press, featuring the novella "Wraith" that was cut from the manuscript as well as an alternate ending. The novel is called "NOS4R2" in the United Kingdom.


title: NOS4A2

text: In 1986, eight-year-old Victoria "Vic" McQueen discovers that she can find lost items by riding her Raleigh Bike through a particular covered bridge near her home in Massachusetts, which will transport her to the location of whatever she is seeking. For instance, when her mom, Linda, loses a butterfly bracelet, Vic goes back to a diner in New Jersey to get it back.


title: NOS4A2

text: Vic soon discovers that each trip through this "Shorter Way" Bridge exacts an increasing mental and physical toll on her. In order to prevent people from thinking her crazy or a liar, Vic must come up with excuses to explain how she is able to find items. On one such trip, Vic travels to an Iowa library where she meets Maggie Leigh, a librarian with a stutter who can use Scrabble tiles to gain information about future events. Maggie warns Vic about a man she refers to as "the Wraith", a dangerous man with powers similar to theirs who drives a 1938 Rolls-Royce. Vic travels home but loses her bike and, as a result of using the Shorter Way, develops a terrible fever.


title: NOS4A2

text: Meanwhile, the man Maggie warned about, Charles Talent Manx III, kidnaps children across the country in the Rolls-Royce. Manx enlists chemical plant worker Bing Partridge to steal a supply of gingerbread-scented sevoflurane from his workplace, which Manx uses to incapacitate his victims. Manx takes the children he abducts to a mysterious amusement park called "Christmasland" where they can purportedly be happy forever. Bing uses the sevoflurane to incapacitate the children's parents before raping and killing them.


title: NOS4A2

text: In 1996, after separate arguments with her separated parents, 18-year-old Vic follows the Shorter Way to Sleigh House, Manx's residence in Colorado, so that she can be abducted to spite her mother. Upon arrival, she finds a child locked in the back of Manx's car and attempts to rescue him. Vic soon finds out, however, that the child has apparently become a monster in league with Manx. Vic takes refuge in Manx's house but is soon forced to flee when he arrives. She manages to escape Sleigh House at the last moment through a laundry chute after setting it on fire. She runs into overweight motorcyclist Lou Carmody, who takes her to a gas station to call the police. Manx arrives at the same station to purchase gas and is captured by the police after he attacks Vic and kills a soldier coming to her aid. Vic does not tell the police about how she arrived at Sleigh House, and they assume that Manx had kidnapped her and brought her to Colorado.


title: NOS4A2

text: Vic accidentally goes to Maggie through the Shorter Way. Maggie explains that they are both "creatives" who have the special ability to access "inscapes" outside of the normal world. Doing so takes a toll on the user, however, in the form of Vic's fevers and Maggie's gradually worsening stutter. By 2008, Vic has entered into a relationship with Lou and has given birth to a son, Bruce Wayne Carmody, and develops a successful series of children's books. However, she remains unhappy and scarred by her past. Vic begins to be harassed by phone calls from Christmasland's vampire children, who chastise her for Manx's arrest and threaten to target Wayne. Vic's torment drives her to insanity and destroys her relationship with Lou. Eventually, they part ways and she recovers after a stay in a psychiatric hospital. Meanwhile, in a prison infirmary, Manx briefly wakes from a coma to threaten a nurse.


title: NOS4A2

text: In 2012, Maggie visits Vic with the news that Manx died in prison, resurrected himself, and then escaped. Vic refuses to believe Maggie and sends her away. Manx reunites and resumes abducting children with Bing. They kill Vic's neighbors and move into their house, watching Vic and her son from a distance. As Vic takes an old triumph motorcycle for a test drive and discovers that it can enter the Shorter Way, Manx and Bing kidnap Wayne, who manages to contact Lou. Vic calls the police to report that Manx has abducted her child, but they refuse to believe her since Manx is officially dead. Instead, the police suspect Vic in the disappearance of her son, and FBI psychologist Tabitha Hutter is assigned to psychoanalyze her. Despite a cell phone trace that shows Wayne traveling toward Christmasland, on a severely distorted map of the United States, Hutter does not believe Vic's story.


title: NOS4A2

text: Vic decides to find Wayne using the Shorter Way and runs from the police. She arrives at Bing's house and he attacks her, but she kills him in self-defense by lighting his sevoflurane on fire. Vic calls Lou and tells him what happened, giving Lou a subtle hint to meet her at her estranged father's house. Vic takes the Shorter Way to visit Maggie, who explains that Manx depends on the Rolls-Royce to reach Christmasland and steal his victims' souls so that he can retain his youth; the only way to stop him is to destroy the car. While Vic sleeps, Maggie finds a message in the tiles - "When the angels fall, the children go home" - and leaves a copy for her. Maggie spots Wayne outside the library and runs to get him, but is killed by Manx. Narrowly avoiding capture by local police, Vic takes the Shorter Way to reach her father's house, where Lou has already arrived. Vic's father supplies them with a load of explosives that he uses for his demolition work.


title: NOS4A2

text: Hutter and the police arrive at the house to detain Vic. She explains details of Maggie's death that had happened far away only a short time earlier, making Hutter more willing to listen to her. However, the police kill Vic's father when he tries to protect her. Using the Shorter Way, Vic escapes and takes Lou to Christmasland. When she arrives, she pursues Manx through the park. Manx refuses to return Wayne and orders the children he has kidnapped to attack Vic. She is wounded in the fight but succeeds in destroying Christmasland with the explosives and escapes with Wayne via the Shorter Way to reach Lou. When Manx gives chase, the bridge collapses under the weight of his car and he is transported to 1986. The car falls into the river where Vic initially used the Shorter Way and is destroyed, killing Manx. After they return, Vic dies from her injuries.


title: NOS4A2

text: By the following October, Lou has lost weight and has begun a relationship with Hutter. Wayne begins to receive telephone calls from the children Manx kidnapped and finds himself taking pleasure in the tragedy, making him fear that he might be able to rebuild Christmasland and continue Manx's work on his own. Lou and Hutter take him to the burned-out ruin of the Sleigh House and begin smashing the Christmas ornaments hung in the trees there. As they do so, many of Manx's victims emerge into the real world, still of childhood age and with their humanity fully restored as predicted by Maggie's message in the library. Wayne feels himself heal after the moon ornament he had chosen for himself is broken.


title: NOS4A2

text: Critical reception of "NOS4A2" was mostly positive, with the Library Journal praising "NOS4A2" as "fascinating and utterly engaging," while USA Today gave a positive review and commented that the book "[reimagined] the vampire epic."


title: NOS4A2

text: The The A.V. Club, "Library Journal", and "Time" magazine named "NOS4A2" as one of the ten best books of 2013.


title: NOS4A2

text: The novel includes several references to Joe Hill's other works. Charles Manx, discussing the concept of "inscapes" and secret places, refers to the Treehouse of the Mind (from "Horns") and Craddock McDermott (from "Heart-Shaped Box"). Later in the novel, the FBI tries to use a cell phone map to track Wayne's cell phone; the map includes the town of Lovecraft, Massachusetts, from "Locke & Key". According to Hill, the novel also includes references to two novels, "Orphanhenge" and "The Crooked Alley", that he may publish in the future.


title: NOS4A2

text: Hill also included several references to the works of his father, Stephen King. Manx refers to the gates to Mid-World and Shawshank Prison, and says that the True Knot follow nearly the same profession as he does. The phone map also shows Derry, Maine, and a place called "Pennywise's Circus". Hill describes Vic's return from Christmasland as returning "to the clearing at the end of the path", an expression used in "The Dark Tower" books to refer to an individual's death. In a 2013 interview, Hill says that these references were not meant to tie his works to King's shared world. He claims he was "just fooling around".


title: NOS4A2

text: In King's novel "Doctor Sleep", published later in 2013, Dick Hallorann reveals that during his childhood, an abusive paternal grandfather threatened that Charlie Manx could be called to take children away, although Hallorann states in his recounting that he believes that Manx was a fiction constructed by his grandfather. "Doctor Sleep" also makes a brief reference to Christmasland, implying that the True Knot have visited.


title: NOS4A2

text: Bing Partridge (also known as the Gasmask Man) says, "My life for you," in a desperate show of devotion to Manx, a clear reference to the same line spoken by the Trashcan Man to Randall Flagg of King's "The Stand". It is also the same phrase that Andrew Quick, the Tick Tock Man, says to Flagg in book 3 of "The Dark Tower" series.


title: NOS4A2

text: Hill's story "Dark Carousel," included in his 2019 anthology "Full Throttle", includes a reference to "NOS4A2". At a boardwalk amusement park, the operator of a strange carousel ride explains to a group of visitors that he acquired its animal mounts from various amusement parks throughout the world, including a cat from Christmasland.


title: NOS4A2

text: On December 8, 2015, it was announced that the novel was in development to become a TV series on AMC. On April 10, 2018, AMC officially ordered a 10-episode television series. Jami O'Brien was set to be showrunner and executive producer. All ten episodes for the series were made available on June 2, 2019, released for AMC Premiere, AMC's on-demand service. A second series aired from June 21 to August 23, 2020.


title: Overlord (season 3)

text: "Overlord" is an anime series based on the light novel series of the same name written by Kugane Maruyama and illustrated by so-bin. The third season aired from July 11 to October 2, 2018.


title: Overlord (season 3)

text: The opening theme is "VORACITY" by MYTH & ROID, and the ending theme song is "Silent Solitude" by OxT.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: Tanea Brooks (born September 8, 1978), better known by the ring name Rebel, is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, model, actress, dancer, and cosmetologist signed to All Elite Wrestling. She is also known for her work in Impact Wrestling.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: Tanea Brooks was born and raised in Owasso, Oklahoma. Brooks became a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader at age 18, after a year as a University of Tulsa dance team member. Brooks also appeared on the cover of the Cheerleaders’ swimsuit calendar. Brooks is a longtime friend of wrestling industry veteran Christy Hemme: before either worked in wrestling, Brooks worked in Hemme's "Purrfect Angelz" burlesque dance troupe. Tanea eventually moved to Los Angeles to further her careers in acting, modeling and dancing. Brooks attended the Napoleon Perdis Makeup academy, where she became a licensed cosmetologist. Brooks also played in the Lingerie Football League, on its New York Euphoria team.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: Brooks was signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in 2013 after long-time friend and former "Purrfect Angelz" member Christy Hemme recommended her. In May 2014, she began appearing as Rebel, a childhood friend and partner of Knux in a carny-themed stable called The Menagerie, also including Crazzy Steve and The Freak. Rebel made her in-ring debut on the September 10 episode of "Impact Wrestling", teaming with Crazzy Steve and Knux in six person mixed tag-team match, where they lost to the team of The BroMans (Robbie E and Jessie Godderz) and Velvet Sky. The following episode of "Impact Wrestling" during a Knockouts battle royal, Rebel legitimately fractured her arm when she landed on the steel steps when Havok knocked her over the top rope. She made her in-ring return on the October 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating Angelina Love and The BroMans.<ref name="10/15/14"></ref> On the following episode, Rebel was scheduled to face Angelina Love in her singles debut on "Impact Wrestling", however she was met by Havok who maliciously attacked her. On January 7, 2015, during "Impact Wrestling"'s debut on "Destination America", Rebel participated in a battle royal for the TNA Knockouts Championship, however she was the first to be eliminated. After some hiatus, The Menagerie's profile on the TNA website was later moved to the alumni section.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: In her first match since The Menagerie split, Rebel teamed with Brooke in a losing effort to The Dollhouse (Jade and Marti Bell) in a tag team match on the May 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling". A few weeks later, Rebel was seen in a backstage segment, congratulating Brooke on her winning the TNA Knockouts Championship, only to be attacked by Jade and Marti Bell. On the August 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rebel turned heel for the first time in TNA by attacking Velvet Sky and aligning with The Dollhouse. On January 5, 2016, during "Impact Wrestling"'s debut on "POP", Awesome Kong allied with Rebel, Jade and Marti Bell and became the new leader of The Dollhouse after she attacked The Beautiful People (Velvet Sky and Madison Rayne) and Gail Kim. In March 2016, The Dollhouse officially disbanded following Jade's Knockouts Championship reign. On September 14, 2016, Rebel announced her departure from TNA.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: In 2014, Brooks began training at Ohio Valley Wrestling. In July, Rebel began competing in OVW dark matches, where she defeated former two-time OVW Women's Champion Jessie Belle, and defeated Mary Elizabeth Monroe on two occasions. Rebel made her televised debut at the "Saturday Night Special" on August 2, where she once again defeated Monroe.<ref name="Special8/2"></ref> On October 1, Rebel defeated Jessie Belle to become the number one contender for the OVW Women's Championship; however, the match was cut from broadcast as a result of OVW ceasing with women's wrestling at the time.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: When OVW was sold to Dean Hill, Rebel returned as the mystery opponent for Jessie Belle on July 11, 2015, on "OVW Episode 829", which she won. On July 20 on "OVW Episode 830", Rebel was pinned in a triple-threat match by Jessie Belle, which included Ray Lyn. She lost to Jessie Belle the following week in a singles match. On the August 15 edition of "OVW Episode 834", Rebel defeated the returning Mary Elizabeth Monroe, however she was attacked by Jessie Belle after the match. On September 3, 2016, OVW Saturday Night Special, Rebel and Paredyse defeated Jessie Belle Smothers and Shane Andrews, then on September 10 Rebel lost a #1 contender's match for the women's title against Jessie Belle.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: On November 2, 2016, on "OVW Episode 898" Rebel won the OVW Women's Championship, and successfully defended it 1 week later against Callie. On November 16, 2016, Rebel retained the title against ODB. On March 22 Rebel lost the OVW Women's Championship to Madi Maxx.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: On March 2, 2017, during the tapings of the episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rebel returned to TNA in Knockouts Knockdown 2017, in a losing effort against ODB.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: On April 6, 2017, during the episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rebel participated in a gauntlet match to become number one contender for Rosemary's Knockouts Championship, which she lost. Rebel would return one night only on the July 6, 2017 episode of Impact Wrestling where Rebel lost to Sienna. Another return was made on the June 14, 2018 episode of Impact Wrestling this time losing to Taya Valkyrie. Rebel returned again on the July 5, 2018 episode of Impact Wrestling losing to Katarina.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: On April 30, 2017, Rebel made her Japanese debut, performing for one of the world's elite women's wrestling companies: World Wonder Ring Stardom. During her 8-week tour of Japan, Brooks worked with some of the most respected women wrestlers in the world. For instance, Brooks' first Stardom match was in its 2017 Cinderella Tournament, against eventual tournament winner and Stardom world champion, Toni Storm. on May 3, Rebel, Jessicka Havok and Tessa Blanchard defeated Hiroyo Matsumoto, Jungle Kyona and Natsuko Tora. on May 6, Rebel and Hiroyo Matsumoto defeated Hetzza and Kaori Yoneyama. on May 7, Rebel lost a 3-way match to Hana Kimura, a rising young star in the company. on May 14, Rebel lost another 3-way match, this time to HZK, another young star and future Stardom world champion. on May 20, Rebel lost another 3-way match to Kimura. on May 21, Rebel lost to Io Shirai, arguably the world's best woman wrestler at the time, and a record-setting holder of multiple Stardom titles. on June 4 Rebel lost again to Kimura. on June 11, Rebel and Shanna defeated Hiromi Mimura and Konami. on June 17, Rebel lost another 3-way match to Kimura. on June 21, Rebel and Team Jungle (Kaori Yoneyama and Natsuko Tora) lost a six-woman tag team match to Hiromi Mimura, Konami and Yoko Bito.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: Rebel returned to OVW on the August 5, 2017 on OVW Saturday Night Special - War Zone, Rebel competed in a fatal-four way steel cage match against Cali, Mickie Knuckles and Paredyse, which was won by Cali. In November 2018, Rebel injured Indian Actress Rakhi Sawant by grabbing her in inverse position, circulating her, and throwing her on her back. It injured Sawant's back and she fell unconscious, and was later carried to a nearby hospital. On September 23 at the OVW Matt Cappotelli Benefit Show, she defeated Cali, Jaylee and Torey Payne in a fatal-four-way match.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: On August 4, 2018, at "OVW Saturday Night Special ", Rebel unsuccessfully challenged Jaylee for the OVW Women's Championship. The match ended in a double count out.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: Brooks appeared as herself on the January 23, 2019 edition of WWE's "NXT" TV show, teaming with the villainous Amber Nova in a tag team loss to Kairi Sane and Io Shirai.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: In August 2019, "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" reported that All Elite Wrestling (AEW) had hired Brooks for a backstage role: hair & makeup stylist for its women wrestlers. However, on the April 29, 2020 episode of "AEW Dynamite" (AEW's flagship TV show), Brooks appeared onscreen as Rebel, but her character had changed: now, she was the (storyline) "exclusive" makeup artist—and sycophantic personal assistant—to the narcissistic, delusively grandiose villain Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D., who kept incorrectly calling her "Reba". Brooks also had two matches (as an enhancement talent) against Big Swole—both quick losses. Brooks' intentionally ironic, comedic character work as the edgy and cocky Baker's approval-thirsty, personal cheerleader/sidekick became a recurring character on AEW broadcasts. Brooks accomplished all of this while almost never speaking on camera. On 30 June 2021 Rebel suffered a dislocated knee cap injury in a match facing Nyla Rose and Vickie Guerrero.


title: Rebel (wrestler)

text: Brooks was cast as the lead "badonkadonk" girl in Trace Adkins’ "Honky Tonk Badonkadonk" music video. Brooks also performed as a backup dancer in Adkins' live performances of the song at the CMT Music Awards and Academy of Country Music Awards (ACMA) shows. Brooks appeared in another country music video, for Brooks and Dunn's song, "Play Something Country". Brooks was cast as one of the "homewrecker"s (female dancers performing in between sketches) on Jeff Foxworthy's "Foxworthy's Big Night Out" TV show. In 2002, Brooks made her acting debut in the short film "Sweet Friggin' Daisies". Tanea also appeared in the reality television series "Full Throttle Saloon", making guest-starring appearances spanning 3 seasons. Brooks played "Teresa Tomkins" in the 2010 short film "Hello". In 2011, Brooks appeared in the "Mufasa and Tucker" episode of "Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan".


title: Clitoral hood piercing

text: A clitoral hood piercing is a genital piercing through the clitoral hood surrounding the clitoris. There are two main types of hood piercing: the vertical clitoral hood piercing and the horizontal clitoral hood piercing. As the name indicates, the difference is in the direction the piercing is oriented in the skin above the clitoris. Neither of these piercings penetrates the clitoris itself.


title: Clitoral hood piercing

text: Compared to other piercings, clitoral hood piercings tend to be rather uncomplicated with regard to the piercing process itself as well as the healing, which certainly contributes to the popularity of the piercing. In contrast to common expectations, this piercing is no more painful to perform than other body piercings. Since the piercing passes through a thin layer of tissue, it is quick to pierce and reportedly hurts less than ear piercings. Clitoral hood piercings also have rather short healing times, due to the amount of blood circulation to the area. During the healing period however, the piercing is a wound and can increase the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.


title: Clitoral hood piercing

text: A wide variety of body piercing jewelry can be worn in clitoral hood piercings. Barbells, J-bars and other bar-style jewelry are common in vertical hood piercings, and both captive bead rings and barbells are common in horizontal hood piercings. It is not uncommon for the beads of a barbell to be decorative, as is common in navel piercings.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: Superintendent (Supt) is a rank in the British police and in most English-speaking Commonwealth nations. In many Commonwealth countries, the full version is superintendent of police (SP). The rank is also used in most British Overseas Territories and in many former British colonies. In some countries, such as Italy, the rank of superintendent is a low rank.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In Australia, the rank of superintendent is the next senior rank from chief Inspector and is less senior than a chief superintendent (Victoria Police, South Australia Police, New South Wales Police, Queensland Police) or an assistant commissioner (Western Australia Police).


title: Superintendent (police)

text: Some officers also hold the rank of detective chief superintendent (though this is seldom used) and detective superintendent.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: Superintendents wear an epaulette bearing one pip below a crown, the same rank badge as a lieutenant-colonel and wear police caps with a laurel wreath across the brim to indicate seniority.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In Canada, the rank of superintendent is usually the next senior rank up from inspector. Some police forces also have the higher rank of staff superintendent (senior staff superintendent) or regional superintendent.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In India, a superintendent of police (SP) heads the police force of a district or is in charge of a large urban or rural area in a district. Their rank badge is the state emblem above no star or one star. The rank below it is assistant deputy commissioner of police (A.DCP) or deputy superintendent of police (Dy.SP), while the rank above it is senior superintendent of police (SSP) or deputy commissioner of police. In the state of Kerala, superintendents of police in charge of districts are called District Police chiefs.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In the Republic of Ireland the rank of superintendent is between inspector and chief superintendent. There are usually two or three assigned to each division. Detectives use the "detective" prefix. There were 178 superintendents in the "Garda Síochána" at the beginning of 2006. In the Irish language, a Garda superintendent is a "ceannfort", which translates literally as "headman". "Ard-Cheannfort" is a chief superintendent or "high headman". "Ceannfort" is also used for the military rank of "commandant", equivalent to major.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: Each police district is commanded by a superintendent. Districts are sub-units of divisions, which are commanded by chief superintendents.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In the Italian "Polizia di Stato", the ranks of superintendent ("sovrintendente") are medium-level non-commissioned officers' ranks, senior to agents and assistants and junior to inspectors. In official comparisons, they are equivalent to sergeants. The three ranks are "vice sovrintendente" (deputy superintendent), "sovrintendente" (superintendent), and "sovrintendente capo" (chief superintendent).


title: Superintendent (police)

text: Superintendent general and superintendent are, respectively, the ranks of the commander and deputy commanders of the Public Security Police (CPSP) of Macau. The rank of superintendent is senior to the rank of intendent.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The CPSP rank insignia follows the generic model of the Portuguese Public Security Police, with the insignia of senior officers consisting of epaulets that contain two crossed horsewhips inside a laurel wreath and PSP stars (six-point silver star with the "SP" monogram in the center) whose number defines the precise rank. The number of stars in the insignia of superintendent general and superintendent are, respectively, four and three. The rank insignia of superintendent general and superintendent are also distinguished in being in red epaulets instead of the dark blue of the other ranks.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In New Zealand, the rank of superintendent is above inspector and below assistant commissioner. Superintendents are typically appointed as district commanders or directors of service centres, and the rank is also held by the commandant of the Royal New Zealand Police College.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In Pakistan, a senior superintendent of police is the head of the district police. Some districts and police divisions are commanded by superintendents of police. The police service of Pakistan now identifies a new hierarchy including DPO (District Police Officer), CCPO (Capital City Police Officer) etc. Superintendent of Police is equivalent to DPO [or CPO (City Police Officer) in smaller districts] and can be a CSP recruit belonging to PSP (Police Service of Pakistan) and can also be a ranker.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, the rank of superintendent is above chief inspector and below chief superintendent.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In the Philippines, superintendent is a rank in the Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the Bureau of Fire Protection. It is above chief inspector and below senior superintendent and is regarded as the equivalent of lieutenant colonel in the Philippine Army.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In Portugal, superintendent () is an officer rank in the Public Security Police (PSP). It is senior to the police rank of intendant and inferior to the rank of chief superintendent, being roughly equivalent to a colonel in the military.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: Superintendents usually exercise the role of commanding officers of district commands or the role of second-in-command in the metropolitan and regional commands.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The rank insignia of a superintendent consists of a dark blue epaulet with two crossed horsewhips inside a laurel wreath and three PSP stars arranged in an inverted triangle. Each PSP star consists of a six-point silver star with the "SP" monogram in the center.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In Singapore, the rank is used in both the police (SPF) and immigration authorities (ICA) as both use the same rank structure. In the police, there are three ranks of superintendent: assistant superintendent of police (ASP), deputy superintendent of police (DSP), and superintendent of police (SP). These three ranks fall under the senior police officer category.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: It was also used in the short-lived Griqualand Mounted Police from 1873 to 1880 and in the Natal Police from 1894 to 1913, the Transvaal Town Police from 1901 to 1908, the Transvaal Police from 1908 to 1913, and the Orange River Colony Police from 1908 to 1913.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The rank reappeared in the Union of South Africa as the rank of the head of the South African Railways & Harbours Police in 1944. It was equivalent to the military rank of colonel, with the same rank insignia. From 1946, there were three grades: chief superintendent (brigadier), deputy chief superintendent (colonel), and superintendent (lieutenant-colonel). The police titles were replaced by the military titles in the 1960s.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The title was reinstated for the South African Police Service in 1995. There were two grades: senior superintendent (equivalent to colonel) and superintendent (lieutenant-colonel). The police titles were replaced by the military titles in 2010.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In Sri Lanka, superintendent of police (SP) is a senior gazetted officer rank senior to "assistant superintendent of police" and junior to "senior superintendent of police". The latter was created in the 1980s. Superintendents are typically appointed as regional commanders of police divisions.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The rank of superintendent is senior to chief inspector and junior to chief superintendent. The rank badge is a crown worn on the epaulettes, the same as a major in the British Army.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The rank of superintendent was introduced at the foundation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829. Each division was commanded by a superintendent. The rank below superintendent was originally inspector until the introduction of chief inspector in 1868. Originally, only the commissioners held a higher rank than superintendent (and they were not sworn police officers). In 1839, Captain William Hay was appointed to the new rank of inspecting superintendent, replaced by assistant commissioner in 1856. The rank of district superintendent was introduced between superintendent and assistant commissioner in 1869, and was renamed chief constable in 1886.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: The rank of superintendent was also adopted in the Detective Branch (later the Criminal Investigation Department) from 1868, when Adolphus Williamson, the first head of the branch, was promoted to the rank.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In 1949, Metropolitan Police superintendents were regraded to the new rank of chief superintendent, chief inspectors were regraded to superintendent, and sub-divisional inspectors and divisional detective inspectors were regraded to chief inspector (with those ranks being abolished).


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In September 1953, there was another change, when the rank was split into superintendent grade I (current superintendents, chief inspectors commanding sub-divisions and detective chief inspectors commanding divisional CIDs) and superintendent grade II (other current chief inspectors), with a redefined rank of chief inspector being created for senior inspectors. Superintendents grade II wore the crown (the rank badge formerly worn by chief inspectors), with superintendents grade I wearing a crown over a pip (the rank badge formerly worn by superintendents). This lasted until 1974, when superintendent once more became a single rank, wearing a crown on the epaulettes.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: From January 1954 there was one superintendent grade I and one chief inspector in each sub-division, one chief superintendent, one superintendent grade II and one detective superintendent grade I in each division, and one commander, one deputy commander, one detective chief superintendent, and one detective superintendent grade II in each district. A detective chief inspector was added in each division later in 1954.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In most other forces, superintendent lay between inspector and assistant chief constable until well into the 20th century. In many smaller forces, the senior superintendent was also the ACC. Some forces had chief inspectors, and some later acquired chief superintendents, but this was by no means universal. Today, however, every force in the country has all three ranks.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: A superintendent's starting salary, , is UK£70,1734 rising to £82,881 after five years. These salaries may be affected by regional and competency pay allowances.


title: Superintendent (police)

text: In the United States, superintendent is the title used for the head of certain police departments, such as the New Jersey State Police, Police Command Staff in New York State Police, Massachusetts State Police, Chicago Police Department, New Orleans Police Department, Ohio State Highway Patrol, Missouri State Highway Patrol, Oregon State Police, and Indiana State Police. In some police departments, superintendent is instead the title used to describe a position with responsibilities that would be given in other police departments to bureau or division chiefs, with examples being the Cambridge Police Department, Boston Police Department and Dayton, Ohio Police Department.


title: Grim Dawn

text: Grim Dawn is an action role-playing game (ARPG), developed and published by Crate Entertainment for Microsoft Windows in February 2016 and released for Xbox One in December 2021. Developed using the "Titan Quest" engine, it is set in a thematically dark fictional world loosely based on the Victorian era, and received generally favorable reviews from critics.


title: Grim Dawn

text: The game takes place in Cairn, a dark and war-torn world where a once grand empire has been brought to ruin and the human race driven to the edge of extinction. Cairn has become ground zero of an eternal war between two otherworldly powers, the Aetherials, who view human bodies as a resource to use, and the Chthonians, who are intent on destroying humanity before that can happen.


title: Grim Dawn

text: Humans at some point had come into communication with extra-dimensional beings. They learned things from the whisperings of these otherworldly entities and eventually attempted to open a portal to bring one across and imprison it. Through experimentation, they learned that these beings, made of aether, a sort of spiritual energy, could fuse themselves with the human mind, possessing and controlling their host if they were able to subvert the human's will. The researchers discovered that a human, once possessed, retained heightened abilities after the aetherial being was purged from them. Following this discovery, researchers brought over more aetherials which broke free, allowing the aetherials to then open more portals into their own world, bringing over large numbers of their brethren.


title: Grim Dawn

text: While the Aetherials were seeking to use human bodies as a resource, the Chthonians appeared to destroy the human race before that could happen. This cataclysmic war not only decimated human civilization but warped the very fabric of reality and, in its wake, gave life to new horrors.


title: Grim Dawn

text: The story of "Grim Dawn" is about survival and adaptation to the grim new reality. Small enclaves of human survivors exist scattered throughout the world, holed up in hidden refuges. These humans have quietly watched the warring invaders destroy one another and have become wise to the strengths and vulnerabilities of their otherworldly foes. A few survivors have begun to exhibit strange new abilities after surviving possession or exposure to the warp. These unnatural powers are feared by some but give many new hope of launching a resistance to fight the "outsiders" and reclaim what's left of their world.


title: Grim Dawn

text: Like other prominent action role-playing games, the majority of the gameplay in "Grim Dawn" centers around fast-paced combat and the collection of loot including armor, potions, weapons, and money. According to Crate Entertainment, the game's crafting system is similar to that used in ""'s popular mod "Defense of the Ancients". "Grim Dawn" also builds upon existing systems present in Titan Quest, featuring improved physics, location-specific damage effects, dismemberment, the addition of factions to the game, and a completely redesigned quest system.


title: Grim Dawn

text: Crate Entertainment announced on July 27, 2009 that they had licensed the "Titan Quest" engine from Iron Lore and announced "Grim Dawn" development on January 21, 2010. Initially, few details were revealed, with Crate Entertainment simply stating that "Grim Dawn" is set in a thematically dark fictional world loosely based on the Victorian era.


title: Grim Dawn

text: "Grim Dawn"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s development is notable for Crate Entertainment's open appeal to their fans for financial support. In a posting on the game's official website, the developers announced that after a period of increased email activity from fans wishing to donate to Crate to support the project that they had added a pre-order page to the game's official website to allow fans to contribute to the project in an official manner. Fifteen days later in another posting on the game's official website, Crate stated that they had received financial support from gaming website Gamebanshee and one of the authors of the gaming related webcomic "Penny Arcade". Despite this support from their fans and various websites, Crate manager Arthur Bruno stated in an interview with "The Escapist" that pre-orders made for only a very small percentage of "Grim Dawn"'s total budget. In a later interview with gaming website Big Download, Bruno again confirmed that donations and pre-orders alone were not enough to completely fund the project. Additionally, Bruno revealed that Crate intended to provide new gameplay content for "Grim Dawn" in the way of expansions every six to ten months.


title: Grim Dawn

text: On April 17, 2012, Crate Entertainment opened a project page on Kickstarter, setting a funding goal of $280,000, with the halfway point of this goal being reached in four days. It finished up with $537,515, well exceeding its initial funding goal. Crate released an alpha version of the game (Build 8) through the Steam Early Access program on May 15, 2013.


title: Grim Dawn

text: On February 25, 2016, the game entered full release with v1.0.0.0 (build 31 hotfix 1). The version for Xbox One, featuring all previous DLC and expansions, was released on December 3, 2021.


title: Grim Dawn

text: On March 5, 2018, a second expansion was announced, called Forgotten Gods, and was released on March 27, 2019"."


title: Grim Dawn

text: "Grim Dawn" received generally favorable reviews from 29 critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Grim Dawn

text: Leif Johnson of "PC Gamer" wrote: "If anything, "Grim Dawn" is both empowered and chained down by its retro stylings, preventing, say, the randomized levels of Diablo III and thus its endless potential for replay. But on the upside, none of its recent competitors deliver that old-style hack-and-slash experience so purely and so satisfyingly, and its hybrid class system makes each new jaunt a little different. More than once it found me playing until dawn, and my appreciation for any game that manages to do that is anything but grim."


title: Grim Dawn

text: As of May 2017, "Grim Dawn" had sold over 1million units worldwide and its DLC, "Crucible", over 200,000.


title: Grim Dawn

text: In a live stream on April 19, 2019, Crate announced that the "Forgotten Gods" expansion had sold over 100,000 copies, bringing the total number of copies sold between the base game and its DLC to over 3 million.


title: Grim Dawn

text: On May 31, 2020, one of the game's designers stated in a forum post that the game and its DLC were approaching a total of 5 million copies sold.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The 2021 CONCACAF Champions League (officially the 2021 Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of the CONCACAF Champions League under its current name, and overall the 56th edition of the premier football club competition organized by CONCACAF, the regional governing body of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament, which usually starts in mid-February each year, was started in April, and concluded with the final in October, which was played as a single-leg match hosted by the finalist which had the better performances in previous rounds.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Mexican club Tigres UANL were the title holders, but did not qualify for this tournament and were unable to defend their title. Monterrey, also from Mexico, won their fifth CONCACAF Champions League title, defeating fellow Mexican club América in the final to qualify for the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Therefore, teams from between 6 and 10 out of the 41 CONCACAF member associations could participate in the CONCACAF Champions League.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The nine direct berths for the North American Football Union (NAFU), which consisted of three member associations, were allocated as follows: four berths each for Mexico and the United States, and one berth for Canada.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: For Mexico, the champions and runners-up of the Liga MX Apertura and Clausura Liguilla tournaments qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League. For the Apertura tournament, the playoff winners and runners-up qualified, while for the Clausura tournament, no playoffs were held due to the league's suspension; the two highest ranked teams in the regular season at the time of suspension instead qualified. If there were any teams which were finalists of both tournaments, the vacated berth was reallocated using a formula, based on regular season records, that ensured that two teams qualified via each tournament.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: For the United States, four teams qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League, two through the Major League Soccer (MLS) season and two through its domestic cup competitions:


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: If there were any teams which qualified through multiple berths, or if there was any Canada-based MLS team which were champions of the MLS Cup, the Supporters' Shield, or conference regular season (not applicable for 2021 CONCACAF Champions League), the vacated berth was reallocated to the U.S.-based team with the best MLS regular season record not yet qualified.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: For Canada, the champions of the Canadian Championship, its domestic cup competition which awarded the Voyageurs Cup, were originally set to qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League. However, the final between Forge FC, champions of the Canadian Premier League, and Toronto FC could not be scheduled in time for the start of the tournament, and so it was then agreed upon that Toronto FC would be Canada's representative. While some Canada-based teams competed in MLS, they could not qualify through either the MLS regular season or playoffs. Moreover, the champions of the Canadian Premier League qualified for the CONCACAF League, meaning a second team from Canada (and a tenth team from North America) could qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Teams from the Central American Football Union (UNCAF), which consisted of seven member associations, had to qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League through the CONCACAF League. A total of 18 teams from Central America qualified for the CONCACAF League through their domestic leagues. As all but four teams in the CONCACAF League were from Central America, between two and six teams from Central America could qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Teams from the Caribbean Football Union (CFU), which consisted of 31 member associations, qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League either as champions of the CONCACAF Caribbean Club Championship, the first-tier subcontinental Caribbean club tournament, or through the CONCACAF League. Since 2018, the CONCACAF Caribbean Club Championship had been open to teams from professional leagues, where they could qualify as champions or runners-up of their respective association's league in the previous season.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Another three teams from the Caribbean qualified for the CONCACAF League, which were the runners-up and third-placed team of the CONCACAF Caribbean Club Championship, and the winners of a playoff between the fourth-placed team of the CONCACAF Caribbean Club Championship and the champions of the CONCACAF Caribbean Club Shield, the second-tier subcontinental Caribbean club tournament which was open to teams from non-professional leagues, where they could qualify as champions of their respective association's league in the previous season. Therefore, between one and four teams from the Caribbean could qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Besides the ten direct entrants of the CONCACAF Champions League, another 22 teams (1 from North America, 18 from Central America, and 3 from the Caribbean) qualified for the CONCACAF League, a tournament held from July to November prior to the CONCACAF Champions League. The top six teams of the CONCACAF League (champions, runners-up, both losing semi-finalists and two play-in round winners) qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: "In the following table, the number of appearances, last appearance, and previous best result count only those in the CONCACAF Champions League era starting from 2008–09 (not counting those in the era of the Champions' Cup from 1962 to 2008)."


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The draw for the 2021 CONCACAF Champions League was held on 10 February 2021, 19:00 EST (), at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami, United States.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The draw determined each tie in the round of 16 (numbered 1 through 8) between a team from Pot 1 and a team from Pot 2, each containing eight teams. The "Bracket Position Pots" (Pot A and Pot B) contained the bracket positions numbered 1 through 8 corresponding to each tie. The teams from Pot 1 were assigned a bracket position from Pot A and the teams from Pot 2 were assigned a bracket position from Pot B. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other in the round of 16 except for "wildcard" teams which replaced a team from another association.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The seeding of teams were based on the CONCACAF Club Index. The CONCACAF Club Index, instead of ranking each team, was based on the on-field performance of the teams that had occupied the respective qualifying slots in the previous five editions of the CONCACAF Champions League. To determine the total points awarded to a slot in any single edition of the CONCACAF Champions League, CONCACAF used the following formula:


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: In the CONCACAF Champions League, the 16 teams played a single-elimination tournament. Each tie was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, except the final which is played as a single-leg match.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: In the round of 16, the matchups were decided by draw: R16-1 through R16-8. The teams from Pot 1 in the draw hosted the second leg.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The semi-finalists in each tie which had the better performance in previous rounds hosted the second leg.


title: 2021 CONCACAF Champions League

text: In the final (Winners of SF1 vs. Winners of SF2), the finalist which had the better performances in previous rounds hosted the single-leg match.


title: Pentium (original)

text: The Pentium (also referred to as P5, its microarchitecture, or i586) is a fifth generation, 32-bit x86 microprocessor that was introduced by Intel on March 22, 1993, as the very first CPU in the Pentium brand. It was instruction set compatible with the 80486 but was a new and very different microarchitecture design from previous iterations. The P5 Pentium was the first superscalar x86 microarchitecture and the world's first superscalar microprocessor to be in mass productionmeaning it generally executes at least 2 instructions per clock mainly because of a design-first dual integer pipeline design previously thought impossible to implement on a CISC microarchitecture. Additional features include a faster floating-point unit, wider data bus, separate code and data caches, and many other techniques and features to enhance performance and support security, encryption, and multiprocessing, for workstations and servers when compared to the next best previous industry standard processor implementation before it, the Intel 80486.


title: Pentium (original)

text: Considered the fifth main generation in the 8086 compatible line of processors, its implementation and microarchitecture was called "P5". As with all new processors from Intel since the Pentium, some new instructions were added to enhance performance for specific types of workloads.


title: Pentium (original)

text: The Pentium was the first Intel x86 to build in robust hardware support for multiprocessing similar to that of large IBM mainframe computers. Intel worked closely with IBM to define this ability and then Intel designed it into the P5 microarchitecture. This new ability was absent in prior x86 generations and x86 copies from competitors.


title: Pentium (original)

text: To realize its greatest potential, compilers had to be optimized to exploit the instruction level parallelism provided by the new superscalar dual pipelines and applications needed to be recompiled. Intel spent substantial effort and resources working with development tool vendors, and major independent software vendor (ISV) and operating system (OS) companies to optimize their products for Pentium before product launch.


title: Pentium (original)

text: In October 1996, the similar Pentium MMX was introduced, complementing the same basic microarchitecture with the MMX instruction set, larger caches, and some other enhancements.


title: Pentium (original)

text: Competitors included the Motorola 68040, Motorola 68060, PowerPC 601, and the SPARC, MIPS, Alpha families, most of which also used a superscalar in-order dual instruction pipeline configuration at some time.


title: Pentium (original)

text: Intel discontinued the P5 Pentium processors (sold as a cheaper product since the release of the Pentium II in 1997) in early 2000 in favor of the Celeron processor, which had also replaced the 80486 brand.


title: Pentium (original)

text: The P5 microarchitecture was designed by the same Santa Clara team which designed the 386 and 486. Design work started in 1989; the team decided to use a superscalar architecture, with on-chip cache, floating-point, and branch prediction. The preliminary design was first successfully simulated in 1990, followed by the laying-out of the design. By this time, the team had several dozen engineers. The design was taped out, or transferred to silicon, in April 1992, at which point beta-testing began. By mid-1992, the P5 team had 200 engineers. Intel at first planned to demonstrate the P5 in June 1992 at the trade show PC Expo, and to formally announce the processor in September 1992, but design problems forced the demo to be cancelled, and the official introduction of the chip was delayed until the spring of 1993.


title: Pentium (original)

text: John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386, co-managed the design of the P5, along with Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU. Vinod K. Dham was general manager of the P5 group.